Split (1)

train · 99.8k rows

text stringlengths 14 5.77M	meta dict	__index_level_0__ int64 0 9.97k ⌀
GeoPartners, in partnership with the Petroleum Directorate of Sierra Leone, is pleased to announce a new 2D seismic survey offshore Sierra Leone to support the 4th Offshore Petroleum Licensing Round planned for later this year. The survey will comprise of over 9000 km of new data and cover the full extent of the offshore area available in the Licence Round. Acquisition is planned to commence after completion of the necessary regulatory approvals and a subset of the data will be available for companies participating in the Licence Round. Jim Gulland, Director, GeoPartners, said: "We are proud to have been awarded this contract by the Petroleum Directorate to support their ongoing exploration efforts and specifically the forthcoming Licence Round. The new survey is the first to cover the entire offshore area from shallow to ultra-deepwater, providing ties to all existing wells and allowing a complete evaluation of the available acreage. Sierra Leone has proven oil discoveries and this new long offset survey will highlight the potential of this underexplored area".	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	8,638
COAST-TO-COAST RAVES FOR ROBERT B. PARKER'S PLAYMATES "EXTREMELY FUNNY... The sheltered college campus provides a hilarious, confrontational backdrop for Spenser and company." —Kinky Friedman, _Chicago Tribune_ "FAST, BREEZY... SMART ONE-LINERS!" — _Kirkus Reviews_ "PARKER AND SPENSER... THEY'RE BOTH LOOKING DAMN GOOD!... Parker has tackled some burning issues head-on." — _Rave Reviews_ "WITTY REPARTEE!" —Associated Press "WHAT MAKES THE BOOKS SO FUN IS SPENSER HIMSELF... extremely unique... unconventional wisdom." — _Grand Rapids Press_ "SPORTS, SEX, AND FOOD—three subjects Parker writes about with particular gusto!" — _Booklist_ "HANDSOMELY PLOTTED... WHOLLY SATISFYING!" — _New York Times_ "CONNOISSEURS OF PARKER'S WORK WILL ENJOY the return to academic satire that was a pleasure of his early work." — _Boston Globe_ INCLUDES A SPECIAL PREVIEW OF ROBERT B. PARKER'S SPENSER THRILLER # PAPER DOLL THE SPENSER NOVELS... "ONE OF THE GREAT SERIES IN THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN DETECTIVE STORY." — _The New York Times_ _Hundred-Dollar Baby_ Deadly complications arise when Spenser crosses paths with a runaway girl he helped years ago. "Parker in top-notch form." — _The Seattle Times_ _School Days_ When a young boy is accused of a mass murder, only his grandmother is convinced of his innocence. "Crackling prose and juicy repartee." — _Entertainment Weekly_ _Cold Service_ When his closest ally is attacked, Spenser redefines friendship in the name of vengeance. "One hot mystery." — _The Washington Post_ _Bad Business_ A suspicious wife and a cheating husband pose a few dangerous surprises for Spenser. "A kinky whodunit...snappy...sexy." — _Entertainment Weekly_ _Back Story_ Spenser teams with Jesse Stone to solve a murder three decades old—and still cold as death. "Good and scary. This [is] superior Parker." — _The Boston Globe_ "DETECTIVEDOM'S MOST CHARMINGLY LITERATE LOUT." — _People_ "Everyone interested in mystery and contemporary writing in general should read at least one of the Spenser novels." — _Library Journal_ _Widow's Walk_ Spenser must defend an accused murderess who's so young, cold, rich, and beautiful, she _has_ to be guilty. "Delicious fun. Bottom line: A merry _Widow._ " — _People_ _Potshot_ Spenser is enlisted to clean up a small Arizona town. "Outrageously entertaining...a hero who can still stand up for himself—and us." — _The New York Times Book Review_ _Hugger Mugger_ Spenser hoofs it down south when someone makes death threats against a Thoroughbred racehorse. "Brisk...crackling...finishes strong, just like a Thoroughbred."— _Entertainment Weekly_ _Hush Money_ Spenser helps a stalking victim—only to find himself the one being stalked... "Spenser can still punch, sleuth, and wisecrack with the best of them." — _Publishers Weekly_ _Sudden Mischief_ A charity fund-raiser, accused of sexual harassment by four women, is wanted for a bigger offense: murder... "Smooth as silk." — _Orlando Sentinel_ _Small Vices_ Spenser must solve the murder of a wealthy college student—before the wrong man pays the price... "His finest in years...one can't-put-it-down story." — _San Francisco Chronicle_ _Chance_ Spenser heads to Vegas to find the missing husband of a mob princess—but he's not the only one looking... "As brisk and clever as always." — _Los Angeles Times Book Review_ _Thin Air_ Spenser thought he could help a friend find his missing wife. Until he learned the nasty truth about Lisa St. Claire... "Full of action, suspense, and thrills." — _Playboy_ _THE SPENSER NOVELS_ _Sixkill_ _Painted Ladies_ _The Professional_ _Rough Weather_ _Now & Then_ _Hundred-Dollar Baby_ _School Days_ _Cold Service_ _Bad Business_ _Back Story_ _Widow's Walk_ _Potshot_ _Hugger Mugger_ _Hush Money_ _Sudden Mischief_ _Small Vices_ _Chance_ _Thin Air_ _Walking Shadow_ _Paper Doll_ _Double Deuce_ _Pastime_ _Stardust_ _Playmates_ _Crimson Joy_ _Pale Kings and Princes_ _Taming a Sea-Horse_ _A Catskill Eagle_ _Valediction_ _The Widening Gyre_ _Ceremony_ _A Savage Place_ _Early Autumn_ _Looking for Rachel Wallace_ _The Judas Goat_ _Promised Land_ _Mortal Stakes_ _God Save the Child_ _The Godwulf Manuscript_ _THE JESSE STONE NOVELS_ _Split Image_ _Night and Day_ _Stranger in Paradise_ _High Profile_ _Sea Change_ _Stone Cold_ _Death in Paradise_ _Trouble in Paradise_ _Night Passage_ _THE SUNNY RANDALL NOVELS_ _Spare Change_ _Blue Screen_ _Melancholy Baby_ _Shrink Rap_ _Perish Twice_ _Family Honor_ _ALSO BY ROBERT B. PARKER_ _Blue-Eyed Devil_ _Brimstone_ _Resolution_ _Appaloosa_ _A Triple Shot of Spenser_ _Double Play_ _Gunman's Rhapsody_ _All Our Yesterdays_ _A Year at the Races_ (with Joan H. Parker) _Perchance to Dream_ _Poodle Springs_ (with Raymond Chandler) _Love and Glory_ _Wilderness_ _Three Weeks in Spring_ (with Joan H. Parker) _Training with Weights_ (with John R. Marsh) PLAYMATES ROBERT B. PARKER BERKLEY BOOKS, NEW YORK THE BERKLEY PUBLISHING GROUP Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3, Canada (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd., 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Group Ireland, 25 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd.) Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty. Ltd.) Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd., 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi—110017, India Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd.) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty.) Ltd., 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd., Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England This is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are the product of the author's imagination or are used fictitiously, and any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, business establishments, events, or locales is entirely coincidental. The publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content. PLAYMATES A Berkley Book / published by arrangement with the author PRINTING HISTORY G. P. Putnam's Son's hardcover edition / May 1989 Berkley mass-market edition / March 1990 Copyright © 1989 by Robert B. Parker. Excerpt from _Paper Doll_ by Robert B. Parker copyright © 1993 by Robert B. Parker. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, scanned, or distributed in any printed or electronic form without permission. Please do not participate in or encourage piracy of copyrighted materials in violation of the author's rights. Purchase only authorized editions. For information, address: The Berkley Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014. ISBN: 978-1-101-54653-6 BERKLEY® Berkley Books are published by The Berkley Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014. BERKLEY® is a registered trademark of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. The "B" design is a trademark of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 If you purchased this book without a cover, you should be aware that this book is stolen property. It was reported as "unsold and destroyed" to the publisher, and neither the author nor the publisher has received any payment for this "stripped book." For Joan Table of Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 Chapter 32 Chapter 33 Chapter 34 Chapter 35 Chapter 36 1 VINCE Haller invited me to lunch at the Clarendon Club on Commonwealth Avenue with the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Taft University, Haller's alma mater. "No sneakers," Haller told me. "No jeans, no open shirts with that idiotic gold chain you wear that's at least six years out of fashion." "Susan gave it to me," I said. "Sure," Haller said and gave me a look I'd seen him give witnesses during cross examination. It was a look that said _you are a bigger simp than Michael Jackson._ Which is why, on the last day of February, I was strolling up Commonwealth in my gray suit wearing a blue oxford shirt with a traditional roll in the collar, and a yellow silk tie that whispered _power._ My cordovan loafers gleamed with polish, and I had a brand new Browning 9mm on my belt just back of my right hip. The Browning was flat and the holster canted forward so that the gun snuggled into the hollow over my right kidney and didn't disturb the rakish drape of my suit. I was dressed to the nines, armed to the teeth, ready to lunch with the WASPs. If I hadn't been me, I'd have wished I were. Haller was waiting for me in the entry hall. He was wearing a double breasted camel hair coat, and a winter vacation tan that seemed even darker around his gray hair and mustache. Haller said, "Spenser," in his big courtroom voice, and put out his hand. I took it. A retainer in a black suit took Haller's coat and hung it for him, and Haller and I went up the stairs toward the main dining room. The Clarendon Club looked as it should. Twenty foot ceilings, curving marble staircase, dark oak paneling. It had been once the enclave of Bostonians of English descent, a redoubt outside of which the masses had huddled in appropriate exclusion. Now it was an ecumenical enclave, accepting anyone with money and pretending they were WASPs. Baron Morton was waiting for us at a table. He stood when we approached. Haller introduced us and we shook hands and sat down. "Drink to start, Mr. Spenser?" Morton said. "Sure," I said. A white-coated waiter was instantly there. I ordered beer, Morton had Chivas-and-soda-tall-with-a-twist, Haller had a martini. The waiter scuttled off to get the drinks and I sat back to wait. I knew how this would go. Morton would fiddle around for a while, Haller would prompt him, and after a bit he'd tell me why we were having lunch. "So you're a detective," Morton said. Haller's eyes were sweeping the room, picking out former clients and prospective clients; much of his work was criminal, but Vince was always alert. "Yes," I said. "How does one get into that line?" "I was a cop and after a while I decided to go on my own," I said. "Spenser had a little trouble conforming," Haller said. "He's, as I told you, Baron, a bit of a free spirit." "Like a stormy kestrel," I said. The waiter brought the drinks. Morton took a dip into his and said, "Stormy kestrel, by God!" He laughed and shook his head. "What kind of living can someone make doing this, if I'm not being too nosy." "Varies," I said. "Averages out to sufficient." "Is there much danger?" "Just enough," I said. Morton smiled. The waiter handed out menus. We ordered lunch. "So what do you need from Spenser?" Haller said. Morton looked apologetic. "I should be getting to the point, shouldn't I?" I smiled politely. "Just that I was so interested. I mean, you know, a private eye and all that." I flattened my upper lip over my front teeth and said, "You ever stood out in the rain with your guts beat out?" It sounded exactly like Humphrey Bogart. Morton looked at me blankly. Haller said, "Spenser thinks he does impressions." "Oh," Morton said. "Well, ah, I need some help on a fairly delicate matter." The waiter brought our lunch. Chicken pot pie for Morton. Scrod for Haller. Red flannel hash for me. I drank some Sam Adams. "You're familiar with Taft University?" Morton said. "Yes." "I'm the Chairman of the Board of Trustees, at Taft." I put some ketchup on my hash. "Do you follow college basketball, Mr. Spenser?" "Some. I like the pros better." "Well, Taft, as perhaps you know, is a major basketball power. Not only in the east, but nationally." "Made the final four, couple years ago," I said. "Yes, and we're ranked in the top twenty again this year," Morton said. "Kid, Dwayne Woodcock, is a piece of work," Haller said. "Yes," Morton said. "Best power forward in the country." "So what can I do for you," I said. "You looking for a point guard?" Morton took in some air, slowly, and let it out slowly, through his nose. "I guess I'll have to finally say it," he said. I drank some Sam Adams and ate some hash. "There's rumors of point shaving," Morton said. "Ah," I said. "The student newspaper first reported it, and a couple of sportswriters have said something about it to Brad Walker." "Who's Walker?" I said. "The A.D." "How about the coach?" "People don't like to give Dixie bad news. He reacts, ah, poorly to bad news," Morton said. "Tends to kill the messenger," Haller said. He'd finished his scrod and was nearly through his second martini. It always puzzled me he could have that kind of lunch and then go into court and win cases. "So no one's asked the coach," I said. "No," Morton said. "Anyone ask the players?" "No. Dixie doesn't like people upsetting the players," Morton said. "Does the college paper say where it got its rumor?" Morton shook his head. "Kids say they're protecting their sources." "How about the sportswriters?" "Well, we haven't actually pressed this very far, Mr. Spenser. We didn't want to lend credence to the rumor, and we didn't want to encourage the rumors to circulate, if you see what I mean." "So what is it you want me to do?" "We want you to track the allegations down, establish their truth or falsity, put the matter to rest." "What if they're true?" I said. "If they are true we will turn the matter over to the district attorney. The university is not prepared to cover up illegal things," Morton said. "We care about our student athletes, and we care about a winning program at Taft. But we also care about rule of law." "I may have to annoy your coach," I said. "I understand. He's a difficult, proud, volatile personality; but don't misjudge him. Dixie Dunham is a good man." "We'll get along fine," I said. Haller made a noise in his throat and then coughed into his clenched fist. Morton glanced at him and said nothing. "If we can agree on the costs, are you willing to sign on for this?" Morton said. "Sure," I said. "My fee increases twenty percent, though, if your coach is mean to me." "Mr. Spenser," Morton said, "I can't promise..." "He's kidding," Haller said. "He does that a lot." "Oh, of course. Well, let's talk money." We did. It wasn't hard, and when it was over I was employed again. "Am I working for you, Mr. Morton, or the University?" I said. "You are employed by the Board of Trustees and empowered to act on their behalf." He glanced at Haller for confirmation. "Baron," Haller said. "It doesn't make any difference how you say it. He'll do what he wants to." "Well, we will need a contract spelling out the parameters of the job, I think," Morton said. "Sure," I said. Haller made the sound in his throat again. "I'll have the corporate counsel draft up something," Morton said. "Fine," I said. "Are you the one I talk with when I need some access, or whatever?" "If you'll come by the University, I'll introduce you to our President," Morton said. "He will be more effective in seeing that you get what you need." The waiter came with the bill, and Morton discreetly signed it. "Perhaps you could meet me at the President's office tomorrow," Morton said, "and we can talk about details and meet President Cort." "What excitement," I said. 2 PRESIDENT Adrian Cort was a tall guy with a big Adam's apple and very energetic eyes. He told me I'd have full access to any information or facility I needed at the University, though he hoped I would find no need to be intrusive, and that the students and Coach Dunham both would be treated respectfully. I promised to do my best. He asked if I wanted someone to show me around the campus, and I said I'd rather wander on my own. Then we all said good bye. Morton and Cort called each other Baron and Adrian. Alone at last, I strolled over toward the campus police station, walking extra softly in case Coach Dunham was in the area. From a cop at the desk I got a map of the campus, and took a one-hour stroll of orientation. Taft University occupies about forty acres west of Boston in a town called Walford. It had grown rapidly since the Second World War and the core campus of ivy-covered brick buildings had been extensively augmented with a variety of architectural styles that blended like pieces from different puzzles. The dominant feel was of brutish slabs and confusion. I found the Taft _Daily Collegian_ in the Student Union Building on the second floor, looking out over the long narrow quadrangle that led to the angular glass and granite library. It was early afternoon. The thaw had departed and the hard sun was without warmth as it glinted on the snowy campus. The newspaper office was busy. It looked like a small daily newspaper office, which it was, except that the staff was younger. A young woman wearing pink Reeboks directed me to the sports department in the far corner of the room, where three desks were pushed together to define a sort of horseshoe space underneath sports glossies stuck to the wall with map tacks. Most of the photographs had curled up around the single tack that held them. At one of the desks a young blond kid with a ragged crew cut was working on an Apple word processor. He wore jeans and a white shirt buttoned to the neck and he kept typing when I arrived at his desk. I consulted the list of names that President Cort had given me. Actually Cort hadn't given me the list. He'd spoken to his secretary and she had given it to me. "Barry Ames?" I said. The kid didn't look up. He kept typing, his eyes on the screen, but he paused long enough to raise his right hand for a moment and waggle it at me in a gesture that said, _wait._ He continued typing for maybe another full minute while I waited. Then he paused and looked up. "Who was it you wanted?" he asked. "Barry Ames," I said. "That's me," he said. "Sorry to put you on hold like that, but when you're hot, you like to get it down before you lose it." "Certainly," I said. "My name is Spenser, and the University has asked me to look into the question of point shaving by your basketball team." "Are you a cop?" "Private," I said. "Holy shit, a private eye?" "You wrote the column in which the allegation about point shaving was made, Barry?" It was the oldest of cop tricks. Use the guy's first name when you talk to him. He doesn't know yours, puts him slightly on the defensive. "Why do you want to know?" Barry said. "Because I want to know where you heard the rumor." "That's privileged," Barry said. "Barry, I'm too old to listen to horse shit. You made an allegation of criminal behavior based on hearsay. That in itself is irresponsible, maybe libelous." "And maybe I want to talk to my lawyer," Barry said. Calling him by his first name had really softened him up. "Let me put this another way," I said. "You printed a rumor that your team was shaving points. What did you expect would happen next?" "That someone would investigate, for crissake." Barry was outraged. "Right," I said. Barry opened his mouth, and then paused, and then did a smart thing: he closed it. I nodded encouragingly. "Well, I still can't tell you my sources," Barry said. "Is it a reliable source?" I said. "It was a girl who dated one of the team guys." "She should know," I said. "She didn't say she knew. She just said she'd heard somebody sort of hint at it, you know, joking." "Who was she dating?" Barry shook his head. "I won't tell you. I'm not going to get her in trouble." "Why would she get in trouble?" I said. Barry shook his head some more. "At the moment no one's talking about prosecuting on this thing, but if they do, and your rumor is correct, then you're going to get asked this question again under the threat of a contempt citation," I said. "Then it's grown up time, kid." "You think I'm a kid and a kid doesn't know shit, don't you," Barry said. "Exactly," I said. A number of Barry's colleagues had gathered silently about during this interplay. None of them seemed to be rooting for me. "Whyn't you get off his case, Mister," said a young woman with very large pink-rimmed glasses. "You happen to know the source of his rumor?" I said. "No, but if I did, I wouldn't tell you." I looked at the rest of the kids, slowly, one at a time. Nobody said anything. "What's too bad," I said, "is you've fastened on to the wrong principle. The heart of the business is not protecting your sources. It's spreading the truth." None of them said anything except one in the back, who said, "Yeaa!" And another kid said, "It's Lou Grant." Then a girl giggled and three or four others laughed. It is hard to remain dignified when being laughed at by a group of adolescents. I succeeded, however. I left without giving them the finger. 3 THE "Taft Basketball Program" looks like _Life_ magazine. It's in full color. It has biographies of all the players on both sides, pictures of everybody, individual statistics, and a history of the rivalry, which was Georgetown on a program Cort's secretary had given me. I had it rolled up and stuck in my left hip pocket when I drifted into the Taft field house and took a seat in the empty stands above the basketball court, put my feet up on the seats in front of me and spread out to watch the Taft Falcons practice. They were running switch drills in opposite corners of the floor under a couple of assistant coaches, and the head coach, Dixie Dunham, moved back and forth, commenting, correcting, reviling. "Awright," Dunham was screaming. "Everybody around me down here." The group at the far left of the court came down to the far right end where Dunham was standing. "Okay," Dunham said, "Dwayne, you got the ball. You pass off to Dennis, come down here, set the pick. Dennis, you go off and pick to the right. Now... okay,... Robert, what do you do?" "Fight through the pick, Coach." "And if you do, and Kenny thinks you're going to switch, what happens?" There was silence for a moment. "What the fuck happens?" Dunham's voice went up an octave. "Both guys guarding Dennis," Dwayne said. "I roll to the basket." "That's right. Come on, boys, is Dwayne the only one of you thinking? So what do you learn from that? What's the lesson we take? What does my system say about that?" "We got to talk to each other," Robert said. "Check," Dunham said, "and double check. That, Robert, is the sixty-four-thousand-dollar key. You got to talk. I don't care whether you switch, or you fight through the pick. Both of you got to know what the other guy's doing, otherwise, what? Kenny, what?" "Two for them, Coach." "You bet your ass." Dunham clapped his hands. "Okay, Frank, Billy, take them back, let's work on it some more." Dunham was a legend. Certainly he was one of the two or three best college basketball coaches in the country. He was also a man of legendary temper and intensity and had sat out a five-game suspension a couple of years ago when he had gone into the stands after a heckler. Since he was six feet five and weighed maybe 225, when he went after the heckler it constituted a genuine threat. According to the program he'd been a small forward at Canisius, had averaged eight points, three assists and four rebounds a game, in a college career during which Canisius had won seventy and lost eighteen. He'd coached at Seton Hall, and then at Marquette, before he'd come to Taft, and he'd always won. I sat quietly in the stands, one of maybe five or six people watching practice, and learning the players by comparing their pictures on last week's program with the faces on the court. In maybe twenty-five minutes I had them all memorized and attached to names. I watched them scrimmage. I watched Dunham go into a frenzy at one point and send them all to the locker room, only to bring them back out of the locker room two minutes after they'd gone in. Finally the practice wound down and the players were shooting free throws at several baskets around the court. Dunham turned away from this and looked up at me in the stands. Then he walked straight up the stairs from the court and over to me. "What the fuck are you doing?" he said. "What a clever way to ask," I said. "I want to know what you're doing here," he said. "You're not a student." "Now you don't know that," I said. "I might have stayed back a lot." "Look, I'm not here to bullshit with you. You give me straight answers or I'll have your ass thrown out of this gym." "Okay," I said. "I'm a spy from Syracuse. I've learned your secret, talk to each other on the switches." "Listen to me, buster. And listen good," Dunham said. "I spotted you with the program half an hour ago. Why are you studying my players?" I was laughing. " 'Listen to me, buster, and listen good'?" I said. "For crissake, Dixie." Dunham glared at me for five seconds and then his face began to crease into a slowly widening grin. "Shit," he said. "I talk that way all the time." I shook my head. Dunham said, "I still want to know what you're doing here." His face was mixed laughter and anger. "And I can still by God kick your ass if I have to." I was still laughing, though it had calmed some and I kept it inside where it only made a murmur in my chest. "Not if you fight like you talk," I said. It is hard to be a tough guy when the intended victim is laughing at you. Dixie wasn't used to being laughed at. He wasn't quite sure what to do. The fact that he was half laughing too tended to compromise his position. "Look," I said, and then I couldn't resist it, "and look good," I said. And this time Dunham laughed, before I did. I tried again. "Dixie," I said, "what I'm doing here takes some explanation. If you'll stop yelling at me and sit down and listen you'll learn a lot." Dixie stared at me for a bit and then said, "I got to get these kids showered and out of here. I'll meet you for a drink in an hour." "Okay." "Local place, the Lancaster Tap," Dunham said. "On College Ave." "Saw it when I drove in today," I said. Dunham looked at his watch. "Be there about six," he said, and turned away and marched down to the court and across it and into the corridor on the far side. The team ended practice the minute he entered the corridor and trailed in behind him. A couple of undergraduates, one of them female, began picking up the basketballs. It had been a long time since I played. But I could remember the feel of the ball, the control as you bounced it, your hand knowing the ball would come back and when and where, bouncing it again in control, pulling up, the ball resting mostly on the fingers, the shot, the arc, just as your hand had specified. _Swish_... Well, sometimes swish. Often, _Clang._ 4 DIXIE was glaring at me again, across a scarred table in a booth at the Lancaster Tap. I had a draft beer, Dixie had a large Coke. Between us were menus. On the table top in front of me was carved RP + JH. The table top was covered with initials, but RP + JH was carved deeper, and looked more permanent. Dixie was holding the large Coke in his right hand. He leveled his right forefinger at me. "I'm here to tell you that's bullshit," Dixie said. "Not one of those boys would do that to me. Not one ever has and not one ever will." I nodded. On the walnut paneled walls of the pub were pictures of Taft teams and players. There was a prominent picture of Dixie with the National Championship team. "University rules for eligibility are a two point oh average. Mine is two point three. Every player graduates with his class. Every one. Kids know that once they've been in this program, they're part of this program for the rest of their lives. You unnerstand that? Whenever the Trail Blazers are in town, Troy Murphy comes over, helps out at practice, sits on the bench during a game. Still calls me Coach. When the Pistons cut Stevie Scott, who'd he call? I got him an assistant's job with Rollie at Villanova, one phone call." A little of Dixie's Coke slopped over the edge of his glass. He put the glass down, wiped his hand with a napkin. "This isn't a bunch of free-lance schoolyard assholes, Jack," Dixie said. "This is a team. This is a system. Greatest system ever devised to play this game. No way, you hear me? No way anybody is going to betray that system, no fucking way they're going to turn their backs on their team. No way any of those boys would turn his back on me." Dixie had his intimidate-the-referee glare locked on me. I said, "I guess you don't think they're shaving points, Dixie." "You are out of line, Buddy Boy." Dixie turned up the voltage on his stare. "And if I hear that kind of talk out of you or anyone else you're going to answer to me. You unnerstand me?" I drank a little beer, wiped my mouth politely with the back of my hand, and smiled pleasantly. "Dixie," I said, "establishing the truth of this point shaving stuff will require that I keep running in to you for a while. It's going to be a lot easier if we clear up something now. You're a big strong guy, and you're probably in shape. But I've been doing this most of my life and if we have a fight I will put you in the hospital." Dixie stared at me without speaking, which was a relief. The Lancaster Tap was only half full. There were faculty-looking people having an early dinner, and a few parents with children dining out family style. It was the kind of place that would fill up later as the college kids came in to drink. There was only one booth full so far, at the opposite corner of the room. Drinking tequila with a Corona chaser, the kids were relatively subdued. As their ranks swelled I assumed they'd get noisier. Dixie said, "How many times your nose been broken?" "Several," I said. The waitress came over to our table. She looked like Knute Rockne. "You want to order, Coach?" Dixie shook his head. "Not yet, Lila." "That scar tissue around your eyes?" Dixie said. I nodded. "You used to fight." I nodded. "Any good?" I nodded. "Ever fight anybody I ever heard of?" "Joe Walcott, once," I said. "In the Garden. He was way past it, and I was just coming along. They threw me in to give Joe an easy one." "And?" "It's one of the times my nose got busted." "Did he have an easy fight?" "Easier than I did," I said. "How much you weigh when you were fighting?" Dixie said. "Hundred ninety-two." "How much you weigh now?" "Two oh one." "Stayed in shape," Dixie said. "Yeah." "I fight it all the time. I'm down to two twenty-five now, but it's a struggle." I nodded. Dixie picked up his menu and began to study it. I looked at mine. "Mixed grill's good here," Dixie said. I nodded. The waitress returned and took out her order book. "Mixed grill, Coach?" she said. "You bet, Lila, and another Coke." She wrote it down eagerly and looked at me like I shouldn't dawdle. I ordered a club sandwich. Lila lumbered off with the orders. "You think I didn't see the column in the _Collegian_? Dumb ass kid writes it, what's his name?" "Barry Ames," I said. "Yeah, _Ames' Games_ he calls it. Thinks he's Roger Angell." "Most people aren't." "This jerk isn't," Dixie said. "So you knew there was talk of point shaving," I said. "You talk to the players?" "I told them, 'Boys, anyone says that to you, you let me know, and I'll nail his ass up on the door of my office.'" "You didn't ask them if it was so?" "I tole you," Dixie said. "It ain't so." "Dixie," I said, "somebody's got to ask them." Dixie tilted his head back and let the ice cubes drain from his glass into his mouth. He crunched them with his teeth and rolled the fragments around in his mouth for a minute and then talked around the ice. "We beat Syracuse Monday and we take the Conference championship. The playoffs come up in another week. Our first eight are as good as anybody's and we got one legitimate all-American. We don't get hurt and we could go the whole way. We don't have the stud in the middle, but Dwayne offsets that considerably." Lila came back and slapped a green salad down in front of Dixie. It was sloshed with orange-colored dressing. Dixie swallowed his ice. "You mind?" he said. I shook my head and Dixie began to eat the salad. He acted like it was good. "You figure that a point shaving investigation, even if it turns out to be groundless, will screw these kids' heads up," I said. Dixie put his fork down and looked up from his salad. "You know goddamned well it will," he said. "I don't suppose they could shave points without you knowing it," I said. Dixie snorted. Lila came with his mixed grill. There was a lamb chop, a kidney, a sausage, two strips of bacon, and a small minute steak. On the side was a large mound of french fries and a saucer of cubed carrots. Dixie sprinkled half a cellar of pepper on the carrots. Lila put my club sandwich in front of me. Her body language suggested that she found me unworthy to eat with the coach. "Nobody's saying they're losing games, Dixie. Just beating the spread." "You stay away from those boys, Spenser. You stay out of my gym, you stay away from my kids. Not one of them will talk to you." "Because you told them not to." "Because I told them not to. We've worked too hard to have you screw up our season now with some harebrained dip shit investigation so you can make a few bucks off the University." "I can't do it, Dixie." Dixie was silent for a while. The room was filling up. All the spots at the bar were full and most of the booths. The people at the bar were mostly Walford townies. The booths were full of college kids. "Spenser, I swing a lot of weight around here," Dixie said. "You keep pressing this thing and I'll use some of it." "Okay if I finish my sandwich," I said. That was as far as I got with Dixie Dunham. I finished my club sandwich. He finished his mixed grill. He paid and when we left in silence I knew nothing I hadn't known when I came in. Maybe a little less. 5 WHY not talk with the best player," Susan said. We were in my kitchen, Susan sipping coffee at my counter while I was attempting johnny cake for the third time, trying to get the batter thick enough to form cakes on the griddle. "Because the coach can intimidate him less?" "Maybe. Have they got a best player?" "Dwayne Woodcock," I said. "If he disobeys the coach what would be the punishment?" "He doesn't play." "And if he doesn't play does the team go down the tubes, or whatever revolting sports cliché fits?" "The team suffers," I said. "Don't shrinks use clichés?" "It would not be appropriate," Susan said and smiled at me as Mephistopheles might have smiled at Faust. "Worth a try," I said. The johnny cake had been on the griddle nearly ten minutes and was holding its shape, although it had spread out to be a bigger cake than I had in mind. I edged the spatula under it and when it was loose I flipped it carefully. The shape held. "What are those doughballs you're cooking?" Susan said. I shook my head sadly. "You Jewesses know nothing about honest down-home cooking," I said. "This is johnny cake, rich in history and tradition, favored by goyim in this part of the country for three hundred years." Susan shrugged. "Vot do day know from fency cooking?" she said. "I seem to remember that punch line in slightly different form," I said. "I destroyed the alliteration," she said. I pressed down on the johnny cake with the spatula. It did not sizzle. I slid it onto a plate and put it on the counter in front of Susan. I spread on a bit of butter and splashed on some dark amber Vermont maple syrup. I cut a piece for her and held it out. "Take a bite," I said. "Learn something." She nibbled it off the fork with a bright flash of teeth and chewed thoughtfully. "Fried mush?" she said. "Well, maybe a distant cousin," I said. "It's white cornmeal, mostly. Originated with the Indians." "Can I have some lox with it," Susan said. Susan managed to eat three johnny cakes, without lox, and I put away four, and two cups of coffee. Susan was wearing the white silk peignoir I braved Victoria's Secret to buy her for Christmas. She had no makeup on and I could tell what she'd looked like when she was a little girl. Except when she looked at me. The eyes were not those of a little girl. The eyes had seen life intimately and clearly. "Gee," I said, "that robe seems to fall open very revealingly." "Must be a design flaw," Susan said. "Well, I certainly wouldn't have bought it if I'd known it was a second," I said. "The thought of you in Victoria's Secret is heart warming, though," Susan said. "I blushed," I said. "Good to know you can," Susan said and got up and started putting on her makeup. I cleaned up breakfast and went to shower and shave. Two hours later, with the johnny cake still sticking to my ribs, I fell into step across the Taft Quadrangle with Dwayne Woodcock. At six feet nine and 255 pounds Dwayne was the premier power forward in the country; he was also probably the number one pick in the NBA draft next year, and, according to the papers, a fair head case. Most men his size played center in college and switched to forward in the pros. The Taft center in fact was six foot seven, but Dwayne had made that condition when he came to Taft. He would be the power forward, giving him a four-year start on his pro position. Walking beside him was walking in the shade. "Dwayne Woodcock?" I said. He looked down at me silently and, after a moment, nodded. "My name is Spenser. I need to talk with you for a moment." "Know who you are, man." "You on your way to class?" Woodcock smiled and shook his head. "Breakfast." "Good, mind if I join you?" "Coach says I ain't supposed to talk with you," Dwayne said. There was no apology in his voice, or embarrassment. He was just reporting a fact to me. "You always do what Coach says?" "Don't do what nobody says, man. Do what Dwayne Woodcock says." Again the smile, genuine, but not friendly, condescending, as if to say he would overlook the fact that I was a short old white guy. It was probably hard not to seem condescending if you were Dwayne's size. You looked down from above the everyday world. "So what does Dwayne Woodcock say about having breakfast with me?" I said. "Free country, man, you want to walk along, okay with me." As we walked across the campus a hundred people said hello to Dwayne. He was friendly but regal. "So what you want to talk about, man?" "Didn't Coach tell you?" Dwayne smiled again. "Naw. Coach don't do a lot of telling. He just say stay the fuck away from you and not to talk with you." "What happens if you do talk with me?" "Me? Nothing." "How about somebody else?" I said. " 'My way or highway,' Coach always say." "How come nothing happens to you?" "Man, don't you know nothing? Coach wants that final four so bad, he eat shit to get there. I don't play, he don't get it." "Well, I'm a detective and the University has hired me to see if there's any truth to the rumors of point shaving." Dwayne frowned down at me. "You what?" he said. And I realized I'd gone too fast for him. "I'm a private detective," I said. I'd feed it to him in small bits. "Like fucking Magnum, PI?" "Just like him, except I do it in Boston." "What kind of wheels you got, man?" "I'm driving a Jeep for the winter," I said. "Love that four by four." I also drove it in the spring and summer and fall and would drive it for a number of seasons to come. "You carrying, man?" "Sure." I opened my coat to let him see the Browning. "The University hired me." "The University," Dwayne said. "This place? You working for this place?" "Un huh. They heard that there was point shaving going on." "Point shaving? They hired you to investigate fucking point shaving?" "Yeah. Article awhile ago in the college paper about it. You see it?" Dwayne shook his head. "No, man. I never read that shit." We reached one of the campus dining rooms and went in. It was in a lovely Georgian brick building with a big, small-paned picture window that looked out onto the quadrangle. Inside was mostly white walls and quarry tile. Dwayne had four fried eggs, over easy, two orders of bacon, home fries, four pieces of white toast, two large orange juices, and two containers of milk. I had coffee. Regular, two sugars. I would have had decaf but I didn't want Dwayne to think I was a sissy. The dining room was nearly full, but Dwayne led me to a section marked Faculty Only where there were plenty of seats. We sat at a table for four and Dwayne spread his food out over most of it. "So, man, what you want to talk about?" "There's a rumor that some of the players on the Taft basketball team are getting paid off for shaving points," I said. "Can you tell me anything about that?" "How come you talking to me, man?" "Because I know that Dixie told his players not to talk with me and I figured maybe you'd be the only one with balls enough to do it anyway." "Dwayne Woodcock talk to whoever he fucking wants," Dwayne said. "What I figured," I said. "So what do you think?" "Nobody throwing no games, man," Dwayne said. "I know. But are they keeping the score down so that someone can beat the point spread?" Dwayne shook his head. "No chance, man." "Would you know it if they were?" "Shit man, I know everything going on out there. Dwayne Woodcock born playing this game, you know? Who say we dogging it?" "Just a rumor, printed in the college paper." "Who start the rumor?" "Some guy was kidding about it in front of his girlfriend, or so they say at the paper." "School paper?" "Yeah, the _Taft Collegian._ " "Shit, they don't matter." I shrugged. "Who the girlfriend?" Dwayne said. "They didn't know." "Who you talk to over that newspaper?" "Kid named Barry Ames." Dwayne could find out easily enough. I might as well earn points by telling him. I liked his interest. Dwayne shook his head. "Never heard of him." We were quiet for a moment while I drank a little coffee and Dwayne ate. "So, maybe you wasting your time here. Broad probably didn't understand what the guy was joking about. Probably some kind of basketball joke and she don't get it." "Maybe," I said. "You keep hanging around, man, annoying us, everybody gonna get pissed off at you." I nodded. "Happens a lot," I said. "You understand what I'm saying to you, man? Dwayne Woodcock don't blow smoke." "That's not what Smoke tells everybody," I said. Dwayne gave me the hard schoolyard stare. "You fucking with me, man?" "Yeah." "You fucking with Dwayne Woodcock, you fucking with the wrong man." "Who would be the right one?" I said. Dwayne had no food left. He surveyed the table to make sure he hadn't missed anything. Then he stood up. Looking down at me, he said, "You remember what I tell you, man. You keep snooping around, you going to wish you hadn't." Then he turned and stalked off. I gave his back a grim look as he went. "Oh yeah," I said. 6 IN the spirit of experiment I checked out the coeds as I walked across campus and concluded that I was still able to respond to twenty-year-old women, but preferred them older. At the President's office I consulted with Ms. Merriman, the President's secretary. She, for instance, was older. "I need a copy of Dwayne Woodcock's transcript, academic record, whatever; any documentation on him that the University has." Ms. Merriman frowned. "It's not policy to show material like that without the student's authorization." Ms. Merriman was very trim and well dressed. She was maybe forty-five with a tight body and short black very curly hair. She wore an engagement ring on the wrong hand and no wedding ring. Her dark blue tailored suit must have set her back about $600. She treated me like some sort of distinguished barbarian, like the king of a very important cannibal nation who still wore a bone in his nose. "We'll find a way," I said. "You feel it's necessary?" "I have no idea," I said. "Detective stuff doesn't really lend itself to 'policy' decisions. Detective stuff is pretty much weaseling around and finding out anything you can and then sitting down afterward and figuring out what's worth knowing." "I don't know. I don't feel right about it." "Why don't you consult with President Cort." Her eyes widened. "Well, he's in an important meeting right now..." "Something crucial?" I said. "Like whether full professors should be required to show up at all?" "Mr. Spenser, please." "Or whether a book that sells can be considered favorably in the course of a tenure decision." "Mr. Spenser. Running a large university like this one is a serious administrative challenge. President Cort's time is as important as any executive's." "I rest my case," I said. "But let's not argue. Let's compromise. Call up somebody and get me Dwayne's file." "President Cort did say you should have our full support." I nodded encouragement. "All right, these are unusual circumstances. I'll call the registrar's office." "God," I said, "you're beautiful when you're decisive." "Oh, please," she said. But she went to the phone and called. In about fifteen minutes an undergraduate-looking kid showed up with a manila envelope and handed it to Ms. Merriman. She opened it, saw that it was what she'd ordered, closed it again and handed it to me. "I hope you'll return that straight here once you are through with it." "Right here," I said. I gave her the complete smile. The one where my eyes crinkle at the corners and two deep dimples appear in my cheeks. Women often tore off their underwear and threw it at me when I gave them the complete smile. Ms. Merriman didn't. I left the office and found the library and settled into a yellow oak chair with arms, near a window in the reading room. According to the transcript of his grades Dwayne was a B-, C+ student. He was on full scholarship, had been before the Dean for two incidents of fighting and a charge of larceny. The charge, apparently brought by another student, was dropped. There were several evaluations of Dwayne from his academic counselor, a woman named Madelaine Roth, Ph.D. The evaluations all stressed Dwayne's native intelligence despite his impoverished background. According to the transcript Dwayne had grown up in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, had a mother and four sisters, all on welfare. No father. I settled back a little deeper in the chair and put my feet up on the window ledge and watched the students move across the campus. Most of them were noisy and oddly dressed and looked hung over. A few were carefully dressed, some of the girls wore eye shadow, many of the girls wore very tight jeans. I rolled my head a little on my neck to loosen my shoulders. The sun coming through the windows fell warmly on my back. Dwayne had seemed too easy to talk to. He'd seemed too interested in who knew what. Or maybe I just thought so because I wanted to. Because it would be a place to start. Either way the transcript didn't tell me much. I swung my feet off the window sill and stood and brought the transcript back to Ms. Merriman. 7 LENNIE Seltzer still had the back booth in the Yorktown Tavern on Mass. Ave. He was normally there from ten in the morning till four in the afternoon, sipping beer, reading newspapers, taking bets, getting up to use the pay phone on the back wall next to the rest rooms. His hair was shiny slick and parted in the middle. His face was pale and smooth. His three-piece suit had a fine windowpane plaid in pale blue running through the gray sharkskin fabric. He was getting plumper as time passed and a lot of the plumpness settled as he sat each day sipping beer. On the table in front of him were the _New York Daily News_ , the _Globe_ and the _Herald._ To his right, on the table against the wall, a portable computer screen stared grayly at me. Lennie was tipping his beer glass delicately toward his lips when I slid into the booth opposite him. He held the glass with his thumb and first two fingers. His ring finger and pinkie were extended. He drank only a little of the beer and set the glass back down. "Spenser," he said and made a gesture to the bartender. "Lennie, you've moved into the age of tomorrow," I said. The bartender brought over a shot of whiskey and a draft beer in a tall thick glass. I hated a shot of whiskey, but every time I saw Lennie he ordered it for me. Over the years the shot had upgraded. Now it was Irish whiskey, at least. When I first knew him it was Old Thompson. "Computer's a wonderful thing, buddy. Got all my files in there, plug it into a phone jack, dial up everything I need. I have to close quickly, I just unplug it, fold it up and off I go." "You think it's immoral, Lennie, to take a nap during the day?" Lennie shook his head. "Hell, no. I take one every afternoon. I get home about four thirty, lie down for an hour, on my back, peaceful, get up, take a shower, couple a highballs, sets you up for the night, you know? Take the old lady to Jimmy's, maybe, Doyle's in JP, fish dinner, bottle a wine. The nap's the key to it." "I need to know the line on every Taft basketball game this year," I said. "And the final score." Lennie looked at me for a little longer than was comfortable. "You think somebody's been dicking with the spread over there?" "I don't know. I'm trying to find out." "You know something you got to tell me," Lennie said. "It's business, you know. I mean if something's not kosher I could get flushed on one of those games." "I know. All I got now is rumors. Everybody connected with the team denies it. I come up with anything, I'll tell you. In confidence." "Confidence is part of being a bookie, buddy, you know that. I don't talk about anything I don't need to." "Can you get me the line?" I said. "I can get the scores from the newspaper file at the library if I have to." "You come to the right place," Lennie said. "I can get you both in about ten minutes." He tapped the gray screen. "I used to have it all on slips of paper." "Hard to flush that thing down the toilet," I said. "No need. Unplug it and there's nothing on me. No evidence unless they search my home and access the computer." Lennie grinned. "Besides, cops don't try too hard with me." He turned on the machine and punched in a few codes. The screen turned black and printing came up on it in star wars green. Lennie gazed at it for a moment, took another delicate sip of beer, put the glass down carefully and punched some new keys. Lennie reached under the table and came up with a slim, tan briefcase. He opened it, took out a yellow legal-sized pad, selected a pen from among the several that were clipped to one of the pockets. He put the pen on the table top beside the pad, closed the briefcase, put it back under the table and punched some more keys. This time he copied down the information on display, punched some more, wrote some more. After about fifteen minutes, Lennie had a couple of columns of dates and numbers on his pad. He put the cap on his pen, put it down, punched away the display, turned off the terminal, and the computer screen went gray. "Okay," Lennie said. "This column the date of the game. This column the point spread. This column the score." A bartender came over with a fresh glass of beer for Lennie and took away the empty glass. Lennie took the cap off his pen and ran down the columns of numbers like an accountant scanning a tax form. "Here," he said, and put a check mark next to one of the dates. "And here," he said, "and here." When he was through there were six games checked. "Here's the games where they beat the spread," Lennie said. "Could happen, and be legit. Basketball's hard to handicap." "I know," I said. "The Nets beat the Celtics at the Garden this year." Lennie nodded vigorously. "Exactly," he said. I finished off my whiskey and stared at the beer. My head was beginning to feel thick and my face felt a little separate from the world, as if there were a transparent layer of insulation on it. Be a nice title for a novel, I thought, _Boilermakers in the Afternoon._ I took the sheet of yellow paper and folded it and put it into my shirt pocket. "You still with that Jewish broad?" Lennie said. "Susan," I said. "Susan Silverman." "You gonna get married?" "You never know," I said. "You marry a Jew, and you and me be like landsmen." "Oy vay," I said. 8 I had to promise Ms. Merriman the right of first refusal on my sex life, but I managed to get her to call the athletic director on my behalf and tell him that the President wanted me to have tapes of six Taft basketball games. The A.D. told her that Dixie would have a fit if he found out, and Ms. Merriman said that Coach Dunham worked for the University and not the other way around and should he hear of it and complain he should be directed to her. "What if Dixie calls you up and yells at you," I said. "We are not here to service the basketball team," Ms. Merriman said. "Good to know," I said. "Yes," Ms. Merriman said. By early afternoon I was lying on Susan's bed in her place watching the tape of late January's game between Taft and Seton Hall, on her VCR. Taft had been favored by seven and had won by three. I tried to watch away from the ball, at who was blocking out, who was rebounding, who was tight up on his man in the pressure man-to-man that Dixie insisted on in the age of zone. It's hard to watch basketball that way, even if you've played, even if you know the game. We are conditioned by television so to watch the ball. We tend not to notice weak side help, and who doubles down in the middle. I watched the game through once without seeing anything that got my attention. This was going to take awhile. I watched the game through again, focusing for a while on one player, then another. The films were scouting films, not television, so they showed more of the court and spent less time fixed on the ball, and they didn't cover the time outs or half time, so the films only took a little more than an hour to watch. By three in the afternoon I'd watched Seton Hall twice and had concluded that I needed help. Also lunch. For help I called a guy I knew named Tommy Christopher. He'd played at DePaul and then with the Celtics and had coached for six years at Providence College. When he was playing he'd had a good business manager and now Tommy mostly played golf, and a little poker, did a few commercials, and worked out at the Harbor Health Club, where he and I and Hawk now and then did some steam together. I called the Harbor Health Club and left a message for Tommy to call me at Susan's. "What's going on?" Henry said. "An afternooner?" "More deadly than the adder's sting," I said, "is the foul mouth of an unusually short gym owner." "I'm not unusually short," Henry said. "I'm just muscular for my height." "Hell, yes," I said. "If you weighed twenty pounds you'd be just right." We hung up and I looked into lunch. Susan seemed to me the most beautiful and intelligent woman I'd ever met. She had great warmth and compassion and humor. She had a top-of-the-line body, and strength of character and an appropriate sexual appetite. But as a larder keeper she ranked somewhat below Old Mother Hubbard. In her refrigerator was a plastic bag of raw cauliflower, a half empty carton of Dannon tropical fruit yogurt, a single round of whole wheat Syrian bread, which was unwrapped and had begun to fossilize, a jar of mayonnaise and a lemon. In her cupboard was a package of Rye Wafers, a jar of instant decaf, a loaf of whole wheat bread and, shamefully, a jar of all-natural peanut butter. "Ah ha," I said. I boiled some water, made two peanut butter sandwiches, poured the hot water over a spoonful of decaf crystals, stirred twice, put the spoon in the sink and settled down at Susan's counter. Bon appétit. While I was enjoying my second sandwich, Tommy Christopher called. "Henry says you want to see me," Tommy said. "Said you needed help. I said you needed more help than I could give you." "Susan's working on that," I said. "I need you to watch some basketball with me." I explained what I had and what I wanted and Tommy said he'd come over. "How many games are we going to watch?" Tommy said. "Six," I said. "I'll bring some beer," Tommy said. Susan got through with her last patient at six and came upstairs from her office to find Tommy and me sprawled on her bed staring at the tapes. I had a notebook and wrote down what Tommy said. "See that," Tommy was saying, "run it again. See Woodcock, he olés the forward on the weak side, and the guy comes in and takes the rebound and jams it." "This is what you do all day?" Susan said. "I thought you were out fighting crime." I hit the pause button. "Things are not what they seem," I said. "I've heard that," Susan said. 9 WE stopped watching after another hour that night and ate Chinese food that Susan had called out for and I had fetched. Then Tommy went home, and I stayed. Two nights in a row. Zowie. Friday Tommy came in at nine and we settled in on the bed again and watched Taft against Pittsburgh. "There," Tommy said. "Tubbs didn't fill the lane on the break, see on the left. So Davis takes it to the basket and draws the defender and has no place to lay it off and gets stuffed. He shouldn't have gone up in the air until he knew he had something to do with the ball, but it's reasonable to expect somebody to be filling that left hand lane. Then they'd have had a three on two." I scribbled in my notebook. "Woodcock again," Tommy said. "You can see that play's set up for a pick. Stop, run it back. See the guard with the ball. He's yelling out a play. Okay, see, he comes out of the corner, loops around the perimeter, looking for the pick, and Woodcock is slow setting it. So Davis's got to back off and set up something else, and, see, they don't make the forty-five-second clock." Benefiting from yesterday's learning experience, I had laid in a supply of smoked turkey sandwiches from the Mt. Auburn Market, and at noon we broke for a couple of them, each, with Cape Cod potato chips and Sam Adams beer; and back to the tapes. "See, there's the same play that Woodcock fucked up this morning against Pittsburgh," Tommy said. "Look at this pick. Jesus Christ!" I was sitting up on the edge of the bed so I wouldn't nod off. "Okay, now here's another one. Run this back about ten seconds. Okay, there. Okay. It's Woodcock again. Simple give and go. The guard, what's his name, Davis, is going to find Woodcock in the corner, and then, the simplest play in basketball, he cuts for the basket. See. He loses his man. Amazing how often it works. He's free, the Temple center is too far toward Woodcock. And Woodcock holds the ball." "Did he see him?" "Spenser," Tommy said. "They've run that give and go twenty times in these tapes. They've run it twenty thousand times in their lives. Guy in the corner knows, _knows_ there's going to be a cutter." I turned it back and ran it again. "See," Tommy said. "The minute he gets the ball, he dips his shoulders like he's going to drive. He never looks for the cutter, even though he's double teamed, and Taft has to pull it out and start over." "Wouldn't any coaching staff see this reviewing the films?" "If they were looking for it. And, face it, if you're coaching Taft, you're not looking for Dwayne Woodcock as a key to your loss, you know. He's probably the best player in the country." "But if you did notice it," I said. "You write it off as 'Dwayne's a known head case anyway.' Passing off is not the strongest part of his game." "And," I said, "unless you see it as part of a pattern, and you were looking for the pattern, it wouldn't seem like anything but a break in concentration." Tommy nodded. The tapes rolled on. At four fifteen in the afternoon we finished the last tape. "I say it's Woodcock," Tommy said. "And he's smart about it. He's not missing lay ups and foul shots. He's just slowing down their game, keeps the score a few baskets lower. And he's so good that if they are in danger of losing because of that he can explode for five hoops in a row. I mean there isn't anyone in college ball that can stop him when he makes up his mind to drive." "What he's doing is keeping his teammates from scoring as much," I said. Tommy nodded approvingly. "Exactly," he said. "That's exactly what he does. Misses a pass, sets a sloppy pick, doesn't roll to the basket, doesn't block out underneath, is a step slow filling the lane. Usually the result is that another guy doesn't score." "And," I said, "since they're winning most of these games, no one is questioning the outcome. Anyone else?" "Maybe number eleven, what's his name." "Davis," I said. "There's nothing here I can swear to," Tommy said. "Can't take shit like this into court, but Woodcock, for sure. Maybe the other kid." Tommy and I had one more beer and talked about the kinds of picks Wayne Embry used to set, and Wes Unseld. Then he went home and I packed the tapes back to the A.D.'s office at Taft. It had gotten dark as I drove home. The commuter traffic was headed the other way. Susan was having dinner with friends tonight. I was playing a Matt Dennis tape in my car and planning supper. Fresh crabmeat, maybe, sautéed in olive oil and white wine with red and yellow and green peppers, and mushrooms, and served over rice. Or I could pound out some chicken thigh cutlets and marinate them in lemon juice and tarragon and a drop of virgin olive oil and cook them on my new Jenn-Air indoor grill. I could have a couple more beers while I waited for them to marinate, and I could eat them with some broccoli and maybe boiled red potatoes. I'd put a honey mustard dressing on the broccoli. Or maybe some tortellini... I parked in front of my place on Marlborough Street and went in. It was still and a little close. I opened the living room window a crack and ran through my choices again. I opted for the crab. Later there was a movie on cable, _Zulu_ , one of my favorites. And the Celtics were playing Milwaukee, if I could stand any more basketball. The apartment echoed with a kind of spacious stillness, and the smell of spring evening seeped in through the open window. I'd been alone a lot in my life and I never tired of it. "It's you, Dwayne," I said aloud. "You're shaving points." I peeked in to see how the potatoes were doing in their pan, and shook the broccoli in its colander to get the last bits of water off. "And shall I ruin your life by proving it?" Nobody else said anything. So I added the crabmeat to the simmering pan and stirred it. 10 THE next morning I went over to my office and typed up my notes from yesterday. I did pretty well with two fingers and some correction fluid, and by 11 A.M. I had a very convincing outline of the games in which Taft didn't make the spread, and what Dwayne Woodcock had done in each one. It was a grand March day. The sun was bright yellow, the snow was gone, the wind still carried some chill, but around the base of the buildings, in bark mulched beds, crocuses were beginning to appear. _Nature's first green is crocus._ I had Dwayne's class schedule, and it told me he had an American History class that let out at one. I was at the door waiting when it did, but Dwayne wasn't one of the kids that came out. I strolled over to the cafeteria, where we'd had breakfast, but Dwayne wasn't there either. I walked from the cafeteria to the President's office and fixed my sensitive blue eyes on the dread Ms. Merriman. I saw no signs of sexual tension when I did so. Odd. "Good afternoon, Ms. Merriman." "Mr. Spenser." "May I call you by your first name, Ms. Merriman. We are, after all, destined to be working closely on this matter." "Are we really," Ms. Merriman said. "My first name is June." "June, do you suppose you could get me Dwayne Woodcock's address?" June did not ask me my first name; probably too shy. "Mr. Spenser," she said, "I serve this President and this university and President Cort has instructed me to help you as necessary. But I also want you to know that I disapprove personally, and very sincerely, of the degree to which you are invading the privacy of one of our students." "Ah, June, 'tis a devious job I do. What was that address?" "I'll call the housing office," she said. There was a little blush of red along her cheekbones. She spent maybe two minutes on the phone and when she hung up she handed me a piece of notepaper with an address on it. "He lives off campus," June said. I took the paper. "Thanks, June. You don't have a husband named Ward, do you?" "I am not married," June said. "Divorced?" "Yes." "Lot of that going around," I said. "Man's a fool." "I don't believe my private life is part of this investigation, is it?" "Good point," I said. Dwayne Woodcock lived in a condominium complex a five-minute walk from the Taft campus. It was a cluster of pseudo–Cape Cod-looking buildings of two or three stories, asymmetrically jumbled at different heights and angles, sided with weathered shingles, with white trim and brightly colored front doors. Dwayne's was cranberry. I rang the bell and in a minute Dwayne opened the door. He was barefoot and wearing gray sweat pants. His massive upper torso was shirtless. "What do you want, man?" "Got something to show you, Dwayne. Invite me in." "What you got?" "Not on the doorstep, Dwayne, for crissake. Show a little class." Dwayne jerked his head and stepped away from the door. I went into a small entry hall with a staircase rising right. Straight ahead was the living room. On the coffee table in front of the white couch was a half gallon carton of orange juice. To my right a twenty-five-inch television set was on. Dwayne was watching " _Sonya Live in L.A._ " To my left in an oversized green leather armchair was a black girl with corn rowed hair wearing a large maroon silk man's bathrobe. Her legs were tucked under her. She was drinking coffee from a large mug that had a picture of Opus the penguin on it. She held the mug in both hands and looked at me without expression across the top of it. "Hello," I said. She nodded behind the mug. Dwayne didn't introduce us. "What you got to show me," he said. "My name's Spenser," I said to the black girl. "Chantel," she said. "Nice to meet you, Chantel." "Cut the bullshit, Spenser," Dwayne said. "What you got to show me?" I handed him my outline. "What's this?" Dwayne said. "Read it," I said. "Then we'll talk." Dwayne looked at the paper. I waited. Chantel sipped her coffee. Sonya and her guests chatted on and on. I looked at Dwayne. There was something funny about the way he looked at the paper. Suddenly I realized what it was. He wasn't moving his eyes. There were three sheets stapled together. He was still looking at the top sheet and his eyes weren't moving back and forth across the page as he read. Finally Dwayne handed the typescript to Chantel. "Here, babe, what you think of this?" he said. Chantel took the paper with one hand and looked at it as she continued to sip from her coffee mug. " 'Bout you, Dwayne," she said, " 'bout some games you played this year and what you did in them." Dwayne turned his hard look on me again. "How come you writing stuff up about me?" I had a suspicion. "You read it, Dwayne, it should be pretty clear." "It pretty clear to you, Chantel?" Dwayne said. "Dwayne, you know I don't know a lot about basketball." Chantel was reading more closely. She set her coffee mug down to turn the page, flipping it over its single staple and letting it hang down from the corner. "Say you didn't get a rebound in some game against B.C." "Hey," Dwayne said, "how come you writing that shit about Dwayne?" "I love it when you refer to yourself in the third person," I said. Dwayne frowned. "You gonna answer my question, man?" "Dwayne," I said. "Can you read?" "Dwayne Woodcock don't got to answer no bullshit questions from you, man." "You can't, can you?" I said. "Fuck off, man." Dwayne was standing close to me, blocking the sun. I ignored him and looked at Chantel. "He can't, can he, Chantel," I said. Chantel said softly, "He can read a little. I'm trying to teach him." "Shut up, Chantel. Don't tell this honkie motherfucker nothing." Chantel's gaze was steady on Dwayne for a long moment. She opened her mouth and then decided not to speak and closed it. Dwayne turned toward me. "You tell anybody 'bout this and I'm going to kill your motherfucking ass," he said. "I shouldn't have to tell anyone, Dwayne. This is a goddamned college. You've been here four years. They should know." "You hear what I'm saying?" Dwayne said. "You and Chantel go over the stuff I gave you, Dwayne. It says when and how I think you shaved some points. When you've got it, and you want to talk about it, give me a call." I gave Chantel a card. She looked at me with her steady gaze for a moment. "What you going to do?" she said. "You going to tell?" "Never mind, Chantel. He ain't gonna do shit, he knows what's good for him." Dwayne put his hand on my shoulder to turn me toward him. I felt the little switch go that always went when people put their hands on me. I went with the direction Dwayne was trying to turn me, but I went much faster than he had in mind and as I came spinning around I brought my right arm up outside his and gave him a sharp chop with my forearm behind his elbow. With the force of my turning weight behind it, the blow slapped his arm across his chest like a loose tiller. I was right behind it and with my chest pressed against his flattened arm and my face very close to his chin, I said, "Don't make a bad mistake." I could feel his body get rigid. I kept pressing against him. It pinned his right arm and I could feel what he was going to do before he did it. "Hey, man," Dwayne said, "what's wrong with you?" I looked up the nearly nine inches between my eyes and his. His eyes were soft. They weren't scared. They were hurt. I stepped away, keeping my right foot back of my left, and my left shoulder turned slightly toward Dwayne. I could feel the air going in and out of my chest in big slow breaths. "You crazy, man," Dwayne said, "fucking with Dwayne Woodcock? You crazy?" The voice was angry, street tough, Bed-Sty tough. But the eyes were hurt. The eyes were a kid who'd been startled and felt bad. "No touching," I said. "You and Chantel talk and let me know." I stepped past Dwayne carefully and went out the front door and closed it softly behind me. 11 THE kid can't read," I said to Susan. "He's a senior in college, carrying a C+ average, and he can't read." We were having dinner in Rocco's in the Transportation Building and I was halfway through a vodka martini on the rocks with a twist. "You mentioned that," Susan said. "Twice on the ride over." "It is outrageous," I said. "Nobody ever noticed?" "Nobody ever cared," Susan said. The waiter came to take our order. Susan decided on sweet and sour Thai soup and roast pheasant. I ordered black bean cake and Peking Duck. "Isn't this the most spectacular room you've seen?" Susan said. I nodded. "There's an academic adviser. Just for the team. Lot of major college teams have them. Try to keep the kids on time to graduate and such." Susan nodded encouragingly as she gazed around the high-ceilinged trompe l'oeil faux art decor. "Academic adviser says Dwayne's intellectually gifted despite an impoverished childhood." "Could be," Susan said. "Sure, but the kid can't goddamn read. Don't you think someone might someplace make mention of that? He's twenty-one years old and in his senior year in college and he can't read." "You mentioned that. Who are you mad at?" I took a pleasing swallow of my martini. More than two and I got a headache, but one before dinner was just right, sometimes. "I'm mad at his teachers, his academic counselor, him." "Yes," Susan said. "Him too. He knows he can't read and hasn't corrected it." "Hard for a kid like Dwayne to admit," I said. "Yes," Susan said. "Maybe too hard. He needs help." "There's a girlfriend, Chantel." "Excuse me?" "Chantel, she says she's trying to teach him." Susan said, "Way back, first grade, second grade, when he was trying to learn to read, he got passed over. He never broke the code." "Meaning?" The waiter brought the first course. "Meaning that most of us learned to read phonetically. You can probably remember a teacher telling you to sound it out." I nodded. The black bean cake had a slice of cob smoked ham on it, and a fried egg. "For whatever reason, people who never learned to read never quite got the sound it out part. They know letters have sounds. Most can read a little. Words like _men, stop, rest room, beer_ , words that they've seen so often they have become kind of pictographs. But they come to a word like, oh, _transportation_ , and they are stuck. They try to make sense of the sounds a little," Susan did a halting imitation, "and then give up. They never learned the code and they never learned the rules. There are lots of rules, many of which we don't even think of." "Like two vowels, separated by a consonant the first vowel is usually long... _sale, gale, pale_ ," I said. "Very good," Susan said. "Or the business that _ph_ is normally pronounced like _f._ If you didn't know that you'd have an awful time. Of course he could be dyslexic." "Can you be dyslexic and be the best basketball player in the country?" I said. "Probably not," Susan said. "Frequently, though not always, dyslexia affects your balance. A standard dyslexia diagnostic test for kids is to ask them to walk a balance beam." "Soup good?" I said. "Yes, taste it," Susan said. She held out a spoonful and I slurped it in. I gestured at my bean cake. Susan smiled and shook her head. "I haven't the heart," she said. "No wonder I love you." The waiter came by to ask if I wished another martini. I said no. "So," Susan said, "what are you going to do, sweet cakes?" "Eat all my Peking Duck as soon as it arrives," I said. "What are you going to do about Dwayne and the point stuff and the fact that he can't read?" "I was planning on consulting you for advice," I said. The waiter took away our plates and brought the entrées. "What's the girlfriend like?" Susan said. "Chanteuse." "Chantel," I said. "Hard to say. I only saw her that once and most of the time I was seeing her, Dwayne was breathing fire on my neck." "He is, I understand, six feet nine inches tall?" "Yes." "And he weighs in excess of two hundred and fifty pounds?" I nodded. "How's your neck?" Susan said. "I was wearing my collar stylishly up, at the time," I said. "Fashionable," Susan murmured, "yet practical." I put a slice of duck on a pancake, brushed on the hoisin sauce with the scallion brush, put the scallion on top of the duck, folded the pancake over and took a bite. Not too big a bite. If I ate normally I always had my plate cleaned while Susan was still getting her knife and fork in position. Susan carefully cut a small piece of pheasant and moved it to her mouth and chewed slowly. She swallowed. I started a second pancake. "I don't know what you should do about Dwayne," Susan said. "One option would be to do what you were hired to do." "Report to the President that a viewing of the game films tells me that he shaved points in the following games?" Susan nodded. "Won't help the kid much." "You weren't hired to help the kid." "Kid grew up in one of the meanest ghettos in the world. He's gotten through almost four years at a major eastern university. He's going to have a pro career, unless he gets hurt, that will make him maybe a million dollars a year. Along the way he's acquired a nice girlfriend." "And if you do what you're hired to do that all goes to hell," Susan said. "Except maybe the girlfriend." Susan smiled at me slowly. "That's what it really is, isn't it?" she said. "You are one of the three or four most romantic diddles in the world, and because this guy has a young woman who you think will stand by her man, you want to adopt them both." "There's no such thing as a bad boy," I said. "Sure," Susan said. "He ain't heavy, he's my brother." Her eyes were full of laughter, and something else, as she looked at me over the rim of her brandy alexander. "A romantic diddle?" "It's the first word that came to mind," she said. "And yet you find me physically compelling." "I find you compelling in every way," Susan said. And I knew what the something else was in her eyes. "Even though I'm a romantic diddle?" "Especially," Susan said, "because of that." "So you agree that I should look into things a little more before I toot the whistle on the kid." "I agree, I approve and, more than that, I knew before the conversation began that you weren't going to 'toot the whistle.'" "Nobody likes a know-it-all," I said. Susan put her hand out and laid it on top of mine. "Somebody does," she said. 12 I was sitting in my office with my feet up, thinking about Dwayne Woodcock and Chantel and point shaving and illiteracy and the backside of the new young paralegal who'd opened an office across the hall. The door to my office was open in case the paralegal wanted to stroll down the hall. A fine-looking black-haired man with a ruddy face walked in. He was wearing pale brown boaters and starched acid-washed jeans and a green polo shirt with the collar up. His jacket was silk tweed, dark brown and nipped in at the waist. His thick black hair was longish and brushed back on each side. A gold medallion on a thick gold chain showed at his throat. On his left hand was a big ring with a blue stone that looked like a high school or college ring. His sunglasses hung against his chest on a cord. "How ya doing," he said when he came in. "Fine," I said. I kept one eye peeled on the hallway. "Got a few minutes?" he said. "Sure." The accent was New York. "Mind if I close the door?" I sighed. "No," I said brightly, "go ahead." He closed it and then turned and sat down in my client chair. He was about my height and slender. His hands were square and pale with a lot of black hair on the backs. The nails were manicured. I could smell cologne. There was a yellow silk handkerchief in the breast pocket of his jacket. He had the jacket sleeves pushed up over his forearms. On the left wrist was a gold Rolex. "Nice office," he said. "Compared to what?" "Compared to working out of a packing crate in Canarsie," he said. "You mind if I smoke?" I shook my head. He took a pigskin cigarette case out of his coat pocket, and a round gold lighter. He took out a cigarette, offered the open case to me. I shook my head. He snapped the case closed, dropped it into his side pocket, snapped a flame from the lighter, put the cigarette into his mouth and lit it, automatically shielding the flame as if the wind were blowing. He took in smoke and let it out through his nose as he dropped the lighter back into the pocket with the cigarettes. Then he leaned back in the chair and stretched his feet in front of him and surveyed my office some more. He nodded approvingly. "Nice little setup," he said. I tried to look humble. "Must make a pretty nice living with a setup like this." I looked at the closed door. I said, "I don't mean to seem impatient, but for the last hour I've been trying to get a look at the young woman across the hall and she usually walks by about this time." He glanced over his shoulder at the closed door and then back at me, pausing a moment to figure out if he was being kidded. Then he grinned. "Hey, pal, I never blame a man for hustling." He took the cigarette out of his mouth oddly, with the palm facing away and the back of his hand closest to his face. He held the cigarette between his first two fingers, keeping the lighted end cupped slightly toward his palm. "I'll make it quick," he said. "Thank you," I said. "We got a problem, you and me. Not the kind of problem can't be worked out. Couple of successful guys, a little good will, you scratch my back I scratch yours, everything is jake with a little effort." I waited. He made himself even more comfortable in my client chair. "My name is Bobby Deegan," he said. I nodded. "I'm in business in Brooklyn," Deegan said. "And I got some business interests up here." I waited some more. He smoked some of his cigarette. "Business been going good," he said, "and I'm showing a nice profit, but the interests up here are, ah... coming into conflict with your interests." I leaned back on my spring chair and folded my hands across my stomach like Scattergood Baines and smiled. Deegan smiled back at me. "Dwayne Woodcock," he said. "Dwayne Woodcock," I said. We smiled happily at each other. Outside in the corridor, through the closed door, I heard the sharp tap of high-heeled shoes walk past my door. Deegan heard it too. "Balls," I said. "Sorry," Deegan said. "Always tomorrow," I said. "With luck," Bobby Deegan said. He let his gaze rest on me hard, steady, the hardcase stare. I waited. After enough time Deegan laughed. "Big yard stare ain't going to do it, huh?" "Been inside?" I said. Bobby shrugged. It was a yes shrug. "So what are we going to do about Dwayne?" he said. "I was thinking of teaching him to read," I said. "He can't read?" Deegan said. "No," I said. Deegan shook his head and made a silent whistle. "Any other plans?" I was getting tired of people asking me what I was going to do about Dwayne Woodcock. "I don't know," I said. I'd read somewhere that if you were patient and didn't get mad and let people talk eventually they'd say something. I was skeptical, but I was experimenting. Deegan looked around for an ashtray, saw one on the top of my file cabinet, stood, walked over, and stubbed out the cigarette. "Don't smoke yourself, huh?" he said. "Quit in 1963," I said. "Good for you," Deegan said. "I been trying for a couple of years." I didn't say anything. "You're not helping," Deegan said. "No," I said. "I'm not." "Okay," he said. "It can go a couple of ways. One way is we give you a nice fee for deciding that Wayne isn't shaving anything but his face. The college likes that, Dwayne likes that, Coach likes that, we like it. Nobody doesn't like it." Deegan gave me a big grin. "And the other way?" "We put you in the ground," Deegan said. His voice was pleasant. "Eek," I said. "Sure, sure," Deegan said. "I know you're tough. We talked to a couple guys we know up here. But think about it. What's worth dying for here? You take Dwayne down, you ruin a kid's life that ain't got many options. And you probably get killed in the deal. Who gets hurt if you walk around it? You get some bread for your trouble. Dwayne gets to be a big star in the NBA instead of a small time hoodlum in Bed-Sty. And who gets hurt? Team wins that should win, fans are happy. You think the college wants you to find out that there's points being shaved? Dwayne's a good kid, pal. Why fuck him up?" "How much you willing to give me?" I said. Deegan glanced around my office again. "Two bills," he said. I shook my head. "How much you want?" Deegan said. "Two hundred thirty-eight billion," I said. Deegan was silent for a moment, then he grinned slowly. "Well, like the old joke, we've established what you are, now we're just haggling over price." "Be a long haggle," I said. Deegan nodded. "Option two's looking better," he said. We sat for a moment quietly while Deegan lit another cigarette. "So what are you going to do?" Deegan said. "Hell, Bobby, I don't know. I was trying to figure that out when you came in and distracted me." "I thought you was trying to get a look at some broad's ass," Deegan said. "That too," I said. Deegan rose. "Okay, pal. You think about it some more, and I'll check back with you. Try not to be too fucking stupid." "I been trying for years," I said. "Usually it doesn't work out." Deegan laughed and walked to the door. He opened it and stopped and looked back at me. "You know we mean it," he said. "Sure," I said. Deegan shrugged and started out. "Leave the door open," I said. "I didn't hear her come back yet." 13 MAYBE a minute after Deegan left, the paralegal across the hall came back from wherever she'd been. _Worth the wait._ I put my feet up on my desk and looked at the toes of my Reeboks. _Okay._ I knew that Dwayne was shaving points for some New York guys of whom Bobby Deegan was one. Maybe Danny Davis. Deegan hadn't mentioned him, but he had no reason to. I hadn't talked to Davis. Bobby had no reason to think he was a suspect. But the kid at the school paper had said the story source was somebody's girlfriend, and I was willing to bet it hadn't been Chantel. Which meant at least one of the others was in on it. _So what?_ If I decided to take Dwayne down, anyone else involved would have to go down too. If I let Dwayne off, they got off too. No point thinking about them at the moment. The thing was, a lot of Deegan's arguments were right. Some bookies took a bath, but otherwise nobody much suffered from point shaving. The integrity of the game maybe suffered, but that was too abstract for me. Outside my door the corridor was still. All around me people were working away on bills of sale, and order forms and service calls. No one had time to be hanging around the corridor, not if they were going to get ahead, or be number one, or not get fired. Actually it was probably Dwayne who got hurt. Shaving points couldn't do much for your self-respect unless you got a good feeling from slipping one by the establishment. It would make a guy like Deegan feel good. He was a nearly ideal wiseguy. He'd love the shiftiness, the hustle of it, the smart money he was making. I didn't think Dwayne was like Deegan ... He might want to be. Who knew. So was I going to bust Dwayne for his own good? _Hurts me more than it does you, Dwayne._ "Shit," I said. I owed Baron Morton and Taft University the job I'd agreed to do when they hired me. I owed Dwayne Woodcock nothing. He was an arrogant kid, but he was sullen. _Okay. So I don't turn the kid in._ I got up and looked out my office window at the still bleak spring. Berkeley Street was washed in a pale yellow sun. On the corner of Boylston, opposite me, a young woman walked with two short gray woolly dogs on a pair of leashes. She held the leashes in one hand and carried a pooper scooper in the other. The task was a challenge to her. The dogs, who looked straight from a Disney movie, were crisscrossing in front of her tangling their leashes, and the young woman was trying to untangle them without letting go of the pooper scooper. "You think you've got problems," I said. I sat back down and began admiring the toes of my shoes again. I couldn't just walk away from it. I couldn't blow the whistle on Dwayne yet, but I couldn't leave Deegan and company in place either, and there was the matter of literacy. I figured Deegan wouldn't try to shoot me for the moment. If I was killed while investigating point shaving it would produce just the result they were trying to avoid. If they were logical. I picked up the Taft file from my desk and flipped through it looking at my notes. Madelaine Roth, Ph.D. I got up and put on my leather jacket and went out and closed the office door behind me. When in doubt do something; and hope that if you keep doing it you'll come to understand what it is. Across the hall the door to the paralegal office was open. She was at her desk thumbing through _The Harvard Law Review._ She looked up as I stepped out of my office, and smiled. I smiled back and gave her the kind of wave where you hold your hand still and wiggle your fingers. She wiggled back. Enthralled. 14 MADELAINE Roth had high cheekbones and very pale skin and a mass of auburn hair. She sat in her office wearing a dark blue silk dress splattered with red flowers, crossed her legs and let her swivel chair tilt back behind her big blond desk. The wall was covered with pictures of the Taft basketball team, clippings, letters from former players and announcements of summer tutorial offerings, new courses, new academic regulations and her three degrees, each separately framed in blond wood that matched her desk. There were bookcases on two walls filled mostly with paperback books that had the look of required reading. Her desktop was covered with papers. Her big round blue-rimmed glasses lay among the papers. There were two ballpoint pens and a red pencil among the papers as well. "I read the article in the student newspaper, Mr. Spenser," she said. "And really, unfounded allegations, rumors, unnamed sources. It is simply amazing how much these students refuse to learn." "Amazing in fact," I said. "Did you ever notice that Dwayne Woodcock can't read?" Madelaine's face flushed and her dark blue eyes rounded and then narrowed almost at once. "I beg your pardon," she said. "I said have you ever noticed that Dwayne Woodcock can't read?" She shook her head. Her face was still flushed. "That's, that's simply, ah, crazy. Dwayne's a senior in college, of course he can read. Why on earth would you say he can't." "I gave him a few pages of typescript to read and he couldn't read it." "Well, for heaven's sake, it's like the old voter literacy tests in Mississippi, you ask someone to read a complicated technical report and when they can't, or perhaps simply won't, you assume they're illiterate." "It was a discussion of several basketball games in which he played," I said. Her face was very red now, and she shook her head firmly. "Literacy testing is quite a complex specialty, Mr. Spenser. I suspect that you were not entirely qualified. I wonder if Dwayne were white if you'd be so quick to assume illiteracy." "Some of my best friends are jigaboos," I said. Dr. Roth looked like she'd swallowed a hairbrush. "Mr. Spenser, I assume you're trying to joke; but the racial cliché is offensive." "I'm feeling offensive, Dr. Roth. I am sitting here being bullshitted in patronizing tones, and we both know you know he's illiterate." "I'm afraid that's enough, Mr. Spenser. You'll have to leave." Madelaine spoke with as much dignity as one could who was blushing scarlet. "That's silly, Madelaine," I said. "This is a testable hypothesis. Kicking me out won't protect you from embarrassment when Dwayne's illiteracy becomes public knowledge and people ask you how come you're writing these rave reviews of his academic performance." "I feel no embarrassment in trying to help a poor black boy to stay in school. Would you have me send him back to the ghetto?" "So you know he can't read," I said. "I know his skills are not, perhaps, what they should be, granted, but would he be better off back in that environment? The boy has a future here." "He'd probably rather be called a man," I said. "I know about calling black people 'boy,'" Madelaine said. "But he is a boy." "Not on a basketball court," I said. "But otherwise," Madelaine said. "He's not a grown man. He's a boy." "Why do you say so?" I said. "For God's sake," Madelaine said. "He can't even read." I smiled. Madelaine looked at me, puzzled; why was I smiling? I smiled some more. The room was quiet. Madelaine frowned. Then the light went on. Had she not been flushed she would have flushed. "Well, not just because he can't read," Madelaine said. It was weak, and she knew it, but like a lot of academics I had met she kept chewing at it. She was so used to manipulating meaning with language that both became relative. As if you could make falsehood true by richly said restatement. Academics are not first rate at saying _I was wrong._ "What are the other aspects of his boy-ness?" I said, finally. Madelaine opened her mouth, closed it, took a long breath. "This is pointless," she said. "I do not have the time to sit here and argue with some redneck detective." "We're not arguing, Dr. Roth. I'm trying to educate you, and you're resisting. We can't just let Dwayne's illiteracy go," I said, "because we think he won't need to be able to read or because we think he can't or won't learn. Those assumptions, Doc, are racist, and it's what's wrong with this whole deal. This kid has gone through sixteen years of education, public and private, and he can't read, and no one has bothered about that." "You just called him a kid," Madelaine said. She was sullen now. "He is a kid. He hasn't got the shrewdness or the strength to admit he can't read and get help so that he can. He thinks he's going to make so much dough playing basketball that he won't ever have to read. He'll get a smart agent. And he'll be entirely dependent on him. And when Dwayne's about thirty-four, thirty-five, he won't be making any more money playing basketball, and so he won't have an agent and then what's he going to do? Manage his affairs?" "But you were dreadful to me when I called him a boy." "Dreadful's a little strong," I said. "I'm not a racist," she said. "What's in a name," I said. "But when I came in here, I wasn't sure what to do with Dwayne. Now I am. And it's you that showed me. I'm going to treat him like a man." "Does that mean you're going to turn him in?" Madelaine said. "I don't know," I said. "But whatever I do I'm going to treat him like he's responsible for himself and his life." "And what about me?" she said. "What about you?" "Are you going to tell that he can't read?" I stared at her. "It would be very hurtful to my professional standing," she said. She was leaning forward in her chair now, her hands resting on the edge of her desk. Her mouth was open and her tongue moved rapidly back and forth over her lower lip. I was still staring. "Holy Christ," I said. 15 HAWK and I tried to have dinner together once a week or so just as if we were regular people. After a session with Madelaine Roth, Hawk looked a lot more regular to me than he used to. We had a table against the wall in a storefront place called the East Coast Grill in Inman Square, where all the cooking was done over an open barbecue pit in the back, by a guy in a red baseball cap. I ordered the ribs, Hawk asked for grilled tuna. "Don't dare order the ribs, do you?" I said. "Heard it came with a wedge of watermelon," Hawk said. "Your national cuisine," I said. We were drinking Lone Star beer, in respect to the barbecue, and the first one went quickly. As we drank, people glanced covertly at Hawk. He was wearing white leather pants and a black silk shirt. His shaved head gleamed, and his movements were almost balletic: economical and surgically exact. He never moved for no reason. He never spoke to make conversation. His white leather jacket hung on the back of the chair, and if you paid attention to stuff like that, you could see where it hung a little lopsided from the weight of the gun in the right hand pocket. When he brought the beer glass to his lips you could see the muscles in his upper arm swell, stretching the silk of his shirt sleeve. The waitress brought us a second beer. Hawk said, "Guy named Bobby Deegan came by to see me." "Bobby gets around," I said. "You know him?" Hawk said. "Came by my office this morning," I said. "Urged me to lay off a thing I was looking into." "S'pose you said, 'sho nuff, Bobby,'" Hawk said. "I was going to," I said. "But my chin was trembling so bad it was hard to talk." "Ah," Hawk said. "That why Bobby looking to have you clipped." "Clipped?" "Un huh." "A sweetie like me?" "Un huh." "Gee," I said. "I thought I'd won him over." "Guess not," Hawk said. "Bobby come in to Henry's looking for me. Said he needed some pest removal work done. Heard I was in that business." I shook my head. "Pest removal," I said. "That hurts." "Can see why it would," Hawk said. The waitress came and brought ribs for me and tuna for Hawk. On the plate with my ribs were some beans, some watermelon and a big piece of cornbread. Hawk looked at the slab of ribs. "Mighta made an error," Hawk said. "Tuna's good for you," I said. "Sure," Hawk said. "So I ask Bobby where he heard that, and he said, guy he'd done some business with in town. I say 'gimme a name.' He say..." Hawk smiled happily, " 'Gerry Broz.'" I said, "A blast from the past." Hawk cut a morsel off his tuna and inspected. It was pink, as promised. Hawk nodded his head once and put the tuna into his mouth and chewed. He nodded once again, and swallowed. "So I figure the guy's probably straight, using Joe's kid's name, anybody can know Joe's, but most folks don't know 'bout Gerry. "So I say what's the pest's name, and he say you." I was struggling happily with my ribs. Normally I ended up with barbecue sauce in my socks when I ate ribs, but I always figured they were worth it. "What's he paying?" I said when I could. "Five bills," Hawk said. "For crissake," I said, "Harry Cotton was offering that, when, seven, eight years ago." "Yeah, well, Bobby's out of town, he don't know 'bout you. So, I say, 'You tell Gerry who you want hit?' And he say, 'No, what's the difference?' and I say, 'No difference.'" Hawk ate a couple of grilled vegetables. I ate some beans. Hawk drank some beer, patted his lips carefully with his napkin, put it back on his lap. "So Bobby say, 'Well?' And I say, 'Well what?' and Bobby say, 'You want the job?' and I say, 'no.' And Bobby say, 'How come?' and I just look at him for a while and Bobby say, 'Well, okay, fine, you don't want it.' And I just looking at him and he say, 'You got any suggestions?' and I say, 'no' and Bobby takes a walk." I shook my head. "Five grand," I said. "That's insulting." "Hey," Hawk said, "I just reporting the news." I nodded. My ribs were gone, also the beans and the watermelon and the cornbread. Also my beer. I'd done another good job at the table. "These are serious guys," I said. "Bobby came into my office this morning, offered a bribe, made a threat, neither one worked, so he went right out and found you." "And when I said no he probably went on and found somebody else not as good," Hawk said. He was working on his supper now that it was my turn to talk. "The only one as good would be me," I said, "and I wouldn't do it either." "Still, they probably find some people willing," Hawk said. "Not everybody know better." "Sucker born every minute," I said. "What you into?" Hawk said. "Basketball," I said. "The national sport," Hawk said, "of ma people. Better tell me about it." I did. While I did, Hawk finished his meal, the waiter came and cleared it and brought dessert menus. "The bread pudding with whiskey sauce," I said to Hawk. Hawk held up two fingers to the waiter and said, "Bread pudding." We were eating the pudding by the time I got to Madelaine Roth. And I finished with Madelaine and the pudding at about the same time. "What you think 'bout Bobby," Hawk said when I got through. "I think that cheerful, pally act is a very thin veneer over a very tough guy," I said. Hawk nodded. "Yeah," he said. "How 'bout I cruise around with you a while. Might meet me some adventurous coeds." "Yeah," I said, "might be able to help me get Dwayne's attention too." "Or Chantel's," Hawk said. "Hawk," I said, "Dwayne is, you gotta remember, approximately the size of Harlem." "There's that," Hawk said. "Besides, I think we're trying to help him," I said. "What's this we, white man? You the helper, I just along to see how it goes." "Mr. Warm," I said. The waiter brought the check. Hawk picked it up, looked at it and handed it to me. 16 THE next time I went to see Dwayne Woodcock, Hawk came with me. We found Dwayne in the spa in the Student Union drinking a Coke in a booth with two other kids. I recognized them. One was Kenny Green, the off guard, and a reserve forward named Daryl Pope. Dwayne looked up and said something to the other two. There was some laughter. "Dwayne," I said. "We need to talk." Dwayne was playing to his friends. "I don't need to talk, man. You need to talk whyn't you go someplace and talk?" He made the last word stretch. Hawk came up and leaned against the corner of the booth. All three kids looked at Hawk uneasily. "I had a chat with Bobby Deegan," I said. Everyone at the table got a little stiffer when I said Deegan's name. "I don't know nobody by that name, man," Dwayne said. "Sounds like some dumb fucking Irishman to me." Dwayne's buddies laughed along with him. "Don't that sound like that to you?" Dwayne said. "Sounds like that to me," one of his buddies said. I looked at Hawk. I was getting tired of college kids. Dwayne was especially easy to get tired of. "Want me to shoot one?" Hawk said. All three turned and looked at him. "Who you talking to, man?" Dwayne said. Hawk turned his head slowly and looked at him, carefully. Then he looked at the other two, just as carefully. Basketball players are big, and it's been years since they were reedy. There was nothing in Hawk's look that I could see that was anything but neutrally interested. He didn't say anything. But when he was through looking at them, all three kids had stopped laughing. Green and Pope looked at Dwayne, he looked back at Hawk for a minute, and then looked at me. "You bring some fucking dude around, say he's going to shoot us?" "Dude," I said to Hawk. "Talks like all those bad-ass black guys on television, don't he," Hawk said. "Heart of the ghetto," I said, "pulse beat of the streets." Hawk leaned a little forward toward Dwayne and spoke softly. "You had best excuse yourself from your friends, young man, and allow us to speak with you. We have your best interest at heart." Hawk's eyes were steady on Dwayne. Finally Dwayne said, "Man, shit. I may's well get this over. You guys give us couple minutes. Get these fucking people out of my hair." "We be over at the counter, Dwayne," Pope said. "Sure," Dwayne said. "I'll catch you in a minute." When they were gone I slid into the booth opposite Dwayne. Hawk sat beside me. "Whatcha want?" Dwayne said. "I think I want to help you," I said. "Dwayne don't need help. Dwayne can carry the weight, you know?" "What weight you carrying, Dwayne?" "Whatever fuckin' weight you think you going to talk about. Dwayne Woodcock don't need no motherfucking help, man." "You need help, Dwayne," I said. "You can't read, and you can't write, and some hard guys from New York got hold of your balls." "Bullshit, man..." "You don't think they got hold of your balls. You think you're making some easy bread, and no one gets hurt. But one of these days you'll try to walk away, and, whoa, sonovagun, they got a firm grip on your nads, and they're starting to squeeze." "Nobody gonna squeeze Dwayne's balls," he said, "no dumb Irish fucker like Deegan. No honkie motherfucker like you, either." Dwayne took a big breath. "Don't need advice from no honkie motherfucker, either," he said. "Yes you do," Hawk said. "You need advice wherever you can find it." His voice was quiet. "And this is about the best place. It's also about the last place. You don't get help, and pretty soon advice ain't going to matter. You going to belong to Bobby Deegan, or the cops. Or you going to be dead." "Whyn't you just leave this alone," Dwayne said. Hawk's voice was still soft. "He ain't going to do that. He doesn't leave things alone. You can trust him. You can trust me. Lot of men don't meet two people they can trust in their whole lives." Dwayne didn't say anything. He just shook his head. Hawk and I were silent. Pope and Green stood at the counter, looking at us, ready to jump in. Dwayne kept shaking his head. I waited. Finally Dwayne said, "Bobby say he was going to talk with you." I nodded. Next to me Hawk was in absolute repose. His hands on the table before him were perfectly still. He was looking at Dwayne. He had an expression of mild interest. "Bobby say he going to talk with you and take care of it." "He didn't take care of it," I said. "He will," Dwayne said, and got up, which in itself was fairly impressive, and walked out of the spa with his two buddies in trail. I looked at Hawk. "Big," he said. "From the neck down," I said. Hawk shrugged. "You could turn him in," he said. I shook my head. Hawk grinned. "Figured that would be too simple for you." Classes broke and a swarm of undergraduates filled the spa. Hawk and I left the booth and pushed through them out onto the quadrangle. "Where's Gerry in this deal?" I said. "Broz?" "Yeah. He sent Deegan to you." "Figure Deegan's from New York," Hawk said. "And he knows Gerry Broz," I said. "Maybe we ought to find out how," Hawk said. "Joe won't like that," I said. Hawk grinned again. "Yikes," he said. "Makes your blood run cold, doesn't it," I said. "But once we find out what's it going to do for me?" "Know that when we find out," Hawk said. I nodded. "What else you got?" I shrugged. "Got Dixie," I said. "The coach? Thought he found you annoying." "Hard to believe, isn't it," I said. "But he can put pressure on the kid that you and I can't." Hawk's face brightened. "By sitting him down," Hawk said. "Yes. If I can persuade Dixie to bench Dwayne until he cooperates we might have something." "Means you've got to convince Dixie that Dwayne's doing what you say," Hawk said. "And Dixie would rather get a case of clap than talk to me," I said. "Amen to that," Hawk said. 17 I walked into Dixie Dunham's office in the gym on a March morning that felt like January. There was snow, and wind and a windchill factor. I had the lining zipped back into my leather jacket. "What the fuck are you doing here?" Dixie said when he saw me. I put my gym bag down on his desk and took the game tapes out of it. I put them on the desk in front of him. They were the six games where Taft beat the spread. I took out a copy of the running transcript that Tommy Christopher and I had put together. "Read that," I said, "and watch the tapes and you'll know that Dwayne Woodcock's influencing the point spread." "Where'd you get those tapes? I didn't authorize those tapes to anyone." "I showed the transcript to Dwayne and he couldn't read it," I said. "I told you, you sonovabitch, I told you to stay away from my players." Dixie shoved his swivel chair back behind his desk and stood up. "You trying to rig this goddamn tournament, come in here and fuck with my players' heads? You bastard, you're the one rigging the spread. I told you, I explicitly fucking told you..." "Goddamn it, Dixie," I said, "shut up." Dixie was so startled that someone would say that to him that he shut up. For a moment. I charged into that moment. "You got a kid here, he's not just one of your players, he's also a real actual kid, and he's in trouble and you don't give a rat's ass about it. You're so goddamned busy being a coaching legend that you're going to let him slide right into the sewer." Dixie's face was red. "People don't talk to me that way," he said. His voice was tight as if he had trouble forcing it through his throat. "People don't usually talk to you any way," I said. "You're such a goddamned windbag they don't get a chance." Dixie came around the corner of the desk in a rush and threw a looping right-handed punch at me. It was like watching the slow curving swoop of a Frisbee. When it got close I turned my head to the left and let his fist soar majestically on past. Then I drove a left hook into his solar plexus, turning on the ball of my right foot and getting a lot of my weight behind it. Dixie said "oof," and he folded like a camp stool and staggered back against his desk trying to get his breath. I didn't say anything. I waited. Dixie got enough wind in him in a short time to lunge off the desk at me again. As he came I took a quick shuffle step left and put a right hook into the same spot, pivoting this time the other way and getting even more weight behind it. Dixie staggered back, doubled over again, leaned against the desk and then slid slowly to the floor, his legs stretching out before him with no strength in them, a look of puzzlement on his face. I knew the feeling. Dixie sat there, his arms wrapped across his stomach, bent forward, trying to get air, for maybe a full minute, while I waited without saying anything. Finally he could breathe. He put both hands flat on the floor and supported himself while he sat straighter, still on the floor, and his eyes began to focus on me. "You got a punch like a mule," Dixie said. "Like the kick of a mule," I said. "Get it right." Dixie nodded without speaking. Then he pulled his legs toward him and twisted and got them under him and rose to one knee, holding on to the desk, rested a minute and then boosted himself up onto both feet and stood there, leaning forward, his hands palm down on his desk, his shoulders hunched, his back to me. He breathed for a while and then finally rolled himself around along the desk edge until he had turned and faced me. He put one hand up, palm out. "Ain't going to try again," he said. "Just getting my legs back." I waited. "Hoooeee," Dixie said. "Yeah," I said. "You warned me," he said. "Yeah." Dixie took a couple of deep breaths and arched his back. Then he went around his desk and got his chair and sat in it. "Okay," he said. "What were you saying about Dwayne going down the chute?" "Read the transcript," I said. Dixie picked it up, opened his drawer, took out a pair of horn-rimmed half glasses, put them low on his nose and started to put his feet up. He stopped suddenly just after he started and put them back on the floor, and opened the folder and started to read. While he read, I looked around the room. It was classic gym cinder block, painted white. There was a picture of Dixie with Troy Murphy, who'd been an all-American point guard for Dixie and was now a star with the Portland Trail Blazers. But there weren't any others. No team pictures, no memorabilia. In the corner across from Dixie's desk was a big screen television set and a VCR on a yellow oak table. Three or four folding chairs leaned against the wall. I looked back at Dixie. He had one page flipped over and was reading the second one. I waited. Dixie flipped the second page. His face had no expression. Somewhere, faintly echoing off the cinder block, I could hear a basketball pounding on a floor. Dixie finished the typescript. He put it down on his desk, reached out and assembled the videocassettes in a neat pile, stood carefully, and walked somewhat stiffly, carrying the tapes to the VCR. He arranged them in order, turned on the VCR and the TV, put a cassette into the VCR, punched PLAY and walked back, slowly, to his desk. He lowered himself carefully into his chair and leaned back and began to watch the videotape. I leaned on the wall and watched it too, for maybe the fifth time. Dixie watched the tapes, the way he'd read the transcript. There was no expression on his face. He had no reaction. He didn't say a word. When the first tape was over, he started to push himself up. "Stay," I said. "I'll run the machine." Dixie settled back into his chair. I went to the VCR and changed cassettes. When the last one was finished, it was midafternoon. I picked all the cassettes up and put them into the gym bag. Dixie still sat. Neither one of us made a sound. I went back to leaning on the wall. After a while Dixie swiveled his chair toward me. "Dwayne's shaving points," Dixie said. "Maybe Danny Davis, too." I nodded. "You see what you want to see, I guess," Dixie said. "You say he can't read." I nodded. "Shit," Dixie said. I leaned on the wall some more. Dixie sat. The sound of basketballs bouncing had stopped. "What we going to do?" Dixie said. "East regionals start next Saturday." "I don't know for sure what we're going to do," I said. "But I've got some goals. One, the kid's involved with New York wiseguys and I want to get him unhooked from them. Two, I want to be able to preserve his future. Three, I want him to learn to read." "If we turn him in, his future is zero," Dixie said. "Pros won't touch him." "I know," I said. "Means you're going to cover up for him?" "Yeah, I guess it does," I said. "How about you?" Dixie shook his head. "He's the best player I ever had. Better than Troy, even." Dixie jerked his head toward the picture on the wall. I waited. "People can't trust the score, any game goes to hell," he said. I shifted shoulders against the wall. "I don't know," Dixie said. "I don't know what to do." "Let's take it a step at a time," I said. "Let's talk with the kid. If he'll admit it, then we can move on the guys who rigged him to do it." "What if he denies it?" Dixie said. "You tell him you looked at the tapes, you know he did it. If he still won't admit anything, you sit him down." "Sit him down?" Dixie said the words very slowly, with space between them. "Yeah." "For how long?" "Until he tells us what's going on. Until he names names." "Jesus Christ," Dixie said. "I got the East regionals next week. We get through those I got the tourney at Salt Lake. In about three weeks I could be playing for the national championship." "I didn't say my plan was fun," I said. "Fun, my God. Can't we use the tapes for proof?" "Probably not in court, but even so, we don't want to go to court. And if we did, what have we got? The fact that Dwayne, maybe Danny Davis, is shaving points. We don't have for whom. And _for whom_ is what we need if we're going to pull this off without screwing the kid." "So what are you going to do if he does tell you?" Dixie said. "You say you don't want to ruin the kid, so you can't go to the cops." "Dixie," I said, "you got to understand this kind of work. I don't have a game plan. I sort of feel my way along. When I run into something I don't know, I try to find out. When I find out enough, then maybe there's a way to figure out what to do. And maybe there isn't. You can't know until you find out what there is to find out." Dixie rocked slowly in his swivel chair. His hands were folded across his stomach, and he seemed to be studying his thumbnails. Finally, without looking up, Dixie said, "I'll talk with Dwayne." I said, "You want me around?" "No." "Okay," I said. "Let me know." "Yeah, I will." I picked up my gym bag and started out the door. "Spenser," Dixie said. I stopped and turned my head. "I didn't know he couldn't read," Dixie said. "Makes you wonder how he maintained a two point three average, doesn't it," I said. "Maybe we ought to find that out too," Dixie said. "We will," I said. 18 TUESDAY morning, Hawk and I went to see Gerry Broz. Gerry was a second generation thug, been to college, graduated into the old man's business. He spent every morning in a coffee shop near Oak Square in Brighton. He'd have breakfast, read the paper, drink some coffee, make a few phone calls, receive a few visitors. Joe still ran things, but Gerry was the crown prince. "Joe's garbage," Hawk said as we were walking across Washington Street toward the B&D Coffee Shop. "And Gerry's nowhere near the man Joe is." "I know," I said. "Cops will be glad when Gerry takes over. They figure the organization will turn into pot shards in about a year." "Pot shards," Hawk said. We opened the door to the coffee shop and went in. The air was steamy with the scent of coffee and bacon and cigarette smoke. There was a rusty-colored marble counter and four booths by the big front window. The place looked as if it had originally been built to be a variety store and been converted, home style, by either B or D or maybe both. Gerry was in his booth, farthest from the door by the window. There was a thick guy with curly black hair sitting opposite him with his overcoat on. The first time I met Gerry he was still an undergraduate, selling coke and blackmailing women when he wasn't studying for midterms. Now he was about twenty-seven and looked younger. He had a soft face and a limp black mustache. He'd put on some weight, none of it sinew, and he hadn't adjusted his wardrobe, so that while he wore very expensive clothes they were a little tight everywhere. He spotted us when we came in and said something to the man across from him. The man across from him put one hand inside his coat as he turned and looked at us over his shoulder. "What do you want, creep?" Gerry said. "Gee, Gerry," I said, "getting porky hasn't improved your style any, has it?" The man across from him had twisted himself around in the booth with one leg resting in the seat, so that he was fully facing us. Hawk stepped up to the counter and ordered two coffees. "The gentleman there wants it on his tab," Hawk said. The counter woman nodded and shuffled after the coffee. "I asked you a question," Gerry said. "Commendable," I said. "So many people these days are always talking _me, me, me_ , but you've developed listening skills. You're a sensitive guy, Ger." Hawk came over with a cup of coffee in a paper cup. I took it and had a small sip. Hawk went back and sat on a stool at the counter and leaned one elbow on the counter and watched. "Love a paper cup, don't you, Ger?" "Spenser, I know you think you're a fucking scream, but I don't, and I'm a busy man. You got something to say to me, say it. And get the fuck out of here." "I want to talk with you, Gerry. Unlike everybody else in the world." "Talk," Gerry said. "Tell your gunboat to beat it," I said. "It's just me and you." Gerry shrugged. He made a hand gesture at the counter. "Over there, Jojo," he said. "For a minute." Jojo slid out of the booth carefully, his hand still under his coat, his eyes flickering back and forth between me and Hawk. He took a stool beside Hawk. "How's it going," Hawk said pleasantly. Jojo shrugged. I slid into the booth across from Gerry. "Okay, what do you want?" Gerry said. "Bobby Deegan," I said. "Who's he?" It was a standard reaction for a guy like Gerry. If I'd said George Washington he'd have said the same thing. College hadn't helped Gerry all that much. "My question exactly," I said. "Why ask me?" "Because Bobby mentioned your name to my associate," I tipped my head toward Hawk, "and suggested you were a tight personal friend." Gerry raised both hands in front of him palm out. "Never heard of the guy," he said. "Bobby says he asked you to point him at a good hitter, and you sent him to Hawk." Gerry pushed out his lower lip and shook his head. "I was supposed to be the hittee," I said. There was a little movement in Gerry's eyes for a moment and then nothing. "Would I send a guy to Hawk if he wanted you hit?" Gerry said. "How stupid you think I am?" "Awful stupid," I said. "Bobby didn't tell you who he wanted hit." "Look, asshole," Gerry said. "I told you I don't know nothing about no Bobby Deegan. You unnerstand? Nothing." "Gerry," I said, "I've known you since you were a boy." "You're a pain in the ass. You been a pain in the ass to the old man and you're a pain in the ass to me. The old man let it slide. I don't know why. He does what he does. But I ain't going to let it slide. You hear me talking? You get in my way and you're going to sleep with the fishes." Gerry's voice was soft, but he leaned forward and his face was reddish-looking as he spoke. I turned toward the counter. "Hawk, you hear this conversation?" I said. Hawk shook his head. "Gerry says if I get in his way I'm going to sleep with the fishes." Hawk's quiet face broke into a slow widening grin. "Sleep with the fishes?" he said. I was smiling too. "Yeah." Hawk began to chuckle quietly and then to laugh and finally he bent over on his stool and pressed his hands against his stomach and laughed. "Sleep with the fishes," he said, his voice shaking. "Sleep with the fucking fishes." There was a slim black guy who looked like a cabbie sitting next to Hawk at the counter, and in another booth there were two Irish-looking women, who had probably walked the kids to school and were on their way home. All three studiously ignored the hilarity. "Guppies," I said to Gerry, "could I sleep with some guppies? I always sort of liked guppies." Gerry was redder than before. He jerked his head at Jojo and said, "Let's get the fuck out of here." Jojo slid off the stool and stood by the booth as Gerry edged out of the booth and stood up. "Does this mean you're not going to tell me about Bobby Deegan?" I said. "Fuck you," Gerry said, and stomped out of the coffee shop. Jojo barely got to the door in time to hold it for him. Through the window I saw them get into a charcoal gray Mercedes sedan, Jojo behind the wheel, and drive away. Hawk got off the stool and stood beside me looking through the window. "Not productive," I said. "Counterproductive," Hawk said. "Now we got to worry about Bobby Deegan putting a hit on you cause you screwing up his scam, and we got to worry about Gerry putting a hit on you cause you hurt his feelings." "Had to ask," I said. "Sure," Hawk said. "Hurting Gerry Broz's feelings isn't a bad day's work," I said. "True," Hawk said. 19 I was back on paralegal watch when Chantel knocked on the frame of the open door. I put my feet on the floor and stood. "Come in," I said. She was wearing black stockings and a red leather mini skirt and a silver gray silk blouse with the top three buttons open. Her high-heeled shoes were gray and she wore a silver gray duster open over her outfit. She walked in slowly, looking at my office the way people look around at a museum. She stopped maybe two feet in front of my desk, holding her black alligator purse in front of her thighs with both hands. Her hair wasn't corn rowed today, it framed her head in soft black curls. She wore eye makeup and red lipstick, and probably more subtle stuff that I didn't know about. She looked maybe twenty years old and she was beautiful. "I..." she started and stopped. She looked back at the open door. "Can I close the door?" she said. I came around the desk. "I will," I said. I went and shut the door and came back and pulled one of the client chairs a little closer to her. "Sit down, please," I said. She looked at the chair and then at the closed door. Her movements were all slow, as if she had to think through each one before she made it. She looked at me again and then at the chair and then carefully smoothed her skirt against the backs of her thighs with her left hand and sat down. She sat upright, forward in her chair, her knees together, both feet on the floor, side by side. I went around my desk and sat down and smiled at her. Encouraging. Supportive. Attentive. Entirely without sexual or racial prejudice. She could tell me anything. She did not smile back. She gazed at me without any affect at all that I could discern. She held her purse now in her lap with both hands. We sat and looked at one another. The steam knocked for a moment in the pipes and then stopped. I heard heels clack in the corridor again. "Dwayne don't know I'm here," she said. Her quiet gaze didn't move. "He be really pissed off if he knew." I nodded. Nice to hear a human voice again. We were quiet some more. She turned the purse once in her lap so that the open end now faced her. Too bad I didn't smoke. The heels in the hall clacked back from wherever they had clacked before. "Excuse me," Chantel said. "I don't mean to just stare like this, but I'm shy around white people until I know them." I nodded again. "I don't know many white people," she said. "Even at Taft I stay mostly with other black people." "You live with Dwayne?" "Yes, since the end of sophomore year." "You going to get married, you think?" "Un huh. After graduation. Dwayne probably going to be drafted by the Clippers so we probably going to move to LA." "You mind?" I said. "No," Chantel said. "Me and Dwayne be fine anywhere." I nodded. "How's his reading coming?" Chantel shrugged. We sat and looked quietly some more. She didn't seem to be uncomfortable with the silence. I wasn't either. I'd heard too many silences to get uncomfortable. "You told anybody?" Chantel said. "About Dwayne can't read? No, nobody that you'd care about." "How 'bout the other thing?" "Same answer," I said. Chantel nodded, as much to herself as to me. I waited. "You married?" Chantel said. "Not quite," I said. "You got somebody?" "Yes." She nodded again, as if I'd passed some kind of test. "What you going to do?" she said. "I can't seem to help Dwayne from Dwayne's end," I said. "So I'm going to try to go back door. I'm going to bust his connection and see if I can spring him free." "Dwayne's a boy," she said. "I know we not supposed to say 'boy.' We supposed to talk that man child shit; but it's true. He looks like a man, and he's good as any man, but he hasn't grown up at all." "He's been a star so long he's never had a chance to," I said. Chantel nodded her head four or five times rapidly. "Yes," she said, "that's right, and he always been bigger and stronger than everybody and he never had to, you know, do stuff he didn't like, do stuff he wasn't too good at." "Like reading and writing," I said. "That's right," Chantel said. "He wasn't so good at that so he just didn't do it. He so good at other stuff that he don't have to do it." "What happens when you try to teach him?" I said. "He get mad," Chantel said. "No, he don't get mad. That's not right." Chantel paused for a moment and looked out my window while she thought. She pushed her lower lip. And frowned just slightly. I wanted to pick her up and kiss her on the forehead. "He gets embarrassed," she said. "Yeah," I said. "He is very proud," Chantel said. "He got this whole Dwayne Woodcock thing he got to live up to and protect and be, and it cost him a whole lot to do that all the time." "You grow up with him, Chantel?" She shook her head. "No, he from Brooklyn; I grew up in Germantown. You know, Philly. Met him here, freshman year." "Damn lucky thing for him that you did," I said. "Why you say that?" Chantel said. "Because you are a woman and a half, Chantel. What's your last name?" "deRosier," she said. "Chantel deRosier." "What would you like me to do, Chantel?" Her gaze was steady and unembarrassed on my face. "I want you to help us," she said. "Chantel, I will help you do anything you want forever," I said. "Where would you like me to start?" She shook her head. "They are bad people he's with," she said. "They don't care about him. They call him 'big guy' and they tell him how terrific he is and they pretend to be scared of him cause he's so big and so good. But they aren't scared. And they don't think he's a man like them. They think they've got this here poor nigger boy by the nose." Chantel's eyes were shiny, maybe a little damp. "And they have," I said. She nodded. "Yeah, they have, and he doesn't know it. He think they the cat's ass. They got cars, they got money, they take us to restaurants and clubs, and give us clothes." "They treat you good?" I said. "They treat me like I'm Dwayne's piece of ass," she said softly. "And Dwayne don't seem to notice." I stood up from my chair and turned and looked out the window for a moment, down at Boylston Street and the people moving by. I looked across at the trees in very early flower outside the building that used to be Bonwit's and was going to be Louis'. Right below me a young man in a tuxedo passed carrying a cluster of balloons that read HAPPY BIRTHDAY KATIE KROCK. He crossed Boylston with the balloons and headed on down Berkeley toward the river. I turned back around and looked at Chantel. She was crying, though not very much. I said, "Whatever comes out of this, Chantel, I'm going to do three things. I'm going to save Dwayne's ass, I am going to see to it that no one involved will treat you like anyone's piece of anything, and I'm going to make the bastards wish they hadn't treated you like that to start with." "I'm not, you know," she said. "Dwayne's piece of ass?" "Yeah. He loves me. I love him. We got each other. We got a space nobody can come in. When we sleep together that's making love, it's not no piece of ass thing." "I know," I said. "How you know that?" Chantel said. "Because that's the kind of woman you are," I said. She nodded, the movement of her head barely perceptible. "How you going to save him?" she said. "Like I said, I'm going to go after Bobby Deegan." "You get them it going to get Dwayne in trouble." "I know, that's the part I haven't figured out yet," I said. "Be nice to get some feedback from Dwayne." Chantel shrugged and looked at her lap. "How much they paying him?" I said. "I don't know. Dwayne never talks about that." "Who's in on it with him?" "On the team?" "Yeah." Chantel looked down and shook her head again. "Don't know, or won't say?" "Won't," Chantel said. I nodded. "Okay," I said. "We figure it's Danny Davis." Chantel didn't move. "You know anything that will help?" "Mr. Deegan got a friend named Gerry," she said. "Gerry Broz?" "Don't know his last name. White guy, scraggly mustache. Kinda fat... not really fat, just sort of flabby-looking." "That's Gerry," I said. "You know what he's got to do with this?" "No," Chantel said. "I just see them together when we go out. They talk to Dwayne. Dwayne don't want me talking to them. He knows I don't like them. He's afraid I'll say something bad." "Dwayne likes them?" I said. "He likes Mr. Deegan," she said. "I don't think he likes Gerry so much." "Most people don't," I said. "Dwayne don't like white people exactly, but he likes them to like him, you know? He needs to have them think he's a big man." "And Deegan makes him feel good?" Chantel leaned a little forward toward me. "Yes. Mr. Deegan got money, and he acts like he got money. He know what to do in restaurants and how to talk to headwaiters and what to tip the hat check girl, you know, that kind of man. Real sure of himself. Confident, seems nice, but very aggressive too, like a big success." "Dwayne likes that?" I said. "Dwayne been a star most of his life but he been poor most of his life too and where he lived was all black people like where I lived. But his was poorer. We weren't poor. And you'd see all these cool white guys on TV, and you didn't really think about it, and if you did you wouldn't admit it, but being a success got kind of mixed up with being white, or being like a white person, or having white people like you. Mr. Deegan is what Dwayne thinks he ought to be." "He is better than that, Chantel, or you wouldn't love him." "He needs to know he better than that," Chantel said. "He got to see that Mr. Deegan is a sleaze with nice manners." "Okay," I said. "I think I've got it. I show Dwayne that Deegan's a sleaze, prove to Dwayne that he himself is not a sleaze, get Deegan off his back, keep anyone from finding out he shaved points, teach him to read and write and not let anyone know that he can't." For the first time since I'd seen her, Chantel smiled. "Yes," she said, "that's exactly it." "And on the seventh day I'll rest," I said. 20 I got the call from Dwayne on my office phone at four-thirty on a cold drizzly Thursday afternoon. Hawk was with me. We'd spent most of the last hour trying to figure out how to deal with the mess Dwayne was in, and we weren't making much progress. We were in the middle of a five-minute break devoted to a discussion of the paralegal's backside when the phone rang and I answered it. "I need to see you," Dwayne said. "How come?" I said. "I been thinking 'bout what you said and I was wrong to get mad," Dwayne said. "I need to talk with you without anybody seeing me." "I'll meet you," I said. "Gotta be private, man. Nobody better see me." "Wherever you want," I said. "You know the parking garage by the Aquarium?" Dwayne said. "Yes," I said. "On Milk Street." "I be on the top level at six thirty," Dwayne said. "You come in your car and I'll get in." "Six thirty," I said. "Don't tell nobody," Dwayne said and hung up. I said, "Dwayne wants me to meet him on the top level of the parking garage on Milk Street by the Aquarium." "When?" "Six thirty. Says he's changed his mind about me being a honkie motherfucker." "He actually say that?" Hawk said. "Well, he implied it," I said. "Hm," Hawk said. "What you think?" "Could be true," I said. "Or he could be doing what he's told and when I get there whoever Deegan hired instead of you will jump out of a Cutlass Supreme and shoot a hole in me." "Wonder which it'll be," Hawk said. "Me too," I said. We talked a little and observed the paralegal one more time as she closed up for the evening. Then Hawk left and I put my feet up on my desk and my hands behind my head and closed my eyes and thought about things. At six I let my feet down, unfolded my hands from behind my head and stood up. I had the Browning on my hip. I took it out, put it into the pocket of my leather trench coat, put the trench coat on and buttoned it up, turned the collar up, put on the tweed cap that Susan said made me look like Trevor Howard, and headed for the meeting with Dwayne, or whoever. By six the rush hour traffic had congealed into jams on the Southeast Expressway and the tunnel and the Mystic River Bridge. At the turnpike tolls in Allston they were cursing one another. But in the city the streets were shiny with rain and almost empty. Later the people would come in from the suburbs for dinner, or to hang around Quincy Market with the collars turned up on their Lacoste shirts, but right now the city folks were having a couple of Manhattans before dinner, and I was driving from Back Bay to the waterfront in maybe five minutes, hitting the lights on Berkeley and at Leverett Circle and cruising along Atlantic Avenue by six fifteen. I was driving a black Cherokee that year, with tinted windows. I parked it across the street from the garage and sat looking through my tinted windows at the entrance. No point arriving early. The rain along the waterfront was canted by the wind from the harbor and came in at about a sixty-degree angle against the windows on the driver's side. At the parking garage there was very little action. A car went in. Two came out. Guys with their ties loosened heading home late. Entry was an automatic gate and a ticket dispenser. At the exit was one attendant in her toll booth. At six twenty-nine I pulled across the street and took a ticket and drove into the garage. I wound up the rampways through the nearly empty garage to the top. There were seven or eight cars parked. I moved slowly down the empty aisle, the Browning out of my pocket now and on the seat beside me. At the end of the aisle in front of me a Ford station wagon backed out of its slot and blocked the way. _Not an Oldsmobile Cutlass after all._ I looked in the rearview mirror. A Chevy Blazer with body rot and a plow hitch had backed out and blocked the aisle behind me. I suspected that Dwayne wasn't driving either car. I was right. The people in the Ford got out of the side away from me and stood behind the car. Behind me another two guys got out of the Blazer. One of them had a shotgun. None of them was Dwayne. Nobody did anything. I sat. They stood. I picked up the Browning from the seat beside me and waited. One of the men in front of me yelled, "Spenser." I lowered my side window. "Yeah." "Step out and we'll talk." He had one of those plastic Red Sox caps that has an adjustable strap and plastic mesh in the back. The hat crown was too high, and the brim was too short, and he'd done nothing to break it in or shape it, so it sat on top of his head like a saucepan. "I can hear you from here," I said. "I wasn't giving you a choice, stupid," the guy with the cap said. "We got you penned in and there's four of us. Get out of the car." "That's the ugliest baseball cap I've ever seen," I said. He put his left hand up toward it, then caught himself and rubbed his face instead. "Have it your way," he said. He and his pal, a very fat guy with an untrimmed black beard, came around the Ford. Each had a handgun. Behind me the two from the Blazer began to move toward me. Behind them Hawk appeared and leaned over the hood of the Blazer and sighted down the barrel of a twelve gauge pump at their backs. The guys from the Blazer didn't see him, but the guys from the Ford in front of me did. I slid across the front seat and out the door on the passenger side of the Cherokee. Blackbeard and the guy with the hat raised their handguns to fire at Hawk. The big boom of the shotgun came just as Blackbeard was slammed back against the Ford. Over the hood of my car I shot the guy in the baseball cap as he was shooting at Hawk and turned and stepped to the back of the Cherokee before he hit the ground and held my gun steady on the two guys from the Blazer that Hawk had trained his shotgun on from behind. Everyone froze. In real time the whole sequence had probably taken ten seconds. In the slow motion of crisis time it had unreeled in ponderous elegance, and the crystalline immobility that followed was intensified by the lingering smell of gunfire, like an olfactory echo of the big bang. "The set up got set up," I said. Neither man moved. "We can drill you," I said. They knew that. The guns were their protection, but if they used them they were dead. They knew that too. Behind them Hawk said softly, "Put them down." They still hesitated, but only for a moment. The guy with the shotgun bent over carefully and placed it on the ground. The other guy, just as carefully, put the big .44 Mag he'd been carrying on the ground beside the shotgun. "Put your hands on the roof of the Blazer," I said. "Back away. Spread the legs. I bet you've done this before." They did as I told them. Then I went to the front of the Cherokee and examined the two guys we'd shot. They were both dead. I walked back over to them quick and patted them down. The guy who'd carried the shotgun had a .25 automatic in the pocket of his leather jacket. I took it. When I stepped away, Hawk came around the Blazer, the shotgun resting butt forward, trigger guard up on his shoulder. "They picked a good place," Hawk said. "Yeah. Two gunshots and nothing happens. No cops. No sirens in the distance. One of you guys pick this place?" I said to the two on the Blazer. The one in the leather jacket said, "No. Frankie did." He made a small head gesture toward the two dead men. I said, "You can get off the car now." The two men shuffled their feet in from the spread and stood straight and turned around. "Let's discuss motivation," I said. The guy in the leather jacket had a Miami Vice two-day growth of stubble. The other guy was dressed against the weather in one of those oversized short jackets with lots of lapels and collars and cuffs and epaulets and doodads. The zipper was diagonal across the front. "Whaddya mean?" he said. "Why did you try to kill me?" I said. "We was just going to talk with you," he said. "What about?" The guy in the leather jacket said, "We was told to talk to you about staying away from Dwayne Woodcock." "Who told you?" I said. He looked at the ground. The guy in the fancy jacket looked at him. Hawk said, "We already dumped two of you. You think we going to have a lot of trouble going four for four?" Fancy Jacket shook his head. "Guy from New York hired us, give us five grand, said to rough you up and tell you lay off Dwayne Woodcock. Said if you were stubborn, or we thought the warning wouldn't stick, we was to kill you. He left it up to us." I looked at Hawk. "Twelve fifty apiece?" He smiled and shook his head. "That's embarrassing," he said. "It's humiliating," I said. I looked back at the two hoods. "Twelve fifty?" I said. The one in the leather jacket shrugged. He was still staring at the floor. "Why not," he said. "Why not?" I said. "For crissake, think how I feel. Some guy thinks I'm only worth twelve fifty to whack? What kind of thing is that to learn about yourself." Neither one said anything. "Guy from New York named Deegan?" I said. "He didn't say his name. He just gave us the money, told us what he wanted." "How'd he find you?" "Come into the bar where Frankie works, said he heard Frankie would do this kind of job." "Worked," I said. "Frankie doesn't work there anymore." "So Frankie says, sure, and he gets the rest of us and we come to do this." "Who told Dwayne to call me?" I said. "I dunno," Leather Jacket said. "Frankie just said you'd show up here around six-thirty. Said the New York guy told him." I nodded. "Okay, beat it. You run into the New York guy tell him he needs to hire better than twelve fifty apiece." "We didn't know he'd be here," the guy in the fancy jacket said. He looked at Hawk. "If I knew you were in this price range," I said, "I wouldn't have bothered to bring him." I jerked my head toward the Blazer. "Screw," I said. The two of them turned and got into the Blazer and pulled away. Hawk walked to his Jaguar, parked at the near end of the floor. He opened the trunk, put the shotgun in, closed the trunk, got into the car and backed out. He lowered his window. "Thanks," I said. "Twelve fifty," he said, and shook his head happily. Then the window went up silently and the Jag slid away down the ramp. 21 THE next day I went to see Dwayne. I found him at the field house. He had no classes and he was there with three other players shooting around. I stood in the shadows at the top of the stands and looked down at him for a while. Two of the managers were there, retrieving balls, keeping the ball racks full. There was some banter, some hoots at a particularly bodacious jam. Davis, the point guard, was the butt of a lot of teasing. "Hey, white shadow," Kenny Green yelled, "you stuff one." He had a spare net he'd picked up and was holding it open at knee level. Davis went behind his back, drove toward the basket and pulled up for an eighteen-foot jumper, which he swished. "Hit one of them, Kenny," Davis said. Green, who had never played more than eight feet away from the basket, laughed and cut for the basket and Davis hit him with an alley oop and Green stuffed it. Dwayne worked methodically around the perimeter shooting jump shots. One of the managers would pass him the ball and he would catch it and in the same motion go up for the shot. Every third or fourth time he'd fake the shot and drive. He did this without pause over and over again. He didn't do much talking, he seemed wholly focused on his workout. I watched for maybe ten minutes and then moved on along the top aisle of the arena to Dixie's office. He was there. Tommy Christopher had told me that Dixie took Christmas morning off, unless there was a game. "You got something?" he said. "Nothing you'll like," I said. "I haven't liked anything about you since you first walked in here," he said. I sat in the chair across from him. "Dwayne set me up last night to be shot," I said. Dixie looked at me without any understanding. "I mean he called me and arranged a meeting with me and when I showed up for it, there were four guys there and they tried to kill me." Dixie shook his head slowly, persistently. "Dwayne wasn't one of them?" Dixie said. "No, but he arranged to have me there." "He wouldn't do that," Dixie said. "No, he just called and wanted to meet me in a parking garage and then decided not to come and, oddly enough, four guys happened to be there who want me to lay off this case and they had guns." "Parking garage? There was a shooting last night at a parking garage on the waterfront." I nodded. "Jesus Christ," Dixie said, "was that you?" I didn't answer. "Jesus Christ," Dixie said again. "I... what are we going to do?" "We're going to talk with Dwayne." "Spenser, Dwayne's a good kid, he's a quality kid, he wouldn't... he must have been under pressure." "We'll find out what kind of quality kid he is," I said. "So far he seems to me to be a loudmouthed pain in the ass. I'm way out on a goddamned limb trying to save his neck." "I know, I know, don't think I don't know that. But the kid is so great. We can't lose him. I mean he's a blow off the court sometimes, I see him in the interviews talking about himself in the third person. I know he can be irritating. But on the court... Spenser, he is the most coachable kid I ever had. He's got better work habits than I have. He listens, he does what I tell him, he practices more than anybody on the team. He stuck with the program for four years. He could have gone pro after his sophomore year. But he stayed here out of loyalty, out of respect for me and his teammates. Guys with talent like Dwayne, they can dog it through college, take the big pro contract, never really learn the game. Dwayne could pass more, maybe, but he's got all the fundamentals. He knows the game. He feels it. Spenser, the kid is a genius in his own way." "Get him in here, Dixie. I'm now covering up point shaving and accessory to attempted murder for him. I need to find a handle on this thing or I'm going down with him." "You didn't report the attempt to the cops?" "No," I said. "I couldn't figure out how to do that and not get Dwayne dragged into it. _What were you doing in the garage? Why did you agree to go there? Why did these guys want to hit you?_ Cops aren't dumb. Cops been lied to a lot in their career. They know about that." "And if they find out it was you and you didn't report it?" "Pretty well eliminates my chances for the gumshoe hall of fame," I said. "Get him in here." Dixie nodded. He rose and walked past me to his office door and stuck his head out. "Vicki," he said to his secretary, "tell Dwayne I want to see him, please." Dixie came back around his desk and sat heavily in his swivel chair. "Goddamn," he said. "Goddamn." We were quiet while we waited for Dwayne. When he came in he filled the room. It was always startling to see Dwayne up close. When I wasn't with him, I forgot how big he was and tended to think of him in normal-sized terms. But in shorts and a tank top, with a towel draped over his shoulders, he was startling in his size. And more startling in his athleticism. He moved as gracefully as any corner back, and he was built like a good middleweight boxer, except that he was six feet nine inches tall. As he moved the muscles bunched and rolled under his skin. "What's happening, Coach?" Dwayne saw me but didn't look again. "Come in, Dwayne, close the door, sit down." Dwayne did all three and looked at Dunham. Dixie put his hands behind his head and laced the fingers. He leaned back against the spring on the swivel chair and took in a breath and let it out. "Dwayne," he said, "you gotta help us." Dwayne's eyes shifted to me when Dixie said _us_ and shifted back to the coach. He nodded. "Sure," he said. "Dwayne, you got to tell us what the hell is going on." "I don't know what you mean, Coach." "Yeah, you do. You been shaving points. Last night you set this man up to be murdered." Dwayne's head was shaking back and forth in denial all the time Dixie talked. "You called him," Dixie said, "you told him to meet you in a parking garage, and instead of you, when he got there he found some people with guns." Dwayne's head continued to shake. "They weren't... He said they wasn't..." "Who?" I said to Dwayne. Dwayne shook his head some more. "Goddamn it, Dwayne," Dixie said. "Think a bit. This man is trying to help you. I'm trying to help you. Now, goddamn it, how we going to help you if you won't tell us what's going on?" Dwayne was still shaking his head. He wasn't looking at Dixie anymore. He was looking down. "You got a responsibility, Dwayne," Dixie said. Dwayne didn't raise his eyes. His head was still now, and he gazed steadfastly at the floor. "Dwayne, you got a responsibility to this program, to me, to the other guys on the team." Dwayne was motionless. "You owe it to yourself, Dwayne." Dwayne raised his head and looked at Dixie. "I can't, Coach," he said. "Why not?" Dixie said. The connection between Dwayne and Dixie was real and concentrated. I got a hint of why he was a great coach. "I got other responsibilities," Dwayne said. "Responsibilities? Who the Christ to?" Dixie was outraged. Dwayne shook his head. "More important than the program, Dwayne?" Dwayne looked at the ground again. We were all quiet. In the outer office we could hear Vicki typing. I watched the quartz clock on the wall for a while. The second hand jerked around the dial in one-second increments. "Dwayne," Dixie said, "I'm going to have to sit you down." Dwayne's head raised slowly until his eyes were on Dixie's face. Their eyes held each other. I was entirely extraneous. "You got to help us to help you, or I can't play you," Dixie said. "Tournament startin'," Dwayne mumbled. "Yeah," Dixie said. Dwayne looked at him some more. Then slowly he stood up. He looked down at Dixie, for a full breath cycle. "I got to go," he said. "You change your mind, Dwayne, you know where I am," Dixie said. Dwayne nodded and turned slowly away. He carefully didn't look at me. He opened the door and went out and closed it carefully behind him. The silence in the room was majestic. Dixie slammed his open hand flat on his desktop. "Damn," he said. "Yeah," I said. We sat some more. "What's your chances in the NCAA Tournament without him?" I said. "Slim and none," Dixie said. "What are you going to tell the press?" I said. "Nothing," Dixie said. "They'll be all over you," I said. "Like ticks on a bird dog," Dixie said. 22 WE were at my place. Susan was taking a bath and I was in bed reading Roger Angell's new book. It was ten o'clock on a Friday night. The door was locked, my gun was on the bed table, the television was playing with the sound off. All was peaceful. Susan came from the bathroom wearing a large blue towel and drying herself with it as she walked. "Is there a wonderful movie we can watch on cable?" she said. "No," I said. "I think we'll have to make love." "And have a late supper after?" "We had supper," I said. "No, we had dinner," Susan said. "Of course," I said. "Well, if 'tis to be done," Susan said, "better it be done quickly." She dropped her towel and dove onto the bed. I dog-eared the page and put the book on the bed table beside the gun. Susan made her bubbly little laugh, which, in a less stately woman, might have been construed as a giggle. She pulled the covers part way back and wiggled in under them. "Oh good," she said. "The sheets are clean." She pressed against me. "And," she said with her near-giggle lurking under the words, "I think you're glad to see me." "You shrinks," I said, "you don't miss a thing." "Some things are easier to miss than others," she said. "I beg your pardon," I said, and she inched her body up a bit against mine and pressed her open mouth against mine. All smiles ceased. Susan's energy was limitless. She worked out every day, often twice a day. Her body was strong and very flexible. I was in pretty good shape myself. When it was over we lay pressed together, our bodies wet with perspiration, our breaths coming in big heaves, our lips still touching. Susan's eyes were closed. "I never remember how strong you are," Susan said with her lips touching mine as she spoke, and her eyes still closed. "It's because my heart is pure," I said. "Bullshit," she said. "Good point," I said. We lay like that for a bit, quietly. Then Susan rolled away from me and sat up without using her hands and got out of bed and walked across to the bedroom closet, where she kept a robe. _Eat your heart out, Paralegal_ She put on her robe of many colors and got one out for me. It was black, with a hood. I looked like Darth Vader in it. But Susan liked it. She draped it over the foot of the bed. "What's for supper?" she said. I put on my Darth Vader robe and went to the kitchen. When Susan came out of the bathroom I was peeling an avocado. "That looks encouraging," she said. She came and sat at the counter on a high stool with a fluted back. I put a glass before her and poured in some Cristal Champagne. She smiled. "To us," she said. We both drank some. "You have always had wonderful taste in champagne and women," she said. "The taste in women is instinctual," I said. "I learned the champagne from Hawk." I finished the avocado and sliced it over endive leaves. I added some mango slices and put over it a dressing of first-press olive oil and lemon juice and honey. I put one plate in front of Susan and the other at my place and came around the counter. Susan poured herself half a glass more of champagne and took a small bite of the avocado. "Yum, yum," she said. "It's only the beginning," I said. "How is it going with Dwayne what's-his-name?" Susan said. "Woodcock," I said. "It's going very badly." Susan took a crescent of mango on her fork and dabbed it in the dressing and ate it in two small bites. Slowly. "Tell me about it," she said when she was through chewing. I did. By the time I was through I had sliced some cob smoked turkey onto a plate with some tomato chutney. I checked the whole wheat biscuits in the oven. "There needs to be a reason," Susan said. "Everything he cares about is pressing on him to act differently and yet he won't." "I'm wondering, the kind of kid he is, is there some kind of jock ethic here?" Susan clicked the rim of her champagne glass against her bottom teeth gently. I checked the biscuits again. They were golden. I took them out and put them on the counter to cool. "Are you suggesting that he sees this gang of gamblers as his new team?" Susan said. I shrugged. "Chantel says he thinks very highly of them. She says he needs white approval though he won't admit it, even to himself." "Maybe why he's such a good player," Susan said. "Lot of white approval there." "It helps that he's six feet nine and quicker than I." "That quick..." Susan said. "Of course it helps. But there must be other people that tall and that quick who are not as good as Dwayne." "I imagine." "If so," Susan said, "won't Coach Dunham benching him change that?" "Because Bobby Deegan and his outfit won't be so nice to Dwayne when he's riding the pines and can't help them shave points?" I said. "Yes," Susan said. I put the biscuits into a basket and put the platter of turkey and chutney on the counter. I got out some cranberry conserve that we had put up together last fall and set that next to the biscuits. "I'm hoping for that," I said. "But even if Dwayne turns against them finally," Susan said, "and tells you enough to put them out of business, how can you do it without exposing Dwayne?" "I don't know," I said. "I was hoping if I drank enough champagne with you, I'd think of something." "What you normally think of when you get drunk," Susan said, "will not do Dwayne any good at all." "At least I'll be consistent," I said. 23 SUSAN went with me the next morning to Taft. It was a day when she didn't see patients, and she cancelled the class she taught at Tufts to join me. "What is it exactly we're up to?" she said. "We're going to look into the matter of Dwayne being a senior and unable to read," I said. "And why are we doing that?" "Because I don't know what else to do," I said. "Dwayne can't read and he's tied up in some kind of gambling scam. They're probably not connected, but since I don't know what to do about the gambling thing, I may as well look into the other thing." Susan nodded. "Better than doing nothing," I said. Susan nodded again. "And where is Hawk?" she said. "Around," I said. "So how come I don't see him?" "I don't know how he does that," I said. "But he can disappear if he needs to." "But you know he's there," Susan said. We were walking along a wide, hot, top path that curved up to the administration building. "Yes." "Because he said so?" "Yes." "And if those people try to kill you again and he's not there you're very likely dead." "He's there," I said. "Yes," Susan said. We went up the wide granite steps and in through the Georgian entry of the administration building. There was a reception desk in the rotunda area and a long corridor that went straight through the building. We went past the desk and went halfway down the corridor and took some stairs to the left up to the second floor. Toward the back of the building on the second floor was Madelaine Roth's office. Her door was open. She was at her desk talking on the phone. When she saw me she waved us in and gestured at the chairs in front of her desk. "All right, Judy," she said. "Seven o'clock. Yes. Bye-bye." She hung up and leaned forward over her desk and smiled at us. "Dr. Roth," I said. "This is my, ah, associate, Dr. Silverman." Madelaine stood and leaned across the desk and put her hand out. Susan half rose to take it. They shook hands and both sat down. Professional courtesy. Madelaine sat back in her chair and put her palms together, making a steeple out of her fingers, and touched her lips with her fingertips. She said, "What is it today, Mr. Spenser." "I'm still looking into the matter of Dwayne's illiteracy," I said. She nodded, patiently, _this is my job, I have to put up with exasperating people._ "How'd he get this far?" I said. "I'm afraid I can't tell you," Madelaine said. "I am his academic adviser, but he has never been a student in a class with me. What strategies he employed to conceal the truth from us..." She turned her palms up and shrugged. "What were his SATs like?" "I don't really recall," Madelaine said. "It is, of course, confidential information." I looked at Susan. "Confidential," I said. "Isn't it always?" I looked at the three degrees on the wall. B.A., Georgetown. M.A., Ph.D., Queens College, New York. "Do you have Dwayne's class schedule for this year, and previous ones?" I said. "Of course," Madelaine said. "May I see the schedules?" "What on earth for?" "I am still looking for an answer. I am not getting anywhere with you. I thought I'd talk with his teachers." "With his teachers?" "Yeah." "You can't do that," Madelaine said. "Confidential?" Susan said. "No, but, I mean you can't just walk around the University asking all Dwayne's teachers about why he can't read." "Why not?" I said. "Well, I mean, you'd have to make appointments, and, well, they wouldn't... many of them wouldn't like it." "Would they not wish to reach an understanding," Susan said, "as to how a young man who can neither read nor write could get a passing grade in their courses?" "Do you teach, Dr. Silverman?" "I give a course at Tufts. Primarily I am in private practice as a psychotherapist." "Well, with a Ph.D. you've certainly been in an academic setting long enough to know, with your teaching experience at Tufts also, how prickly the academic world can be about any threat, real or imagined, to academic freedom," Madelaine said. Susan smiled. "What greater threat is there to academic freedom than illiteracy? To any kind of freedom?" "You will offend a great many people," Madelaine said. Susan smiled more widely. "My colleague will weather that, I think." We all sat for a few moments. Finally I said, "Do we get the schedules?" Madelaine shook her head. "I'm sorry, I'm just not comfortable giving them to you." "Well," I said, "at least you have a good reason." I stood. Dr. Silverman stood. Dr. Roth did not. "Wasn't it Dr. Johnson," I said, "who called academic freedom the last refuge of scoundrels?" Dr. Roth said nothing. Dr. Silverman and I left. We walked down the corridor and back down the stairs. "Dr. Johnson said 'patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel,'" Susan said. "I know, but does Dr. Roth know?" I said. "Unlikely," Susan said. President Cort's office was in the other wing of the administration building. "I warn you," I said to Susan, "this woman is infatuated with me. So be prepared to smother your jealousy." Susan yawned. "I'll do what I can," she said. We went into the President's office and June Merriman at her desk looked at me passionately. "Oh, God," she said. "This will be hard," Dr. Silverman murmured. "June," I said. "This is my friend Susan Silverman." Ms. Merriman smiled with her lips only and made a small nod of her head. "We'll need a list of Dwayne Woodcock's teachers, June." "May I ask why?" June said. "June," I said. "I know you want to string this out so you may spend more precious minutes with me. But Dr. Silverman here is my honeybunch and she's alert to even the most subtle of love ploys." "Please do not be offensive," she said. "Oh, June," I said. "How transparent." "You won't leave without the list, will you," she said. "No," I said. "I can call the registrar and have Dwayne's schedule over the past four years Xeroxed. You'll have to make the list yourself." She then made her phone call, prefacing the request with the phrase, "President Cort wonders if you would..." In an hour we were having a spot of lunch at the Lancaster Tap. In a manila envelope on the table beside my water glass were copies of Dwayne's classes over the past four years. "And what are you going to do with all those class schedules?" Susan said. "I'm going to talk to all his teachers." Susan shook her head. "You are a piece of work," she said. "Says so," I said, "on ladies' room walls all over the country." "No," Susan said. "It doesn't." 24 FOR the next week I interviewed professors. Susan came with me when she could on the assumption that she was more academic than I was and could add some insight. George Lyman Kittredge couldn't have added enough insight. I was alone when I talked with J. Taylor Hack, Francis Calvert Dolbear Professor of American Civilization. Hack was tall and portly and well tailored except that his shoes weren't shined. "Woodcock," he said. "No, I'm afraid I can't remember the boy." "Took your course in The Frontier Hypothesis, last spring," I said. Hack smiled graciously. "It's quite a popular course," he said. He dipped his head modestly. "I'm just not able to recall all of my students." "Gee," I said. "That's too bad. I thought maybe because Dwayne is six feet nine inches tall and the best college basketball player in the world, you might have noticed him more than others." "The best, really, how interesting. I don't pay much attention to basketball, I fear." I was looking at my notes. "Dwayne got a B– in your course." "Well, he did very well. It's rather a demanding course and for a, ah, basketball player to do that well, Dwayne must be an unusual young man." "He can't read," I said. "I beg your pardon." "He can't read." Hack was absolutely silent. "Probably gotten an A," I said, "if he could read." "It's not possible. Someone must have taken the exams for him," Hack said finally. "Probably," I said. "And probably wrote his papers for him. You wouldn't have known if someone sat in for him during class?" Hack paused a long time before he answered. Finally he said, "No, I wouldn't... there are forty or fifty people in this class, I give it every semester. I have two other classes each year. There're papers, and my own research." "Anyone ever ask you to give his grades any special attention?" I said. "No. Good God, no. No one would intrude on the grading process like that." "Of course not," I said. "And you never heard of Dwayne Woodcock?" "No." "Amazing," I said. "I do not," Hack said, "spend my time poring over the sports pages." "I know who Frederick Jackson Turner is," I said. "I don't see the relevance." "There's a surprise," I said. Susan was with me when we talked to a young assistant professor named Mary Ann Hedrick. She had an office about the size of a confessional, in the humanities building. "Sure, I remember Dwayne," she said. "I had him in the American lit survey, two years ago. Who could forget him?" "He's easy to notice," I said. Mary Ann winked at Susan. "I'll say," she said. "Was he in regular attendance?" I said. "In class? Hell no. He showed up once in a while and he'd come to conference in my office when it was scheduled. But he had practice, and then he had games, and it's hard for a kid. The course is required, and I'm sure was about things that he had no interest in. Imagine him reading Emily Dickinson?" "He couldn't read," I said. "Excuse me." "He couldn't read Emily Dickinson. He can't read." "What do you mean he can't read?" Mary Ann said. "He's illiterate," Susan said. "God, aren't they all," Mary Ann said. "But you mean really, don't you?" "Yes." "Jesus Christ," she said. "What is he now? A senior?" "Yes." "And he can't read," she shook her head. "Don't we look like a collection of prime jerks," she said. "Yes," I said. "You do." "We're interested in how that happened," Susan said. "It happens because nobody gives a goddamn. Me included. The students are the necessary evil in the teaching profession. Otherwise it's a pretty good deal. You don't work hard, you have a lot of time off. The pay's not much, but nobody hassles you. You can read and write and publish, pretty well unimpeded except for the students. Most of us don't like them much." "Anybody ever pressure you to give Dwayne a better grade or whatever?" I said. "No," she said. "What did I give him?" I consulted my list. "C+," I said. "And he can't read," she said. "Boy, is this embarrassing or what?" "Dwayne's embarrassed too," Susan said. "I don't give exams, and I don't take attendance. I give them two papers a semester, and I work on grading them. But I don't like blue-book knowledge and I don't like teaching kids who are there only because they're compelled." "So someone wrote Dwayne's papers for him," Susan said. "Sure," Mary Ann said. "I don't remember him now, but I probably suspected it when they came in sounding like an Oxford honors thesis, but frankly I figure you get more teaching done by keeping them in school than by flunking them out. Besides, the truth, charging him with plagiarism and flunking him is a pain in the ass. It's easier to let it go." "Why is it a pain in the ass?" Susan said. "They come in and whine to you and swear they did it, but their roommate helped them, and..." Mary Ann made a push-it-all-away gesture with both hands. "I'm doing a book on Ellen Glasgow, and I like to work on it when I'm not teaching." "No pressure not to catch him plagiarizing?" I said. "None," she said. "That's the truth. What are you going to do about this?" "I don't know," I said. "Will you tell people?" Mary Ann said. "It's what Dwayne wanted to know," I said. "We're all ashamed of this," Mary Ann said. "That's the easy part," I said. Now and then I'd see Hawk, drifting across the street behind me. Parking at the other end of the block when I got out of my car. Motionless and barely real at the far end of a corridor as I stepped into someone's office. He was there, for a moment, with the morning light behind him when I went to see Harold Wagner. Wagner taught Black History and had given Dwayne a D in the fall semester. "He didn't do much," Wagner said. "And he didn't seem very interested." "Do you know that he can't read?" I said. "I don't know it," Wagner said. "But I suspected it. He missed the midterm, and prevailed upon me to let him do a paper instead. He got an A on the paper. He said he was going to have to miss the final because of basketball. I said he'd have to make it up. I was skeptical about the paper. He missed two scheduled make-ups. He said an incomplete would make him ineligible to play. That Coach Dunham was a martinet, not his phrase, about such things. I knew what was riding on his having a good senior year. I said he could take a D for the course. His grades in his other courses were such that a D wouldn't make him ineligible." "And that was it?" I said. "No. I spoke to Dr. Roth, the academic coordinator for basketball. I said Dwayne was academically troubled. That I questioned his basic skills and that I thought perhaps he should be tested to see if we could help him." "What did she say?" "She said she thought I was unduly worried. That Dwayne had been doing well in other classes, but that she'd talk with him." "She didn't press you to alter his grades?" I said. Wagner shook his head. I thought about it for a minute. "I didn't want to take away his chance," Wagner said. "There's not that many of us get a chance like Dwayne." "I know," I said. "I got the same problem... among others." "It is Dwayne's fault too," Wagner said. "Yes. He knows he can't read. He hasn't done anything about it." Wagner looked down at his hands for a moment. "Our fault too," he said. "Yeah," I said. "It is." 25 SO far as I could tell no one had conspired to keep Dwayne in school, although Dr. Roth kept bothering me. If Wagner had told her, and he didn't seem to be lying, she had not only her own knowledge, but the testimony of a professor. Why would she run the risk of covering it up at that stage? For herself, the help-out-the-poor-little-darkie attitude might explain it. But once someone else knew, would she jeopardize herself? Not the Madelaine that I knew. I swiveled my office chair around and pulled my phone closer and dialed information in Washington, D.C. In maybe two minutes I had tracked down the registrar's office at Georgetown University. They had no Madelaine Roth. I called the alumni office. They had a Madelaine Reilly who had married Simon Roth in 1984. She was a member of the class of '82. They did not know the status of the marriage; but Simon Roth lived currently in Fullerton, California; and Mrs. Roth lived in Newton, Massachusetts. I hung up and went to my file cabinet in the corner so when the door opened it was concealed. Susan said it was the single ugliest piece of furniture she had ever personally seen, though a friend of hers who worked for Bedford Travel claimed to have seen an uglier piece in Paraguay in 1981. I got out my file on Meade Alexander and thumbed through it. Ah ha! Gerry Broz graduated from Georgetown in 1983. So they could easily have been acquainted. Pays to do business with a professional detective. While I was on a hot streak I called a New York City cop I'd met a couple of years ago when I had worked for Patricia Utley. He wasn't in. He'd call me back. The office felt stuffy. I opened the window a crack and then went and opened my office door to get some cross ventilation. Hawk was leaning on the door jamb across the hall talking with the paralegal. I left the door open and went back and sat at my desk and thought about what I was doing. After about fifteen minutes of running it back and forth it was clear that I didn't know what I was doing. What I had accomplished so far was to make people want to kill me. I'd gotten Dwayne in trouble with his coach. I had already found out what I'd been hired to find out, and I wasn't telling the people who'd hired me. I knew Dwayne was shaving points. I knew Deegan and others had put him up to it. I knew Deegan was connected to Gerry Broz, and I knew that Dwayne's academic adviser could be connected to Gerry Broz. And I could find that out in time, if she was, or if she wasn't. And I knew that the faculty at Taft, by and large, didn't much care if Dwayne could read. What I didn't know was what good any of this did me, and how to get Dwayne out of the mess he was in without destroying his life. I looked across the hall. Hawk had moved into the office and taken a seat next to the paralegal's desk. _Easy for him. All he had to do was follow me around and keep people from shooting me in the back._ I heard the paralegal laugh. _What's so goddamned funny? Probably be moving in with her Monday._ She laughed again, and the liquid hint of a giggle lurked in the laugh. _Probably wants me to be best man._ The phone rang. I answered. A voice said, "This is Corsetti." I said, "Remember me? The killing on Seventy-Seventh Street, guy named Rambeau?" "Body'd been there about a week," Corsetti said. "Yeah, that's it." "What do you need," Corsetti said. "I need to know about a guy named Bobby Deegan," I said. "Probably from Brooklyn." "Why?" I told him without naming any names but Deegan's. "I don't know him," Corsetti said. "I'll check with Brooklyn and get back to you." Across the hall Hawk's success continued. In about forty-five minutes the phone rang. I answered. "This is Detective Kevin Maguire," a voice said. "Detective Corsetti from Manhattan says you're looking for information on Bobby Deegan." "I am." "Okay. Deegan's been in twice. Once for grand theft auto when he was about nineteen. Once for hijacking a cigarette truck ten years later. He hasn't worked a day in his life. Been hustling since he got out of Queens College." "Queens College?" I said. "Yeah. Educated. Did a year of grad work there, too. Don't make no difference. He's a wiseguy. Grew up on the fringes of the Brooklyn mob. We can't prove it, but we're pretty sure he's one of the guys hit Joey Gallo." "He married?" "Yeah, lives in Far Rockaway, got a couple kids. But he fucks around. We're looking to get him for a cash room stickup at an OTB parlor in Manhattan." "Who's he run with?" I said. "Got a pencil?" he said. "Yeah." "Okay," he said, "known associates," and read a list of maybe a dozen names. None of them meant anything to me. "You know any connections he has in Boston?" I said. "No." "What else you got to say about him?" I said. "Bad news," Maguire said. "Got sort of college manners, you know, a breezy yuppie. Guy's crazy. Keep talking to you nice and shoot you in midsentence. You'd never know he didn't like you." "He does his own work?" "Sometimes. Sometimes contracts out. Doesn't mind doing it himself. Mostly it's what's convenient." "Tell me about the betting parlor," I said. "Last December. Four guys, went in with a key after closing. Tied up a couple cashiers, got seven hundred thousand or so in cash, small bills, no serials. Everybody in Brooklyn knows it was Deegan and his outfit, but nobody can tie it to him." "Had somebody inside," I said. "Everybody figures that, but we don't have anyone for that either. We talked to both cashiers until they turned gray, they don't have nothing to say. Two dozen people could have got a key legitimately, two thousand could have scooped it and made a dupe. Things ain't buttoned up really tight over there." "Nobody's flashing money," I said. "Deegan's been flashing money all his life. Story is he's made some heavy scores betting sports." "That's the connection up here," I said. "He's rigging basketball games." "Point shaving?" "Yes." "Can you get him on it?" Maguire said. "Well, yes and no." "What the hell's that mean?" "Means I probably can take him down on the point shaving deal, but not without taking down some people I don't want to take down." "They're involved with Deegan," Maguire said, "they deserve to go down too." "All you need out of this is Deegan," I said. "Any way we can," Maguire said. "Any other name, too, on that list I gave you." "Name Madelaine Roth or Madelaine Reilly mean anything to you?" I said. "Not right off," Maguire said. "She got something to do with Deegan?" "I don't know. She was at Queens College, too, in grad school." "Hey, there's a hot lead," Maguire said. "She went to Georgetown same time as a local hood that Deegan's connected with." "Jesus Christ," Maguire said. "You a campus cop?" "She works at the school where the points are getting shaved." Maguire was silent for a moment at the other end. "Okay," he said. "I'll see if anybody knows her. Maybe she'll turn up on the computer. Goddamn thing must be good for something." "Find something, let me know," I said. "Yeah," Maguire said. "You too." We hung up. I observed Hawk's technique for a few moments, then I got out the phone book and looked up the paralegal's number and dialed. In a moment I heard the phone ring across the hall. She answered. I said, "This is Spenser across the hall. There's an escaped sex fiend loose in the building. He's masquerading as a big good-looking black guy and I wondered if you'd seen him." There was a pause. "He's drawn obsessively to paralegals," I said. "Does he rip off their clothes and do unspeakably kinky stuff?" she said. "Often," I said. "My God, he's here," she said. "Want me to come over?" "Hell no," she said. "Leave us alone." She giggled again, blatantly now, into the phone. "Oh hell," I said, "let me speak to him." In a moment Hawk said, "Hello." "I'm going down to Henry's and set new records on the Nautilus," I said. "If you're not at the moment of climax perhaps you'd care to stroll along and learn something." I heard Hawk speak off the phone. "He worried," Hawk said, "that we at the moment of climax." I hung up and headed out to the gym. The sex fiend joined me in the hall. "Jealousy an ugly thing," he said. 26 WITHOUT Dwayne, Taft won the Big East with an overtime at the buzzer victory over Syracuse and headed into the NCAA Tournament. Dwayne dressed for every game and sat on the end of the bench farthest from Dixie. The question was on the cover of _Sports Illustrated_ , and the talk shows rang with it. Why isn't Dwayne Woodcock playing? Dwayne wasn't saying and neither was Dixie Dunham. The pro teams, Dixie said, were on his case worse than the press. Was there a reason that Dwayne shouldn't be drafted? Did he have a drug problem? Was there an injury? Taft's chances of getting to the final four without Dwayne were worse than my chances had been that day I fought Walcott. Every day Dwayne showed up for practice. Every day he worked as hard as he always did. Nights he stayed in his condo with Chantel. Hawk and I had taken to trailing along behind him. "Figure now that he ain't playing and can't help them," Hawk said, "might occur to them that he can hurt them." "So we watch his back to protect him from people that you're watching my back to protect me from," I said. "You get into weird shit," Hawk said. We followed Dwayne around for most of that week when I saw Dixie after practice. "Cort wants to see you," Dixie said. "Says if I see you to tell you to get on up to his office now." "Gulp," I said. Dixie kept on walking toward the locker room. Dwayne passed me without looking at me and went into the locker room behind Dixie. I left Hawk watching Dwayne and walked up across campus toward the President's office. I was aware that Hawk wasn't behind me and I could feel the muscles bunch in my shoulders as I walked across the unsheltered quadrangle. In the outer office of President Cort, June Merriman looked pleased when I came in. "Well, where have you been? President Cort has been trying to reach you for two days." "Mostly I was home," I said, "playing with my knuckle knife collection." "I'll tell the President you're here," she said. "Mr. Morton is with him! And Mr. Haller!" "Wait, let me catch my breath," I said. June pressed the intercom like someone lining up three cherries on a slot machine. "Mr. Spenser has arrived," she said. I couldn't hear the response, but she could and she said, "They'll see you right now," and stood and walked to the door to Cort's office and ushered me in, gladly. Cort was at his desk looking serious. Morton was standing at the window gazing down at the campus. Haller was sitting on a couch against the wall with his feet on the coffee table. He looked amused. Cort looked up at me for a long silent moment. Morton turned from the window frowning. I bore it stoutly. "I'd like a full report, please," Cort said. He had on a double breasted gray pinstripe suit and a large silk foulard tie. "I haven't found out anything," I said. "That's your idea of a full report?" "Often," I said, "I'm referred to as the great compressionist." Haller recrossed his legs on the coffee table. "You've practically pillaged our student personnel records. You badgered a large number of faculty members, Dwayne Woodcock is now on the bench, Taft is likely to lose the NCAA championship tournament. Neither Dwayne nor Coach Dunham will comment on this. The national press is in full cry." Cort's voice was a masterful example of emotion under firm control. "Aw, hell," I said, "it wasn't much." "You have charged that Dwayne cannot read," Cort said. I didn't say anything. Morton had his arms folded across his chest. He had on a dark blue pinstriped double breasted suit with a large maroon silk tie. "And you have nothing to report?" he said. "Hard to believe, isn't it," I said. "Mr. Spenser," Cort said, "we have been paying you to find out things that we want found out, not to disrupt this campus and annoy our faculty." "No extra charge for that," I said. "It's a professional courtesy." "There's nothing funny about this, Spenser," Morton said. "We want an accounting." "Don't blame you," I said, "but I'm not going to give you one." Morton looked at Haller. Cort looked at Haller. Cort said, "Vince, do we not have a viable legal position here?" Haller smiled. "Sure you do, Adrian. Everybody has a viable legal position everywhere in this great land, whatever that means. But in fact what you can do is fire him or accept his report. All other courses are, ah, counterproductive." "Counterproductive," I said. "Vince, you been taking night courses?" "Flippancy is no substitute for competence, Mr. Spenser," Cort said. "That's too bad," I said. "I was hoping to get by on it." Cort looked at Morton. Morton looked at Haller. Haller shrugged. "You leave us no choice," Cort said. "I'm afraid we're going to have to terminate our arrangement as of now. We will honor your expenses through this afternoon until five." "Call it even," I said. I turned and started for the door. Haller said, "Wait a minute, Spenser." He turned to Cort and Morton. "You think firing him will get him out of your hair. It won't. He's got hold of something's tail, I know him. He's not going to let go until he pulls it out of its hole and sees what it is." "He will no longer be welcome on this campus," Cort said. Haller laughed. "You think he cares? He isn't welcome most places. He doesn't give a shit, Adrian, whether he's welcome or he isn't." Haller turned toward me. "Do you," he said. I smiled enigmatically. "What have you got, Spenser?" I shook my head. "I don't quite know, Vince. No, that's not it. I do know. What I don't know is what the hell to do with it." "And you won't talk about it," Haller said. "No." Haller shrugged. "He won't let go," he said to Cort and Morton. "We hired him on your recommendation, Vince." "And you didn't listen to the warnings that went with it," Haller said. "He's good. There isn't anyone as good, let alone better. But he does what the hell he is going to do and if you don't like it he doesn't care. I told you that. You hire Spenser and sometimes you get more than you hoped for and sometimes you don't like it. You remember those words?" Cort was angry. "Enough," he said. "If there was a mistake made, now is the time to rectify it. You're fired, Mr. Spenser, and you are to be removed from campus by the university police if you are in any way an impediment to the business of this campus." "I love it when you're angry," I said. "Your whole face lights up." 27 WHEN Hawk and I got back to my office there was a message on my machine. "This is Maguire in New York. Nothing in the computer or anywhere else on Madelaine Roth. But Deegan has a girlfriend in the Boston area. Slips out on the old lady every other week or so and goes up there. You get anything, let me know." Hawk and I looked at each other. "Okay," I said. "That's more coincidence than I'm ready to buy." "Be odd," Hawk said, "if it ain't Madelaine." "So she knows Broz from Georgetown, she knows Deegan from Queens College. When Deegan is looking for someone to scrag me, she puts him in touch with Broz." "Education a wonderful thing," Hawk said. "She's got to be in on the fix with Dwayne," I said. Hawk was quiet. "So if I follow her around, after a while she'll lead me to Deegan." "What you going to do when you find him?" Hawk said. "Don't screw this up," I said. "It's almost a plan." Hawk nodded. "Okay," I said, "you stick with Dwayne during the day. I'll try to get the campus police to cover him at night." "Thought they didn't like you over there." "Why should they be different," I said. "I'll call Haller, and have him talk to the college." "Be a good idea if you did that with everybody." "Let Haller speak for me?" I said. "In every instance," Hawk said. I called Haller. "Vince," I said, "there's some chance, I don't know how great, that someone might try to kill Dwayne." "He is caught up in something, isn't he?" Haller said. "Hawk will cover him during the day, but he can't do it twenty-four hours. Can you get the campus cops to cover Dwayne when he's home?" "Yes." "Are they any good?" I said. "Like they have guns and stuff, don't they?" "They're all right," Haller said. "It's a professional force." "Get them to cover his house," I said, "from six at night to seven..." Hawk frowned at me, "... ah, make it eight, in the morning. Hawk will take him the rest of the time." We hung up. "Seven A.M.?" Hawk said. "Surely you jest." "Hell, I was worried you'd be insulted when I said you couldn't do twenty-four hours." _"Can,"_ Hawk said, "is different than _want to._ " "Sure," I said. "See if you can keep him alive till the campus cops get there." When Hawk was gone I called Frank Belson. "I need the make and plate number of a car registered to Madelaine Roth," I said. "And you think I'm a registry inspector," Belson said. "I figure you wanted to be, but flunked the test," I said. "Only way to flunk that one is to die near the beginning of it," Belson said. "How do you spell Madelaine?" I told him. "Call you back," he said, "unless there's a crime or something, and I get distracted." He hung up. I sat and waited. In fifteen minutes Belson called back. "1988 Saab 900, silver gray, Mass. vanity plate says MAD," Belson said. "Anything else I can do for you before I go back to crime busting?" "No," I said, "that's fine. I'll remember you at Christmas." Belson hung up. I went down to get my car and drive to Taft. 28 I got back to Taft around three in the afternoon and began cruising the faculty and staff parking lot near the administration building. It didn't take long. I found the silver Saab with the MAD license plate in the second row three cars in, right behind the administrative building. There was a green triangular parking sticker on the right window near the door edge. I parked my car in sight of the parking area in an area marked _Visitors_ and waited. It was not a complicated intellectual process and I was able to handle it. The campus police did not open fire on me. A cruiser moved by me once and the cop looked at me with neither interest nor recognition. At 4:37 Madelaine came out of the administrative building wearing a full pleated skirt in sort of a pale violet plaid, high lavender boots, and a gray trench coat with the collar up and the belt knotted rather than buckled. She carried a big straw bag and a smaller purse of gray leather and she walked very briskly. When she pulled out of the parking lot I cruised along behind her. We drove east, picked up Route 16 into Newton, turned left on Commonwealth and ended up at a series of condominium townhouses just up the road from the big Marriott where the Totem Pole used to be. I kept going past and watched her park and walk to her door. She went in. I U-turned 100 yards down and drove back and parked across the street in the parking lot of a complex of garden apartments where I could watch her door. Which I did until eleven forty-five and went home. She didn't come out, no one went in. I did this for three nights, picking her up at work and following her home. One night she stopped at the Star Market in Newtonville, another night she stopped at a liquor store on the way home. That's all. She didn't see anyone or do anything. I figured that if she and Deegan were a matched pair sooner or later he'd come to her house or she'd go to his. I figured he wouldn't show up at the University, so that left my days free to sit around and think about becoming an abbot. The fourth night was Friday, and I scored. I had been sitting in the apartment parking lot for maybe forty-five minutes when a cab pulled up and Deegan got out with an overnight bag in his hand. He went to the door and it opened and he stood for a moment with his arms wide and Madelaine came out and jumped against him and wrapped her legs around his waist. They kissed for a considerable time and then Deegan carried her into the house, still holding the overnight bag dangling kind of awkwardly from his left hand behind her back and slapping against her buttocks as Deegan walked. The door slammed shut behind them. Deegan had probably kicked it shut with his heel. I speculated on what might happen next. Whatever it was did not involve coming back out. At ten thirty I gave up and went home to bed. Deegan was going to stay the weekend. That seemed pretty clear. Probably had been back to New York to see his wife and count his money and, maybe, bring in a hitter from the Big Apple to deal with me. So I had access to him, I was pretty sure, for the next two days. If only it were pretty clear what I was going to do with him. It seemed time to consult with Susan and, perhaps, Hawk. Susan was in pajamas when I arrived. But I wasn't fooled. Her hair wasn't up. She was waiting for me. "Hey," she said, "how's it going?" "Bobby Deegan just showed up at Madeline's house and she ran over and jumped in his arms and wrapped her legs around his waist." Susan smiled. Her face softened. "Hey, how's it going," she said. "Yeah," I said. "We'd probably hurt ourselves doing that." Susan went to the refrigerator and took out a low glass pitcher with a glass stirrer in it. It contained a pale chartreuse-colored fluid. "Gimlets," she said. "Gimlets?" "Yes, I decided we ought to have something that was _our drink_ ," she said. "And you chose gimlets?" "Yes, the color is so lovely." I nodded. "And we only drink them with each other, and we keep our pitcher and our two gimlet glasses by themselves and we don't drink anything else out of them." Susan's eyes were bright. "I'll get a matched set for my place too," I said. "Yes," she said. "That's very romantic," I said. "I thought so," Susan said. "Wouldn't it be just as easy to jump into my arms and wrap your legs around my waist?" Susan poured out a gimlet over ice and handed it to me. "Drink the goddamn gimlet," she said. "Right," I said, "it wouldn't be easier at all." Susan leaned against me and I put my arms around her and one thing led to another and we left the gimlets half drunk on her kitchen counter. Around midnight we were quiet. I lay on my back with my right arm outstretched. She had her head against my shoulder. "Madelaine and Deegan are the keys to this," I said. "Is that what we're going to do now? Talk about your case?" I nodded. "Then it must be they who prevent Dwayne from testifying," Susan said. "Unless you've missed a great deal, and you usually don't, there's no one else that could be." "Yeah, but what have we got on him and how do I find out?" "Without exposing Dwayne," she said. "Sure, that's the goddamned kink in the rope. Otherwise I just give what I've got to Taft and let them take it to the D.A. and you and I can go to Chicago and have dinner at Le Perroquet." "And a gimlet first?" "The whole ball of wax," I said. "Is that what we've been involved in tonight?" Susan said. "Yes, tonight was the whole ball of wax," I said. "And you call me romantic," Susan murmured. "Shucks," I said. We were quiet. "Is there a way to bring them together?" Susan said. "Dwayne, Madelaine and Deegan?" I said. "Yes." I shrugged. "Probably," I said, "though you've got to understand about Dwayne. If he's recalcitrant, it's heavy work." "I know," Susan said, "I know. You've mentioned that he's big, but you and Hawk can probably reason with him." "Say we get them together, what have we got then?" Susan shook her head. "No way to know," she said. "Certainly no less than you've got right now." "Very true," I said. "And perhaps we'll have some insight into the relationship that we don't have now." "We?" "Yes," Susan said. "It's somewhat my line of work. Perhaps I might be able to add a useful observation." "Perhaps you might," I said. 29 IN the morning Susan called Chantel for me. I didn't want Dwayne to answer and recognize my voice and hang up. "Chantel?" Susan said. Pause. "Mr. Spenser calling, just a moment." We were still in bed and Susan handed the phone across her body to me. "Chantel," I said. Her voice was sleepy. "What you want?" "Can you talk?" "Not much," she said. "Okay, listen then." "Un huh." "I want Dwayne to see Bobby Deegan and Madelaine Roth at an address in Newton I'm going to give you." "I don't understand that, Ma'am." The "Ma'am" must have been diversionary. "I'll be there, and Hawk, and my friend Dr. Silverman, the woman who just spoke to you." "Un huh." "So you've got to get him there under whatever pretext. What's a good time today?" "Today?" Chantel sounded confused. "Yes. This morning would be good. In an hour, say." "We ain't even up yet," Chantel said. "We need to do this quickly, Chantel. Can you get him there?" "Yes," she said. "Two hours." "Okay." I gave her the address and hung up. "Kid's okay," I said to Susan. "No argument, no maybe. Just yes." "And Hawk will meet us there?" Susan said. "He's there now," I said. "I called him before you were awake." "You awoke from an evening of rapture thinking business?" "First I thought about the rapture," I said. Susan nodded. "Hawk will make sure that Madelaine and her boyfriend don't leave," Susan said. "Yes." "Wise," Susan said, "though it came rather hard upon the heels of rapture." "I'll make breakfast," I said, "and you can start getting ready." "If I start getting ready now, I won't be able to hurry." "I know," I said. "I like to be in a hurry," Susan said. "Puzzling, but true," I said. I got up and put on my Darth Vader robe. Susan slipped out of bed and walked naked toward the bathroom. "Except when I take a bath," Susan said. "I like long slow baths." "Among other things," I said. Susan looked at me the way she does, sort of sideways. She took her robe from a hanger in her closet and slipped it on. Susan was never naked except when there was occasion for it. She always looked a little relieved when she got into her robe. I headed for the kitchen. Susan and I had sweet potato pancakes and two cups of coffee each. Decaffeinated. No problem. I didn't miss real coffee at all. We cleaned up the dishes afterward and then Susan said, "My God, look at the time," and began to speed around her condo. I went into the bathroom and took a shower and came out and found a neutral corner in her bedroom and dressed and put my new Browning on my hip, slid past her into the living room and stayed out of the way until she was ready. At nine fifteen we were on the Mass. Pike to Newton. We got off at West Newton and headed west on Washington to Commonwealth Ave. and west on Commonwealth to Madelaine's condo. "I still say it would have been shorter," Susan was saying, "to go straight out to 128 and come back in." "No hurry," I said. It was seventy-three degrees and sunny, an atypical late March day in Boston. "Easy for you to say." Hawk's Jag was parked in the apartment lot across the street from Madelaine's. I pulled in beside it and Hawk got out of his car and climbed in my back seat. "They there," he said. "Deegan came out and took the paper off the front stoop about half hour ago." "How are you, cutie," Susan said. "Formidable," Hawk said. Susan leaned back over the front seat, and Hawk leaned forward, and they kissed. "The basketball star coming?" Hawk said. "His girlfriend says she'll have him here at ten," I said. "And when he get here, what is it we going to do, again?" "We're going to bring him in and observe his interaction with Madelaine Roth and Bobby Deegan," I said. "Interaction," Hawk said. "They must be the people Dwayne's loyal to," Susan said. "Maybe we can get some sense of how or why." "Besides, I can't think of anything else to do," I said. "Could put them both in the river," Hawk said. "Come on," I said. "Up here the river's almost swimmable again. Aren't you opposed to pollution?" "We've done it before," Hawk said. "The reasons were better," I said, "than any we've got now." Hawk shrugged and leaned back against the seat. "There need to be some reasons, Hawk," Susan said. "Worried about reasons all my life, I be a long time dead by now," Hawk said. "Yes," Susan said, "that's probably true." Hawk grinned in the back seat. "Don't make much difference to me, sweet potato," he said. "Kill them, interact with them, tell them about God. Whatever works. Or make you happy." "How sweet," Susan said. "There's Dwayne and Chantel," I said. Across the street a bright red Trans Am slowed in front of Madelaine's condo and then swung into the lot in front and into an empty parking space. Susan and Hawk and I got out of the car and crossed Commonwealth and joined them. Chantel was in the driver's seat. Dwayne, looking a bit cramped, was in the passenger seat. The car windows were down. Dwayne looked out at me and turned toward his girlfriend. "What's he doing here, Chantel?" "He's going to help us," she said. "I don't want to have nothing to do with him," Dwayne said. "Let's get out of here." Chantel shook her head and took the keys and stepped out of the car. "Goddamn it, Chantel," Dwayne said. "Get your ass in here and drive this thing away." "He's going to help us," Chantel said. "That honkie motherfucker?" Dwayne said. "He the one got me benched." "Honkie motherfucker," Hawk said. "He does know you." "He'll help us," Chantel said. "He'll help shit. Dwayne say get in here and drive, you fucking well better listen to Dwayne." Chantel threw the keys into the car. "You want to go. You drive it away. This man going to help us, if you'd just let him, dope." Dwayne's shoulders hunched, and his head sank. He seemed to shrink in on himself so that he looked like a huge black Richard Nixon, looking out under his eyebrows. Chantel stepped around the car to the open window. "Okay," she said. "Okay." She patted Dwayne's face. "Okay. I'm not mad. I love you, and I want you to be helped." Dwayne's head was hanging. He stared at the floorboards. "You're not a dope, Dwayne. I just mad when I said that." Dwayne nodded without looking up. "Let these people help us," Chantel said. "I trust them." Dwayne nodded a little and slowly got out of the car and straightened up. He didn't say anything, but he looked at me with a blank implacable gaze that didn't seem to mean anything, though it was clearly not friendly. "Wait here," I said to Chantel and Dwayne and Susan. Then I started for the front door and Hawk came with me. He stood to one side of the door, and I stood to the other. Hawk's .44 Magnum was out, the long barrel resting lazily on his shoulder. I took the Browning off my hip. It looked sort of embarrassing next to the Mag. "Is that a siege weapon?" I said. Then I rang the bell. Nothing happened. I rang it again. Then I could hear footsteps and a female voice say something that was probably, "I'm coming." The door opened and there was Madelaine in a blue-and-white striped tank top and white shorts and leather sandals. I put the barrel of the Browning up under Madelaine's chin and said softly, "Where's Deegan?" Madelaine's face stiffened and she said very slowly, "What?" I pushed her backward and Hawk came behind me. "Where's Deegan?" I said again, softly. "Patio," Madelaine said. And looked toward the back of the house. The hallway went straight back along the right wall of the condo. The rooms all opened off to the left and a stairway rose halfway down the hall. Hawk and I moved Madelaine down the hall ahead of us, and when we had about reached the staircase she seemed to come out of shock. She hollered, "Bobby." Hawk held her arm and I reached the door at about the time it opened. Deegan came in frowning in a lavender polo shirt and acid-washed jeans with a section of the _Globe_ in his hand, his forefinger keeping the place. "Bobby," I said, "how's it going?" The muzzle of the Browning was right in front of his left eye as it adjusted to the interior light. "What's this?" Deegan said and then as he looked at me, "Spenser? What's with the gun?" He looked past me at Hawk, who was still with Madelaine. A slow recognition moved across his face. "Shit," he said. Hawk smiled at him in a friendly way. "Let's all go in the living room," I said. "There's folks I want you to talk with." "So," Deegan said, "knock on the fucking door, you know? How come you got to bust in here waving a piece and scaring the shit out of Mad?" "Just being safe," I said. "You did hire some people to ace me." "Hey," Deegan said, and shrugged a New York shrug. We went into the big white-painted living room. There was a fireplace at an angle across one corner, and some Scandinavian modern furniture in white pebbly material, and a big teak entertainment cabinet with TV and stereo and CD, and VCR, and maybe a hot tub. Hawk stepped to the front door, and in a moment Susan and Chantel and Dwayne filed in. Madelaine said, "Dwayne?" Deegan said nothing at all, but he looked at Dwayne. Susan leaned against the wall to the right of the door. Hawk leaned on the left door jamb, in the door. The Mag was back under his coat. I had put the Browning back on my hip. The only place Deegan could be carrying a piece would be in an ankle holster and Hawk or I would probably be able to spot him bending over and unlimbering. I went and leaned against the mantel of the fireplace. "These are my friends Susan and Hawk," I said. "Hawk is the taller of the two." "Better dancer, too," Hawk said. Susan had already begun to concentrate. When she did, other things no longer impinged. She was watching Dwayne. Dwayne was looking at Deegan. "I didn't know you was going to be here, Bobby," Dwayne said. "No problem, Dwayne," Deegan said. "No problem." I said, "Why, you are doubtless wondering, did I call this meeting?" No one said anything. Dwayne continued to watch Deegan. I felt like Philo Vance. "We are the components of a vexing problem," I said. Peripherally I saw Hawk grin and say the word _vexing_ silently. "Usually the problem is you don't know what happened. Here I know what happened, I don't know what to do about it." Everyone was watching me now, except Susan, who was watching Dwayne, and Hawk, who was watching Deegan. "I know that Deegan stuck up an OTB in New York and started investing the money in a gambling scheme that involved point spread control by Dwayne. I know that Madelaine was the intermediary in the deal. I know that when I got involved and Bobby needed a shooter to take me out of it Madelaine put him in touch with her old school chum Gerry Broz, who without knowing the shootee recommended Hawk." "Why not send the very best," Hawk said in a radio announcer voice with no hint of ethnicity. "Hawk, being my frequent associate, reported this plan to me and hung around with me thereafter to help me foil it." "You can't prove any of this," Deegan said. "Might be able to prove the solicitation of a shooter," I said, "but your point is well taken. So far we can't prove anything much unless Dwayne is willing to talk about you." "Dwayne is not a squealer," Deegan said. Dwayne nodded silently. "Or we could probably get this proved if we turned it all over to the D.A., but that would sink Dwayne." "And you don't want to do that," Deegan said. "No." Chantel said, "I didn't know you was a friend of Mr. Deegan's, Dr. Roth." "You know that, Dwayne?" I said. Dwayne looked at Deegan. He didn't answer me. "Did you know that they met at Queens College while they were both in grad school?" Dwayne didn't move. "You know she picked you out to help him control the spread?" Madelaine said, "You don't know any of that, it's simply supposition." "You pick Dwayne out for any special reason, Bobby?" I said. Dwayne was frowning, slightly. Deegan didn't answer me. He simply shook his head. "Makes sense, I suppose, to find a star you can buy." The room was quiet. I didn't know where I was going, I was just trying to keep it going. I knew Deegan wouldn't say anything. He didn't know I wasn't wearing a wire. "What made you think Bobby could buy him, Madelaine?" "I don't know what you're driving at," she said. "You steered Bobby, you must have. How does a Brooklyn wiseguy end up buying a Boston basketball player." "I'm from Brooklyn," Dwayne said suddenly. "Did you know Deegan before?" I said. "No," Dwayne said. I waited. No one else said anything. "We from the same city," Dwayne said. "That how you guys got together?" I said. Dwayne looked back at Deegan. The arrogance and pizzazz were gone. Dwayne was scared and confused and trying to disappear in upon himself like a rabbit trapped in an open field. "Didn't Dr. Roth introduce you?" "You don't have to say a word, big guy," Deegan said. "These people got no right to be treating you and me like this. And they couldn't get away with it if they didn't have guns." "Dwayne," Chantel said, "how you meet Mr. Deegan?" Dwayne made a shushing sound with his hand at Chantel. "You want to get up and walk out of here now, Mr. Deegan," Dwayne said, "you and Dr. Roth, I walk ahead of you. I don't give a fuck about these motherfuckers. Dwayne Woodcock want to leave, he leave and his friends go with him. You want, Mr. Deegan, I take you both out of here." I liked him better then. It was a moment much better than the ones in which he sat looking at the floor. But I didn't like the development. Hawk and I weren't going to shoot him and he'd be a handful otherwise, with Deegan thrown in, who didn't look like a day at the beach himself. I would have thought of something, but Chantel saved me from it. "They aren't your friends, Dwayne. Mr. Spenser's your friend. These people going to throw you away when they through." "Dwayne," Deegan said, "have I ever lied to you? Have I ever given it to you any way but straight? You get out I'm going to represent you. I'm going to get you a deal with the Knicks, like Willis Reed never had, like Ewing never had. You know that. I know that. These people don't know. They don't matter, buddy. We matter." "Let's walk out of here, Mr. Deegan," Dwayne said. In the doorway Hawk was motionless. The prospect of stopping a six-foot-nine-inch, two-hundred-fifty-five pound guy without shooting him seemed to present him no perplexities. He leaned against the jamb, his body loose, his face blank except for the hint of distant amusement that he almost always showed. Chantel moved in front of Dwayne and took hold of his shirt with both hands. Her face as she stood was nearly level with his as he sat. "No," she said, and her voice was scraping out of her throat. "No. You walk out with him and it's over for you. He's a crook. The cops want him. He's not going to get you a deal with the Knicks. You stay with me, Dwayne. You do what I say." Dwayne said, "Don't you grab me, Chantel." "I will," she said. "I gonna hang onto you so you won't drown. I won't let you drown with these people." Dwayne said, "Chantel." Chantel shook her head doggedly. She still hung onto Dwayne's shirt. He took her wrists and gently tried to pull her hands away. She hung on tighter. "He going to ruin you, Dwayne." Intensity made her voice rasp. "Ruin you." Deegan said, "Dwayne, you shut that little fucker up." Dwayne still had hold of Chantel's wrists. "She ain't no little fucker," he said, softly, a little embarrassed. "Well, she's your broad," Deegan said. "Keep her quiet." "See," Chantel said. "See what I am? See what he thinks of me? That what you think, Dwayne?" Dwayne shook his head as if he had a bee in his ear. "No," he said. Still soft, still a little embarrassed. "No, Chantel, you know I don't." "He don't care about me. He don't care about you," Chantel said. "He just care about gambling and making money. He call her a little fucker?" Chantel tossed her chin at Madelaine who was sitting as far back in a white armless chair as the chair would let her. "Dwayne," Deegan said, "you let her come between us and the dream is over. You understand? Now you shut her the fuck up, or someone else will have to." The minute he said it Deegan knew it was a mistake. But it was out and he couldn't reel it back in. Dwayne's head came up and he looked at Deegan as if he were a sudden intrusion. He said softly, "Let go, Chantel," and she did and he stood, his head nearly touching the ceiling. He looked down at Deegan. "Who gonna do that, Bobby?" he said. "Hey, buddy," Deegan said, "I just mean we got to have quiet so we can talk. We can't have hysteria, you know?" "Who gonna shut her up if I don't?" Dwayne said. There was no referring to himself in the third person now. No swagger; and there wasn't any petulance either, any sulky confusion. "You gonna do that, Bobby? You gonna have somebody do that, like you tried to do with this guy?" He jerked his head at me. "Dwayne, cool it, big guy. You misunderstood me. Hey, if I offended Chantel, I'm sorry. Chantel. No harm intended, hon, none of us want to be talking out of turn." "How long you been sleeping with her?" Dwayne said. He was looking at Madelaine, who managed to look frightened and embarrassed and angry and above it all at the same time. If I got a chance I would ask her how she did that. "Hey, Dwayne, nice talk," Deegan said. "How long, Bobby? You scoring her while she telling me that you be a good guy to meet cause you had important sports contacts in New York?" "Dwayne," Deegan said. "You're talking yourself right into big trouble." "What kind of trouble, Bobby?" "The kind that will take you down too, Dwayne. Don't forget it. I go, you go." "I been a stand up guy for you, Bobby," Dwayne said. "Better keep it that way, Dwayne." "No, I don't think so. I don't think you a stand up guy for me, Bobby." "I'm not going alone, Dwayne. What you think you're going to do? Tell everything you can think of about me and nobody'll notice that you've been shaving points. That you're on the fucking pad? Get sensible, kid. I go, you go." "Guess we ain't as close as you said we was?" Dwayne said. "Close enough to go down the shit chute together, buddy boy." Dwayne took a long step and was directly in front of Deegan. Deegan tipped his head back to look up at him. "And don't think I'm scared of you, Jumbo. The bigger you are the better target you make." Deegan stood up unhurriedly. "I'm walking," he said. From the doorway Hawk looked at me. Deegan stepped around Dwayne. Madelaine said, "Bobby?" "You gonna shoot," Deegan said to me, "start now." I shook my head. "I got more than I hoped for already," I said. Hawk stepped aside and Deegan walked out the door. 30 WHERE you suppose he's going?" Hawk said. "Probably down to the Marriott and sit in the lobby," I said. "Embarrassing to stomp out and stand around outside on the street," Hawk said. Madelaine was looking at us in her living room as if we didn't have tenure. "You're in this, Madelaine," I said. "When Bobby goes you're going too." She shook her head. "Yes," I said. "You are the yenta in this thing. You knew Dwayne was a good prospect. He couldn't read. He needed money. He trusted you." "I can read stuff," Dwayne said. "You knew Bobby had money from knocking over that OTB parlor. You knew he was looking to do something with it, put it somewhere would give him a nice return, account for his affluence." "I had nothing to do with that holdup," Madelaine said. "But you knew it took place," I said. "I..." She looked around the room and her eyes rested on Susan. "Can't you make him leave me alone?" she said. "I can't make him do anything," Susan said. "It would be easiest if you told him." "Genie's out of the bottle now, Mad," I said. "No corking it up. Sooner or later it's all going to get said." She shook her head. "You in this with Bobby, ain't you, Dr. Roth?" Dwayne said. She kept shaking her head. "Get out," she said. "Get out of my house." I looked at Dwayne. "You ready to tell me about it?" He looked at Chantel and then at Madelaine. His eyes moved to Hawk and to Susan. "I got to think," he said. I started to speak. Out of Dwayne's view Susan shook her head. I stopped and then started again. "Okay, Dwayne," I said. Dwayne looked around the room again. Then he put his hand out and Chantel took it, and they left, walking past a motionless Hawk at the door. Hawk looked at me. I nodded and he trailed behind them. If Deegan had been a danger before, he'd be a lot worse now. "Are you going to leave?" Madelaine said. Her voice came out in a breathy rush. "Are you going to get out?" I looked at her for maybe seven seconds. "Sure," I said, and we left. In the car I said to Susan, "Time to let Dwayne rest a little?" "Yes" she said. "He'll come around. But he's giving up a male authority figure and it's hard for him. He needs a little time to find a new one." "Be better if he didn't need one," I said. "He's what," Susan said, "twenty-one? twenty-two?" "Okay," I said. "I watched him as all that went on," Susan said. "He looked at Deegan or you all the time we were there. One or the other of you. He was continuously aware of both of you and of the way either of you reacted to anything." We were headed down Commonwealth Ave., past the Marriott and the canoe rental landing toward 128 and the Mass. Pike interchange. "Deegan made a mistake when he threatened Chantel," I said. "Yes," Susan said, "he did. And that's an encouraging sign. That his need for the young woman is strong enough to offset his need for the male authority figure." "Might be something a little more than need," I said. Susan turned her startling Technicolor smile on me. "Love?" "Maybe," I said. "If love is more than need," Susan said, "or obsession or other pathological manifestations." "You babes are such flighty romantics," I said. I was looping around the complicated clover-leaf at the junction of Routes 30, 128, and 90. "Is it love that made you go this way?" Susan said. "Because I think it's shorter?" "No. This is stubbornness. I wish to prove to you that it's longer." I dropped thirty-five cents into the automatic toll hopper and headed in the turnpike extension toward Boston. "Love is what makes me care whether you know which way is shorter," I said. She put her hand lightly on my thigh. I dropped my right hand on top of it and drove with my left. "Professionally," Susan said, "I'm not at all sure that love, as such, is not simply a complex of human impulses: need, identification, possessiveness, fear of loneliness, impulse to replicate the family from which you sprang, sexual desire, anger, the desire to punish, the desire to be punished." I didn't say anything. The Cherokee had tinted glass and with the windows closed the interior was quiet and cool. There weren't many cars out on a Sunday midday in late March, and the hum of the car's passage was all there was for sound. "On the other hand..." I said. "On the other hand I love you so much I could swoon," Susan said. "Swoon?" "Swoon." "And the fact that Dwayne feels swoonie over Chantel," I said, "means he's capable of forming healthier attachments than the one with Deegan." "I only said I was swoonie over you," Susan said. "I can't speak for Dwayne or Chantel. But the rest of it is right." "Chantel says he needs white approval," I said. "Yes, so a white male authority figure may even be more important to him than it would be to some," Susan said. "What do you recommend?" "Let Chantel work on him," Susan said. "Let him think about what's happened to him, and let him come to it himself. You don't want him to feel pushed or he's very likely to clam up and if you push him hard enough you can push him right back to Deegan. Deegan says things Dwayne likes to hear. You keep telling him unpleasant stuff." "I keep telling him to grow up," I said. "And that he's risking jail, and that he can't read, and that he should testify against a man who makes Dwayne feel like he's more important than oxygen," Susan said. "Are you suggesting he doesn't enjoy that?" "Only a suggestion," Susan said. We went off at the Allston/Cambridge exit and wove through the silliest exit ever devised to Soldiers Field Road. I looked at my watch. Susan glanced at hers and then turned to look out at the red brick Harvard buildings. "Two minutes faster than my way," I said. She turned and smiled at me a smile of infinite sweetness. "Shut up," I said. 31 I was in Lt. Martin Quirk's office at Homicide. Quirk was there, and Frank Belson, and a young cop from Walford named Stuart Delaney, a former state cop named LeMaster, who was the Chief of the Taft U. police, and a guy from the Middlesex D.A.'s office named Arlett. Quirk was sitting square in his chair behind his desk, his forearms resting on the desktop, his thick hands motionless on his blotter. Belson sat in a straight chair, tipped back against the wall to Quirk's left, smoking a cheap narrow cigar, with his hat on and tilted down over his forehead. The rest of us ranged in straight chairs in a semicircle facing Quirk. Quirk was looking at me. "Why, you are perhaps asking yourself," Quirk said to me, "did Lt. Quirk invite me to his office at this time with these other gentlemen?" "I assumed you were holding a crime stoppers seminar and wanted me to lecture," I said. "Well, that's close," Quirk said. "Actually these gentlemen all wish to learn from you what the fuck is going on with Dwayne Woodcock?" "So where do you come in?" I said. "Because the Walford police asked me to pick you up and hold you for them, and I thought it might make more sense if we all got together and shared our thoughts on this matter." "You're Homicide," I said. Quirk looked at Belson. Belson looked up from under his hat brim. "Man knows his cops, Marty," Belson said. "Who's dead?" I said. "We'll ask the questions," Arlett said to me, "if you don't mind." I looked at Quirk. "We'll ask the questions?" I said. Quirk shook his head. "Kid named Danny Davis," Quirk said. I felt a tickle of relief. It wasn't Dwayne. "Lieutenant," Arlett said, "I'll conduct this interrogation." Quirk looked at him for a moment. Nothing appeared to change in Quirk's face, but the room seemed very quiet. Then Quirk looked back at me. "Somebody shot him behind the left ear outside the Taft field house," Quirk said, "and then shot him in the back of the head after he'd fallen and was lying face down. Big caliber gun, maybe .45 they tell me." "And we know you know more than you're telling," Arlett said in a rush. I could see Belson smile slightly. Quirk ignored Arlett. "And then," he said, "somebody apparently made a run at Woodcock, and your goomba, Hawk, ah, interceded." "Shooter dead?" I said. "Two of them," LeMaster said. "No I.D. on them. Delaney got prints and they're going to run it down for us at Ten-Ten." "State Police Headquarters," Arlett said. Belson's grin got a little wider. "Gave us a statement," Delaney said, "and released Woodcock and the broad..." "Chantel," I said. "Yeah, Woodcock's broad." I said, "She has a name. It's Chantel." "Sure," Delaney said. "They support Hawk's statement that he acted in their defense." "So what do you know about all of this?" Arlett said. "Nothing," I said. "Lieutenant, arrest him," Arlett said, "read him his rights and book him." "Suspicion of murder?" Quirk said. "Material witness, obstructing justice, anything you want. I want him in a cell thinking about this. Maybe his memory will improve." "Didn't Robert Stack say that, in 'The Untouchables'?" I said. "You're not as funny as you think you are," Arlett said. "Yeah, sure he did," I said. "He said it to Bruce Gordon, who was playing Frank Nitti, 'maybe your memory will improve,' he said. And..." "Shut up," Arlett said. "I bet you watched that all the time," I said. "I know it was Ness who said, 'we'll ask the questions.'" "Spenser," Quirk said, "give it a rest." "Farantino's got a bad caseload problem in Middlesex," Belson said, around his cigar. "Sends out the best he's got available." Arlett turned toward Belson. "Sergeant, just what the hell is that supposed to mean?" Belson's thin face with its permanent five o'clock shadow was sincere as he looked at Arlett. "Trying to be supportive," he said. Quirk stood up. "You gentlemen wait here," he said. "Frank, Spenser, come with me." He went around his desk and out the door of his office without waiting to see if we'd come. We came. He went along through the squad room and out and down a corridor and in through a door marked OCU. It was another squad room, a little smaller than Homicide. We walked through toward a door that read SGT. MYLES HICKMAN, COMMANDER, and opened the door. "Myles is on vacation," Quirk said. He sat behind the desk and I sat in front and Belson closed the pebbly glass door and leaned on the wall beside it. "Okay," Quirk said. "Arlett's an asshole, you know it, Frank knows it, I know it. He's new in the criminal division, he's insecure and he should be. So he tries to be tough and he don't know how. But the questions he's asking aren't questions that shouldn't be answered. And if he pushes me I'll have to arrest you for him. They'll hold you in Walford." "For how long," I said. "Until Haller gets there. If we bust you, I'll have Frank call him." I got up and stood looking out at the nearly empty squad room. At the far end was a dark-haired cop with a thick mustache. His baseball jacket was hung on the back of his chair. He was wearing his gun in a shoulder holster and a set of handcuffs dangled as well from the strap under his arm. He had his feet up on the desk. He was wearing New Balance running shoes and jeans. He hunched his right shoulder up to hold the phone against his ear while he fumbled for something in the desk drawer. "I should have had Davis covered too," I said. The cop on the phone found a pad of yellow paper in the drawer and began to write on it with a ballpoint pen. "And I simply didn't think of it," I said. I turned and looked at Quirk and Belson. "I didn't think of it." "Too late now," Belson said. I nodded. "I know who had him killed, and I know who sponsored the run at Dwayne, and I know why, but I can't prove it." "Give it to us," Quirk said. "Maybe we can prove it." "Arlett's going to prove it?" "They got some good people working out of there," Quirk said. "Stegman, Russo." I nodded again. "The other problem is I will have to implicate someone I don't want to implicate." "Life's hard," Quirk said. "Kid already knows that," I said. "I'm trying to make it a little easier." "Woodcock?" "I'm not going to say." "What are you trying to do?" Quirk said. "I'm trying to figure out a way to nab the son of a bitch who had Davis killed, without nabbing the kid he corrupted." "You want to do this legal?" Quirk said. "Doesn't make too much difference," I said. "I didn't figure it did," Quirk said. "But the kid's got to learn some stuff out of this," I said. "Father Flanagan," Belson murmured. "So you don't just ace the bad guy and call it even," Quirk said. "No," I said. "Not like you wouldn't do it," Quirk said. "Not this time, at least," I said. "You want to tell me the bad guy's name?" Quirk said. "Informally?" I said. Quirk laughed a little short laugh with his mouth closed. "You mean will I tell Arlett?" he said. I nodded. "No," Quirk said. "Okay. Guy named Bobby Deegan. New York wants him for knocking over an OTB parlor. He's been fixing Taft basketball games and was using Woodcock and, apparently, the Davis kid to beat the spread." "I heard Taft hired you on that," Quirk said. "And fired you," Belson said. "And I got in there and stirred things up, and got so close to Deegan that he tried to hit me, and failed." "Parking garage on Milk Street?" Quirk said. I shrugged. "And then he realized that the only people could put him away were the people he'd bought," I said. "So he had them hit," Quirk said. "Except you figured he'd try for Woodcock, so you had Hawk there." "Days," I said. "Dumb bastards had waited an hour they'd have had the campus cops to deal with instead of Hawk." "Be my choice," Belson said. "So you sink Deegan, and he takes Dwayne down with him," Quirk said. "If we can keep him alive," I said. "He's too hot," Quirk said. "Be hard to get anyone to try for him now. I wouldn't take the guards away, but I think you got a little time." I nodded. "So what are you going to do?" Quirk said. "I'll think of something," I said. "Too bad you didn't think of it before they killed Davis," Quirk said. "Yeah," I said. 32 WE went back to Quirk's office and teased Arlett for a while and then LeMaster and Delaney took me back to Walford in cuffs and stuck me in the Walford jail as a material witness. I was in for about two and a half hours before Haller came down with a writ and got me out. The prisons in the state were sleeping four to a cell, but the town jails were as empty and quiet as a church on Wednesday. I alternated my time while I sat on the bare bunk between thinking about women I'd slept with and reanalyzing my all-time all-star baseball team. In recent years I'd replaced Brooks Robinson with Mike Schmidt and Marty Marion with Ozzie Smith. Now and then I wondered how the hell I ended up in jail in a case when I knew what happened and who did it and could probably prove it. But mostly I thought about women and baseball. When I got back to my office it was late afternoon and raining. I was wearing my leather jacket to keep my gun dry and I had my collar up when I walked in from the alley where I parked. When I got out of the elevator on the second floor the corridor had that gray look that indoors gets on days like this one, and the lights from open doors along the corridor made yellow splashes on the corridor floor. One of the open doors was mine. I unzipped my jacket before I went in. Hawk was at my desk reading a book with his feet up. He was wearing lizard skin cowboy boots. He glanced at me over the book. "Cops talk to you?" he said. "Yeah," I said. "What are you reading?" "Book by Stephen Hawking," Hawk said. " 'Bout the universe." "Only that?" I said. "Campus cops and Walford cops and some state cops all hanging around Dwayne," Hawk said. "Figured I wasn't needed." "Tell me about the hit on Dwayne," I said. "Two guys pull up about five, quarter of, park in front of the condo, walk up to Dwayne's place and ring the bell. Door opens and they go in quick. I figure I better go in right after them and I do. They in the living room with Dwayne and the girl." "Chantel," I said. "Un huh, and there's an Uzi showing, so I say 'How dee doo' and shoot the guy with the Uzi and his associate turn around with a hand gun and..." Hawk shrugged and made a shooting motion with the forefinger and thumb of his right hand, bringing the thumb down like a hammer falling. "Chantel sort of moaning and got her face against Dwayne, and he hanging on to her like she gonna blow away, so I call the campus blue bellies and pretty soon there a lot of people there." "Danny Davis got killed," I said. "They tell you that?" "Yeah. Should a had him covered too," Hawk said. "I know," I said. "Can't think of everything," Hawk said. "I'll say." We looked at each other silently for a moment. Then Hawk nodded. I did too. "What we going to do about this?" Hawk said. "Dwayne will turn," I said. "Better than dying," Hawk said. "So we're going to have some leverage on Deegan," I said. " 'Less Dwayne runs," Hawk said. I looked at him. "Think like Dwayne. You black, you look up to white people, but you scared of them. You don't trust them. All your life they been calling you nigger, acting like you don't matter. Now, he got his life on the line, his girlfriend's life on the line. He can trust the system, trust the white cops and the white judge to protect him, same system been telling him he don't matter for the last twenty-one years. Stand up to a white guy wants to kill him and count on the white system to protect him." "Or," I said, "he can run. He can bury himself in the black ghetto of choice and hide for the rest of his life." "What would you do?" Hawk said. "Run for the ghetto," I said. Hawk nodded. "Can you watch him," I said. "Can't watch him forever," Hawk said. Then he smiled. "Well, I could, but I don't want to." "Stay with him a couple of days, give me time to try and put something together." "You want me to stop him if he runs?" Hawk said. "No," I said. "Just want to know where he runs to." Hawk went to hang around outside of Dwayne's, and I went to my desk and sat down and called Detective Maguire in Brooklyn. Things were looking up; I got him. "I'm going off duty, in fact I was supposed to go off a half hour ago," Maguire said. "I thought you New York guys never slept," I said. "We don't," Maguire said, "but we need time off for fucking. What do you want?" I said, "If I got Deegan to turn on that OTB thing would you deal?" "Maybe." "If I got him to give you the rest of the outfit, can you get him immunity?" "He turns on the rest of the outfit and he'll need witness protection. That's Feds." "Will the federal attorney deal on this?" "Ain't a federal crime," Maguire said. "Why's he give a shit?" "That's up to you," I said, "convince him." "Yeah?" "Can you do that?" I said. "Maybe." "Why don't you look into it and find out," I said. "How you going to get Deegan to turn?" Maguire said. "That's my problem," I said. "You work on what he'll get if I do." "Hey," Maguire said, "I gotta know you'll turn him. I'm not going to be walking around down here saying he's turned, and find out he hasn't, and end up looking like an asshole." "Would anyone see the change?" I said. "I mean it," Maguire said. "I'm not sticking my neck out on the word of some guy I never even met. I mean I talked to you twice on the phone, and you got me making deals with the federal attorney." "Magic," I said, "isn't it." "It's bullshit," Maguire said. "You gonna turn him or not?" "I'll turn him," I said. "You do and we'll talk," Maguire said. "We can work something out." "Might get your picture in the _Daily News_ ," I said. Maguire hung up without comment. I swiveled around and looked at the rain washing down my window. Now I could discuss these things with Deegan. If I could find him. If he didn't shoot me when I did. If Dwayne would testify. "I need a drink," I said out loud. No one said no. So I sat in my chair, got out a bottle of Glenfiddich and a glass and poured some neat and sipped it and watched the rain as night settled in behind it. 33 I didn't have to find Bobby Deegan. He found me. I'd been sitting maybe an hour and a half watching it rain when he walked into my office without knocking. The only light in the room was my desk lamp with the Tiffany glass lamp shade that Susan had insisted would dress up the whole office. When I heard the door open, I swung around and opened the right hand drawer of the desk. I kept a spare gun in there and it was always nice to have it handy. Deegan stood in the doorway with the light from the corridor behind him. He wore an oversized, lightweight trench coat with the collar up, and a gray tweed cap. "I'm not here for trouble," Deegan said. I waited. "We need to talk," he said. I nodded at the chair in front of my desk. He unbuttoned his coat and sat down and stuck his legs out straight in front of him. I took a second glass out of the left hand drawer and put it on the desk and poured some Glenfiddich into it. Deegan leaned forward and took the glass and sniffed it and took a sip. He swallowed, and nodded his head. "Single malt," he said. We were quiet, the rain blurring down outside the window behind me. "You're trouble," Deegan said. "Nice of you to notice." "Can't seem to get you out of the fucking way," Deegan said. I nodded. We both sipped some scotch. Sipped thoughtfully, an ounce and a quarter of Glenfiddich will last half an evening. "So what are we going to do about this mess?" Deegan said. "I been giving that some thought," I said. "Those were good people went after Dwayne," Deegan said. "Brooklyn guys. Guy Dwayne's size, you want the best." I waited. Deegan would get to where he was going. "You do them?" he said. I shook my head. "Black guy?" I nodded. "Gerry said he was good," Deegan said. He was holding the glass of scotch in both hands in front of his chin, elbows resting on the arms of the chair. He rubbed his chin absently on the rim. I could hear the faint scratch of his beard against it. Deegan looked like a guy who would have to shave twice a day. "Guys Gerry sent me for you didn't work out too good either," he said. "Boston guys," I said. Deegan nodded. He drank a little scotch. I pushed the bottle across the desk and he leaned forward and poured himself another inch, and pushed the bottle back across the desk to me. He leaned back in his chair again. "I want out of this," he said. "Un huh." "I want to deal." "What you got to deal with?" I said. "I keep my trap shut about Dwayne," he said. "And what do I do?" "You walk," he said. "And I walk and nobody says nothing." "And nobody shoots Dwayne?" I said. "Nobody shoots him, nobody bribes him, nobody mentions his name again." I leaned my head back against the padding on my chair. I was tired. Tired of Deegan, tired of Dwayne, tired of tough guys and cops and guns and deals. I was tired of almost everything but Susan. "Whaddya think?" Deegan said. I shook my head slowly, still against the back of my chair. "No?" Deegan said. "Why no?" "Davis," I said. "Davis," Deegan said, "why do you give a fuck about Davis? You got nothing to do with Davis." "Got to get something for Davis," I said. Deegan took in a long breath and let it out and dipped his nose into the glass for a moment and swallowed. "You got to get something for Davis," he said. I nodded. "How about getting dead for Davis?" Deegan said. "Hard to do," I said. Deegan nodded slowly. "Yeah," he said. "It is." He drank again. "But it's not impossible," he said. "I can put you away on the gambling charge," I said. "Dwayne will testify. So will I. You're a known hoodlum. You'll be a long time gone." The wind seemed to have shifted. I could hear the rain being driven at a slant against the window behind me. "What do you want for Davis?" Deegan said. "The rest of the OTB crew." "OTB?" "You and some other guys knocked over an Off Track Betting parlor in New York. I want the guys you did it with." "I can't do that," Deegan said. "They'd fucking kill me." "I'll get you a witness protection deal. You aren't prosecuted and the Feds will give you a new identity and relocate you." "All to keep you from pushing this gambling thing?" he said. "And I don't tell your wife about Madelaine," I said. Deegan looked at me a long time without speaking. "You are a hard fucking case," he said, "aren't you?" The question was rhetorical. I didn't comment. "For a fucking arrogant asshole kid, talks about himself in the third person," Deegan said. "He's good at what he does," I said. "So what the fuck is that to you?" Deegan said. "Girlfriend's nice, too," I said. "Chantel?" "Yeah, she sees something in him." "So what the fuck is _that_ to you?" Deegan said. "You want to deal, or not?" I said. Deegan stood slowly, and put his whiskey glass on my desk and walked over to the wall to the right of my desk and stretched both hands above his head and leaned on the wall. He did a couple of push-aways on the wall and then turned and leaned his back against it. "Who you dealing with in New York?" Deegan said. I shook my head. Deegan grinned. "Sure," he said. "Of course you won't say. You don't give a fucking inch on anything." "You're not dead," I said. Deegan raised his eyebrows. Then he walked to my desk and poured another shot for himself. "You get it together in New York, names, promises, the works, in detail and then we'll talk again. Where do I reach you?" I said. Deegan paused, thought about that for a moment, then shrugged. "I'll be with Madelaine," he said. "I'll be in touch," I said. Deegan picked up the whiskey glass and tossed the rest of the scotch down. He put the glass on my desk again and turned and walked to my door. He tugged his collar up higher. "Raining like a bastard," he said, and went out. 34 I spent the next day on the phone. I talked three or four times to Maguire in Brooklyn, and then twice to a guy from the New York Federal Attorney's office, a guy named Jennerette. "Why don't you nail him for the gambling thing up there?" Jennerette said, "if it's so air tight." "Because I'm trying to protect the player," I said. "So why not let Deegan walk. He keeps quiet, you keep quiet?" "Couple of reasons," I said. I'd already gone through them with Maguire and with the commander of the Brooklyn robbery squad. "He's walking around loose, with only the player to finger him, he might find it more sensible to ace the player. Also another kid died in this deal, kid named Danny Davis. I figure somebody has to pay dues for that." "What's this kid Davis to you?" Jennerette said. "Nothing," I said. "But somebody owes something for him; and I don't want the other kid to see Deegan walk away from this looking like a stand up guy." "Witness protection isn't like doing time," Jennerette said. "That's not it," I said. "I want my kid to see Deegan rat on his buddies." There was silence on the phone. "You want us to help you cover up a crime, so you can give some kid an object lesson?" "You bet," I said. Again silence on the phone. "Why not try to get Deegan on the murder of this kid Davis?" Jennerette said. "Expose my client," I said. "I'm trying to save this kid. He's got a future if I can save him." "Mr. Fucking Rogers," Jennerette said. "You get several guys that are better off the streets. Brooklyn cleans up a robbery that's been making them look bad. Witness Protection gets the chance to hang out with Bobby Deegan, always a treat. Who knows what you may find out once you get Deegan talking. Guy's a connected guy. You could end up on 'Nightline.'" "Boss will end up on 'Nightline,'" Jennerette said. "Hold on a minute." I could hear the phone being put down on the desk and the faint sounds of office noise: voices, other phones ringing, the tap, occasionally, of high-heeled shoes. There was maybe five minutes of this and then Jennerette came back on the phone. "Okay," he said. "Deegan turns, and gives us the OTB job, we'll give him immunity and protection. If," Jennerette paused for the "if" to sink in, "he delivers quality." "But of course," I said. "We'll be the judge of what's quality," he said. "The rest of the crew in the OTB robbery," I said. "Is that quality?" "Yes," Jennerette said. "I'll get back to you," I said. We hung up. I went down to the alley back of my building and got my car and headed for Newton. It was nearly four in the afternoon and traffic was beginning to clog things. Boston was never meant for automobiles. The streets wound in the downtown section like cattle trails without any reasonable pattern and even in Back Bay, where the grid system had been applied when the old bay was filled in in the nineteenth century, the scale was too limited for automobiles in large number. In New York they drove faster, but for simple difficulty in getting from one part of town to another, Boston was, on a scale of ten, ten. Storrow Drive would be standing still at this time. And so would the Mass. Pike. Shrewdly, I stayed off both and went straight out Commonwealth. So did everyone else. I hit every red light, and got to Newton at five thirty-five. Bobby and Madelaine were having cocktails. There was a pitcher of martinis on the coffee table. No one offered me one. "Brooklyn will go for it," I told Deegan. He was sitting in a Barcalounger wearing a white cotton sweater over a crimson polo shirt, collar up. His acid-washed jeans were carefully ironed and his Top-Siders were new. "You turn on the OTB thing and they give you immunity and protection." "And you?" he said. Madelaine sat on the foot of the Barcalounger, near his ankles, her left hand resting on his knee, sipping a martini from a thick lowball glass. She had her shoes off but otherwise looked as if she'd just come from work in a gray wrap-around dress. "Me? You don't mention Dwayne, and he and I don't mention you," I said. "Nobody ever fixed a Taft game." "What happens about Davis?" "I got no control over that," I said. "But if there's no gambling case, I don't know how they'll make you for Davis." "Danny Davis?" Madelaine said. Deegan made a shushing motion with his hand. "What about Danny?" Madelaine said. "Bobby, did you..." "Put a lid on it, Madelaine. How do you know this guy hasn't got a wire?" Madelaine looked as if she'd bitten into a sawdust donut. Her mouth shut and stayed shut. "He's not going down for it," I said, "but Bobby had Danny Davis killed. Tried to have Dwayne killed. If he were going down for it you'd probably be an accessory to murder." "I never..." she said, and that's as far as she got. Deegan leaned forward and grabbed her arm and yanked her over, so that she was sprawled on top of him on the lounger. With his face against hers, and his lips actually touching her lips, he said, "Shut up, you understand that? Shut your fucking trap." I could see by the whiteness of his knuckles that he was squeezing her arm hard. She squirmed, pulling at his fingers. "You understand?" he said again in a hoarse voice, holding her head in place with his left hand. "Yes," she whispered, and he let her go. She got up abruptly and went and stood near the fireplace rubbing her arm where he'd squeezed it. "You say what you want," Deegan said to me calmly. "I'm not saying anything at all about any murder stuff, that's not part of this deal. I had nothing to do with any murders." "I'm not wired, Bobby," I said. "And I just wanted Madelaine to know who she was sleeping with. But for the record the deal doesn't include any murders." "Fine," Deegan said. "Who do I talk to?" "I'll set it up," I said. "You'll be here?" "Right here," Deegan said. 35 THE next morning Dwayne bolted. He went into a washroom at the Lancaster Tap, opened the pebble glass window and went out and down the alley, leaving two campus cops having cheeseburgers and coffee and wondering what took Dwayne so long. Chantel met him at the foot of the alley and they were off in the Trans Am, with Hawk behind them. He followed them to a house off Blue Hill Ave. near Mattapan Square. Watched them for a while until they settled in, and then he came and told me about it. "You stuck with Chantel," I said. "You knew he wouldn't go without her." Hawk nodded. "Dwayne can't drive," he said. "He could have taken a cab," I said. "Sure," Hawk said. "Let's go see him," I said. "Might make him run again," Hawk said. "I'm getting sick of chasing him." "We need to talk," I said. We went in Hawk's car. Out the expressway and onto Columbia Road toward Mattapan Square. Hawk was listening to an album by Kinky Friedman and the Texas Jewboys. "What happened to Hugh Masekela?" I said. "Next tape," Hawk said. Hawk turned the Jag down Blue Hill Ave. and in another ten minutes we were pulling up in front of a three decker like a thousand others in Boston. Porches on the front of each floor with wooden railings. Shingle siding. Flat roof. The small yard out front was neatly trimmed. There were flowers in flower boxes on each floor. The house had been painted recently. Hawk and I got out of the car. Everyone I saw was black, children mostly, and some older people. No one paid me any attention. "First floor," Hawk said as we went up the steps to the porch. We went into the little entryway. The stairs went up the left side of the hall. There was a door in the right wall. I knocked. There were footsteps, and the door opened as far as the security chain inside would let it. A black woman looked out at us. I said, "Hello, my name is Spenser, I'm here to see Dwayne." "No Dwayne here," she said. "Yes there is, Ma'am," Hawk said. "I know he's here. Trans Am parked in the garage." "Ask Chantel," I said. "They'll see me." The door closed. Hawk stepped back out onto the porch and looked down the driveway. After a minute or two the footsteps returned and the door opened. This time it was Chantel. She looked out at me. Hawk came back from the porch. "Wait a minute," Chantel said. She closed the door. The chain bolt slid off, and then the door opened. Chantel stepped back. We went into a den with a television, a braided rug on the floor, a daybed covered with a paisley throw, and a big leather armchair. Beyond the den was a big old kitchen, the kind that families would spend most of their time in. Chantel led us through the den and into the kitchen. There was a big square table against the wall opposite the big gas stove. There was another daybed in the kitchen, this one built in with a headboard of the same upright pine boards that formed the wainscot. At the foot of the daybed was a big old black leather rocking chair. The linoleum floor was covered with another braided rug. A door off the kitchen led to what appeared to be a dining room, another opened on a bedroom. At the far end of the kitchen was a bathroom and pantry. An old, portly black man stood at an easel in the middle of the kitchen floor under a bright fluorescent light, painting a landscape in oils. The woman who had opened the door sat at the oilcloth-covered table with Dwayne. There was coffee and the remains of a pumpkin pie on the table. Dwayne looked up at me as Chantel brought us in. "What you want?" he said. Chantel went over and sat beside him. She had on a white shirt and jeans and low black boots. A scarlet scarf was knotted at her throat. Hawk went and leaned on the door jamb as he had at Madelaine's. There was no one could lean on a door like Hawk. When he was still he was entirely still. There was no real evidence he was alive when he leaned on the door jamb. You couldn't even see him breathe. There was an empty chair at the table so I pulled it out and sat. The old guy at the easel ignored me. He had on a blue bib apron with paint stains on it, and he had a cigar clenched in his teeth. His brush moved in confident dabbing motions on the canvas. "I think I got this thing fixed," I said to Dwayne. Dwayne stared at me without comment. The woman got up and started to clear the table. She had on a yellow dress belted at the waist. "Deegan was involved in a robbery in New York," I said. "To avoid prosecution on this gambling thing, he's going to testify against his associates in the robbery." "So what's that mean for us?" Chantel said. "Means you're clean. You can play basketball and sign with the Knicks for more than Ewing got—if the Clippers don't draft you—and live happily ever after." "What about Bobby?" Dwayne said. "After Bobby rats on his friends," I said, "he'll be in a witness protection program. New name, new place, new career. He won't have any chance, or any reason, to bother you," I said. "How you get him to do that?" Dwayne said. "Told him you'd testify against him on the gambling." Dwayne stared at me. "I'd never squeal on nobody, man." "He'd have killed you if we let him," I said. "Don't matter about him," Dwayne said. "Matters 'bout me." "You won't be a squealer even if the guy deserves to be squealed on," I said. Dwayne thought about that for a minute, then nodded slowly. "Man's what he is, not what other people are," he said. "Sure," I said. "But you won't have to testify, so long as Bobby thinks you will." "Ought to know I wouldn't," Dwayne said. "Dwayne Woodcock don't do no squealing." "Fortunately, Bobby Deegan does," I said. "Don't believe Bobby'll do that," Dwayne said. "Did you believe he'd have somebody try to kill you?" I said. "Don't have to be Bobby," Dwayne said. Chantel made an angry little _tsh_ sound, and Dwayne glanced at her. He didn't speak. But after he'd looked at Chantel for a moment he began to barely nod his head. "Who else know we here?" Dwayne said. "Just Hawk and me," I said. "You going to tell?" Dwayne said. "No," I said. "But you don't need to hide. Deegan's going to be wrapped up. You can play ball." Dwayne shook his head. "We going to stay here for a while," he said. "See what happens. See if it's like you say." "Coach Dunham will want to talk," I said. "Things be like you say," Dwayne said, "I call him in a while." "There's another piece of the deal," I said. Dwayne waited. "You learn to read," I said. "Nobody tell Dwayne Woodcock what he do and don't do." I nodded my head at Hawk. "Man saved your life awhile ago," I said. Dwayne looked over at Hawk and nodded his head sharply once. "You owe him," I said. "Can't read," Hawk said, "you gonna be a dumb fuck all your life, excuse me, Chantel, and whitey gonna yank you around." "He's right," Chantel said in a flat voice. "Nobody call Dwayne Woodcock a dumb fuck," Dwayne said. He started to get up. "Sit down, Dwayne," Hawk said. "We went to all this trouble to save your ass, I don't want to have to shoot you now." Dwayne was on his feet staring at Hawk. Hawk remained as still on the door jamb as he had. The old guy kept painting. For all he cared we could have been on television. Chantel said, "Dwayne, the man saved your life and mine. You know you got to learn to read. Both of them saved your life." Dwayne stood for a long moment without speaking, then he sat back down. "College will be able to arrange for a reading specialist," I said. "Coach Dunham can get that going." Dwayne nodded. "I want your word on it," I said. Dwayne stared at me. I waited. Chantel banged her elbow into his upper arm. "Dwayne," she said, making it two long syllables. Dwayne still stared. Then he said, "You got it." "Thank you," I said. I looked at the painting the old guy was working on. It was mountains with a valley and a lake in the valley. "White Mountains," he said. "New Hampshire." "Un huh," I said and headed for the door. In the Jaguar, driving back up Blue Hill Ave., Hawk said, "Grateful motherfucker." "Maybe he is," I said, "but can't show it." "Or maybe he ain't," Hawk said. 36 SUSAN and I were having dinner at a place called Rarities in the Charles Hotel in Cambridge. Outside the bank of picture windows Charles Square was beginning to look autumnal, and the first pumpkins and cornstalks were clustered around the display base of the Charles Square sign. Harvard students were back; parents, visiting, were lounging around the hotel lobby looking a little startled that they had kids in college. "They convicted Deegan's friends today," I said. She was reading the menu closely, peering through the crimson-rimmed twelve-dollar half glasses that she bought in Neiman Marcus. "Bobby Deegan? Dwayne Woodcock's friend?" she said. "Yeah, Bobby sang them all right into the state penal institution at Ossining." "And Bobby?" "Disappeared into the witness protection program." "Do those work?" Susan said. "They work if the guys after you have limited resources, and they work if the guy in the program isn't a dope. But most of them are dopes. They can't stay away from it. They knock over a crap game or they show up in Vegas on a gambling junket and someone recognizes them, or they get in a fight and someone hears about them." "Do you think it will for Bobby Deegan?" The waiter came solicitously by and took our order. "Deegan's smart," I said, "but he's been a wiseguy his whole life. He's never held a job, except being a crook. They'll set him up with new identity, papers, some money, a house. And they'll place him in a job. Selling real estate, say, or being a short order cook; that kind of thing. And he'll go to work every day and after a while his boss will tell him to do something and Bobby won't want to and they'll come to words and Bobby will pop him on the nose and quit and pretty soon he's back into being a crook, and after a while somebody will recognize him, or he'll get busted, or whatever. If it's the mob after you, then you're in trouble, because they've got time and money and connections and no passion. Killing you is a wise management decision for them. Passion cools, except you and me, Hotpants, but wise business decisions by the mob are forever. His friends may forget about who put them away, or they may not." The waiter brought Susan some sweetbreads with grilled fruit. For me he brought oysters. "Hotpants?" Susan said. "Yeah, that's why the oysters," I said. Susan ate a very small bite of sweetbread. "How is Dwayne?" she said. "Fine," I said. "Surly, arrogant, uncommunicative, and the holder of a two-point-five-million contract over three years." "Is Chantel with him?" "Yes," I said. "Good," Susan said. "Can he read?" "Some," I said. "Chantel says he got to about third grade level over the summer." "That's very good progress," Susan said. "It's only been, what, five months?" "Yes." I slurped an oyster and gestured with my wine list at the waiter. "Gewürztraminer," I said. "The Trimbach." He smiled approvingly and hustled off after the wine. Waiters smile approvingly if you order cough syrup. I finished my oysters. The waiter served the wine. Susan finished her sweetbreads. We each took a sip of wine. Around us the soft sound of conversation, the gentle noise of steaks being cut and soup being spooned. The light was soft and the encroaching September evening darkened the view through the windows. "You can't stand Dwayne, can you?" Susan said. "No," I said, "who could? Even Hawk doesn't like him and Hawk doesn't have feelings about anybody." "Except you," Susan said. "And you," I said. "Chantel loves him," Susan said. "Love's different," I said. "It doesn't alter 'where it alteration finds.'" "I know," Susan said. The waiter appeared with barbecued duck for Susan, venison for me. "And yet you just stuck at it and wouldn't let Dwayne destroy himself even though they tried to kill you, and it was hard, and there was no reason to care about him." "You think I shouldn't have?" I said. "No, I think you should have. But, God, he's obnoxious." "You have obnoxious patients," I said. Susan smiled. "I'll say," she said. "Dwayne is one of the best that ever lived at what he does," I said. "Which is playing basketball," Susan said. "Yes. Not brain surgery, but something." "And?" Susan said. "And I like Chantel," I said. Susan smiled, and her smile widened as she looked at me. Then she picked up her wine glass and raised it toward me a little and held it for a moment. "Is this a good omen?" I said. "If I were you," she said, "I'd have more oysters." Click here to see a list of more books by this author • • • [For a complete list of this author's books click here or visit www.penguin.com/parkerchecklist](http://www.penguin.com/parkerchecklist?CMP=PARKERCHKLST) S PECIAL PREVIEW! Spenser fans won't want to miss Robert B. Parker's suspense thriller... Paper Doll Available from Berkley Books! Loudon Tripp, wearing a seersucker suit and a Harvard tie, sat in my office on a very nice day in September and told me he'd looked into my background and might hire me. "Oh boy," I said. "You've had some college," Tripp said. He was maybe fifty, a tall angular man with a red face. He held a typewritten sheet of paper in his hand, reading it through half glasses. "No harm to it," I said. "I thought I was going to do something else." "I went to Harvard. You played football in college." I nodded. He didn't care if I nodded or not. But I liked to. "You were a prizefighter." Nod. "You fought in Korea. Were you an officer?" "No." "Too bad. After that you were a policeman." Nod. "This presents a small problem; you were dismissed. Could you comment, please, on that." "I am trustworthy, loyal, and helpful. But I struggle with _obedient._ " Tripp smiled faintly. "I'm not looking for a boy scout," he said. "Next best thing," I said. "Well," Tripp said, "Lieutenant Quirk said you could be annoying, but you were not undependable." "He's always admired me," I said. "Obviously you are independent," Tripp said. "I understand that. I've had my moments. 'He who would be a man must be a non-conformist.'" I nodded encouragingly. "Do you know who said that?" Tripp asked. I nodded again. Tripp waited a moment. Finally he said, "Well, who?" "Emerson." "Very good," Tripp said. "Will this be on the final?" I said. Tripp leaned his head toward me in a gesture of apology. "Sorry, I guess that seemed pretentious. It's just that I am trying to get a sense of you." I shrugged. "They had no way of judging a man," I said, "except as he handled an axe." Tripp frowned for a moment. And twitched his shoulders as if to get rid of a horsefly. "So," he paused. "I guess you'll do." I tried to look pleased. He stared past me out the window for a moment, and took in a slow breath and let it out. "Are you familiar," he said, "with Olivia Nelson?" "The woman who was murdered a couple of months back," I said. "Right in Louisburg Square." He nodded. "She used her birth name," he said. "She was my wife." "I'm sorry," I said. "Yes." We were quiet for a moment while we considered the sullen fact. "The police have exhausted all of their options," Tripp said. "They have concluded it was probably an act of random violence, and the killer, having left no clues, will very likely not be caught until, or if, he strikes again." "You disagree?" I said. "I want him hunted down," Tripp said stiffly, "and punished." "And you want me to do that?" "Yes... Lieutenant Quirk suggested you, when I expressed concern about the official lack of progress." "So you and I are clear," I said, "I will hunt him down for you. But punishment is not what I do." "I believe in the system," Tripp said. "If you can find him, I am sure the courts will punish him." I said, "Un huh." "You are skeptical of the courts?" Tripp said. "I'm skeptical of most things," I said. "Is there anyone assigned to the case, now?" "Yes, a young detective." "What's his name?" "Farrell. Detective Farrell. I can't say I'm entirely happy with him." "Why?" "Well, he's young. I was hoping for a more senior man." I nodded. There was more, I could tell. "And there's something, a little, I don't know. He doesn't seem like a typical police detective." I waited. Tripp didn't elaborate. Since I figured I'd meet Farrell anyway, I didn't press. I could decide for myself how typical he was. "Do you have any theories on the murder?" I said. "None. I can't imagine who would wish to kill Olivia. Perhaps it is a madman." "Okay," I said. "I'll talk to the cops, first. So at least I'll know what they know." "You'll take the case, then?" "Sure," I said. We talked a little about my fee, and the prospects of a retainer. He had no objections to a retainer. Me either. "The only thing you need to understand," I said, "is that once I start I go where it takes me. Which may mean I ask you lots of questions. And your friends and relatives lots of questions. People sometimes get restive about me invading their privacy. You have to understand at the start that invading your privacy, and the privacy of people you know, is what you're hiring me to do." "I understand," Tripp said. "If you go too far, I'll let you know." "You can let me know," I said. "But it won't change anything. I do what I do. And I keep doing it until I'm finished." "You will be working for me, Mr. Spenser." "Yes, and you can pay me, and you can expect that I'll work on your problem and that I won't cheat you and that I won't lie to you. But you can't tell me what to do, and if you're not willing to accept that, we can't do business." Tripp didn't like it. But he got out his checkbook and put it on the edge of my desk and dug a real fountain pen out of his inside coat pocket. "When I need surgery," he said, "I don't, I guess, tell the surgeon how to operate." "Nice analogy," I said. He nodded, and wrote me out a check in a stately, flowing Palmer-method hand. It was a fine big check. A check you could deposit proudly, which, after Tripp left, I did. "He hit her with a framing hammer," Quirk said. "The kind with the long wooden handle that gives you leverage so you can drive a sixteen-penny nail with two strokes. Hit her at least five times." Quirk was wearing a gray silk tweed jacket with a faint lavender chalk line, a blue Oxford button-down shirt, and a lavender knit tie. There was a dark blue display handkerchief in his jacket pocket. As he talked, he straightened the stuff on his desk, making sure everything was square and properly spaced. There wasn't much: a phone, a legal-sized lined yellow pad, a translucent Bic pen with a black top, and a big plastic cube with pictures of his wife, his children, and a golden retriever. He was careful to have the cube exactly centered along the back rim of his desk. He wasn't thinking about what he was doing. It was what he did while he thought about something else. "He left it at the crime scene." "Or she," I said. Quirk realigned his pictures an eighth of an inch. His hands were big and thick, the nails manicured. They looked like the hands of a tough surgeon. "Ah, yes," Quirk said. "Liberation. It could have been a woman. But if it was, it was a strong one. He, or she, must have held the hammer down at the end and taken a full swing, like you would drive a nail. Most of the bones in her head were broken." "Only the head?" "Yeah," Quirk said. "That bothered me too. If some fruitcake runs amok with a framing hammer and assaults a random victim, why was his aim so good? Head only. Except where he seems to have missed once and badly bruised her left shoulder." "Seems more like premeditation," I said. "If you're going to murder somebody with a hammer, you don't waste time hitting them in the body." "I know," Quirk said. His hands were perfectly still now, one resting on top of the other. "It bothered us too. But things always do in a homicide. You know that. There's always stuff you can't account for, stuff that doesn't fit exactly. Homicide cases aren't neat, even the neat ones." "You think this is a neat one?" "In one sense," Quirk said. He looked at the pictures on the plastic cube while he talked. He was not so much weary as calm. He'd seen too much, and it had left him with that cop calm that some of them get—not without feeling, really, but without excitement. "We have an explanation for it that works. It's not lying around loose—except that we don't have the perpetrator." "Perpetrator," I said admiringly. "I been watching a lot of those reality cop shows," Quirk said. "Her husband wants the guy caught," I said. "Sure he does," Quirk said. "Me too." "You can't find a motive," I said. Quirk shook his head. "This broad is Mary Poppins, for crissake. Mother of the year, wife of the decade, loyal friend, good citizen, great human being, dedicated teacher, accomplished cook, and probably great in the sack." "Never is heard a discouraging word," I said. "None," Quirk said. "Nobody had a reason to kill her." "Almost nobody," I said. "The crazed-killer thing still works," Quirk said. "It happens." "Husband checks out?" Quirk looked at me as if I'd asked him his sign. "How long you think I been doing this? Who do we think of first when a wife is killed?" "Cherchez la hubby," I said. "Thank you," Quirk said. "No problems between them?" "None that he'd mention." "He doesn't have a girlfriend?" "Says he doesn't." "She doesn't have a boyfriend?" "Says she didn't." "You able to confirm that, as they say in the papers, independently?" "Cops aren't independent," Quirk said. "Hot dogs like yourself are independent." "But you looked into it." "Far as we could." "How far is that?" Quirk shrugged. "These are powerful people," Quirk said. "They have powerful friends. Everybody I ask says she was a candidate for sainthood. And he is a candidate for sainthood, and the kids are a couple of saintlettes. You push people like this only so far." "Before what?" "Before the commissioner calls you." "And tells you to desist?" "And tells me that unless I have hard evidence, I should not assume these people are lying." "And you don't have hard evidence." "No." "You think there's something there?" Quirk shrugged. "That's why you sent Tripp to me," I said. "This wasn't a Jamaican whore got smoked in some vacant lot, twenty miles from the Harvard Club," Quirk said. "This is an upper-crust WASP broad got bludgeoned to death at one corner of Louisburg fucking Square for crissake. We got a U.S. Senator calling to follow up on our progress. I got a call from the Boston Archdiocese. Everybody says solve it, or leave it alone." "Which isn't the way to solve it," I said. Again Quirk was silent. "The way to solve it is to muddle around in it and disrupt everybody's lives and doubt everything everybody says and make a general pain in the ass of yourself." Quirk nodded. "You can see why I thought of you," he said. "So if Tripp doesn't want this solved, why did he hire me?" "I think he wants it solved, but with his assumptions and on his terms," Quirk said. "He thinks he can control you." "Somebody ought to," I said. "Any money to inherit?" "A small life insurance policy, probably covered the funeral." "No mental illness?" "No." "Kids?" "Son, Loudon, Junior, twenty-two, senior at Williams College. Daughter, Meredith, eighteen, freshman at Williams." "They seem clean?" "American dream," Quirk said. "Dean's list for both of them. Son's on the wrestling team, and the debating team. Daughter's president of the drama club and a member of the student council, or whatever the fuck they call it at Williams." "Any history on the kids that doesn't jibe?" "Son had a few routine teenage scrapes. Nothing that matters. I'll give you the file," Quirk said. "You still got a guy on it?" I said. "Yeah, Lee Farrell," Quirk said. "He's new," I said. "Yeah, and he's gay." "Young and gay," I said. "I got no problem with it, long as he doesn't kiss me. But command staff don't like it much." "So he gets the low-maintenance stuff." "Yeah." "He any good?" Quirk leaned back in his swivel chair and clasped his hands behind his back. The muscles in his upper arm swelled against the fabric of his jacket. "He might be," Quirk said. "Hasn't had a hell of a chance to prove it." "Doesn't get the choice assignments?" Quirk smiled without meaning anything by it. "They had to hire him, and they had to promote him. But they don't have to use him." "I'll want to talk with Farrell." "Sure," Quirk said. "You and he will hit it right off." Click here to see a list of more books by this author _THE SPENSER NOVELS_ _Sixkill_ _Painted Ladies_ _The Professional_ _Rough Weather_ _Now & Then_ _Hundred-Dollar Baby_ _School Days_ _Cold Service_ _Bad Business_ _Back Story_ _Widow's Walk_ _Potshot_ _Hugger Mugger_ _Hush Money_ _Sudden Mischief_ _Small Vices_ _Chance_ _Thin Air_ _Walking Shadow_ _Paper Doll_ _Double Deuce_ _Pastime_ _Stardust_ _Playmates_ _Crimson Joy_ _Pale Kings and Princes_ _Taming a Sea-Horse_ _A Catskill Eagle_ _Valediction_ _The Widening Gyre_ _Ceremony_ _A Savage Place_ _Early Autumn_ _Looking for Rachel Wallace_ _The Judas Goat_ _Promised Land_ _Mortal Stakes_ _God Save the Child_ _The Godwulf Manuscript_ _THE JESSE STONE NOVELS_ _Split Image_ _Night and Day_ _Stranger in Paradise_ _High Profile_ _Sea Change_ _Stone Cold_ _Death in Paradise_ _Trouble in Paradise_ _Night Passage_ _THE SUNNY RANDALL NOVELS_ _Spare Change_ _Blue Screen_ _Melancholy Baby_ _Shrink Rap_ _Perish Twice_ _Family Honor_ _ALSO BY ROBERT B. PARKER_ _Blue-Eyed Devil_ _Brimstone_ _Resolution_ _Appaloosa_ _A Triple Shot of Spenser_ _Double Play_ _Gunman's Rhapsody_ _All Our Yesterdays_ _A Year at the Races_ (with Joan H. Parker) _Perchance to Dream_ _Poodle Springs_ (with Raymond Chandler) _Love and Glory_ _Wilderness_ _Three Weeks in Spring_ (with Joan H. Parker) _Training with Weights_ (with John R. Marsh)	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaBook" }	8,791
Questa pagina raccoglie i dati riguardanti la Roma RCB, squadra di calcio a 5 militante in serie A, nelle competizioni ufficiali del 1989-1990. Organico Collegamenti esterni	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	7,515
Beautiful Keira is an affectionate lady who loves a fuss and I will curl up next to you on the sofa. She prefers cuddles in the morning and last thing in the evening but says she is open to affection at any time of the day. She enjoys sunbathing in the summer and chilling out outside. If you want to offer this sweet lady a forever home check out her profile for more info. This is lovely Lily and she is at the shelter with her dear friend, Poppy (below). They are looking for a home together as they are very close and even groom each other! Lily says she is the most confident out of the two and loves a fuss. Check out Lily's profile for more details. Sweet Poppy is a lovely lady as you can see. She is seeking a forever home with her dear friend Lily (above). Poppy is a little shy a first and takes a bit of time to get used to you but she is very affectionate when she's settled. Find out more about her at her profile . Keira, Lily and Poppy all look very sweet! Thank you for featuring Keira, Lily and Poppy. We have our paws crossed for these lovely kitties to find their new homes soon. Sharing.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	9,521
{"url":"http:\/\/spot.pcc.edu\/math\/orcca\/knowl\/answer-3.html","text":"###### Answer9.3.22.1\n\nTo determine the horizontal intercepts, we'll set $$y=0$$ and solve for $$x\\text{:}$$\n\n\\begin{align} 0\\amp=-x^2+5x-7\\\\ \\end{align}\n\nNoting that this equation cannot be solved using factoring, we'll use the quadratic formula:\n\n\\begin{align} x\\amp=\\frac{-5\\pm \\sqrt{5^2-4(-1)(-7)}}{2(-1)}\\\\ x\\amp=\\frac{-5\\pm \\sqrt{25-28}}{-2}\\\\ x\\amp=\\frac{-5\\pm \\sqrt{-3}}{-2} \\end{align}\n\nSince these numbers are not real, no solution exists to the equation and so there are no horizontal intercepts.\n\nTo determine the vertical intercept, we'll replace $$x$$ with $$0\\text{:}$$\n\n\\begin{align} y\\amp=-(0)^2+5(0)-7\\\\ y\\amp=7 \\end{align}\n\nThus the $$y$$-intercept occurs at the point $$(0,-7)\\text{.}$$\n\nThe vertex will occur at $$x=-\\frac{b}{2a}\\text{:}$$\n\n\\begin{align} x\\amp=-\\frac{5}{2(-1)}\\\\ \\amp=\\frac{5}{2} \\end{align}\n\nTo find the $$y$$-coordinate, we'll replace $$x$$ with $$\\frac{5}{2}\\text{:}$$\n\n\\begin{align} y\\amp=-\\left(\\substitute{\\frac{5}{2}}\\right)^2+5\\left(\\substitute{\\frac{5}{2}}\\right)+7\\\\ \\amp=-\\frac{3}{4} \\end{align}\n\nThe vertex occurs at the point $$\\left(\\frac{5}{2},-\\frac{3}{4}\\right)\\text{,}$$ or at $$(2.5,-0.75)\\text{.}$$\n\nin-context","date":"2018-01-20 03:02:24","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.9984062314033508, \"perplexity\": 3541.5876786856434}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 20, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": false}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2018-05\/segments\/1516084888878.44\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20180120023744-20180120043744-00321.warc.gz\"}"}	null	null
<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/override.bootstrap.slate.css" type="text/css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/bootstrap-responsive.min.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/tutorial.override.jquery.snippet.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/docs-style.css"> <title>About</title> </head> <body> <div class="navbar navbar-fixed-top"> <div class="navbar-inner"> <div class="container"> <a class="btn btn-navbar" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse"> <span class="icon-th-list"></span></a> <a href="index.html" class="brand">Classing{js}</a> <div class="nav-collapse collapse"> <ul class="nav pull-right"> <li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li> <li><a href="tutorial/structure.html">Tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="api.html">API Summery</a></li> <li><a href="news.html">News</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="#">About</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hero-unit"> <h1>About Classing{js}</h1> </div> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span1"></div> <div class = "span8"> <h3>Motivation</h3> <p>Javascript's prototypal object oriented style, although powerful, is tedious, specially for those who come to javascript from a classical object oriented language like C++, Java or C#. For this purpose , <code>Classing{js}</code> was created. It creates a classical-like objcet oriented programming interface that behaves almost exactly like any regular classical object oriented environment. </p> <h3>Is There More From Classing{js}?</h3> <p>Of course. There's a lot more to be done in <code>Classing{js}</code>. Over the future there'll be new features, more optimized code, expanions to other javascript platforms ... etc. Follow on <a href="https://twitter.com/classing_js" target="_blank">Twitter</a> to get the latest news and updates of <code>Classing{js}</code> </p> <p>Your can also Fork <code>Classing{js}</code> on <a href="https://github.com/Mostafa-Samir/Classing-js" target="_blank">Github</a> and start contributing to the project. Your contributions will be valuable to the future of the library. </p> <h3>About the Developer</h3> <p>My name is Mostafa Samir , a 20 years old computer science student at the faculty of computers and information, Assiut University, Egypt. <p>You can reach me on <a href = 'https://twitter.com/M0stafa_Samir' target='_blank'>Twitter</a>, <a href='https://plus.google.com/118407779001911549517' target='_blank'>Google+</a>, <a href='http://www.linkedin.com/pub/mostafa-samir/7a/811/a7a' target='_blank'>Linkedin</a> or directly on my email : <a href="mailto:mostafa.3210@gmail.com">mostafa.3210@gmail.com</a> </p> </div> </div> <hr style = "margin-bottom:0px;border-color:#202328;border-style:groove;"/> <div class = "footer" style="background:black;font-family:monospace;"> <p align="center" style = "padding-top:10.5px;">Developed By : <span id = "reach" style = "color:white;">Mostafa Samir</span></p> <p align="center">Code licensed under <a href="https://github.com/Mostafa-Samir/Classing-js/blob/master/LICENSE" target="_blank">MIT License</a></p> <p align="center">Current Version : <a href="news.html#v112"> v1.1.2</a></a></a></p> <p align="center" style = "margin-bottom:0px;padding-bottom:10.5px">Follow on: <a href="https://github.com/Mostafa-Samir/Classing-js" target="_blank">Github</a> , <a href="https://twitter.com/classing_js" target="_blank">Twitter</a></p> </div> <script src="js/jquery-1.10.1.min.js"></script> <script src="js/jquery-browser.min.js"></script> <script src="js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="js/bootstrap-tabs.js"></script> <script src="js/bootstrap-tooltip.js"></script> <script src="js/bootstrap-popover.js"></script> <script src="js/jquery.snippet.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function(){ var opts = { style : "golden", showNum : false, menu : false }; $(".code").each(function(){ $(this).snippet("javascript" , opts); $(this).children().children().last().remove() }); $("#reach").popover({ title : "Reach on ...", html : true, content : "<a href = 'https://twitter.com/M0stafa_Samir' target='_blank'><img src = 'img/twt.png'/></a> <a href='https://plus.google.com/118407779001911549517' target='_blank'><img src = 'img/gp.png'/></a> <a href='http://www.linkedin.com/pub/mostafa-samir/7a/811/a7a' target='_blank'><img src = 'img/in.png'/></a>", placement : "right", trigger : 'click' }); }); </script> </body> </html>	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	5,382
The regeneration of Stroud's Subscription Rooms has taken a major leap forward as new trustees have been announced.The eight trustees together have more than 160 years of experience in the entertainment, marketing and arts fields. The newly-formed Stroud Subscription Rooms Trust will make decisions about the running of the business and its 'creative' direction as a cultural hub for the people who live in, work in and visit Stroud town. Beth Alden has been appointed interim chair of the Trust. She is CEO at New Brewery Arts in Cirencester, a charity and a social enterprise which welcomes some 120,000 visitors each year. The new trustees also include: Hugh Phillimore, Matt Connors-Jones, Alex Cowan, Andy Woods, Julie Wickham, Abi Wood and Kate Kay. Hugh Phillimore has produced his own Cornbury Festival in Oxfordshire for the past 15 years. He has worked in the entertainment world for over 30 years producing shows across the world. He's served on the Advisory Group of the Cheltenham Jazz Festival for over 12 years. During his 20-plus year career Matt Connors-Jones has helped build some of the world's biggest brands and hopes he can use some of this experience to put the Subscription Rooms back on the map and get people flocking through its doors. Alex Cowan has more than 30 years' experience in television, film production, museum and art exhibitions and the educational sector. He is currently working on an accessible physical and digital archive of disability arts. Andy Woods launched Gloucester's Guildhall arts centre for the City Council in 1988 and was its chief executive until 2004. He is currently a freelance programmer at Birmingham's MAC arts centre, and secretary of Gloucester's Strike a Light festival trust. Julie Wickham has worked in community engagement since 2005 when she worked on Agenda 21 and Sustainability at Reading Borough Council. For the past four years she has worked with staff and trustees at Stroud Valleys Project to triple the charity's unrestricted income. Abi Wood spent 10 years working as a technician and stage manager. Before she moved to Stroud Abi worked 14 years an Arts Event Manager for the Barbican Centre. "The new trust is unique as it is made up of festival founders and organisers, well connected event professionals, entertainment industry experts, board directors, a solicitor, and a creative director all brimming with ideas, energy and determination," said Beth Alden. The Stroud Subscription Rooms Trust will form a Charitable Incorporated Organisation responsible for running the Sub Rooms while Stroud Town Council maintains ownership of the venue. Details of the venue's transfer of ownership from Stroud District Council to the Town Council are still being finalised. What is the best way to support the Sub Rooms right now...... this is an easy question to answer. There are some fantastic events coming up at the Sub Rooms over the next few months. Our Councillors have all agreed to keep the bookings going so that profits can be maintained and the business will be a going concern. Please take a look at the What's On section of the website, talk to a friend and decide what you'll go to. Readers could be forgiven for thinking the battle over the Subscription Rooms was won last month with Stroud District Council's decision not to proceed with the sale to a private company. Unfortunately, the wording of that decision was deeply flawed. It has simply exchanged one competitive bidding process for another, and it has also narrowed the options to offering a 30-year lease. This is a very short lease, with some onerous terms and conditions in the small print, which most organisations will shy away from. What we urgently need is for the council to lead the process rather than simply invite bids then sit back and wait. Unless the council is willing to work with potential partners and actively engage with them in working out the best solution, we are almost certainly going to see another crisis in April – the timetable set by the council is almost impossibly tight – when bids are received or, more likely, when none is received. The new Subs conditions are out on the website, and a new community bid is planned. When asked what a good bid would look like, Cllr Cornell has made it clear she would like to see wide community involvement, and community investment in the Sub Rooms (ie financial input, like Subscribers). Helen from the Town Council and David Lambert and Alix and I contributed to a community questionnaire which is attached. The Town Council is working separately on Tourism and I have a meeting at the Town Council tomorrow to be briefed on that. I will report back. Please do circulate the questionnaire through your networks to your groups and try to get as many people to fill it in as possible. The more of a community view we get, the better. I am trying to populate the facebook page with photos of events as they happen. If you have any, let me know. (about four per event). Send them to me and I will upload them.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	2,286
La seconda stagione della sitcom Frasier è stata trasmessa in prima visione negli Stati Uniti d'America da NBC dal 20 settembre 1994 al 23 maggio 1995. Collegamenti esterni	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	4,472
News & Politics » The Straight Dope The Straight Dope by Cecil Adams I heard about a strange sexual practice the other day that I hope you can tell me more about. It seems a boy was found dead with a rope around his neck, but he hadn't purposely killed himself. Apparently he was masturbating at the time of his death and hanged himself in order to heighten the sexual sensation. The radio announcer called it an autoerotic suicide and said it is not uncommon. I've never heard of it. Can you tell me more? --Desiree Blough, Santa Barbara, California Time for a walk on the weird side, kids. Autoerotic asphyxiation--"suicide" is a misnomer, since death is usually accidental--is in fact fairly common. One researcher estimates there are at least 50 deaths annually nationwide. The victims are mostly young males; evidently if you live long enough to become an old male you start getting a partner to help you, although it's quite dangerous even so. Autoerotic asphyxiation arose out of the observation that men executed by hanging often got an erection and sometimes ejaculated. It's described in detail in de Sade's Justine and is mentioned in Beckett's Waiting for Godot. Why it works is unclear. The simplest explanation is that lack of oxygen causes lightheadedness, reducing inhibitions and enhancing the sexual experience. Masochistic fantasies, castration anxiety, and other psychological factors no doubt also play a role. The problem is that it's easy to go too far. As little as seven pounds of pressure will collapse the carotid artery, producing unconsciousness within seconds. Many victims are bondage freaks and their elaborate bindings make self-rescue difficult. Needless to say, this is not something you should try at home. Judging from the photos--hey, it's my job--not only do you end up dead, you look real stupid when they find you. I mention this on the theory that if fear of death won't stop somebody, maybe fear of embarrassment will. For a long time I've heard stories about a man who tied a bunch of balloons to a lawn chair and went soaring into the heavens. I even spent an afternoon searching at the library to see if it was true, but no luck. I gave up, thinking it must be someone's wild imagination. Then the other day a story in the paper made mention of a mad balloonist named Larry Walters. Can you tell me more? --Roger Knipp, Dallas, Texas Ah, how fleeting is fame. It's been a mere six years since Larry Walters made his legendary flight, and already people are starting to think he's a mythical being. Au contraire. Larry, an authentic working-class hero (at the time he was driving a truck), went aloft July 2, 1982, from his girlfriend's backyard in suburban Los Angeles. His craft: an aluminum lawn chair borne by 42 helium-filled weather balloons. Larry's original idea was that he would fly east to the Mojave desert, but it didn't quite work out that way. As his girlfriend and buddy were feeding out the tether, the line broke and he shot skyward. Eventually he reached 16,000 feet, where the pilots of at least two airliners saw him. Not wanting to cause a fuss, he began putting out calls on his portable CB radio. After a while his feet got cold, so he pulled out a pellet pistol and began shooting out balloons. The descent was uneventful except for the fact that the balloons wrapped around some power lines at the end, knocking out the electricity in a Long Beach residential neighborhood for about 20 minutes. But Larry and his chair stayed clear--he simply dropped a few feet to the ground, having spent about 90 minutes in the air. Most people thought the whole thing was pretty funny, and Larry got to appear on Letterman and the Today show. But the FAA was not amused. "We know he broke some part of the Federal Aviation Act, and as soon as we decide which part it is, some type of charge will be filed," a spokesman said. Sure enough, Walters was charged with reckless operation of an aircraft, failure to stay in communication with the tower, and flying a "civil aircraft for which there is not currently in effect an airworthiness certificate." He wound up paying a $1,500 fine. You ask me, it was worth every penny. Art accompanying story in printed newspaper (not available in this archive): illustration/Slug Signorino.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	7,447
\section{Introduction} Synchronous communication via live chats allows developers to seek information and technical support, share opinions and ideas, discuss issues, and form community development \cite{chatterjee2019exploratory, DBLP:journals/jss/ChatterjeeKP20}, in a more efficient way compared with asynchronous communication such as emails or forums \cite{DBLP:conf/cscw/LinZSS16,DBLP:conf/msr/ShihabJH09,DBLP:conf/icsm/ShihabJH09}. Consequently, live chatting has become an integral component of most software development processes, not only for open source communities constituting globally distributed developers, but also for software companies to facilitate in-house team communication and coordination, esp. in accommodating remote work due to the COVID-19 pandemic \cite{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2101-05877}. \begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig/motivation_v3.pdf} \caption{An example of issue-solution pair extraction from the Deeplearning4j live chats.} \label{fig:motivation} \vspace{-0.5cm} \end{figure} Existing literature reports various motivation factors for live chatting practices. {One of the frequently mentioned factors is to use live chats as a tool for issue-solving, such as installation and setup issues, bug resolution, build and compile issues \cite{DBLP:journals/tosem/EhsanHMZ21,shi2021look}.} In such cases, developers post questions related to some specific issues, and rely on others to provide potential solutions. Alkadhi et al. \cite{DBLP:conf/msr/AlkadhiLGB17,DBLP:conf/wcre/AlkadhiNGB18} analyzed 8,702 chat messages of three OSS development teams, and found 24\% of the messages are reporting issues, and 51\% of the messages are proposing alternative issue solutions. As a result, live chat repositories usually contain rich information to shed light on knowledge regarding frequent issue-solution pairs. Fig. \ref{fig:motivation} illustrates an example slice of live chat data. In this scenario, \textit{Tom} encountered trouble when setting up dependencies for spark, so he posted an issue in live chatting. \textit{Jack} and \textit{Mike} both provided solutions as well as suggested examples. With their help, \textit{Tom} finally resolved that issue. From this conversation slice, we can extract the issue description, as highlighted in red, and alternative solutions colored in blue. However, it is quite challenging to mine issue-solution pairs from live chats due to the following barriers. \textbf{(1) Entangled dialogs}. Live chat data gets big rapidly, and multiple concurrent discussions regarding different issues frequently exist in an interleaved manner. In order to perform any kind of dialog-level analysis, it is essential to have automated support for identifying and dividing sequential utterances into a set of distinct dialogs, according to the issue topics. \textbf{(2) Expensive human effort.} Chat logs are typically high-volume and contain informal dialogs covering a wide range of technical and complex topics. It is necessary to leverage manual annotation to guide the construction and training of learning-based algorithms. However, the manual annotation process requires experienced analysts to spend a large amount of time so that they can understand the dialogs thoroughly. Thus, it is very expensive to classify issue-related dialogs. \textbf{(3) Noisy data}. There exist noisy utterances such as duplicate and unreadable messages in the chat log that do not provide any valuable information. The noisy data poses a difficulty to analyze and interpret the communicative dialogs. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, named {ISPY} (extracting \textbf{I}ssue-\textbf{S}olution \textbf{P}airs from communit\textbf{Y} live chats) to automatically extract issue-solution pairs from development community live chats. {ISPY} addresses the problem with three elaborated sub-tasks: 1) Disentangle live chat logs, employing a feedforward neural network to automatically disentangle a conversation history into separate dialogs; 2) Detect dialogs that are discussing issues, using a novel convolutional neural network (CNN), which consists of a BERT-based utterance embedding layer, a context-aware dialog embedding layer, and an output layer; and 3) Extract appropriate utterances and combine them as corresponding solutions, {based on the same CNN structure but with different feeding inputs.} To evaluate {ISPY}, we first collect and utilize a dataset with {750} dialogs including 171 issue-solution pairs, and evaluate {ISPY} from eight Gitter communities. The results show that, for issue-detection, our approach achieves the \textit{F1} of 76\%, and outperforms baselines by 30\%. For solution-extraction, our approach achieves the \textit{F1} of 63\%, and outperforms baselines by 20\%. Furthermore, we apply {ISPY} on three new communities to extensively evaluate its practical usage. {ISPY} helps provide solutions for {26} recent issues posted on Stack Overflow. Adding up the {\numPairExp} pairs extracted from the former eight communities, we publish over {30K} issue-solution pairs extracted from 11 communities in total. We believe that {ISPY} can facilitate community-based software development by promoting knowledge sharing and shortening the issue-resolving process. The major contributions of this paper are: \begin{itemize} \item We formulate the problem of issue-solution pair extraction from developer live chat data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study exploring this problem. \item We propose an automated approach, named {ISPY}, based on a convolutional neural network and introduces several customized improvements to effectively handle the characteristics of this task. \item We evaluate the {ISPY} by comparing with six baselines, with superior performance. \item We open-source a replication package and a large dataset with over {30K} issue-solution pairs extracted by {tool} from 11 active communities on our website: {\url{https://github.com/jzySaber1996/ISPY}}. \end{itemize} In the remainder of the paper, Section II illustrates the problem definition. Section III presents the approach. Section IV sets up the experiments. Section V describes the results and analysis. Section VI illustrates the practical usage. Section VII is the discussion and threats to validity. Section VIII introduces the related work. Section IX concludes our work. \section{Related Work} \label{sec:related} \textbf{Knowledge Extraction from Developer Conversations}. Recently, more and more work has realized that community chat plays an increasingly significant role in software development, and chat messages are a rich and untapped source for valuable information about the software system \cite{chatterjee2019exploratory,DBLP:conf/cscw/LinZSS16,DBLP:conf/msr/ChatterjeeDKP20}. There are several studies focusing on extracting knowledge from developer conversations. Di Sorbo et al. \cite{DBLP:conf/kbse/SorboPVPCG15} proposed a taxonomy of intentions to classify sentences in developer mailing lists. Huang et al. \cite{Huang2018Automating} addressed the deficiencies of Di Sorbo et al's taxonomy by proposing a convolution neural network (CNN)-based approach. Qu et al. \cite{InforSeek_User_Intent_Pred} utilized classic machine learning methods to perform user intent prediction with an average F1 of 0.67. Shi et al. \cite{DBLP:conf/icse/ShiXLWL020} proposed an approach to detect feature-request dialogues from developer chat messages via a deep siamese network. Rodeghero et al. \cite{DBLP:conf/icse/RodegheroJAM17} presented a technique for automatically extracting information relevant to user stories from recorded conversations. Chowdhury and Hindle \cite{chowdhury2015mining} filtered out off-topic discussions in programming IRC channels by engaging Stack Overflow discussions as positive examples and YouTube video comments. The findings of previous work motivate the work presented in this paper. Our study is different from the previous work as we focus on extracting issue-solution pairs from massive chat messages that would be important and valuable information for OSS developers to check and fix issues. In addition, our work complements the existing studies on knowledge extraction from developer conversations. \textbf{Emerging Issue Detection}. Detecting emerging issues from user feedback timely and precisely is vital for developers to update their applications. Most current work focuses on detecting the emerging issues from short-text social media (e.g., Twitter and Google Play), and determining the emerging issues based on traditional anomaly detection methods. For example, Guo et al. \cite{DBLP:conf/icse/0002S20} proposed a method for extracting and synthesizing user-reported mini-stories regarding app problems from reviews. Vu et al. \cite{DBLP:conf/kbse/VuNPN15} detected emerging issues and trends by counting negative keywords based on Google Play. Since the single words might be ambiguous without contexts, their follow-up work \cite{DBLP:conf/kbse/VuPNN16} proposed a phrase-based clustering approach that relied on manual validation of part-of-speech (PoS) sequences. Gao et al. \cite{DBLP:conf/icse/GaoZLK18} presented a topic labeling approach, named IDEA, to automatically detect emerging issues of current versions based on statistics of previous versions. Due to the inborn limitations of topic modeling, such as the predefined topic numbers, their follow-up work \cite{DBLP:conf/icse/GaoZD0ZLK19} introduced DIVER which incorporated depth-first pattern mining with version and time-based comparisons. Most of these methods focus on detecting emerging issues embedding in short-text social media, while our approach targets to automatically extract issues with their potential solutions (if exists) from community chats, complementing the existing studies on a novel source. In addition, our approach can not only detect emerging issues in community chat, but also extract relevant solutions with resolved issues for reuse purposes, aiming to expedite the issue resolving process. \textbf{Community-based question and answer extraction}. Generating large-scale technical question-answer pairs is critical for contributing knowledge that can facilitate software development activities. Existing studies are designed to find questions and corresponding answers from synchronous conversations, i.e., mailing lists and forums. Shrestha et al. \cite{DBLP:conf/coling/ShresthaM04} first trained a set of if-then rules to predict questions in email messages, and another set of if-then rules to predict corresponding answers based on features of texts. Huang et al. \cite{DBLP:conf/ijcai/HuangZY07} presented an approach for extracting high-quality $<$thread-title, reply$>$ pairs from online forums based on SVM classifier and content-quality ranking. Cong et al. \cite{DBLP:conf/sigir/CongWLSS08} proposed a sequential pattern-based classification method to detect questions in a forum thread, and a graph-based propagation method to detect answers for questions in the same thread. Since previous studies extracted only questions in interrogative forms, Kwong et al. \cite{DBLP:journals/aicom/KwongY12} extended the scope of questions and answer detection, and pairing to encompass also questioned in imperative and declarative forms. Hen{\ss} et al. \cite{DBLP:conf/icse/HenssMM12} presented an approach to extract FAQs from sources of software development mailing lists automatically. These approaches utilize the characteristics of their corpora and are best fit for their specific tasks, but they limit each of their corpora and tasks, so they cannot directly transform their methods to the task of extracting issue-solution pairs from community chats. \section{Conclusion} In this paper, we propose an approach, named {ISPY}, to automatically extract issue-solution pairs from development community live chats. {ISPY} leverages a novel convolutional neural network by incorporating a basic CNN network with {15} heuristic attributes and \textit{Local-Attention} mechanism to handle the characteristics of this task. We build a dataset with 750 dialogs, including 171 issue-solution pairs, and evaluate {ISPY} on it. The evaluation results show that our approach outperforms both issue-detection baselines and solution-extraction baselines by substantial margins. By applying {ISPY}, we also automatically generate a dataset with over {30K} issue-solution pairs extracted from 11 community live chats, and we utilize the dataset to provide solutions for {26} recent issues posted on Stack Overflow. \section{Acknowledgments} We deeply appreciate anonymous reviewers for their constructive and insightful suggestions towards improving this manuscript. This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No. 2018YFB1403400, the National Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61802374, 62002348, 62072442, 614220920020 and Youth Innovation Promotion Association Chinese Academy of Sciences. \section{Approach} The construction of {ISPY} consists of four main steps, as illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig:model}. The first step includes data preprocessing and dialog disentanglement using a feedforward model. The second step is to construct an utterance embedding layer, which embeds tokenized utterances into vectors with local window context. The third step is to construct a dialog embedding layer, which defines and extracts three sets of features characterizing the context of potential issues or solutions. The fourth step is the output layer, which predicts two outputs, i.e., the possibility of issue description, and the possibility of solutions, for the corresponding inputs. By feeding dialog head and body into {ISPY} separately, we can obtain two models: issue model and solution model. Finally, {ISPY} apply the issue model and solution model for constructing pairs. \subsection{Dialog Disentanglement} \input{tab/heuristic} \subsubsection{Data Preprocessing} For data preprocessing, we first follow the standard pipeline of stopword removal, typo correction, lowercase conversion, and lemmatization with Spacy \cite{spacy.io}. Additionally, due to the unique characteristics of live chat data, we employ additional data preprocessing techniques to handle special issues. Specifically, we first replace low-frequency tokens such as URL, email address, code, HTML tag, and version number with specific tokens \textit{[URL], [EMAIL], [HTML], [CODE]} and \textit{[ID]} respectively. Second, we replace the acronym words with their full names by referring to the Oxford abbreviation library \cite{public.oed.com}. Following previous work \cite{DBLP:journals/chb/BoutetLCC21}\cite{DBLP:journals/cogcom/SumanSBC21}, we normalize the emojis with specific strings to standard ASCII strings. Finally, we combine consecutive utterances that are broken from one sentence according to the perplexity scores \cite{perplexity} calculated by Baidu AI Cloud \cite{intl.cloud.baidu.com}. Following the experience from a recent study \cite{DBLP:journals/corr/JozefowiczVSSW16}, we use the perplexity scores lower than 40 as the threshold value to combine broken sentences. \subsubsection{Dialog Disentanglement Model} Utterances from a single conversation thread are usually interleaved with other ongoing conversations. In this step, we focus on dividing chat utterances into a set of distinct conversations, leveraging on Kummerfeld et al.'s technique \cite{acl19disentangle}. Their model is trained from 77,563 manually annotated utterances of disentangled dialogs from online chatting. It is a feedforward neural network with 2 layers, 512-dimensional hidden vectors, and softsign non-linearities. The input of the model is a 77-dimensional vector, where each element is a numerical feature extracted from the original conversation texts, that include time intervals from previous chat utterances posted by the current user, is there a target user in the chat content, do two chat texts contain the same words and so on. In Kummerfeld et al.'s study, the model is reported to achieve relatively good performance with 74.9\% precision and 79.7\% recall. \subsection{Utterance Embedding Layer} This layer aims to encode not only textual information of utterances but also capture their contextual information. \textbf{Utterance Encoding.} First, for all the utterances in one dialog $D=[u_h, u_{b1}, u_{b2}, ..., u_{bn}]$, we encode it using a pre-trained BERT model \cite{bertbase}, as BERT has been proved to be successful in many natural language processing tasks \cite{bert_classification,bert_ner}. The BERT model is a bidirectional transformer using a combination of \textit{Masked Language Model} and \textit{Next Sentence Prediction}. It is trained from English Wikipedia with nearly 2,500M words. The BERT embedding layer outputs $\vec{u}\in\mathbb{R}^d$, which is an 800-dimensional vector for each utterance. \textbf{Local Window Context.} Second, we model the contextual information of an utterance through the concept of the \textit{local window}, and use the size of the local window as a hyper-parameter. Intuitively, the consecutive reply of an issue utterance may be very different from that of non-issue ones. Therefore, we construct a local window context to characterize the dynamic contextual information for extracting desired utterances in a dialog. Specifically, we use a fixed-length local window to integrate context, and define the local window of the utterance $\vec{u_i}$ as $\vec{win_i}$ by joining the $u_i$ with its preceding and following $k$ neighbor utterances. The fixed length is $2k+1$. \begin{equation} \vec{win_i}=\{\vec{u_{i-k}}, ..., \vec{u_{i-1}}, \vec{u_i}, \vec{u_{i+1}}, ..., \vec{u_{i+k}}\} \end{equation} When the windows are out of bound, we utilize the \textit{Zero Padding} \cite{InforSeek_User_Intent_Pred} to map the fixed length. In this study, we choose $k=1$ for the local window. \subsection{Dialog Embedding Layer} This layer aims to encode utterance features in a multi-faced way to more comprehensively represent the live chat context. To achieve that, we define and extract features from three categories, including textual, heuristic, and contextual features. \subsubsection{Textual Feature Extractor} To learn basic textual features for each utterance, we first represent utterances using TextCNN \cite{kim2014convolutional}. It is a classical method for sentence modeling by using a shallow Convolution Neural Network (CNN) \cite{krizhevsky2012imagenet} to model sentence representation. It has an advantage over learning on insufficient labeled data, since it employs a concise network structure and a small number of parameters. TextCNN uses several convolution kernels to capture local information as the receptive field. Then the global representation is produced with the local information. Given a kernel $\vec{w}\in\mathbb{R}^h$ with kernel size $h$ and word embedding $\vec{x}=\vec{u_i}$, one convolution feature $\gamma_t$ is generated with $\vec{x}_{t:t+h-1}$: \begin{equation} \gamma_t=\text{ReLU}(\vec{w}\cdot\vec{x}_{t:t+h-1}+b) \end{equation} where $b\in\mathbb{R}$ is the bias parameter, and \text{ReLU} is the activate function. We concatenate all the $\gamma_t$ as a feature map: \begin{equation} \vec{\gamma}=[\gamma_1, ..., \gamma_t, ..., \gamma_{n-h+1}] \end{equation} where the vector $\vec{\gamma}\in\mathbb{R}^{n-h+1}$. We use \textit{Max-Pooling} strategy to calculate $\hat{\gamma}=\text{max}(\vec{\gamma})$. We set the number of kernels as $m$, and input $u_i$ into three \textit{Convolution-Pooling} layers. The kernel number of the three layers are 1024, 512, and 256, respectively. The output of each layer is $\vec{\Gamma}\in\mathbb{R}^m$, which is a 256-dimensional textual feature vector. \begin{equation} \vec{\Gamma}=[\hat{\gamma}_1, \hat{\gamma}_2, ..., \hat{\gamma}_m] \end{equation} \subsubsection{Heuristic Attribute Extractor} The heuristic attribute extractor aims to augment the dialog embedding results by incorporating high-level semantic attributes from five aspects: \textit{Keyword}, \textit{Structure}, \textit{Sentiment}, \textit{Topic}, and \textit{Role}, as elaborated in Table \ref{tab:heurustics}. (1) \textit{Keyword}: The occurrences of indicating words or characters about 5W1H, punctuation, etc. (2) \textit{Structure}: The structural characteristics of utterances in a dialog, such as the number of tokens and positions of the utterances. (3) \textit{Topic}: {The intuition of this feature is to distinguish off-topic utterances. We first calculate \textit{TF-IDF} \cite{tfidf} for each unique word in the entire chat. Then We extract the top-10 most frequent words and combine them as a 10-dimensional topic vector $\vec{TD_c}$. Similarly, we also extract top-10 most frequent words from dialog head ($\vec{TD_h}$) and the given utterance ($\vec{TD_u}$). Finally, we calculate the \textit{Euclidean Distance} \cite{kusner2015word} between them as the topic deviation:} \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} TDH=\|\|\vec{TD_c}-\vec{TD_h}\|\|_2 \\ TDU=\|\|\vec{TD_h}-\vec{TD_u}\|\|_2 \end{aligned} \end{equation} (4) \textit{Sentiment}: The sentiment information of the given utterance in terms of positive, intermediate, and negative. (5) \textit{Role}: The role of the participant who posts the utterance. By concatenating the above heuristic attributes, this extractor output a 29-dimensional vector. \subsubsection{Contextual Feature Extractor} Contextual feature extractor aims to embed the contextual information for each utterance. {We use \textit{Local Attention} \cite{attn_raw} to represent the context. The \textit{Local Attention} mechanism mainly focuses on the impact of the neighbor utterances locate in the same window. \textit{Local Attention} can use low time-memory cost to highly represent the semantic context. An attention function can be described as mapping a query and a set of key-value pairs to an output \cite{self_attn}, which is a triple: $(\vec{h_Q},\vec{h_K},\vec{h_V})$. The function uses the query vector $\vec{h_Q}$ calculated by the given utterance $\vec{u_i}\in\mathbb{R}^d$ to query the attention scores with key vector $\vec{h_K}$. The key vector $\vec{h_K}$ can be calculated by each utterance $\vec{u_s}\in\mathbb{R}^d$ within the local window ($i-k\leq s\leq i+k$). The attention weight vector is calculated by multiplying value vector $\vec{h_V}$ and sum the attention value.} Therefore, we define the trainable query matrix $\bm{W}^Q\in\mathbb{R}^{\delta\times d}$, key matrix $\bm{W}^K\in\mathbb{R}^{\delta\times d}$ and value matrix $\bm{W}^V\in\mathbb{R}^{\delta\times d}$, and calculate the triple $(\vec{h_Q},\vec{h_K},\vec{h_V})$: \begin{equation} \vec{h_Q}=\bm{W}^Q\vec{u_i}, \vec{h_K}=\bm{W}^K\vec{u_s}, \vec{h_V}=\bm{W}^V\vec{u_s} \end{equation} where the output contextual weight vector is defined as $\vec{c}_i\in\mathbb{R}^\delta$, which can be calculated by the following equations: \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} & score(\vec{h_Q}, \vec{h_K})=(\vec{h_Q}\cdot \vec{h_K})\exp{[-\frac{(s-i)^2}{2k^2}]} \\ & a_s=softmax(\vec{h_Q}, \vec{h_K})=\frac{score(\vec{h_Q}, \vec{h_K})}{\sum_s score(\vec{h_Q}, \vec{h_K})} \\ & \vec{c_i}= \sum_{i-k\leq s\leq i+k}(a_s\vec{h_V})/\sqrt{d} \end{aligned} \end{equation} {Equation (9) shows the three processes of \textit{Local-Attention} calculation: (1) Output attention vector with dot production as $score(\vec{h_Q}, \vec{h_K})$ by multiplying \textit{Gaussian Distance} between $s$ and $i$; (2) Use \textit{Softmax} to normalize the score vector; and (3) Apply the normalized score vector to calculate the local attention.} We set the parameter $d=800$, $\delta=128$, and obtain a 128-dimensional context vector. Finally, we concatenate the vectors that output by the three extractors into a 413-dimensional feature vector $\vec{u'}$. \subsection{Output Layer} We input the feature vector $\vec{u'}$ into two \textit{Full-Connected Layers} (FC), and use two \textit{Softmax} functions to calculate the probability of issue-description utterance and the corresponding solution utterances, respectively. \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} & P(I\|u_h)=softmax(FC_1(\vec{{u_h}'})) \\ & P(S\|u_{bi})=softmax(FC_2(\vec{{u_i}'})) \end{aligned} \end{equation} where $P(I\|u_h)$ is the predicted probability of issue-description utterance, and $P(S\|u_{bi})$ ($u_{bi}\in\{u_{b1}, ..., u_{bn}\}$) is the predicted probability of solution utterance. The \textit{Cross-Entropy Loss} are applied with the two tasks when measuring the difference between truth and prediction. The two loss functions are defined as $Loss_I$ and $Loss_S$: \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} & Loss_I=-y_h\cdot\log P(I\|u_h) \\ & Loss_S=-y_{i}\cdot\log P(S\|u_{bi}) \end{aligned} \end{equation} where $y_h$ and $y_{i}$ indicate the {ground-truth} labels of utterances. The issue model and solutions model are separately trained until convergence. \subsection{Application} When fully trained, for a given chat log, {ISPY} automates the three sub-tasks formulated in Section \ref{sec:background}: First, it performs dialog disentanglement; Second, for each disentangled dialog, it uses the issue model to predicts whether the dialog head is issue description; and Finally, if the issue model predicts positive, then it uses the trained solution model to predict which utterances can be selected into the solution. As a final output, it combines the predicted utterances as the corresponding solution to the issue. \section{Problem Definition} \label{sec:background} \begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig/model-v5.pdf} \caption{The overview of {ISPY}.} \vspace{-0.5cm} \label{fig:model} \end{figure} Three main concepts about community live chats are concerned with this study's scope, including \textit{chat log, utterance, and dialog}. Developer conversations in one chatting room are recorded in a chat log. As illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig:motivation}, a typical live chat log contains a sequential set of utterances in chronological order. Each utterance consists of a timestamp, developer id, and a textual message initiating a question or responding to an earlier message. {A chat log includes all the utterances sent among participants who have been chatting in the room. Typically, it contains a large number of utterances, and the utterances might be responding to different threads of conversations. We define dialog as the conversation between two or more participants toward exploring a particular subject (e.g., resolution of a problem).} \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} &Chat\_log = \{u_1,u_2,...,u_n\} \\ &D = \{u_i\|S(u_i)=s, u_i \in Chat\_log\} \\ &u = <time, id, text> \end{aligned} \end{equation} Equation (1) provides the definitions for the three main concepts. Specifically, a chat log $Chat\_log$ corresponds to a sequence of $n$ utterances in chronological order. A dialog $D$ is a subset of $Chat\_log$, containing only those utterances responding to the same subject $s$, {which can be determined by clustering techniques \cite{li2020dialbert,ijcai20e2e} or probability distribution estimation methods \cite{ffmodel,bilstm2017usage,pointnet}.} $S(u_i)$ denotes the subject of utterance $u_i$, and each utterance $u$ consists of the timestamp, developer id, and textual message. Our work automatically targets extracting issue-solution pairs from community live chats. First, we divide one dialog $D$ into two parts: \textit{Head} and \textit{Body}. \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} & Head = u_h = u_{h1}\oplus u_{h2}\oplus ... \oplus u_{hm} \\ & Body = \{u_{b1}, u_{b2}, ... , u_{bn}\} \\ & D = \{Head, Body\} \\ \end{aligned} \end{equation} where \textit{Head} (also marked as $u_h$) is the concatenation of all the utterances that the dialog initiator posts before the first reply from other developers. \textit{Body} is the set of the remaining utterances. Dialog $D$ is their joint set. Based on this division, we introduce a simplification assumption that the issue descriptions appear at the head utterances authored by the dialog initiator, while solution utterances are likely to appear afterward. Following these concepts and assumption, we formulate the problem of automatic issue-resolution pair extraction with three elaborated sub-tasks: \begin{enumerate} \item Dialog disentangle: Given the historical chat log $Chat\_log$, disentangle it into separate dialogs \{$D_1,D_2,...,D_n$\}. \item Issue detection: Given a separate dialog $D_i$, find a binary function $f$ so that $f({Head}_i)$ can determine whether the dialog head depicts issue. \item Solution extraction: Given a dialog $D_i$ involving issue discussion, find a function $g$ so that $g({Body}_i)=\{u_{s1}, u_{s2},...,u_{sm}\}$, where $u_{si}$ is the utterance within the dialog suggesting potential solutions. \end{enumerate} Therefore, the output of our approach is a set of issue-solution pairs. Ideally, users do not need other information (e.g., the utterances between them) to understand these pairs. \section{Discussion and Future Work} \subsection{Usage Scenario} \textbf{Serving potential answers}. Despite the success of technical Q\&A sites such as Stack Overflow, the answer-hungry problem remains a challenging issue for these forums \cite{DBLP:journals/tosem/GaoXLG21}. The mined issue-solution pairs could serve as a knowledge base that can be potentially integrated with, and provide queried information to these Q\&A forums. When users ask issues similar to what people have discussed on community chats, the corresponding solutions could be automatically retrieved and recommended as potential answers, relieving the answer-hungry problem to a large extent. On the other hand, the extracted issue-solution pairs are also useful for boosting the automation Q\&A in the community live chats by recommending similar questions and corresponding discussions. \textbf{Boosting developers' profiles}. Developers who often provide solutions in community chats may have certain expert knowledge in particular areas. According to their historical answers in live chats, the issue-solution pairs extracted can be further used to recommend or assign appropriate respondents to answer questions. Researchers could also find out which modules or functionalities that the developers are familiar with by analyzing the issue topics that developers have been addressed. Thus, researchers could utilize that information to enhance crowd-sourcing tasks, such as code reviewer recommendation \cite{DBLP:journals/ase/RebaiAMKK20,DBLP:journals/tse/ZanjaniKB16} and issue triage \cite{DBLP:journals/ase/AlmhanaK21,DBLP:journals/tcss/AlazzamALK20}. \textbf{Highlighting unresolved issues.} Our approach can effectively find issue-solution pairs from live chats. It can also find issues where their solutions are empty. Such issues are likely to be the unresolved issues spotted in live chats but are not reported to the project repositories (such as Github). It is valuable to make the community notice them, e.g., directly push the unresolved issues to the code repository. Otherwise, they are likely to be buried in the massive live chats, and the team might miss the opportunity to fix them in time. Therefore, a side effect of our approach is to help highlight unresolved issues buried in community live chats. \textbf{Augmenting Organization/Community Knowledge Base.} {ISPY} can augment the knowledge base of organizations or communities by including discovered issue-solution pairs from group live chats in an automatic and just-in-time way. Moreover, existing technologies such as ontology \cite{2004Handbook} and semantic web \cite{2004A} can be more effective to support information inquiring and sharing across platforms. \subsection{Where Does {ISPY} Perform {Unsatisfactorily}} \textbf{{Case 1:} Handling dialogs with an issue description utterance lagging behind.} {ISPY} use the dialog head (all the utterances posted by the dialog initiator before any reply) as the input of our issue model, with the assumption that the dialog initiators are likely to express the issues at the beginning. However, we find that dialog initiators occasionally lag their issue description behind. Here is an example, we can see that, the issue description appears in the $u_{b2}$ utterance, beyond the scope of the dialog head. In such cases, {ISPY} cannot accurately detect issues. {In the future, we plan to dynamically extend the scope of the dialog head, so that the lagging issue descriptions can be included.} \begin{center} \vspace{-2ex} \fbox{\parbox{\columnwidth}{ \scriptsize \noindent \ttfamily{($u_h$) <A> Good Morning, trying to figure out how to create the DataProvider<DataSetIterator>. \textcolor{Turquoise3}{[Dialog Head]}\\ ($u_{b1}$) <B> Go ahead, no need for greeting!\\ ($u_{b2}$) <A> [<-CODE->] incorrect. \textcolor{purple}{How to create the DataProvider from a RecordReaderDataSetIterator? [Issue description]}} }} \end{center} \textbf{Case 2: {Representing }different confidence levels on extracted solutions.} When discussing issues in community live chats, developers who post the issues often give feedbacks about the solutions provided by their peers at the end. For example, we find that some typical feedbacks are: ``It works.'', ``The issue is fixed.'', ``Figured it out.'', etc. These feedbacks can indicate different confidence levels of the corresponding solution: \textit{Confirmed} and \textit{Candidate}. ``Confirmed" refers to the solution that has been proved to work by the initiator, and ``Candidate" refers to the solution that has the potential to resolve the issue. In the future, we plan to refine the extracted solutions by providing different confidence levels as well. \textbf{Case 3: {Differentiating} solutions involving version numbers.} From the usefulness evaluation results (Table \ref{tab:so}), we notice that the question ``66378139" did not select {ISPY}'s solution as its best answer. This is because that the {ISPY}'s solution is extracted from the dialog discussing the similar issue in Spring Boot 3.0.0 while the posted issue is related to Spring Boot 2.4.3. Thus, the solution might not be completely suitable. {In the future, we plan to address this issue by linking each issue-solution pair to its corresponding version for better application.} \textbf{Case 4: {Enhancing} smoothness when combining solution.} We directly combine the predicted solution utterances according to their chronological orders as the solution. For the predicted utterances that are not consecutive in the original dialog, logical gaps exist between them. Thus, it may reduce the readability of {ISPY}'s solutions. In the future, we would like to improve the readability of the extracted solutions by leveraging language models \cite{2020ERNIE}. \subsection{Threats to Validity} The first threat is the generalizability of the proposed approach. It is only evaluated on eight open-source projects, which might not be representative of closed-source projects or other open-source projects. The results may be different if the model is applied to other projects. However, our dataset comes from eight different fields. The variety of projects relatively reduce this threat. The second threat may come from the results of dialog disentanglement. The accuracy of disentangled dialog has an impact on our results. To reduce the threat, we employed the state-of-the-art technique proposed by Kummerfeld et al. \cite{acl19disentangle}, which outperforms previous studies by achieving 74.9\% precision and 79.7\% recall. Therefore, we believe this can serve as a good foundation for our study on mining issue-solution pairs. {The third threat relates to the construct of our approach. First, we hypothesize that issue description is likely to appear in dialog head, which is occasionally incorrect in certain cases. Second, we do not add version information to issue-solution pairs, which may result in recommending inappropriate solutions. To alleviate the threat, we thoroughly analyzed where our approach performs unsatisfactorily in section VII, and planned future work for improvement.} Third, the dataset used for the training of the approach includes 750 dialogs and 171 issue-solution pairs from eight Gitter communities, which is not quite large. To avoid the risks of overfitting, we combined dropout with early stopping when training. We observed that the training convergences were achieved at epoch 10-15, and the performance could not be better even more data is given for training. The fourth threat relates to the suitability of evaluation metrics. We utilize precision, recall, and F1 to evaluate the performance. We use the dialog labels and utterance labels manually labeled as ground truth when calculating the performance metrics. The threats can be largely relieved as all the instances are reviewed with a concluding discussion session to resolve disagreement in labels based on majority voting. \section{Results} \subsection{Performance in Detecting Issues} \begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig/component-v2.pdf} \caption{The component analysis.} \label{fig:ablation} \vspace{-0.5cm} \end{figure*} The upper half of Table \ref{tab:baseline} demonstrates the comparison results between the performance of {ISPY} and those of the six baselines across data from eight OSS communities, for \textbf{issue detection} tasks. The columns correspond to Precision, Recall, and F1 score. The highlighted cells indicate the best performances from each column. Then, we conduct the normality test and T-test between every two methods. Overall, the data follow a normal distribution ($p=0.32$)\footnote{Significant test: $p<0.05$}, and {ISPY} significantly ($p=10^{-20}$) outperforms the six baselines in terms of the average Precision, Recall, and F1 score. Specifically, when comparing with the best Precision-performer among the six baselines, i.e., RF, {ISPY} can improve its average precision by 19\%. Similarly, {ISPY} improves the best Recall-performer, i.e., GBDT, by 7\% for average recall, and improves the best F1-performer, i.e., GBDT, by 30\% for average F1 score. At the individual project level, {ISPY} can achieve the best performances on most of the eight communities. These results indicate that {ISPY} can more accurately detect whether a dialog is discussing an issue, than all comparison baselines. We believe that the performance advantage of {ISPY} is mainly attributed to the rich representativeness of its internal construction, from two perspectives: (1) {ISPY} can accurately capture the semantic relationship between the issue description and its first reply, by using the local window and local attention mechanism. This enables it to learn more comprehensive contextual knowledge, e.g., what kind of first issue-replies represents a dialog head containing issue descriptions. Therefore, it contributes to more accurate classification. (2) {ISPY} augments the textual vectors with high-level semantic information by employing {15} heuristic attributes. For example, three out of the {15} attributes are characterizing sentiment attributes. This design is based on the observation that issue descriptions are likely to contain negative tones such as ``fail'', ``error'', and ``annoy''. By calculating three types of polarity sentiment scores as shown in Table \ref{tab:heurustics}, the sentiment attributes can be fit into the deep learning network to help with issue-description detection. \textbf{Answering RQ1:} {ISPY} outperforms the six baselines in detecting issue dialogs across most of the studied projects, and the average Precision, Recall, and F1 are 80\%, 72\%, and 76\%, respectively, improving the best F1-baseline GBDT by 30\% on average F1 score. \subsection{Performance in Extracting Solutions} \begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth,height=10cm]{fig/empirical_baseline.pdf} \caption{Test example.} \label{tab:example_baseline} \vspace{-0.8cm} \end{figure} Similarly, the bottom part of Table \ref{tab:baseline} summarizes the comparison results between the performance of {ISPY} and those of the six baselines across data from eight OSS communities, for \textbf{solution extraction} task. We can see that, {ISPY} can achieve the highest performance in most of the columns. It significantly ($p=10^{-5}$) outperforms the six baselines. On average, although {ISPY} are slightly below GBDT by 3\% of Recall, it reaches the highest F1 score (63\%), improving the best baseline RF by 20\%. It also reaches the highest precision (68\%), significantly higher than other baselines (i.e., ranging from 17\% to 37\%). These results imply that {ISPY} can effectively extract utterances as the corresponding solutions from development dialogs: (1) Our approach is sensitive to identifying solutions, including consecutive utterances, by employing a local attention mechanism. In live chats, some solutions include consecutive utterances from the same participants. For example, the utterance $u_{b2}$ and $u_{b3}$ in Figure \ref{tab:example_baseline} are both selected as solution utterances. Our approach can learn that knowledge by adjusting the weight of $u_{b3}$ to be higher, to increase its probability according to the local attention learning. While baselines (e.g., NB, RF, GDBT, UIT, DECA\_SP) separately learn the textual characteristics of each utterance, thus are more prone to predict $u_{b3}$ as a non-solution utterance. (2) Our approach can screen negative feedbacks in consecutive utterances and reject ineffective solutions based on the heuristic attributes (i.e., disapproval keywords and negative sentiment attributes) and local attention mechanism. In live chats, some utterances are indeed solutions but are proved ineffective (e.g., those have follow-up utterances like ``It doesn't work'') by the dialog initiator later. In such cases, {ISPY} can detect whether its follow-up utterances contain negative feedback based on the heuristic attributes and local attention learning, while other methods cannot. We also notice that, the DECA\_SP baseline can hardly extract the solution utterances correctly. By investigating their 51 linguistic rules and our test dataset, we consider that it comes from two reasons. First, the DECA\_SP rules are designed for extracting solution proposals from email contents, which have different expressing styles from live chats. Second, the DECA\_SP rules are kind of strict for live chats. For example, the rule ``[something] can be fixed by [something]'' cannot deal with its similar variants such as ``[something] could/should be fixed by [something]''. \textbf{Answering RQ2:} {ISPY} outperforms the six baselines in extracting solution utterances in terms of Precision and F1. The average Precision, Recall, and F1 are 68\%, 59\%, and 63\%, respectively, improving the best F1-baseline RF by 20\% on average F1 score. \subsection{Effects of Main Components} Fig. \ref{fig:ablation} presents the performances of {ISPY} and its three variants respectively. We can see that, the F1 performances of {ISPY} are higher than all three variants in both issue-dialog detection and solution extraction tasks. When compared with {ISPY} and {ISPY}-LocalAttn, removing the LocalAttn component will lead to a dramatic decrease of the precision (-35\%), recall (-60\%) , and F1 score (-57\%) for the solution-utterance extraction task, as well as a decrease of the precision (-41\%), recall (-46\%) , and F1 score (-46\%) for the solution extraction task. This indicates that the local attention mechanism is an essential component to contribute to {ISPY}'s high performance in both detecting issues and extracting solution utterances. The top three charts in Fig. \ref{fig:ablation} compare the precision, recall, and F1-score of {ISPY} and its three variants, for the issue-detection task. Compared to {ISPY}-Heu and {ISPY}-CNN, {ISPY} has moderately better precision and F1, and the recalls of all the three remain very close. It is because that, the contextual information is quite effective in retrieving all the positive-truth instances back for this task, while the other two components mainly contribute to filter the negative-truth instances out, thus can further improve precision. The bottom three charts in Fig. \ref{fig:ablation} compare the precision, recall, and F1-score of {ISPY} and its three variants, for the solution-extraction task. Compared to {ISPY}-Heu and {ISPY}-CNN, {ISPY} has moderately better precision, recall, and F1. \textbf{Answering RQ3:} The textual feature extractor, heuristic attribute extractor, and content feature extractor adopted by {ISPY} are helpful for extracting issue-solution pairs, while the contextual feature extractor provides a more significant contribution to the effectiveness of {ISPY} than others. \section{Experimental Design} To evaluate the proposed {ISPY} approach, our evaluation specifically addresses three research questions: \textbf{RQ1}: What is the performance of {ISPY} in detecting issue dialogs from live chat data? \textbf{RQ2}: What is the performance of {ISPY} in extracting solutions for a given issue? \textbf{RQ3}: How does each individual component in {ISPY} contribute to the overall performance? \vspace{-1ex} \subsection{Data Preparation} \subsubsection{Studied Communities} Many OSS communities utilize Gitter \cite{gitter.im} or Slack \cite{slack.com} as their live communication means. Considering the popular, open, and free access nature, we select studied communities from {Gitter}\footnote{In Slack, communities are controlled by the team administrators, whereas in Gitter, access to the chat data is public.}. To identify studied communities, we select the Top-1 most participated communities from eight active domains, covering front end framework, mobile, data science, DevOps, blockchain platform, collaboration, web app, and programming language. Then, we collect the daily chat utterances from these communities. Gitter provides REST API \cite{gitter.rest} to get data about chatting rooms and post utterances. In this study, we use the REST API to acquire the chat utterances of the eight selected communities, and the retrieved dataset contains all utterances as of ``2020-12''. \subsubsection{Bootstrap Sampling} After dialog disentanglement, the number of separate chat dialogs is large. Limited by the human resource of labeling, we randomly sample 100 dialogs from each community. Then we excluded unreadable dialogs: 1) Dialogs that are written in non-English languages; 2) Dialogs that contain too much code or stack traces; 3) Low-quality dialogs such as dialogs with many typos and grammatical errors. 4) Dialogs that involve channel robots. However, the dataset is imbalanced in that the non-issue dialogs are much more than issue dialogs, as shown in Table \ref{tab:dataset}. Therefore, we apply an arbitrary bootstrap sampling strategy \cite{bootstrap} for data balancing by randomly sampling issue dialogs with replacement until the number of issue dialogs and non-issue dialogs is balanced. \subsubsection{Ground-truth Labeling} For each sampled dialog, we first manually label whether its head discussed a certain issue. Then, for each issue-dialog, we label the utterances that should be included in the solution. The labeled results are used as the \textbf{ground-truth} dataset for performance evaluation. To guarantee the correctness of the labeling results, we built an inspection team, which consisted of four Ph.D. candidates. All of them are fluent English speakers, and have done either intensive research work with software development or have been actively contributing to open-source projects. We divided the team into two groups. The labeled results from the Ph.D. candidates were reviewed by others. When a labeled result received different opinions, we hosted a discussion with all team members to decide through voting. The average Cohen's Kappa about issue-dialog is 0.85, and the average Cohen's Kappa about solution-utterance is 0.83. \input{tab/dataset} In total, we collected 173,278 dialogs from eight open-source communities, and spent 720 person-hours on annotating {750} dialogs including 171 issue-solution pairs. Table \ref{tab:dataset} presents the detail of our dataset. It shows the number of participants (Par.), dialog (Dial.), and utterance (Utter.) for the entire population, as well as the number of issue and non-issue dialogs with the corresponding utterances for the sample population. Moreover, to contribute to the eight communities, we apply {ISPY} on the 173,278 dialogs. We extract and publish {\numPairExp} issue-solution pairs on our website. \subsection{Baselines} The first two RQs require the comparison of {ISPY} with state-of-the-art baselines. Due to the slightly different focuses between RQ1 and RQ2, we employ three common baselines applicable for both, as well as three additional baselines for each RQ. This leads to a total of six baselines for each RQ. {\textbf{Common Baselines applicable for RQ1 and RQ2.}} The three commonly used machine-learning-based baselines are utilized to comprehensively examine the classification performance, i.e., {\textbf{Naive Bayesian (NB)}} \cite{mccallum1998comparison}, {\textbf{Random Forest (RF)}} \cite{liaw2002classification}, and {\textbf{Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT)}} \cite{ke2017lightgbm}. {\textbf{Additional Baselines for detecting issues (RQ1).}} \textbf{Casper \cite{DBLP:conf/icse/0002S20}} is a method for extracting and synthesizing user-reported mini-stories regarding app problems from reviews. We use utterances as the extracted events, and treat its second step, i.e., classify problems, as a baseline. We use the implementation provided by the original paper \cite{Casper}. \textbf{CNC\_PD \cite{Huang2018Automating}} is the state-of-the-art learning technique to classify sentences in comments taken from online issue reports. They proposed a CNN \cite{1998Neural}-based approach to classify sentences into seven categories of intentions: Feature Request, Solution Proposal, Problem Discovery, etc. we treat the CNN classifier that predicts utterances as the \textit{Problem Discovery} category as a baseline for detecting issues. \textbf{DECA\_PD} \cite{DBLP:conf/kbse/SorboPVPCG15} is the state-of-the-art rule-based technique for analyzing development email content. It is used to classify the sentences of emails into problem discovery, solution proposal, information giving, etc., by using linguistic rules. We use the six linguistic rules \cite{deca_web} for identifying the ``problem discovery" dialog-head as our baseline. {\textbf{Additional baselines for extracting solutions (RQ2).}} \textbf{UIT} \cite{InforSeek_User_Intent} is a context-representative classifier that uses Glove \cite{glove} to embed words, and uses TextCNN to embed the utterance. The UIT classifies utterance into 12 categories. Specifically, we choose the ``potential answer" classifier as a solution-extraction baseline. \textbf{CNC\_SP} is the \textit{Solution Proposal} classifier in \cite{Huang2018Automating}. \textbf{DECA\_SP} is the set of 51 linguistic rules for identifying ``solution proposal" sentences in \cite{DBLP:conf/kbse/SorboPVPCG15}. \subsection{Evaluation Metrics} \input{tab/baseline} We use three commonly-used metrics to evaluate the performance, i.e., \textit{Precision, Recall, F1}. (1) \textit{Precision}, which refers to the ratio of the number of correct predictions to the total number of predictions; (2) \textit{Recall}, which refers to the ratio of the number of correct predictions to the total number of samples in the golden test set; and (3) \textit{F1}, which is the harmonic mean of precision and recall. When comparing the performances, we care more about F1 since it is balanced for evaluation. Note that, since the number of utterances may largely vary across different dialogs, we calculate the performance of solution extraction in the scope of the community. \subsection{Experiment Settings} For all experiments, we apply \textit{Cross-Project Evaluation} on our dataset to perform the training process. We iteratively select one project as testset, and the remaining seven projects for training. {The experiment environment is a Windows 10 desktop computer, NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2060 GPU, intel core i7, and 32GB RAM.} To answer RQ1, we first train the issue dataset with 8 \textit{batch\_size}. Each of the convolution and dense layers use 0.6 \textit{dropout} to avoid overfitting. The optimizer chooses \textit{Adam}=0.001 and $\beta_1$=0.9. We train {ISPY} for 100 epochs with 5 patience \textit{Early-Stopping}. We set the threshold of predicted possibility within 0.2-0.8, and choose \textit{threshold}=0.5 as positive-negative boundary {which can reach the best performance after tuning}. NB/GDBT/RF baselines choose the default parameter settings for training; Casper chooses \textit{SVM.SVC} as default function, with \textit{rbf} as kernel, 3 as degree, and 200 as \textit{cache\_size}; CNC\_PD selects 64 as \textit{batch\_size}, 192-dimensional word embedding, four different filter sizes of $[2,3,4,5]$ with 128 filters, 50 training epochs and \textit{dropout}=0.5. These baseline parameters are determined by a greedy strategy, and can achieve the best performance after tuning. For RQ2, we use the same parameters with RQ1 for {ISPY}. We only change the predicting threshold from 0.5 to 0.4 since 0.4 can reach the best performance on solution extraction after tuning. For baselines, we choose default parameter settings for NB/GDBT/RF training. For UIT, we select 32 as \textit{batch\_size} and 0.6 as \textit{dropout}. For RQ3, we compare {ISPY} with its three variants: 1) \textbf{{ISPY}-CNN}, which removes the textual feature extractor from {ISPY}, 2) \textbf{{ISPY}-Heu}, which removes the hueristic attribute extractor from {ISPY}, and 3) \textbf{{ISPY}-LocalAttn}, which removes the contextual feature extractor from {ISPY}. Three variants use the same parameters when training. \section{An Application Study of {ISPY} Experiments in Section V have shown the performances of our approach. In this section, we conduct an application study to further demonstrate the usefulness of our approach. \textbf{Procedure}. We apply {ISPY} on live chat data from three new communities: Materialize, Springboot, and WebPack (note that these are different from our studied communities). According to the issue-solution pairs extracted from the three communities, we manually inspect their recently unanswered questions on Stack Overflow, and provide potential solutions correspondingly. First, we crawl the recent (January 2018 to April 2021) live chats of three new communities. Second, we apply {ISPY} to disentangle the live chats into about 21K dialogs, and generate a dataset with over 9K issue-solution pairs. Because all live chats are historical data, we cannot directly evaluate the usefulness of {ISPY} with the original developers who inquired about the issue. As an alternative, we investigate the usefulness of {ISPY} by sharing the discovered solutions to developers facing similar issue on Stack Overflow. Specifically, we employ four Ph.D. students to inspect the recent, unanswered questions in these three communities on Stack Overflow. When finding unanswered issues that have been discussed in live chats, we post the corresponding solutions as potential answers. \input{tab/contribution} \begin{figure}[b] \centering \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth, height=5.5cm]{fig/contribute0422.pdf} \caption{ An example of ``BuildProperties" issue resolved by {ISPY}'s solution on Stack Overflow} \label{fig:rq4} \end{figure} \textbf{Results.} Table \ref{tab:so} summarizes the results from this application study (More details can be found in our website). The ``Contribution Type" column shows how {ISPY}'s solutions contribute to the Stack Overflow. There are three types of contribution: \textit{``Accepted Answer"} means that {ISPY}'s solution has been adopted as the best answer. \textit{``Potential Answer"} means that {ISPY}'s solution is listed as a potential answer, but there is no feedback from the question asker yet. \textit{``Comment"} means that {ISPY}'s solution contributes as a comment while other's answer got accepted. ``QID" refers to question ID on Stack Overflow, and ``\#ans" refers to the total number of posted answers for the question. Overall, {ISPY} helps with {26} unanswered issues, and there are 6 solutions that have been accepted as the best answers. Fig. \ref{fig:rq4} presents an example of resolved issue posted on Stack Overflow. We can see that, {ISPY} can expedite the resolving process of ``BuildProperties" issue by providing a workable solution. Specifically, {ISPY} can provide the unanswered issues with brief root causes (e.g., 57543742), reference documentation (e.g., 59282213), detailed guidelines (e.g., 66868053), etc. {ISPY} can also provide timely responses to answer-hungry issues. For example, there are 15/26 questions that have no answer at first, and {ISPY}'s solutions sever as their only answers {(see red questions with \#ans=1 in Table \ref{tab:so})}. Summing up, {ISPY} helps with unanswered issues on Stack Overflow, and there are 6/{26} solutions that have been accepted as best answers. The results explicitly show that {ISPY} can promote knowledge sharing and expedite issue-resolving process.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	7,719
If you are looking for a toy truck that does a lot, this classic handmade Crane Truck is it! The cab has a driver and the crane is permanently attached to the truck bed. Made of walnut and maple, with a natural oiled finish, the crane is fully operational - a hidden small peg fits in a hole to lock the crane in position, once the desired height is reached. To release, just pull the knob out of the hole. The cord has a hook attached to the end which can be looped around any load for moving it to its desired location. Our Crane Truck is a great addition to our toy construction set, which includes the toy Bulldozer Unit and the classic toy Dump Truck.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	2,199
I tried a bunch of framework and other language and I usually feel overwhelm when its time to do something real with what I've learned. So that why I created this site, to write my progress and help some noob like me that stumble into the sames problems. then tried this Oracle Update with Join (geekswithblogs.net) but still didn't work. Copyright © 2019 Some Trials & a lot of Errors.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	4,516
{"url":"http:\/\/www.calculatorsoup.com\/calculators\/financial\/mortgage-repayment-calculator.php","text":"# Mortgage Repayment Calculator (extra payments)\n\nMortgage w\/Extra Payments\nCurrent Mortgage Balance: $Annual Interest Rate: % Current Monthly Payment:$\nMonthly Extra: $Mortgage shortened by 4 years 5 months, savings$14,452.08 in interest,\nwith new payments of $1,175.00. Mortgage Change Current New Change Months 242 189 -53 20yr 2mo 15yr 9mo -4yr 5mo Payment$975.00 $1,175.00$+200.00\nTotal\nInterest\n$61,183.03$46,730.95 \\$-14,452.08\nActual Amortization has rounding differences\n\nGo to New Mortgage Schedule\n\n## Calculator Use\n\nUse this calculator to add extra to your mortgage payments and find how much it reduces the length of your loan term and the amount of interest you can save over the life of the mortgage. Works in reverse also. (negative extra payments to pay less)\u00a0 Create an amortization schedule.\n\nTo also run scenarios for new payments by changing the loan term try Loan Repayment Calculator.\n\nCurrent Mortgage Balance\nthe outstanding principal when calculating a current mortgage or the original amount on a new loan\nInterest Rate\nthe annual nominal interest rate or stated rate on the loan. Note that this is the interest rate you are being charged which is different and normally lower than the Annual Percentage Rate (APR).\nCurrent Monthly Mortgage Payment\nthe amount currently to be paid on this mortgage on a monthly basis toward principal and interest only.\u00a0 DO NOT include insurance or taxes\u00a0or escrow payments; these are not applied to your loan.\u00a0 This value is not always easy to find but usually you can look at your last statement to find the amounts applied to principal and interest and add these 2 numbers together. (payment = principal + interest)\nMonthly Extra\nthe extra amount you plan to add to your monthly payments on this mortgage.\u00a0 This will be paid against the principal.\n\nThis calculator will provide good results but you may want to also talk to your loan provider to get a calculation from them.\n\n### Term (months) Calculation\n\nWhen investigating different payment amounts you can use the following formula to calculate what your coresponding number of months on the loan will be:\n\n$\\Large\\,n=\\frac{log\\left[\\frac{\\frac{PMT}{i}}{\\frac{PMT}{i}-PV}\\right]}{log(1+i)}$\n\nwhere n = number of months, PMT = monthly payment, i = monthly interest rate as a decimal (annual rate divided by 100 divided by 12), and PV = mortgage balance (present value).\n\nCite this content, page or calculator as:\n\nFurey, Edward \"Mortgage Repayment Calculator\" From http:\/\/www.CalculatorSoup.com - Online Calculator Resource.","date":"2016-09-27 03:36:42","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 2, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.2869739234447479, \"perplexity\": 3430.71313448872}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2016-40\/segments\/1474738660957.45\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00154-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz\"}"}	null	null
\section{Introduction} A popular description of the symmetry breaking sector of the standard model is through a weakly interacting system (Higgs,$ M_H \leq$ 1 TeV). Another possibility is a symmetry breaking system interacting strongly with the longitudinal weak vector bosons. This idea has been realised in the DHT model [1] based on a chiral Lagrangian approach. An alternative description of the strongly interacting symmetry breaking system has been proposed in the BESS Model [2] through nonlinear realisations. Recently, top-quark condensation has also been suggested for describing the electroweak symmetry breaking [3] which has resulted in several interesting studies (e.g. [4]). In the present note we start with the usual Lagrangian of the standard model of electroweak interactions, but instead of the Higgs-doublet a Y=1 vector-doublet $B_{\mu}$ is introduced whose neutral component forms a condensate d. This creates a mechanism of dynamical symmetry breaking, and through the interaction of $B_{\mu}$ and the gauge fields one gets nonvanishing masses for W and Z, as well as a vanishing photon mass. Identifying $(-6d)^{1/2} =246 $ GeV from the low energy charged weak current interaction yields the standard description of weak vector boson masses. A quartic, invariant self-coupling gives mass to $B^{0,+}$. In a cutoff field theory, however, the fixed value of the condensate confines considerably the region of validity of the model [5]: $\Lambda, m_{B^0} \leq 2.6 $ TeV for $\Lambda \geq m_{B^0}$. Fermion mass generation by a $B^0$--condensate is possible only if we assume a noninvariant interaction as a start. In this case the usual Kobayashi--Maskawa parametrisation immediately emerges. The spin--one particle B has pair interactions with $ \ov{f}f, WW, ZZ, Z, \ov{B}B $ etc. $ \ov{f}f \ov{B}^0B^0 $ is weaker than $ \ov{f}f H$ (Higgs), but both of them are proportional to $m_f$. In coupling strengths $\ov{B}^0B^0WW (ZZ)=HHWW (ZZ), \; \ov{B}^0 B^0 Z \simeq \ov{f} f Z $. From tree--graph unitarity the allowed region of $B^+ (B^0)$ mass is estimated as $m_+ \geq 369 $ GeV $m_0 \geq 410$ GeV at $\Lambda=1$ TeV [6]. Such B's are copiously produced at high-energy linear $e^+e^-$ colliders [7]. As for the oblique radiative corrections, to each momentum scale there exist a domain of the masses of charged and neutral vector bosons where S is compatible with the experiments. At a scale of 1 TeV this requires vector boson masses of at least $m_0 \simeq $400--500 GeV , $m_+ \simeq$200--350 GeV [8]. The model survives also the test of the $\rho$ parameter [9]. For a fixed $\Lambda$ and $m_0$ the test of $\rho$ increases the minimum $m_+$ coming from S. The model is outlined in Section 2 while Section 3 contains implications of the model. \section{ The model} We replace the standard model Higgs-doublet by a Y=1 doublet of vector fields, \begin{equation} B_{ \mu } = \pmatrix{ B_{ \mu }^{(+)} \cr B_{ \mu }^{(0)} \cr}, \end{equation} and assume that $B^{(0)}_{\mu}$ forms a nonvanishing condensate d, \begin{equation} \left \langle B_{ \mu }^{(0)+}(x) B_{ \nu }^{(0)}(x) \right \rangle_0 = g_{ \mu \nu } d , \qquad \left \langle B_{ \mu }^{(+)+} B_{ \nu }^{(+)} \right \rangle_0 =0 \end{equation} $ B_{\mu}$ is coupled to itself and the SU(2) and U(1) gauge fields $A_{\mu}$ and $C_{\mu}$, respectively, in a gauge invariant way. In the Lagrangian of the standard model the H--A--C sector is replaced by $L_0(DB)-V(B)$ added to the Lagrangian of gauge fields, where \begin{eqnarray} L_0(DB) &=& -\frac{1}{2} \left ( D_{\mu} B_{\nu}- D_{\nu} B_{\mu} \right)^{+} \left ( D^{\mu} B^{\nu}- D^{\nu} B^{\mu} \right), \nonumber \\ D_{\mu} &=& \partial_{\mu}-\frac{1}{2}ig_j A_{j, \mu}-\frac{1}{2}ig'_j C_{\mu}, \\ V(B) &=& \lambda (B^+_{\nu} B^{\nu})^2-\mu_0^2 B^+_{\nu} B^{\nu}, \lambda>0. \nonumber \end{eqnarray} Now, one can get bilinear mass terms either in the Lagrangian or in the equations of motion of two-point functions once the condensate (2) is assumed. In the present case the $W^{\pm}$ mass is determined by the total B-condensate, while the two neutral combinations are proportional to $B_{\mu}^{(+)+} B_{\nu}^{(+)}$ and $B_{\mu}^{(0)+} B_{\nu}^{(0)}$, respectively. Therefore, a vanishing photon mass goes together with the assumption that $ B_{\nu}^{(+)}$ does not form a condensate. This leads to the predictions \begin{equation} m_A=0, \; m_W=\frac{1}{2} g \sqrt{-6d}, \; m_Z=\frac{1}{2} \frac{g}{cos \theta_W} \sqrt{-6d}, \end{equation} where d fixes the $B^0$--condensate. $(-d)^{1/2}$ plays the role of the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field. We have from charged current phenomenology \begin{equation} d=-(6 \sqrt{2} G_F )^{-1} \end{equation} Breaking the gauge symmetry by the $B^0$--condensate gives rise to a mass term also for $B^{(0)}_{\mu}$: \begin{equation} m_{B^0}^2=-10 d \lambda+ \mu_0^2. \end{equation} In what follows let us assume $\mu_0=0$ , but we remark that for $\mu_0^2<0$ (6) would give $-2 d \lambda$ since from the minimum of V, $\mu_0^2=8 \lambda d$ (case of spontaneous symmetry breaking). Since the field $B_{\mu}^{(+)}$ cannot be transformed out, it represents a physical field which gets its bare mass from the self--interactions of $B_{\nu}$, \begin{equation} m_{B^+}^2=-8 d \lambda, \left( \frac{m_{B^+}}{m_{B^0}} \right )^2=\frac{4}{5}. \end{equation} Fermions are assigned to the gauge group in the standard manner. Since the four-vector $\ov{\Psi}_L B_{\nu} \Psi_R $ is invariant under gauge transformations, the condensate d will generate a fermion mass term only if a noninvariant interaction is introduced: \begin{equation} g^u_{ij} \overline{ \Psi}_{iL} B^C_{\nu} u_{jR} B^{(0)}_{\nu} + g^d_{ij} \overline{ \Psi}_{iL} B_{\nu} d_{jR} B^{(0)}_{\nu} + h.c. , \quad \Psi_{iL}=\pmatrix{u_i \cr d_i \cr }_L, \; B_{\nu}^C= \pmatrix{B_{ \mu }^{(+)} \cr B_{ \mu }^{(0)} \cr}. \end{equation} This leads to the Kobayashi-Maskawa description, too. A typical lepton or quark mass is \begin{equation} m_f=-4g_f d. \end{equation} For a fermion of mass $m_f$ the coupling strengths from (9) and the standard description are \begin{equation} g_f={3 \over \sqrt{2} } m_f G_F , \quad g_f^{SM}=m_f (2 \sqrt{2} G_F)^\frac{1}{2}. \end{equation} The trilinear interactions of Z, $W^{\pm}$ and B are derived from (3) as \begin{eqnarray} L \left( B^{0} \right)&=&{ig \over 2cos \Theta_W } \partial^{\mu} B^{(0)\nu +} \left( Z_{ \mu} B_{\nu}^{(0)} - Z_{\nu} B^{(0)}_{\mu} \right) + h.c., \nonumber \\ L \left( B^+ {B^-} Z \right)&=&-(cos2\Theta_W) \cdot L \left(B^{(0)} \rightarrow B^{(+)} \right), \\ L \left( B^{0}B^+W \right)&=&{ig \over \sqrt{2}} \Big[ \partial^{\mu} B^{(+)\nu +} \left( W_{ \mu}^+ B_{\nu}^{(0)} -W_{\nu}^+ B^{(0)}_{\mu}\right) + \nonumber \\ & & + \partial^{\mu} B^{(0)\nu +} \left( W_{ \mu}^- B_{\nu}^{(+)} -W_{\nu}^- B^{(+)}_{\mu} \right) \Big] + h.c. \nonumber \end{eqnarray} The quartic interactions coming from (3) are self-couplings of $ B^{+,0} $ and couplings of the type $ \gamma \gamma B^+B^-$, $ZZ B^+ B^- $, $\gamma ZB^+ B^-$, $\gamma W^+B^-B^0 $, $ZW^+B^-B^0 $, \linebreak $W^-W^+B^-B^+ $, $ W^+ W^- B^0 \overline{B}^0 $, $ZZ B^0 \overline{B}^0 $. For instance, the $VVB^0 \overline{B}^0 $ couplings are \begin{eqnarray} L=-B_{\nu}^{(0)+} B^{(0) \nu} \left( \frac{1}{2} g^2 W_{\mu}^-W^{+ \mu} + \frac{g^2}{4 cos^2 \theta_w } Z_{\mu} Z^{\mu} \right)+ \nonumber \\ B_{\mu}^{(0)+} B^{(0) \nu} \left( \frac{1}{2} g^2 W_{\nu}^-W^{+ \mu} + \frac{g^2}{4 cos^2 \theta_w } Z_{\nu} Z^{\mu} \right) . \end{eqnarray} $\ov{B}^0 B^0 Z$ is the strongest interaction ($\simeq \ov{f}{f}Z$). $\ov{B}^0 B^0 VV$ is weaker than VVH and as strong as HHVV, V=W,Z. Similarly $\ov{f}{f}H $ is stronger than $\ov{B}^0 B^0 \ov{f}{f}$ , while $ (\ov{B}^0 B^0)^2 $ may be weak or strong depending on $m_B$. \section{Implications of the model} From precision measurements of the Z width and the form of $\Gamma (Z \rightarrow \ov{B}^0 B^0 )$ we get $ m_{B^0}\geq 43 $ GeV [5]. High energy $e^+e^-$ colliders provide excellent opportunities for studying B bosons. At planned luminosities the yield of B's is large in $ e^+e^- \rightarrow B \ov{B}, B \ov{B} Z $ up to near the maximum kinematically possible $m_B$'s [7]. The cross section of the $B^+B^-$ final state is 0.29 times that of $B^0 \ov{B}^0$ at equal masses and energies. From (11) we get \begin{equation} \sigma( e^+ e^- \rightarrow B^0 \overline{B^0} )= g^4 \frac {(4 \sin^2 \theta_w -1)^2+1}{3072 \pi \cos^4 \theta_w } \frac{(s^2-4m_0^2)^{\frac{3}{2} } (s^2+3 m_0^2)} { \sqrt{s} m_0^2 \left ( (s-m_Z^2+\frac{\Gamma_Z^2}{4})^2 +m_Z^2 \Gamma_Z^2 \right ) } . \end{equation} With incresasing $m_{B^0}$ after threshold the rise of the cross section is slower and at $s\gg m^2_{B^0}$ $\sigma$ is proportional to $m_{B^0}^{-2}$. At the linear collider of $s^{1/2} = 500$ GeV ($m_{B^0}\leq 250$ GeV ) and taking the popular luminosity of 10fb$^{-1}$ it follows that even a high $B^0$ mass results in a large number of events. For instance, for $m_{B^0}\leq $200-240 GeV we get more than 800-200 events. At NLC (next linear collider) even higher masses can be searched for. At $s^{1/2} =$ 1.5 TeV and with 10 (100)fb$^{-1}$ one gets more than 200 (1000) events for $m_{B^0} \leq 500(700)$ GeV, and the yield is growing with decreasing $m_{B^0}$. Studying B production in hadron collisions is in progress. Oblique radiative corrections due to B-loops to the $\rho$ parameter have been calculated in ref. [9]. The contribution $\Delta \rho$ due to B-loops to $\rho$ is \begin{equation} \Delta \rho=\alpha T, \end{equation} where T is one of the three parameters constrained by precision experiments. The analysis in Ref. 10 finds for beyond the standard model $\Delta \rho=-(0.09 \pm 0.25)\times 10^{-2}$ at $m_t = 130$ GeV, $m_H = m_Z$. The parameter T is defined by \begin{equation} \alpha T= \frac{e^2}{s^2c^2 m_Z^2}( \ov{\Pi}_{ZZ}(0)-\ov{\Pi}_{WW}(0) ) \end{equation} with s = sin$\theta_W$, c = cos$\theta_W$, and it is calculated in one B-loop order. $\ov{\Pi}_{ik}$ is expressed by the $ g_{\mu \nu} $ terms of the vacuum polarization contributions $\ov{\Pi}_{ik}$ due to B-loops as \begin{equation} \Pi_{AA}=e^2\ov{\Pi}_{AA}, \quad \Pi_{ZZ}=\frac{e^2}{s^2c^2}\ov{\Pi}_{ZZ}, \quad \Pi_{WW}=\frac{e^2}{s^2}\ov{\Pi}_{WW}. \end{equation} In a renormalizable theory T is finite. In the present model, however, it remains a function of $\Lambda$ , but the cutoff $\Lambda$ is not restricted by experimental comparison. Numerical analysis shows that for a given $\Lambda$ there is always an ($m_0=m_{B^0}, m_+=m_{B^+}$) region where $\Delta \rho$ is in agreement with the experimental limits. For fixed $\Lambda$, at decreasing $m_0$, the $m_+$ range corresponding to the experimental $\Delta \rho$ error bars shrinks. For instance for $\Lambda$ = 1 TeV and $m_0$=(100, 400, 800, 1000) GeV the $1 \sigma$ $ m_+$ region is (263.6--263.9, 629.7--635.6, 950--990, 1219--1450) GeV, respectively. In general $\Delta \rho$ can be written in the form of $\Delta \rho=\frac{\Lambda^2}{m_Z^2}f \left(\frac{\Lambda^2}{m_0^2},\frac{\Lambda^2}{m_+^2} \right)$ thus we get similar $\Delta \rho = 0$ curves for different $\Lambda$'s by scaling the masses by a factor $\frac{\Lambda'}{\Lambda}$ . For higher $\Lambda$ the allowed mass region shrinks, for exmaple at $\Lambda$= 1 TeV,$ m_0$ = 600 GeV : $m_+$ = 846--868 GeV; = 1.5 TeV, $m_0$ = 900 GeV : $m_+$ = 1275--1290 GeV; = 5 TeV, $m_0$ = 3000 GeV : $m_+$ = 4264--4268 GeV. This has been checked up to $\Lambda$ =15 TeV. Turning to the S parameter we define [8] \begin{eqnarray} \alpha S &=& 4 e^2 \big( \overline{ \Pi}'_{ZZ}(0) - (c^2\!-\!s^2) \overline{\Pi}'_{ZA}(0)- s^2 c^2 \overline{\Pi}'_{AA}(0) \big ), \nonumber \\ \ov{\Pi}_{ik}(0) &=& \frac{d}{dq^2} \ov{\Pi}'_{ik}(q^2)\vert_{q^2=0} . \end{eqnarray} An analysis [11] of precision experiments shows that $S_{new}<0.09 (0.23) $ at 90 (95)\% C.L. for $m_H^{ref}=300 $GeV and assuming $m_t=174 $GeV (CDF value). Requiring $S_{new} \geq 0 $, the corresponding constraints are $S_{new} <0.38 (0.46) $ [5]. Since a Higgs of 300 GeV is absent in the present model, its contribution, 0.063, must be removed. In this way for the contribution of B we have $S<0.15 (0.29)$ at 90 (95)\% C.L. For $m_+, \ m_0 \geq 1.90 \Lambda$ this is fulfilled, in particular, $S \rightarrow 0 $ for $\frac{\Lambda}{m_{+,0}} \rightarrow 0$ [8]. Since S is invariant multiplying $\Lambda, m_0, m_+$ by a common factor, allowed regions for scales different from 1 TeV easily follow. Higher $\Lambda$ attracts higher minimum masses. The allowed regions by S are tightened by T. For example, at $\Lambda$ = 1 TeV, $m_0$ = 400 (600) GeV, the $m_+$ range allowed by S, T is $m_+$ = 630--636 (846--868) GeV. For higher $\Lambda$ the allowed $m_+$ region shrinks at the same $ m_0$. In general, $\Lambda$ remains unrestricted and suitable, heavy $ B^{+,0}$ provide small radiative corrections. $\Lambda$ can be restricted by taking into account unitartity requirements [6]. In the vector condensate model there exist many $BB \rightarrow BB, VV \;BV \rightarrow BV $ type processes with $B=B^0, \ov{B}^0, B^{\pm}, \; V=W^{\pm}, Z $ . We consider them for longitudinally polarized external particles and calculate the J=0 partial-wave amplitudes, $ a_0$, from contact and one--particle exchange graphs. Unitarity requires $\vert Re a_0 \vert \leq 1/2$. We have shown that the strongest lower bounds (200--400 GeV) are coming from B--B scatterings. Here the dominant contributions are derived from contact graphs. For example, in case of $ B^0 B^0 \rightarrow B^0 B^0 $, the contribution of the Z-exchange graph to the lower bound of 317 GeV ($\Lambda=1$ TeV ) is 4 GeV. One finds the best bounds in $ B^+ B^- \rightarrow B^0 \ov{B}^0 $ leading to the s-wave amplitude \begin{equation} a_0=- \frac{3}{16 \sqrt{10}} G_F \left( \frac{s^2}{2m_0m_+} -\left( \frac{m_0}{m_+} + \frac{m_+}{m_0} \right) s +\frac{1}{2} m_0 m_+ \left( \frac{m_0}{m_+} + \frac{m_+}{m_0} \right)^2 \right) . \end{equation} Applying the requirement of unitarity at the maximum possible energy $\Lambda$ \begin{eqnarray} \Lambda=1.0 \hbox{TeV} &:& \quad m_0 \geq 410 \hbox{GeV}, \quad m_+ \geq 369 \hbox{GeV} \nonumber \\ \Lambda=1.5 \hbox{TeV} &:& \quad m_0 \geq 741 \hbox{GeV}, \quad m_+ \geq 667 \hbox{GeV} \\ \Lambda=2.0 \hbox{TeV} &:& \quad m_0 \geq 1091 \hbox{GeV}, \quad m_+ \geq 980\hbox{GeV}. \nonumber \end{eqnarray} It follows that in this approximation the momentum scale cannot reach 2 TeV and the B bosons are heavy particles. The bounds from $ B^+B^+ \rightarrow B^+B^+ $ are very close to (19) and they are in turn $ m_+ \geq $ 332 GeV, 615 GeV, 960 GeV. The above bounds imposed by the unitarity are similar to those obtained from the S parameter. In conclusion, the vector condensate model cannot be renormalized perturbatively, its scattering amplitudes contain polynomials in s, so that partial- wave unitarity provides a maximum energy. In tree-graph approximation this is $\Lambda \simeq 2$ TeV. A rough interpretation of the condensate parameter d with a $ B^0$-propagator yields $\Lambda\leq 2.6 $ TeV. At the same time, the B--particles must be heavy and B--masses cannot be far from $\Lambda$ . Indeed, for $\Lambda \gg m_{+,0}$ the S parameter becomes too large, while the unitarity argument provides low masses and $\Lambda$ below $\Lambda$=1 TeV . This work is supported in part by OTKA I/7, No. 16248.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	7,336
\section{Introduction} Scene text recognition has been an active research field in computer vision because it is a critical element of a lot of real-world applications, such as street sign reading in the driverless vehicle, human computer interaction, assistive technologies for the blind and guide board recognition~\cite{DBLP:conf/eccv/RongYT16,ZhuLYL18}. As compared to the maturity of document recognition, scene text recognition is still a challenging task due to large variations in text shapes, fonts, colors, backgrounds, etc. Most of the recent works~\cite{DBLP:journals/pami/ShiBY17,DBLP:conf/cvpr/ShiWLYB16,zhu2016scene} convert scene text recognition into sequence recognition, which hugely simplifies the problem and leads to great performance on regular text. As shown in Fig.~\ref{subfig-1:introduction}, they firstly encode the input image into a feature sequence and then apply decoders such as RNN~\cite{hochreiter1997long} and CTC~\cite{ctc} to decode the target sequence. These methods produce good results when the text in the image is horizontal or nearly horizontal. However, different from speech, text in scene images is essentially distributed in a two-dimensional space. For example, the distribution of the characters can be scattered, in arbitrary orientations, and even in curve shapes, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:introduction}. In these cases, roughly encoding the images into one-dimensional sequences may lose key information or bring undesired noises. \cite{DBLP:conf/cvpr/ShiWLYB16} tried to alleviate this problem by adopting a Spatial Transform Network (STN)~\cite{stn} to rectify the shape of the text. Nevertheless, \cite{DBLP:conf/cvpr/ShiWLYB16} still used a sequence-based model, so the effect of the rectification is limited. \begin{figure}[!htbp] \begin{center} \captionsetup[subfigure]{justification=centering} \centering \subfloat[\label{subfig-1:introduction}]{% \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{figures/introduction1_crop.pdf} } \subfloat[\label{subfig-2:introduction}]{% \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{figures/introduction2_crop.pdf} } \end{center} \caption{Illustration of text recognition in one-dimensional and two-dimensional spaces. (a) shows the recognition procedures of sequence-based methods. (b) presents the proposed segmentation-based method. Different colors mean different character classes.} \label{fig:introduction} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[ht] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{figures/network_crop.pdf} \caption{Illustration of the CA-FCN. The blue feature maps in the left are inherited from the VGG-16 backbone; The yellow feature maps in the right are extra layers. H, W mean the height and width of the input image; C is the number of classes.} \label{fig:network} \end{figure} As discussed above, the limitations of sequence-based methods are mainly caused by the difference between the one-dimensional distribution of feature sequences and the two-dimensional distribution of text in scene images. To overcome these limitations, we tackle the scene text recognition problem in a new and natural perspective. We propose to directly predict the text in a two-dimensional space instead of a one-dimensional sequence. Inspired by FCN~\cite{fcn}, a Character Attention Fully Convolutional Network (CA-FCN) is proposed to predict the characters at pixel level. Then the word, as well as the location of each character, can be obtained by a word formation module, as shown in Fig.~\ref{subfig-2:introduction}. In this way, the procedures of compressing and slicing the features, which are widely used in the sequence-based methods, are avoided. Profiting from the higher dimensional perspective, the proposed method is much more robust than the previous sequence-based methods in terms of text shapes, background noises, and imprecise localizations from the detection stage~\cite{LiaoSBWL17,LiaoSB18,liao2018rotation}. Character-level annotations are needed in our proposed method. However, the character annotations are free of labor because only public synthetic data is used in the training period, where the annotations are easy to obtain. The contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows: (1) A totally different perspective for recognizing scene text is proposed. Different from the recent works which treat the text recognition problem as a sequence recognition problem in one-dimensional space, we propose to solve the problem in two-dimensional space. (2) We devise character attention FCN for scene text recognition. To the best of our knowledge, which can deal with images of arbitrary height and width, as well as naturally recognize text in various shapes, including but not limited to oriented and curve shapes. (3) The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on regular datasets and outperforms the existing methods with a large margin on irregular datasets. (4) We investigate the network's robustness to imprecise localization in the text detection phase for the first time. This problem is important in real-world applications but was previously ignored. Experiments show that the proposed method is more robust to imprecise localization (see . Ablation study). \section{Related Work} Traditionally, scene text recognition systems firstly detect each character, using binarization or sliding-window operation, then recognize these characters as a word. Binarization-based methods, such as Extremal Regions~\cite{DBLP:conf/eccv/NovikovaBKL12} and Niblack's adaptive binarization~\cite{DBLP:conf/iccv/BissaccoCNN13}, find character pixels after binarization. However, text in the natural scene image may have varying backgrounds, fonts, colors or uneven illumination and so on, which binarization based methods can hardly handle. Sliding window methods use multi-scale sliding window strategy to localize characters from the text image directly, such as Random Ferns~\cite{DBLP:conf/iccv/WangBB11}, Integer Programming~\cite{DBLP:conf/cvpr/SmithFL11} and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)~\cite{DBLP:conf/eccv/JaderbergVZ14}. For the word recognition stage, common methods are integrating contextual information with character classification scores, such as Pictorial Structure models, Bayesian inference, and Conditional Random Field (CRF), which are employed in \cite{DBLP:conf/iccv/WangBB11,DBLP:journals/pami/WeinmanLH09,DBLP:conf/bmvc/MishraAJ12,DBLP:conf/cvpr/MishraAJ12,DBLP:conf/cvpr/ShiWXZGZ13}. Inspired by speech recognition, recent works designed an encoder-decoder framework, where text in images are encoded into feature sequences and then decoded as characters. With the development of the deep neural network, convolutional features are extracted at encoder stage, and then RNN or CNN network is applied to decode these features, then CTC is used to form the final word. This framework was proposed by \cite{DBLP:journals/pami/ShiBY17}. Later they also developed an attention-based STN for rectifying text distortion, which is useful to recognize curved scene text~\cite{DBLP:conf/cvpr/ShiWLYB16}. Based on this framework, subsequent works~\cite{conf/aaai/HeH0LT16,DBLP:conf/icfhr/WuYLLW16,DBLP:conf/aaai/LiuCW18} also focus on irregular scene text. The encoder-decoder framework has dominated current text recognition works. Many systems based on this framework have achieved state-of-the-art performance. However, text in scene images are distributed in a two-dimensional space, which is different from speech. The encoder-decoder framework just considers them as one-dimensional sequences, bringing some problems. For example, compressing a text image into a feature sequence may lose key information and add extra noise, especially when the text is curved or seriously distorted. There are some works that tried to improve some disadvantages of the encoder-decoder framework. \cite{bai2018edit} found that when considering the scene text recognition problem under the attention-based encoder-decoder framework, the misalignment between the ground truth strings and the attention's output sequences of the probability distribution, which is caused by missing or superfluous characters, will confuse and mislead the training process. To handle this problem, they propose a method called edit probability which considered losses including not only the probability distribution but also the possible occurrences of missing/superfluous characters. \cite{cheng2018aon} aimed to handle oriented text and realized that it is hard for the current encoder-decoder framework to capture the deep features of the oriented text. To solve this problem, they encode the input image to four feature sequences of four directions to extract scene text features in those directions. \cite{masktextspotter} proposed an instance segmentation model for word spotting, which uses an FCN-based method in its recognition part. However, it focused on the end-to-end word spotting task and no discussion is applied to verify the recognition part. In this paper, we consider text recognition from the two-dimensional perspective and design a character attention FCN to deal with text recognition problem, which can naturally avoid those disadvantages of the encoder-decoder frameworks. For example, compressing a text image into a feature sequence may lose key information and add extra noise, especially when the text is curved or seriously distorted. The proposed method obtains high accuracy on both regular and irregular text, Meanwhile, it is also robust to imprecise localization in the text detection phase. \section{Methodology} \subsection{Overview} The whole architecture of our proposed method consists of two parts. The first part is a Character Attention FCN (CA-FCN) which predicts the characters at pixel level. Another part is a word formation module which groups and arranges the pixels to form the final word result. \subsection{Character attention FCN} The architecture of CA-FCN is basically a fully convolutional network, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:network}. We use VGG-16 as the backbone while dropping the fully connected layers and removing its pooling layers of stage-4 and stage-5. Besides, a pyramid-like structure~\cite{fpn} is adopted to handle varying scales of characters. The final output is of shape $\frac{H}{2} \times \frac{W}{2} \times C$, where $H$, $W$ are the height and width of the input image and $C$ is the number of classes including character categories and background. It can handle text of various shapes by predicting characters in a two-dimensional space. \subsubsection{Character attention module} Attention module plays an important role in our network. Natural scene text recognition suffers from complex backgrounds, shadow, irrelevant symbols and so on. Moreover, characters in natural images are usually crowded, which can hardly be separated. To deal with those problems, inspired by~\cite{res-attention}, we propose a character attention module to highlight the foreground characters and weaken the background, as well as separate adjacent characters, as illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:network}. Attention module is appended to each output layer of VGG16. The low-level attention models mainly focus on the appearance, such as edge, color, and texture. And the high-level modules can extract more semantic information. The character attention module can be expressed as follows: \begin{equation} F_o = F_i \otimes (1+A) \end{equation} where $F_i$ and $F_o$ are the input and output feature map respectively; $A$ indicates the attention map; $\otimes$ means element-wise multiplication. The attention map is generated by two convolutional layers and a two-class (characters and background) soft-max function where $0$ represents background and $1$ indicates characters. The attention map $A$ is broadcast to the same shape as $F_i$ to achieve element-wise multiplication. Compared with \cite{res-attention}, our character attention module uses a simpler network structure, profiting from the character supervision. The effectiveness of the character attention module is discussed in Sec. Ablation study. \begin{figure}[!htp] \begin{center} \captionsetup[subfigure]{justification=centering} \centering \subfloat[\label{subfig-1:deform}]{% \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{figures/deform1.png} } \subfloat[\label{subfig-2:deform}]{% \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{figures/deform2.png} } \end{center} \caption{Illustration of our deformable convolution. (a) normal convolution; (b) deformable convolution with $31$ convolution. The green boxes indicate convolutional kernels. The yellow boxes mean the regions covered by receptive fields. The receptive fields out of the image are clipped.} \label{fig:deform} \end{figure} \subsubsection{Deformable convolution} As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:network}, deformable convolution~\cite{deform} is applied in stage-4 and stage-5. The deformable convolution learns offsets of the convolution kernel, which provides more flexible receptive fields for the character prediction. The kernel size of deformable convolution is set to $3 \times 3$ as default. The kernel size of the convolution after the deformable convolution is set to $3 \times 1$. In Fig.~\ref{fig:deform}, there is a toy description of normal convolution, the deformable convolution with $3 \times 1$ convolutional kernel, as well as their receptive fields. The image in Fig.~\ref{fig:deform} is an expanded text image where more background is included in the image. Since most of the training images are cropped with tight bounding boxes, and the normal convolution contains a lot of character information due to the fixed receptive field, it tends to predict the extra background as a character. However, if deformable convolution and $3 \times 1$ convolution kernel are applied, with better and more flexible receptive field, the extra background can be predicted correctly. Note that the extra background is very common in real-world applications as the detection results may be inaccurate. Thus, the robustness on expanded text images is significant. The effectiveness of the deformable convolution is discussed in Sec. Ablation study by experiments. \subsection{Training} \paragraph{Label generation} Let $b=(x_{min}, y_{min}, x_{max}, y_{max})$ be the original bounding boxes of characters, which can be expressed as the minimum axis-aligned rectangle boxes that covers the characters. The ground truth character regions $g=(x_{min}^g,y_{min}^g,x_{max}^g,y_{max}^g)$ can be calculated as follows: \begin{equation} \label{label_gen} \begin{split} w & = x_{max} - x_{min} \\ h & = y_{max} - y_{min} \\ x_{min}^g & = (x_{min} + x_{max} - w \times r ) / 2 \\ y_{min}^g & = (y_{min} + y_{max} - h \times r ) / 2 \\ x_{max}^g & = (x_{min} + x_{max} + w \times r ) / 2 \\ y_{max}^g & = (y_{min} + y_{max} + h \times r ) / 2 \end{split} \end{equation} where $r$ is the shrink ratio of the character regions. We shrink the character regions because the adjacent characters tend to be overlapped without shrinking. The shrink process can reduce the difficulty of the word formation. Specifically, we set $r$ to $0.5$ and $0.25$ for the attention supervision and the final output supervision respectively. \begin{figure}[!hbp] \begin{center} \captionsetup[subfigure]{justification=centering} \centering \subfloat[\label{subfig-1:labels}]{% \includegraphics[width=0.14\textwidth]{figures/label_gen_1.pdf} } \subfloat[\label{subfig-2:labels}]{% \includegraphics[width=0.14\textwidth]{figures/label_gen_2.pdf} } \subfloat[\label{subfig-3:labels}]{% \includegraphics[width=0.14\textwidth]{figures/label_gen_3.pdf} } \end{center} \caption{Illustration of ground truth generation. (a) Original bounding boxes; (b) Ground truth for character attention; (c) Ground truth for character prediction, where different colors represent different character classes.} \label{fig:labels} \end{figure} \paragraph{Loss function} The loss function is a weighted sum of the character prediction loss function $L_p$ and the character attention loss function $L_a$: \begin{equation} L = L_p + \alpha \sum_{s=2}^{5}L_a^s \end{equation} where $s$ indicates the index of the stages, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:network}; $\alpha$ is empirically set to $1.0$. The final output of the CA-FCN is of shape $\frac{H}{2} \times \frac{W}{2} \times C$, where $H$, $W$ are the height and width of an input image respectively. $C$ is the number of classes including character classes and background. Assume that $X_{i,j,c}$ is one of the element of the output map, where $i \in \{1, ..., \frac{H}{2}\}$, $j \in \{1, ..., \frac{W}{2}\}$, and $c \in \{0,1, ..., C-1\}$; $Y_{i,j} \in \{0,1, ..., C-1\}$ indicates the corresponding class label. The prediction loss can be calculated as follows: \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} L_p = & -\frac{4}{H \times W}\sum_{i=1}^{H/2}\sum_{j=1}^{W/2}W_{i,j}(\\ & \sum_{c=0}^{C-1} (Y_{i,j}==c) log(\frac{e^{X_{i,j,c}}}{\sum_{k=0}^{C-1} e^{X_{i,j,k}}})), \end{aligned} \end{equation} where $W_{i,j}$ is the corresponding weight of each pixel. Assume that $N=\frac{H}{2} \times \frac{W}{2}$ and $N_{neg}$ is the number of background pixels. The weight can be calculated as follows: \begin{equation} W_{i,j} = \begin{cases} N_{neg} / (N - N_{neg})& \text{if } Y_{i,j}>0, \\ 1& \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \end{equation} The character attention loss function is a binary cross entropy loss function which take all characters labels as $1$, background label as $0$: \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} L_a^s = & -\frac{4}{H_s \times W_s}\sum_{i=1}^{H_s/2}\sum_{j=1}^{W_s/2}(\\ & \sum_{c=0}^{1} (Y_{i,j}==c) log(\frac{e^{X_{i,j,c}}}{\sum_{k=0}^{1} e^{X_{i,j,k}}}), \end{aligned} \end{equation} where $H_s$ and $W_s$ are the height and width of the feature map in the corresponding stage $s$ respectively. \subsection{Word formation module} The word formation module converts the accurate, two-dimensional character maps predicted by CA-FCN into character sequence. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:word_form}, we firstly transform the character prediction map into a binary map with a threshold to extract the corresponding character regions; then, we calculate the average values of each region for $C$ classes and assign the class with the largest average value to the corresponding region; finally, the word is formed by sorting the regions from left to right. In this way, both the word and location of each character are produced. The word formation module assumes that words are roughly sorted from left to right, which may not work in certain scenarios. However, if necessary, a learnable component can be plugged into CA-FCN. The word formation module is simple yet effective, with only one hyper-parameter (the threshold to form binary map), which is set to $240/255$ for all experiments. \begin{figure}[ht] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{figures/form_word_crop.pdf} \caption{Illustration of the word formation module.} \label{fig:word_form} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[ht] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{figures/visu_crop.pdf} \caption{Visualization of character prediction maps on IIIT and CUTE. The character prediction map generated by the CA-FCN is visualized with colors.} \label{fig:visu} \end{figure} \section{Experiments} \subsection{Datasets} Our proposed CA-FCN is purely trained on the synthetic datasets without real-world images. The trained model, without further fine-tuning, was evaluated on 4 benchmarks including regular and irregular text datasets. \textbf{SynthText} is a synthetic text dataset proposed in \cite{gupta2016synthetic}. It contains 800,000 training images which are aimed at text detection. We crop them based on their word bounding boxes. It generates about 7 million images for text recognition. These images are with character-level annotations. \textbf{IIIT5k-Words} (IIIT)~\cite{DBLP:conf/cvpr/MishraAJ12} consists of 3000 test images collected from the web. It provides two lexicons for each image in the dataset, which contains 50 words and 1000 words respectively. \textbf{Street View Text} (SVT)~\cite{DBLP:conf/iccv/WangBB11} comes from the Google Street View. The test set consists of 647 images. It is challenging due to its low resolution and noises. A 50-word lexicon is given for each image. \textbf{ICDAR 2013} (IC13)~\cite{karatzas2013icdar} contains 1015 images and no lexicon is provided. We remove images that contain non-alphanumeric characters or have less than three characters, following previous works. \textbf{CUTE}~\cite{cute} is a dataset consists of 288 images with a lot of curved text. It is challenging because the shapes vary hugely. No lexicon is provided. \subsection{Implementation details} \subsubsection{Training} Since our network is fully convolutional, there is no restriction on the size of input images. We adopt multi-scale training to make our model more robust. The input images are randomly resized to $32 \times 128$, $48 \times 192$, and $64 \times 256$. Besides, data augmentation is also applied in the training period, including random rotation, hue, brightness, contrast, and blur. Specifically, we randomly rotate the image with an angle in the range of $[-15^\circ, 15^\circ]$. We use Adam~\cite{adam} to optimize our training with the initial learning rate $10^{-4}$. The learning rate is decreased to $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-6}$ at epoch 3 and epoch 4. The model is totally trained for about 5 epochs. The number of character classes is set to $38$, including $26$ alphabet, $10$ digitals, $1$ special character which represents those characters out of alphabet and digitals, and $1$ background. \subsubsection{Testing} At runtime, images are resized to $H_t \times W_t$, where $H_t$ is fixed to $64$ and $W_t$ is calculated as follows: \begin{equation} W_t = \begin{cases} WH_t/H& \text{if } W/H>4, \\ 256& \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \end{equation} where $H$ and $W$ are the height and width of the origin images. The speed is about $45$ FPS on IC13 dataset with a batch size of 1, where the CA-FCN costs $0.018$ second per image and word formation module costs $0.004$ second per image on average. Higher speed can be achieved if the batch size increases. We test our method with a single Titan Xp GPU. \begin{table}[!ht] \caption{Results across different methods and datasets. ``50'' and ``1k'' indicate the sizes of the lexicons. ``0'' means no lexicon. ``data'' indicates using extra synthetic data to fine-tune the model.} \label{tab:performance} \centering \begin{tabular}{\|l\|ccc\|cc\|c\|c\|} \hline \multirow{2}{}{\textbf{Methods}} & \multicolumn{3}{c\|}{\textbf{IIIT}} & \multicolumn{2}{c\|}{\textbf{SVT}} & \textbf{IC13} & \textbf{CUTE}\tabularnewline \cline{2-8} & 50 & 1k & 0 & 50 & 0 & 0 & 0\tabularnewline \hline \cite{DBLP:conf/iccv/WangBB11} & - & - & - & 57.0 & - & - & -\tabularnewline \cite{DBLP:conf/bmvc/MishraAJ12} & 64.1 & 57.5 & - & 73.2 & - & - & -\tabularnewline \cite{WangWCN12} & - & - & - & 70.0 & - & - & -\tabularnewline \cite{AlmazanGFV14} & 91.2 & 82.1 & - & 89.2 & - & - & -\tabularnewline \cite{YaoBSL14} & 80.2 & 69.3 & - & 75.9 & - & - & -\tabularnewline \cite{Rodriguez-Serrano15} & 76.1 & 57.4 & - & 70.0 & - & - & -\tabularnewline \cite{DBLP:conf/eccv/JaderbergVZ14} & - & - & - & 86.1 & - & - & -\tabularnewline \cite{SuL14} & - & - & - & 83.0 & - & - & -\tabularnewline \cite{Gordo14} & 93.3 & 86.6 & - & 91.8 & - & - & -\tabularnewline \cite{jaderberg2016reading} & 97.1 & 92.7 & - & 95.4 & 80.7 & 90.8 & -\tabularnewline \cite{JaderbergSVZ14b} & 95.5 & 89.6 & - & 93.2 & 71.7 & 81.8 & -\tabularnewline \cite{DBLP:journals/pami/ShiBY17} & 97.8 & 95.0 & 81.2 & 97.5 & 82.7 & 89.6 & -\tabularnewline \cite{DBLP:conf/cvpr/ShiWLYB16} & 96.2 & 93.8 & 81.9 & 95.5 & 81.9 & 88.6 & 59.2\tabularnewline \cite{LeeO16} & 96.8 & 94.4 & 78.4 & 96.3 & 80.7 & 90.0 & -\tabularnewline \cite{DBLP:conf/nips/WangH17} & 98.0 & 95.6 & 80.8 & 96.3 & 81.5 & - & -\tabularnewline \cite{YangHZKG17} & 97.8 & 96.1 & - & 95.2 & - & - & 69.3\tabularnewline \cite{ChengBXZPZ17} & 99.3 & 97.5 & 87.4 & 97.1 & 85.9 & 93.3 & -\tabularnewline \cite{cheng2018aon} & 99.6 & 98.1 & 87.0 & 96.0 & 82.8 & - & 76.8\tabularnewline \cite{bai2018edit} & 99.5 & 97.9 & 88.3 & 96.6 & \textbf{87.5} & \textbf{94.4} & -\tabularnewline \hline Ours & \textbf{99.8} & \textbf{98.9} & \textbf{92.0} & 98.5 & 82.1 & 91.4 & 78.1 \tabularnewline Ours+data & \textbf{99.8} & 98.8 & 91.9 & \textbf{98.8} & 86.4 & 91.5 & \textbf{79.9} \tabularnewline \hline \end{tabular} \end{table} \subsection{Performances on benchmarks} We evaluate our method on several benchmarks to indicate the superiority of the proposed method. Some results of IIIT and CUTE are visualized in Fig.~\ref{fig:visu}. As can be seen, our proposed method can handle various shapes of text. Quantitative results are listed in Tab.~\ref{tab:performance}. Compared to previous methods, our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on most of those benchmarks. More specifically, ``Ours'' outperforms the previous state-of-the-art by $3.7$ percents on IIIT without lexicons. On irregular text dataset CUTE, $3.1$ percents improvement is achieved by ``Ours''. Note that no extra training data for curved text is included to achieve this performance. Comparable results are also performed on other datasets, including SVT, IC13. The training data of \cite{ChengBXZPZ17} consist of two synthetic datasets including Synth90k~\cite{synth90} and SynthText~\cite{gupta2016synthetic}. The former is generated according to a large lexicon which contains the lexicon of SVT and ICDAR, while the latter uses a normal corpus, where the distribution of words are not balanced. To fairly compared with \cite{ChengBXZPZ17}, we also generate extra 4 million synthetic images using the algorithm of SynthText with the lexicon used in Synth90k. As shown in Tab.~\ref{tab:performance}, after fine-tuning with the extra data, ``Ours+data'' also outperforms \cite{ChengBXZPZ17} on SVT. \cite{bai2018edit} improves ~\cite{ChengBXZPZ17,DBLP:conf/cvpr/ShiWLYB16} by solving their misalignment problem and achieves excellent results in regular text recognition. However, it may fail in irregular text benchmarks such as CUTE due to its one-dimensional perspective. Moreover, we argue that our method can be further improved if the idea of \cite{bai2018edit} is well adapted to our word formulation module. Nevertheless, our method outperforms \cite{bai2018edit} on most of the benchmarks in Tab.~\ref{tab:performance}, especially on IIIT and CUTE. \cite{cheng2018aon} focuses on dealing with arbitrary-oriented text by introducing four one-dimensional feature sequences with different directions adaptively. Our method is more superior in recognizing the text of irregular shapes such as curve shape. As shown in Tab.~\ref{tab:performance}, our method outperforms \cite{cheng2018aon} on all benchmarks. \begin{figure}[!ht] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/compare_crop.pdf} \caption{Visualization of the character prediction maps on expanded datasets. Red: wrong results; Green: correct results.} \label{fig:compare} \end{figure} \begin{table}[!ht] \centering \caption{Experimental results on expanded datasets. ``ac'': accuracy; ``gap'': the gap between the original dataset; ``ratio'' indicates the decreasing ratio compared to the accuracy on the original dataset.} \label{tab:expand} \scriptsize \begin{tabular}{\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|} \hline \multirow{2}{}{\textbf{Methods}} & \textbf{IIIT} & \multicolumn{3}{c\|}{\textbf{IIIT-p}} & \multicolumn{3}{c\|}{\textbf{IIIT-r-p}} & \textbf{IC13} & \multicolumn{3}{c\|}{\textbf{IC13-ex}} & \multicolumn{3}{c\|}{\textbf{IC13-r-ex}} \\ \cline{2-15} & ac & ac & gap & ratio & ac & gap & ratio & ac & ac & gap & ratio & ac & gap & ratio \\ \hline CRNN & 81.2 & 76.0 & -5.2 & 6.4\% & 72.4 & -8.8 & 10.8\% & 89.6 & 81.9 & -7.7 & 8.6\% &76.7 & -12.9 & 14.4\% \\ \hline ACSM & 85.4 & 79.1 & -6.3 & 7.4\% & 74.9 & -10.5 & 12.3\% & 88.0 & 81.2 & -6.8 & 7.7\% & 70.0 & -18.0 & 20.5\% \\ \hline baseline & 90.5 & 87.0 & -3.5 & 3.9\% & 85.7 & -4.8 & 5.3\% & 90.5 & 83.2 & -7.3 & 8.1\% & 82.3 & -8.2 & 9.1\% \\ \hline baseline + attention & 91.0 & 86.7 & -4.3 & 4.7\% & 85.7 & -5.3 & 5.8\% & 90.1 & 85.6 & -4.5 & 5.0\% & 83.0 & -7.1 & 7.9\% \\ \hline baseline + deform & 91.4 & 87.6 & -3.8 & 4.2\% & 86.7 & -4.7 & 5.1\% & 91.1 & \textbf{87.4} & \textbf{-3.7} & \textbf{4.1\%} & \textbf{84.2} & \textbf{-6.9} & \textbf{7.6\%} \\ \hline baseline + attention + deform & \textbf{92.0} & \textbf{89.3} & \textbf{-2.7} & \textbf{2.9\%} & \textbf{87.6} & \textbf{-4.4} & \textbf{4.8\%} & \textbf{91.4} & 87.2 & -4.2 & 4.6\% & 83.8 & -7.6 & 8.3\% \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{table} \subsection{Ablation study}\label{sec:expanding} Scene text recognition is usually a following step of scene text detection, whose results may be not as accurate as expected. Thus, performances of text spotting systems in real-world applications are significantly affected by the robustness of text recognition algorithms on expanded images. We conduct experiments with expanded datasets to show the effect of text bounding box variance on recognition and prove the robustness of our method. For the datasets which have the original background, such as IC13, we expand their bounding boxes and then crop them from the original images. If no extra background is provided like IIIT, padding by repeating the border pixels is applied to these images. The expanded datasets are described below: \noindent\textbf{IIIT-p} Padding the images in IIIT with extra $10\%$ height vertically and $10\%$ width horizontally by repeating the border pixels. \noindent\textbf{IIIT-r-p} Separately stretching the four vertexes of the images in IIIT with a random scale up to $20\%$ of height and width respectively; border pixels are repeated to fill the quadrilateral images; images are transformed back to axis-aligned rectangles. \noindent\textbf{IC13-ex} Expanding the bounding boxes of the images in IC13 to expanded rectangles with extra $10\%$ height and width before cropping. \noindent\textbf{IC13-r-ex} Expanding the bounding boxes of the images in IC13 randomly with a maximum $20\%$ of width and height to form expanded quadrilaterals; The pixels in axis-aligned circumscribed rectangles of those images are cropped. We compare our method with two representative sequence-based models including CRNN~\cite{DBLP:journals/pami/ShiBY17} and Attention Convolutional Sequence Model (ACSM)~\cite{DBLP:journals/corr/gao}. The model of CRNN is provided by its authors and the model of \cite{DBLP:journals/corr/gao} is re-implemented by ourself with the same training data as ours. Qualitative results of the three methods are visualized in Fig.~\ref{fig:compare}. As can be observed, the sequence-based models usually predict extra characters if the images are expanded while CA-FCN is stable and robust. The quantitative results are listed in Tab.~\ref{tab:expand}. Compared to the sequence-based models, our proposed method is more robust among these expanding datasets. For example, on IIIT-p dataset, the gap ratio of CRNN is $6.4\%$ while ours is only $2.6\%$. Note that even though our performances on the standard datasets are higher, the gaps of ours are still much smaller than CRNN. As shown in Tab.~\ref{tab:expand}, both the deformable module and the attention module can improve the performance and the former also contributes to the robustness of the model. It indicates the effectiveness of the deformable convolution and the character attention module. The possible reasons that our method is more robust than previous sequence-based models on expanded images could be: Sequence-based models are in one-dimensional perspective, which are hard to endure extra background because the background noises are easy to encode into the feature sequence. In contrast, our method predicts the characters in a two-dimensional space, where both the characters and the background are the targeted predicting objects. The extra background is less likely to mislead the prediction of the characters. \section{Conclusion} In this paper, we have presented a method called Character Attention FCN (CA-FCN) for scene text recognition, which models the problem in a two-dimensional fashion. By performing character classification at each pixel location, the algorithm can effectively recognize irregular as well as regular text instances. Experiments show that the proposed model outperforms existing methods on datasets with regular and irregular text. We also analyzed the impact of imprecise text localization to the performances of text recognition algorithms and proved that our method is much more robust. For future research, we will make the word formation module learnable and build an end-to-end text spotting system. \subsubsection*{Acknowledgments} This work was supported by National Key R\&D Program of China No. 2018YFB1004600, NSFC 61733007, to Dr. Xiang Bai by the National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals and the Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team. \bibliographystyle{aaai}	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	1,261
Where are the partners for peace? By EA Margaret, Northern West Bank The day before I arrived in Palestine for my three months as an Ecumenical Accompanier (EA), the Knesset (Israeli parliament) took the extraordinary decision to give preliminary approval to a regulation bill legalising the Jewish outposts built on Palestinian privately-owned land deep in the occupied West Bank. This disputed bill retrospectively legalises under Israeli law the outposts built without Israeli authorisation. These remain illegal under international law.Outposts usually start with a few pre-fabricated huts on remote hilltops lived in by a handful of settlers. Over time they acquire Israeli military protection and are hooked up to water and electric networks; with time they formalise into townships and neighbourhoods. The Palestinian village of Yanoun is surrounded by several outposts around the settlement of Itamar. Their unlikely names are Gvao't Olam, Hill 836, Hill 851, Hill 777 and Hill 782, and they shine spotlights down onto the village throughout the night. Approximately 70 per cent of Yanoun's land has been lost due to the expansion of Itamar and its outposts towards the Jordan Valley. This has made subsistence farming here almost impossible for the remaining Palestinian families who have lived here for seven generations. EAs look at Hill 777 from Upper Yanoun [Photo: EAPPI/Becky] Israel's own Attorney General has stated that this proposed legislation is a violation of international law, that it "allows the expropriation of private property", and that he will be hard pressed to defend it at the Supreme Court. A thoughtful Israeli I met explained that the far-right Jewish Home and Likud political parties are pushing for this law because they wish to retain the political support of settlers by circumventing another Supreme Court order to destroy the settlement outpost of Amona. Amona is the largest unauthorised Israeli outpost, where 40 caravans have been on Palestinian-owned land for over 20 years. Its demolition was set for 25 December 2016. Amona was established in 1995. Its first demolition orders were issued in 2000 and 2005 after the Israeli peace group Peace Now petitioned the High Court of Justice (HCJ). This demolition took place in February 2006 and resulted in violent resistance. Hill 836 from EA base [Photo: EAPPI/Margaret] Last week EAs talked with some Palestinian landowners from Silwad, Ein Yabrud and Taybeh along with their legal counsel (from the Israeli human rights organisation Yesh Din, which petitioned the HCJ in 2008 for the removal of Amona). They showed us satellite pictures of the parcels Palestinian land that have been handed down from generation to generation. The Israeli state conceded to the High Court that Amona is illegal, and undertook to evacuate it peacefully by the end of 2012. It has never fulfilled this obligation, however, and in the meantime there have been claims of illegal land purchases, a criminal investigation into the forgery of purchase documents, and petitions and counter petitions, while the state continues to neglect its obligation. One landowner from Ein Yabrud, who has not had access to his land for 20 years, told me about the devastating impact the loss of this land has had on his family income. Another landowner from Silwad, who was over 80 years old, told me about her family history with the land where she lived alongside neighbours, family and friends, some seasons living in the caves, others in tents. She told me that if she sees her land again it will be like seeing a son she has not seen for 20 years, but she has many worries about the state of her land after years of neglect. Lights of outpost above Yanoun [Photo: EAPPI/Emma] Many Palestinians fear that the Israeli government will destroy Palestinian homes and resume work on hundreds of new settlements to compensate the Amona settlers for this evacuation. This is of great concern to the families of Yanoun and its valley – whenever there are increased tensions with settlers there is a huge increase in the number of 'price tag' attacks. These are acts of vandalism and violence by extreme right-wing Jewish settlers, among others. For almost ten years, extremist settlers based at illegal outposts supported by the Israeli settlement of Itamar have persistently harassed Upper Yanoun's villagers. The villagers see the settlers' aim to be 'transfer by stealth', gaining control of the villagers' land by scaring them away. Nearly all the residents of the Upper Yanoun evacuated the village on 18 October 2002. The next day the villagers began to return, accompanied by Israeli and international activists, including EAs. Unfortunately, internal presences are still needed 15 years on. Our team of EAs will need to be present tomorrow when one of the farmers goes to plough his land, to deter harassment from the settlers. The entwined issues of the new bill, Amona, and settler attacks in Yanoun makes it all the more urgent that we find the partners for peace on both sides and bring them together to end this occupation, which harms Israeli and Palestinian alike. Sign up and follow: Peace Now Settlement Watch http://peacenow.org.il/en/category/settlement-watch, Israel's largest and longstanding movement advocating for peace through public pressure. Sign up and follow: Yesh Din's http://www.yesh-din.org/en/ legal advocacy for structural change to protect human rights in the occupied Palestinian territories. This entry was posted in Demolitions and forced displacement, Northern West Bank, Settlements, Settler violence and harassment. Bookmark the permalink.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	7,465
\section{Introduction} Near-field diffractive optical imagers, such as arrays of angle-sensitive pixels (ASPs) that exploit the Talbot effect using integrated CMOS amplitude diffraction gratings \cite{wang2009light,gill2011microscale}, show great promise in enabling the construction of unprecedentedly-small optical sensors. However, technical and fundamental obstacles limit the high-resolution performance of standard ASP arrays. \cite{gill2012scaling,wang2012light} Three fundamental obstacles to ASPs' application in high-resolution optical sensing under standard illumination are their sensitivity to manufacturing errors, their transfer function phase-reversals caused by changes in wavelength, and their decreasing area efficiency at higher resolutions. Here, I present an analysis of the near-field diffraction caused by odd-symmetry gratings, a class of diffractive optical element fundamental to the operation of a new class of ultra-miniature imager. \cite{GillStork:13} Odd-symmetry gratings, unlike ASPs, exhibit wavelength- and depth-robust, compact, angle-dependent null planes under lines of odd symmetry, defined as follows. \begin{definition} A null under a line of odd symmetry is ``robust'' if, for normally-incident light of any wavelength $\lambda$, the light intensity on planes beneath the odd-symmetry line is 0. \end{definition} Nulls produced by ASPs are not robust due to their acute sensitivity to wavelength and manufacturing depth. Like the null at the center of an optical vortex \cite{kivshar2001optical,ostrovsky2013generation}, robust nulls created by odd-symmetry phase gratings are sensitive neither to the depth below the phase element nor to the wavelength of light. Unlike optical vortices which produce line-shaped nulls, odd-symmetry phase gratings produce plane-shaped nulls. \section{Geometry and scalar diffraction} \begin{figure}[htb] \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{oddSymOL2} \end{center} \caption{An odd-symmetry, binary phase grating shown in cross-section. A phase grating at the intersection of two optical media introduces a phase delay of a half wavelength between light passing through a thick versus a thin portion of the grating. One robust null is shown as a dashed vertical line; if the grating were to repeat then both the left and right borders would also exhibit robust nulls. The optical media have refractive indices and dispersions such that the phase delay is roughly constant across $\lambda$s of interest. The grating in this example has only two depths (making it easy to manufacture), whereas in general the phase delay at any point need not belong to a discrete set.} \label{fig:Geo} \end{figure} The electric field amplitude at a specific point $(0,y_0,z>0)$ below the phase grating (see Fig. \ref{fig:Geo}) can be found by integrating the contributions to that point caused by light passing through all locations of the phase grating above. I will use $y_0$ to denote the $y$ coordinate of the point where the electric field amplitude is observed, reserving $y$ for positions at the phase grating in the same coordinate system. Let the time-varying optical electric field induced by light of polarization $\psi$ and wavelength (in the medium) $\lambda$ at a point $(0,y_0,z)$ be $\Re \left(E(\lambda,y_0,z,\psi) e^{\frac{-2\pi i c t}{n \lambda}} \right)$, where $c$ is the speed of light and $n$ is the refraction index of the medium. The light intensity at $(0,y_0,z)$ is proportional to $\left\|E(\lambda,y_0,z,\psi)\right\|^2 $. The expression for the complex electric field amplitude $E(\lambda,y_0,z,\psi)$ for normally-incident light is given by scalar diffraction: \begin{equation} E_{\lambda,y_0,z,\psi}\!=\!\iint\limits_{P}C(x,y-y_0,z)e^{2\pi i \frac{r}{\lambda}} e^{i \phi(x,y,\psi,\lambda)} dy \,dx. \label{fullEM} \end{equation} $P$ is the plane of the grating, $r = \sqrt{x^2 + (y-y_0)^2 + z^2}$, and $C(x,y-y_0,z)$ represents the magnitude of the Green's function governing the coupling between the surface of the grating at $(x,y,0)$ and the point $(0,y_0,z)$. $C$ is strictly positive on $r < \infty$ and $C(x,y-y_0,z) = C(-x,y-y_0,z)$. The real part of $\phi(x,y,\psi,\lambda)$ is the phase delay (in radians) introduced by the grating at position $(x,y,0)$ for light of polarization $\psi$ and wavelength $\lambda$, while the imaginary part of $\phi$ represents attenuation, which we assume to be finite or 0. Exploiting the reflection symmetry of most terms in Eq. \ref{fullEM} about $x=0$, it is possible to write an expression for $E$ integrating over the half-plane $H$ where $x>0$: \begin{equation} E_{\lambda,y_0,z,\psi}\!=\!\iint\limits_{H}C(x,y-y_0,z)e^{2\pi i \frac{r}{\lambda}} \underbrace{\left(e^{i \phi(x)} + e^{i \phi(-x)}\right)}_{\text{Grating effects}} dy \, dx \label{halfEM} \end{equation} where $\phi$'s dependence on $(y,\psi,\lambda)$ has been omitted for compactness and the terms showing the effects of the gratings have been explicitly marked. Let us define odd-symmetry phase gratings as follows. \begin{definition} A phase grating has odd symmetry along the $y$-axis if Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym} holds: \begin{equation} \phi(x,y,\lambda,\psi) \! = \! \phi(-x,y,\lambda,\psi) + \pi + 2\pi m, \, \, m\; \in \mbb{Z} \label{eq:oddSym} \end{equation} where $\mbb{Z}$ denotes the set of integers. \end{definition} Phase profiles similar to these have been explored in Dammann gratings \cite{morrison1992symmetries}, however to my knowledge this is their first use in near-field diffraction elements. Figure \ref{fig:Geo} illustrates a phase grating with only two heights ({\em i.e.} a binary grating), while gratings can take multiple, or even piecewise continuous, heights and still conform to Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym}. There are three free parameters in the binary grating of Fig. \ref{fig:Geo}: the lengths $w_0$, $w_1$ and $w_2$. In general, one can construct a binary odd-symmetry grating with any number of such lengths, so long as thick and thin grating segments alternate as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:Geo}. Repeating binary odd-symmetry gratings (such as the design shown in Fig. \ref{fig:Geo}) with $n+1$ free parameters create repeated odd-symmetry planes spaced apart by a distance $w_0 + \sum\limits_{j=1}\limits^{j=n}2w_j$. Ignoring dispersion, phase delays will be proportional to the reciprocal of the wavelength. However, by pairing a high-dispersion, low-$n$ optical plastic above a low-dispersion, high-$n$ optical glass, the phase delay introduced by the grating can be made to be approximately wavelength-independent, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:OKn}. \begin{figure}[htb] \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{phChange4} \end{center} \caption{Phase delay (solid red) induced by a 0.9-micron-tall phase grating made from a high-dispersion, low-$n$ optical plastic above a low-dispersion, high-$n$ optical glass. Phase delays are roughly equal to $\pi$ (dashed line) for all visible light.} \label{fig:OKn} \end{figure} \section{Proof that odd symmetry is sufficient to produce robust nulls} \label{sec:suf} At all points on the half-plane $(0,y_0,z),\, z>0$, Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym} guarantees that a for every contribution to $E$ from the left ($x<0$), there is a contribution from the right ($x>0$) of equal magnitude but opposite phase. As each pair of contributions cancel, they sum to 0. To aid our proofs of the equivalence of odd symmetry and robust nulls, I will introduce two functions $q$ and $p$ that loosely describe the in- and out-of-phase contributions from pairs of points reflected about $x=0$. \begin{theorem} If a phase grating satisfies Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym}, it has a robust null at $x = 0$. \end{theorem} \begin{proof} To see why odd symmetry produces robust nulls, introduce the following functions \begin{equation} \label{defp} p(x) \! \equiv \! \frac{\phi(x) + \phi(-x) + \pi}{2 \end{equation} \begin{equation} \label{defq} q(x) \! \equiv \! \frac{\phi(x) - \phi(-x) - \pi}{2} \end{equation} where dependence on $(y,\psi,\lambda)$ has been omitted for succinctness. The following identities obtain: \begin{equation} \label{sumpq} \phi(x) \! = \! p(x)+q(x \end{equation} \begin{equation} \label{pneg} p(-x) \! = \! p(x \end{equation} \begin{equation} \label{qneg} q(-x) \! = \! -q(x) - \pi \end{equation} \begin{equation} \label{allTogether} \left(e^{i \phi(x)} + e^{i \phi(-x)}\right) \! = \! 2ie^{i p(x)}\sin(q(x)) \end{equation} If and only if Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym} is satisfied, $q(x)$ evaluates to $m\pi,\, \, m\; \in \mbb{Z}$ and $\sin(q(x)) = 0$, so by Eq. \ref{allTogether}, $\left(e^{i \phi(x)} + e^{i \phi(-x)}\right)=0$. Substituting into Eq. \ref{halfEM}, we see that if Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym} is satisfied, $E_{\lambda,y_0,z,\psi} = 0$ regardless of $z$, $y_0$, $\lambda$ or $\psi$, and the null is robust. \qedhere \end{proof} Therefore, adherence to Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym} is sufficient to create robust nulls in the near-field diffraction patterns produced by phase gratings. Diffraction-based optical elements made with odd-symmetry gratings therefore do not exhibit phase-reversing near-field nulls with changing wavelength or depth. If the phase grating has multiple nulls, the spacing between any adjacent pair being at least several microns, then it is straightforward to construct multiple photodiodes per period of the overlying phase grating. I discuss elsewhere \cite{GillStork:13} how this arrangement can lead to an angle-sensitive photosensor with much better information density than ASP-based optical sensors. \section{Proof that odd symmetry is necessary to produce robust nulls} In Sect. \ref{sec:suf}, we saw that odd symmetry is sufficient to induce robust nulls. Here, I prove that it is also necessary, a useful result in that it can dramatically limit the design space needed to be considered for designing wavelength- and depth-robust phase gratings. \begin{theorem} If a phase grating has a robust null at $x = 0$ extending for an open set of $y_0$ and its attenuation is less than infinite everywhere, its phase retardation and attenuation $\phi$ satisfies Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym} on every open set of grating locations. \end{theorem} The constraint that the grating's attenuation is never infinite is a consequence of the fact that the phase of a contribution of $0$ magnitude is not relevant to the observed electric field magnitude. A straightforward extension of the proof below covers the limit where certain regions of the grating (also symmetric about $x=0$) completely block light. The ``open set'' restriction is also useful to exclude sets of measure 0 and points infinitely far from $(0,y_0,z)$. \begin{proof} I will construct a proof by contradiction. Assume the grating has a robust null, yet violates Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym} on some open set of grating locations. I will factor the terms in the integrand of Eq. \ref{halfEM} into one portion $F$ that is 0 only if Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym} is satisfied, and a second portion $G$ which is always nonzero in magnitude. I will then use Parseval's theorem to show that assuming a null is robust actually implies $F$ must be 0 except on sets of measure 0, violating the assumption that Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym} is not satisfied on some open set. Define $F$ and $G$ as follows: $F \equiv \sin(q(x,y,\lambda,\psi))$ and $G \equiv 2iC(x,y-y_0,z)e^{ip(x,y,\lambda,\psi)}$. The Green's function $C(x,y-y_0,z)$ has a finite magnitude except at $\infty$, and by assumption that the grating's attenuation is less than infinite, $ \Im \left(p(x,y,\lambda,\psi)\right) < \infty$, making the magnitude of $e^{ip(x,y,\lambda,\psi)}$ also finite. Therefore, $\|G\|$ is nonzero except at $\infty$. By Eqs. \ref{halfEM} and \ref{allTogether}, \begin{equation} E_{\lambda,y_0,z,\psi}\!=\!\iint\limits_{H}F(x,y) e^{2\pi i \frac{r}{\lambda}} G(x,y) \, dy \, dx \label{FG1} \end{equation} Introduce the change of variables $\mbf{\nu} \equiv \hat{r} \frac{c}{\lambda}$ where $\hat{r}$ is the unit vector in the direction of $(x,y)$ and $\|\mbf{\nu}\|$ is the frequency of the light of wavelength $\lambda$. Also introduce a change of variables $\mbf{r'} \equiv \hat{r} \left( \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + (y-y_0)^2 + z^2}}{c} - \frac{z}{c}\right)$, making new functions $F'$ and $G'$, which are functions of $\mbf{r'}$ and $\mbf{\nu}$. Note that \mbf{r'} and \mbf{\nu} are vector quantities, shown in boldface. Let $F'(\mbf{r'})$ take the exact value of $F(x,y)$ at the $\mbf{r'}$ corresponding to $(x,y)$, but scale $G'$ such that $G'(\mbf{r'}) d\mbf{r'} = 2\pi\, G(x,y)\, dx\, dy$. Other than at $\mbf{r'} = \mbf{0}$ (a set of measure 0), $F'$ and $G'$ are finite precisely where $F$ and $G$ are, open sets on the $x$-$y$ plane are mapped to open sets on $\mbf{r'}$, and $\|G'\|$ is finite except at $\mbf{\infty}$. Equation \ref{FG1} becomes: \begin{equation} E_{\nu,y_0,z,\psi}\!=\!\frac{1}{2\pi}\iint\limits_{H}F'(\mbf{r'}) e^{2\pi i \mbf{\nu} \cdot \mbf{r'}} G'(\mbf{r'}) d\mbf{r'} \label{FG2}. \end{equation} Extending $F'$ and $G'$ out of the half-plane $H$ as follows: \begin{eqnarray} F''(\mbf{r'}) & \equiv & \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} F'(\mbf{r'}) & \mbox{if } x > 0 \\ 0 & \mbox{if } x \le 0 \end{array} \right. \nonumber \\ G''(\mbf{r'}) & \equiv & \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} G'(\mbf{r'}) & \mbox{if } x > 0 \\ 1 & \mbox{if } x \le 0 \end{array} \right. \nonumber \end{eqnarray} permits Eq. \ref{FG2} to be extended over the full plane $P$, leading to a Fourier transform in $\nu$: \begin{equation} E_{\nu,y_0,z,\psi}\!=\!\frac{1}{2\pi}\iint\limits_{P}F''(\mbf{r'}) e^{2\pi i \mbf{\nu} \cdot \mbf{r'}} G''(\mbf{r'}) d\mbf{r'} \label{FG3}. \end{equation} Note that $\|G''\|$ is finite except at $\infty$ and \mbf{0}. By Parseval's theorem, Eq. \ref{FG3} implies that \begin{equation} \iint\limits_{P}\left\|E_{\nu,y_0,z,\psi}\right\|^2 d\nu\!=\!\iint\limits_{P}\left\| F''(\mbf{r'}) G''(\mbf{r'})\right\|^2 d\mbf{r'} \label{FG4}. \end{equation} The integral of $E_{\nu,y_0,z,\psi}$ on the circle $\|\nu\| = \frac{c}{\lambda}$ gives the amplitude of the electric field due to light at wavelength $\lambda$ observed at $(0,y_0,z)$, which is $0$ by assumption. Since $G''$ is finite on all open sets of $P$ except at the origin, either $F''$ must be 0 on all open sets (and the grating has odd symmetry) or $F''$ is nonzero and $E_{\nu,y_0,z,\psi}$ is nonzero but its integral over all circles $\|\nu\| = \frac{c}{\lambda}$ is zero (implying rotational symmetry in $\phi$ about $(x,y_0)$). This second possibility cannot be true by assumption that the null persists over an open set of $y_0$, and contiguous points cannot all have nontrivial rotational symmetry. Therefore $F''$ is 0 on all open sets and the grating must satisfy Eq. \ref{eq:oddSym} on all open sets, violating the assumptions and achieving proof by contradiction. \qedhere \end{proof} Therefore, the only way to achieve robust null halfplanes in a near-field diffraction pattern with a phase grating is if that phase grating has one or more odd-symmetry lines. \section{Applications and conclusions} This paper has shown that odd-symmetry phase gratings produce wavelength- and depth-robust null halfplanes under normally-incident light, and conversely that the only way of manufacturing wavelength-robust null halfplanes is to construct an odd-symmetry grating. Odd-symmetry gratings promise many new applications. They are as small as other diffraction-scale elements such as ASPs, yet they overcome many of the latter's limitations. Thus, we expect odd-symmetry gratings might enable new classes of optical sensors and light sources, and we are actively investigating optical sensing, illumination and imaging applications using these gratings both alone and in combination with other optical elements. \section*{Acknowledgement} I would like to thank David G. Stork for insightful comments and guidance in the formulation of this paper and its proofs.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	958
_Books by_ CAMILLE PAGLIA _Vamps and Tramps: New Essays_ _Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays_ _Sexual Personae:_ _Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson_ A VINTAGE ORIGINAL, NOVEMBER 1994 FIRST EDITION _Copyright © 1994 by Camille Paglia_ All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Paglia, Camille Vamps and tramps : new essays / Camille Paglia.— 1st ed. p. cm. "A Vintage original." eISBN: 978-0-307-76556-7 1. Popular culture—United States—History—20th century. 2. Arts, American. 3. Arts, Modern—20th century—United States. 4. American literature—20th century—History and criticism. I. Title. E169.12.P334 1994 306.4′0973—dc20 94-12191 This page-this page constitute an extension of this copyright page. v3.1 # CONTENTS _Cover_ _Other Books by This Author_ _Title Page_ _Copyright_ INTRODUCTION THE YEAR OF THE PENIS The Penis Unsheathed NO LAW IN THE ARENA No Law in the Arena: a Pagan Theory of Sexuality 1. Introduction: The Horses of Passion 2. Sex Crime: Rape 3. Sex War: Abortion, Battering, Sexual Harassment 4. Sex Power: Prostitution, Stripping, Pornography 5. Rebel Love: Homosexuality 6. Conclusion: Citizens of the Empire THE CULTURE WARS The Nursery-School Campus: The Corrupting of the Humanities in the U.S. Gay Stalinism The Return of Carry Nation: Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin The New Sexism: Liberating Art and Beauty An Open Letter to the Students of Harvard On Censorship POP THEATER Woody Allen Agonistes Our Tabloid Princess: Amy Fisher The Female Lenny Bruce: Sandra Bernhard Brooklyn Nefertiti: Barbra Streisand Lolita Unclothed MASTERS AND MISTRESSES Diana Regina Television and the Clintons Kind of a Bitch: Why I Like Hillary Clinton Hillary in the Spotlight Laying the Ghost of Anita Hill: Bill Clinton and Paula Jones Mona Lisa in Motion: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis MEMOIRS AND ADVENTURES The Saint My Brothers in Crime: Benderson, Jarratt, Feld, Fessenden Dr. Paglia: Part 1 of _Female Misbehavior_ , A Four-Part Documentary by Monika Treut Sex War: A Short Film by Luca Babini Glennda and Camille Do Downtown ON LITERATURE AND ART Gypsy Tigress: Carmen Alice as Epic Hero Love Poetry Tournament of Modern Personae: D. H. Lawrence's _Women in Love_ Breviary of the Nude: Kenneth Clark's _The Nude_ The Artistic Dynamics of "Revival" Sontag, Bloody Sontag BOOK REVIEWS [The Star as Sacred Monster David Shipman's _Judy Garland: The Secret Life of an American Legend_](Pagl_9780307765567_epub_c32_r1.htm) [Madonna in the Shallows Madonna's _Sex_](Pagl_9780307765567_epub_c33_r1.htm) [Madonna as Gauguin Mark Bego's _Madonna: Blonde Ambition_](Pagl_9780307765567_epub_c34_r1.htm) [Tyranny of the Technocrats John Ralston Saul's _Voltaire's Bastards_](Pagl_9780307765567_epub_c35_r1.htm) [A Woman of the Century Germaine Greer's _The Change_](Pagl_9780307765567_epub_c36_r1.htm) [Scholar, Aesthete, Activist Edward Said's _Culture and Imperialism_](Pagl_9780307765567_epub_c37_r1.htm) [The Corpse of Fashion Fred Davis's _Fashion, Culture, and Identity_](Pagl_9780307765567_epub_c38_r1.htm) [Cry of the Invisible Men Warren Farrell's _The Myth of Male Power_](Pagl_9780307765567_epub_c39_r1.htm) SATIRES AND SHORT TAKES Ask Camille Paglia: Advice for the Lovelorn, Among Others Feminist Fatale Bobbitt Versus Bobbitt Diary: Sex, Art, and Selling Extracts APPENDICES Cartoon Personae A Media Chronicle _Acknowledgments_ _About the Author_ # INTRODUCTION The title of this book evokes the missing sexual personae of contemporary feminism. Vamps are queens of the night, the primeval realm excluded and repressed by today's sedate middle-class professionals in their orderly, blazing bright offices. The prostitute, seductress, and high-glamour movie star wield woman's ancient vampiric power over men. That power is neither rational nor measurable. The Apollonian rules we pass to govern the workplace will never fully control the demonic impulses of Dionysian night. Sexual equality before the law—the first great goal of modern feminism—cannot so easily be transferred to our emotional lives, where woman rules. Art and pornography, not politics, show us the real truth about sex. I want a revamped feminism. Putting the vamp back means the lady must be a tramp. My generation of Sixties rebels wanted to smash the bourgeois codes that had become authoritarian totems of the Fifties. The "nice" girl, with her soft, sanitized speech and decorous manners, had to go. Thirty years later, we're still stuck with her—in the official spokesmen and anointed heiresses of the feminist establishment. White middle-class personae have barely changed. Getting women out of the kitchen and into the office, we have simply put them into another bourgeois prison. The panoramic Sixties vision, inspired by Buddhism and Hinduism, called the entire Western career system into question. But that insight has been lost. The beatniks, the generation of dissenters before mine, went "on the road"—not just physically, like Jack Kerouac, but spiritually. Allen Ginsberg, the New York Walt Whitman, made wayfaring songs of an exile in his own land. Fusing Hindu and Hebrew chant with African-American jazz rhythms, Ginsberg reenergized the purist folk style of Bob Dylan, my generation's hobo troubadour, who went on to make rock 'n' roll an art form. In "Like a Rolling Stone," Dylan forces his faithless heroine to confront the blank-eyed "mystery tramp," who is both the artist and personified death, the reality of extinction that defines life itself. "Think for yourself," said the Beatles, and let your mind roam "where it will go." The tramp is a rover, exploring the wilderness outside the status quo. Until the end of the Fifties, a sexually free woman was called a "tramp," that is, a vagrant or streetwalker, a whore. Joan Rivers's gleefully insatiable Heidi Abromowitz, dashing to the dock to greet the fleet, was the dark alter ego of the chaste middle-class girl. We must reclaim the Whore of Babylon, the nature goddess of that complex city of arrogant male towers and hanging female gardens. Vamps and tramps are Babylonian personae, pagan outcasts. They live again in our bold drag queens and gay hustlers, midnight cowboys of the urban canyons. An episode of the _Perry Mason_ television series, starring Raymond Burr, was called _The Case of the Vagabond Vixen_. Female sexuality, freed from Judeo-Christian sequestration, returns to animal nature. The woman "on the stroll" (streetwalking) is a prowler and predator, self-directed and no one's victim. Equal opportunity feminism, which I espouse, demands the removal of all barriers to woman's advance in the political and professional world—but not at the price of special protections for women, which are infantilizing and anti-democratic. As a Sixties libertarian, I also oppose overregulation of sexuality, which has risen to a totalitarian extreme over the past decade in America. The culture is at risk when civil liberties are sacrificed on the altar of career success. Professional functioning in the Apollonian capitalist machine—which I laud as the vehicle of woman's modern liberation—must not be confused with full human identity. Nor can office politics dictate our understanding of sexuality, which begins as a force of nature outside the social realm. White middle-class style, despite the Sixties rebellion, still tyrannizes us, because corporate business, with the streamlined efficiency of the profit-based work ethic, was born in Protestant Northern Europe, before and after the industrial revolution. It has been puritanical and desensualized from the start. Bland on the surface and seething with Darwinian hostility below, office manners grind down and homogenize all ethnic and racial differences. The world is going WASP. We must scrutinize and monitor business operations when corporations corner monopolies or mushroom into faceless global mega-entities rivaling nation-states, but business style, fetishizing the white Protestant persona, may be beyond reform, because it is simply too effective. We need to recast the daily dramas of our public theater. Meditating on vamps and tramps makes us see the decorous borders of professional life. In calling for a "room of one's own," Virginia Woolf created a central metaphor of twentieth-century feminism. Emily Dickinson, by a turn of the key, had achieved that secure mental space, but she was the daughter and sister of successful lawyers. A perquisite of privilege and prosperity, the "room of one's own" was already too bourgeois for my subversive generation, whose brash rock spirit counsels: Get out of the house, and keep on running. A _car_ of one's own, the great equalizer, is more the mode of American Amazonism. On the open highway, battling stormy nature and dodging mammoth eighteen-wheelers (today's piratical tramp freighters), woman has never been more mobile, more capable of the archetypal journey of the heroic quest, a traditionally masculine myth. The new tramp is not a displaced person, except insofar as he or she is a refugee from the prison of the nuclear family. Life is a condition of searching for meaning—an active and affirmative process, unlike the bunkered defeatism of modernism and postmodernism. The multicultural twenty-first century will also require research, as we drift further and further from our ethnic origins. By the principle of what I call creative duality, we must recover and celebrate our ethnic roots, while at the same time identifying ourselves with the spiritual homelessness of the tramp. The task is to balance philosophical detachment, the isolated consciousness, with a sense of community and engagement with social issues. Overprotected in the paternalistic past, women have a special obligation to liberate their personae. Male adventurism has always been a costly, painful privilege. When the office—by which I mean the whole complex of word-based, smoothly cooperative white-collar work, in business or academe—becomes the primary paradigm of new female achievement, women have cut themselves off from the risk-taking, rough-and-tumble experiences that have always toughened men. Women will never succeed at the level or in the numbers they deserve until they get over their genteel reluctance to take abuse in the attack and counterattack of territorial warfare. The recent trend in feminism, notably in sexual harassment policy, has been to overrely on regulation and legislation rather than to promote personal responsibility. Women must not become wards and suppliants of authority figures. Freedom means rejecting dependency. Creative duality also applies to female self-definition. Hyper-development of the Apollonian office persona during the day—crucial if women are to advance to leadership—necessitates contrary measures for psychic health. Vamp and tramp, as vivid mental states, must be given nocturnal Dionysian license. My brand of streetwise feminism demands aggressive guerrilla tactics of speed, subterfuge, and surprise. The street walk and street talk, big and brassy, are polar opposites of the reserved, compressed body language and modest, subdued voices required by the professional world in its contained spaces. The street is nature, the open savanna with its long sightlines and the raw, exuberant energies of hunt and pursuit. Communication is African call-and-response, loud because it must cover great distances. I am acutely aware of the difficult transition from working class to middle class, since I have identified, to my career detriment, with the assertive, theatrical style of my grandparents' generation (my maternal grandfather worked in a shoe factory) rather than with the discreet good manners of my parents' generation, who sought social assimilation in America. Vamps and tramps are the seasoned symbols of tough-cookie feminism, my answer to the smug self-satisfaction and crass materialism of yuppie feminism. I admire the hard-bitten, wisecracking realism of Ida Lupino and the _film noir_ heroines. I'm sick of simpering white girls with their princess fantasies. The twenty-first hexagram of the _I Ching_ is Shih Ho, "Biting Through," which represents the forcible overcoming of obstacles. No more sweets. No more placebos or false assurances. The eating disorders that plague bourgeois feminism are the regressive rituals of docile daughters who, on some level, refuse to fend for themselves. As an Italian-American child, I was fed wild black mushrooms, tart dandelion greens, spiny artichokes, and tangy olives flecked with red pepper flakes. These were life lessons in the sour and prickly, the bitter herbs eaten in the tramp's clothes of leavetaking. Auntie Mame, my campy guru, liked to say, "Life is a banquet, and most poor suckers are starving to death." The theme of _Vamps and Tramps_ is wanderlust, the erotic, appetitive mind in free movement. The word "vamp," in the sense of a sexual seductress, is Slavic in origin and descends from the Serbo-Croatian vampire legends of the bloody Balkans. Our language has a second, less glamourous "vamp," this one with French roots, by way of Middle English. Derived from shoemaking (the ancestral trade of my mother's region in Italy), it describes the leather instep of a boot, the thing that is "in the front," _"avant,"_ as in the military and later artistic term, "avant-garde" or vanguard. Eventually, to "vamp" meant saving or repairing something old by patching it with a new piece—that is, using ingenuity, cleverness, and commonplace practicality to achieve your aims. From there it entered vaudeville and jazz: in musical accompaniment, "vamping" means improvising, ornamenting, pumping up the excitement. I take vamping in this second sense to describe my interpretative style, in classroom teaching, public lectures, and cultural criticism. Improvisation in the modern performing arts is ultimately a product of Romanticism's stress on energy, originality, spontaneity, and emotional truth, as opposed to the gleaming technical perfection, architectural symmetry, and cerebral didacticism of neoclassicism. I don't want to throw out the old songs; I want to update, customize, and supercharge them. I want to put the bomp back into the bomp-de-domp. Improv, analogous to Freudian free association, takes you by startling leaps and pulses to the heart of the matter. It is Dionysian logic, sensory and surreal. Vision comes in psychedelic flashes. "Hot tramp!" David Bowie says to a pagan rogue in "Rebel, Rebel." The guardians of culture must return to homage and ecstasy. Riffing and jamming on the classics, we can both corrupt and redeem them. _Vamps and Tramps_ began a year ago as a proposal by my editor for a second collection of essays. My first, _Sex, Art, and American Culture_ (1992), documented the period following the release of my 700-page scholarly study, _Sexual Personae_ (1990), when I was drawn into national controversies over date rape, sexual harassment, censorship, political correctness, poststructuralism, the literary canon, women's studies, gay studies, multiculturalism, the role of television, and, last but not least, Madonna. The second volume of _Sexual Personae_ , on modern popular culture, was completed in 1981 but is currently being revised to incorporate the thousands of note cards that have accumulated over the intervening decade and a half. That volume, like the first, will be released in hardcover by Yale University Press. I was asked to write an essay, to serve as the centerpiece of _Vamps and Tramps_ , about the newly contentious debate over homosexuality and biology, on which I had begun to speak out. I felt I should produce instead a more general statement of my sexual philosophy, in which homosexuality would have its place. Hence the main essay here, "No Law in the Arena: A Pagan Theory of Sexuality," which systematically presents my libertarian views of rape, abortion, battering, sexual harassment, prostitution, stripping, pornography, homosexuality, pedophilia, and transvestism. My guiding principle is a strict separation between the public and private spheres. The sanctity of the latter must be preserved and defended. The state should have no power to oversee or regulate solitary or consensual activities, such as suicide or sodomy. Hence I strongly support the legalization of drugs and prostitution, and I am an extreme advocate of the most lurid forms of pornography. In the four years since I arrived on the scene (after an ill-starred career that included job problems, poverty, and the rejection _of Sexual Personae_ by seven major publishers), there has been a dramatic shift in thought in America. The fascist rigidity of political correctness, in academe and the media, has begun to melt. Heretical ideas that, when I expressed them in essays and lectures in 1991 and 1992, got me pilloried and picketed, in a torrent of abuse and defamation, have now become common coin. My terminology and frame of analysis have passed into general usage. These are matters for the historical record, always clearer from a distance than in the chaotic present. My strategy has been to change the climate of ideas _around_ the academic and feminist establishment, in order to shrink its power base. I have used aggressive "strikes," based on war and (my favorite sport) football, to damage and punish false leaders. My favorite weapon has been satire, which I studied in Horace, Juvenal, Rabelais, Pope, Swift, Oscar Wilde, Bob Dylan, and _Mad_ magazine. My meteoric rise—actually, this was the axiomatic "overnight success that took twenty years"—was partly due to a restlessness in America, a fatigue with dated ideology and an impatience with establishment insularity and impotence. These forces contributed to the 1992 presidential election of Bill Clinton, a relatively unknown governor of a provincial agricultural state (whom I continue to support, despite my public criticism of his managerial errors). As an ornery outsider of prickly eccentricity and raw populist humor, I was a parallel phenomenon to businessman-turned-politician Ross Perot and radio personalities Rush Limbaugh and Howard Stern, with their gigantic nationwide following. We have widely different political views, but all four of us, with our raging egomania and volatile comic personae tending toward the loopy, helped restore free speech to America. Since the publication of _Sex, Art, and American Culture_ , I have been particularly encouraged by three books. One was published by Cambridge University Press in 1989: Colin Falck's intricately interdisciplinary _Myth, Truth, and Literature: Towards a True Post-Modernism_. When it came my way in early 1993, I immediately ordered twenty copies and sent them to leading scholars around the country: this, I prophesied, was the future of literary criticism—after the long overdue death of that ugly octopus, poststructuralism. The first words I saw on flipping open Falck's book were "Susanne Langer." I whooped with joy. Langer is the distinguished philosopher whose work on aesthetics was widely read and admired in the Sixties. When, in the process of writing my academic exposé, "Junk Bonds and Corporate Raiders," I spent six months reviewing the past two decades of jargon-ridden literary theory, I was appalled at the total absence of Langer's name—more proof of the ineptitude of the current humanities professoriat. The two other works deal with feminism. Last year appeared 27-year-old Katie Roiphe's _The Morning After: Sex, Fear, and Feminism on Campus_ , an eloquent, thoughtful, finely argued book that was savaged from coast to coast by shallow, dishonest feminist book reviewers (a welcome exception being Wendy Kaminer). Just released in 1994 is Christina Hoff Sommers's landmark study _Who Stole Feminism?_ , which uses ingenious detective work to unmask the shocking fraud and propaganda of establishment feminism and the servility of American media and academe to Machiavellian feminist manipulation. This bracingly precise, fact-based book should be required reading for every journalist. Sommers is a courageous academic philosopher who was one of the very first to systematically critique current feminist ideology and who took tremendous abuse for it. Her activism predated by several years the publication of my long-delayed first book. Sommers has done a great service for women and for feminism, whose fundamental principles she has clarified and strengthened. The themes of _Vamps and Tramps_ continue those of _Sex, Art, and American Culture_. The progressive principles of the Sixties must be rescued from the brackish bog of political correctness into which they have sunk. My highest ideals are free thought and free speech. I condemn all speech codes and espouse offensiveness for its own sake, as a tool of attack against received opinion and unexamined assumptions. My heroes are the libertines of the Enlightenment and the aesthetes of the nineteenth-century Decadence. Science and art—intellect and imagination—must be reintegrated for a complete vision of the universe. As a militant reformer of feminism and academe, I have followed the Sixties design of protest and opposition. The corrupt palace elites, arrogant with power, must be exposed and brought to justice everywhere, whether they are in the literature departments at Harvard and Princeton or in the headquarters of the National Organization for Women, which at the moment is merely an outpost of the Gloria Steinem coterie. Those who have poisoned the cultural atmosphere in America or gained high position by unethical means must be held accountable. It's Nuremberg time. _Sex, Art, and American Culture_ was secretly aimed toward students and seems to have succeeded in its mission. It is a handbook for the Resistance. I am arming the rebels. For example, "Junk Bonds and Corporate Raiders," paragraph by paragraph, is a set of can openers by which dissenters can pry open the solipsistically sealed discourse of poststructuralism. I seek no followers. I am an irascible Aries warrior rather than a politician or diplomat. My kind takes the beachhead and pushes the Nazis back; others make the treaties. Neither was I a "follower" _per se_ of Allen Ginsberg, Marshall McLuhan, Norman O. Brown, or Leslie Fiedler. But those radical thinkers broke through the conventions of tradition and allowed us of the Sixties to _find our own voices_. That is what I would like to do for the students of the Nineties. We need a general theory of culture. Without it, multiculturalism is nonsense. My synoptic work, taking in the full spectrum from high art to popular culture, was inspired by German philology, which I encountered via my childhood passion for archaeology. The great Schools of Oriental Studies—now routinely defamed as racist and imperialist by puerile New Historicists and others—were posited on the philological model. The latter represents a multilayered view of society, where everything, from trivia to treasure, counts. Religion, politics, law, language, literature, art, architecture, agriculture, husbandry, medicine, commerce, courtship, food preparation, domestic management: the analyst of culture must be able to range freely among all the elements of ordinary and extraordinary life. The story is in the details, scattered fragments into which the scholar breathes life. My program of educational reform begins on the primary-school level, which has been irresponsibly ignored by our academic pseudo-leftists, whose idea of political action is nattering about Foucault to each other at conferences. Urban public schools have been allowed to decline disastrously since my mother emigrated from Italy in the Thirties and since I was rigorously educated in the Fifties and early Sixties. I favor a simple, back-to-basics curriculum centered on world history, science, and the arts, and I call for a return to the strict immigrant-era policy of expulsion of disorderly students, to protect the classroom for economically disadvantaged children who want to learn. Education is the foundation stone of true social justice. National standards, like those of the New York State Regents exams that ruled my youth, are necessary, but administrative bureaucracies must be reduced and teachers given more power. I view bilingual instruction as shortsighted and counterproductive, and I oppose all social-welfare meddling in public education: condom distribution belongs in public health clinics, not schools, and forcing gay issues into the curriculum is an outrageous act of cultural imperialism by white middle-class ideologues against the working class for whom they claim to speak. Deep social change takes time and cannot be achieved by fiat. Sex must be kept out of the totalitarian grip of philanthropists and preachers of every stripe. On the college level, reform has been stymied by two forces. First, a sterile liberal versus conservative debate has polarized the campuses and prevented authentic self-critique. These political positions are simplistic and outmoded. We must take the best from the left and the best from the right to devise new strategies for the global twenty-first century. The reluctance of liberal professors to speak out against rampant abuses committed on their side (e.g., suppression of free speech, the excesses of women's studies and French theory) has simply increased the power of the right. Progressive values are damaged when the left has lost touch with reality and when the plain voice of common sense is heard mainly on the right. Conservative Christian organizations have made enormous gains in America because most of their issues are legitimate ones that have been misunderstood, misrepresented, or treated with sophomoric disrespect by what Dan Quayle correctly called the "cultural elite." The only way to slow or stop the national drift to the right is for intellectuals to reclaim these issues and methodically recast them, one by one, in a new progressive language comprehensible to middle America but divested of narrow Christian moralism. The people can and must be pulled back toward the center. Civil liberties, as the Sixties understood them, are at stake. The process of curricular reform has been complicated by the insularity of humanities faculty, most of whom seem naively oblivious to the political complexities and inner turbulence of contemporary America. The second force frustrating reform is the academic career system, which has gotten tangled up with politics, since ambitious, apolitical literature teachers discovered in the Seventies and Eighties that easily learned leftist posturing brought professional prestige and advancement. The politics of these vinyl carpetbaggers consist mainly of empty rhetoric—and of currying favor with other academics. Economic analysis is the first principle of Marxism. Professors who were genuine leftists would have challenged the entire economics-driven machinery of American academe—the wasteful multidepartmental structure, the divisive pedantry of overspecialization, the cronyism and sycophancy in recruitment and promotion, the boondoggling ostentation of pointless conferences, the exploitation of graduate students and part-time teachers, the subservience of faculty to overpaid administrators, the mediocrity and folly of the ruling cliques of the Modern Language Association. The failure of academe to reform itself from within was compounded by the negligence and inertness of what used to be called the "alternative press," which in the political correctness debate astonishingly aligned itself with the tenured professors of the elite schools. For example, _The Village Voice_ , which I read devoutly in the Sixties and early Seventies, had so collapsed into confusion and irrelevance that its derisive 1991 cover story denying the existence of political correctness (and picturing me as a "counterfeit feminist" bandit "Wanted for Intellectual Fraud") was quickly accepted for republication by the _Yale Journal of Criticism_. Something is wrong in the culture when there is such collusion between the establishment and the old forces of critique. For twenty years, the alternative press, nationwide, has been irresponsibly mute about the venal careerism of academe, which drove my generation into the wilderness. Most professors know that American higher education in the humanities is in a deplorable state. Yet many remain silent, perhaps through prudent self-preservation, which is starting to look a lot like moral cowardice. They have put loyalty to their colleagues before loyalty to their students, ostensibly the _raison d'être_ for educational institutions. How many more young minds must be distorted or destroyed before the faculty decides to defend the Western intellectual values of free inquiry and orderly acquisition of knowledge? Only the West produced the scientific techniques and speculative analysis of geology, paleontology, and archaeology, which have revealed and preserved the world past. I end my public lectures with a mantra for the students: "Hate dogma. Love learning. Love art." What sorry pass have we come to when such sentiments are judged dangerously radical? Learning, not facile theory, must be the primary criterion (with teaching ability second) for the hiring and promotion of faculty. The new interdisciplinary era, which I support, requires an even deeper commitment to learning than before, but standards have actually weakened. The venerable emeritus professors still at Yale when I entered graduate school may have been reserved, puritanical WASPs, but they were men of honor who had given their lives to scholarship. Today in the elite schools, honor and ethics are gone. My aim is to build a coalition for educational reform consisting of concerned persons across the political spectrum. The supreme principles of free thought and free speech transcend all party affiliations. I think I am alone in proposing a plan for _world_ education. International understanding must have some basis in common terminology, which can best be articulated through traditional means, the solid scholarship of a revamped old historicism. We need a plan that is simultaneously a great expansion and a great simplification—that is, a moving outward to take in the vastness of global multiculturalism and a reordering, by severe process of elimination, of the organizing themes for that huge body of material. My program offers comparative religion as a core curriculum for the world. I do not believe in God, but I believe God is man's greatest idea. Those incapable of religious feeling or those (like hardcore gay activists) who profane sacred ground do not have the imagination to educate the young. Flicking the radio dial in America, one hears bursts of beautiful, spellbinding poetry. But it is neither academics nor contemporary writers who are filling the air with dazzling imagery and profound spiritual truths. Alas for progressive politics, these are the voices of white and black Christian ministers, reading from the Bible. Why have intellectuals abandoned the people? This is the shame of modernism. High Romanticism at least gave poetry as the prize of rebellion and, turning from God, put nature in his place. Everyone in the world should know all the great religions of the world: Hinduism; Buddhism; Greco-Roman and Near Eastern paganism; Judeo-Christianity; Islam; African, North American, and Oceanic tribal cults; pre-Columbian imperial myth. Art, history, and philosophy are intertwined with the evolution of religion. This is the true multiculturalism. The secularism of the Enlightenment was meant to free the mind, not kill the soul. In the spirit of the eighteenth-century encyclopedists and revolutionaries, we must keep church and state separate, even while we preserve the eternal insights and metaphors of religion. Authority belongs to the classroom, not the pulpit. Until the left comes to its senses about the cultural power of religion, the right will continue to broaden its appeal. The Sixties wanted to break the oppressive moral codes of organized religion, to attain vision by a daring individualism. But we left the generations who came after us in a spiritual vacuum. The young are struggling for identity in a world defined by material uncertainties and inequities, surreally juxtaposed pockets of feast and famine. Hence their vulnerability to political correctness, the only religion they know. They crave spiritual food, and the elite schools have given them the bitter ashes of nihilism. Everything inspiring or ennobling has been befouled for them by their crabbed, callous professors, who do not deserve the name "teacher." My efforts to restore the unfashionable concept of "greatness" to critical discourse are part of my evangelical mission in the service of the Hellenic religion of art, whose homoerotic prophets have risen again and again since the Renaissance. My plan is a fusion of archaism and futurism. Much of the acrimony of academic debate has come from a misapplication of the Sixties' demand for "relevance." Universities should not be brokers of the contemporary. The purpose of education is to open the remote past to the students, so that they can learn from the voluminous human record of mistakes and triumphs. Professors have no business telling students about the present. The students _are_ the present, and month by month, they are creating the future. Stop oppressing them with exhausted paradigms of the recent past. Each time a professor sets foot in the classroom, he or she is already history. The "vamping" style that I endorse weaves references to the present throughout all interpretation of the past. Every teacher must become a bard, a living archive and singer of sagas. "Only connect," said E.M. Forster. Education must center on primary texts, the major artworks so complex and elusive that they have haunted generation after generation. None of us understands them fully. We must present them to the students, then get out of the way. Great art radiates—an uncanny aura beyond good or evil. We literally "expose" ourselves to it, never knowing its deepest effects until years or decades later. On the Moebius strip of the human psyche, the future meets the past. I recognize the austere elegance and gravity of ancient Egyptian ritualism in _Star Trek: The Next Generation_ , a television series (1987–94) that speaks to the universalist longings of the post-Sixties era. Technology has become like a second skin. The heroic spirit of maligned Columbus still pushes into space, _Star Trek_ 's "final frontier." Its plot lines wavering between cooperation and militance, the program recapitulates the _Oresteia_ 's contest between law and lawlessness, civilization and barbarism. And _Star Trek_ accepts, without paternalistic sentimentality, the grotesque _differentness_ of peoples, even their mutual physical repulsiveness. The current multicultural metaphor of the "rainbow" is completely wrong. Cultures will never coexist in placid, symmetrical bands. There is no way, for example, that the opulent African aesthetic of luxurious textures and brilliant colors, produced by the tropical sun, can ever fully comprehend or be comprehended by the sensuality-suppressing corporate WASP aesthetic of clean-lined "understated" designs and "tasteful" muted tones—beige, bone, charcoal, navy. One cancels out the other. Conflict is unavoidable. My master metaphor for culture is _the river_ , with its nourishing tributaries and churning cataracts. It conveys the real majesty of the world's historical traditions. Art comes cascading down to us from shadowy origins, like the allegorical Nile whose head is mysteriously wrapped in Bernini's Piazza Navona fountain. Not critics but artists make the canon, which is simply the long stream of influences that create and sustain a civilization. We must construct a curriculum that balances the arts and sciences in a simple, rational way. I have written and spoken extensively about the need to demolish women's studies, a corrupt autocracy that was flung together without regard for scholarly standards or objective criteria of professional credentialing. Gay studies is even worse—a cul-de-sac microfield that guarantees bias and self-interest. My proposed substitute, sex studies, would put men and women, as well as gay and straight, into the same program, and it would make basic study of biology, endocrinology, psychology, and anthropology requirements for anyone claiming expertise in gender issues or seeking employment in that area as a college instructor. Teaching of the arts also needs reform, to remove every trace of desiccated academicism—bibliographic, semiotic, or poststructuralist. The visual and performing arts must be liberated from the tyranny of words, the stock-in-trade of a snooty literary establishment whose superannuated worldview predates that of our colorful, image-dominated age of television. History of the international languages of music and dance should be built into the liberal arts core curriculum. It is disgraceful, for example, that jazz is more honored abroad than in its birthplace. Black music, in its half-dozen major phases, belongs at the heart of education for all young Americans. The media so shapes our world that a survey course in its long development is indispensable, from the first mass-market newspapers in the 1830s through the birth of advertising and the invention of movies, radio, and television. Art films are a superb educational tool to introduce students to foreign languages as well as to dramatize the fleeting ambiguities and hypnotic compulsions of sexuality. Cinema is far more accurate about sex than is feminist theory. Public funds should be used not to support individual artists—no genuinely avant-garde artist would take money from the government—but to underwrite dance companies, musical groups, and a national film consortium, designated to produce and protect mint-condition prints of great films for constant circulation among primary and secondary schools. If we fail to take action to sophisticate our students, the intellectual and artistic creativity of America will suffer. All the pieces in _Vamps and Tramps_ were written in the two years since the release of _Sex, Art, and American Culture_. Many have been previously published in England and America, but the following were specially written for this volume: the main essay, "No Law in the Arena," "The Saint," "Tournament of Modern Personae" (on D.H. Lawrence), "Sontag, Bloody Sontag," and "My Brothers in Crime," a memoir of four gay men who have heavily influenced me. This is a multimedia book, in the Sixties style of Marshall McLuhan. Included are transcripts of several of the television and film projects I have recently participated in. I feel most fortunate to have an ongoing professional relationship with the brilliant producer-director Peter Stuart, whose staff and crew at Rapido TV in London have created four specials that I hosted on Channel 4, thanks to arts editor Waldemar Januszczak, over the past year and a half. Two of them, _The Penis Unsheathed_ and _Lolita Unclothed_ , are in this book. Censorship is such in America, on both the left and right wings, that neither program could have been made for mainstream television here. Transcripts of the two remaining shows, _Diana Unclothed_ (which caused a press flap) and _Lesbians Unclothed_ , were not included for reasons of space. Other transcripts, in order of their film production: "Dr. Paglia," from _Female Misbehavior_ , directed by Monika Treut and featuring Bruce Benderson; _Sex War_ , directed by Luca Babini and starring Lauren Hutton; and _Glennda and Camille Do Downtown_ , a video collaboration with New York drag queen and public-access television personality and producer Glennda Orgasm (Glenn Belverio). The Hutton film has not yet been publicly shown, but _Female Misbehavior_ has appeared at film festivals and in commercial release around the world and is distributed in video by First Run Features. _Glennda and Camille_ , despite being shown at the prestigious Sundance Festival in January 1994, was banned for reasons of political incorrectness this past spring by both the New York and San Francisco Lesbian and Gay Film Festivals. [Note: As this book went to press, _Glennda and Camille_ won first prize for the best short documentary at the 1994 Chicago Underground Film Festival.] Other pieces in the book deal with censorship, academic reform, and the Stalinism of the feminist and gay-activist establishment. There are articles on Diana and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, as well as on the Clintons (including a 1993 London cover story on Hillary). Popular culture figures profiled include Judy Garland, Woody Allen, Amy Fisher, Sandra Bernhard, Madonna, and Barbra Streisand (another 1993 London cover story). Literary and artistic subjects, aside from D.H. Lawrence and Susan Sontag, include Lewis Carroll, Bizet's _Carmen_ , Kenneth Clark's _The Nude_ , an article on love poetry from the _Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics_ , and a manifesto of Neo-Sexism, the pro-art project I cofounded with artist and curator Alison Maddex. Among books reviewed are those by Germaine Greer, Edward Said, and Warren Farrell. Previously published pieces have usually been retitled, and all material dropped for space at deadline editing has been restored. "Satires and Short Takes" includes heterogeneous extracts and snippets, as well as the advice columns I wrote for _Spy_ , which came to an end when commissioning editor Jamie Malanowski left the magazine. Scores of cartoons about me have appeared since my last book; some are reproduced here. They illustrate the degree to which I have become a sexual persona, apart from my ideas, at a moment when both feminism and academe are in flux. I seem to have passed into Pop Art, one of the formative influences of my college years. Last is a condensed media chronicle of my major appearances, as both subject and vamping commentator, in international newspapers and magazines. I would like to thank my patient and supportive editor, LuAnn Walther, and my ace publicist and loyal advisor, Katharine Barrett, at Vintage Books. Luca Babini, artist and athlete, has been extraordinarily generous in taking portrait photographs of me for this book. Five people were directly involved, in different ways, with the production of the manuscript: Kent Christensen, Nina Lucas, Stephen Wolf, Bruce Benderson, and my partner, Alison Maddex. During the writing of the book, I benefited from conversations with the following people, in alphabetical order: Glenn Belverio, Robert Caserio, John DeWitt, Herbert Golder, Lauren Hutton, Ann Jamison, Stephen Jarratt, Elizabeth Kaspar Aldrich, Kristen Lippincott, M.G. Lord, Kenneth Manning, Harvey Mansfield, Rosemary Mayer, Lynn Nesbit, Lenora Paglia, Marilyn Roberts, Gillian Rose, Camelia Sanes, Heidi Jon Schmidt, Christina Hoff Sommers, Francesca Stanfill, Sarah Such, David Talbot, Monika Treut, Helen and Gregory Vermeychuk, Lydia Wills, and Ben and Rachel Wizner. Camille Paglia Philadelphia, June 1994 # THE YEAR OF THE PENIS # THE PENIS UNSHEATHED [A Rapido TV production for _World Without Walls_ , Channel 4, London. Produced by Peter Stuart. Directed by Peter Murphy. Aired March 1, 1994.] _After hours at a museum gallery of Greek and Roman sculpture. Next to a stately entryway of Doric pillars, we see a marble copy of Polycleitus'_ Diadoumenos, _a nude athlete tying on his headband. The camera pans down his body, from face to penis. To the brassy beat of Yma Sumac's "Goomba Boomba," a charwoman with mop and pail sashays through the gallery and flicks the statue's genitals with three flourishes of her orange dust rag. Cut to stage set adorned with racks of church candles and a red carpet leading to an altar-like platform, above which hangs a neon-bright Pop Art painting of the abdomen and thighs of Michelangelo's_ David. _The background of the image is iridescent orange, the skin cobalt blue, the pubic hair green, and the penis hot-pink_. CAMILLE PAGLIA, _in black jacket and pants, strolls out from the shadow of a church window, steps up on the platform, and addresses the camera_. CAMILLE PAGLIA _(imitating Nancy Kulp as schoolmarmish Miss Jane on_ The Beverly Hillbillies): The penis. Should we keep it? Or should we cut it off and _throw it away?_ In the thirty years since the sexual revolution, we have thought obsessively about sex but come to no answers to any important sexual question. The penis is shaping up to be the central metaphor of the gender crisis of the Nineties. _(Cut to black-and-white art photograph of a nude man holding a photo of the genitals of Michelangelo's_ David _over his own.)_ In too much feminist thought of the last several decades, the penis has been defined as an instrument of intimidation, aggression, violation, and destruction. I think we've gotten to the point where this kind of reductive definition of male anatomy is proving unsatisfactory to women of the Nineties. It would be useful for us to go backwards in time and to review the way the penis has been symbolized through history. _(Cut to prehistoric and classical depictions of men, penises, and dildos, including Greek vases and the monumental penis-on-a-pillar in the sacred precinct at Delos. Cut to art historian_ PETER WEBB, _seated against a black background with a spotlit statue of a nude Greek boy behind him.)_ PETER WEBB: The phallus has had a very positive image, a very positive power in history and in prehistory, as far back as we go. And this has not in any way been demonstrably anti-women. But it has been _pro_. It's been pro-fertility. It's been a sort of talismanic image, an image to bring fertility, an image to assure good luck, an image to ward off the evil eye. And in this way, it's had a strong role to play in all sorts of cultures that we can examine in history. Really, from prehistoric times right through. But I suppose the most interesting to evaluate is the world of Greece and Rome, where it's quite clear that the phallus played a vital role in worship. _(Cut to a reconstruction of a priapic dance, circa 300 A.D., from Derek Jarman's_ Sebastiane. _Ecstatically leaping acolytes with large phallic prostheses circle a writhing bald man in white body paint and red G-string, who obscenely laps his reddened tongue. Back to Paglia on the set.)_ PAGLIA: The Greeks had a rather comical little god named Priapus, who stood for phallic erection. There was a priapic element to the behavior of Aristophanes' comic actors on stage, some of whom had enormous leather penises attached to their bodies, with which they would hit each other _(she demonstrates)_ and buffet each other about. It's very similar to the "slapstick" of corn-media dell'arte and, later, vaudeville. _(Cut to more Greek vases and then the wild dance again. Cut to art critic Jack Fritscher, sitting in a park near a monumental fountain.)_ JACK FRITSCHER: In art history, it's very difficult to find a favorite penis without going back to ancient times, where there are very frankly portrayed beautiful penises. We get into this period of Western culture where there's a terrible fear of penises. They're not allowed to be, I think, big, above a larger size than small. They just don't become the man, and as a result, they don't have a lot of appeal. _(The camera zooms in on the tiny penises of statues of a discus-thrower and a warrior with his shield. Return of the Latin beat.)_ PAGLIA _(on set):_ The Greeks gave their statues the genitals of small boys. We have only recently found out what the reasons for this might be. It is that the classical Athenians regarded the large penis as a symbol of animality, of one's bestial instinct having primacy over the mind. Therefore, it was an exact reversal of modern days, where a large penis is prized. _(Cut to covers and advertisements from pornography magazines with headlines like_ Massive Meat _and_ Big Men on Campus. _Fade-in to a muscular Archaic Greek kouros figure. Back to Peter Webb.)_ WEBB: I don't personally think they were deliberately made tiny. I think that we tend to think that because phalluses are large in the religious sphere, they look much smaller on human beings. I don't think there was a specific desire to make them tiny. Some people say that Michelangelo deliberately made the penises tiny in the Sistine Chapel. Personally, I don't think that that was deliberate, though, on his part. _(Cut to penis-to-face pan of Michelangelo's Adam, accompanied by Gregorian chant of the Kyrie Eleison.)_ I think that he just saw that the human body was a perfect whole and he wanted to make it beautiful without drawing attention in particular to the sexual aspect. _(Cut to Michelangelo's Sistine fresco of the serpent's temptation of Eve and the banishment of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden. Cut to shots of various Sistine_ ignudi.) PAGLIA _(on set):_ Perhaps the best example in Michelangelo of the disparity between the little boy's private parts and the bulky brawniness of the adult body would be the _ignudi_ of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, the nude youths, where you have such a contrast between the beefiness of the torso and these _tiny_ little genitals that have always reminded me of my grandmother's _gnocchi_ , tiny little pasta pieces made out of potatoes. _(Mandolin music. Cut to bowl of fat, white_ gnocchi, _which dissolve into an_ ignudo _'s_ _penis.)_ There is a tradition in Renaissance art of depicting the genitals either of the baby Jesus exposed, in ritual display, or of those of the dead Christ, bulging through the fabric of his loincloth, that seems very shocking to us in modern times. _(Cut to paintings of the passion and entombment of Christ.)_ There is a symbolism here that Christ was _incarnated_. He was the Son of God, but he was put into mortal flesh and experienced, presumably, all of the impulses and temptations that we too are subject to. _(Cut to_ MARGARET WALTERS, _author of_ The Nude Male. _She is seated in an artist's studio, filled with drawings of the male nude.)_ MARGARET WALTERS: The baby Christ often has a very obvious penis. Sometimes he is touching it; sometimes Mary is pointing to it. _(Cut to painting of Madonna and child. Mary seems to be gazing down at her son's penis.)_ It's always visible. In some sense, a center, a proof of Christ's humanity as well as his godliness. But also in dead Christs—I mean, Mantegna's dead Christ, with its extraordinary foreshortening of the body—the loincloth actually emphasizes the bulge of his penis, and it's done very reverently. _(Cut to the Mantegna painting.)_ This is an important point about humanity and godhead. _(Cut to an art class, where male and female students are sketching a nude male model with his arms over a pole resting, lancelike, across his upper back. The camera pans over several charcoal renderings of the penis.)_ The male nude has always been central to artistic training, because it was such a central image in figurative art. It kept that centrality until we moved into the mid-nineteenth century and the twentieth century, when figurative art was no longer so crucial. It's also interesting that the male nude was not available for women artists to study. They were absolutely excluded. It was an absurd situation. And the great American painter Thomas Eakins lost his job teaching in Philadelphia when he removed the loincloth from a male model—this is in the late nineteenth century!—interestingly, probably because some of his women students complained. They were at that stage genuinely shocked by this. It seemed to be sexual rather than artistic. _(Cut to_ SARAH KENT, _art critic and author of_ Women's Images of Men. _She is standing in front of a display of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs.)_ SARAH KENT: Women have only very recently begun to make images of the male nude, and they're doing a lot of things that men find problematic. For instance, making fun of them or else showing them as vulnerable, soft and passive, in a way that appeals to _them_ but in a way that men find very problematic. _(Cut to excerpts from a film_ , Dick: Women's Views on the Penis. _A question appears on screen: "What do they look like?" A series of American and British female voices is heard over a montage of black-and-white close-up photos of real-life penises. The women's tones vary, from affectionate to bitterly sarcastic.)_ It's kind of like a vacuum-cleaner hose or something _(laughs)_. It's such a _(baby talk) cute little thing!_ I think it looks sort of bald. Kind of heart-shaped. Almost like a duck-billed platypus, I suppose. A cluster of bananas. It looked like a tea kettle. A butt. I always thought it looked like a belly button. A little bit like a skinned chicken neck. They're like young asparaguses! PAGLIA: Throughout history, respectable women were expected to keep a modest gaze. That is, not stare, to keep their eyes cast downward. A woman with a very hard or what was called "free" gaze was always considered a prostitute. So here we are at the end of the twentieth century now, and respectable, middle-class women are—through the tutelage of modern commercial photography—being taught how to take pleasure in _looking_. Now, I think that this is a true revolution, and it is the end of that feminist idea of the "male gaze," which says that men stare aggressively and turn women into sex objects, because now we're in a period when it is permissible for women to make _men_ into sex objects. _(Cut to the "Women Photograph Men Workshop," a photography course designed for women to study the male nude, offered by Exposures Gallery in London. Three young women giggle and sheepishly exchange glances as, cameras held aloft, they kneel in front of or lie below the nude model's penis and buttocks. The gung-ho female instructor, like a summer-camp counselor, cheerfully exhorts them onward.)_ INSTRUCTOR _(motioning with her arms):_ Move in closer! SARAH KENT: A lot of supposedly erotic male nudes are very funny because there's such _hysteria_ in the image, you know, there's this terrible sense of, "Oh, my God! We've got to try to build up the mythology of this creature!" And it doesn't work because it's ludicrously inflated, in every sense of the word. It's incredibly difficult to look at an image of the penis for lots and lots of different reasons for men _and_ for women. The man will probably have to identify _with_ that subject and feel very uncomfortable, feel very vulnerable because he's been stripped of his accoutrements. He's been stripped of his covering. _(Cut to male and female visitors' bemused faces at "True Phallacy: The Myth of Male Power," America's first group art show since the Sixties devoted to imagery of the penis. On view from December 10, 1993, to January 19, 1994, at Clark & Company gallery, Georgetown, Washington, D.C. Among the works visible are Jeffrey Barron's_ Race Relations _(black and white plastic dildos encased, mummylike, in velvet boxes), Groover Cleveland's_ Ce n'est pas un penis, _Reuven Kupperman's nude, cross-legged_ Self-portrait, _a paintingfrom Joe Kaminski's_ Dick Series _(a gigantic swollen penis with a cock ring), and Nuki's_ Untitled _(a penis head peeking out of a matador costume). Cut to artist_ JOSÉ VILLARRUBIA, _standing in front of his_ Minotaur, _a ritualistically frontal photograph of a nude black man who is wearing a silver bull mask and whose large penis has been painted silver.)_ JOSÉ VILLARRUBIA: The penis is a tremendous, tremendous taboo. People think that they're going to burn in hell if they see one. You never see it on television or in the media. And it's restricted only to pornography—and _(laughs)_ fine art. _(Cut to_ ALISON MADDEX, _curator of_ True Phallacy. _She is serenely seated behind a table covered with 60 shiny, gun-metal-gray erect penises pointing at different angles toward the ceiling. It is Jim Fotile's_ Die Tannenwald: Self-portrait. _The artist plaster-casted his own penis and coated the images with metallic paint.)_ ALISON MADDEX: Artists can deal with it. In a situation like this penis "forest" here, where these take on figurative kind of characters. Even more so than trees, I would say they're _people_ somehow—kind of _(laughs and gestures like a hiker plowing through underbrush)_ making our way through the dicks of the world! _(Cut to a chic blonde woman at_ True Phallacy, _viewing the penis "forest." As the crowd looks on, she dramatically points out her favorite.)_ WOMAN VISITOR: I'll take _that_ one! _(laughs uproariously with her female friend)_ _(Cut back to England.)_ SARAH KENT: If we come to the _female_ viewer, what's _she_ doing when she looks at the penis? Well, she's probably embarrassed, to start with. She looks at this little piece of flesh, and she thinks, "That's no use to _me_. What can I do with _that?_ Nothing!" So this man is of no use to her in any metaphoric or literal way. Of course, the main problem is that it's illegal to show an erection. An erect penis is a very handsome object, _I_ maintain, a very beautiful object, as people like Robert Mapplethorpe have _proved_. You know, he has shown some _wonderful_ male nudes with semi-erect penises. And in pornography magazines the men usually have _slightly_ massaged members, so that they appear to be a bit erect, which helps a lot, because then you're getting nearer to something that could actually be meaningful and useful and _could_ embody power. _(Cut to_ HELEN WILLIAMS, _editor of_ For Women _magazine, who peers through a magnifying glass at a proof sheet of color photos of a long-haired, nude, heavily tanned and oiled hunk impishly kneeling with a metal baseball bat. Montage of_ For Women _covers. Headlines on a Patrick Swayze cover: "I imagine my cock is encased in an icicle"; "Is it love or lust? and how to tell the difference"; "Group Sex"; "Miss Whiplash and the cabinet minister." Headlines on a Matt Dillon cover: "Is your clitoris ¼″ long?"; "Women who sleep with strangers night after night.")_ HELEN WILLIAMS: Women definitely _do_ want to see an erection. We get a lot of letters from women saying, you know, " _Love_ the magazine, but how come there aren't any erections?" Because it doesn't make any sense to have kind of sexy shots of men without an erection. Because the guidelines are so woolly about what actually constitutes an erection. I mean, there is no angle or degree that we're given. The law is very vague on this. You know, we've tried kind of seeing how far we can go and what the censors consider an erection. And basically, we've finally decided that a penis that is kind of self-supporting, or freestanding in any way, if it's not leaning on something or just... hanging, then we get into problems. And especially it mustn't be pointing at you! _(Flash of the baseball boy's cock. Then back to_ PAGLIA _on set, her head next to_ David _'s hot-pink penis.)_ PAGLIA: For me, the erect penis is the ultimate symbol of human sexual desire, because only _men_ can show sexual excitation _externally_. We _never_ know whether women are truly sexually aroused or not. Their reproductive apparatus remains internal. Therefore, I think it is of crucial importance to feminism to put the penis _back_ to _stage center!_ _(Cut to bronze figurine of dancing Greek satyr with a huge, curved erection.)_ JACK FRITSCHER: It seems ironic that here we're doing a show about the penis and we cannot show the erect penis. We _can_ , however, show the penis that pees but not the penis that gives babies or grace. _(Cut to tourists crowded around the Mannekin-Pis, the seventeenth-century "pissing boy" fountain in Brussels. They leap back, laughing, as the spray hits them.)_ PAGLIA: The motif of the pissing boy that is so common on fountains in Europe seems very remarkable, because one can't _imagine_ a female equivalent. A young girl pissing would not in any way be humorous or touching. Young boys are literally _handling their tools_ from early on. _(She demonstrates.)_ They have to learn how to, for example, _aim_. I have often said that this is one of the moments when young boys learn linearity, concentration, focus, projection. _(Cut to rococo painting of a pastoral scene of nymphs and cherubs, two of whom are urinating into a brook.)_ Right from the start, man has the idea of _building_ , of something which is building and falling, okay? The idea of something that goes both hard and soft, that he is not totally in control of. So I think that the phallic paradigm underlies a lot of male cultural achievement in ways that women _too easily_ ridicule. _(Cut to a panorama of Manhattan's skyline. The camera pulls back to reveal a pensive, nude young man leaning languidly against a wall on a roof, with the Empire State and Chrysler buildings in the distance. In the next photo, the same man, clad only in sneakers and athletic socks, lounges on a Hudson River pier, as he contemplates the World Trade Center towers.)_ SARAH KENT: You could argue that we live in a phallic environment. I mean, if you go to Manhattan, it's just one prick after another! The entire _place_ is a kind of temple to the phallus. And of course, the _power_ of the phallus, in terms of commerce and money. We see monuments everywhere that are basically large pricks: Cleopatra's Needle, Nelson's Column. So we don't have actual pricks on display, but we have phallic objects on display. I can't imagine a woman building a building that was tower-blocked in shape. It's inconceivable. PAGLIA _(on set):_ One of Freud's most controversial theories is that of penis envy. That is, that woman feels a mutilated being, feels that she is an incomplete man. This has always been disputed by feminists. And indeed, it's probably the number-one reason Freud was thrown out of the feminist movement twenty years ago. It still remains controversial. _(Cut again to_ Dick: Women's Views on the Penis. _The question "Would you want one?" appears on screen. More black-and-white photos of penises flash by, while we hear women's responses, some of them heavily ironic.)_ Where would I keep it? Maybe. Maybe if I had it in a little box—I mean, that I could take out and play with. But never connected to my body! It looks like you'd get a backache. I mean, God! No thanks! Besides, I've kicked enough guys in the dick, and seen the reaction that it gets, to _not want_ that kind of pain. But I've always wished that I could sort of lease one and have it around whenever I need it. Like "Queen for a Day." I'd like to have a penis for a day. If I had a dick, I think I'd probably piss on everything and, uh, I'd wank a lot. I'd play with it by myself a lot. And I'd go around and stick it in as many women as I could, and I would just totally enjoy it all the time. PAGLIA _(as lofty Dame Edna Everage):_ I myself, though I would find a penis useful when courting women, would think of it on a day-to-day basis as being _highly_ inconvenient, _getting_ in the way, _always_ being _rubbed_ and therefore a _constant problem!_ OFFSCREEN VOICE _(director_ PETER MURPHY): But supposing you could have a penis just for a day, Camille. What would you do with it? PAGLIA: _(Taken by surprise, goes blank for a moment. Then laughs, blushes, and shrugs.)_ You don't want me to answer that question! I would— _(imitates Groucho Marx)_ go find Catherine Deneuve in a hurry! _(Cut to film of annual Shinto fertility procession at Tagata Shrine in Japan. A boisterous team of men in traditional garb carry a giant blonde-wood phallus, the size of a tree trunk, on their shoulders through the village to the temple. Rows of women follow, cradling replicas like babies. A monk sprinkles coarse salt in the street. A young woman rings a penis-shaped bell. Businessmen rub the tip of a black stone phallus, for good luck. A woman bows and prays to an altar of phallic images.)_ JACK FRITSCHER: I'm not saying that you just worship the penis. It's just that we're talking about _penis_ , and penis as being something that _hasn't_ been worshipped. Everybody's falling on their knees and worshipping vaginas—in a sense, worshipping femininity. I mean, people just driven into _groups_ because they want to get in touch with their feminine side. Well, hey! Get in touch with your _masculine_ side. You need to get a grip on your _dick!_ Hold _on_ to it. Because if you don't, it will be turned into a Bobbitt! _(Cut to cover of_ People _magazine: "The War of the Bobbitts: The Cut Felt Round the World." Horror-movie music. Close-ups of Lorena and John Wayne Bobbitt in court and then the kitchen knife itself, placed in evidence.)_ PAGLIA _(on set):_ I think that the subliminal castration anxiety that men have _always_ had has suddenly erupted into the open with the case in 1993 of Lorena Bobbitt, who cut off her husband's penis in the middle of the night. I think this is an event of major proportions in modern sexual history. I don't feel that most women want to support such an act of barbarism. But in some sense, Lorena Bobbitt has committed the ultimate revolutionary act of contemporary feminism. _(Cut to footage of Lorena Bobbitt walking from her car into the courthouse. Cut to Court TV cable coverage.)_ ANCHORWOMAN: We turn now today to the trial of Lorena Bobbitt, accused, as most of the country now knows, of cutting off her husband's penis. After the opening statements in this case, which were quite brief by most standards, John Wayne Bobbitt himself was called to the stand as witness number one for the state. Here he describes what it was like when his wife attacked him. _(Cut to courtroom footage.)_ JOHN WAYNE BOBBITT: And she just pulled up on my, you know, groin area. I mean... _(His voice trails off.)_ STATE'S ATTORNEY: She did what? JOHN: She pulled on my groin area twice, I think. I felt a couple jerks and then I, I, I—After that she just, like, cut it off. _(Cut to Lorena Bobbitt on the stand.)_ DEFENSE ATTORNEY: And the next thing you remember is when you were driving to your friend Janice's house— LORENA BOBBITT _(distraught):_ Yes. Yes. ATTORNEY: You were getting close to a stop sign— LORENA: Yes. ATTORNEY: And you realized that there was something in your left hand— LORENA: Yes. ATTORNEY: And you realized it was your husband's penis— LORENA _(whimpering):_ Yes. ATTORNEY: And you were just _horrified_. Isn't that right? LORENA: Yes. ATTORNEY: And you just wanted to get rid of it. Isn't that right? LORENA _(sobbing but mysteriously dry-eyed):_ Yes, yes, yes. ATTORNEY: And you went and got rid of it. Just like _that_. Isn't that right? LORENA: Yes, I throw it out! Yes! ATTORNEY: Just like that. LORENA: No, I don't remember how I threw it just like that. I know I just—I just want to get _rid_ of it! _(Lorena gropes for a handkerchief buries her face in it, and works herself up into wracking sobs.)_ JACK FRITSCHER: I think what we have is a society that's been so frightened by the penis, made frightened by a _version_ of the woman's movement, not by feminism itself, but by an hysterical woman's movement that has so frightened people about the penis, that you have Lorena Bobbitt being applauded for chopping off the aptly named John Wayne Bobbitt's penis in his bedroom. _(Cut to Lorena leaving the courthouse after her acquittal. She is clutching a huge white teddy bear. A turbaned African-American woman, balancing a box of long-stemmed red roses, leads her forcefully by the arm. There are deafening cheers and chants from the crowd: "Lorena! Lorena! Lorena!")_ If people think of the penis as an instrument of rape, then what message are they giving to their sons? What they're going to do is create a whole generation of men who are so afraid of their penis, they're not going to be able to _use_ it for the procreation of the race. Because the self-esteem that people like to talk about is being taken away. SARAH KENT: Virility has taken some hard knocks recently. And men feel very frightened of their own sexuality, because their sexual urges seem to be politically incorrect, if you like. Women have begun to think of men as aggressors and predators rather than as companions. _(Cut to photo of a nude youth in heroic profile, gazing up at the sun.)_ And I think we're now moving on to a new phase in which both men and women are beginning to say, well, you know, " _We want_ sexually active men. We _want_ sexual partners. But let's rethink what virility is. Let's rethink what it means for the woman." _(Cut to photo of a nude young man cuddling a nude male infant. Then photos of penises juxtaposed with flowers, leaves, a mask, and donut-like baby's toys. Back to the opening pan of the Greek_ Diadoumenos, _from head to penis.)_ PAGLIA: I have intensely disliked the tendency of many feminists to want men to be remade in a kind of shy, sensitive form—to become, in essence, new kinds of women, contemporary eunuchs with a soft penis, which is less inconvenient to women. I think that this is _not_ in the interests of the human race. We want a _hard penis_. We want _masculine vigor_. And I'm afraid that in order to get men macho again, we may have to endure a certain amount of instability in sexual relations. That is, there may have to be a kind of _honorable truce_ between enemy camps. So what would be my advice to the sexes at the end of the century? _(arms akimbo in fierce, campy drag queen mode)_ I would say to men: _get it up!_ And to women I would say: _deal with it!_ _(Camera pulls in tight on_ David _'s hot-pink penis. Back to_ Diadoumenos _standing guard amid the white pillars at the museum. As Yma Sumac's Latin beat returns, the credits roll.)_ # NO LAW IN THE ARENA # NO LAW IN THE ARENA: A PAGAN THEORY OF SEXUALITY ## 1. INTRODUCTION: THE HORSES OF PASSION At the end of the Christian millennium and the century of Freud, sex is still shrouded in mystery. A question mark hangs over every important sexual issue. Despite bitter public controversy and heated private debate, we have no answers. Indeed, we have barely begun to formulate the questions accurately. Sex, I have argued in my prior books, is animality and artifice, a dynamic interplay of nature and culture. To study it, one must weigh the testimony of art and draw on all the scholarly resources of the social and natural sciences. In my opinion, the many schools of modern psychology, whose roots were in the late nineteenth century, reached their height in the eclectic 1960s, which fused widely diverse theories and practices, from Freudian verbal analysis to Reichian body manipulation. In that decade in America, Western science and Asian Hinduism momentarily came together, but the brilliant insights gained from this encounter were experienced by isolated individuals and dissipated into the general culture. The psychedelic Sixties left their imprint in images and music more than in books. For the last twenty-five years, sex theory has been in a state of chaos. Single-issue activism turned into fanaticism, on both the left and right. Understanding of eroticism has actually regressed, as ideology has become paramount. The major conceptual breakthrough of the Sixties was its Romantic movement back toward nature, the awesome, star-studded panorama dwarfing social conventions and forms. The Sixties flower-power view of nature had too much Rousseauist benevolence, but it was more right than wrong. Organicism is the true deconstruction. With the failure or reluctance of Sixties visionaries to enter the professions or mainstream politics, the Seventies suffered from an intellectual vacuum, which was filled by a narrow, blinkered social constructionism—the simplistic behaviorist belief that nature does not exist, that everything we are comes from social conditioning. Social constructionism was a crude distortion of the vast Sixties cosmic vision. It was promulgated for sectarian political purposes by three groups. First, the new Seventies breed of Stalinist feminist tried, in the abortion crusade, to wipe out all reference to nature or religion—a misconceived strategy that backfired and simply strengthened the pro-life opposition. Second, ambitious literature academics, ignorant of science, used esoteric, language-based, social constructionist French theory to advance their careers after the collapse of the academic job market in the Seventies recession. Third, gay activists, after the identification of AIDS in the early Eighties, used fascist tactics to stop public discussion of it in anything but political terms—as if disease occurred in people's prejudices rather than in the suffering body. But what AIDS shows us is nature itself, risen up with terrible force to mock our delusions of knowledge and control. AIDS, above all, forces nature back onto the agenda of sex theory. Unfortunately for the shallow ideology of current feminism and gay liberation, whose ultimate aims I support, this means that procreation must be dealt with much more fully and honestly than has yet been done. The avoidance of that issue by the left has simply ceded it to and helped the rise of the right, which frames the argument in moral or rather Judeo-Christian terms. For me, the ultimate power in the universe is nature, not God, whose existence I can understand only as depersonalized vital energy. But as I have repeatedly said, merely because nature is supreme does not mean we must yield to it. I take the Late Romantic view that everything great in human history has been achieved in defiance of nature. Law, art, and technology are defense mechanisms, Apollonian lines drawn against the Dionysian turbulence of nature. Melville's Captain Ahab, crippled and scarred, shaking his fist at the stormy heavens, symbolizes the rebellion of imagination against fate. There is a sex problem in the West because of Judeo-Christianity's ambivalence toward nature, the fallen realm of matter brought into being by a perfect transcendent deity. From its first book on, the Bible links sex to reproduction and condemns as perverted all male sexual activities, such as sodomy or onanism, that are wasteful of semen. Recent claims by gay activists that there is no explicit prohibition of homosexuality in the Old Testament, or that it is simply one of many defunct ritual formulas, or that "God is love" (which applies primarily to the New Testament and only to _agape_ and _caritas_ , not _eros_ ), beg the question in a foolish and reckless manner. Procreation, not fear or bias, underlies the Christian opposition to homosexuality. Fundamentalist reading of the Bible is far from passé. On the contrary, religious faith, in particular evangelical Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, is spreading around the world. The goals and reputation of progressive politics have been harmed by the juvenile arrogance of the liberal establishment toward institutional religion, which may oppress by rules but which is also a repository of spiritual experience, as well as folk wisdom about life, far more truthful than anything in French poststructuralism. What I propose is an argument based on another Western tradition, the Greco-Roman or pagan, which was equal to the Judeo-Christian in the formation of our culture. Feminists and gay activists must stop their self-destructive habit of jeering at the church and trying to twist it to their own purposes. We must concentrate instead on winning recognition of the pagan line as a countertradition whose major contributions have been science and art and whose philosophy of sexuality is both broader and subtler than the Judeo-Christian. It is to Athens and Rome that we also trace our political systems. The framers of American democracy were not conventional Christians but Enlightenment Deists who invoked a crosscultural "Creator." It is no coincidence that the principal monumental architecture of our national capital is pagan. Even in classical antiquity, homosexuality was controversial, and despite the exaggerated claims of today's partisans, there was no period or place where it flourished in complete freedom from moral opprobrium. However, the urban centers of the ancient Mediterranean were magnets for prostitution, as well as male homosexuality. Indeed, in my view, development of a sexual underworld may be intrinsic to urbanization as a worldwide phenomenon, a process that can be checked only by ruthless repression by church or state. There are remarkably similar patterns in erotic behavior, as identity overlaps identity in the intensified space and pace of cities. Whether rampant open homosexuality is or is not a symptom of social decadence remains one of the issues that must be fairly discussed, without hysterical charges of "homophobia," in the new age of sex theory. I am ready to defend both homosexuality and decadence, since I look at history from the perspective of art, not morality. For me, civilization _is_ art, and art is the highest record of humanity. One day, when we represent ourselves to inhabitants of distant galaxies, it will be by our art that we will want to be known. Therefore, anything that contributes to art must be nurtured and preserved. What seems irrefutable from my studies is that male homosexuality is intricately intertwined with art, for reasons we have yet to determine. The Greeks invented not only the major genres of literature and the disciplines of philosophy but organized athletics, in their mathematics-based track and field form. Dramatic competition is built into the agonistic plot structure of Greek tragedy as well as the oratorical Western mode of legal argumentation. I want to transfer that rhythmic choreography of opposition into sex theory. Late-twentieth-century America has more in common with imperial Rome than with classical Athens, and so it is to the Hellenized Roman world that I would look for pagan models. We need new living myths. The current discourse about sex is too genteel. Freud's severe, conflict-based system has lost popularity to a casual, sentimental style of user-friendly psychological counseling that I find typically Protestant, in the glad-handing Chamber of Commerce way. The operatic perversions of Krafft-Ebing and the unsettling daemonism of Ferenczi are completely gone. Yet sex war remains, and is likely to be our permanent condition. Competition and conflict are operating at every level of even our cooperative ventures, at work or at home. Our dream life itself, as Freud has shown, is both power play and passion play. In war there can also be honor, the code of aristocratic chivalry, applied by medieval knights ( _chevaliers_ , "horsemen") to battlefield, court, and bedchamber. If women want freedom and equality, they must learn the rules of the game. The title of this essay comes from _Ben-Hur_ (1959), the Hollywood epic that depicts the explosive tension in Judaea under Roman occupation. An Arab sheik persuades the vengeful prince Judah Ben-Hur (Charlton Heston) to race his exquisite white horses at Jerusalem by promising a head-to-head showdown with the evil Roman tribune, Messala (Stephen Boyd). The sheik says, "There is no law in the arena." Sex today occurs in the dust and clamor of the imperial circus. Private grievances are dragged into the glare of day and become meat for the masses. Plato's lofty metaphor of the charioteer, the soul subduing by cool rationality the horses of bestial passion, was brutally revised by Rome, with its grandiose gladiatorial spectacles. The chaste elegance of the contemplative Delphic Charioteer was inconceivable in the hurly-burly hippodromes of the Hellenistic Mediterranean. Under the empire, as we see from the sober writings of Marcus Aurelius, the philosophic ideal of Stoic detachment became a way to survive cultural instability. Then as now, there is no going back. Conservative paradigms deserve our respect but also our recognition that they are nostalgic longings for a simpler and irretrievable past. Sex in our age has become gladiatorial, with male and female, gay and straight whipping and goading each other for position. This is our lot. We must accept it and devise a simple new rule book and training regime that puts the combatants on equal footing. Neither women nor gays should plead for special protections or preferential treatment. The arena is the social realm, marked off from nature but ritually formalizing nature's aggressions. My libertarian position is that, in the absence of physical violence, sexual conduct cannot and must not be legislated from above, that all intrusion by authority figures into sex is totalitarian. The ultimate law of the sexual arena is personal responsibility and self-defense. We must be prepared to go it alone, without the infantilizing assurances of external supports like trauma counselors, grievance committees, and law courts. I say to women: get down in the dirt, in the realm of the senses. Fight for your territory, hour by hour. Take your blows like men. I exalt the pagan personae of athlete and warrior, who belong to shame rather than guilt culture and whose ethic is candor, discipline, vigilance, and valor. ## 2. SEX CRIME: RAPE The area where contemporary feminism has suffered the most self-inflicted damage is rape. What began as a useful sensitization of police officers, prosecutors, and judges to the claims of authentic rape victims turned into a hallucinatory overextension of the definition of rape to cover every unpleasant or embarrassing sexual encounter. Rape became the crime of crimes, overshadowing all the wars, massacres, and disasters of world history. The feminist obsession with rape as a symbol of male-female relations is irrational and delusional. From the perspective of the future, this period in America will look like a reign of mass psychosis, like that of the Salem witch trials. Rape cannot be understood in isolation from general criminology, which most feminists have not bothered to study. Psychopathology was an early interest of mine, partly because of my own aggressive and deviant impulses as a tomboy in the Fifties. Two comprehensive, analytic, and nonjudgmental books I acquired as a teenager gave me the intellectual framework for my later approaches to abnormal behavior: Richard von Krafft-Ebing's _Psychopathia Sexualis_ (1886) and Emile Durkheim's _Suicide_ (1897). In college and graduate school, I gathered the material on rape, homosexuality, and other controversial themes that appears in _Sexual Personae_. By the time Susan Brownmiller's _Against Our Will_ appeared in 1975, I knew enough to find its interpretative framework seriously inadequate. That book is one of many well-meaning feminist examples of the limitation of white middle-class assumptions in understanding extreme emotional states or acts. The philistinism of feminist discourse on rape in the Eighties and Nineties has been astonishing. My generation was well-educated in the Sixties in major literary texts that have since been marginalized by blundering women's studies: our sense of criminality and the mystery of motivation came principally from Dostoyevsky's _Crime and Punishment_ , Camus's _The Stranger_ , and Genet's _The Maids_. There was also Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Cask of Amontillado," as well as eerie films like Fritz Lang's _M_ , Alfred Hitchcock's _Psycho_ , and Richard Fleischer's _Compulsion_ (on the Leopold and Loeb case). The shrill feminist melodrama of male oppressor/ female victim came straight out of nickelodeon strips of mustache-twirling villains and squealing maidens tied to train tracks. Those who revere and live with great art recognize Clytemnestra, Medea, Lady Macbeth, and Hedda Gabler—conspirators and death-dealers of implacable will—as equally the forebears of modern woman. Rape should more economically be defined as either stranger rape or the forcible intrusion of sex into a nonsexual context, such as a professional situation. However, even the latter is excusable if a sexual overture is welcomed, as can be the case in both gay and straight life. There _is_ such a thing as seduction, and it needs encouragement rather than discouragement in our puritanical Anglo-American world. The fantastic fetishism of rape by mainstream and anti-porn feminists has in the end trivialized rape, impugned women's credibility, and reduced the sympathy we should feel for legitimate victims of violent sexual assault. What I call Betty Crocker feminism—a naively optimistic Pollyannaish or Panglossian view of reality—is behind much of this. Even the most morbid of the rape ranters have a childlike faith in the perfectibility of the universe, which they see as blighted solely by nasty men. They simplistically project outward onto a mythical "patriarchy" their own inner conflicts and moral ambiguities. In _Sexual Personae_ , I critiqued the sunny Rousseauism running through the last two hundred years of liberal thinking and offered the dark tradition of Sade, Darwin, Nietzsche, and Freud as more truthful about human perversity. It is more accurate to see primitive egotism and animality ever-simmering behind social controls—cruel energies contained and redirected for the greater good—than to predicate purity and innocence ravaged by corrupt society. Nor does the Foucault view of numb, shapeless sensoriums tyrannically impinged on by faceless systems of language-based power make any more sense, in view of daily news reports of concretely applied and concretely suffered random beatings, mutilations, murders, arson, massacres, and ethnic exterminations around the world. Rape will not be understood until we revive the old concept of the barbaric, the uncivilized. The grotesque cliché "patriarchy" must go, or rather be returned to its proper original application to periods like Republican Rome or Victorian England. What feminists call patriarchy is simply _civilization_ , an abstract system designed by men but augmented and now co-owned by women. Like a great temple, civilization is a gender-neutral structure that all should respect. Feminists who prate of patriarchy are self-exiled in grass huts. Ideas of civilization and barbarism have become unfashionable because of their political misuse in the nineteenth century. The West has neither a monopoly on civilization nor the right or obligation to impose its culture on others. Nor, as _Sexual Personae_ argues, are any of us as individuals ever completely civilized. However, it is equally wrong to dismiss all progressive theories of history, which is not just scattered bits of data upon which we impose wishful narratives. Societies do in fact evolve in economic and political complexity. Even though we no longer wish to call one society "higher" or "more advanced" than another, it is unwise to equate tribal experience, with its regimentation by tradition and its suppression of the individual by the group, with life under industrial capitalism, which has produced liberalism and feminism. Law and order, which protect women, children, and the ill and elderly, are a function of hierarchy, another of the big bad words of feminism. Law and order were achieved only a century ago in the American West, which still lives in our national mythology. Disintegration into banditry is always near at hand, as was shown in 1989 in the notorious case of the Central Park woman jogger—a savage attack significantly called "wilding" by its schoolboy perpetrators. Sex crime means back to nature. When feminism rejected Freud twenty-five years ago, it edited out of its mental life the barbarities of the homicidal Oedipal psychodrama, which the annals of crime show is more than a metaphor. The irony is that Freud's master paradigm of "family romance," which structures our adult relationships in love and at work, has a special appropriateness to the current feminist debate. Too much of the date-rape and sexual harassment crisis claimed by white middle-class women is caused partly by their own mixed signals, which I have observed with increasing distress as a teacher for over two decades. The predominant fact of modern sexual history is not patriarchy but the collapse of the old extended family into the nuclear family, an isolated unit that, in its present form, is claustrophobic and psychologically unstable. The nuclear family can work only in a pioneer situation, where the punishing physicality of farmwork keeps everyone occupied and spent from dawn to dusk. The middle-class nuclear family, where the parents are white-collar professionals who do brainwork, is seething with frustrations and tensions. Words are charged, and real authority lies elsewhere, in bosses on the job. Marooned in the suburbs or in barricaded urban apartments, upwardly mobile families are frantically overscheduled and geographically transient, with few ties to neighbors and little sustained contact with relatives. Two parents alone cannot transmit all the wisdom of life to a child. Clan elders—grandparents, great-grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins—performed this function once. Today, poor inner-city or rural children are more likely to benefit from the old extended family or from the surrogate family of long-trusted neighbors, since working-class people are less likely to make repeated moves for job promotions. The urban child sees the harshness of the street; the rural child witnesses the frightening operations of nature. Both have contact with an eternal reality denied the suburban middle-class child, who is cushioned from risk and fear and who is expected to conform to a code of genteel good manners and repressed body language that has changed startlingly little since the Victorian era. The sex education of white middle-class girls is clearly deficient, since it produces young women unable to foresee trouble or to survive sexual misadventure or even raunchy language without crying to authority figures for help. A sense of privilege and entitlement, as well as ignorance of the dangers of life, has been institutionalized by American academe, with its summer-resort, give-the-paying-customers-what-they-want mentality. Europe has thus far been relatively impervious to the date-rape hysteria, since its tortured political history makes sugary social fantasies of the American kind less possible. Fun-and-fabulous teenage dating is not high on the list of priorities for nations which, in the lifetime of half their population, had firsthand knowledge of war, devastation, and economic collapse. The media-fueled disproportion and distortion of the date-rape debate are partially attributable to American arrogance and parochialism. White middle-class girls at the elite colleges and universities seem to want the world handed to them on a platter. They have been sheltered, coddled, and flattered. Having taught at a wide variety of institutions over my ill-starred career, I have observed that working-class or lower-middle-class girls, who are from financially struggling families and who must take a patchwork of menial off-campus jobs to stay in school, are usually the least hospitable to feminist rhetoric. They see life as it is and have fewer illusions about sex. It is affluent, upper-middle-class students who most spout the party line—as if the grisly hyperemotionalism of feminist jargon satisfies their hunger for meaningful experience outside their eventless upbringing. In the absence of war, invent one. The real turmoil is going on inside the nuclear family, which, with its caged quarters and cheerful ethic of "togetherness," must generate invisible barriers to the threat of incest. Here is the real source of the epidemic eating disorders, blamed by incompetent feminist analysts on the media. Anorexia, for example, remains primarily a white middle-class phenomenon. The daughter stops her disturbing sexual maturation by stripping off her female contours, the hormone-triggered fleshiness of breasts, hips, and buttocks. She wants to remain a child, when her innocent erotic stratagems had no consequence. Again and again, among students as well as the date-rape heroines canonized on television talk shows, I have seen the flagrant hair-tossing and eye-batting mannerisms of Daddy's little girl, who since childhood has used flirtation and seductiveness to win attention within the family. Provocation and denial are built into the circuitry of the white middle-class girl, with her depressing flatness of sexual imagination, her strange combination of "low self-esteem" with hectoring moral superiority in groups, inflamed by feminist rhetoric. The eating disorders are symptomatic not of external forces or media conspiracies but of a major breakdown in the female sex role. In the Anglo-American world, the successful woman is now defined in exclusively professional terms. The role of mother, still central in Latin and Asian cultures, has been devalued. Feminism should be about options. I myself have no talent for motherhood and have sought only a career. But I recognize that no role may be more important than bearing and raising children and that most men, whatever their contributions to the child's later development, are not and will never be proficient at infant care. Over the past forty years, there has been an increasingly long postponement of marriage and childbirth by middle-class women. For example, my parents married at twenty-one in 1946, a year before I was born. Today, it would be unheard-of for a girl at an elite school to marry at that age. Maternity is considered an accident, a misfortune, the vulgar prerogative of misguided working-class teenagers. If a Yale sophomore were to drop out of school to marry, she would be treated as a traitor to her class, "throwing away" her expensive education, "wasting" her life. In the Sixties, by contrast, it was considered a radical gesture for a girl to disappoint her parents' expectations by leaving college and running off with her ragged hippie boyfriend to bake bread and have babies in a commune. Modern society is now structured so as to put a crippling impediment between women's physical development and their career ambitions. Feminist ideology began by claiming to give women freedom, enlightenment, and self-determination, but it has ended by alienating professional women from their own bodies. Every signal from the body—like the sudden quiet inwardness and psychological reorientation of girls at puberty, when they mysteriously recede in classroom assertiveness—is automatically interpreted in terms of social oppression. Teachers are supposedly "discouraging" the girls; adjusting your behavior to attract a mate is dismissed as a voluntary or legitimate choice. Girls are taught the mechanics of reproduction and sexual intercourse as clinically as if they were learning to operate a car or computer. The repressed, sanitized style of the WASP managerial class now governs public discussion of sex. Anything dark or ambiguous is blamed on "ignorance," "superstition," or "lack of education." It was after my tumultuous lecture at Brown University in March 1992 that I saw this process of cultural repression most clearly. Taking questions at the reception, I sat with an African-American security guard as several hundred students seethed around me. Those who doubt the existence of political correctness have never seen the ruthless Red Guards in action, as I have done on campus after campus. For twenty years, meaningful debate of controversial issues of sex or race was silenced by overt or covert intimidation. As I watched a half-dozen pampered, white middle-class girls, their smooth, plump cheeks contorted with rage, shriek at me about rape, I had two thoughts. First, America is failing its young women; these are infantile personalities, emotionally and intellectually undeveloped. Second, it's not rape they're screaming about. Rape is simply a symbol of the horrors and mysteries of the body, which their education never deals with or even acknowledges. It was a Blakean epiphany: I suddenly saw the fear and despair of the lost, stripped of old beliefs but with nothing solid to replace them. Feminism had constructed a spectral sexual hell that these girls inhabited; it was their entire cultural world, a godless new religion of fury and fanaticism. Two months later, as I sat in London, discoursing at length with poised, literate, witty Cambridge University women of the same age as those at Brown, I became even more indignant at the travesty of Ivy League education. Women are not in control of their bodies; nature is. Ancient mythology, with its sinister archetypes of vampire and Gorgon, is more accurate than feminism about the power and terror of female sexuality. Science is far from untangling women's intricate hormonal system, which is dauntingly intertwined with the emotions. Women live with unpredictability. Reproduction remains a monumental challenge to our understanding. The Eleusinian Mysteries, with their secret, torch-lit night rituals, represented woman's grandeur on the scale that she deserves. We must return to pagan truths. The elite schools, defining women students only as "future leaders," masters of the social realm, limit and stunt them. The mission of feminism is to seek the full political and legal equality of women with men. There should be no impediments to women's social advance. But it is the first lesson of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judeo-Christianity that we are much greater than our social selves. I envision two spheres: one is social, the other sexual and emotional. Perhaps one-third of each sphere overlaps the other; this is the area where feminism has correctly said, "The personal is political." But there is vastly more to the human story. Man has traditionally ruled the social sphere; feminism tells him to move over and share his power. But woman rules the sexual and emotional sphere, and there she has no rival. Victim ideology, a caricature of social history, blocks women from recognition of their dominance in the deepest, most important realm. Ambitious young women today are taught to ignore or suppress every natural instinct, if it conflicts with the feminist agenda imposed on them. All literary and artistic works, no matter how great, that document the ambivalence of female sexuality they are trained to dismiss as "misogynous." In other words, their minds are being programmed to secede from their bodies—exactly the opposite of what the Sixties sexual and cultural revolution was all about. There is a huge gap between feminist rhetoric and women's actual sex lives, where feminism is of little help except with a certain stratum of deferential, malleable, white middle-class men. In contrast, Hollywood actresses, used to expressing emotional truths, are always reappearing after pregnancy to proclaim, "I'm not important. My child is important." The most recent was Kelly McGillis, who said, "Motherhood has changed me. I'm not as ambitious as I used to be." It is nature, not patriarchal society, that puts motherhood and career on a collision course. My first inkling of the psychological maelstrom suffered by this generation of female students came in 1980, when I returned to New Haven after eight years away (at my first job at Bennington, which ended with a bang). Yale College had admitted its first women in 1969, while I was a graduate student. Returning to the Cross Campus Library, brand-new when I left, I was horrified to find the stalls of the women's toilets covered with bizarre, ranting graffiti. There was little humor or bawdiness; the principal imagery was of nausea, disgust, and self-loathing. "Something is going wrong with feminism," I said to friends at the time. The Yale graffiti seemed demented, psychotic, like those one would expect to find at New York's Port Authority Bus Terminal. When Brown girls created a national furor in 1990 by posting names of alleged rapists in the toilets, the media completely missed the real story: why were squalid toilets now the forum for self-expression by supposed future leaders? These sewer spaces, converted to pagan vomitoria, offer women students their sole campus rendezvous with their own physiology. The strident rape discourse is a hysterical eruption from the deepest levels of American bourgeois life. Early in this phase of feminism, it was still possible to say, "Taste your menstrual blood"—that is, reclaim your physicality. Today, with the callow new brand of yuppie feminist with her simpering, prom-queen manner, we have regressed to the Fifties era of cashmere sweaters and pearls. The blood and guts of women's reproductive cycle are light-years beyond the reach of these dollhouse moppets. White middle-class feminists of every age have shown themselves spectacularly unable to confront the grossness of their own physiological processes. The passages in _Sexual Personae_ vividly depicting that humid, labyrinthine reality have made them flee like Victorian spinsters shrieking at a mouse. Until the bloody barbarousness of procreation is fully absorbed, without the abstract jargon and genteel euphemisms that now dominate gender studies, rape will not be understood. By defining rape in exclusively social terms—as an attack by the powerful against the powerless—feminism has missed the point. It is woman, as mistress of birth, who has the real power. As my colleague Jack De Witt likes to say, "Any woman is more powerful than any man." Rape is an act of desperation, a confession of envy and exclusion. All men—even, I have written, Jesus himself—began as flecks of tissue inside a woman's womb. Every boy must stagger out of the shadow of a mother goddess, whom he never fully escapes. Because of my history of wavering gender and sexual orientation, I feel I have a special insight into these matters: I see with the eyes of the rapist. Hence I realize how dangerously misleading the feminist rape discourse is. Rape is a breaking and entering; but so is the bloody act of defloration. Sex is inherently problematic. Women have it. Men want it. What is _it?_ The secret of life, symbolized in heroic sagas by the golden fleece sought by Jason, or by the Gorgon's head brandished as a sexual trophy by Cellini's Perseus. The rapist is sickened by the conflict between his humiliating neediness and his masculine rage for autonomy. He feels suffocated by woman and yet entranced and allured by her. He is betrayed into dependency by his own impulses, the leaping urges of the body. Stalking women like prey returns him to prehistoric freedom, when the wiliest, swiftest, and strongest survived. Rape-murder is a primitive theft of energy, a cannibalistic drinking of life force. When toddlers or schoolgirls are kidnapped, brutally assaulted, and killed, the world is rightly horrified and sickened. But why are we surprised? Heinous acts of profanation and degradation fill the annals of history and great literature—Neoptolemus' slaughter of Priam at the altar, Herod's massacre of the innocents, the immurement and bestial death of Dante's Ugolino. Until recently, most societies had a clear idea of what constitutes "uncivilized" or "ungodly" behavior and punished it accordingly. Today, in contrast, there is a tendency to redefine the victimizer as himself a victim—of a broken home or abusive parents—and then, ironically, to broaden criminality to areas of consensual activities where women are equally responsible for their behavior. When feminist discourse is unable to discriminate the drunken fraternity brother from the homicidal maniac, women are in trouble. Rape-murder comes from the brutish region of pure animal appetite. Feminist confidence that the whole human race can be "reeducated" to totally eliminate the possibility of rape is pure folly. Even if, very optimistically, 80 percent of all men could be reprogrammed, 20 percent would remain, toward whom women would still have to remain vigilant. Even if 99 percent were neutralized—absurdly unlikely—that would leave 1 percent, against whom women's level of self-defense would need to be just as high as against 90 percent. Wave after wave of boys hit puberty every year. Do feminists, with their multicultural pretensions, really envision a massive export of white bourgeois good manners all around the world? Speak of imperialism! When Balthasar, one of the Magi, advises Ben-Hur to leave vengeance to God, the sheik murmurs, "Balthasar is a good man. But until all men are like him, we must keep our swords bright." The dishonesty and speciousness of the feminist rape analysis are demonstrated by its failure to explore, or even mention, man-on-man sex crimes. If rape were really just a process of political intimidation of women by men, why do men rape and kill other males? The deceptively demure persona of the soft-spoken, homosexual serial-murderer Jeffrey Dahmer, like that of handsome, charming Ted Bundy, should warn everyone that we still live in a sexual jungle. Nothing in feminist ideology addresses the grim truth that beauty itself may be an incitement to destroy, that there is a frenzy of primitive pleasure in torturing captives or smashing things. I learned from art about the willful violation of innocence. When babies, nuns, or grandmothers are raped, it can be understood only in terms of what pagan antiquity called "pollution," a sullying of the sacred. Feminist overstress on power differentials gets us nowhere; it cannot explain spasmodic bursts of slashing criminal lust. The problem with America's current preoccupation with child abuse is that cultural taboos automatically eroticize what is forbidden. Marking off zones of purity increases their desirability and ensures their profanation. Children are not that innocent, and we must put an end to Anglo-American hypocrisy on this question. Children, sanctified by Victorian Romanticism, are quite capable of perverse and horrific fantasy, without adult suggestion. A century after Freud proposed his theory of infantile sexuality, most parents (outside of Malibu or Tribeca) still cannot intellectually accept it—partly because doing so would activate the incest taboo. The enormous publicity about child-abuse has certainly increased safety awareness, but I doubt it has lowered the crime rate. Snatching a perfect child from under the noses of society's guardians has become the ultimate subversive act of the outlaw. Such criminality, I maintained in _Sexual Personae_ , is the product not of a bad environment but of the opposite, a failure of social conditioning. Serial rape-murderers, cool, logical, and precise, are not "insane" and deserve to be executed, not as deterrence but as justice for the survivors. Far from being inhuman or "monstrous," sex crime is a ritual enactment of natural aggressions latent in all sexuality, which is primarily mating behavior and has only recently been redefined in recreational terms. The best survey I have yet seen of the clashing psychodynamics of eroticism is Edmund Spenser's _The Faerie Queene_ (1590), which remains amazingly applicable today, four hundred years after it was written. Spenser sees the fine gradations of sexual behavior, from chivalrous courtship to duplicitous seduction and loutish brigandage. Studying the poem in depth in the Seventies, I identified what I called its "rape cycle." Like a specter stalking a college mixer, Spenser acutely describes the tantalizing sexual vulnerability of passive femininity and the militant warriorship of mature, self-reliant womanhood. Naiveté evokes its own destruction. This is not "blaming the victim"; it is saying victimhood cannot become a vocation. Until feminism permits the return of the ancient identification of woman and nature in its full disturbing power, rape will remain an enigma. Rape is an invasion of territory, a despoilment of virgin ground. The radically different sexual geography of men's and women's bodies has led to feminist inability to understand male psychology. "She made me do it": this strange assertion by rapists expresses man's sense of subservience to woman's sexual allure. The rapist feels enslaved, insignificant: women seem enclosed, impervious. From the outside, female sexuality glows like the full moon. The stormy complexity of the rapist's inner life has been obscured by the therapeutic jargon he is soon speaking in prison, once he has been brainwashed by the social-welfare workers. Until women grasp the blood-sport aspect of rape, they will be unable to protect themselves. Films of the mating behavior of most other species—a staple of public television in America—demonstrate that the female _chooses_. Males pursue, show off, brawl, scuffle, and make general fools of themselves for love. A major failing of most feminist ideology is its dumb, ungenerous stereotyping of men as tyrants and abusers, when in fact—as I know full well, from my own mortifying lesbian experience—men are tormented by women's flirtatiousness and hemming and hawing, their manipulations and changeableness, their humiliating rejections. Cock teasing is a universal reality. It is part of women's merciless testing and cold-eyed comparison shopping for potential mates. Men will do anything to win the favor of women. Women literally _size up_ men—"What can you show me?"—in bed and out. If middle-class feminists think they conduct their love lives perfectly rationally, without any instinctual influences from biology, they are imbeciles. Following the sexual revolution of the Sixties, dating has become a form of Russian roulette. Some girls have traditional religious values and mean to remain virgin until marriage. Others are leery of AIDS, unsure of what they want, but can be convinced. For others, anything goes: they'll jump into bed on the first date. What's a guy to do? Surely, for the good of the human species, we want to keep men virile and vigorous. They should feel free to seek sex and to persuade reluctant women. As a libertarian, I believe that we have absolute right to our own body and that no one may lay a hand on us without our consent. But consent may be nonverbal, expressed by language or behavior—such as going to a stranger's apartment on the first date, which I think should correctly be interpreted as consent to sex. "Verbal coercion" is a ridiculous concept: I agree with Ovid that every trick of rhetoric should be used in the slippery art of love. Sexual personae are the key to this new age of uncertainty. I follow the gay male model in defining every date as a potential sexual encounter. Given that the rules are in flux, the issue of sexual availability must be negotiated, implicitly or explicitly, from the first moment on. Women must take responsibility for their share in this exchange, which means they must scrupulously critique their own mannerisms and clothing choices and not allow themselves to drift willy-nilly into compromising situations. As a teacher, I have seen time and again a certain kind of American middle-class girl who projects winsome malleability, a soft, unfocused, help-me-please persona that, in adult life, is a recipe for disaster. These are the ones who end up with the string of abusive boyfriends or in sticky situations with overfamiliar male authority figures who call them "honey." Deconstruction of the bourgeois code of "niceness" is a priority here. My generation tried it but seems mostly to have failed. Second, white girls need a crash course in common sense. You get back what you put out. Or as I say about girls wearing Madonna's harlot outfits, if you advertise, you'd better be ready to sell! Suburban girls don't realize that they were raised in an artificially pacified zone and that the world at large, including the college campus, is a far riskier place. I call my feminism "streetwise" or "street-smart" feminism. Women from working-class families usually agree with my view of the foolhardiness of feminist rhetoric, which encourages girls to throbbingly proclaim, "We can dress just as we want and go anywhere we want at any time!" This is true only to the point that women are willing to remain in a state of wary alertness and to fight their own fights. Men are in danger too. In America, one sees over-protected white girls bopping obliviously down the city street, lost in their headphones, or jogging conspicuously and bouncingly braless, a sight guaranteed to invite unwanted attention. It is tremendously difficult to convince feminist professional women of the existence of unconscious or subliminal erotic communication. As my friend Bruce Benderson says, their middle-class world has "no subtext." Women of the Sixties had far bolder and more salacious imaginations. The career system into which women have definitively won entry over the past twenty-five years seems to have rigidified their thinking. Stalinist literalism has become the norm. Shocked disbelief greets suggestions that many women may take pleasure in rape fantasies, established long ago by Nancy Friday in her pioneering 1973 study, _My Secret Garden_ , and dramatized today in the staggering mass-market popularity of Harlequin Romances, where heroines are overwhelmed by passionate, impetuous men. My warning description of the buffoonish "fun element" and "mad infectious delirium" of gang rape particularly infuriated many middle-class feminists, even though the point is easily proved by movies like _Two Women, The Virgin Spring, A Clockwork Orange, Deliverance, Death Wish_ , or _North Dallas Forty_. That men can satisfy their desires on an inert or unconscious object seems intolerable to such women, though it is a fact of life, palatable or not. Male sexual functioning does not depend on female response. And the illicit is always highly charged. All crimes of sex or mutilation contain pagan paradigms, hidden ritual symbolism we must learn to read. Pious rubrics like "Violence Against Women"—the stentorian title of a 1993 Congressional bill—are too simplistic. Surges of instinctual power are going on beneath the surface of every human exchange. Having sex with a woman is an earned action and honorific for young men, who lack an internal rite of passage like menstruation and who must therefore create an adult sexual identity for themselves in ways that women do not. Sex crime is revenge against women as an abstract class for wounds already suffered by men as a class—the wound of birth and its consequent galling dependencies. Until we widen the lens to take in nature, women will not know what is happening or how to control it. Victimization is a dead end. Better to meditate instead on the great pagan archetypes of the mother, with her terrible duality of creation and destruction. Women must accept their own ambivalence in order to wield their birthright of dominion over men. ## 3. SEX WAR: ABORTION, BATTERING, SEXUAL HARASSMENT The principal controversies of recent feminism have usually in some way involved a failure to deal with the issue of aggression. In the hundred-year-old nature versus nurture debate, contemporary feminists have taken the Rousseauist position that we are born good and society makes us bad. The naturists among them are ultimately twin to the nurturists, or social constructionists, since the former see nature as uniformly benign, despite constant catastrophic evidence to the contrary. Sentimental overidealization of women runs throughout anti-male feminist thought, from the prim, solemn Carol Gilligan to the acridly cynical Marilyn French, with their flagrant misreadings of social history. The campaign for abortion rights, which has polarized America, was systematically mismanaged by feminist leaders, partly because of their refusal to acknowledge the violence inherent in any termination of life. The same people who opposed capital punishment ironically fought for abortion on demand, showing a peculiar discrimination about whom to execute. Squeamishly sensitive about their humanitarian self-image, feminists have used convoluted casuistry to define the aborted fetus in purely material terms as inert tissue, efficiently flushed. My views are more consistent: I support the death penalty for outrageous crimes, such as political assassination or serial rape-murder, and I am fervently pro-abortion—the term "pro-choice" is a cowardly euphemism. Women's modern liberation is inextricably linked to their ability to control reproduction, which has enslaved them from the origin of the species. It is nature, again, that is our real oppressor. Men's contribution to conception and gestation is minimal, compared to the burden borne by pregnant and nursing women. Patriarchy, routinely blamed for everything, produced the birth control pill, which did more to free contemporary women than feminism itself. The vicious stereotyping of abortion opponents as "anti-woman" or "far right fanatics" has been one of the most deplorable habits of the feminist establishment. For years, mass mailings of the National Organization for Women were filled with hysterical rhetoric that repelled and alienated even abortion supporters like me. With their propagandistic frame of mind, feminist leaders never admitted that their opponents could be equally motivated by ethics. In fact, the ethical weight may be on the other side in this debate. We career women are arguing from expedience: it is personally and professionally inconvenient or onerous to bear an unwanted child. The pro-life movement, in contrast, is arguing that every conception is sacred and that society has a responsibility to protect the defenseless. Among the most memorable moments in my career as a public speaker occurred in September 1992, when I pressed this issue during my lectures at the University of Washington in Seattle and at the Herbst Theater in San Francisco. It was risky: feminist orthodoxy had jelled around abortion rights, and challenge was not brooked. But as I, from the position of abortion advocacy, dramatized the injustice of feminist contempt for the pro-life position, an eerie silence fell over the crowd. It was as if we all felt the uneasy conscience of feminism. The inflexible sectarianism of feminist leaders was on embarrassing public view during the 1990 Senate Judiciary Committee hearings for the nomination of David Souter to the Supreme Court. Present and past presidents of NOW (including Eleanor Smeal) and their partisans sat with querulous expressions of childish petulance and whined and sneered at the all-male panel before them. Abortion, just one of many pressing issues facing the nation, had become a low gate through which any nominee to the court had to stoop. The women's performance was loathsome. It is by such self-defeating exercises in solipsism that feminism has repeatedly injured itself. That another, more intelligent and sophisticated approach is possible was proved by the next witness, Faye Wattleton, president of Planned Parenthood, who was accompanied by the ever-reasonable Kate Michaelman, head of the National Abortion Rights League. Dignified and articulate, Wattleton presented the pro-abortion case with crisp, cool professionalism. Unlike the others, she showed respect for the occasion and the historical setting. Beautiful, elegant, and grand, she demonstrated that it is African-American women, not white middle-class feminists, who have already created the ideal female persona of the twenty-first century. The problem with the abortion rights crusade is that it is locked in a secular mind-set of me-first entitlement. Religious objections to abortion are based on devout study of the Bible, understood by believers as the word of God. "Be fruitful, and multiply" (Gen. 1:28): it is not enough to respond that this admonition to a small, struggling ancient people may no longer be applicable to an overpopulated world of dwindling resources. Theologians are not grocery managers taking inventory. For the faithful, God's plan is beyond human understanding, and one cannot pick and choose among his commands. To rescue feminism, we must give religion its due but require it to stay in its place. Again, Judeo-Christianity is only half our tradition. Paganism has other paradigms to offer. The militant virgin goddesses, Athena and Artemis, with their cold autonomy, are heroines of mine. Plato speaks of two Aphrodites, a common one of physical childbirth and the other, the Uranian, patron of spiritual and intellectual influence, specially associated with homoerotic relations. Evasion of nature's biological imperative is distinctly human. I take the extreme view of that Enlightenment neopagan, the Marquis de Sade, who lauds abortion and sodomy for their bold frustration of mother nature's relentless fertility. My code of modern Amazonism says that nature's fascist scheme of menstruation and procreation _should_ be defied, as a gross infringement of woman's free will. Unlike the feminist establishment, I recognize that abortion is killing. But slaughter and harvest—symbolized by the sickle crescent of the moon goddess (which appears as a castrating blade in Picasso's _Les Demoiselles d'Avignon_ )—are the record of human sustenance and survival for ten thousand years. A pagan vision, like that of Tennessee Williams's _Suddenly, Last Summer_ , will see the terrifying mass destruction in nature's procreative plan. Nature scatters a billion seeds to the wind. We must philosophically strengthen feminist theory so that it can admit that abortion is an aggressive act, that it is a form of extermination. Modern woman has become an agent of Darwinian triage. It is or should be ethically troubling: abortion pits the stronger against the weaker, and only one survives. The feminist coat-hanger symbol, prophesying the return of back-alley butchery if abortion is regulated or banned, is dishonest. A small number of women may die in botched procedures, but in successful abortions, the fetus death rate is 100 percent. As a libertarian, I support unrestricted access to abortion because I have reasoned that my absolute right to my body takes precedence over the brute claims of mother nature, who wants to reduce women to their animal function as breeders. Women who want to achieve are at war with nature, as is shown by the hormonally disordering effects of career stress or extreme athletic training. In the Seventies, women runners, developing amenorrhea and calcium-related shin splints, were the first to realize that nature is hovering over us, ready to shut down our systems if our fetus-feeding fat reserve drops below a certain percentage of body weight. In other words, in nature's eyes we are nothing but milk sacs and fat deposits. Women inspired by the Uranian Aphrodite to produce spiritual progeny should view abortion as a sword of self-defense put into their hands by Ares, the war god. Government, guaranteeing freedom of religion, has no right to interfere in our quarrel with our Creator, in this case pagan nature. Under the carnal constitution that precedes social citizenship, women have the right to bear arms. The battlefield is internal, and it belongs to us. Aggression must be returned to the center of feminist thinking. The rape discourse derailed itself early on by its nonsensical formulation, "Rape is a crime of violence but not of sex," a mantra that, along with "No always means no," blanketed the American media until I arrived on the scene. Feminists had an astoundingly naive view of the mutual exclusiveness of sex and aggression, which, Freud demonstrates, are fused in the amoral unconscious, as revealed to us through dreams. That rape is simply what used to be called "unbridled lust," like gluttony a sin of insufficient self-restraint, seems to be beyond feminist ken. Rape is piggish, cave-man, hand-to-mouth gorging, the rudimentary, subsistence-level stage of moral development of tots at "the terrible twos," when they must be taught not to bash other children over the head to steal their sweets. Evolution _does_ exist in history, and it is recapitulated in effective child-rearing. The absence of a feminist theory of aggression is blatant in the so-called "battered woman syndrome," yet another major article of current dogma. We are instructed by the earnest social-welfare prelates, their faces permanently creased in ostentatious Christlike compassion, that women who have been beaten for years by lovers or husbands become lethargic prisoners of war, brainwashed hostages without free will who must be excused from any atrocious act they commit, in lieu of something so simple as actually packing up and leaving. Even cutting off a man's penis while he is sleeping is legitimized as "temporary insanity," as shown by the questionable acquittal in 1994 of Lorena Bobbitt, a Latin firecracker who knew exactly what she was doing not only when she wielded the knife but when she turned on the waterworks for the jury. The Bobbitt case, which brought to life the ancient mythic archetype of woman as castrator, demonstrated that women are as aggressive as men and that sex is a dark, dangerous force of nature. But of course the feminist establishment, stuck in its battered-woman blinders, learned nothing as usual from this lurid refutation of its normal views. Classic art works like Bizet's _Carmen_ tell us more about the irrationality of love, jealousy, and revenge than do the pat formulas of the counseling industry. Feminism as a world movement must continue to address the grave problem in economically underdeveloped countries of women being treated as chattel or even killed by husbands or families for being a financial burden. Feminists are to be commended when they provide legal advice and material resources for escape from such intractable conditions. However, that battered women in the industrialized democracies do not leave home because they are financially dependent on their mates is fast ceasing to be a credible excuse. A 1991 study of admissions of battered middle-class women to a San Francisco hospital emergency room found that 70 percent were not in fact financially dependent on their assailants—a rare example of a survey eluding control by the statistics-churning feminist propaganda machines, those "independent" think tanks with suspiciously close ties to government commissions. For twenty years, armies of battered women and their counselor-spokesmen have trooped through television talk shows. From the start, I was troubled by a frequent discrepancy between the victims' demeanor and testimony and the simplistic, male-blaming rhetoric imposed on their experience by their smug professional escorts. The rigid political paradigm of oppressor/victim was the only one permitted. There was rarely much psychological inquiry into the sticky complexities of sexual attraction and conflict that implicate _both_ partners in any long-running private drama. As a feminist, I detest the rhetorical diminution of woman into passive punching bag, which is the basic premise of the "battered woman syndrome." Men strike women for quite another reason: because physical superiority is their only weapon against a being far more powerful than they. The blow does not subordinate; it equalizes. Aggression expresses itself in more than one way in the cycle of domestic violence (which includes underreported husband-battering). The polemical tactic of exhibiting garish mugshot photos of women's bruised faces evades the real issue. What led up to that moment in the emergency room? A video camera recording the episode before and after the assault would upset the received black-and-white view of male ogres and female martyrs. This is not to excuse men for their scurrilous behavior; it is to awaken women to their equal responsibility in dispute and confrontation. Any woman who stays with her abuser beyond the first incident is complicitous with him. I conjecture the basic scenario of many cases as follows. The batterer, like the serial adulterer, is an infantile personality who is fixated on the mother archetype in his wife. He demands her undivided attention, the narcotic of her quiet consolation. But he compulsively enjoys shattering her composure and destroying the family equilibrium she tries so hard to maintain. It's a terrorist way of keeping her alert, focused on him. The more he misbehaves, the more she feels he needs her. She finds his adolescent rambunctiousness both daunting and endearing—and, it has to be said, sexually exciting. She goads in her own way, little needling assertions of her territory and her rule over him. She implies he is inept, incapable of caring for himself without her. When he postures and demands, she is vague, vacillating; he can't reach her. He finds her serene self-containment intolerable because it ultimately represents women's priority to man, her unchallengeable control over procreation. No verbal argument can shake that. What leads up to the first blow is always the same: provoked or not, she has pushed his buttons of dependency. Once again, he faces his insignificance in women's eyes. He has dwindled back to boyhood, where women ruled him. To recover his adult masculinity, he lashes out at her with his fists. He savors her pain and fear, but her refusal to defend herself takes the fight out of him. He is sickened, desperate, apologetic. Here is the crux of the relationship, which has to be defined as sadomasochistic on _both_ sides. His pleading reactivates the maternal in her. She forgives him. Never is he more open, vulnerable, and intimate than when he begs for a second chance—"I'll never do it again." His tenderness and affection enamor her. _She is addicted to the apology_. She is overwhelmed by sensory ecstasy, by the heightened passions of rage and frenzy yielding to the melting reunion of boy and mother, who nestles her son against her bosom. As in the self-flagellation of medieval Catholicism, physical pain may produce spiritual exaltation. The battered woman stays because she thinks she sees the truth and because, secretly, she knows she is victorious. Until it is recognized that women in these relationships are exerting their own form of aggression, battering will remain an enigma. Covert manipulation is just as powerful and far less easy to combat. The current etiology—that abuser and abused come from "dysfunctional" homes—makes little sense when one is also told that 90 percent of all families are dysfunctional. (The best critique of this mushy strain in recent American culture is Wendy Kaminer's _I'm Dysfunctional, You're Dysfunctional_.) Physical violence may be a form of simple catharsis, a ritualistic way of venting pent-up anxieties and hostilities originating outside the relationship. Bloody penitential techniques have pagan as well as Christian roots, notably among the Aztecs and Anatolians. Our culture lacks formal outlets for these universal urges, except in our notoriously violent movies. The mutual war game concealed by the judgmental term "battered woman syndrome" may contain obscure cravings for deeper knowledge of life, for it is not patriarchy but matriarchy that is older and more fundamental. A Zen analysis of such a struggling pair would not find the man winning. In pondering why a battered woman does not leave, we must remember that gay men with a taste for violent "rough trade" have always paid for this kind of sex. Are women so perfect and angelic that we cannot imagine them having sadomasochistic impulses? When they are genuinely victimized, women deserve our pity. But victimization alone cannot explain everything in the tragicomedy of love. Sexual harassment, the newest of the feminist issues, has degrees of severity, the worst being the terroristic stalking of women by ex-boyfriends or estranged husbands. By the time these painfully drawn out situations come to public notice, the woman may actually have been murdered.* Sometimes it is the woman who does the stalking, as in the 1989 Betty Broderick case, when an hysterical San Diego woman shot to death her lawyer ex-husband and his pretty new bride in their bed. These crime dramas are detailed on hour-long talk shows, where relatives, friends, neighbors, police, and the perpetrators themselves (often televised from prison) narrate the history of the conflict and its explosive finale. Then on come the therapists and crisis counselors to reduce these ambiguous sagas to bromides. What are the roots of obsession? To interpret the crazed idolatry that turns into hostility and destruction, you need to immerse yourself in the psychological world of great plays and novels—Iago's mysterious motivation, Othello's paroxysmic rage. Men who kill the women they love have reverted to pagan cult. She whom a man cannot live without has become a goddess, an avatar of his half-divinized, half-demonized mother, a magic fountain of cosmic creativity. Without her, he cannot exist; he is obliterated. That anyone else should have her love, or even her gaze or presence, he cannot endure. It is an injustice, and so she becomes unjust: she must be punished. He interprets her refusal to see him as an act of war, so he lays siege to her citadel. To invade it and force himself into her attention restores his identity and importance. To harass, upset, and even kill her is to perpetuate his relationship with her. He would rather be hated than ignored. Like Richard III, he glories in his monstrosity, his ostracism by humanity. He goes willingly to prison and even to the gas chamber: this is "for her" and their love. Until they understand the unstable dynamic of sexual attraction, women of heartbreakingly good intentions will continue to be drawn into these endless, agonizing struggles that may end in violence. It is not enough to say that men must change. Intimidation and assault are of course unacceptable in civilized society. Those who break the law must suffer the consequences. But emotion is a maelstrom. Polite, charitable people of unblemished records sometimes go completely haywire when tormented by love. Apollo and Dionysus are always at odds. Passion disorders. What I am calling for is a massive restoration of psychology to feminist thought. For reasons still unclear, we have completely lost the hip Freudianism and shrewd self-satirizing insights that were common coin in my generation's all-night college bull sessions, which resembled Nichols and May comedy sketches. Whining and shrewishness are today's favored campus style. A purely political analysis cannot help the very pretty, too "nice" girl being pursued and shoved around by an oafish fellow she has dropped—a scene I witnessed as a student in a Harpur College parking lot. Several of us had to intervene, as the boy began breaking icy snow-chunks over her head. Even then, I was struck by the girl's maternal patience and melancholy affection, as she made no effort to fend off the blows but simply huddled, weeping, against the hood of a car. She saw, and we did too, that the violence came not from his sense of power but from its opposite, his wounded desperation and helplessness. It may be a principle of womanliness to forgive men for their childish excesses. I certainly am deficient in this area, for, as part of my general sexual alienation, I forgive nothing. On the contrary, I have made it my business, as the record shows, to personally punish every male trespass on female rights. But much violence against women originates in emotional territory that they already command. By midlife and early old age, as the hormones of both genders change, women are in total, despotic control of their marriages. First of all, wearisome as it may seem, women must realize that, in making a commitment to a man, they have merged in his unconscious life with his mother and have therefore inherited the ambivalence of that relation. Second, stalking by strangers is caused by projection, in which a woman (or boy) becomes an involuntary player in a shadowy fantasy that may recapitulate the stalker's childhood or that may, less predictably, be a psychotic crime-as-art drama. Defending against the wraithlike intangibility of the latter will always require wariness, wisdom, and personal responsibility on women's part. The unpleasant truth is that we can never fully legislate the human psyche. Strange aberrations will continue to manifest themselves at every level of society. Since murder victims cannot be resurrected, we need to give women a shrewder view of the world, so that they can better manage problems or avoid them altogether. Too many girls want to be liked, and not always because, in the current line, they are socialized to seek approval. I suspect most women are genetically more empathic, not as a moral value (in the tedious Gilligan manner) but as an intuitive faculty of infant care. Women's well-documented superiority in reading facial expressions, as well as their hormonally produced, hypersensitive thinner skin, supports this. What I see is not a world of male oppression and female victimization but an international conspiracy by women to keep from men the knowledge of men's own frailty. A strange maternal protectiveness is at work. In negotiating with rejected lovers or husbands, women must stop thinking they can make everyone happy. In many cases of harassment and stalking, it is clear that the women never learned how to _terminate the fantasy_ —which requires resolution and decisiveness on their part. Wavering, dithering, or passive hysterical fear will only intensify or prolong pursuit. In war, one must counterattack and then cut clean and stand on one's own. Calm, contemptuous indifference, rather than panic, is more likely to succeed. Imprisoned serial rapists have constantly said that the pleading of victims actually inflamed their lust. Intimidation usually stops when it ceases to be effective, which is why I think the tactic of escalating restraining orders, endorsed by many crisis counselors, can be dangerous and counterproductive. In most cases, the police alone cannot stop a determined stalker. As best they can, women must fight their own fights and oversee their own defense. In the less life-threatening area of the office, sexual harassment has become a key theme of contemporary professional life. I support moderate sexual harassment guidelines: after evaluating sample academic codes in my "Women and Sex Roles" class in 1986, I lobbied for their adoption at my university. Schools of the performing arts may be particularly vulnerable to this problem, since vocational teachers, unlike standard lecturers, must sometimes touch students as part of the instruction process. In dance class, a teacher may need to realign the arms, legs, or feet, or in cello class, to encircle a student with his or her arms to remedy weaknesses in bowing. Arts schools are also more likely to have a bigger roster of older, distinguished part-time faculty whose lives center elsewhere and whose commitment to the institution is minimal. White middle-class freshmen girls seemed especially to need help in self-definition and self-expression, and sexual harassment guidelines were a promising way to embolden them to decide how they wanted to be treated. On the other hand, I was concerned about the possibility of false charges by grandstanding neurotics, with whom I'd had quite enough contact at Bennington. Every sexual harassment code should incorporate stiff penalties for false accusation, presently rarely mentioned. This is also a glaring omission from the national rape debate. It was clear, from my own observations as well as student testimony, that some girls know instinctively how to halt unwanted familiarities and others do not but even make things worse by blushing and brightly smiling in ways that mime flirtation and pleasure. Social conventions are partly to blame, but I think we must hold even teenaged girls responsible for the persona they choose, since for most of their lives it has brought them the rewards of attention and popularity. I categorically reject current feminist cant that insists that the power differential of boss/worker or teacher/student makes the lesser party helpless to resist the hand on the knee, the bear hug, the sloppy kiss, or the off-color joke. Servility to authority to win favor is an old story; it was probably business-as-usual in Babylon. Objective research would likely show that the incidence of sycophancy by subordinates far exceeds that of coercion by bosses. That a woman, whether or not she has dependent children, has no choice but to submit without protest to a degrading situation is absurd. Women, as much as men, have the obligation to maintain their human dignity, without recourse to _a posteriori_ tribunals (much less those a decade later, as with wily Anita Hill). It is an hour-by-hour, month-by-month, year-by-year process. Literally from the first moment of arrival at a job or in any social situation, a person is being tested and must set the tone by his or her responses. My entire Italian-immigrant extended family, in its transition over fifty years from blue-collar to white-collar work, has followed that policy of forth-rightness and self-respect. Lack of money does not excuse groveling. The _quid pro quo_ ruse—where a sex act is demanded for a promotion or job security—is the most grievous of sexual harassment offenses and should be suitably punished, but one wonders just how common so clumsily blatant a proposition is these days. I suspect some men just try for what they can get, and a few unprepared, overly trusting women fall for it. We cannot expect government to make up for ancient lapses in child rearing. The "hostile workplace" clause, on the other hand, which has become an integral part of sexual harassment policy and has even, to my regret, passed review by the Supreme Court, seems to me reactionary and totalitarian. Mere offensiveness, which is open to subjective interpretation, is not harassment. The problem with the "hostile workplace" concept is that it is culturally parochial: it imposes a genteel white lady's standard of decorum on everyone, and when blindly applied by management, it imperialistically exports white middle-class manners, appropriate to an office, into the vigorously physical and more realistic working-class realm. The mincing minuets and sexual etiquette of the scribal class of paperpushers make no sense outside their carpeted cubicles of fluorescent light. The folly of this nomenclature is that _every_ workplace is hostile, as any man who has worked his way up the cutthroat corporate ladder will testify. Teamwork requires cooperation, but companies without internal and external competition remain stagnant. Innovation and leadership require strategies of opposition and outstripping, however one wants to disguise it. The "transformative feminism" of thinkers like Suzanne Gordon (whose progressive politics I respect), which imagines a pleasant, stress-free work environment where the lion lies down with the lamb, is unreachably Utopian. Once again, aggression is not being confronted here. For every winner, there are a hundred losers. The workplace is the pagan arena, where head-on crashes are the rule. It is outrageous that the "hostile workplace" clause is now routinely applied to coarse or ribald language, as when in 1993 a _Boston Globe_ writer jokingly called another male staffer "pussywhipped" and was reported by a female employee and fined by his editor. Nude images are also affected by this clause, as when laborers are puritanically forbidden to post risqué calendars or tape _Playboy_ pictures to their lockers or even, as in Los Angeles firehouses, to read _Playboy_ at work. A graduate student at the University of Nebraska was forced to remove a photo of his bikini-clad wife from his desk, when two female fellow students complained to the chairman that they felt sexually harassed by it. This used to be called "paranoia." Why are snippy neurotics running our lives? In a highly publicized incident, a dowdy English instructor pressured Penn State administrators to take down a print of Goya's _Naked Maja_ from her classroom in an arts building, where it had hung unmolested for decades. She complained that the students were looking at it instead of her (I can't imagine why). The situation has gotten so out of hand that, in 1993, in one of the first British cases, a plumber was fired for continuing to use the traditional term "ball-cock" for the toilet flotation unit, instead of the new politically correct term, sanitized of sexual suggestiveness. This is insane. We are back to the Victorian era, when table legs had to be draped lest they put the thought of ladies' legs into someone's dirty mind. My libertarian position is that, in a democracy, words must not be policed. Whatever good some people feel may be gained by restrictions on speech, it is enormously outweighed by the damage done to any society where expression is restricted. History shows that all attempts to limit words end by stifling thought. I am a Sixties free speech militant. As part of our rebellion, we middle-class girls flung around the raunchiest four-letter words we could find: we were trying to shatter the code of gentility, delicacy, and prudery that had imprisoned respectable women since the rise of the bourgeoisie after the industrial revolution. Pictures too are protected expression: I define images as pagan speech. There are very few instances where speech properly falls under government scrutiny, and those involve either fraudulent representations in business contracts or disturbances of the peace, such as shouting "fire" in a crowded theater or disrupting residential neighborhoods or campuses by noisy late-night reveling. In the latter, if offensive epithets are used, it is not the content of the words that is punishable but the fact that anything at all is shouted at that hour. Epithets and stereotypes are not fraudulent in a commercial sense; they are crudely distorted or parodistic versions of a substratum of historical truth or perception, which no one, however well-meaning, has a right to erase. I question the concept of "fighting words," except when an arresting officer or judge weighing sentencing considers whether a brawl that led to injury was provoked by an insult—which could be aspersions on one's beauty, taste, character, or virility as easily as on one's race or ethnicity. Attitudes are not changed by forbidding their expression; on the contrary, forcing social resentments underground simply increases the power of conservative ideologues or fascist extremists to speak for the silenced. Campus speech codes, that folly of the navel-gazing left, have increased the appeal of the right. Ideas must confront ideas. When hurt feelings and bruised egos are more important than the unfettered life of the mind, the universities have committed suicide. Sexual harassment guidelines, if overdone, will end by harming women more than helping them. In the rough play of the arena, women must make their own way. If someone offends you by speech, you must learn to defend yourself by speech. The answer cannot be to beg for outside help to curtail your opponent's free movement. The message conveyed by such attitudes is that women are too weak to win by men's rules and must be awarded a procedural advantage before they even climb into the ring. Teasing and taunting have always been intrinsic to the hazing rituals of male bonding. The elaborate shouting matches and satirical putdowns of African tribal life can still be heard in American pop music ("You been whupped with the ugly stick!"—uproarious laughter) and among drag queens, where it's called "throwing shade." Middle-class white women have got to get over their superiority complex and learn to talk trash with the rest of the human race. A sex-free workplace is neither possible nor desirable. Many people meet their spouses at work, just as students may marry their professors. After the mannish John Molloy dress-for-success look of the Seventies, when women first moved massively into fast-track careers, the more glamourous Eighties professional style allowed women to recover their femininity while still being taken seriously on the job. But we must face the fact that women's formal dress is inherently more erotic than men's. There is a subliminally arousing sensuality to perfume, lipstick, nail lacquer, vivid colors, silky fabrics, delicate jewelry, and high-heeled pumps. Exposed legs, which early Neanderthal feminists saw as a symbol of subordination (more exposed flesh = less power), are in the Nineties beginning to be understood as a visible incarnation of women's sexual power. For all the feminist jabber about women being victimized by fashion, it is men who most suffer from conventions of dress. Every day, a woman can choose from an army of personae, femme to butch, and can cut or curl her hair or adorn herself with a staggering variety of artistic aids. But despite the Sixties experiments in peacock dress, no man can rise in the corporate world today, outside the entertainment industry, with long hair or makeup or purple velvet suits. Men's aesthetic impulses have been stifled since the industrial revolution. Beautiful, fragile clothing is historically an aristocratic prerogative, signifying freedom from manual labor. The contemporary clothing debate echoes the seventeenth-century standoff between Cavaliers and Puritans, those earnest workaholics whose sober black dress as our "Pilgrim Fathers" is foisted on us yearly in Thanksgiving iconography. In the modern workplace, men are drones, and women are queen bees. Men's corporate costume, with its fore-and-aft jacket flaps, conceals their sexuality. Woman's eroticized dress inescapably makes her the center of visual interest, whether people are conscious of it or not. Most women, as well as most men, straight or gay, instantly appraise whether a woman has "good legs" or a big bosom, not because these attributes diminish her or reduce her to "meat" (another feminist canard) but because they unjustifiably add to her power in ways that may destabilize the workplace. Woman's sexuality _is_ disruptive of the dully mechanical workaday world, in which efficiency means uniformity. The problems of woman's entrance into the career system spring from more than male chauvinism. She brings nature into the social realm, which may be too small to contain it. One reason I favor reasonable sexual harassment guidelines is that they alert women to the erotic energies they inspire. But the matter is not asymmetrical, with virtuous women dutifully going about their tasks when—horrors!—jets of inky male lust spurt in their direction. (Cf. Hitchcock's Marnie madly bolting for the ladies room when red ink spots her sleeve.) I protest the recent creation, as if by dragon's teeth, of a master class of sexual harassment commissars, the cadres of specialists and consultants with their vested economic interest in this field. Like the campus kangaroo courts (the date-rape and speech-code grievance committees, with their haphazard roosters), the sexual harassment inquisitors are poorly trained for what they are doing. The dreary worldview of professional bureaucrats is untouched by Rabelais, Swift, Fielding, Wilde, or Shaw. How has the society that invented rock and roll ended up in the grip of these schoolmarmish monitors of sexual mores? Class values have been seriously neglected in feminism, which takes a simplistic designer-Marxist view of the proletarian-as-victim. When they do not docilely act like victims, laborers are treated like heathen. For example, construction workers are demonized for their lunchtime diversion of staring, leering, whistling, and catcalling at passing female office workers, some of whom—lawyers and executives—regard themselves as very mighty indeed and far too lofty for such treatment. One side of me finds these spectacles annoying and sometimes enraging; the other cheers the workers on, for they are among the last remaining masculine men of action in a world where even soldiering has become computerized. We should applaud anything that challenges and explodes bourgeois decorum in our over-regimented nine-to-five world. There is likewise a class issue in the prohibiting of nude centerfolds on lockers, since the pictorials of men's magazines correspond, in my view, to museum prints of nude paintings and sculpture that middle-class men can generally collect and display without interference. When pressed to excess, sexual harassment rules will inevitably frustrate women's aspirations in another area: breaking through the so-called "glass ceiling," the invisible barrier that allegedly stalls women at middle management positions and keeps them out of corporate boardrooms and top executive suites. Feminists blame the "glass ceiling" on gender discrimination and the "old boy" network. But many people, male and female, have difficulty forging a persona of leadership, which may require talents different from the people-oriented and clerical skills of middle managers. When they are encouraged to overrely on the threat of sexual harassment claims, women are being institutionally deprived of development of precisely the hard-nosed, thick-skinned tactics they need to reach the upper echelons. It is not just a particular job but treacherous office politics that ambitious future executives must master. Hostility and harassment of all kinds lie before you. Men set traps for each other, as well as for women. A mirage of cordial fog covers the snakepits. Breaking into a group requires staking out one's territory, which among humans and other animals means fierce skirmishes and border disputes. Women must find their own place in the pecking order, for which open aggression is sometimes necessary. You must bare your own fangs and not someone else's, if you want to be leader of the pack. Paradoxically, conservative women like Margaret Thatcher have found it easier to reach the highest post in their countries. Liberal women achieved political prominence in America under the early Clinton presidency because the status of domestic social issues rises in periods of peace. If we are ever to have a woman president, she must, like Thatcher, demonstrate her readiness and ability to command the military. Congresswoman Patricia Schroeder, for example, one of the beaming Betty Crockers who drive crabby Sixties feminists like me crazy, has not shown, despite her long experience on the Armed Services Committee, any of the qualities of reserved authority necessary to win the confidence and respect of the troops, whom, in an emergency, the president must lead. This constitutional obligation was self-destructively neglected by Bill Clinton himself, whose strong mother made him sensitive to women's concerns but whose lack of a positive father figure made him indifferent to military matters until it was too late (the mishandling of the controversy over gays in the military being one result). Empathy alone will never propel a woman into the White House. Women will continue to become senators and governors, but the presidency will be won only by the female candidate who finds the correct sexual persona. Leadership is warm on the surface but cold at its heart. At the top, one must have the long view, a disciplined detachment. Every decision requires betraying something or someone else. In war, individuals may have to be cruelly sacrificed for the survival of the whole. Movies about the great age of sailing ships show what I mean: under fire, the captain is a still, stable point of steely consciousness. As events swirl around him, he transmits his orders in a low voice to the first mate, who shouts them to the crew and ensures their enforcement. In contemporary terms, the chief executive officer is not necessarily a "people person": he carries his solitude with him. In America, the best model yet for the first woman president can be found among the Texas feminists, notably Governor Ann Richards. East Coast feminists, like Gloria Steinem, who created the smug, superior feminist smirk (done to an unctuous turn by NOW president Patricia Ireland), have failed to produce a credible persona for national leadership, partly because of their juvenile, jeering attitude toward men and masculinity. The irony is that the legal and media world inhabited by Steinem and her coterie is filled with bookish white-collar men who are the only ones in the world who actually listen to feminist rhetoric and can be guilt-tripped into trying to obey it. The younger feminists have not done much better. Though in their thirties, Susan Faludi and Naomi Wolf seem determined to cling to perpetual girlhood. Faludi is the Mary Tyler Moore of feminism ("Geeee, Mr. Grant!"), nice but easily flustered and cowed in public. These are bobbysoxer Fifties personae, a docile, good-daughter style also detectable in those spoiled, bland yuppies, the failed Clinton nominees, Zoë Baird and Kimba Wood. In Texas, unlike the urban Northeast, men are men. Women politicians in that state have the toughness and grit to handle men at their most macho. Southern women, particularly those of the plantation-belt "iron magnolia" school, are able to get what they want and still retain their gracious femininity. Underneath the public persona of Ann Richards, like that of Attorney General Janet Reno, who has the mannish bearing of an admiral and whose Floridian mother wrestled alligators, one can still feel the American pioneer spirit. At moments, Richards and Reno seem like robust farm women (cf. brusque, hearty Marjorie Main in _The Women_ ). In that state of longhorn cattle, pit barbecue, and universal football, the Texas feminists have a vigorous physicality completely missing from the tame, sheltered, word-centered world of the Steinem politburo. Ancient Roman matrons, with their fidelity to clan and state, had more _gravitas_ than today's women politicians and professionals. We need to rethink and reappropriate the old personae of grande dame and dragon lady for new use today. Hanging on the walls of the Seven Sisters, the elite women's colleges of the Northeast, are stunning portraits of the early presidents and faculty, whose air of distinction recalls a period in feminism when women accepted, and were determined to match, the highest levels of male achievement. I call them the "battle-ax maiden ladies," and they remain my inspiration. Another of my role models is St. Teresa of Avila _(not_ that tender teen, St. Therese of Lisieux, cradling her dainty roses). Obscure until her flaming forties, Teresa fought with the bishops and singlehandedly reformed the Spanish convents. She was an irascible, hands-on mystic. My American patron saint is Annie Oakley, the real-life sharpshooter known around the world from her tours with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. This great home-grown persona demonstrates that the best argument for women in combat is combative women. My prescription for women entering the war zone of the professions: study football. It is a classic textbook of the strategies and controlled aggression of the ever-hostile workplace. A chapter in the second volume of _Sexual Personae_ analyzes the pagan motifs of football, which is not only my favorite sport but my only real religion. Indeed, I credit my success in attacking the academic and feminist establishment to a lifetime mania for football, which provides intricate patterns of offense and defense, as well as impetus for hard hits and my trademark open-field tackling. Women who want to remake the future should look for guidance not to substitute parent figures but to the brash assertions of pagan sport. ## 4. SEX POWER: PROSTITUTION, STRIPPING, PORNOGRAPHY The bourgeois limitations in feminist theory are clearly demonstrated by its difficulty in dealing with prostitution, which is interpreted solely in outworn terms of victimization. That is, feminists profess solidarity with the "sex workers" themselves but denounce prostitution as a system of male exploitation and enslavement. I protest this trivializing of the world's oldest profession. I respect and honor the prostitute, ruler of the sexual realm, which men must pay to enter. In reducing prostitutes to pitiable charity cases in need of their help, middle-class feminists are guilty of arrogance, conceit, and prudery. An early admirer of _Sexual Personae_ who came to Philadelphia to interview me was Tracy Quan, a working prostitute and activist with P.O.N.Y. (Prostitutes of New York), who supported the stand I had taken and described her violent fights with the doctrinaire feminists overrunning the world prostitute movement. I maintained, and Quan agreed, that the popular portrait of the hapless single mother forced into prostitution by poverty or a vicious pimp was a sentimental exaggeration. Psychologists were ushering ex-prostitutes onto television programs to make tearful recantations of their former careers and to testify that prostitutes hated their work and were merely misguided victims of child abuse. Listening to the radio at home, I heard Dr. Joyce Brothers confidently proclaim, "There are no happy prostitutes"—to which I angrily blurted aloud, "Dr. Brothers, there are no happy therapists!" Moralism and ignorance are responsible for the constant stereotyping of prostitutes by their lowest common denominator—the sick, strung-out addicts, crouched on city stoops, who turn tricks for drug money. Every profession (including the academic) has its bums, cheats, and ne'er-do-wells. The most successful prostitutes in history have been _invisible_. That invisibility was produced by their high intelligence, which gives them the power to perceive, and move freely but undetected within, the social frame. The prostitute is a superb analyst, not only in evading the law but in intuiting the unique constellation of convention and fantasy that produces a stranger's orgasm. She lives by her wits as much as her body. She is psychologist, actor, and dancer, a performance artist of hyperdeveloped sexual imagination. And she is shrewd entrepreneur and businesswoman: the madams of brothels, along with medieval abbesses, were the first female managers. The power of ancient harlots, ancestors of Renaissance courtesans and chic modern call-girls, is suggested in _The Egyptian_ (1954), the film of Mika Waltari's novel about the reign of Akhnaten and Nefertiti. For assignations with a hypnotically beautiful Babylonian temptress, the brilliant young Egyptian doctor surrenders his wealth, his house, his precious medical instruments, and finally, most shockingly, the embalming of his parents' bodies for the afterlife. When he has nothing left, her servants slam the door in his face. _The Egyptian_ shows the prostitute as a sexual adept of magical skill and accurately documents men's excruciating obsession with and subordination to women. Temple prostitution seems to have occurred in the ancient Near East, in association with goddess cults. In the Christian era, typified by St. Augustine's condemnation of Cybele and her mutilating sacrificial rites, the prostitute remains our point of contact with repressed pagan nature. We completely lack the fusion of sexual and sacred found in Hinduism, notably the Tantric school, where initiation in erotic arts by a sexually experienced woman is considered a form of spiritual instruction. Christianity splits woman into divided halves: Mary, the Holy Mother, and Mary Magdalene, the whore. Maternity and sexuality don't mix well in our tradition, with its transcendent, earth-shunning deity. In the Madonna-whore complex, which particularly affects Latin Catholics (e.g., Frank Sinatra), a man loses sexual interest in his wife when she becomes pregnant, activating memories of his sainted mother. The home becomes a shrine, and the man seeks sexual satisfaction elsewhere with whores, "bimbos," defensively minimized to evade woman's hegemony. When they posit prostitutes as lost souls to be saved from satanic male clutches, feminists are collaborating in the systematic denigration of a class of women who, under dangerous conditions, perform a necessary social service. Governments that try to ban prostitution never succeed for long. Prostitution is always reinvented and flourishes, underground or in light of day. During the Sixties sexual revolution, I believed that, in a reformed future, prostitution would be unnecessary, since emancipated female desire would expand to meet men's needs. However, over time, I realized that sexuality can never be fully contained within social forms and that the old double standard was no misogynous fiction: promiscuity is risky to the health of procreative woman and her fetus. Hence the prostitute has come to symbolize for me the ultimate liberated woman, who lives on the edge and whose sexuality belongs to no one. Often over the past decade, as I arrive at 8 A.M. at my classroom building on South Broad Street in Center City, I have been stunned to encounter a working whore sashaying cheerfully along in full brazen regalia—red-leather bolero jacket and bulging halter, white-leather or lavender-suede thigh-high boots, black-spangle or gold-lamé micro-miniskirt with no underwear and bare buttocks. White, black, or Latina, she dominates the street for two blocks in every direction. You can see the stir, as people hurrying to work break step, turn, or furtively stare. Working-class men brashly hail her in humorous admiration; middle-class men are startled, embarrassed, but fascinated; middle-class women, uneasily clutching their attaché cases, are frozen, blank, hostile. Of the great sexual personae I have seen in my lifetime, Philadelphia prostitutes rank very high. They are fearless and aggressive, waving down businessmen in sedans or bringing traffic to a halt as they jaw with taxi drivers. They rule the street. "Pagan goddess!" I want to call out, as I sidle reverently by. Not only are these women not victims, they are among the strongest and most formidable women on the planet. They exist in the harshest reality, but they laugh and bring beauty out of it. For me, they are heroines of outlaw individualism. Prostitution should be decriminalized. My libertarian position is that government may not under any circumstances intervene in consensual private behavior. Thus, despite their damage to my generation, I support the legalization of drugs, consistent with current regulation of alcohol. And I would argue for the absolute right to homosexual sodomy. It is reasonable, however, to ask that sex acts remain private and that they not _visibly_ occur in shared public spaces like streets and parks—the latter a favorite haunt of gay men, to the despair of neighbors. Neither Judeo-Christian nor pagan may dominate common ground. Solicitation for sex should be tolerated and treated exactly like the vending of any commercial product: that is, pedestrians have the right not to be crowded, touched, or fondled by salesmen, peddlers, or whores. Police may keep building entrances unobstructed, guarantee a clear zone around schools and churches, and control noisy late-night auto traffic cruising in residential neighborhoods. But harassment of whores and their clients must cease. Government should concern itself only with public health matters: hence free testing and treatment of venereal disease, without censoriousness, should be required of prostitutes working in licensed brothels. Mainstream feminist propaganda claims that prostitutes must "do whatever men want." This is true only of the amateurish and weak-willed. Most professional prostitutes are in complete charge of the erotic encounter and do nothing they don't want. Things can certainly go wrong, with painful or fatal results—as is also the experience of gay men, whose sexual adventurousness over the centuries has often cost them their lives. Stranger sex will never be risk-free; it is just as challenging an exploration of hazardous nature as cliff-climbing, sailing, car racing, big-game hunting, bungee-jumping, hang-gliding, or parachuting. The thrill is partly due to the nearness of disaster or death. The prostitutes on window display in Amsterdam's famous red-light district, with their opulent fleshiness, earthy practicality, and bawdy sang-froid, impressed me enormously when I first saw them in 1969, as a graduate student still optimistic about bringing sophisticated European sexual values to puritan America. By 1993, when I visited Amsterdam again, the scene had changed: it is now less homey and, influenced by the dance revolution in stripping, more theatrical. The whores are dazzlingly multicultural. A conventional feminist analysis would see these women writhing and beckoning in glass cubicles as degradingly accessible cream pastries in a male automat. But I see, as always, pure female power. The men shopping in the street cluster together to bolster their confidence; most are awkward, uncertain, abashed. The young, lithe Thai whores boldly flaunt their breasts and buttocks in skinny white bikinis, blazing under violet Day-glo light. They are a pagan epiphany, apparitions of supreme sexual beauty. Jerusalem has never vanquished Babylon. A luminous moment of this kind occurred in Naples in 1984, when I was walking with family friends near the bay late at night. A tall, striking, raven-haired whore in a tight white dress, who may or may not have been a transvestite, was bantering with a truck driver, her long leg perched raffishly on the running board. Spotting the flowing red hair of a mature married woman in our party, she grinned wickedly and yelled out, in a rich, gravelly, flirtatious voice, "Ciao, rossa!" ("Hey, redhead!") Everyone stared stonily ahead and kept moving. The group as a whole, with its middle-class American propriety, was not as powerful as this one extraordinary being, whose perverse, worldly consciousness seemed to take in and dominate the entire waterfront. This was her territory; we were the intruders. Lagging behind, I smiled conspiratorially and nodded back in homage. She was my confederate. Her humor and vitality were like those of Caravaggio's lewd urchins. I had an eerie sense of the Neapolitan side of my heritage (my father's people were from the inland towns of Benevento, Avellino, and Caserta), the stream of sensuality and decadence going back to Pompeii and ancient Capri, where the emperor Tiberius had his villa. Strippers are not prostitutes, as they firmly point out. I first became aware of their free-lance lifestyle while I was teaching at Bennington in the Seventies, when several of my women students earned tuition money by dancing in topless bars in metropolitan New York and New Jersey. I questioned them closely and read their research projects compiling interviews with their fellow workers. The other dancers were often enterprising single mothers whose experiences depended on the quality of the clubs, the best of which protected women employees by escorting them to their cars and squelching overeager customers. At worst, the dancers had to fight off the managers themselves, but this was usually considered an occupational hazard that plucky women could handle. Why do so many men want to see women undress? I have written about the pagan origins of striptease, the ritual unveiling of a body that will always remain mysterious because of the inner darkness of the womb, from which we all came. Sexual exhibitionism plays a part in most nature cults, such as Hinduism. My interest in this subject dates from a New York State Fair in Syracuse in the late Fifties, when I was around ten. A midway barker introduced a belly dancer, who undulated from a tent and struck a pose at one end of the platform. A trance came over me. I bolted from my startled family and darted through the dense male crowd to stare up at her in stupefied wonder. My parents told the story for years, since the dancer, used to women giving her a wide berth, eyed me back with alarmed perplexity. I'm sure I looked like a moron, with mouth agape and eyes like saucers. Sexual dancing, which handsome boys also do for gay men, is a great art form with ancient roots. I reject feminist cant about the "male gaze," which supposedly renders passive and inert everything it touches. As I maintained in my first book, sexual objectification is characteristically human and indistinguishable from the art impulse. There is nothing degrading in the display of any part of the human body. Those embarrassed or offended by erotic dancing are the ones with the problem: their natural responses have been curtailed by ideology, religious or feminist. The early Christian church forbade dancing because of its pagan associations and its very real incitement to lust. In modern times, dance has become progressively more sexually explicit, as the performers of classical ballet, once aristocrats of the _ancien régime_ , shed clothing from the nineteenth century on. The calf-length ballerina's skirt, for example, became the tutu, just a fringe of chiffon at the hips. The molded Renaissance tights of male dancers accent bulging genitals and buttocks. Half the appeal of today's classical ballet productions, I would argue, is their ravishing semi-nudity. It's striptease in the name of high art. Modern dance, from the Greek-inspired free movement and bare feet of Isadora Duncan to the tribal pelvic thrusts and spasmodic contractions of Martha Graham, has always been sexually revolutionary. Jazz dancing is also boldly erotic, thanks to Bob Fosse's appropriation of burlesque moves, which he witnessed as a child in the demimondaine. Since the Twenties, popular dance has been sexualized by wave after wave of African and Latin (really Afro-Caribbean) influences. As Eldridge Cleaver said in _Soul on Ice_ , the 1960 twist craze activated the dead white pelvis, in an early skirmish of the sexual revolution. Grinding, provocative wiggles and shimmies are now the everyday recreational language of the white middle class. The line between striptease and respectable social dancing has blurred. Hence the recent evolution toward total nudity in topless clubs. Today, straight or gay men, tucking tribute bills into a woman's garter belt or a guy's motorcycle boot, can inspect the sexual terrain at microscopic proximity. Unescorted female customers are still disappointingly rare, as I can report from my own midnight forays. In virtually all venues, the nude dancer is in total control of the stage and audience. The feminist scenario of a meat rack of ribs and haunches priced and fingered by reeking buffoons is another hysterical projection. Hard as it may be to believe, men in strip clubs _admire_ what they see and are even awed by it. They gather round the women to warm themselves, as if the stage were a bonfire on a medieval winter's night. The dancers exert a magnetic force. The men don't know exactly why they must come there, but they sense that their ordinary lives and official religion don't fulfill their longings or answer all their questions. To reduce these ritual visitations to a matter of mechanical masturbation is unintelligent and unimaginative. The nude dancer can never be captured or completely known. She teases and eludes, like the female principle itself. Extreme forms of sexual expression can only be understood through a sympathetic study of pornography, one of the most controversial issues in feminism. For more than fifteen years, the syllabi and reserve reading shelves of women's studies courses have been dominated by two sex-killing styles, the anti-art puritanism of the Catharine MacKinnon school and the word-obsessed, labyrinthine abstraction of Lacanian analysis. The pro-sex wing of feminism was virtually invisible until very recently, for two reasons. First, its adherents outside academe wrote fiction or journalism and never produced major theoretical statements anywhere near MacKinnon's level of argument. Second, its adherents inside academe shut themselves off in jargon-spouting conferences, which had no cultural impact or purpose beyond personal careerism. Free-speech feminists mobilized to defeat MacKinnon-inspired anti-porn statutes in Minneapolis and Indianapolis but then fell back into torpor, abandoning academe to the virulent ideologues, who seized administrative power in campus-life issues. The pro-sex feminists were never able to stop MacKinnon, whose reputation rose steadily until she was canonized in a disgracefully uncritical cover story of _The New York Times Magazine_ in October 1991. During the Clarence Thomas hearings that year, she was everywhere in the media. Even public radio and television were hopelessly biased, trotting out dozens of radical and establishment feminists pushing one party line. The sexual harassment crisis was the Waterloo of the pro-sex feminists, who lost all perspective and collapsed into rampant MacKinnonism. Not one leading feminist voice but mine challenged the sentimental Anita Hill groupthink or the creeping fascism of the date-rape and sexual harassment hysteria. Nor did any critique of MacKinnon gain ground until I called her a "totalitarian" and exposed the drastically limited assumptions in her cultural worldview. In late 1993, the free-speech feminists finally—and far too late—launched a searing personal attack on MacKinnon (over her gross exploitation of the Bosnian rapes) in central feminist territory, _Ms_. magazine. My skepticism about the courage and sincerity of the pro-sex feminists was confirmed by my own experience with them. The refusal or inability of the academic feminists to engage my work has eloquently demonstrated their insularity and hypocrisy. Of the best-known names outside academe, only film director Monika Treut and performance artist Annie Sprinkle took an interest in or publicly supported me and my views. Treut's avant-garde thinking was shaped by the greater cosmopolitanism of Europe, while Sprinkle's iconoclastic comedy draws on her intimate knowledge of the worlds of prostitution and stripping, which I celebrate. The parochialism and conventionalism in even the most ostensibly radical feminist views of sexuality were shown by Pat Califia's long silence about and then open attack on me, as well as by Susie Bright's catty impugning of my positions and right to speak. The latter's cliquish removal from the general culture was evident in her public dismissal of Dr. Ruth Westheimer, whose contributions to sex education of the American mass audience have been enormous. A major problem with pro-sex feminism has been its failure to embrace the men's magazines, without which no theory of sexuality will ever be complete. I have gone out of my way to publish in and endorse _Playboy_ and _Penthouse_ , which have been vilified by both mainstream and anti-porn feminists, as well as by mainstream members of NOW. I love the irony of bringing contemporary feminism full circle, back to where Gloria Steinem made her name by infiltrating a Playboy Club. In the Eighties, feminists and religious conservatives pressured convenience stores and drugstore chains to ban the men's magazines. This has led to a massive cultural ignorance on the part of feminists, inside and outside academe, about what is actually _in_ those magazines. Idiotic statements like "Pornography degrades women" or "Pornography is the subordination of women" are only credible if you never look at pornography. Preachers, senators, and feminist zealots carry on about materials they have no direct contact with. They usually rely on a few selectively culled inflammatory examples that bear little resemblance to the porn market as a whole. Most pornography shows women in as many dominant as subordinate postures, with the latter usually steamily consensual. Specialty mail services can provide nonconsensual sadomasochistic scenarios, but they are difficult to find, except in the vast underground of cartoon art, so subversively individualistic that it has thus far escaped the feminist thought police. Cartoons in R. Crumb's fabled Sixties style show the comic, raging id uncensored. Despite hundreds of studies, the cause-and-effect relationship between pornography and violence has never been satisfactorily proved. Pornography is a self-enclosed world of pure imagination. Feminist claims that porn actresses are coerced and abused are wildly exaggerated and usually based on one or two atypical tales. Feminist anti-porn discourse virtually always ignores the gigantic gay male porn industry, since any mention of the latter would bring crashing to the ground the absurd argument that pornography is by definition the subordination of women. I have learned an enormous amount from gay porn, which a few lesbians have commendably tried to imitate but not with sterling success. The greatest erotic images of women remain those created by male artists and photographers, from Botticelli, Titian, Ingres, and Courbet to Richard Avedon and Helmut Newton. The advertising pages of gay newspapers are adorned with stunning icons of gorgeous male nudes, for which I have yet to see an impressive lesbian equivalent. Men, gay or straight, can get beauty and lewdness into one image. Women are forever softening, censoring, politicizing. Unlike the art-illiterate anti-porn fanatics, gay men glory in every angle on the sexual body, no matter how contorted. A sleek, pretty boy in cowboy boots spreading his buttocks for an up-close glimpse of his pink anus is an alluring staple of gay magazines. In that world, everyone knows this splendid creature is victor, not slave. Sexual power defies or _reverses_ rigid political categories. Feminists who see the bare-all, pubic "beaver shot" as a paradigm of women's historical oppression are cursed with the burden of their own pedestrian prejudices. Until we solve the mystery of sexuality, contemplation of our kaleidoscopic genitalia—from glossy and nubile to lank and withered—will remain an interesting and important exercise in human self-discovery. Since paganism must give its due to Judeo-Christianity, we should respect the desire of the religious not to be assaulted with nude images in public spaces. Thus sex magazines should be freely available at newsstands but not necessarily displayed on them. Sealed plastic or paper sleeves don't seem unreasonable to me, though I would like opponents and proponents of pornography to be able to leaf through magazines to stay informed. Since television is also a public space, it is fair to ask, but not require, that stations schedule adult programming during late-night hours, when parents can best supervise their children. Unlike Frank Zappa, I feel that a ratings system is merely informational and infringes on no one's right to free speech. On the contrary, an "X" designation positively helps the lascivious to locate juicy material in every medium. The music industry must not confuse free speech rights with lucrative placement of product in suburban malls. Far from poisoning the mind, pornography shows the deepest truth about sexuality, stripped of romantic veneer. No one can claim to be an expert in gender studies who is uncomfortable with pornography, which focuses on our primal identity, our rude and crude animality. Porn dreams of eternal fires of desire, without fatigue, incapacity, aging, or death. What feminists denounce as woman's humiliating total accessibility in porn is actually her elevation to high priestess of a pagan paradise garden, where the body has become a bountiful fruit tree and where growth and harvest are simultaneous. "Dirt" is contamination to the Christian but fertile loam to the pagan. The most squalid images in porn are shock devices to break down bourgeois norms of decorum, reserve, and tidiness. The Dionysian body fluids, fully released to coat every gleaming surface, return us to the full-body sensuality of the infant condition. In crowded orgy tableaux, like those on Hindu temples, matter and energy melt. In the cave spaces of porn, camera lights are torches of the Eleusinian Mysteries, giving us flashes of nature's secrets. Gay men appreciate pornography as I do because they accept the Hellenic principle that some people are born more beautiful than others. Generic granola feminists are likely to call this "lookism"—an offense against equality. I take the Wildean view that equality is a moral imperative in politics but that the arts will always be governed by the elitism of talent and the tyranny of appearance. Pornography's total exposure of ripe flesh, its dynamic of vigor and vitality, is animated by the cruel pre-Christian idolatry of beauty and strength. Pornography _is_ art, sometimes harmonious, sometimes dissonant. Its glut and glitter are a Babylonian excess. Modern middle-class women cannot bear the thought that their hard-won professional achievements can be outweighed in an instant by a young hussy flashing a little tits and ass. But the gods have given her power, and we must welcome it. Pornography forces a radical reassessment of sexual value, nature's bequest and our tarnished treasure. ## 5. REBEL LOVE: HOMOSEXUALITY Homosexuality may be the key to understanding the whole of human sexuality. No subject cuts in so many directions into psychology, sociology, history, and morality. The incidence, as well as visibility, of homosexuality has certainly increased in the Western world in the past twenty-five years. But discussion of it rapidly became overpoliticized after the Stonewall rebellion of 1969, which began the gay liberation movement. Viewpoints polarized: people were labeled pro-gay or anti-gay, with little room in between. For the past decade, the situation has been out of control: responsible scholarship is impossible when rational discourse is being policed by storm troopers, in this case gay activists, who have the absolutism of all fanatics in claiming sole access to the truth. Stonewall was an act of resistance to police authority by multiracial drag queens mourning the death of Judy Garland, long divinized by gays. Therefore Stonewall had a cultural meaning beyond the political: it was a pagan insurrection by the reborn transvestite priests of Cybele. But the Seventies gay scene immediately turned away from the drag spirit that gave birth to it: a macho clone look took over the men's bars, and queens were scorned as an embarrassing reminder of a time when gayness meant effeminacy. Paradoxically, drag was more acceptable in heterosexual rock music, then in its decadent sci-fi phase, typified by Alice Cooper, Kiss, and David Bowie, whose roots, via the New York Dolls, were in Andy Warhol's charismatic Superstars, whom I worshiped. From Stonewall to the first AIDS alert was only twelve short years. In the Eighties and early Nineties, displaced anxiety over the horror of AIDS turned gay activists into rampaging nihilists and monomaniacs, who dishonestly blamed the disease on the government and trampled on the rights of the gay majority, and whose errors of judgment materially aided the rise and consolidation of the far right. AIDS did not appear out of nowhere. It was a direct result of the sexual revolution, which my generation unleashed with the best intentions, but whose worst effects were to be suffered primarily by gay men. In the West, despite much propaganda to the contrary, AIDS _is_ a gay disease and will remain one for the foreseeable future. That is, of all those stricken with AIDS throughout the world—whether through drug use, blood transfusion, or prenatal or heterosexual transmission—no other group has experienced it so uniquely as a collective spiritual crisis or as a traumatic assault upon personal identity. The newness of the disease, the long delay of symptoms after infection, the rapid speed of degeneration (syphilis could take a lifetime) were shocking. Medicine and science had become so advanced that gay men, heady after Stonewall, were caught up in the arrogant Western confidence in free will and self-determination. And without the fear of pregnancy that hovers over heterosexual liaisons, homosexuality had no inherent biological controls; its use of the body seemed unlimited. Came the apocalypse: AIDS is a systems breakdown of a body that has lost its defenses against nature. The ugliness and premature aging of this wasting disease were especially painful and grotesque in view of gay men's historic idealization of youth and beauty. The gargantuan promiscuity of the Seventies gay male world was a pagan phenomenon, unequaled in scale since the Roman empire. Its joyful, perilous excess was a response to the long suppression of homosexual behavior and expression following the trial and conviction of Oscar Wilde in 1895. Wilde, a Hellenophile, was to relapse into Christian morality in prison, but his uncompromising aestheticism lingered on in the underground sensibility of gay men, right up to Stonewall. The masculine cultism of the Seventies bar scene was laudable in view of feminism's bitter assault on the very notion of masculinity, building at that moment. However, ancient Greek idealizations of the athletic male form were always grounded in a larger context of both aesthetics and religion. And, it must be remembered, Athenian boy-lovers always married and never stopped honoring female divinities. The twentieth century has seen two holocausts—one by politics and one by nature. The massacre of gay men has had and will continue to have devastating consequences in the worlds of art and fashion, where gays have exercised enormous, often invisible influence as tastemakers. But the destruction began from within. I believe that the shocking toll of AIDS on gay men in the West was partly due to their Seventies delusionalism that a world without women was possible. All-male energies, unbalanced and ravenous, literally tore the body apart. When he refused to sacrifice to Aphrodite, Hippolytus was destroyed—dragged to death by his own horses (i.e., sexual impulses), spooked by a chthonian monster from the sea. No eroticism can be complete that denies the power of the female principle, which is nature itself, what Hinduism calls the cycle of birth and death. Pre-Stonewall gay culture _was_ complete. Not only did lesbians and gay men, due to the paucity of gay bars, socialize more regularly, but gay men were bound together by a grandiose international aesthetic that spectacularly glamourized women—chiefly Hollywood stars and opera divas (recently documented by Wayne Koestenbaum). Female impersonation, as campy nightclub entertainment, flourished. For centuries, gay aesthetes—the brilliant makeup artists, hair stylists, and couturiers—have shaped and enhanced women's sexual image. They accurately saw and hugely increased women's power over men—even as they refused to yield to it in their personal erotic lives. The post-Stonewall decade, rejecting drag queens and closing the doors of the orgiastic men's bars to women, created a paradise of pleasure that collapsed into the hell of AIDS, Is obsessive mono-sexuality really a solution to the libidinal limitations of socially enforced heterosexuality? A gay versus straight opposition simply perpetuates a false dualism and guarantees the oppression of gay men, who will always lose that conflict and, because of their vulnerability when cruising, will pay with their blood in the streets. Surely the real revolution is to establish the fluid continuum of human sexuality and to win acceptance from heterosexuals of the presence of pleasure-promising homosexual impulses in themselves. The gay activist establishment has been stupid and narrow in the way it has conducted its civil rights campaign. An authentically Sixties libertarian vision would argue for the protection of _all_ nonconformist behavior, to which homosexual love is just a subset. There is no gay leader remotely near the stature of Martin Luther King, because black activism has drawn on the profound spiritual traditions of the church, to which gay political rhetoric is childishly hostile. Activists have disrupted church services in New York and Philadelphia (flinging the Communion host on the floor; throwing condoms at and striking the archbishop conducting a Mass for the AIDS dead). Shrilly self-interested and doctrinaire, gay activism is completely lacking in philosophical perspective. Its sorrow became the only sorrow, its disease the only disease. The parallel claimed by gay leaders between blacks and gays as oppressed minorities has always been questionable, and some African-Americans have angrily rejected it. Since the argument that gays are a distinct class, deserving special protection against discrimination, is based on this premise, the controversy over issues like Colorado's Amendment 2 (passed in 1992) is confused and simplistic, with knee-jerk responses of outrage expected of all loyal gays. But discrimination against skin color is not wholly comparable to the complicated resistance of virtually all societies in history to open homosexuality, which involves thorny questions of morality and psychology. Most gays can "pass" whenever they want—an option available to few blacks. Homosexuality is not "normal." On the contrary, it is a challenge to the norm; therein rests its eternally revolutionary character. Note I do not call it a challenge to the _idea_ of a norm. Queer theorists—that wizened crew of flimflamming free-loaders—have tried to take the poststructuralist tack of claiming that there is no norm, since everything is relative and contingent. This is the kind of silly bind that word-obsessed people get into when they are deaf, dumb, and blind to the outside world. Nature exists, whether academics like it or not. And in nature, procreation is the single, relentless rule. That is the norm. Our sexual bodies were designed for reproduction. Penis fits vagina: no fancy linguistic game-playing can change that biologic fact. However, my libertarian view, here as in regard to abortion, is that we have not only the right but the obligation to defy nature's tyranny. The highest human identity consists precisely in such assertions of freedom against material limitation. Gays are heroes and martyrs who have given their lives in the greatest war of them all. Fate, not God, has given us this flesh. We have absolute claim to our bodies and may do with them as we see fit. To develop and expand our sensory responses is a pagan strategy, reverent in its own way toward nature. Homosexual potential is in everyone, and evidence suggests that under the right circumstances it will out. But the instinctual imperative to mate is also in all of us. Given the intense hormonal surge of puberty, the total absence of adult heterosexual desire is neither normal nor natural, and it requires explanation. Gay activists are guilty of Stalinist disinformation when they assert that homosexuality is no different than and equivalent to heterosexuality, and that anus and vagina are interchangeable, except for our political conditioning to the contrary. Toleration of dissenting behavior, which I am calling for, does not necessarily mean approval by society. Pagan and Judeo-Christian will never, and should never, agree. Disapproval is not "ignorance" or "bigotry"—gay activists' tiresome crutch terms—when it is motivated by principle. Similarly, there are legitimate medical questions about the safety and sanitation of tissue-rupturing anal sex, even though the latter belongs, in my view, to the private realm outside government control. Since Romanticism, sexuality has been asked to bear too much of the burden of identity, formerly supplied by affiliation to religion, nation, or clan. Recreational sex has expanded in importance, so that it is now a substitute for other forms of communication. Between intimates, who may not be capable or desirous of procreation, sex permits revelatory descent to primal levels of nonverbal experience. It emotionally reawakens and heals the "family romance" of our personal biography. Between strangers, sex can have a ritual character. It is an act of pagan homage to some archetypal reality, outside the social frame. The reveler in pure beauty is pillager but also devotee. Here is where gay men have distinguished themselves. The idealism of the Seventies gay bacchanalia lay in its glorification of the masculine, which throughout history has striven to be free of female dominance and, in the process, made the great breakthroughs in art and technology. But as politics began to take over gay as well as feminist discourse, psychology dropped away. When questions ceased to be asked about the origins of homosexuality, woman was eliminated from the picture, with disastrous consequences for men unaccustomed to custodianship of their bodies. Homosexual experimentation will naturally occur whenever social or moral barriers are removed. Homosexual acts have been an institutionalized part of rites of passage in some tribal cultures, but significantly only when the warrior code of violent masculine action is present as a corrective. _Exclusive_ homosexual relations among _adults_ have never been sanctioned before modern times. Their recent appearance seems to me directly connected to the crisis in sex roles after the industrial revolution. Gay men are mythmakers, poetically re-creating a masculinity that has been culturally lost, but they are also fleeing a female power that has become frustrated and all-consuming. Again we must reconsider that pivotal transition from the extended to the nuclear family, which has isolated incomplete parents with their incomplete children. There may indeed be a genetic component predisposing some people toward homosexuality, but social factors in childhood play an enormous role in determining whether that tendency manifests itself or not. Parents are not specifically to blame, insofar as they themselves are affected by historical forces of disintegration. But the family matrix is central to the sexual story. No one is "born gay." The idea is ridiculous, but it is symptomatic of our overpoliticized climate that such assertions are given instant credence by gay activists and their media partisans. I think what gay men are remembering is that they were born _different_. Here is where my personal observation may dovetail with Simon LeVay's hypothesis, based on admittedly fragmentary evidence, about the enlarged hypothalamus in the brains of a small group of gay men who died of AIDS. LeVay observed that in size the gland resembled that of women rather than heterosexual men, but whether this characteristic was congenital or the effect of disease or homosexual practice itself was inconclusive. Media reports, manipulated by gay activists, trumpeted that LeVay, despite his careful qualifiers, had incontrovertibly established that gay people were born that way and that moral opposition to gayness would hence cease, since homosexuality is not a matter of choice. Censored out was the common-sense point that this marked an astonishing return to the old idea, discarded after Stonewall, that gay men are like women. Lesbians and gay men are very different, and so is the etiology of their homosexuality. Genetic factors, if they exist, are probably more likely to appear in men, because of the complex process of hormonal masculinization of the fetus (always initially female in form), where variations or disturbances might occur. But we must be cautious about a theory that defines gays as _a priori_ incomplete men. Excessive masculinization of the female _in utero_ is a possible explanation for some but certainly not most lesbianism, which seems to be primarily produced by social pressures. My tentative conclusions are based on a lifetime of observation and experience in the modern sex wars. As a tomboy in the Fifties, I questioned my own gender and had early infatuations with women and later purely physical attractions to men, whom I dated intermittently. One reason I so dislike recent gay activism is that my self-identification as a lesbian preceded Stonewall: I was the only openly gay person at the Yale Graduate School (1968–72), a candor that was professionally costly. That anyone with my aggressive and scandalous history could be called "homophobic," as has repeatedly been done, shows just how insanely Stalinist gay activism has become. As a teacher of twenty-three years, most of which were spent in art schools, I have been struck by the rarity, not the frequency, of homosexuality. From the start of my media career, I attacked the much-touted activist claim that 10 percent of the population is gay—which was always a distortion of Kinsey's finding that 10 percent had had some homosexual experience over their lifetime. Tracking my students, acquaintances, and the world in general, I guessed the number hovered at 3 percent, and recent surveys (ranging from 1 or 2 to 4 percent) have borne this out. The 10 percent figure, servilely repeated by the media, was pure propaganda, and it made me, as a scholar, despise gay activists for their unscrupulous disregard for the truth. Their fibs and fabrications continue, now about the still-fragmentary evidence for a genetic link to homosexuality and for homosexual behavior among animals. The incidence of the latter is enormously exaggerated, in proportion to conventional procreative pairings throughout nature, and acknowledgment is rarely made of the exceptional conditions of environmental stress or population pressure under which it occurs. I am also unpersuaded, thus far, by multigenerational and twin studies that claim to have found evidence for a genetic basis for homosexuality, since the samplings have been weakly constructed and since homosexuality was treated as an isolated factor, without broader consideration of family dynamics, ethnic history, or personality typology. Because of my admiration of and deep friendship with gay men (four of whom I have written about elsewhere in this book), I used to feel that the old psychoanalytic model was inadequate in describing-the origins of homosexuality as, essentially, arrested development. But it was true that all my gay male friends had powerful, dominating mothers in the prototypical style. In college, I was already complaining about my difficulties in meeting or communicating with lesbians. My mental and imaginative life was absorbed more and more with gay men, with whom I felt totally free. To this day, the dichotomy remains. I have found few lesbians with whom I can discourse for more than five minutes without hitting some tiresome barrier of resentment or ideology. My romantic life has been spent primarily with bisexual or heterosexual women. I fail to see why lesbians must pursue other lesbians; it's illogical. Straight women, with their radiant sexual aura, began it all. Again and again over the decades, as I did my time, in frustrated boredom, in lesbian bars, trying with spectacular lack of success to make friends or just converse, I would end up gabbing for hours with some stray gay man. He might have dropped out of school at fourteen, but he had opinions, tastes, energy, wit. Is there something innately different about the gay male brain? And do family factors and gay culture reinforce that difference? Answers will not soon be coming. But what I do know is that gay male consciousness, as I have experienced it, is stunningly expansive and exquisitely precise. Gay men have collectively achieved a fusion of intellect, emotion, and artistic sensibility that resembles Goethe's or Byron's integration of classicism and Romanticism. The intellectual of the twenty-first century, trained by an academic system I am trying to reshape, will think like a gay man. After my career in art schools, I know that artistic talent cannot be created, only developed. It is inborn. Similarly, I conclude that men are not born gay; they are born with an artistic gene, which may or may not lead to an artistic career. More often, they are connoisseurs, aesthetes, or simply arch, imperious commentators with stringent judgments about everything. (At a Yale party, a gay fellow whom I hardly knew muttered waspishly to me about a woman across the room, "That dress does _nothing_ for her!") There are gay men without such talent, but they are a minority. The effeminacy of gay men—which emerges as soon as the macho masks drop—is really their artistic sensitivity and rich, vulnerable emotionalism. In _Sexual Personae_ , I studied the psychic duality of the artist, who combines male and female in the act of creation. It is possible that gay men are caught midway between the male and female brains and therefore share the best of both. Talent in the visual arts may be related to a sensory or perceptual openness, detectable (as responsiveness to light and color) in early childhood and perhaps related to autism, where the flux of sensations is cognitively uncontrolled. The gay male brain seems to me permanently switched "on." Here is my speculative scenario, constructed after teaching and advising so many apprentice artists. A sensitive boy is born into a family of jocks. He is shy and dreamy from the start. His father is uncomfortable with him, and his brothers are harsh and impatient. But he is his mother's special favorite, almost from the moment he is born. He and she are more alike. Repelled by male roughhousing, he is drawn to his mother's and sisters' quietness and delicacy. He becomes his mother's confidant against her prosaic husband, a half-eroticized relationship that may last a lifetime and block the son from adult contacts with women. He is fascinated by his mother's rituals of the boudoir, her hypnotic focus on the mirror as she applies magic unguents from vials of vivid color, like paints and palette. He loves her closet, not because he covets her clothes but because they are made of gorgeous, sensuous fabrics, patterns, and hues denied men in this post-aristocratic age. Later, he feels like an outsider in the schoolyard. There is no male bonding; he tries to join in but never fully merges with the group. Masculinity is something beautiful but "out there"; it is not _in_ him, and he knows he is feigning it. He longs for approval from the other boys, and his nascent sexual energies begin to flow in that direction, pursuing what he cannot have. He will always be hungry for and awed by the masculine, even if and when, through bodybuilding or the leather scene, he adopts its accoutrements. Thus homosexuality, in my view, is an _adaptation_ , not an inborn trait. When they claim they were gay "as far back as I can remember," gay men are remembering their isolation and alienation, their differentness, which is a function of their special gifts. Such protestations are of little value in any case, since it is unlikely that much can be recalled before age three, when sexual orientation may already be fixed. Heaven help the American boy born with a talent for ballet. In this culture, he is mocked and hounded and never wins the respect of masculine men. Yet this desperation deepens his artistic insight and expressiveness. Thus gay men create civilization by fulfilling the pattern of Coleridge's prophesying, ostracized poet, dancing alone with "flashing eyes" and "floating hair." Other patterns of homosexual etiology certainly exist, including one of hatred toward and revulsion from women. But that ambivalence may already be built into the story I have sketched, since the mother who turns away from her dull spouse to make a subliminally incestuous marriage with her sensitive son may be suffocating the boy and stunting his development. Indeed, the developmental theory of homosexuality, which I rejected in college, returned to haunt me because of the misbehavior of ACT UP, a chain of small protest groups that I probably would have joined in my youth, since its style of Sixties guerrilla theater is my own. ACT UP won substantial practical victories in its mobilizations against the political and medical establishment, but its most crazed extremists also did enormous damage to the public image of gay men that will take a generation to undo. Flashed across the nation's television screens were contorted male faces, raging, ranting, bawling like infants—"Me, me, me!" What we were seeing in ACT UP's worst tantrums was the disintegration, under pressure of implacable reality, of the gay male persona. Horrifyingly exposed were the unevolved emotions just beneath the surface. Male authority figures—the disapproving, rejecting father—were blamed for everything. Total attention and an instant cure were demanded, even though science had failed to find a cure for any virus, even the common cold. It is no coincidence that ACT UP never could expand its membership beyond the white middle class, with its footstamping sense of entitlement. Civil rights demonstrators, anti-war protesters, and those facing death from any disease had rarely behaved with such juvenile lack of dignity. Meanwhile, more women were dying yearly from breast cancer than had succumbed to AIDS in America over a decade. In April 1991, a monsoon hit Bangladesh and killed 125,000 people over one weekend—exactly the number of American AIDS casualties to that point. I angrily asked a friend, "Where is the quilt for those who died in Bangladesh? Who will go to Bangladesh and find those names? What privileges the deaths of so many white middle-class gay men?" ACT UP was selfishly selective in what it got angry about. The government's policy of neglect toward AIDS (not so different from its slow response to service-related chronic diseases and terminal cancers among veterans) may have been preferable to the alternative—identification and quarantine of the infected, which some observers were demanding. Civil liberties won over the public health, an ethically problematic choice that I, as a libertarian, supported. ACT UP's hysteria made me reconsider those vilified therapists and ministers who think change of homosexual orientation is possible and whose meetings are constantly disrupted by gay agitators. Is gay identity so fragile that it cannot bear the thought that some people may not wish to be gay? The difficulties in changing sexual orientation do not spring from its genetic innateness. Sexuality is highly fluid, and reversals are theoretically possible. However, habit is refractory, once the sensory pathways have been blazed and deepened by repetition—a phenomenon obvious in the struggle with obesity, smoking, alcoholism, or drug addiction. The injustice and impracticality are in trying to "convert" totally from homosexuality to heterosexuality, an opposition I think false. However, helping gays learn how to function heterosexually, if they so wish, is a perfectly worthy aim. We should be honest enough to consider whether homosexuality may not indeed be a pausing at the prepubescent stage when children anxiously band together by gender. Indeed, the instantly recognizable house voice of many gay men—thin, reedy, and pinched—dates from that pre-adult period. But artistic creativity is also a prolonged childhood, as the Romantics first observed. Hence the eternal youthfulness of gay men, their inquisitiveness and _joie de vivre_ , so different from the plodding earnestness of lesbians, laboring in yokes of political correctness. When I meet gay men anywhere in the world, there is a spontaneity and a spirit of fun and mischief that lesbians seem incapable of. A pagan design for living would be a sexual mosaic, a high-contrast Greek-key meander pattern. Gay men should confront the elements of haphazard choice in their erotic history, which began in the confusion, shame, and inarticulateness of childhood. Judeo-Christian morality, following the Bible, would call for a renunciation of all homosexual behavior. I don't agree. Why shouldn't all avenues of pleasure remain open? But it is worthwhile for gays to retrace their developmental steps and, if possible, to investigate and resolve the burden of love-hate they still carry for the opposite-sex parent. Behavior may not change, but self-knowledge—Socrates' motto—is a philosophic value in its own right. If a gay man wants to marry and sire children, why should he be harassed by gay activists accusing him of "self-hatred"? He is more mature than they are, for he knows woman's power cannot be ignored. And if a married man wants to pursue beautiful young men from time to time, why shouldn't he have the same freedom of sexual self-determination as husbands who patronize whores? Why must he be charged with vacillation or evasion, when his eroticism is the most fully developed? If counseling can allow a gay man to respond sexually to women, it should be encouraged and applauded, not strafed by gay artillery fire of reverse moralism. Heterosexual love, as Hindu symbolism dramatizes, is in sync with cosmic forces. Not everyone has the stomach for daily war with nature. It is much easier for women to live bisexually, since their erotic performance is not measured by the unforgiving yardstick of erection and ejaculation. Men who shrink from penetration of the female body are paralyzed by justifiable apprehension, since they are returning to our uncanny site of origin. Lingering on the unconscious level in every act of heterosexual intercourse are two male terrors: that when the penis goes in, it won't come out again; and second that as he approaches the womb, a man will, as in a nightmare, be sucked back to boyhood and infancy and be reabsorbed into the maternal body. These fantasies, detectable in the vampire legends of world mythology, have led me to argue that "misogyny" is one of feminism's more useless ideas. It is not male hatred of women but male _fear_ of woman that is the great universal. Gay activists who spout feminist rhetoric are actually the most misogynous, for they love the idea of woman as victim, small, passive, and in need of their help. Such men, of course, are usually helplessly dominated by imposing mothers. The sexual segregation of gay bars following Stonewall was bad for everyone. The men slid into orgiastic narcissism, and the women entombed themselves in a gigantic burrow, the clogged honeypot of lesbian feminism. I got along well with pre-Stonewall butches, the diesel dykes who had a working-class realism about life. They never whined about the awful patriarchy; most of them liked men, and men liked them—man to man. They were plainspoken, spunky, and self-reliant, with simple military honor. In a crisis, they'd break a beer bottle at the neck and vault over the table to grab a guy by the throat. Today, vapid bourgeois niceties permeate the sorority-house world of white lesbians, even when they doll themselves up in black leather. (As a female ex-lover said disgustedly to me about the San Francisco scene, "I could be more s&m in a _dress!_ ") Now that twenty-five years have passed, it's time to admit that lesbian feminism has produced only the ghettoization and miniaturization of women. No great works of art or intellect have emerged from it. On the contrary, it has asphyxiated young women with propaganda and stunted their talent by limiting their vision and constricting their emotions. Women never grow from the moment they enter the lesbian world. Hence one is deafened in bars by the juvenile whooping and hollering of packs of lesbians greeting each other like screeching teens arriving at a slumber party. Gay men as a whole are far more sophisticated in demeanor. In America, gay men brunch—where interesting conversation is a _sine qua non_. Gay women are off planning the next softball match. Music in the men's bars is pumping, pelvic, and sweatily sexual; there is an edge of menace, a darkness or artistic ambiguity. Music in too many women's bars is bland, defanged disco, with a monotonous tick-tock beat ideal for bad dancers. A complex Latin polyrhythm clears the floor. Classic dance tunes, numbingly overplayed, have a chirpy, cheer-leading, middlebrow tone. It is woman's destiny to rule men. Not to serve them, flatter them, or hang on them for guidance. Nor to insult them, demean them, or stereotype them as oppressors. Gay men and artists create a realm marked off from woman's power, but most men require women to center them and connect them to the underworld of emotional truth. When women withdraw from men, as has been done on a massive scale in lesbian feminism, we have a cultural disaster on our hands. In such a situation, men are divided from themselves, and women simply fail to mature. Lesbian feminists, for all their ideals of sisterhood and solidarity, can treat each other with a fickleness, parasitic exploitativeness, and vicious spite that have to be seen to be believed. One of the most startling discoveries of my career was when I realized that the strongest women in the world are not lesbians but heterosexual women, who know how to handle men. It began with my disillusion with Martina Navratilova, the darling of the lesbian world, who used to symbolize for me the athletic new militance of my generation of feminists. Her rival, Chris Evert, was the nice Catholic girl, the goody-two-shoes whom I loathed, since she was everything we who were reared in the Fifties were expected to be. However, I came to see that Chris is the stronger of the two—that Martina has a childish streak and that that childishness is inextricable from her lesbianism. At key moments in important matches, Martina would glance up toward the stands and shrug or grin shamefacedly at Judy Nelson, her mature blonde lover, who was nodding and clapping like a hovering kindergarten teacher. It drove me crazy. Why did the premier Amazon of our time need a substitute mother figure? When things went wrong, Martina couldn't conceal her self-pity; the mask of strength would crumble, and she'd storm around the court in a snit. Meanwhile, Chris Evert never threw a tantrum, groused at opponents, or blamed officials. A bad call produced a steely stare, at most. Chris behaved like an adult, taking full responsibility for her performance and deportment. Classy Chris Evert is a better role model for young women than Martina, whose hyperdeveloped masculine musculature is overcompensation for her creampuff interior. The real butches are straight. Lauren Hutton and rock star Chrissie Hynde, for example, are far tougher chicks than k. d. lang, with her lugubrious singing style and her passé persona of a baby-faced desexed boy (early Wayne Newton). Dealing with and controlling men make you stronger. Lesbians are mournful sentimentalists, dragging around ancient family baggage. The very worst are the sour political activists, who look like stumpy trolls. Virginia Woolf described the type well in clunky Doris Kilman in _Mrs. Dalloway_. A once-lesbian friend, now married, declared to me that lesbians suffer from "buried rage, with a desperate need for consolation." I see a persistent pattern among white middle-class lesbians: they often have a decorous, passive-aggressive mother, who uses her daughter as a proxy to act out her secret ambivalence toward men, in the person of the never directly confronted husband. Caretakers on the surface, lesbians are seething with unacknowledged hostility that erupts when someone (like me) challenges them. Freud saw hidden anger as the root of depression—the cause, in my view, of so many lesbians' notorious humorlessness. Imagination and creative energy are killed at their source. Gay men inhabit the bar scene as free radicals, competitive individualists scanning each other, preening, and scuffling for territory. Strangers can walk off the street in any country and enter the fray. Aggressive wit is an instrument of flirtation and seduction. Solitary cruising and pickups do occur among lesbians, but they are not the rule. Lesbian bars are organized in huge kinship groupings, which I identify as family regressions (the usual grass huts). Trying to break into these shifting cliques could drive you mad—unless you join one of their sports leagues. Musical beds is the name of the game. But each person sets up the next affair before she breaks off the last, so there is intricate overlapping, producing endless amounts of what Alison Maddex calls, with exasperation, "lesbian drama from hell." Lushly eroticized push-pull emotion, rather than genital sexuality, is the real heart of lesbianism. It's All About Mom. Today, when a freshman has an affair with another girl, all the campus social-welfare machinery pushes her toward declaring herself gay and accepting and "celebrating" it. This is a serious mistake. I encourage bisexual experimentation, and I want a world in which people, throughout their lives, freely cross the gender lines in love. But it is absurd to say that one, two, or more homosexual liaisons make you "gay"—as if lavender ink ran in your veins. Young women are often attracted to each other during a transitional period when they are breaking away from their parents, expanding their world-views, and developing their personalities. To identify these fruitful Sapphic idylls with a permanent condition of homosexuality is madness, and the campus counselors who encourage such premature conclusions should be condemned and banished. They are preying, for their own ideological purposes, on young people at their most vulnerable. I want to cry out to these girls: Stop! Think! Continue to love women, but resolve your problems with men. If you expect to achieve, learn how to live in the real world. Men must be confronted, fairly and honestly. And for heaven's sake, don't fall down the rabbit hole of the lesbian scene. You will never escape, and your talent will wither on the vine. Your energy will be wasted and absorbed in repetition without progression. Women alone are Spenser's Bower of Bliss, enclosed, comfortable, and dangerous. The hypocrisy of lesbian feminist politics is clear in the increasing use among lesbians, over the past decade, of sex toys and esoteric sex practices. Thanks to advances in industrial plastics, dildos, a staple of ancient pornographic art, now flood what used to be called the "marital aids" market. In the early feminist Seventies, lesbian lovemaking was constrained by taboos: anything echoing heterosexual penetration had to be avoided or disguised. By the Eighties, the phobic MacKinnon-Dworkin school, which identifies penetration with violence and exploitation, was ascendant, but there were undercurrents of change. Susie Bright's comic dildo rap in Monika Treut's hit film, _Virgin Machine_ (1988), exposed the liberal new San Francisco attitude toward sex toys to a national feminist audience. Here, as in Tantric yoga, we should welcome any ingenious techniques of pleasure. But what bothers me is that the lesbian dildo craze stubbornly avoids acknowledging its anatomy-as-destiny implications. Why stop at dildos? If penetration excites, and if receptive female genitalia are so suited to friction by penis-shaped objects, why not go on to real penises? Dildos, used for thousands of years around the world, have always been understood as temporary stopgap measures, in the absence of men. Lesbian adoption of dildos should have been a first step toward a new bisexual awareness in feminism. Instead, the lines were drawn more firmly. Susie Bright used her prominence not to reconcile the sexes but to preach "fisting," a lesbian vaginal version of the notorious (and risky) gay-male anal practice. Without reconsideration of men as potential sex partners, such evasive maneuvers are grotesque. Because women have no external gauge of arousal, the erect penis is, and will remain, the ultimate symbol of human sexual desire. Its massive use in Hindu iconography descends from ancient fertility cults. Any woman, gay or straight, who cannot respond to penises or who finds them hideous or laughable (a puerile theme in the stage acts of lesbian comedians like Robin Tyler and Lea Delaria) has been traumatized by some early experience. She is neither complete as a woman nor healthy as a person. We can no longer allow, without protest, obsessives and neurotics to preach a mutilated brand of feminism to trusting young women. Here is where pornography plays a crucial cultural role, for at its raunchiest it shows the penis in all its fascinating erotic modalities. Lesbians who use dildos but shun penises must start admitting that they operate sexually not just _for_ women but _against_ men. Probably because of the maternal embraces of nursing and childcare, a greater, caressing physicality is permitted among women in virtually every culture. Thus lesbianism, with its diffuse tactility, is always less threatening than male homosexuality, which involves legitimate issues of manhood and masculinity. Women are biologically and psychologically more flexible than men, whom nature coldly confines to a narrow instrumentality. Sexual attraction may begin visually, but it is essentially an animal interaction of pheromones, the hormonal sex chemicals exuded in sweat and urine which act on us subliminally. Those exclusively homosexual as adults are signaling an aversion to the smell of the opposite-sex parent. For lesbians, women's sweet smell and cushiony contours are a euphoric return to a lost maternal union. The same smell and sensations strike gay men as cloying and claustrophobic. Men's sharper, testosterone-based body odor seems aggressively unsettling to lesbians, who associate it with invasion of maternal turf by a rival who is known by words rather than touch and who represents harsh external judgment. (We did not need Lacan to tell us about the father as "law"; it's everywhere in Western literature from Aeschylus' _Oresteia_ to Virginia Woolf's _To the Lighthouse_.) Hence the roots of male homosexuality go back further than those of lesbianism, whose unarticulated resentment toward social order may explain its later vulnerability to philanthropic ideology. Lesbians, said a lesbian friend wearily to me, are "program heads": "They need the structure. They have all the answers." Hence lesbians' omnipresence in the social-welfare industry. Rejecting the father's competitive system, they substitute another that they imagine is based on female "caring" and "compassion" but is, in dismal effect, repressive, totalitarian, and hostile to art and dissent. The same friend memorably said to me long ago that lesbianism is caused by either "too much tit or not enough." The case of lesbianism demonstrates that sexual desire, which has moved to the foreground of modern life and dominates our pagan popular culture, now incorporates many longings that are beyond the physical. Visiting the elite schools on my lecture jaunts, I am struck by how the most militantly gay, Foucault-addled male students look like orphans, with 12-year-old Huck Finn clothing styles and haunted, starved eyes. They are spiritually unfathered. My friends Robert Caserio and Kristoffer Jacobson call them "lesboyans"—scrubbed, arrogant clones with bright, shallow smiles who mouth political clichés but whose sexual imaginations are completely undeveloped. Caserio says, "Queer theory insulates them from reality." This is one reason why gay studies, in its current separatist form, must be opposed. Cultivated, cosmopolitan, pre-Stonewall gay men like Gore Vidal were the real revolutionaries. They lived in the world and accepted and advanced cultural history, the heritage of gay and straight alike. The unhappy truth is that male homosexuality will never be fully accepted by the heterosexual majority, who are obeying the dictates not of "bigoted" society or religion but of procreative nature. All of us emerge from the body of a mystical female giant. Boys are swamped in the female realm. Note how mothers take male children into the women's toilets: the boys are officially neuter and still part of the mother's body. To progress into manhood, boys must leave the women's world behind. In tribal cultures, men may kidnap a boy, slash his body with knives, throw him into a pit, or abandon him in the woods, cruel rites of passage still evident in the brutal, sometimes homicidal hazing of modern fraternities, which flourishes despite every effort to ban it. How many women students fall to their death while walking, drunk, on a balcony railing during Florida spring fling, or drown, stunned by a rock, when they dive off a cliff into a quarry at midnight?—an actual incident at Bennington, which killed one of my most attractive male students. Testing is integral to masculine development. The old epithets "mama's boy" and "sissy" (i.e., "sister") still harbor psychological truth. At the transition to manhood, most boys pass through a homophobic stage, where "gay" is a term of contempt (applied indiscriminately today to anything uncool) and where recreational gaybashing may be a criminal means of group self-affirmation. Because boys lack a biological marker like menstruation, to be a man is to be _not female_. Contemporary feminism called this "misogyny," but it was wrong. Masculine identity is embattled and fragile. In the absence of opportunity for heroic physical action, as in the modern office world, women's goodwill is crucial for preserving the male ego, which requires, alas, daily maintenance. It is in the best interests of the human race, and of women themselves, for men to be strong. Inspired by my Italian heritage, with its blazingly assertive personae, I call for strong men and strong women, not strong women and castrated men. Hot sex and healthy children cannot be produced by eunuchs. Women, the stronger sex from birth to death, better get their priorities straight. Male swagger is erotic. Unfortunately for the gay cause, hostility toward, or discomfort with, male homosexuality is built into this dynamic. Paradoxically, gay men themselves understand the arrogant imperviousness of heterosexual masculinity, since its steely forms dominate their erotic iconography. Male homosexuality may therefore be inherently tragic, for it posits as glamourous perfection precisely what most loathes it and cancels it out. From this agonizing and irresolvable contradiction came some of our greatest art, such as that of Donatello, Botticelli, and Michelangelo. When feminism tries to eliminate or severely revise historical standards of masculinity without honoring what they have stood for, both men and women drift farther from secure identity. That the masculine, which exists only in moments of assertion, is condemned to transience does not diminish its beauty or glory as an ideal. Gay activism has been naive in its belligerent confidence that "homophobia" will eventually disappear, with proper "education" of the benighted. Reeducation of fractious young boys on the scale required would mean fascist obliteration of all individual freedoms. Furthermore, no truly masculine father will ever welcome a feminine or artistic son _at the start_ , since the son's lack of virility not only threatens but liquidates that father's identity, dissolving husband into wife. Later there may be public rituals of acceptance, but the damage will already have been done. Gay men are aliens, cursed and gifted, the shamans of our time. Gays must demand not to be physically harassed, but they have no more claim to legal protection than any other group of citizens, large or small. I oppose the concept of "hate crimes": as a libertarian, I am suspicious of government inquiries into psychological motivation, except when fixing length of sentence after criminal conviction. Democracies should not be burdened with excess legislation, and Big Brother should stay out of our souls. "Hate crimes," currently applied on sometimes shaky evidence to racial, ethnic, or sexual incidents, would also describe the feuding of Hatfields and McCoys, the shootouts of urban street gangs, rioting among British soccer fans, or any violent dispute among family members or neighbors. Why wasn't it a hate crime when two brothers shotgunned their affluent parents while watching TV, or when a woman severed her sleeping husband's penis, or when a skater tried to cripple her rival? The term has simply become a stalking horse for sentimental liberalism and should be dropped. The worst misjudgments of gay activism were on view during its botched campaign to end the ban on gays in the military. Before and after the inauguration of Bill Clinton, a pontificating parade of self-appointed gay leaders marshaled a series of men and women whose military service had been terminated because of homosexuality. My position is that no institution may control what one does in one's free time and that gays therefore have every right to join and be promoted in the military. But gay activists, in pushing their agenda, told lie after lie. The television camera was not kind to the gay leaders or their martyred male servicemen. The former seemed shifty and weasely, and the latter strangely childish and undeveloped. Pictures of plaintiff gay soldiers with big, frightened, rabbity eyes gave new life to the idea that gay men are not as masculine as others. We were being lectured about sameness, but what we saw was difference. The gay establishment, cocooned in conceit, never caught or corrected this costly public relations error. The biggest activist lie was the claim that openly gay soldiers would not disrupt military cohesion. Of course they would, and it should have been admitted. But commanding officers must restore unit discipline, at home or abroad. Again, I question special protections of gays; if they choose to reveal their sexual preference, they are not entitled to greater consideration than anyone else. Until America gets a more sophisticated sense of sexuality, in the decadent European style, young heterosexual men will never serve comfortably with gay men in close quarters. Hostility and rejection are inevitable and may have to be tolerated, as long as professionalism of the mission is maintained. Given the probable permanence of the homophobic stage in male development, open homosexuality in the military, even if officially permitted, will remain risky. It is ridiculous to assert that gay men are interested only in other gay men and would never ogle straight men in barracks showers. When I heard this on TV, I burst out laughing. Anyone who belongs to a health club knows better. Sexual tension and appraisal are constants, above all among gay men, who never stop cruising everything in sight. Seduction of straight studs is a highly erotic motif in gay porn. The problem with the gay-activist position is that, for philosophic consistency, it should have argued for integration of male and female military quarters, like college dormitories. Continued segregation by gender makes no sense, if the cohabitation of gays with straights is really so benign. Everyone should be free to ogle everyone else, as long as looks don't cross over to touch. Similarly, everyone should be free to insult everyone else, as long as words don't escalate into violence. While they force themselves into public schools, demanding curricular representation and free condom distribution (both of which I oppose as a deformation of education), most gay activists have shown very little courage in dealing with pedophilia, which they dismiss as a hoary libel by religious fundamentalists. Man-boy love is perfectly obvious in the pagan homoerotic art tradition, from Greek sculpture to Donatello and Caravaggio and late nineteenth-century poetry. NAMBLA (the North American Man-Boy Love Association) is consistently banned from gay marches and events. The narrow political focus of gay activism prevented it from addressing larger questions about sexuality. Pedophilia, for example, is yet another indicator of sexual difference, since it applies only to gay men, never lesbians. By keeping NAMBLA at arm's length, activists apparently think they can broaden their acceptability and sell their agenda, which includes a preposterous demand for openly gay Boy Scout leaders. (What would feminists say about grown men dying to take pubescent Girl Scouts on hikes, sleep-overs and camp-outs?) Public hysteria has made objective discussion of this subject very difficult. I was nearly lynched by a furious audience on a television talk show in 1992, when the host asked me about my defense of man-boy love in _Sexual Personae_. I have no erotic interest in children, but I protest the thought-blocking and context-blind value judgments inherent in automatically referring to every adult-juvenile physical encounter as "abuse," "molestation," or "assault." There are certainly atrocious incidents of genuine rape, which we must condemn. But in some cases the contact is actually initiated by the youth; in others, the relationship may be a positive one, but of course one never hears about it, since the affair doesn't end up in court. Loaded terminology is self-defeating, since it coarsens distinctions and prevents us from recognizing authentic abuse when it occurs. In _Sex and Destiny_ (1984), Germaine Greer documents the far freer sensuous physicality of adults with children in non-Western cultures but unfortunately stops short of my conclusions. The moment was right for a searching critique of our priggish sexual assumptions in this area, which have been institutionalized by a banal social-welfare bureaucracy. I have been thanked for my views by many men, by letter and in person after lectures, because of their own adolescent liaisons with supportive adults. At Bennington, I became aware (when Polaroid photos of a kneeling boy's golden genitals fell out of a book) of a private connection between a genial aging male poet and a good-looking local youth in his early teens. It was against the law, but I saw nothing wrong with it. The problem is in trying to define the cutoff point, where coercion is incontrovertible. Sex with an infant certainly falls into this category. But our present age of consent is far too high and treats adolescents as an enslaved class owned by their parents. Who is to say whether or not a juvenile is capable of informed choice? When does protection of children become oppression? Does anyone really believe that Joey Buttafuoco, convicted of statutory rape of a minor (the Long Island shark goddess, Amy Fisher), took advantage of a helpless child? Because of the incest taboo, most people cannot admit how the pagan conventions of Baroque putti and Valentine's Day Cupids represent an eroticization of fleshy infant bodies. My position on child pornography is that no images, if drawn, painted, or sculpted, may be banned. As for the use of actual children in erotic photographs and videos, some restriction may seem reasonable, given our modern repugnance to child labor, but there is no easy answer, since government is notoriously unable to discriminate among kinds of art. The damage from many pedophiliac encounters probably comes, as some psychologists suggest, less from the contact itself than from the culturally enforced stress and secrecy surrounding it. In a recent scandal in New Jersey, a seventy-seven-year-old man was arrested after years of visitations by droves of teenaged boys, who permitted mild physical liberties in exchange for money, liquor, and drugs. Neighbors reported boys scaling the wall of the senior-citizens apartment building at all hours of the night. Aside from the public disturbance, why shouldn't both parties in this case be free to make such a voluntary commercial transaction? Why shouldn't a juvenile have the right to dispose of his body as he wishes? At this time, I favor lowering the age of consent to fourteen. Our hypocrisy about pedophilia has simply forced the problem into the Third World, to which Westerners go for sun-and-sex vacations with underage boys. That economic exploitation will not end until our strict Judeo-Christian position is challenged by a more liberal pagan one. In the Anglo-American world, there is an endless postponement of adulthood, which the Catholic Church once dated from age seven. In pre-industrial rural life, where children went to work young, sexual maturity was defined by internal natural processes. We need to reexamine the way bourgeois values of professional job readiness, which have so distorted male-female relations, have also curtailed the sexual freedom and self-determination of the young. Homosexuality is _necessary_ now to heal the fissures in the Western psyche, in this period following the industrial revolution. But is homosexuality a permanent solution to the problems of the nuclear family? Do we want the sexes forever divorced, in a state of perpetual alienation? Middle-class men, neutered by office life and daunted by feminist rhetoric, are shrinking. Lesbianism is increasing, since anxious, unmasculine men have little to offer. Women are simply more interesting. Male homosexuality is increasing, because masculinity is in crisis and because maternal consciousness, severed from the support network of the extended family, has become a psychotic system, forcing the young to struggle for life against clinging parental fantasy. Current gay cant insists that homosexuality is "not a choice," that no one would choose to be gay in a homophobic society. But there _is_ an element of choice in all behavior, sexual or otherwise. It takes an effort to deal with the opposite sex; it's safer with your own kind. The issue is one of challenge versus comfort. In the modern world, homosexuality has become a self-perpetuating lifestyle. The more its practitioners have become preoccupied with self-definition, the less meaningful that definition is, since it is predicated on provincialism and tautology. Homosexuality as erotic expression has to be liberated from gay activism, which systematically oversimplifies issues or evades their implications. Instead of arguing for legal recognition of gay marriages, for example, it should have attacked the favored economic status given to marriage at all, a position more consistent with antibourgeois Sixties radicalism. Ceremonies of commitment do fill a psychological need and bind the larger community together; domestic-partner legislation benefits heterosexuals as well. But if gay marriages are permitted (a prerogative of the most decadent Roman emperors), why not polygamy?—a pagan and early Hebrew practice later banned by Judeo-Christianity. We should also beware of the potentially pernicious intermingling of gay activism with science, which produces more propaganda than truth. Gay scientists must be scientists first, gays second. Midway through the AIDS epidemic, the media, having ignored homosexuality or treated it in a lurid manner, did a quick flip-flop under activist pressure and now continues its policy of unthinking cant by parroting the gay-establishment party line on every occasion. Like Elizabethan Papists or seventeenth-century French Jesuits, gay activists have earned a reputation as conspirators and casuists, because of their amoral tactics of deceit, defamation, intimidation, and extortion. By politicizing homosexuality and isolating it from the continuum of human life, they have managed to make it pathological again. Policed by gay censors, the cultural debate over homosexuality has been stifled, to the spiritual detriment of gays themselves. For example, the Christian Fundamentalist charge that AIDS is "God's punishment" was summarily rejected twenty years ago and never adequately dealt with, so that it remains, unanswered and alive as ever. There _was_ a cause and effect connection between promiscuity and the epidemic, as well as an "Après moi, le déluge" attitude on the part of many gays. Self-questioning is crucial. The conservative moral argument, positing a guilt that had to be expiated, was closer to the truth than the left's callow shunting off of blame onto negligent social authorities. The gay activist obsession with condom distribution (as if condoms were 100 percent effective) is a displacement of anxiety from the real horror of AIDS: that men are carrying poisoned semen in their scrotums. As in the Theban plague of _Oedipus Rex_ , there is a blight on the seed: the heart of nature has been contaminated. If we reject the extreme Christian reading of the epidemic, as I do, then we must offer new metaphors, a mythopoetic pagan alternative. Our inner turbulence must be acknowledged and addressed. In the collective unconscious, gay and straight suffer together. ## 6. CONCLUSION: CITIZENS OF THE EMPIRE As America's pagan popular culture expands around the world, and as multicultural influences flow back and are absorbed by us in turn, we have re-created the polyglot complexity of the Roman empire at its height. We should accept the imperial model of moral dichotomy, the state of perpetual tension between the sober virtues of the republican past and the luxury and decadence of the present. Opposition, rather than approval, produces the sculptural carving out of selfhood. Creative duality is my master principle. We must belong simultaneously to the mainstream culture and to our ever-receding ethnic origins. Imperialism may begin as a system of unilateral domination, but it ends as artistic and intellectual cosmopolitanism, revolutionary in its own right. In today's global existence, the alternative to imperialism is not unconditional freedom but tribalism, fractious and fragmented. In sexual and racial matters, the parochial tribal entity is now "identity politics," a barricaded secessionism that is a spiritual dead end. Hostile respect, rather than pluralism, may be the best we can hope for. The new extended family, no longer linked by blood, will be both patriotic and internationalist, preserving history without being trapped by it. Imperial sexuality, typified by the syncretism of the Mediterranean goddess cults, was grounded in both civilization and nature. In practice, this means that while homosexuality is a brave and necessary drive for male autonomy, gay men must render unto Cybele the things that are Cybele's. And women, in rightly seizing social power, must not neglect what they owe to, and need from, the ancient rites of phallicism. I see the dynamic of history as an oscillation between Apollonian and Dionysian principles, order and energy, which become, at their extremes, fascism or chaos. In sexual terms, this promises eternal conflict between repression and debauchery. We must learn how to make tiny corrections to avoid the uncontrolled swing of the pendulum that, over a generation, swept us from Fifties conformism to Sixties rebellion to Seventies excess and the cataclysm of AIDS. We now live with the smell of funeral pyres. Dual vision allows us to hail the epochal liberation of the senses in post-Stonewall gay culture and at the same time to acknowledge its massive destructiveness. There has been a contemptible failure by gay leaders to admit the slightest moral responsibility for the enormous part the gay community played, helped by jet travel, in the rapid spread of AIDS throughout the world. That the harm was not intentional makes the gay role all the more tragic, in the original Greek sense. The Stonewall victory was in many ways Pyrrhic. The fatalism of imperial philosophy gives death a simple, secular dignity. Life is dust to dust, without the trick ending of salvation. Hit plays and films of the moment use mawkish Victorian sentimentality to present AIDS sufferers as noble victims whose only problem is lack of acceptance and love from society. But gay men challenged nature and lost. What is "safe sex" but a return to the normative?—as dictated by tyrant nature. Promiscuity is a pagan choice, but then be prepared to pay the price. Of short, intense Romantic lives, represented in our time by gay men and rock stars, it can be said (revising a famous motto of the American Revolution), "Live free and die!" My model of dualism is the drag queen, who negotiates between sexual personae, day by day. I sometimes call my system "drag queen feminism." Queens are "fierce," in every sense. Masters of aggressive, bawdy speech, they know the street and its dangers and fight it out without running to authority figures, who would hardly be sympathetic. Queens, unlike feminists, know that woman is dominatrix of the universe. They take on supernatural energy when ritualistically donning their opulent costume, the historical regalia of woman's power. Prostitute and drag queen are sexual warriors who offer a pagan challenge to bourgeois gentility, now stultifying modern life from corporate boardrooms to academia to suburban shopping malls. Bisexuality is our best hope of escape from the animosities and false polarities of the current sex wars. Whether or not we can put it into practice, bisexuality is a great pagan ideal. Perhaps bisexual _responsiveness_ is all we can hope for. Indeed, that is the lesson of art history, which exposes us to the many ravishing forms of human beauty. The homosexual Botticelli produced, in _The Birth of Venus_ , one of the most sublime images of the power of woman. And Michelangelo, adorning the Sistine Chapel with twenty homoerotic _ignudi_ (nude Greek youths), made the most radical statement yet of the enduring duality of pagan and Christian in our culture. A pagan education would sharpen the mind, steel the will, and seduce the senses. Our philosophy should be both contemplative and pugilistic, admitting aggression (as Christianity does not) as central to our mythology. The beasts of passion must be confronted, and the laws of nature understood. Conflict cannot be avoided, but perhaps it can be confined to a mental theater. In the imperial arena, there is no law but imagination. In June 1994, five months after this essay was completed, football star O.J. Simpson was charged with the brutal murder of his ex-wife and a male friend. # THE CULTURE WARS # THE NURSERY-SCHOOL CAMPUS:* THE CORRUPTING OF THE HUMANITIES IN THE U.S. [ _Times Literary Supplement_ , London, May 22, 1992] Is there intellectual life in America? At present, the answer is no. Since the decline of the great era of literary journalism, when Edmund Wilson, the Algonquin wits, and the politically engaged _Partisan Review_ writers were active, America has lacked a general literate culture hospitable to ideas. Mary McCarthy went off to Paris, and Susan Sontag, after half-a-dozen promising years, withdrew into French preciosity and irrelevance. When she was attacked for her laudable interest in pop culture, Sontag dropped it like a hot potato and has never since regained the status she enjoyed in the 1960s. During that decade, a vital artistic and intellectual consciousness was taking shape. Passionate, prophetic voices, heirs to the visionary tradition of Emerson, Whitman, and Hart Crane, spoke in the central works of Allen Ginsberg, Norman O. Brown, and Leslie Fiedler, but they had few successors. The actual achievements of 1960s thinkers were few and limited, and the line of continuity was broken. America's current intellectual crisis originates in the tragic loss of the boldest and most innovative members of the 1960s generation. Drugs may have expanded the mind, but they arrested its long-term productivity, whose promise was glimpsed in the so-called "psychedelic" phase of rock music. The students most affected by the Sixties did not as a rule enter the professions, whose stultifying rules for advancement have remained unchanged for fifty years. Instead, they surrendered their places to less talented contemporaries, careerists in the dull, timid Fifties style. Nowhere was this truer than in academia. The effect upon American universities of the student rebellions was fleeting. Genuine radicals did not go on to graduate school. If they did, they soon dropped out, or were later defeated by the faculty recruitment and promotion process, which rewards conformism and sycophancy. The universities were abandoned to the time-servers and mercenaries who now hold many of the senior positions there. Ideas had been relegated to the universities, but the universities belonged to the drudges. There is a widespread notion that these people are dangerous leftists, "tenured radicals" in Roger Kimball's phrase, who have invaded the American establishment with subversive ideas. In fact, they are not radicals at all. Authentic leftism is nowhere to be seen in our major universities. The "multiculturalists" and the "politically correct" on the subjects of race, class, and gender actually represent a continuation of the genteel tradition of respectability and conformity. They have institutionalized American _niceness_ , which seeks, above all, not to offend and must therefore pretend not to notice any differences or distinctions among people or cultures. The politically correct professors, with their hostility to the "canon" of great European writers and artists, have done serious damage to the quality of undergraduate education at the best American colleges and universities. Yet they are people without deep beliefs. Real radicals stand for something and risk something; these academics are very pampered fat cats who have never stood on principle at any point in their careers. Nothing has happened to them in their lives. They never went to war; they were never out of work or broke. They have no experience or knowledge of anything outside the university, least of all working-class life. Their politics are a trendy tissue of sentimental fantasy and unsupported verbal categories. Guilt over their own privilege has frozen their political discourse into a simplistic world melodrama of privilege versus deprivation. Intellectual debate in the humanities has also suffered because of the narrowness of training of those who emerged from the over-departmentalized and overspecialized universities of the postwar period. The New Criticism, casting off the old historicism of German philology, produced a generation of academics trained to think of literature as largely detached from historical context. This was ideal breeding ground for French theory, a Saussurean paradigm dating from the 1940s and '50s that was already long _passé_ when American academics got hold of it in the early 1970s. French theory, far from being a symbol of the 1960s, was on the contrary a useful defensive strategy for well-positioned, pedantic professors actively resisting the ethnic and cultural revolution of that subversive decade. Foucault, a glib game-player who took very little research a very long way, was especially attractive to literary academics in search of a short cut to understanding world history, anthropology and political economy. The 1960s failed, I believe, partly because of unclear thinking about institutions, which it portrayed in dark, conspiratorial, Kafkaesque terms. The positive role of institutions in economically complex societies was neglected. The vast capitalist distribution network is so efficient in America that it is invisible to our affluent, middle-class humanists. Capitalism's contribution to the emergence of modern individualism, and therefore feminism, has been blindly suppressed. This snide ahistoricism is the norm these days in women's studies programs and chi-chi, Foucault-afflicted literature departments. Leftists have damaged their own cause, with whose basic principles I as a 1960s libertarian generally agree, by their indifference to fact, their carelessness and sloth, their unforgivable lack of professionalism as scholars. The Sixties world-view, which integrated both nature and culture, has degenerated into clamorous, competitive special-interest groups. The universities led the way by creating a ghetto of black studies, which begat women's studies, which in turn begat gay studies. Not one of these makeshift, would-be disciplines has shown itself capable of re-creating the broad humane picture of Sixties thought. Each has simply made up its own rules and fostered its own selfish clientele, who have created a closed system in which scholarship is inseparable from politics. It is, indeed, questionable whether or not the best interests of blacks, women, and gays have been served by these political fiefdoms. The evidence about women's studies suggests the opposite: that these programs have hatched the new thought police of political correctness. No conservative presently in or out of government has the power of intimidation wielded by these ruthless forces. The silencing of minority opinion has been systematic in faculty recruitment and promotion. The winners of that rat-race seem genuinely baffled by such charges, since, of course, their conventional, fashionable opinions have never been stifled. While lecturing at major American universities this year, I have come into direct conflict with the politically correct establishment. At Harvard and elsewhere I was boycotted by the feminist faculty, and at several colleges leaflets were distributed, inaccurately denouncing me as a voice of the far right. Following my lecture at Brown, I was screamed at by soft, inexperienced, but seethingly neurotic middle-class white girls, whose feminist party-line views on rape I have rejected in my writings. Rational discourse is not possible in an atmosphere of such mob derangement. Sociologically, the roots of the campus crisis can be found in the rapid expansion of the college-going population in America in the decades following the Second World War. After the "baby-boomers," the post-war demographic bulge, passed through, colleges were forced to retrench, and they turned to aggressive marketing strategies to maintain enrollment. As costs continued to rise, they were locked into a strictly commercial relationship with parents. Intellectual matters soon took a back seat to the main issue: providing a "nice time" for students with paying parents. By the early 1970s, American universities had become top-heavy with full-time administrators who took to speaking of the campus as a "community," which, faculty soon discovered, was governed by invisible codes of acceptable speech, opinions, and behavior. In the past fifteen years, some of these administrators, especially Student Life deans and the freshmen orientation staff, have forged a disquieting alliance with women's studies programs, and are indoctrinating their charges with the latest politically correct attitudes on dating, sexual preference, and so on. Many of the students, neglected by their prosperous, professional parents, are pathetically grateful for these attentions. Such coddling has led, in my view, to the outrageous speech codes which are designed to shield students from the realities of life. The campus is now not an arena of ideas but a nursery school where adulthood can be indefinitely postponed. Faculty who are committed to the great principle of free speech are therefore at war with paternalistic administrators in league with misguided parents. In the summer-camp mentality of American universities, the ferocity of genuine intellectual debate would just seem like spoiling everyone's fun. Ambitious humanities professors go about their business behind a brick wall of "theory," which they imagine is the _dernier cri_ , but which has long been out of fashion, even in Paris. Drab, uncultivated philistines, without broad knowledge of the arts, have seized the top jobs in the Ivy League, simply because they have the right opinions and know the right people. In the past twenty years, conferences became the infernal engine driving the academic profession. The conference crowd, an international party circuit of literary luminaries ever on the move, was put together by the new humanities centers. These programs had the initially laudable aim of fostering interdisciplinary exchanges outside the repressive framework of the conservative, static and over-tenured university departments. But the epidemic of French theory was abroad in the world. The humanities centers quickly became careerist stockyards, where greedy speculation and insider trading were as much the rules of the game as on Wall Street. Quieter, more traditional academics were outmaneuvered by the conference crowd, and scholarship was the victim. The humanities centers are now controlled by small, amoral cadres that are intricately intertwined with each other nationally by cronyism, favoritism, patronage and collusion. It is essential for American intellectual life that they be brought under scrutiny. And, indeed, that is beginning to happen: in April, a prominent woman scholar filed a lawsuit against the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for tolerating an internal _putsch_ by a cabal of politically correct faculty members with close ties to the cultural studies center at Harvard University. The solution to the present dilemma is for academic liberals to speak out against the rampant corruption of their profession. The reform of education is too often being left to the neoconservatives these days. My own proposals for reform include the abolition of all literary conferences and the replacement of women's studies with sex studies, based on the rigorous study of world history, anthropology, psychology, and science. Today, in politically correct America, questions of quality, learning, and intellectual distinction are out of style. # GAY STALINISM # HAS THE GAY PRESS BEEN UNFAIR TO CAMILLE PAGLIA? [ _The Advocate_ , September 22, 1992] Not all the gay press has been hostile. My X-rated book received warm attention in gay publications from San Francisco to London. But the scourge of political correctness is clearest in my own city: neither of the Philadelphia gay newspapers has mentioned my name in the two years since _Sexual Personae_ was published. Strident, repressive gay activists persistently distort my views. For example, an article in _The Advocate_ ["The Newsroom Becomes a Battleground," Issue 603] claimed that I had called lesbians "pathological"—a flat-out lie. I am compared to Nazis and denounced as a "neoconservative"—a ridiculous label for someone who publicly defends pornography, prostitution, homosexuality, transvestism, and sadomasochism. I am constantly called "homophobic," despite the fact that I spent most of my adult life as an open lesbian and paid my dues for it. My militancy and general obnoxiousness preceded both the present women's movement and Stonewall. I will match my credentials as an Amazon and feminist pioneer against those of my boring, lockstep critics any day. I hate dogma in any form. I hated it in the Catholic Church and Girl Scout troops of the 1950s, and I hate it in gay activism and established feminism today. We must no longer tolerate narrow, rigid thinking, pious clichés, and humorless party-line rhetoric. What attracted me to gay men in college in the 1960s was their fierce independence of mind, their whiplash tongues, and their scorn for bourgeois decorum, saccharine sentimentality, and empty ideology. They came from ordinary middle-class homes in the suburbs or the Midwest, yet they had taste, distinction, and style—a sense of beauty that I believe is innate and surely connected with the artistic gene. Gay men saw movies, television, art, opera, and fashion in a new way—learned, enthusiastic, and brilliantly imaginative. And they integrated sex with culture: they were bawdy, lewd, and adventurous—at home on the dangerous midnight streets. This bold, cultivated cosmopolitan sensibility is still alive in many gay men, but you would never know it from the gay press, whose political commentary too often smacks of wheel-spinning Stalinist hackwork. How did it get this bad? One can't keep blaming AIDS, since feminism had already sunk chin-deep into mindless propaganda before the epidemic started. I think the Stonewall rebellion, a central event in cultural history, had one unfortunate effect: Gay liberation also led to sexual segregation, which has been disastrous for both men and women. In the pre-Stonewall period, the few discreet, shabby gay bars outside major cities usually mixed the sexes. After Stonewall, the men's bars exploded in number and luxury. I vividly remember when the doors of the men's bars closed in my face. It was 1974, the dawn of the orgy-room and bathhouse era. Strange parasitic diseases soon began appearing, and by 1981 a "gay cancer" was identified as AIDS. The price of the Sixties sexual revolution, which I supported, was paid by gay men. We must honestly admit that gay men's attempt to create a world without women failed catastrophically. Pre-Stonewall gays revered goddesslike female stars, while the post-Stonewall scene went macho clone. The female principle was lost. Lesbian feminism of the last twenty years also suffered, with its mushy do-gooder anti-art egalitarianism and its adolescent antimale petulance. I tend to get along with pre-Stonewall lesbians, who are refreshingly free of political sloganeering. It is no coincidence that the only intelligent feminist review of _Sexual Personae_ was by Lillian Faderman or that when I recently met comedian Robin Tyler in London, we instantly seemed to speak the same language of brass-balls individualism. There is an insurgent protest movement of lesbians fed up with the dreariness and sex phobia of the old guard, but it's still marginal. Susie Bright and Pat Califia, with all their many virtues, have not produced work of intellectual weight equal to that of the puritanical Catharine MacKinnon. My first proposal for the gay world: Get rid of dead abstract "theory" and rabid social constructionism, the limp legacy of academic know-nothings. The Sixties were about nature, in the Romantic way. You cannot understand sex or AIDS until you reacquaint yourself with nature and its dark mysteries. Our guide should be not the frigid, head-tripping nerd Michel Foucault but prophetic Allen Ginsberg, who fused Hinduism with Walt Whitman to give us a radical vision of energy, passion, and sensuality—of homosexual desire grounded in the amoral rhythms of nature. Next, get rid of victimology and oppression politics. The real revolution will come when we are free of the false dichotomy of gay/straight and when bisexual responsiveness is accepted as the universal norm. Finally, reposition AIDS in the philosophical context of world history. Fanatical ranting rage, the favorite face of ACT UP, is infantile. Martin Luther King learned from Gandhi how to make the sufferings of your people the sufferings of all humanity. You do not invade or insult churches; you do not silence dissent or smear as "bigots" people who oppose your practices on religious grounds. Gay activism has got to get off its knee-jerk oppositional mode and into an affirmative articulation of first principles, which in my view have to be based on pagan pansexuality, a complex, reasoned alternative to Judeo-Christian ethics. [ _Afterword:_ Just before this article went to the printer, the headline was sabotaged in the _Advocate_ offices to read: "Camille Paglia Defends Her Rotten Record." The editors launched an investigation and apologized. In an indignant letter to the editor (Oct. 6), Paglia stated: "Incidents like this prove my point: smug, juvenile political correctness is strangling free speech in too much of the gay and feminist world. I invite others to join my campaign against the Stalinists among us." The reference to Robin Tyler also caused controversy: see the index.] # THE RETURN OF CARRY NATION: CATHARINE MACKINNON AND ANDREA DWORKIN [ _Playboy_ , October 1992] I am a pornographer. From earliest childhood, I saw sex suffusing the world. I felt the rhythms of nature and the aggressive energies of animal life. Art objects, in both museum and church, seemed to blaze with sensual beauty. The authority figures of church, school, and family denied or suppressed what I saw, but like Madonna, I kept to my pagan vision. I belong to the Sixties generation that tried and failed to shatter all sexual norms and taboos. In my book, _Sexual Personae_ , I injected lewdness, voyeurism, homoeroticism and sadomasochism into the entire Western high-art tradition. Because I am a pornographer, I am at war with Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin. These obsessed, moralistic women, feminism's oddest odd couple, are Carry Nation reborn. They were co-authors of the Minneapolis and Indianapolis ordinances against pornography that were declared unconstitutional. They have produced, individually and in collaboration, an enormous amount of material ranging from tortured autobiographical confessions to legal case histories and academic Marxist critiques. MacKinnon was among the first to argue for the establishment of sexual harassment as a legal category. But her positive contributions to women's issues must be weighed against the responsibility she bears for fomenting the crazed sexual hysteria that now grips American feminism. Date rape has swelled into a catastrophic cosmic event, like an asteroid threatening the earth in a Fifties science-fiction film. Anita Hill, a competent but priggish, self-interested yuppie, has been canonized as a virgin martyr ruined by the depraved emperor—who never laid a hand on her. MacKinnon is a totalitarian. She wants a risk-free, state-controlled world. She believes rules and regulations will solve every human ill and straighten out all those irksome problems between the sexes that have been going on for five thousand years. As a lawyer, MacKinnon is deft and pragmatic. But as a political thinker, cultural historian, or commentator on sex, she is incompetent. For a woman of her obvious intelligence, her frame of reference is shockingly small. She has the dull instincts and tastes of a bureaucrat. It's all work and no play in MacKinnon Land. Literature, art, music, film, television—nothing intrudes on MacKinnon's consciousness unless it has been filtered through feminism, which has taught her, she likes to say, "everything I know." There's the rub. She is someone who, because of her own private emotional turmoil, locked on to Seventies-era feminism and never let go. MacKinnon has a cold, inflexible, and fundamentally unscholarly mind. She is a propagandist and casuist, good at constructing ad hoc arguments from expedience for specific political aims. But her knowledge of intellectual or world history is limited, and as a researcher she has remarkably poor judgment in evaluating sources. She wildly overpraises weak feminist writers and has no feeling whatever for psychology, a defect that makes her conclusions about sex ridiculous. She is a Stalinist who believes that art must serve a political agenda and that all opposing voices are enemies of humanity who must be silenced. MacKinnon and Dworkin are fanatics, zealots, fundamentalists of the new feminist religion. Their alliance with the reactionary, antiporn far right is no coincidence. MacKinnon is a classic WASP who painstakingly builds huge, rigid structures of words in complete obliviousness to the organic, sensual, and visual. She is a twentieth-century puritan whose upbringing—a stern Minnesota judge as father, Episcopalian and conservative Republican—seems straight out of Hawthorne. MacKinnon's pinched, cramped, body-denying Protestant culture made her peculiarly susceptible to Andrea Dworkin, whose let-it-all-hang-out ethnicity was initially liberating. MacKinnon's stolid lack of psychology drew her to Dworkin's boiling emotionalism and self-analytic, self-lacerating Jewishness. In return, MacKinnon, the third-generation Smith College WASP insider, satisfied Dworkin's longings for establishment acceptance, a nagging theme in her writing. Dworkin, like Kate Millett, has turned a garish history of mental instability into feminist grand opera. Dworkin publicly boasts of her bizarre multiple rapes, assaults, beatings, breakdowns and tacky traumas, as if her inability to cope with life were the patriarchy's fault rather than her own. She pretends to be a daring truth-teller but never mentions her most obvious problem: food. Hence she is a hypocrite. Dworkin's shrill, _kvetching_ , solipsistic prose has a sloppy, squalling infantilism. This attracted MacKinnon, with her dour background of Protestant high seriousness, which treats children like miniature adults. MacKinnon's impersonal prose is dry, bleached, parched. Her hereditary north-country, anal-retentive style, stingy and nitpicking, was counterbalanced by Dworkin's raging undifferentiated orality, her buckets of chicken soup spiked with spite. Dworkin, wallowing in misery, is a "type" that I recognize after twenty-two years of teaching. I call her The Girl with the Eternal Cold. This was the pudgy, clumsy, whiny child at summer camp who was always spilling her milk, dropping her lollipop in the dirt, getting a cramp on the hike, a stone in her shoe, a bee in her hair. In college, this type—pasty, bilious, and frumpy—is constantly sick from fall to spring. She coughs and sneezes on everyone, is never prepared with tissue and sits sniffling in class with a roll of toilet paper on her lap. She is the ultimate teacher's pest, the morose, unlovable child who never got her mama's approval and therefore demands attention at any price. Dworkin seized on feminism as a mask to conceal her bitterness at this tedious, banal family drama. MacKinnon and Dworkin have become a pop duo, like Mutt and Jeff, Steve and Eydie, Ron and Nancy. MacKinnon, starved and weather-beaten, is a fierce gargoyle of American Gothic. With her witchy tumbleweed hair, she resembles the batty, gritty pioneer woman played by Agnes Moorehead on _The Twilight Zone_. Or she's Nurse Diesel, the preachy secret sadist in Mel Brooks's _High Anxiety_. Dworkin is Pee-wee Herman's Large Marge, the demon trucker who keeps returning to the scene of her fatal accident. I see MacKinnon and Dworkin making a female buddy picture like _Thelma & Louise_. Their characters: Penny Wise and Pound Foolish, the puritan Gibson Girl and her fuming dybbuk, the glutton for punishment. Or they'd be perfect for the starring roles in a TV docu-drama about prissy, repressed J. Edgar Hoover and his longtime companion, Clyde Tolson, bugging hotel rooms and sticking their noses into everyone's business. MacKinnon and Dworkin detest pornography because it symbolizes everything they don't understand and can't control about their own bodies. Current feminism, with its antiscience and social constructionist bias, never thinks about nature. Hence it cannot deal with sex, which begins in the body and is energized by instinctual drives. MacKinnon and Dworkin's basic error is in identifying pornography with society, which they then simplistically define as patriarchal and oppressive. In fact, pornography, which erupts into the open in periods of personal freedom, shows the dark truth about nature, concealed by the artifices of civilization. Pornography is about lust, our animal reality that will never be fully tamed by love. Lust is elemental, aggressive, asocial. Pornography allows us to explore our deepest, most forbidden selves. The MacKinnon-Dworkin party line on pornography is preposterous. "Pornography is sex discrimination," they declared in their Minneapolis ordinance. In a manifesto, they call pornography "hate literature." "Most women hate pornography; all pornography hates women." MacKinnon and Dworkin display an astounding ignorance of the ancient, sacred pornographic tradition of non-Western societies, as well as that of our own gay male culture. Dworkin's blanket condemnation of fellatio as disgusting and violent should make every man furious. MacKinnon and Dworkin are victim-mongers, ambulance chasers, atrocity addicts. MacKinnon begins every argument from big, flawed premises such as "male supremacy" or "misogyny," while Dworkin spouts glib Auschwitz metaphors at the drop of a bra. Here's one of their typical maxims: "The pornographers rank with Nazis and Klansmen in promoting hatred and violence." Anyone who could write such a sentence knows nothing about pornography _or_ Nazism. Pornography does not cause rape or violence, which predate pornography by thousands of years. Rape and violence occur not because of patriarchal conditioning but because of the opposite, a breakdown of social controls. MacKinnon and Dworkin, like most feminists today, lack a general knowledge of criminology or psychopathology and hence have no perspective on or insight into the bloody, lurid human record, with its disasters and triumphs. In this mechanized technological world of steel and glass, the fires of sex have to be stoked. This is why pornography must continue to play a central role in our cultural life. Pornography is a pagan arena of beauty, vitality, and brutality, of the archaic vigor of nature. It should break every rule, offend all morality. Pornography represents absolute freedom of imagination, as envisioned by the Romantic poets. In arguing that a hypothetical physical safety on the streets should take precedence over the democratic principle of free speech, MacKinnon aligns herself with the authoritarian Soviet commissars. She would lobotomize the village in order to save it. An enlightened feminism of the twenty-first century will embrace all sexuality and will turn away from the delusionalism, sanctimony, prudery, and male-bashing of the MacKinnon-Dworkin brigade. Women will never know who they are until they let men be men. Let's get rid of Infirmary Feminism, with its bedlam of bellyachers, anorexics, bulimics, depressives, rape victims, and incest survivors. Feminism has become a catch-all vegetable drawer where bunches of clingy sob sisters can store their moldy neuroses. Pornography lets the body live in pagan glory, the lush, disorderly fullness of the flesh. When it defines man as the enemy, feminism is alienating women from their own bodies. MacKinnon never deals with woman as mother, lover, or whore. Snuff films are her puritan hallucinations of hellfire. She traffics in tales of terror, hysterical fantasies of death and dismemberment, which shows that she does not understand the great god Dionysus, with his terrible duality. The demons are within us. MacKinnon and Dworkin, peddling their diseased rhetoric, are in denial, and what they are blocking is life itself, in all its grandeur and messiness. Let's send a message to the Mad Hatter and her dumpy dormouse to stop trying to run other people's tea parties. # THE NEW SEXISM: LIBERATING ART AND BEAUTY [ _The Washington Post_ , September 26, 1993] Washington had a sizzling hit show with "Walk the Goddess Walk: Power Inside Out," recently on view at the District of Columbia Arts Center and curated by artist Alison Maddex. The September 10 opening, featuring performance and video artists such as Manhattan drag queen Glennda Orgasm, drew a crowd of over a thousand. Above all, "Walk the Goddess Walk" demonstrated that, in the current unadventurous Washington art scene, there is a great craving for excitement and the challenge of something new. I suspect that we were also seeing a rejection of the political correctness that is stunting the cultural development of a whole generation of young women emerging from elite American colleges and universities. Like Maddex, with whom I collaborated in the show, I have despaired about the tendentiousness, ignorance, and mediocrity of feminist attitudes toward art and beauty. Issues of quality and standards have been foolishly abandoned by liberals, who now interpret aesthetics as nothing but a mask for ideology. As a result, the far right has gained enormously. What madness is abroad in the land when only neoconservatives will defend the grandeur of art? Ironically, today's fashion magazines and supermodels, embodying the cult of beauty for a mass audience, are in the main line of art history. Cultural authenticity has shifted to them and away from the establishment ideologues like those running the Whitney Museum in New York, who are obsessed with a passé political agenda. When Maddex and I toured the Whitney's rape exhibit this summer, we were appalled and incredulous. Visitors were wandering around with tears in their eyes, as rape victims recited their sorrows on a video monitor. When the offerings of a major museum are indistinguishable from the victimization soap opera of television talk shows, art has ceased to exist. The intelligent, courageous artist and curator would defy the rape hysteria, not surrender to it. Danger signs are everywhere that we are sliding into a new era of the Red Guards. As I know from my visits to campuses across the country, abuse and intimidation await anyone who dares to reject the party line on sexual and political issues. There is a trend among followers of the ideas of Catharine MacKinnon which has resulted in vandalism of art works that fail to conform to feminist orthodoxy. The pro-sex wing of feminism sat around smugly for years, content that it had signed a list or two defending pornography and never realizing that its total silence on the date rape and sexual harrassment issues facilitated MacKinnon's rise. One of the many lies of women's studies is that European art history was written by white males and that feminism has conclusively rewritten that history by discovering and restoring major female artists excluded from the pantheon by patriarchal conspiracy. But European art history was not just written but created by white males. We may lament the limitations placed on women's training and professional access in the past, but what is done cannot be undone. The last twenty years of scholarship have brought many forgotten women artists to attention, but too often their presentation has been marred by anachronistic feminist rhetoric. Nancy G. Heller's lucid, evenhanded _Women Artists_ is a noteworthy exception to this depressing trend. Germaine Greer's _The Obstacle Race_ regrettably veers again and again into agitprop, worst of all on the last page, where Greer declares that the reason there have been no great female artists is that you cannot get great art from "mutilated egos." I would argue that great art comes _only_ from mutilated egos. Feminism, for all its boasts, has not found a single major female painter or sculptor to add to the canon. It did revive the reputations of many minor women, like Frida Kahlo or Romaine Brooks. Mary Cassatt, Georgia O'Keeffe, and Helen Frankenthaler were known and did not need rediscovery. Artemisia Gentileschi was simply a polished, competent painter in a Baroque style created by men. Women's studies has not shifted the massive structure of art history one jot. It is scandalous that our most talented women undergraduates are being tutored in attitudes of juvenile resentment toward major male artists of the rank of Degas, Picasso, and Marcel Duchamp, who have become virtual untouchables. We will never get great art from women if their education exposes them only to the second-rate and if the idea of greatness itself is denied. Greatness is not a white male trick. Every important world civilization has defined its artistic tradition in elitist terms of distinction and excellence. Now is the time for all pro-sex, pro-art, pro-beauty feminists to come out of the closet. Maddex and I have created what we call Neo-Sexism, or the New Sexism. It is a progressive feminism that embraces and celebrates all historical depictions of women, including the most luridly pornographic. It wants mythology without sentimentality and every archetype, from mother to witch and whore, without censorship. It accepts and welcomes the testimony of men. The New Sexism puts sensuality at the center of our responsiveness to life and art. Rejecting the bourgeois feminist obsession with anorexia and bulimia, it sets food and sex into the same continuum of the pleasure principle. It calls for a new, vivid language of art criticism that reveres the art work instead of talking down to it. No more dead jargon and empty theory; no more ideology substituting for appreciation; no more moralism masquerading as politics. All art belongs to its social context, but great art by definition transcends that context and speaks universally. Sex is one of the supreme subjects of art and literature of the last two hundred years. It deserves to be treated in a way that respects its mystery and complexity. That is what "Walk the Goddess Walk" tried to do. It was designed to overthrow the tyranny of false politics and to open the mind toward art—the spiritual and carnal record of mankind. # AN OPEN LETTER TO THE STUDENTS OF HARVARD [ _Harvard Crimson_ , February 17, 1994] Anyone concerned with the future of literature and art in America should be repelled by that witches' brew of hypocrisy and sanctimony called "political correctness," which has poisoned the professional life of the elite colleges and universities. If there is to be a spiritual and intellectual revival, it is today's students who must do it. The academic establishment, paralyzed by cronyism, greed, and moral cowardice, is incapable of reforming itself. For twenty-five years, I have watched from a distance as Harvard's distinguished tradition of literary scholarship has self-destructed. In 1968, when I left college (I attended the State University of New York at Binghamton), the graduate English programs of Harvard and Yale were nationally rated as equivalent in stature. Accepted at both, I chose Yale rather than Harvard, since Harvard required graduate students to teach—a questionable practice that allowed senior faculty to minimize direct contact with undergraduates. My Sixties generation, with its irreverence and confrontational style, was determined to make profound changes in America's political and cultural life. Education in the humanities had become narrow and desiccated, imprisoned by an overspecialized, over-departmentalized curricular structure. Those of us who were most influenced by popular culture, psychedelia, and the sexual revolution felt that the universities had lost touch with reality. We wanted to end authoritarian overcontrol of our private lives. And we were militant about free speech, which had launched the first student demonstrations at Berkeley. What is most disgusting about current political correctness on campus is that its proponents have managed to convince their students and the media that they are authentic Sixties radicals. The idea is preposterous. Political correctness, with its fascist speech codes and puritanical sexual regulations, is a travesty of Sixties progressive values. And except for the sociologist Todd Gitlin, not a single Sixties political activist holds a tenured professorship at any of the elite schools, coast to coast. On the contrary, the boldest and most original Sixties people either did not go on to graduate school or refused to play the sycophantic career game required for advance in academe. The tenured Ivy League literature faculty who are in their forties are chronologically my generation, but they made their way up the ladder not because they were of the Sixties but because there was nothing Sixties about them. I know, because I was in graduate school with these characters. They never challenged or threatened the status quo—which is exactly why they were handpicked to succeed the conservative old guard. In literary studies, text-centered New Criticism had reached a dead end and needed to be widened and deepened, through the study of history and sexuality, respectively. Important North American writers who helped Sixties students to rechart the mental landscape in an interdisciplinary way were Allen Ginsberg, Norman O. Brown, Marshall McLuhan, and Leslie Fiedler. But my fellow graduate students, far from absorbing these radical thinkers, were soon off chasing dull, pedantic European poststructuralists, who were trapped in cynical, verbose mind games that my generation had gotten rid of when we substituted Elvis Presley for Samuel Beckett (Foucault's idol). Despite their inflated reputations, none of the French theorists, including Foucault, is competent at speculation about either history or sexuality. Those who claim otherwise simply don't know what they're talking about. Let me give just one example of how the Ivy League awards its highest honors. A leading Harvard woman professor rose to prominence by her discipleship of Paul de Man and Derrida. Then it was revealed that de Man was a Nazi sympathizer. As deconstruction sank, she switched into feminism and African-American studies, neither of which her books had shown prior interest in. This was capped off by her dramatic avowal, at an October 1991 Harvard Yard rally, of her lesbianism, which is now chic. Excuse me for my contempt. As the only openly gay person at the Yale graduate school (1968–72), I paid the career price for my pre-Stonewall candor. Where were all these lesbians when it mattered? They stayed in the closet until tenure—and other people's sacrifices—made it safe to come out and claim the spoils. The then-bizarre themes of my dissertation—homosexuality, transvestism, transsexualism, sadomasochism—also ensured that no research university would hire me. I am just one of incalculable numbers of people of my generation whose fidelity to Sixties principles led to their exclusion from the establishment. That is tolerable, since we disdain money and status. What is intolerable is that frauds and poseurs, who rejected American culture to make shiny new gods out of French theorists, should now claim to be the heirs of Sixties thought. The bottom fell out of the Harvard literature departments in the Seventies. They had failed to find new blood to continue Harvard's reputation into the next generation, while Yale, after a bitter battle with undertones of anti-Semitism, secured Harold Bloom and Geoffrey Hartman, followed by established names from Johns Hopkins. Harvard waited too long to respond to contemporary changes; no younger faculty came remotely near the great scholarly level of Harry Levin and Walter Jackson Bate. The English department nearly went into receivership. Ten years after I entered grad school, Harvard's reputation in literature hit rock bottom. Desperate, the Harvard administration went on a fast shopping expedition and filled the faculty with the current hot property, theorists, many of them women, as an affirmative action sop. Now you're stuck with them. Theory is moribund everywhere, but Harvard, which sacrificed scholarly standards for expedience, has condemned itself to at least two generations of mediocrity in the humanities, since these people are certain to hire only those who will prop up their decaying reputations. Harvard students are sadly mistaken if they think the literature faculty in their thirties and forties are the best America has to offer. It was the cliquish conference circuit, a crassly commercial phenomenon only twenty years old, that put those opportunistic trend-chasers in your classrooms. Under its hip varnish, their work is shoddy and shallow. When will Ivy League students wake up to the corruption that is all around them? The leftist press in America has been grossly negligent in not identifying and attacking the slick career system that has made deception, pretension, and manipulation business-as-usual in the humanities since the Seventies. Economic analysis should be the first principle of authentic leftism. Phony, obfuscatory, elitist French theory became the ticket to ride for an amoral coterie that is intricately interconnected from Berkeley to Duke to Princeton and Harvard. These days, they pretend to be doing "cultural studies," an amateurish mishmash of this and that, without scholarly command of any area. Student newspapers, which used to question authority and attack the establishment, have been lazily oblivious to a national scandal equal to that of the Wall Street junk-bond crash. The solution is in your hands. You can bring learning back to the center of the university. You can end the era of gimmicky theory. You can demand that quality of scholarship, rather than slick wordplay, be the standard for employment at Harvard. How? First make the library your teacher. Rediscover the now neglected works of the great scholars of the last 150 years, who worked blessedly free of the mental pollutants of poststructuralism. Immerse yourself in the reference collection, and master chronology and etymology. Refuse to cooperate with the coercive ersatz humanitarianism that insultingly defines women and African-Americans as victims. Insist on free thought and free speech. Offensiveness is a democratic right. The university should be organized around vigorous intellectual inquiry, not therapy or creature comforts. Harvard has become a nursing home for kids. I have elsewhere detailed my proposals for massive reform of the university: an end to departmentalization of literature by nationalities; sex studies, rather than the overideological and unscientific women's studies and gay studies; and a world plan for a truly scholarly and depoliticized multiculturalism, based on comparative religion, archaeology, art history, and anthropology. The liberal versus conservative argument is pointless and passé. Its rhetoric has simply concealed the venality and sycophancy of the academic marketplace, which has in actuality driven the conflicts of the past fifteen years. In the twenty-first century, we will want something new. Today's students can create it. # ON CENSORSHIP [ _The Observer_ , London, April 10, 1994] OBSERVER. Are you for or against censorship? CAMILLE PAGLIA. I am opposed to censorship because of my overarching theory that what we define—what tradition defines—as morally reprehensible and worthy of suppression is, in fact, the pagan element in Western culture that was never defeated. The elements of sex and violence that most disturb people, all the untidy and amoral forces of nature the pagan tradition was more honest about, are what the Judeo-Christian tradition has always struggled with. OBSERVER. Is there any case for censorship? CAMILLE PAGLIA. There should be no censorship of any kind. On the other hand, I think one can raise questions of appropriateness. If you're teaching children, I think it is reasonable to believe that teachers should not impose their sophisticated sexual visions on them. I wouldn't call it censorship if a school said, "That's inappropriate for young children." OBSERVER. What is your position on the censorship of pornography? CAMILLE PAGLIA. My point in _Sexual Personae_ is that one cannot make any kind of firm line between high art and pornography. In fact, porn permeates the high art tradition. Even Michelangelo's _Pietà_ , the supreme artifact of the Vatican, is a work of pornography—when you look at it up close. OBSERVER. Does that mean all pornography should be freely available to adults? CAMILLE PAGLIA. I am on record as saying that one can reasonably restrict public displays of pornography. The public spaces, the free spaces, and so on belong to both traditions—the Judeo-Christian and the pagan—and, therefore, a person should not have to have naked ladies overwhelming the eye from a newsstand. On the other hand, those magazines should be available at the newsstand. I hate the way feminists in America have managed to pressure the drugstore chains so that you can no longer buy _Playboy_ or _Penthouse_. The major men's magazines are all but censored, because no one is able to find them outside the urban centers. This has occurred without a ripple over here. OBSERVER. Why? CAMILLE PAGLIA. There has been this incredible alliance between the feminists, the Catholic schools, and the far right. As a result, something very bad has happened. In the Sixties, part of what my generation did was the sexual revolution. Women of my period were bawdy in our speech. We were trying to break down the old middle-class conventions, and part of this was the fabulous sex magazines of the time—men and women looked at them. They were artistic, they were funky, they were radical in their politics. Also, you had middle-class women going with their boyfriends and husbands to porn theaters to see _Deep Throat_. That was a breakthrough. We'd never even heard about oral sex, much less seen it demonstrated. But now, in the puritanical revisionism of things, it's like _DeepThroat_ is the ultimate symbol of a woman being raped—being forced to perform oral sex. It's loathsome. There has been a horrible retreat into puritanism since the Sixties. OBSERVER. Is that a failing of imagination? CAMILLE PAGLIA. My explanation is usually that the most interesting and innovative and bawdy members of my generation did not go on into the standard professions. They took drugs. They sort of cancelled themselves out. OBSERVER. What is your position on child pornography? CAMILLE PAGLIA. I maintain that Donatello's _David_ , one of the most important, revolutionary works in the whole history of art, is, in fact, a work of child pornography. Then there's the Valentine thing, the Valentine's Day Cupid with its plush infant body. That's an eroticization of the child's body that we're used to seeing. It goes back to ancient Rome, where you find babies presented as sensuous. Germaine Greer says in her book _Sex and Destiny_ that non-Western cultures are very open about the kind of physicality they permit between adults and children. Pleasures are taken with children's bodies that would be defined, in our culture, as abuse or rape. OBSERVER. So it's a cultural issue, not a legal one? CAMILLE PAGLIA. I believe that the abolition of child labor was one of the great reform movements of the last 200 years. If you have children posing for pornographic pictures and videos, that is an infringement—not of something sexual—but of what we now feel is civilized, that children should not be forced to labor. OBSERVER. Isn't that a dangerous opinion? CAMILLE PAGLIA. As far as any visual, imaginary representations that are sketched or painted of children in pornographic acts—again, I'm considered pretty radical here, on the lunatic fringe with this one—I feel: so what? Anything that can be imagined should be depicted. OBSERVER. Are you sure? CAMILLE PAGLIA. I feel that that's the only way we can keep ourselves from sliding into dogmatism. To most people, these kinds of things are abhorrent. They can't look at them without being disturbed. So I feel that intellectuals and artists are obliged to force themselves to depict them, to write about them. That's why I'm a great fan of the Marquis de Sade. He was trying, in prison, to reach the limits of the human sexual imagination, and to put it down on paper. OBSERVER. You yourself were recently the subject of censorship over a film in which you confronted anti-porn campaigners on the streets of New York. Can you explain this? CAMILLE PAGLIA. For years, these women have harassed people on the sidewalks in Greenwich Village. They hold out these pictures of women bound with ropes, from _Hustler_ or wherever, and force them in people's faces and scream and yell. My sister, who lives there, says it's just appalling, because these women are forcing these images on people in the street when there are small children around. They're insane, literally insane. They're total fanatics, and anyone who has seen them in New York understands what I was doing—I mean, to go up to them and yell at them, to force the cameras on them, and—suddenly—they're just cowards. So this film, which has been shown at Sundance, the most prestigious film festival in the country, has been censored. It was suppressed by the New York Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. A film made on the streets of New York! OBSERVER. What about self-censorship? CAMILLE PAGLIA. This is my rebuke to the white middle-class, respectable feminist movement. When I was last over in England I threw one of your prominent feminists right out of an interview. They are so pompous, so respectable—so self-censored. This is why they do all this complaining: "Why is it that the American feminists get all the attention? Why don't we get any attention?" Why? Because you're boring middle-class ladies. OBSERVER. Don't feminists censor like everyone else? CAMILLE PAGLIA. There is absolutely totalitarian censorship of any divergent or dissenting opinions within the world of women's studies. I couldn't get a job anywhere in the Seventies. When I came on the scene, if you ever breathed one word against women's studies—just opened your mouth—you were tarred as a male-chauvinist pig, as a reactionary, as a neo-conservative. OBSERVER. Really? CAMILLE PAGLIA. I love the situation in England, where you have the Page Three girls. I adore that. The idea that you open up a family newspaper and see all those bare boobs. That's absolutely fabulous, it's unheard of in America—it would be absolutely impossible. # POP THEATER # WOODY ALLEN AGONISTES [New York _Newsday_ , December 2, 1992] Two weeks ago, the discreet twelve-year relationship between Woody Allen and Mia Farrow exploded into public attention in a media firestorm of charges and countercharges. Day after day, screaming headlines documented the revelations: Allen had filed for custody of the couple's three small children; he had been accused of molestation of one of them in Connecticut; he admitted a sexual liaison with Farrow's adopted Korean daughter, Soon-Yi Previn, whose age has been variously reported as nineteen or twenty-one. After an initial period of confusion, most sensible people seemed willing to suspend judgment for the moment on the child abuse charge, in the absence of hard evidence. But on talk shows and in the print media, there was a thunderous chorus of condemnation of Allen for his relationship with Soon-Yi. Family therapists, feminists, and church-going conservatives called it callous, lecherous, incestuous, decadent. Woody Allen, one of feminism's great white hopes for the ideal "sensitive male," had flunked out. The lovable nerd was just another leering Nero. This controversy is a perfect thermometer for taking the temperature of the American psyche. Twenty-five years after the sexual revolution, what have we learned about ourselves? Practically nothing. Contrary to feminist propaganda, we have not found the answer to any important sexual issue. In fact, as the century ends, we have barely begun to pose the questions correctly. At his press conference two weeks ago, Woody Allen said there is "no logic" to falling in love. This ancient wisdom about the Dionysian irrationality of our emotional lives is documented in the earliest Greek and Roman love poetry. It is a great spiritual truth sadly missing from the ugly, clumsy ideology of current feminism, which is obsessed with social-welfare clichés of oppression, victimization and "care-giving." Woody Allen is an artist. To whom does he owe ultimate responsibility? Since Romanticism, we have expected the artist not to celebrate God, king, family, and established values but to break taboos, to explore his or her deepest, most socially forbidden self. Though his films have weakened recently, Allen is one of the central analysts of contemporary American manners and sexual experience. It is outrageous that therapists, bystanders, and pundits of every stripe have used this painful crisis to strike hysterical poses of moral superiority over him. Picasso, Elvis Presley, John Lennon, Madonna, Robert Mapplethorpe: during the past decade, each of these important artists has been denounced by holier-than-thou groups, from feminists to the Moral Majority, for their unsettling themes or bohemian lifestyles. This provincial American abuse of artists must end. Neither art nor the artist will ever conform to bourgeois decorum or tidy moral codes. Originality is by definition rule-breaking. Allen's films, like _Bananas, Love and Death_ , and _Annie Hall_ , often show the comic inadequacy of words, reason, or good intentions to deal with the storminess of sex and love. In _Broadway Danny Rose_ , he himself plays a gentle, earnest, compassionate bumbler overwhelmed by a flamboyant, vengeful Italian firecracker, wonderfully portrayed by Mia Farrow. Farrow seems to have carried this unexpected flair for Italian theatricality into her present life drama, in which she has managed to exert maximum power while deftly avoiding overt public statements. Dispatching a host of adult and pint-sized proxies as skillfully as Shakespeare's volatile Cleopatra, Farrow has fused Puccini heroines: she is both the pining, abandoned mother, Madame Butterfly, and the tempestuous, jealous diva, Tosca, who uses any weapon that comes to hand. There has been an undertone of perversity or kinkiness in Farrow's sexual personae from the start of her career. Her May/December marriage to Frank Sinatra still astonishes. Who can forget that first yacht-deck photo of the hard-bitten casino roué next to the androgynous gossamer waif? (Sinatra's ex, Ava Gardner, snapped, "I always knew Frank would end up with a boy.") In _Secret Ceremony_ Farrow played a delusional girl-woman projecting a homoerotic incest fantasy onto a very patient Elizabeth Taylor. In _Rosemary's Baby_ she fought for her pregnancy against the forces of darkness and oddly nosy neighbors on Central Park West. Motherhood is a far more complex phenomenon than the current brand of neat-as-pie yuppie feminism admits. Motherhood may unleash primal instincts for possession and territoriality beyond morality. Hovering vulturelike over the whole affair is Farrow's dowager queen mother, actress Maureen O'Sullivan, hurling Junoesque thunderbolts at Allen (in her words, an "evil" man) from her stronghold on the West Coast. Farrow's sprawling, multiracial household is in its own way tribal and matriarchal. Allen is being impugned as an "immature" satyr with a Lolita fixation, like those other small-statured collectors of nymphets, Charlie Chaplin and Roman Polanski. The pursuit of youth and beauty has also been an integral part of highly accomplished gay male life for centuries. Allen has the right to seek his muse wherever he may find her. The quiet, dreamy Soon-Yi, paternalistically trashed by the bleeding-heart commentators as "helpless," "passive," and "naive," may represent simplicity and emotional truth to Allen. Such insights, even if transient, are priceless to an artist. Is it incest? Legally, no. Psychologically, yes. But incest is a universal theme in world mythology that we have never come to terms with. Doing the research for _Sexual Personae_ , I was stunned at the frequency of incest in Romantic literature. And incest permeates the two greatest plays ever written, Sophocles' _Oedipus Rex_ and Shakespeare's _Hamlet_. Freud's theory of infantile sexuality is a century old, yet it remains unabsorbed. Most parents could not function at home if they fully accepted their children's sexuality. Our horrified fascination with the Allen/Farrow scandal comes partly from our own repressions. Similarly, the child-abuse witch-hunts focusing on day-care centers in recent years are baseless hallucinations, eruptions from our vestigial Anglo-Saxon puritanism. Woody Allen's love life began in the shadow of the potent Jewish mother, then evolved through brunette and blonde shiksa goddesses to an Asian Mona Lisa. Thus it is ironic that he who moved so far romantically from his Jewish roots should still end up accused of incest. Like Oedipus, he could not escape his fate. This sorry episode in the showbiz chronicles has much to teach us. Don't send your Valentines with a Betty Crocker stamp. Cruelty and brutality lie just beneath the surface of love. Intimacy and incest may be psychologically intertwined. Power relations may generate eroticism. Perhaps—bad news for sexual harassment rules—hierarchy can never be completely desexed. At his press conference, Woody Allen looked haggard and rumpled, like a graduate student flushed out of an all-night study session. In giving anguished testimony about the mystery, compulsion, and folly of sexual attraction, he has recovered and renewed his cultural status: the artist as scapegoat, illuminating our lives through his own suffering. # OUR TABLOID PRINCESS: AMY FISHER [ _San Francisco Examiner_ , January 31, 1993] Amy Fisher is America's Diana, our tabloid princess. Many people at first ignored the case of the "Long Island Lolita," the seventeen-year-old high school senior who shot the wife of her thirty-eight-year-old lover in the head. But those who dismissed it as too trivial or vulgar were forced to take a second look when three different TV movies on the scandal were broadcast in a single week earlier this month, to smash ratings. Since it broke last May, the Amy Fisher story competed with the presidential campaign and threatened to upstage the inauguration itself. Faced with this mass phenomenon, the establishment press responded only with disdainful bewilderment or pious hand-wringing over the debasement of popular taste and journalistic standards. Enough crocodile tears were shed to float the African Queen. Like the recent fiasco of Zoë Baird's failed nomination as attorney general, the Amy Fisher phenomenon dramatically demonstrates how out of touch the cultural elite is with popular thought. For years, mainstream feminists have shrilly hammered at us about date rape, sexual harassment, and child abuse. They have portrayed life under "patriarchy" as a tear-stained melodrama of lecherous male tyrants and passive female victims. The feminist inquisitors tirelessly pounce on whipping-boys-of-the-month—philandering Senator Bob Packwood is their latest demonic centerfold—but the popular imagination keeps stubbornly rejecting their simplistic sexual scenario and refreshing itself in tabloid truth. The instant myth of Amy Fisher turned feminist dogma on its head: as in the hit films _Fatal Attraction, Basic Instinct_ , and _The Hand That Rocks the Cradle_ , woman rules and destroys. The femme fatale is for real. Early commentators on the Fisher case tried to reduce it to pat social-welfare formulas. There was the usual hunting-for-victims that has become such a tedious substitute for analysis in America. Was man-of-the-people Joey Buttafuoco the victim of a wily little tramp? Or was Amy the naive victim of a slick gigolo who had his jollies and got off scot-free, while the women suffered? And surely somewhere in Amy's childhood there had to be "abuse"—the feminist stock response to anything ambiguous in human behavior. When long-haired Amy, spoiled only child, mall chick and part-time call-girl, mounted the Buttafuoco porch with a pistol in her pocket, every power play in the history of love was on red alert. It was high noon on a Tennessee Williams veranda. Though reviewers ineptly hailed the meandering ABC movie, starring scrumptious Drew Barrymore, as the best of the three, it was in fact only the first version, NBC's tightly paced "Amy Fisher: My Story," featuring the unheralded Noelle Parker, that got it right. Amy vs. Mary Jo Buttafuoco on the porch was a trash tango, a clash of the female titans. Joey, the absent ostensible subject, shrank to nothing. He is a poof man, a stud muffin, a big calzone. Amy and Mary Jo faced off in a street fight, a territorial war for possession of sexual property. The NBC movie showed mutual insults escalating into clumsy violence, which exploded out of the normal and ordinary. It was terrifying. In my opinion, the crucial element in this story is Mary Jo's refusal to leave her husband, despite her facial paralysis and the bullet now permanently in her head. People would long ago have lost interest without this detail, which is more unique and perplexing than the standard mystery-tale motif of how-much-did-the-husband-know about the murder plot in advance. Fresh from the hospital, Mary Jo, mouth distorted, harangued a mob of skeptical reporters on the porch, bitterly denouncing Amy Fisher and defending the virtue of her spouse. She even sang praises about their "better than ever" sex life on Howard Stern's radio show. It was an astonishing display of female triumph of the will. A betrayed wife had won back her man and defeated her younger competitor. On the _Donahue_ show a few weeks ago, Mary Jo sat serenely by her husband, who proclaimed his innocence against a hostile audience and the host himself, who called him "the most hated man in America." But Joey Buttafuoco is just a puppet maneuvered by a maternal dominatrix, who has pulled him back into the domestic orbit as the third of her children. Her head wound is the battle scar of a total victory. At the end of the _Donahue_ show, Mary Jo's Irish mother stood up and spat defiance at the crowd. Joey "wouldn't be sitting up there"—alive on this planet was the implication—if she thought he had hurt her daughter. Mother and daughter had eerily the same face, a grimly down turned mouth chiseled on a boxer's jaw. The feminist view of male oppression is naive. Woman is dominant. The child-abuse obsession of the past decade, which plastered pictures of missing tots on milk cartons and now induces unknowns and celebrities to make public confessions of miraculously restored memories of ancient molestation, is predicated on a black-and-white paradigm of adult defilement of childhood innocence. The Lolita archetype is the fascinating heart of the Amy Fisher case. Lolita is not merely a male fantasy. A man—novelist Vladimir Nabokov—may have named her, but she is drawn from life. Lolita melts the sexual borderline that society has artificially drawn between child and adult. She is as conscious, willful, and manipulative as any mature woman. In Amy Fisher we saw Lolita in action, spinning her erotic spells from the high-school girls' room to the auto body shop. More power to her. Sitting in jail, she is paying the price for her daring pirate raids on respectability and convention. The Amy Fisher case shows the limitations of current feminist thinking about sex. Neither mainstream nor academic feminists are comfortable with the kind of aggressive, sleazy eroticism flaunted by Amy and her paramours. Genteel middle-class feminists cannot understand the cocky, swaggering, working-class masculinity of Joey Buttafuoco, which is far more important and universal than the cowed less-than-manhood of the polite white-collar wordsmiths who have swallowed the feminist line in academe and the media. The official rhetoric of the cultural elite is completely out of sync with the actual evidence of experience. In sentencing her to five to fifteen years in prison for first-degree assault, the judge told Amy that she was "motivated by lust and passion" and had pursued Mary Jo "like a wild animal stalks its prey." The sex impulse, uncontrolled in its natural state, is barbaric. Feminism has got to look honestly at the animal savagery and lust in all of us and stop blaming men for the darkness of the human condition. # THE FEMALE LENNY BRUCE: SANDRA BERNHARD [ _San Francisco Examiner_ , December 6, 1992] As a guest of the British Broadcasting Company, which is doing a documentary on her, I recently saw Sandra Bernhard's new show, _Giving Till It Hurts_ , at New York's Paramount Theater. From its campy celebration of Jacqueline Susann's _Valley of the Dolls_ to its prayer to San Francisco's late great Sylvester, the drag king of disco, I felt that I was seeing my own spiritual autobiography unfold before my eyes. Bernhard's career has surged forward in the last two years after a long period in which she never stopped working but seemed to many people to be wasting her talent in erratic, self-indulgent displays of chic cynicism. Bernhard first gained broad public attention for her brilliant performance as a terrifyingly seductive sociopath in Martin Scorsese's _The King of Comedy_ (1983), which earned her a permanent place in film history. Like Jessica Walter after her dazzling performance as a violent erotomaniac in _Play Misty for Me_ , Bernhard was shortchanged by Hollywood, which never came up with the kind of meaty _film noir_ roles she deserved. Bernhard continued doing her strange brand of performance art in comedy clubs around the country, but unfortunately the way she stayed in the national eye was through some two-dozen unsettling television appearances on the David Letterman show. I happen to detest David Letterman as the essence of cheap, snide, adolescent, white-bread humor. At first, I forced myself to watch the show if Bernhard was on but, upset and horrified, finally gave up. Jittery and wild-eyed, she seemed to be on an express train to self-destruction. In 1986, Bernhard began collaborating with writer-director John Boskovich, leading up to the first of her two shows, _Without You I'm Nothing_ , which was made into a movie in 1990. During the show's six-month run in New York in 1988, Bernhard met Madonna, and the two cavorted around town as prankish "gal pals." Were they lovers or not? The tabloids had a field day. In the past year Bernhard became a regular on _Roseanne_ , the top-rated mainstream sitcom, but retained her on-the-edge flair by posing nude for _Playboy_ and hosting a bizarre HBO party special with a garish Fellini decadence. With her new stage show, Bernhard has emerged as a more mature and confident star. The undertone of bitterness and disillusion that ran through her early career seems gone. Her romantic disappointments have deepened her as a performer. As a sexual persona, Bernhard is unique in the contemporary arts. She is completely American. No other country can produce this kind of brashly individualistic woman, harsh, aggressive, raunchy and physical, with an imagination drenched in thirty flamboyant years of popular culture. My sense of identification with Bernhard's volatile worldview comes partly from a shared ethnic history. Suburbia, which flowered after World War II, is still insufficiently understood. It was here that the rich, ethnic, extended families collapsed into the tense, isolated nuclear family, which tried to sanitize itself into conventional American normality. The repressions of suburbia have produced Bernhard, Madonna, and me. Half of us is a nice suburban girl; the other half is a raving pornographic maniac, the beast buried in the cellar. Bernhard's creativity springs from these cultural conflicts. Her Jewish family, with its East Coast sensibility, was transplanted from Michigan to Arizona. Like Bette Midler growing up in Hawaii, Bernhard was an alien. Her geographical displacement was intensified by a gender displacement. In her new show, Bernhard speaks of her teen-age anguish over her period not beginning until she was seventeen. Too tall and neither blond nor cute, Bernhard was not destined for prom queen. Bernhard's act is shot through with autobiographical musings, the seething longings and glamourous dreams of a prisoner in the pleasant suburban wasteland. Like Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath, she is a Confessional poet. But Bernhard has turned Confessionalism away from suicide and toward comedy, a mode of survival and redemption rather than loss. American stand-up comedy began in vaudeville and was transformed into social commentary by Lenny Bruce. There was a penetrating style of Jewish intellectuality, typified by Mike Nichols and Elaine May and the early Joan Rivers, that regrettably has gone out of fashion in comedy in the past fifteen years. Joy Behar, with her devastating Catherine Deneuve parodies, briefly revived it but seemed to lose interest. Sandra Bernhard has Lenny Bruce's brooding menace and quick, razor-sharp mind. She re-creates the brainy neuroticism and earthy sensuality of Beatnik women, with their gloomy hipster realism. By her gutsy insistence on singing—in an ever-improving but often thin or fractured voice—Bernhard has rejoined stand-up to its origins in vaudeville, where music and comedy were brassily interwoven. All musical styles of the past quarter century are evoked in Bernhard's shows: jazz, Broadway, country, rock, soul, Motown, disco, as ingeniously reinterpreted by a Jewish rapper. It's a vast aural spectacle. For my Sixties generation, cultural history _is_ popular music, in a way incomprehensible in Europe. Fragments of ads, brand names, movies, TV, and celebrity gossip float through Bernhard's routines. But her technique is not the tiresome sterile irony of postmodernist "appropriation." On the contrary, she daringly explores a raw, stormy emotionalism, sudden tantrums that repel or terrify. The task of the artist and intellectual at the end of the century is to rework the discontinuities of our lives into new wholes. How can we clarify our thinking about this pagan Age of Hollywood? French and German theory won't do. We need a native language of sensory analysis. Bernhard's operatic surrealism is a good start in this direction. She combines the modernist themes of desolation and abandonment with the spirituality of black music and the hostile but affirmative energies of rock. She has the sophisticated worldliness of gay men and the gorgeous theatricality of drag queens. With Boskovich, she is rescuing gay identity from its excessive politicization and reorienting it toward culture. Above all, Bernhard is reinventing feminism. While the once-pioneering Lily Tomlin has become the high priestess of political correctness, Bernhard embraces the great female personae excluded by the prudish Steinem politburo: bitch, stripper, whore, lady, fashion model. The evolved Bernhard is a wonderful influence on young audiences. Her new feminist is a powerful, self-reliant personality with a sharp, bawdy tongue. Like the drag queen, she can defend herself without running to grievance committees. Whether lesbian or bisexual, she accepts and respects male lust without trying to censor it. And she knows that comedy is the best road to truth. # BROOKLYN NEFERTITI: BARBRA STREISAND [An interview with Rebecca Mead, cover story, _Sunday Times_ magazine, London, May 30, 1993. Another article by Paglia on Streisand appeared too late for inclusion in this volume: _The New Republic_ , July 18, 1994.] One of the supreme moments in recent popular entertainment was when Barbra Streisand sang "Evergreen" for Bill Clinton at his inauguration gala. All of her American fans were saying to ourselves: "Look at what we've missed for the past twenty-five years!" She looked spectacular, wearing a business suit with big padded shoulders and a long skirt slit up the thigh. I was delirious. She was all man and all woman. It was a return to her roots, to the unconventional, somewhat androgynous persona she had at the beginning of her career in the early 1960s. She's gone full circle. There is a wonderful unity and simplicity about Streisand's current persona. Even her speaking style has been resimplified and become clearer and stronger. I love the fact that she's retaken the public stage as a political figure. Until a couple of years ago, when she made _The Prince of Tides_ , many people were tired of her. I was impatient with her erratic productivity and the middlebrow drift of her taste. But now she is a splendid role model for women: a mega-celebrity who is also politically engaged. Many people question her motives and find her posture ludicrous. They say that she's getting involved in politics for the sake of fashion, trimming her sails for the moment, that she's a White House sycophant and hanger-on. But in point of fact, her political commitment long predates the rise of Clinton. She is an authentic heir of leftist politics in America. Her beliefs can be traced to her origins in ethnic, working-class Brooklyn. She came out of the crucible of Jewish political activism. Streisand's radical politics go back to the passionate Jewish liberalism that pervaded 1950s avant-garde circles and descended in turn from labor-union agitation in the 1930s. Greenwich Village in the late 1950s and early 1960s was seething with folk singers, and many of the populist songs being performed in coffee houses were labor protest songs of the 1930s. In a sense, Streisand is coming out of that. Even her crisp, emphatic diction is immediately recognizable as the old voice of Jewish political activism. When she first exploded upon the world in the early 1960s in _Funny Girl_ , what Streisand represented was an electrifying new individualism that looked forward to the Sixties counterculture. The nonconformism of her sexual persona was so radical compared to what we had been raised with for the prior fifteen years, with all those cheerful, sanitized blondes, such as Doris Day and Debbie Reynolds. There was a whole series of blonde nymphettes, such as Carol Lynley and Sandra Dee, prefiguring the Barbie doll. They were sweet, docile, winsome, harmless, very attentive and deferential to men. What was so amazing about Streisand was her aggressive ethnicity. The Nose, which she refused to have changed, was so defiantly ethnic. It was a truly revolutionary persona. She was a brilliant new icon of modern womanhood. She was the first public figure to wear retro clothes from the 1930s. This "thrift-shop look" became a hippie style later adopted by Janis Joplin. Streisand made the cover _of Time_ magazine as a gamine waifish outsider and then was treated mythologically by _Life_ magazine; she posed as a haughty Nefertiti and as a Regency siren in Greek dress. While in high school, I went through a rabid Streisand period, when I slept on giant rollers to get my hair like hers and had long nails with plum polish. Early Streisand remains for me the best Streisand. She visibly seethed with emotion. When drag queens imitate her, it's always from that period, with that smooth, sleek helmet hair, when she was still singing in cabarets. There has always been a conflict in Barbra Streisand, as in Oscar Wilde, between her populist politics and her aristocratic and tyrannical persona. In early pictures, with her hair swept back, she looks so grand, like a Russian duchess. This is what gay guys liked about her—the arrogant, monarchical divahood, which is definitely not democratic. Streisand has always been a kind of drag queen herself. That's true of Sandra Bernhard too, and it's true of me and of a lot of women who didn't feel particularly feminine when they were growing up. For women like that, by the time you figure out what femininity is, you've become a female impersonator. I've written in _Sexual Personae_ that all the great stars imitated by gay men—Mae West, Marlene Dietrich, Bette Davis, Diana Ross, Joan Collins, and Barbra Streisand—are androgynous. They are men-women, with this tremendous duality. That's why their romantic relationships are so bad, because they are autocratic and autonomous. As artists, they need no one else. I was so excited when it was announced that Streisand would appear in male drag in _Yentl_ (1983). But she pulled her punches, and I was disappointed. Amy Irving, playing the girl who fell in love with Streisand as the disguised yeshiva student, was meltingly sexual, but when it came to the kiss, Streisand shrouded it in shadow. She undercut her own persona. There is a male part of her that is palpably there, but she's unwilling to really go for it. Perhaps she is so uncertain of her sexuality that she fears compromising it. Streisand's insecurity about her sexual attractiveness is probably one of the reasons she stopped performing live for two decades. Audiences had started to call her "cold" on stage. She always felt like the homely, cross-eyed child from Brooklyn. But how rare it was to have the nonconformist ugly duckling elevated to the central role of major Hollywood films. When Streisand appeared in _The Way We Were_ (1973) with Robert Redford, people cattily commented on how much prettier the male star was than the female. Probably it was psychologically important for Streisand to withdraw in the 1970s and 1980s and become a hausfrau. She wanted to live like a real woman, and to be desired like one. Unfortunately, she eclipsed her own persona in that domestic period, when she was constantly redecorating and meat-shopping and cooking for her man. It was embarrassing. She had reverted to convention and become what the 1950s wanted us to be, a housewife and mother. I suffered every time I saw her in that atrocious mop of curls. She looked terrible. Her longtime boyfriend, hairdresser-turned-producer Jon Peters, first got to Streisand when he was visiting her house and said, as she was walking in front of him, "Nice ass." She was thrilled that a good-looking man was relating to her as a sexual being, because she was very insecure about this. In terms of twentieth-century popular culture, Streisand is a unique sexual persona. Fanny Brice, whom she was playing in _Funny Girl_ , was a superb stage comedian, but she never had the status of a sexual being. There are different ways to break conventions, of course. Jean Harlow did a slutty, trashy kind of thing: she had a working-class street sexuality that sharply contrasted with the elegant cosmopolitanism of her Hollywood contemporaries. Streisand's greatness is that she was able to inject the madcap Fanny Brice persona with all the sensuality and glamour of the great stars. To me, Streisand is a duchess, a queen, a tyrant. That is the persona she created in Hollywood. She has a reputation for being a bitch because of her perfectionism and desire for total control over every production. She is like Catherine the Great, a woman of autocratic power, who ruled alone and was a shrewd political operator, intolerant of any invasion of her turf. Streisand's craving for autonomy became a problem for her, since she never learned how to collaborate. The same thing has happened to Madonna. Such artists start out so individualistic, following their own instincts; but the point comes when they are so used to doing their own thing and not seeking advice from good people that they screw up. It happened with Madonna over the disastrous _Sex_ book, and it happened with Streisand in _A Star Is Born_ (1976)—a fascinating film but in many ways ludicrous; she was both the star and the producer. Streisand is in the Katharine Hepburn/Bette Davis tradition of women who just spoke out and took the consequences. She is someone who is totally self-determined and doesn't care what people think of her. Streisand's on-screen persona is quite unlike that of either Hepburn or Davis, but the way those stars defined the Hollywood establishment in the 1930s and 1940s is very much like Streisand's independent off-screen persona. Streisand's predecessors are prewar; no one was behaving like that after the war. While Streisand has to be respected for the genuineness of her political beliefs, one is entitled to be somewhat skeptical of any ambitions she might have for elective office (the rumors are inconclusive about this). The idea of Senator Streisand may be risible. At this point, it is absurd, inconceivable. She has not lived the political life and learned the skills of negotiation and compromise that you need to succeed in office and to communicate with ordinary people. I think Streisand is a Jesse Jackson figure, someone who is not very good at the day-to-day grind and banal minutiae of being a politician but who has a gift for giving big, stirring, kick-in-the-ass speeches that move multitudes. Now, at midlife and seasoned by experience, Streisand has a great public role to play, even if you don't agree with what she is saying. For example, even those who support gay liberation, as I do, may not agree with her controversial call for a boycott of the entire state of Colorado because of an anti-gay law passed there. Streisand has now become a grande dame, like Lady Bracknell in _The Importance of Being Earnest_. The thundering majesty of the Victorian dowagers has been sadly missing from women's sexual personae throughout the twentieth century. Streisand's imperious oratorical manner seems wonderful to me, as a feminist who has been trying to bury forever our Doris Day–Debbie Reynolds past. # LOLITA UNCLOTHED [A Rapido TV production for _World Without Walls_ , Channel 4, London. Produced and directed by Peter Stuart. Aired May 11, 1993.] _A girl's hand drops a needle onto a spinning 45 rpm disk in a tiny box record player. Sarah Vaughan's rakishly flirtatious "Let's" begins to play, as the camera pulls back to show a pubescent blonde girl in denim pedal pushers, ankle sox, and ballerina slippers, leafing through movie magazines. Absent-mindedly twirling her hair around her fingers, she lies on her stomach, with her feet up and her ankles fetchingly crossed. Perched on the open lid of the record player are a pair of red-rimmed, heart-shaped sunglasses. Cut to a darkened, shrine-like set hung with a large yellow painting of the face of an adolescent girl wearing the same sunglasses. Her eyes peer provocatively over the green glass, and there is a bright blue lollipop resting between her parted, sensuous, very red lips. Across the top of the painting, the name "Lolita" is scrawled like a signature, with a heart dotting the "i."_ CAMILLE PAGLIA, _in black sweater and pants, steps out of the shadows and mounts the platform in a somewhat pugnacious manner_. CAMILLE PAGLIA: Nabokov's novel is a final corruption of the tradition of the veneration of the child that in fact was created by Rousseau and Wordsworth at the birth of Romanticism. The child was now considered sexless and saintly. Freud tried a hundred years ago to redefine the infant and child as fully sexual, but that idea has never taken. It is too _appalling_ to most parents to really _imagine_ that there's a sexual dynamic going on between themselves and their children. So this, as far as I'm concerned, this motif of childhood sexuality, _is_ the last taboo. _(Cut to 1966 black-and-white film of a relaxed_ VLADIMIR NABOKOV, _wearing eyeglasses, dramatically reading from a copy of_ Lolita _(1955), open on a table before him.)_ VLADIMIR NABOKOV "Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta: the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth. Lo. Lee. Ta." _(Cut to shot of the page, then back to_ PAGLIA _on set.)_ PAGLIA: "Lola" is traditionally a great name—as in Lola Montez—for a courtesan figure, going back to the nineteenth century and in fact earlier. "Lolita," the diminutive, already implies a kind of infantilization of this figure of adult sexuality. So I think there's a kind of child's play, a sort of breaking of the taboo, a profanation of childhood language, nursery rhymes even in the name "Lo-lee-ta" _(draws it out lasciviously)_. _(Cut to black-and-white newsreel footage of the premiere of the film of_ Lolita _in New York in 1961. Stentorian, Walter Winchell-like commentary by_ MICHAEL FITZMAURICE _for_ News of the Day. _Headline: "Lights! Cameras! Premiere in Manhattan." Pan of Times Square on a rainy evening. Under the huge marquee of Loew's State are crowds behind police barriers and surging photographers popping flashbulbs.)_ MICHAEL FITZMAURICE: Broadway at dusk! And as the lights go on, the _News of the Day_ camera records the welcome for _Lolita_ , the film the whole town's talking about! There is acclaim in the film world for Stanley Kubrick, director of _Lolita_ , arriving with Mrs. Kubrick. _(Film of the Kubricks exiting their limousine. An umbrella is held out by a uniformed male usher wearing Lolita's heart-shaped glasses.)_ And now, Sue Lyon and James Mason. The capable young actress, who was fourteen when she received the nod to play the title role in _Lolita_ , shares the plaudits of the critics and movie fans with Mr. Mason, a veteran of many great starring performances. _(Sue Lyon, in a sensational platinum-blonde bubble hairdo, is paternally supported by the suave James Mason. Also visible are Joan Fontaine, in a chignon and far stole, escorted by Robert Stack.)_ _(Cut to stark black-and-white movie promo: "How did they make a movie of..._ Lolita? _"_ _Collage of Sue Lyon-as-Lolita photos flash by. Cut to London journalist_ SUZANNE MOORE. _)_ SUZANNE MOORE: When I think of Lolita, I always think of those heart-shaped sunglasses. When my young daughter wanted some sunglasses, we went into the shop, and they had all different shapes—they had heart shapes and star shapes, you know, for thirty pence, kids' plastic sunglasses. And I bought her—she was really little, about two or three, I think—these little heart-shaped ones, and this friend of mine said, "What are you _doing?_ What are you _doing_ , putting those on _her?_ " Because for him it just signified so _strongly a_ kind of sexual—a sexualization. It was the equivalent of putting a little girl in stockings or something. It just wasn't done. _(Cut to the most famous scene from the film_ , Lolita. _In a bikini, sunglasses, and huge sunhat, Sue Lyon is languorously stretched out on the lawn, reading while her transistor radio blares Nelson Riddle's "Lolita Ya Ya." The raucous voice of Shelley Winters as her landlady-mother is heard extolling the virtues of the establishment to a prospective tenant, James Mason as_ HUMBERT HUMBERT. _)_ CHARLOTTE _(Lolita's mother):_ My flowers win prizes around here! They're the talk of the neighborhood. Voilà! My yellow roses, my—uh, oh—my daughter. Darling, turn that down, please. _(_ HUMBERT, _startled and immediately transfixed, stares at_ LOLITA. _Turning down the radio with a petulant moue, she returns his gaze unflinchingly, then slowly removes her sunglasses. They continue staring, as her mother chatters on.)_ I can offer you a comfortable home, a sunny garden, a congenial atmosphere, my cherry pies— HUMBERT _(dumbfounded):_ Well, uh... _(Cut to author_ ANNE RICE, _regally seated in a sumptuous green-velvet chair next to a fireplace with a crackling blaze.)_ ANNE RICE: What Lolita has become today is the image of the seductive young girl who is every man's dream of sensuality. That wasn't what the real Lolita was in Nabokov's novel at all. She was a very ordinary girl who didn't herself _have_ profound sexual feelings and never really enjoyed the illicit relationship with Humbert Humbert, but that's been forgotten. When people speak of a Lolita today, they mean _(she grins)_ a hot little number. _(Cut to a montage of art works showing blossoming young girls in subliminally or overtly provocative poses: Jourdan's_ The Young Sea Nymph _(1870), Bouguereau's_ On the Bank of the Ruisseau _(1888), Mary Cassatt's_ Little Girl in a Blue Armchair _(1878), Balthus'_ Katia Reading _(1976).)_ PAGLIA _(on set):_ Culture seems to follow patterns of innocence and then cynicism. Because even in our own time there has been a great evolution in our attitudes toward what is now called child pornography. Many of the great art works of the Renaissance had kiddie porn elements, in particular the great _David_ of Donatello _(statue shown)_ , which today would get Donatello _arrested_ and taken off in a _paddy wagon!_ In the mid-nineteenth century there was a tradition of painters and photographers, like Lewis Carroll, for taking pictures of young girls totally nude _(a montage of seven photos)_ or placed in historical situations, with costumes and so on revealing the nude body in ways that would seem to us today, after Freud, as enormously perverse and sexualized. But this is part of the tradition of Romanticism, of looking at woman and the female principle as being innocent and pure. It's part of the heritage of Rousseau and Wordsworth. Such things are _impossible_ now, because we have so _resexualized_ the image of the child. This is a _profound_ cultural problem that we still are wrestling with. _(Cut to_ The Face _magazine cover of Kate Moss, proclaimed "This year's model." Cut to_ KEVIN KOLLENDA, _model agent for Take 2.)_ KEVIN KOLLENDA: I think there is a definite Lolita syndrome we're seeing in fashion today. You're seeing an innocence reborn. It's the doey-eyed expression, the beautiful lips, the clear skin, the freshness. _(Magazine covers shown.)_ And I think that's why the market's gone out after it—because it's a whole new approach. There are girls that nobody's ever seen before. _(Film of Jocelyn, a new "waif" model, at a photo shoot.)_ There is the _woman_ inside her that comes out. And I think that's _needed_ in the photos, because otherwise it would look like a little girl wearing Mommy's clothes or wearing some older woman's clothes. There is the _knowing_ in her eyes, the awareness of her womanhood, of her sexuality that I think is combined with her youthfulness. I think that's the magic of this whole look right now. It is quite virginal, the whole approach. It's very new; it's very clean. It's very moralistic—in a world that maybe right now is lacking in some morals! _(Cut to a bubbling bottle of Coca-Cola. The camera pans up to reveal moist red lips suggestively wrapped around a straw.)_ PAGLIA: The 1950s were a period when young girls were expected to be virgins in America. Then _my_ generation of the 1960s broke through and was overtly sexual. Now what's happened in the generation since the 1960s is quite remarkable. There has been a lowering of the age of overt sexuality in the personae of young women in America. There's a kind of shopping-mall style in junior-high-school and high-school girls that has led to the Amy Fisher case in this country. _(Cut to television news film of Fisher's 1992 sentencing.)_ BAILIFF: All rise! VOICE OF REPORTER _(ABC's Jeff Greenfield):_ When eighteen-year-old Amy Fisher was sentenced today for shooting the wife of her alleged lover, the judge acknowledged the obvious. JUDGE: To some people, you have become a media celebrity. PAGLIA _(on set):_ Amy Fisher, in her personal style—a kind of slutty, trashy shopping-mall style—absolutely embodies the American version of Lolita. Right from early on, headlines in America were screaming "Long Island Lolita." _(Front pages_ of New York Post, Daily News, _and New_ York Newsday: _"Young Gun," "Laughing Lolita," "D-Day for Amy," "Why was I ever born?")_ It was an amazing resurgence of this image in popular culture here. I think what's so fascinating to _me_ in the Amy Fisher case is the way you have this _face-off_ on a porch between this seventeen-year-old girl and this suburban mother, and they were fighting, essentially, for territoriality over this _man_ , all right? _(Film of Mary Jo Buttafuoco, the wounded wife, pressing through a mob of reporters in the courthouse hallway. Then Joey Buttafuoco cursing photographers outside his Long Island home.)_ Every one of these great crime stories or great sexually sensationalistic stories is showing the actual _reality_ —the _unstable_ reality of human sexuality. _(Back to Fisher's sentencing. Somewhat rumpled and nervous, she listens to the judge's statement, her face a strange mixture of fear and fascination.)_ JUDGE: Motivated by lust and passion, you were a walking stick of dynamite with the fuse lit. _(On screen: "Amy Fisher is serving five to fifteen years for attempted murder.")_ PAGLIA: Nabokov's _Lolita_ , which seemed _very_ sensationalistic and out of sync with the times in the mid-1950s, now seems to be almost a documentary record of the kind of pornographic real-life cases that have spilled over into the media in the Nineties. _(Cut to amusing clip from the film_ Lolita. HUMBERT _is wedged between_ LOLITA _and her mother in the front seat of a car at a drive-in, where a horror movie is playing. As screams peal from the screen, both women clutch at_ HUMBERT's _knee_. LOLITA— _to her mother's surprise and annoyance—ends up with_ HUMBERT's _hands sandwiched between her own.)_ ANNE RICE: Children are definitely sexual beings. They're sexual beings from the time they're little, bitty babies, and of course we have to protect them. We have to look out for them. We don't want to put them at the mercy of adult sexuality. That would be a terribly overwhelming and unfair thing to do. And there _have_ to be laws to protect children, but to _deny_ that they have any sexual feelings at all is _monstrous_. To talk to fifteen- and sixteen-year-old girls as if they have no desire themselves is perfectly insane! To lead them to believe that the appropriate role for them is that of a passive victim when they reach the age of seventeen and eighteen is _nonsense_. _(Voice of a contemporary actor reading an excerpt from_ Lolita, _while vintage Fifties film shows adolescent girls primping and preening amid sewing machines in home economics class and then modeling sports skirts in a fashion show.)_ HUMBERT: "Between the age limits of nine and fourteen there occur maidens who, to certain bewitched travelers, twice or many times older than they, reveal their _true nature_. The little deadly demon among wholesome children, she stands unrecognized by them and unconscious herself of her fantastic power." PAGLIA: I think the Lolita story forces us to face the fact that the girl in these adult-child relationships may _not_ be the innocent that she seems, that there is a complicated game being played under the surface. Because I have heard repeatedly from mothers that there are certain daughters born to them who learn how to twist Daddy around their little finger from the moment they can _walk_ , all right? I think there may in fact possibly be even a flirtation gene. I myself was born without it! _(Cut to contemporary actors playing_ HUMBERT _and_ LOLITA, _who is nonchalantly chewing gum. Obsessed, he stares at her, while she slowly blows a big pink bubble until it bursts with a pop. Cut to clip from Vincente Minnelli's film_ Gigi _(1958). Dressed like a dandy with top hat and cane_ , MAURICE CHEVALIER _sits on a park bench in Paris, as Gigi (Leslie Caron) plays tag with other schoolgirls.)_ MAURICE CHEVALIER: This story is about a little girl. It could be any _one_ of those little girls playing there. But it isn't. It's about one in particular—that one. Her name is Gigi... Gigi. _(Laughs suggestively.)_ What you have to look forward to, Gigi! _(Chuckles and sings.)_ Those little eyes so helpless and appealing/One day will flash and send you crashing through the ceiling./Thank heaven for little girls..." PAGLIA: I don't think there is quite as sharp a borderline in France between childhood and adult sexuality as there is in England and America. It's therefore no surprise to me that the Lolita motif has continued as a French archetype all these decades since the period of Brigitte Bardot. _(Clips from early Bardot films)_ I find very attractive in French culture the overt sexual grace and frank acknowledgment of sensuality in young French women. _(As a woman looks on, the ebullient, teenaged Bardot is whirled round in the arms of a brawny man, who carries her away.)_ WOMAN: She's enchanting! MAN _(domineeringly):_ She's—she's such a baby! _(Cut to film of seven-year-old blonde Bardot lookalike_ VANESSA PARADIS _singing on French television.)_ VANESSA PARADIS _(lisping charmingly): Et même la lune... vivre avec nous la vie... (forgets words, trails off, and giggles)_. HOST: _Tu fais un peu de danse? Tu fais un peu de danse, non?_ [You'll do a little dance?] PARADIS: _Oui_. [Yes.] ANNOUNCER: _De la dance classique?_ [Classical dance?] PARADIS: _Rhythmique_. [Modern dance.] ANNOUNCER: _Fais moi voir commencer!_ [Go ahead, show me!] _(Cut to moody, blue-toned music video of a fifteen-year-old Paradis, now with full-scale, petulant Bardot lips. She slowly washes her face with water from a basin, pats herself dry with a towel, and stretches out languidly on a bed.)_ SUZANNE MOORE: Well, the last time I was in Paris, I just noticed everywhere images of nymphets, if you like, of people like Vanessa Paradis. I think French women often are kept in a very kind of infantile position within their families, and that's reflected in a kind of sexual imagery that you see there. _(Cut to_ NANCY HONEY, _photographer, in London.)_ NANCY HONEY: It was interesting that when I recently had an exhibition of a lot of different pieces of my work in France, they certainly had _no problem_ when it came to how the images would be _read_. And I just thought that was so different and refreshing, after all this confusion for the last five years, where I felt that I had to constantly rationalize my work and my feelings about my children. _(Montage of her photos of her nude children.)_ And there is a _huge_ amount of _sensuality_ in how I feel about them. But that _isn't sexual_ , and I think that that's where the difference lies. And I _do_ think that people have a lot of trouble with that hairline difference between sexuality and sensuality. _(She picks up a black-and-white photo of Daisy and Jesse, aged seven and nine, touching hips. Seen from behind, their backs and buttocks resemble those of marble Greek_ kouros _sculptures.)_ This image here, when this was exhibited, as part of a larger exhibition—I went to one of the exhibition organizers and said I thought that this would be a wonderful image for the poster. And she just completely freaked out and said that there was absolutely no way this could _ever_ be used for a poster in _any_ sense, and she mentioned the word "pedophilia." And I was really _shocked. (She picks up a photograph of Daisy, at eight, peering through tumbled hair half-obscuring her face.)_ And another exhibition organizer looked at this one, and she'd been leafing through the photographs and saying that she liked them, and she said, didn't I think that I'd "constructed" this in a "Lolitaish" way? And again, I was _completely_ dumbfounded! I really didn't know what to say because it had _never_ even _occurred_ to me. I've had lots of comments about, you know—well, obviously you posed her with her hair over her eyes to make her look at the camera in a soft porn pose—which, to be honest with you, I mean, I _didn't_. It was a look that she _had_ a lot of the time, and you can see it in family snaps—if you care to look through my family album! So I didn't have a problem with this image. And although I think that this one _(displays a photo of her son, in a dreamy pose, at ten)_ could be misconstrued in exactly the same way, no one's ever mentioned a word about this one being a sexual image because, perhaps, of him being a boy. ANNE RICE: I don't think there's any danger in using children in art. I think it'll always be confusing. There'll always be a heavy note of seductiveness in it, you know. And if you look at the old Pear's soap commercials with the beautiful little girl _(cut to Pear's advertisement)_ , that's a sexy little girl. Now there's nothing really dirty or ugly about that. It's beautiful. But she's cuddly, and she's sensuous, and it's a gateway to something. But, I mean, you're not meant to _open_ that gate and go that way, you know? That's the idea. But if we get too puritanical and we try to stamp out any use of children in art, I think that would be a terrible thing. Children _exist_. _(Cut to photographs from_ Immediate Family, _Sally Mann's pictures of her children. One little girl, playing_ Sorry, _has an off-the-shoulder blouse; another holds a pretend cigarette; another, clutching a doll, wears heart-shaped sunglasses. A half-nude boy gracefully poses with hand on bare hip; his wrist seems tied by black thongs. In the last picture, a girl who may or may not be nude stands in roller skates on a darkened porch, her hand falling near her crotch.)_ PAGLIA: I feel the function of the modern artist is precisely to shatter _all taboos_ and that where the subject of the art work causes the most pain, that is where the artist is contributing the most to civilization. _(Cut to pastoral scene, Barley Splatt, Cornwall. Water spills into a stream, which mirrors the stone, fortress-like country home of_ GRAHAM OVENDEN, _artist.)_ GRAHAM OVENDEN: One of the great problems at the moment is the actual automatic association of sexuality with sexual abuse in children. _(_ OVENDEN _is shown sitting in his studio among his paintings of nude prepubescent girls.)_ I mean, it's just patent and complete and utter nonsense. I think that the two have become so ingrained in the popular imagery, in the tabloid imagery, it's going to be _very_ difficult for children in fact to have _any_ normal understanding of their sexual selves. This conversation in Germany or France, in fact, would be a non-starter, because the problems and the neuroses which we are talking about is a peculiar Anglo-Saxon problem, as far as one can tell, _(gestures at two nude paintings)_ This is a pair of commissioned portraits which I am working on at the moment, and they happen to be German girls. And they happen to come from one of the most famous German families! _(laughs)_ I don't feel the slightest desire, in fact—apart from doing straight portraits—of doing nudes of children in Anglo-Saxon countries. I suppose in a way one could say I'm being chicken by saying that, but we've actually reached a point in this country where it becomes equivocal whether in fact one is actually doing something legally. The present morality is a very _cloaking_ one. Instead of the figure growing outwards in all its sort of state of grace, its clarity and its purity, it is cloaked. It's taken _back_ into darkness, into the shadows. I mean, I don't bring nudity into it. _Nudity_ is totally immaterial, because nudity is actually a state _of purity_ —an _absolute state. (The camera pans other of his paintings, where nude young girls boldly fix spookily intense eyes on the viewer.)_ This gaze, I mean, this is one of the most precious and wonderful qualities which you find in childhood. That stare, that _clear-eyed stare_ in fact has the universe in it. And there is that sort of emotional quality in a child's look. I'd like on occasion to think of it as the child staring out at you and saying, you know, "Beware. Do _not_ corrupt me." Perhaps because people are generally, shall we say, emotional cowards. It worries them, that stare. _(Cut to_ ANDREW SAMUELS, _Jungian analyst in London.)_ ANDREW SAMUELS: If you start to look at Lolita—the theme, the syndrome, as well as the book—from the point of view of males in crisis, then something new happens to our thinking. Let me explain what I mean. If you look at Lolita from the point of view of a clapped out, valueless, spiritually empty, middle-aged, middle-class professional—people like you, me, and a lot of the viewers of this program—then what you start to see is the way Lolita, the image, carries a certain kind of hope. Hope for a spiritual regeneration, hope for a connection with something deeper. _(Cut to actors portraying_ HUMBERT _and_ LOLITA. _As he leafs through a magazine, she is chewing gum, toying with her hair, and scratching her shin. Voice-over of extract from_ Lolita.) HUMBERT: "My innocent little visitor slowly sank to a half-sitting position on my knee. Her adorable profile, parted lips, warm hair were some three inches from my bared eyetooth; I felt the heat of her limbs through her rough tomboy clothes. And all at once I knew I could kiss her throat or the wick of her mouth with perfect impunity. I knew she would let me do so, and even close her eyes as Hollywood teaches." _(Cut to_ KIM MORRISSEY, _author of_ Poems For Men Who Dream of Lolita.) KIM MORRISSEY: _Lolita_ is a book where the fictional character of Dolores—Lolita—has no voice. And you never hear her side of the story. And so there's a great desire, I think, for women to have those voices that are traditionally left out of literature heard. When I wrote these poems, I wanted people to _never_ be able to say the word "Lolita" again and use it in the clichéd way that we have. _(She reads from her book. Dreamlike footage of girl on a swing is superimposed on her face, accompanied by distorted playground shouts.)_ "Stepfather, somewhere between the dark stain on the tiles and the towels heaped on the back of the toilet, you rest your case. I may leave if I want. Today you are giving me choices. I watch my head turn in the mirror, thin hair finger-brushed back, tied low on my neck like a bow, taste your hair at the back of my throat, tightly wound wires riding the tip of my tongue. Today is a day we make choices. You or the foster home. You or the chair." PAGLIA _(on set):_ I would maintain that the novel contains a cloaked incest drama. That in fact there is a masked father figure—Humbert—in this story that expresses the eternal conundrum of the incest taboo in our culture. We must recall that the two greatest plays in Western history, Sophocles' _Oedipus Rex_ and Shakespeare's _Hamlet_ , contain incest themes. We seem to be returning to this problem again and again. _(Cut to film clip from_ Lolita. _Sue Lyon as_ LOLITA, _chomping crackers, is perched in a window, with her feet flirtatiously up on a table at which James Mason as_ HUMBERT _is dolefully sitting.)_ HUMBERT: I will never give away any of your secrets. LOLITA: You wouldn't? HUMBERT: I promise. LOLITA: Oh! Well for that, you get a little reward. HUMBERT: Oh, thank you very much. LOLITA: Here. _(She dangles a large slice of fish over his mouth.)_ HUMBERT _(fatigued, exasperated):_ Oh, no, please. No—Lolita. No. LOLITA: Put your head back. Put your head back! Open your mouth. You can have _one little bite! (He suddenly grips her wrist and takes a big bite.)_ CHARLOTTE _(puzzled, then anxious at the foot of the stairs):_ Lolita! Lolita! PAGLIA: We're faced with a conundrum, a paradox here at the end of the century. We want to draw the father _into_ the family unit closer and closer. Fathers now freely push strollers in a way that would have been embarrassing for them in the 1950s. But _now_ , how close is too close? _(Cut to contemporary reenactment of_ LOLITA _clumsily applying lipstick in a mirror_. HUMBERT _hovers intently in the background of her reflection.)_ Just _what_ are the boundary lines of acceptable physical behavior between fathers and children? NANCY HONEY: Lots of dads have actually told me that they now feel that they can't even _touch_ their eight-, nine-, ten-year-old girls without feeling that somehow there's something _wrong_ with it. And it's, I think, _more_ dangerous to stop physical closeness for a father and daughter, or for a father and son, than it is to be so worried about it. _(Cut to intimate portrait of_ HONEY _'s husband and son)_ ANDREW SAMUELS: There _is_ something mutually enriching and enhancing in the communications between father and daughter that stress, above all, the potential erotic liability of the daughter. What we're badly lacking, and urgently need to develop, are texts that stress _positive_ aspects of the erotically charged relationship between daughter and father. _(Cut to reenactment of_ HUMBERT _gently kissing_ LOLITA's _forehead)_ What _I_ would want to do is to reconnect Lolita—and our worries about Lolita are justifiable and understandable worries about a veritable _explosion_ of Lolita-ism in Western culture—I'd want to connect that _back_ to ordinary benevolent erotics in the family. _(Cut to film of Nabokov in shorts, prowling mountain meadows with a butterfly net. He deftly traps a butterfly, inspects it, then releases it.)_ PAGLIA: Nabokov's novel was like a hand grenade thrown into the middle of the 1950s, blowing apart this kind of tranquil, settled, unexamined relationship between parents and children. In _Lolita_ , Nabokov created a character who would come to symbolize the removal, in the final decades of this century, of the line that history had drawn between childhood and adult sexuality. We are now in the center of a sexual storm. It remains to be seen whether that line, artificial and repressive as it was, was not in fact in the best interests of culture. _(Cut to legs of the girl in the opening scene. She is twisting her hair around her fingers. We hear Sarah Vaughan singing "Let's fall in love right here and now." The girl lifts the needle from the spinning 45, abruptly stopping the music. Cut to reenactment of_ HUMBERT _watching_ LOLITA _blow an enormous bubble. It pops into a black-out.)_ # MASTERS AND MISTRESSES # DIANA REGINA [Cover story, _The New Republic_ , August 3, 1992] With the release of Andrew Morton's book, _Diana: Her True Story_ , the decade-long Diana cult has become more than a sentimental fairy tale. Morton's book, first published in June, created a publicity storm unprecedented even for naughty, tell-all celebrity biographies. The June 7 edition of the _Sunday Times_ of London, which contained the first serialized excerpt, sold a record number of issues, up 21 percent from the regular 1,143,000 sale. In the United States, the issue of _People_ that contained the first excerpt for American audiences sold 4,001,100 copies, a record in the magazine's eighteen-year history. Simon and Schuster had to double its 200,000-copy print run of _Diana_ within days of publication. The book flew to the top of _The New York Times_ best-seller list, which also contains, at fifth place, a recent book by Lady Colin Campbell, _Diana in Private_ , and at fifteenth, Nicholas Davies's _Diana: A Princess and Her Troubled Marriage_. The book was shrouded in secrecy during production, but tantalizing tidbits began to leak out in the week before its serialization by the _Sunday Times_. The marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales was over. Diana, weakened by bulimia, had tried to kill herself five times. Charles flaunted a mistress. There would be a divorce, a constitutional crisis, the collapse of the monarchy. The editor of the _Sunday Times_ , denounced by members of Parliament and royalist hangers-on, stoutly defended the authenticity of the book, whose on-the-record sources are of unprecedented closeness to Diana, including her brother, Viscount Althorp. Because the book also uses a large number of unpublished family photographs, there was speculation that Diana herself had cooperated, however discreetly, with its production. But as the American response to the news shows, the fascination with Diana is more than a British phenomenon. It is an international obsession whose scale and longevity show that it is more than high-class soap opera or a reactionary wish-fulfillment fantasy for American Anglophiles. Those who have never taken Diana seriously should take a new look. With this latest burst of press attention, Diana may have become the most powerful image in world popular culture today, a case study in the modern cult of celebrity and the way it stimulates atavistic religious emotions. It is increasingly obvious that Diana's story taps into certain deep and powerful strains in our culture, strains that suggest that the ancient archetypes of conventional womanhood are not obsolete but stronger and deeper than ever. _Cinderella_. When we first met her, Diana was a shy, blushing teenager who had landed the world's most eligible bachelor, a dashing Prince Charming with a throne in his future. Morton's book reveals that Diana is Cinderella in more ways than one. Despite her privileged background, she had a desultory finishing-school education and earned money doing odd jobs as a charlady—"vacuuming, dusting, ironing, and washing." Bizarrely, we actually see her "on her knees cleaning the kitchen floor" as she chats with a chum about her weekend plans. The Cinderella analogy continues in the way Diana is pushed around and undermined by real and step relations: her bossy, fast-track sister Sarah, her ruthless, showy stepmother Raine, and the snippy female royals. She is stonewalled, outwitted, criticized, particularly by a stiff and censorious Queen Mother, who had been publicly portrayed during the engagement as Diana's benevolent elder mentor. _The betrayed wife_. Morton's book confirms rumors that have floated around for years about Charles's long-term mistress, Camilla Parker-Bowles, whom Charles dated before her marriage in 1973 to an army officer who is now Silver Stick in Waiting to the Queen, a peculiarly suggestive Tudor honorific. We now learn that Charles hardly spent a moment alone with Diana during the engagement. She seems to have been selected with clinical detachment as a brood mare to carry on the Windsor line. Like Mia Farrow in _Rosemary's Baby_ , tricked and maneuvered into impregnation by Satan, she is isolated and conspired against by a faithless husband in league with a secretive, coldly smiling coterie. Most intolerably, her suitability as a mate was approved by Camilla herself, who deemed Diana the least threatening of rivals. Charles even proposed to Diana in the Parker-Bowles garden, as if under his mistress's aegis. We are certainly getting only one side of the story. It is unlikely that the mature, athletic, tally-ho Camilla, whom Diana cattily calls the "rottweiler," is as merciless and scheming as she is presented here. But the tales we are told—photographs of Camilla falling out of Charles's diary, Charles on the royal honeymoon sporting new cuff links from Camilla with two "Cs" intertwined, Diana overhearing Charles in his bathtub professing eternal love to Camilla on his portable telephone, Camilla boldly presiding as hostess at the married Charles's country estate—inevitably make us sympathize with the young, fragile, and self-doubting Diana. Like Isabel Archer in Henry James's _The Portrait of a Lady_ , Diana is an ingenue subtly manipulated by a cynical matron, a sexual sophisticate of insidious insideness. _The princess in the tower_. Diana's story revives motifs of imperiled or mourning femininity that flourished in Victorian poetry and painting but that one had thought long dead in this era of aggressively career-oriented feminism. Having discharged his princely duty to marry, Charles apparently cut himself off from Diana emotionally. She seems orphaned, abandoned. Her old friends, outside the moat, joke that "POW," Princess of Wales, really means "prisoner of war." Languishing in plush solitude, Diana resembles a whole series of melancholy pre-Raphaelite heroines painted by Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais: Tennyson's lovelorn Lady of Shalott caught in the threads of her loom, or his desolate Mariana, languidly stretching herself in her blue velvet gown; or Keats's half-mad young lover Isabella, watering the pot of basil with her tears. Like Andromeda chained to the rock—the theme of one of Burne-Jones's greatest paintings—Diana is both imprisoned and exposed. She is trapped in royal formulas of decorum, with the world's eyes upon her. Her immediate predecessor is another Diana: Julie Christie in _Darling_ as a spirited young woman who leaves swinging Sixties London to become an Italian _principessa_ , only to be buried alive in grandiose luxury and the unctuous obsequiousness of a hovering army of servants. _The mater dolorosa_. Diana's children, William and Harry, give her image stature. Without them, and her widely noted physical tenderness toward them, her marital complaints would seem far more juvenile or petulant. It is ironic that Charles, who plucked Diana from obscurity and who has all the weight of rank and wealth behind him, seems helpless in the court of popular opinion against the ancient archetype of the sorrowing mother or _mater dolorosa_ , which Christianity borrowed from the cult of Isis. Charles had sought and found, in Morton's words, "a virginal Protestant aristocrat to be his bride" only to discover that his philandering attempts to remain himself produced a new Catholic Madonna, a modern Mary with a taste for rock and roll. "Diana in tears" was the caption on the June 29 cover of _People_ magazine—the second cover story in a row—which reproduced a photo now seen everywhere of the Princess of Wales at her first official appearance several days after the _Times_ serialization began. Head bowed and biting her lip, she seems visibly shaken, but no tears are visible. This did not stop an American supermarket tabloid from artificially adding a tear streak and enhancing the drops, so that Diana resembles a Spanish Baroque Madonna with precious crystal tears sparkling down her cheeks. Weeping Madonnas are considered miraculous manifestations in Catholicism; like Diana, they draw rapt and unruly crowds. Morton matter-of-factly reports several dramatic instances of Diana's prophetic power to foretell death or catastrophic illness. For example, she publicly predicted her father's massive stroke the day before it happened, and she said aloud, while watching Charles gallop on his horse, Allibar, that it was going to have a heart attack and die—which it immediately did. With the painful revelations of this book, Diana now assumes the international position once held by Jacqueline Kennedy after the assassination of her husband. Suffering redeems, and the world honors grace under pressure. Diana's dislike of the sporting life at Balmoral, the royal family's hallowed vacation retreat in Scotland, recalls the soft-spoken Jackie's hard knocks in the early years of her marriage: trying to fit in with the hyperkinetic, competitive, roughhousing Kennedys, she broke her ankle in a touch-football game and never went that route again. The supreme moment of Jackie's public life was her dignified deportment at John Kennedy's funeral, where, draped in a misty black veil, she stoically stood with her two small children, gazing at the flag-draped casket. In Morton's book, Diana is significantly shown alone with her children. Though she is smiling, the somber black-and-white of the photographs suggests her mourning for a dead marriage. _The pagan goddess_. Diana's conflict with her husband's mistress has Greco-Roman echoes unusual for the British royal family: Diana, a fierce Italian goddess of the woods, versus Camilla, Virgil's Amazon, the militant Volscian horsewoman. A photo in Morton's book shows the young Diana Spencer dreamily reading a hunting magazine, _The Field: The Stalking Review_ , with grazing stags on its cover. The caption informs us, "While she has a reputation for being unenthusiastic about blood sports, Diana does enjoy stag hunting." Throughout art history, the ancient Diana, hot on the chase with her dogs, is almost invariably depicted with a stag or doe. Do names contain their own fate? _The Hollywood queen_. Morton tells us that Charles, exasperated by his wife's "histrionics," has often accused her of feigning "martyrdom." Indeed, in reserved upper-class British terms, Diana's behavior has an operatic Mediterranean theatricality. In her quarrels with Charles, the pregnant Diana threw herself down the Sandringham staircase, where she was found by the "Queen Mum," as the London dailies put it in June. On other occasions, she slashed her wrists with a razor blade, cut herself with a lemon slicer, stabbed herself in the chest and thighs with Charles's penknife, and hurled herself against a glass cabinet at Kensington Palace. These may have been, as the _Times_ headline said, "Cries for Help" rather than serious suicide attempts, but Diana's lurid private exhibitionism, so different from her public introversion, is reminiscent not only of the sensually gory lives of the saints but of Hollywood at its garish high point, the era of the "women's pictures" of Lana Turner, Susan Hayward, and Jane Wyman, which featured flawed, gallant, tormented women loyal to gorgeous but callow men. The old Hollywood studio system was like the Vatican in the way it manufactured stars and promoted its ornate ideology. The House of Windsor still functions like a studio in the way it sequesters its stars and subjects them to inhumane rules that make them more than human. Although she is still called "Di" in America, as if she were magically ever-virgin, Diana at her marriage ceased to be a private person and became Her Royal Highness, the Princess of Wales, one in a long succession of women holding that title. She merged with her function. Similarly, the movements of the royals are recorded daily in the _Times_ under the rubric of their residences, as if the palace itself has a greater living authority. Diana's enormous glamour springs from the tension between energy and structure. Going about her public duties, she radiates a magnetic power that is directly produced by her disciplined containment within class and rank. Her staggering worldwide popularity demonstrates the enduring power and significance of hierarchy, a power that fashionable academic paradigms—influenced by feminism, Marxism, Foucault, and the Frankfurt School—cannot understand and whose enduring mystique can only be explained by Roman Catholicism or Hollywood history. Diana's sole contemporary parallel as an international pop diva is the second Madonna, who, like Diana, expresses herself best through dance, the universal language. Both Diana and Madonna have trouble with words, which fail them in public. Diana even stumbled over her wedding vows, when she reversed the order of Charles's names. It is remarkable how Diana has projected her personality without the use of words. Photographs and video footage are her medium. She may be the last of the silent film stars. Morton's book reveals Diana's secret private life as a solitary ballet dancer: we see her gracefully poised _en pointe_ on the rotting stone balustrades at the "creepy" ancestral Althorp estate, which symbolize, as in _Last Year at Marienbad_ , the ambivalent burden of history. Diana's classical dance training has given her an aplomb and distinction of carriage that make for great photographs even when she is simply getting in and out of cars—a talent conspicuously lacking in the lumbering, bottom-heavy Sarah Ferguson. Like the great stars of the Hollywood studio era, Diana exists for us as primarily a visul presence. _The beautiful boy_. The stunning childhood color photographs in Morton's book, lavishly reproduced with the care normally reserved for old-master paintings, reveal an element in Diana we may have been only subliminally aware of: her boyish androgyny. With her refined Greek profile and ethereal expression, she looks remarkably like the seraphic Antinous. Staring vacantly at the television in a half-dozen different pictures, she has the eerie, blank, contemplative "Attic look" of Athenian divinities. Charisma springs from a presexual narcissism that is both male and female. It is Diana's androgynous charisma that makes her so photogenic; the camera is picking up her perfect, glowing, self-enclosed childlikeness—not to be confused with childishness, a behavioral flaw. Morton's book provides startling new information to explain this phenomenon: "I Was Supposed To Be a Boy," reads one chapter title. A badly deformed male baby was born to the Spencers, after two healthy girls, and soon died. Diana, the third girl, born a year and a half later, disappointed everyone's expectations. The fifth child was the long-awaited male heir, christened with great fanfare in Westminster Abbey, with the Queen as godparent. Brought up with her brother in a divorced home, with her two older sisters soon off to boarding school, Diana seems to have merged with him in gender: standing in the photos next to his athletic, long-legged sister, he seems plump, girlish, and abashed. Very beautiful people have an autoerotic quality plainly visible in the Diana pictures, which border on kiddie porn. The young Diana, in boots and creased, crotch-tight overalls, leans back against a fence rail in an attitude of solicitation normally associated with boy prostitutes. We see a good deal of the ample developing bosom and a great array of peekaboo shots in towels and bathrobes, including one in a Paris hotel bed. Aquatics offer all the charms of semi-nudity, and so we repeatedly watch Diana diving or posing, with the precise leg position of Botticelli's Venus, at poolside. There has been a persistent, half-conscious provocativeness in Diana's big public moments. In her first candid photo session at the London kindergarten where she worked, the newly engaged Diana was caught against sunlight in a see-through skirt that revealed her willowy legs. For her first official appearance with Charles, she chose a strapless, low-cut, lushly bust-revealing black ballgown that enamored the world but—we now learn—surprised and annoyed Charles. One of the principal, much-debated issues relating to the cult of Greek youth was _paideia_ , or education. Child-rearing emerges as a major theme in Morton's book. Diana was raised with the "formality and restraint" typical of British upper-class families. Her brother never had a meal with his father until he was seven. The kind of constant parent-child contact that is the norm, for better or worse, in poorer, smaller homes was missing from both Diana's and Charles's upbringing. Nannies, ranging "from the sweet to the sadistic," as Morton puts it, are the parent substitutes. One nanny punished the Spencer girls by mixing laxatives in their food; another beat Diana on the head with a wooden spoon. The children retaliated by putting pins on the nannies' chairs or throwing their clothes out the window. Privileged British children are soon packed off to boarding school, in an enforced separation from their homes that would be considered cruel and traumatic in contemporary America. Diana is determined to treat her sons differently: "I hug my children to death and get into bed with them at night." Is this enlightened or suffocating? The book's striking dust-jacket photos illustrate Diana's duality. On the front, she kneels in a fountain of white chiffon. She is wearing what looks like a stripped-down wedding dress from which every adornment has been torn, after battle on the field of love. The bodice is daringly off-the-shoulder, in her usual unsettling subtext of sensuality. On the back, in her androgynous mode, Diana wears a bohemian black turtleneck and pants. With her tousled hair, she looks like the Beatles on their first album cover. This reminds us that, with the failure of the Wales' marriage, the popular imagination has suffered its bleakest awakening since the Beatles broke up. Diana's multiple personae, from princess and mother to Greek ephebe, are rich and far-ranging but also mutually contradictory, and they are clearly consuming her. No one, least of all a nervous, vulnerable young woman, could sustain the voyeuristic laser beam of the world's adulation. Deification has its costs. The modern mega-celebrity, bearing the burden of collective symbolism, projection, and fantasy, is a ritual victim, cannibalized by our pity and fear. Those at the apex of the social pyramid are untouchables, condemned to horrifying solitude. There may have been many unhappy wives in royal history, but they did not have to live their emotions under the minute scrutiny of the telephoto lens. Mass media have made both myth and disaster out of Diana's story. We have created her in our own image. And, pursued by our best wishes, Diana the huntress is now the hind paralyzed in the world's gun sight. # TELEVISION AND THE CLINTONS [ _San Francisco Examiner_ , November 15, 1992] Television is America's kingmaker. The election of Bill Clinton to the presidency has finally demonstrated that television is not the crude, vulgar destroyer of political intelligence that so many commentators have claimed over the past twenty years. The television eye does not lie. Ads can be manipulated, but the live camera, following candidates around the clock through the long, bruising primary and campaign seasons, lets the public scrutinize the field up close and personal. Jostled, harassed, and dog-tired, candidates eventually reveal their true nature, in all its quirks and strengths. Policy alone is no way to pick a modern president. In the nineteenth century, before America was a world power, exhaustive three-hour debates of the Lincoln—Douglas kind may have been indispensable for proving fitness for office. But in today's intricate web of global telecommunications, unpredictable hair-trigger crises in remote, unstable places are a constant reality. George Bush was right: character is the ultimate criterion for measuring political candidates. The man or woman who would be president must have energy, stamina, good instincts, and steady nerves. Like an admiral or general under fire, the president must make snap judgments about confused, mercurial situations where information is scanty and the lives of thousands hang in the balance. Clinton's positions on civil rights, the environment, and the economy were not enough to elect him if he failed the character test. Questions about his honesty and integrity hovered over him throughout the campaign. Zigging and zagging, he never gave fully satisfactory answers about his military draft history or alleged extramarital affairs. But popular support solidified enough to win him the White House. How and why? The 1992 election was one of television's finest hours. Press reports have overstressed the unique television candidacy of independent Ross Perot, who used his billions to buy airtime in the canned style of late-night kitchen-gadget commercials. Television gave Perot national exposure, but it also undid him. Charmed at first by his brusque business sense and tart Texas talk, many people became disturbed by Perot's erratic glibness and mythomania, of which his bloody, elaborate, but totally uncorroborated dog-bites-terrorist-buttocks tale was the most grotesque example. Television at first seemed to sink Clinton. His performance on _60 Minutes_ —when he and Hillary evaded Steve Kroft's questions about Gennifer Flowers's claims of a long affair with Clinton—was weak. He was sheepish, ill-at-ease, abashed, like a schoolboy caught with his hand in the cookie jar. His wife was stronger, more resolute, mixing offense and defense with defiant bursts of vinegar and pepper. Hillary seemed fascinating and talented, but did one want to promote to commander-in-chief a man who came across as an overgrown mouse on his wife's leash? _60 Minutes_ was the valley of political death out of which Clinton climbed by his own persistence and effort. Week by week, he slogged along through the primaries, facing down snickering, insults, and slander. He seemed tireless. The exhausted press corps called him "Robo-candidate." This was Clinton's punishing rite of passage. As the nation watched on television, bags sagged under his eyes, and his voice grew raspy. His goofy, overconciliatory manner disappeared. His temper flared. The moment in New York when he fiercely snapped back at a gay heckler was pivotal. Battleworn and peevish, the boyish Clinton found the stern masculine persona without which no one—male or female—can lead a nation. Retaining his buoyancy and composure through adversity, Clinton grittily proved his character on television. It was also how he defeated a sitting president. By sheer brute physical vigor and endurance, Clinton forced a changing of the guard, a supplanting of one generation by the next. The fall of the elders before a young challenger is always a cruel moment in mythology or in wolf packs. Throughout the campaign, Bush was vague, fumbling, fatigued. He who had finally emerged from Ronald Reagan's paternal shadow only four years ago now seemed antiquated, dispensable. Bush's waning was ironically intensified by the unexpected waxing of Dan Quayle, who in the twilight of the Republican dynasty suddenly gained a sharp combative voice and persona after his long purgatory of scathing mockery by comedians and pundits. Quayle's self-propulsion out of eclipse was also made possible by television. The baby-boom generation has come to power in both parties with a surge of primal energy. Clinton has ignited the hopes and passions of the students of the Nineties in exactly the way John F. Kennedy did for us in the Sixties. I remember the breathless exhilaration I felt as a thirteen-year-old campaigning for Kennedy in 1960. The doldrums of the Eisenhower years were over. The whole future opened giddily before us. The exuberant energy of the Clintons and Gores connects us again to what was best about the Sixties generation, which later defeated itself in so many ways. On the podium at the Democratic convention, Hillary Clinton and Tipper Gore held hands and jumped up and down in a victory dance of infectious glee. On stage at the governor's mansion in Little Rock on election night, Al Gore, kneeling and wildly shaking hands, had to be yanked back by the belt as he nearly toppled into the crowd. Spontaneity, humor, fun: the Sixties, older and wiser, have returned. It's hard to imagine Nancy Reagan breaking into a jig to Fleetwood Mac. Sixties women are not afraid to break the rules or offend decorum. The Clintons as a shrewd power couple have forged a broad national coalition by breaking the sterile deadlock of liberal versus conservative that has paralyzed political thought for twenty-five years. They have taken the best from left and right to make a promising new synthesis that combines the moral quest for social justice with a respect for history and tradition, the virtues of the heartland. But what happens next? To govern, one must command the stubborn machinery of Washington, which outlasts all presidencies and parties. One must prioritize, husband resources, quell the turf wars of subordinates and special interests, and keep the ravenous media at bay. And around the world a hundred sectarian pots threaten to boil over. If the new administration can find the right combination of courage, toughness, and patience, the Sixties will have truly matured. # KIND OF A BITCH: WHY I LIKE HILLARY CLINTON [An interview with Rebecca Mead, cover story, _Sunday Times_ magazine, London, April 18, 1993. Original title.] Many of us voted for the Clintons as a power couple. They complement each other, and neither is totally adequate as a leader alone. That, I think, is what is so new. They are a symbol of the new kind of feminism: woman as co-equal to man, and sharer of responsibilities. When conservatives maligned Hillary before the election as "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock," the feminist establishment tried to claim that this was the sort of vulgar, derogatory talk always used by the patriarchy to cut down ambitious and competent women. I saw that the charge had some truth in it. I like Hillary because she's kind of a bitch. She has a quick, sharp tongue—which she managed to conceal for most of the campaign but which comes out periodically. But what won Clinton the presidency—his buoyancy and his common touch—are things that Hillary Clinton lacks. I've been a public fan of Hillary's right from the start, but there has been wild overpraise of her by the feminist establishment, which has seriously overestimated her capabilities. Normally in power couples, it's the man who is cold and realistic and the wife who has feeling for children and likes to press the flesh. It's the opposite with the Clintons, a sexual reversal: he's the one who gets teary-eyed and is a sentimentalist, who is a sucker for ceremonial occasions and for kissing babies. She has much more of a legalistic and highly organized way of thinking. She has the more traditionally masculine mind, he has the softer heart. There's something feminine about Clinton's sexual persona. He's the eternal boy, eternally optimistic, and that is extremely useful on the world stage. The boyishness of a leader is a gift, a charismatic quality. In _Sexual Personae_ I concluded that true charisma is androgynous and that many important leaders have a subliminal androgyny appealing to and unifying the social classes. I think that Hillary Clinton acting as Lady Macbeth behind the scenes allows her husband to show his boyish side. But such youthfulness can be extremely dangerous. It's a difficult problem when a leader's machismo is under challenge, as it is now with the controversy over gays in the military. Unlike most presidents, Clinton never served in the armed forces and was under a shadow during the campaign because of his alleged draft-dodging during the Vietnam war. Clinton needed to establish his authority immediately after his inauguration, and this is where Hillary complicated matters. We want a co-equal wife, and a woman who has her own career. But we cannot have a situation where the president is a wimp and his wife is a virago, an Amazon or Omphale figure. Looking at it mythologically, I see a real danger of Hillary turning into the Omphale archetype, the woman who enslaved Hercules, the most virile man of antiquity. Omphale put Hercules into women's clothes and made him spin and do woman's work in her household. Hillary is an enormously powerful woman. We don't want the perception, or misperception, that she's controlling politics from the boudoir, from behind the throne. Otherwise he turns into a puppet dangling from the strings of a dominatrix. To me there's a big question mark about what is going on sexually in that marriage. I have the feeling that the Clintons' publicly admitted marital problems came from Hillary's relapses into her hyper law-student mode, intense and bookish, which shuts off sexuality like a faucet. I wonder whether she has a problem—more common among women than is realized—of integrating sexuality with high intelligence and careerism. Pictures of Hillary in law school and her early career show that she was completely dowdy. This is also something I went through. In the 1970s I vowed I would never wear a dress again because it was a badge of servitude. I was determined to sabotage my own sexual persona, and that's what I think Hillary did too. Hillary can be sexy, but it was amazing how, on inauguration day, there was an uncomfortable return to her dowdy persona. She had this dreadfully frumpy scarf pulled up to her chin and a stiff hat jammed down to her eyes, and she just looked stumpy and dumpy. It was a reversion under high stress to dowdiness, and I think we were seeing her truest, deepest nature. The problems of the Clinton household are mirroring those of an entire generation. It seems to me that the Clintons represent the best of the Sixties generation, and the worst too. We had so many hopes and ideals, but we hit the wall of reality. Decade by decade, we of the Sixties have been forced to acknowledge that life is more complex and baffling than we thought. I am very uneasy when feminists and journalists overpraise Hillary and hail her as the supreme feminist woman, the supremely gifted one who will soon be running for president herself. The toll taken on the Clintons' daughter Chelsea by their power-couple marriage seems to be obvious. The girl looks like an orphan. She looks abandoned, as if she's a castaway on a desert island, a hostage in the family. During the entire campaign she was kept from sight. There was all this pious talk from people that the Clintons were nobly shielding their child from the pressure of public scrutiny. The first time we got a look at Chelsea, just before the Democratic convention, it was a terrible shock. One felt she was a walking, talking demonstration of the internal problems of her parents' marriage. At the convention, Hillary was all turned out and stylish, but Chelsea seemed to be deliberately trying to upstage her mother by looking like a spinster in mourning. Her rebellion against her parents was painful to see; it sabotaged the public displays and protestations of family happiness. I think there's a combat going on between mother and daughter, even a kind of terrorism. I'm not saying that Hillary should have stayed home with Chelsea. Feminism must move forward, and women must get what they can from both the career realm and from motherhood. But we must get over this naive optimism that everything will be just dandy, that you can succeed gloriously as both a mother and a professional without taking from either. Many of Hillary's problems came from this terrible dilemma facing modern women. The feminist establishment in America constantly insists that you can have it all. But I agree with Katharine Hepburn that you can't; something or someone will suffer. Hillary's strength during the campaign was her shrewd ability to mask herself in a bland, centered, middlebrow American persona that was a kind of throwback to the 1950s. She consistently looked quite good. She was able to communicate to American women that she is someone who sympathizes and empathizes with the role of wife and mother and yet holds her own beliefs and is in no way under the male thumb. She seemed to be both an independent thinker and a conventional woman grounded in the family. There was a pivotal moment in the campaign when Hillary said, in response to a nasty question about being a working mother: "Well, listen, I could have stayed home and baked cookies." Many people in America, especially women, did not like that at all. There was an outcry, and the campaign could have been lost at that moment. My admiration for Hillary Clinton is that she knew immediately that she had made a misstep and she deftly adjusted. You never heard that voice of hers again. People said: "Isn't that wrong, for her to retreat in the face of social convention?" I said no, no, no, on the contrary: this was a sign of Hillary's insight and political astuteness. She knew the progressive issues that she and her husband stood for—racial harmony, women's rights, toleration of gays—would benefit more from her husband's election than from her being able to be fully herself and do her own thing. She sacrificed her own self-expression for a great good. The reality principle triumphed. At the peak of her campaign mode, Hillary was tapping into the power of the Southern woman, which she had learned after many years as the governor's wife in Arkansas. Southern women can be both earthy and glamourous. They are superb hostesses: they know how to flirt wittily with men. Down South the women are very potent. There's a way they can command men that Hillary learned when she arrived there from the North. Over time, she became a Southern blonde, which I have learned to admire as a great sexual persona. Hers was a sober version of the Southern belle; there's no doubt that Hillary got a lilting cadence to her voice and a confident smile on her face from her experiences in Arkansas. Now, of course, she's in Washington, where people don't act like that, and she seems unfortunately to have lost the persona, since the models for it aren't around every day. Part of the problem is that she's doing the circuit as head of the president's task force on health care, asking questions, amassing information, and so forth, and it's increasingly difficult for her to retain that light, warm, feminine manner that she sustained so successfully during the campaign. Now that she's deeply immersed in hard practical issues, the TV cameras catch that cool, disciplined personality that was hiding under the gracious Southern persona. Now we see the eager, earnest, conscientious law student coming out again. She's been forced into the public eye in her most limited, most cerebral persona. Meanwhile Clinton is floundering with the gays-in-the-military issue, which he mishandled from the start. Right now, as sexual personae, the Clintons are a disaster. Hillary must very quickly recover that successful warm, calm persona she had throughout the campaign. The country cannot feel confident about leaders who look as if they're anxiously cramming for an exam. I think there is a problem that the feminist establishment refuses to face: career women in the Anglo-Saxon world have desexed themselves. Latin countries still acknowledge and celebrate the sexual power of woman. There is a mystique about it which we do not have. Unfortunately, when women achieve high positions in Britain and America, it seems to be at the price of their sexuality. There is a bleached, sanitized, desexed, desensualized quality to Hillary's persona, even at her sexiest. In other words, Hillary Clinton shows all of the possibilities of the modern career woman, but also all of the dangers: at the executive level of the industrialized world, we may be cutting ourselves off at the neck. Our battle is not just with the male establishment but with ourselves: how do we keep mind and body together? # HILLARY IN THE SPOTLIGHT _From_ Crossfire, _CNN, March 8, 1994. Hosts: Michael Kinsley and Pat Buchanan. Guests: Democratic Party strategist Ann Lewis in Washington and Camille Paglia in New York. On Hillary Clinton and the Whitewater scandal_. KINSLEY: We're going to get into that shredding in a little bit, but let me ask Camille Paglia. I don't know about you, but I encounter extraordinary antagonism towards Hillary Clinton, far beyond anything that could be explained by Whitewater or health care or anything like that, and I do think, it seems to me, that a lot of it at least is old-fashioned resentment of a successful, powerful woman. Now, isn't that fair? PAGLIA: I don't agree with this, because I'm a Clinton Democrat. I _loved_ Hillary during the campaign. I wrote articles about her. One appeared in England, a cover story, and so on, but I have been _bitterly_ disappointed in her performance ever since they took office. I'm judging her not as a woman but as a _person_ in the public life. I feel that she has _no_ idea how to maintain herself in that high position. She just hides from accountability. I find her arrogant. I find her cold. I think that there was too much unctuous genuflection in front of her, that the liberal media had only one image of her for the last year, and they're starting to wake up to reality, seeing her in action here. I think she has fumbled and bumbled and shown a kind of lack of character. The first moment when I began to have a chill about her was inauguration gala night, when Clinton sat there enjoying himself, very effusive, very open, and she sat there with this like pursed expression on her face, very tight. I felt that they were a power couple, a great power couple. They made many, many serious mistakes. One of the first things they did wrong was to separate the two of them within days. I mean, the way she was suddenly unleashed within days of taking office. Their people should have allowed the country to get to know her for a few months. To put her in charge of health care—one of the most important issues facing the nation, a very complex matter—so early on, she began to look like a kind of worried student. She was always frowning— KINSLEY: Now, Camille, if a man, say Pat Buchanan, to pick a man at random, had said that he was against Hillary Clinton because he didn't like the way she pursed her lips at the inauguration ball, he'd be savaged for sexism. PAGLIA: As a woman and as a feminist, I can state that I am not critiquing her as a woman. I'm critiquing her as _a person in the public eye...._ What I'm saying is that week after week, month after month, her old reputation, coming from the far right, of being the Lady Macbeth of Little Rock, has proved to be _true!..._ There _is_ something manipulative, cold, and self-withholding about her that it has taken the liberal media _a year_ to realize, and they— LEWIS: Wait a minute— BUCHANAN: All right. Let's get Ann Lewis back into this. LEWIS: If we're going to talk about Hillary Clinton as a person, can't we just stop and look at the year she's had? I'm stunned to hear this kind of language being thrown around. Here is a woman who one year ago relocated her family, including a teenage daughter, and those of us with teenage children know that isn't ever easy to do, changed her job, left friends and her sort of support network behind— PAGLIA: Oh, give me a break! LEWIS:—moved to a strange city— PAGLIA: Oh, what a sob story. KINSLEY: Hold on, Camille. PAGLIA: Oh, the violins, the violins! LEWIS: I am going to finish my talking— PAGLIA: What a sob story. LEWIS:—moves to a strange city, her father dies— PAGLIA: Oh, her father dies. LEWIS:—her friends are under attack— PAGLIA: Oh, please. LEWIS: This has been personally very difficult— BUCHANAN: Ann Lewis— LEWIS:—and to see her now criticized for what somebody remembers as an expression on her face— BUCHANAN: Ann, excuse me— LEWIS:—seems to me so grossly unfair, it's appalling. PAGLIA: That is absurd— _ridiculous!_ BUCHANAN: Camille, can I get into this? PAGLIA: They want _special standards for women! That's_ what you're asking! LEWIS: Camille, I'm asking for common standards of decency and human dignity. PAGLIA: _Decency?_ LEWIS: I would extend it to anyone here on this stage— PAGLIA: She's in the public eye. LEWIS:—and that includes people who are in the public eye, because when you go into the public eye, you do not lose your humanity or your warmth— BUCHANAN: Camille, I'm going to get in here. PAGLIA: Oh, I've never heard such sentimentality—! Saccharine, saccharine sentimentality. BUCHANAN: Excuse me, Camille. Ann Lewis, aren't you asking for something of a double standard here? PAGLIA: Yes. BUCHANAN: First you want her to be the super cabinet officer. She's got control of health care and all the rest of it. Along comes Whitewater-gate, she can't have a press conference. It's like, look, we want to go out and play with the boys, play touch football, they get knocked down, and you're crying and talking about how tough it was to relocate her family. PAGLIA: Right.... KINSLEY: Camille, isn't it a little tough on someone like Hillary Clinton to be accused essentially of being a false feminist because she really got her job through her spouse? What else can the spouse of the president do, even if it's a man? Can't really have a career of his own, can he? PAGLIA: Even the way she handled the health-care thing I did not approve of. I felt that her performance on the Hill—she was always one step away, I felt, from saying, "You know, I'm _smarter_ than you." There's something about her— KINSLEY: You know, people say the same thing about you, Camille. PAGLIA: I am not in public office! I am _outside_ the political establishment— KINSLEY: So I don't understand what your objection is. Your objection is that people of the public establishment shouldn't imply that they're smarter than other people but that you can? PAGLIA: No, no, no. I feel there's a kind of secretiveness about her, even the way they handled the health-care thing. I have _not_ been impressed with her performance over the last year, and it's taken people a long time to catch up with it. KINSLEY: What are you talking about, secretiveness on health care? They produced a thirteen-hundred-page report. They're in trouble because it's so detailed. PAGLIA: No, it was never clear how many people were involved in the whole procedure, who they were— KINSLEY: Oh, Camille, who on earth cares about that? The fact is, Hillary put together, with the help of her task force, a thirteen-hundred-page plan which is now getting in trouble precisely because it's so detailed, whereas the rival plans are not. PAGLIA: I'm sorry, no, no. They dug a hole for themselves, because when they started out, I was _behind_ the Clintons—the idea of universal coverage and so on. As the year has gone on, I have systematically lost _confidence_ in _her_ and in _him_. I no longer believe _anything_ they say. I believe _nothing_ that comes out of that White House. They have a _terrible_ staff. George Stephanopoulos is a complete incompetent. I don't know why he wasn't kicked out of there ages ago.... KINSLEY: Camille Paglia, you told something to our staff that I just want to check out whether you really meant it. You criticized Hillary Clinton for taking sixteen days off from the health care task force to be by the bedside of her dying father, who did subsequently die. Gosh, at the end of a long life, sixteen days with your father is—What was wrong with it? PAGLIA: She had just been put in charge of this enormously complex thing of health care, okay? Either we have to judge her as a _person_ or judge her as a _public official_. If you're going to give yourself over to the public trust, there are certain private things you must sacrifice. I feel that in this age of jet planes it was absolutely ridiculous. I mean, to me that was not impressive. I do not feel this was a great demonstration of her filial feeling. On the contrary, I think she was getting out of Washington is what she was doing, and it was the same motif she's doing now: _hide_ , don't deal with the reality, don't learn! She's out of her depth. KINSLEY: What was she trying to duck? Her popularity was terrific back then. She had no reason to want to get out of Washington. I mean, you're really attributing cynical motives to going to be by her dying father? PAGLIA: Yes, I am. KINSLEY: You wouldn't want a man or a woman to do the same thing? PAGLIA: No, neither a man—which means _the same standard_. KINSLEY: I agree with you. PAGLIA: If you saw a _man_ sitting by the bedside of his father for sixteen days, you would think there were possibly other motives involved. KINSLEY: Maybe you would think that.... LEWIS: And by the way, nobody has said that the brilliance of the White House in handling this—let's be clear, that's right. This is Whitewater, an issue around which there is no serious allegation of wrongdoing. Bill and Hillary Clinton in 1978— BUCHANAN: No serious— PAGLIA: Oh, God! LEWIS: No serious allegation. When you take out a loan from a commercial bank, not a savings and loan, they pay commercial rates— BUCHANAN: You don't think that rate— LEWIS: They paid it all back, and all of a sudden, we're talking about it as if it were a big scandal. BUCHANAN: I'll tell you what— KINSLEY: Let me ask you— PAGLIA: There was a _suicide!_ There was a _suicide_ in the White House, for heaven's sakes. I mean, what are they _talking_ about? God! KINSLEY: Camille, there was no suicide in the White House. The suicide had nothing to do with Whitewater— PAGLIA: Oh, I don't believe that—oh, _please!_ KINSLEY: You don't believe that either? PAGLIA: I don't believe that for _one minute!_... I came back from England in early January, and outside of America people see Hillary Clinton _much_ more _clearly_ than they do here, okay? That is, there's this kind of a _sanctimony_ about her in the press for the last year. I really think that there is something _sexist_ about all of the horror of us—of anyone—criticizing Hillary. People are acting as if we're contaminating the Madonna by daring to— KINSLEY: Who's horrified? She's been taking a beating for the past week. I don't see anyone saying it's inappropriate. They say it's inaccurate, but they're not saying it's inappropriate. PAGLIA: There's been a _year_ , okay, of this lily-white reputation of her, _wild overpraise_ , even of her performance on the Hill. People have been afraid to be called sexist and so on. So inside the Beltway, everybody's very accustomed to thinking of her as a kind of—you know, as Saint Hillary.... This is a woman who's out of her depth, a _person_ who's out of her depth in the present position that she has. # LAYING THE GHOST OF ANITA HILL: BILL CLINTON AND PAULA JONES _[King questions Smeal about the reluctance of feminist groups to support former state of Arkansas clerical worker Paula Jones in her charge of sexual harassment against then-Governor and now-President Bill Clinton.]_ _From_ Larry King Live, _CNN Television, May 16, 1994. Host: Larry King. Guests with King in the studio in Washington, D.C.: Eleanor Smeal, president of the Feminist Majority Foundation and former president of NOW; Katie Mahoney, head of Christian Defense Coalition's Paula Jones Legal Defense Fund. In Philadelphia: Camille Paglia, identified on-screen as "feminist commentator."_ LARRY KING: Camille, would you talk to Paula Jones? PAGLIA: I sure would! I find her story pretty credible—in fact, much more credible than Anita Hill's. I am delighted. I must say, first of all, I'm a Clinton Democrat. I support ninety percent of Bill Clinton's policies. I hope to vote for him again. But I am the only leading feminist who went _against_ Anita Hill, and boy, I am so _glad_ that you see NOW squirming on the hot seat, okay? They are _such_ hypocrites. Finally, they are being exposed to the nation for the partisans that they really are! SMEAL: We're not squirming at all. We're just not going to be baited— PAGLIA _(with relish):_ Oh, you're _squirming!..._ KING: Why do you seem to enjoy this? PAGLIA: I am so happy that finally the Stalinist, p.c. feminist establishment is exposed for what it is. Instead of blaming David Brock [author of _The Real Anita Hill_ ] and the _American Spectator_ [a conservative magazine], it's the media that was totally biased, that should have pursued these issues. They were so eager to get rid of Bush, they never pursued these issues in Little Rock. So now the chickens have come home to roost. This case is not just about Anita Hill. What about the [Mike] Tyson case?—where Tyson was _railroaded_ —a similar case, where someone invited a woman up to his hotel room— KING: Camille, you _are_ a feminist? PAGLIA: I am a committed feminist. I am a _dissident feminist (angrily stabs her finger at the camera)_. And NOW does _not_ speak for American women! NOW does not speak for all women or all feminists!... KING: Camille, you are a Clinton supporter—a vibrant Clinton supporter? PAGLIA: I am. In Europe, you see, the private lives of politicians are of no concern to their public behavior. I believe in moderate sexual harassment guidelines. If he was indeed her boss ultimately, as the governor of Arkansas, I think there might be a sexual harassment issue there. But just a man hitting on a woman and trying to have sex with women? I think we're a very puritanical country. I'm for a high libido president! I applaud him, if he goes out and picks up women.... SMEAL [about the Jones case]: I think it's a put-up job by the right wing.... PAGLIA: Oh, come _on_! The Anita Hill case was a put-up job by the feminist establishment. Why has the media and why have liberals ceded over to the _right_ the power of critique? Don't blame the people who are pushing Paula Jones forward. She needs all the support she can get. Her charges are _far_ more serious than those of Anita Hill.... [King asks about the allegations of sexual harassment against Senator Bob Packwood.] I like the way the feminist establishment _used_ Packwood until the election of Clinton, then they threw him to the _wolves!_ What is this, the Soviet Union? If Packwood is accused, bring the women forward. Bring the accusers forward! Let's examine them in public. SMEAL: They want to come forward. They've been demanding a hearing— PAGLIA _(scornfully):_ Nonsense! Oh, you people manipulate the news— SMEAL: You're always attacking us—you're making a cottage industry out of it. That's all you're doing! PAGLIA: Oh, you people are such Stalinists! You people are dishonest—you are manipulative. We are _sick_ of you, NOW—sick of you, former leaders of NOW! We're _tired_ of you!... I think most people in the country don't really care about Bill Clinton's private life. What we _do_ care about is _honesty_. So I think that the White House should be much more up front and stop this stonewalling. Because you can't believe a single word that comes out of this White House. I'm behind Clinton's policies. I just think that he has very bad judgment about _staff_. A lot of this is just staff ineptitude. If he would just 'fess up and get _on_ with it. He's not accused of anything that happened since he swore the oath of office, and that would be the grounds of impeachment.... Paula Jones should be given her day in court. I don't think we should believe _any_ allegations until the evidence is put forward. Certainly that was not the case with Anita Hill! I'm just hoping it does _not_ derail the Clinton presidency. I think the sexual peccadilloes of great men, of great politicians should be overlooked. I know I'm kind of on the radical extreme with _that_ one. # MONA LISA IN MOTION: JACQUELINE KENNEDY ONASSIS [ _The New Republic_ , June 13, 1994] The death of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis on May 19 was headline news in America and inspired testimonials of love and respect across all divisions of social class and political party. Jackie was the most famous woman in the world in a long period following that of the great stars of old Hollywood and preceding that of our own pop princesses, Diana and Madonna, both currently in semi-eclipse. Merely as a paragon of high fashion and elegant good taste, Jackie could not have won the position she retained over several decades in millions of people's affection. It was her baptism by gunfire that deified her. Her extraordinary behavior during and after the assassination of her husband has given her a permanent place in history. In the blood-spattered limousine in Dallas, an archetypal _pietà_ was forced on Jackie. Cradling the shattered head of the head of state in her lap, she became Michelangelo's grieving Madonna, caught between horror and admiration at the wounded body of her beautiful son. The Catholic Andy Warhol paid tribute to this aspect of her in his Duccio-like checkerboard altarpiece of Jackie as national _mater dolorosa_. Jackie's heroism was made possible, I submit, by a neglected element of her famous biography. Everyone knows about her athleticism and cult of fitness, her love of horses from childhood. What we are admiring in her deportment in crisis is dressage, the art of English horsemanship, an aristocratic style that descends from the pre-revolutionary _ancien régime_ of the eighteenth century. When people say Jackie is "the closest thing to royalty" American democracy has ever seen, this is what they really mean. Dressage is a form of radical minimalism, of hierarchical stillness and repose. The rider's signals to the horse are completely invisible. Jackie, masquerading as the perfect adornment, was a master of manipulation and control, not of the psychological realm, where she was at the mercy of adulterous men, but of the physical realm, which she brought to the highest level of refinement. From her renovation of the White House to John F. Kennedy's magnificent state funeral, she simplified, condensed, and reshaped, out of her powerful instinct for visual symbolism. In ancient Greek culture, the image of horse and rider represented the victory of reason in the eternal battle of civilization with anarchy. Horsemanship had a spiritual meaning as the discipline of our animal impulses. As her parents' marriage disintegrated, the very young Jacqueline Bouvier found in the public ritualism of riding a life structure that served her well to the end. She became a custodian of the forms—posting herself at Lyndon Johnson's side as he swore the hurried oath of office on Air Force One, doggedly celebrating her son's third birthday party on the day of his father's burial. The educative paradigm in equitation—the patient process of "schooling" colts—was fulfilled in the success with which she reared two unpretentious children who have escaped the whirlwind of self-destructiveness that so often envelops the scions of celebrity. Reflecting today on Jackie's stoical management of self and surroundings in the aftermath of the assassination, we may rue the disrespect with which my Romantic Sixties generation treated the artifice of etiquette. It was tradition and ceremony—a severe formalism of lamentation as in Aeschylus's _Libation Bearers_ —that reordered the nation's blasted and scattered emotions after the shocking slaughter of its leader. As we fled the suffocating conformism of the Fifties, our indifference to the positive aspects of convention eventually stranded us in the mawkish Great Wallow of victim culture. "Let it all hang out," we said, for which we are now paying the price. Jackie's classy grace under pressure, her cool rejection of complaint or self-pity demonstrate the redemption possible in repression, sublimation, and silence. As patron, connoisseur, and conservator of the arts, Jackie set herself apart from the ordinary run of socialite women of the horsey set, with their earnest, peppy, man-the-battle-stations bravado—good examples are Princess Anne or Prince Charles's mistress, Camilla Parker-Bowles—ironically, the style of the rambunctious Hyannisport Kennedys, whose mania for touch football broke the ankle of Jack's new bride. Balancing the contemplative with the active, Jackie rediscovered the Greek ideal in horsemanship. And the sport gave her superb reflexes. One of the absurd claims in C. David Heymann's _A Woman Called Jackie_ (1989) is that when she scrambled up on the back of the limousine in Dallas, Jackie was fleeing in terror for her life. Apollo preserve us from bookworm biographers! Were Jackie seeking safety, the bred-in-her-bones, crouching "forward seat" in jumping horses would automatically have put her on the floor of the car. In lunging for a flying fragment of her husband's skull, Jackie placed herself directly in the line of fire, an act of great physical courage for which she has never been honored. As a diva who enamored the world paparazzi, Jackie had interesting ambiguities. In _Sexual Personae_ , commenting on her resemblance to perverse and perhaps hermaphroditic images in Aubrey Beardsley, I cited a diary entry where Cecil Beaton records Jackie's "suspicion of a mustache" and her "big boyish hands and feet" (apparently size 10AA). Unlike her romantic rival Marilyn Monroe, Jackie did not base her female power on an ample bosom. On the contrary, her mannequin's silhouette was linear, in the classical ballet style of Audrey Hepburn. A rigorous dieter, Jackie may have been one step from anorexic, but we never noticed it, because of her wide, serene moon face with its dreamy gaze and Mona Lisa smile. In modern iconography, Jackie belongs to the Gene Tierney category of brooding brunettes, mysterious and withdrawn. The voice is undeveloped and whispery, the eyes wide and frightened. Such women often have a steely resolve or willfulness, all the more daunting because of their evasion of open confrontation. The passionately intelligent Jacqueline Bisset, playing Jackie in _The Greek Tycoon_ (1978), never quite caught her unsettling ethereal quality, her misty clairvoyant aura. Jackie's influence as a trendsetter of modern female personae can be seen in Anouk Aimée, Mary Tyler Moore, Mario Thomas, Barbara Parkins, and Stefanie Powers. It is a vibrant, mature heterosexual style, physically active and mentally alert, but without feminist stridency or anger. It is a still-attractive model of attentiveness to men without subservience to them. Jackie's sophisticated stage presence and youthful _joie de vivre_ were exhilarating, after the Mamie Eisenhower decade of bourgeois domesticity and chintz. Jackie was a transition toward a more assertive and politically involved First Lady, the constitutional desirability of whom we are still trying to assess. The dignity and restraint of Jackie's later years made us forget or forgive her shopaholic jet-set period, when she spun out of American orbit and married a Mediterranean Minotaur. What is indelible now is Jackie's fortitude and valor as a survivor of the blood sport of male politics. Some strange law of retribution cut down the wheeler-dealers in Dallas and spared the women at their sides, as in a Greek tragedy like Euripides's _The Trojan Women_. The stained suit Jackie refused to change that day documented the polarities of womanhood: the pastel pink of girlhood and romance and the barbaric blood red of birth and death. That garment, like the Shroud of Turin, was a pictogram of her life story, with its failed pregnancies and widowhood. This was a woman who thought in universals: a rose garden, an eternal flame, a riderless horse, named for her father, whose skittishness in the funeral parade expressed uncontrolled male libido, the one beast Jackie never tamed. # MEMOIRS AND ADVENTURES 1. The Saint. Brought from Italy by Felice and Vincenza Colapietro. Photo: Dean Gazzo. # THE SAINT For fifty years, a large framed print of an Italian saint hung over a bed in the house of my maternal grandmother, Vincenza Colapietro, in Endicott, New York. The identity of the saint was a mystery. A young man in his teens stands with hands piously clasped and gazes down at an image of the Madonna, her heart pierced by the daggers of the seven sorrows. He is wearing the cassock and heavy, sinister black cloak of the Passionist monks. A misty silver halo glows around his head. On the table next to Mary's picture is a crucifix and, in grisly brown-gold, a gleaming human skull, resting near a bouquet of lilies, symbolizing the Holy Mother's purity. The saint's picture terrorized several generations of children, beginning with my uncle Bruno, who had to sleep beneath it. When his childhood bedroom eventually became the guest room, all my overnight visits to my grandmother's ended with me being laid down to sleep under the saint. As I usually stayed awake for hours, listening to the raucous hilarity of Italian voices and savoring the heady smell of strong coffee, whiskey, and anisette, I had a lot of time to stare at the image above me. At first, the picture looks like a poster for a horror film. The blank walls and burnt sepia tones give it an aged, tomblike quality. The saint's rapt devotion to Mary is dreamy and hypnotic, both obsessive and obsessing to a baffled child's eye. He is one of the pretty boys who are everywhere in Italian art, notably in the creamy-skinned, homoerotic Saint Sebastian and Saint Michael statues that seemed to me, from my toddler's perspective in the church pew, far more interesting than those of Jesus, Mary, or Joseph. My grandmother's saint locks eyes with the Madonna, typifying the intense relations of mothers and sons in Mediterranean culture. As a monk, he will not marry; like the priests of Cybele, he will remain the son-lover of the goddess. As the years passed, the saint's picture accumulated more and more meaning. It became one of my personal icons, representing not only the sacred omphalos-spot of my grandmother's house but the essence of Italian Catholicism itself, which is both a religion and the nation's cultural identity, descending from pagan antiquity. The saint's quiet, cloistered contemplativeness symbolized for me the beckoning life of the scholar, a vocation with monastic origins, particularly rich in my family's past because of the nearness of our village of Ceccano to the great Benedictine abbey at Monte Cassino, founded in the sixth century. My disaffection from American Catholicism, which began during my adolescence in the late Fifties, was due partly to its strident anti-sex rhetoric and partly to its increasing self-Protestantization and suppression of its ethnic roots. Within twenty years, Catholic churches looked like airline terminals—no statues, no stained-glass windows, no shadows or mystery or grandeur. No Latin, no litanies, no gorgeous jeweled garments, no candles—so that the ordinary American church now smells like baby powder. Nothing is left to appeal to the senses. The artistic education of the eye that I received as a child in church is denied to today's young Catholics. The polychrome images of tortured saints that are a staple of Italian and Spanish Catholicism contain brutal truths about the pagan realities of the body. Suburban American Catholicism, with its soothing bourgeois banalities, has censored out all the horror and ecstasy of human experience. The skull and lilies of my grandmother's picture are a Catholic version of the Hindu cycle of birth and death, which we Westerners think we can transcend. As Frazer showed, the resurrection story, the triumph over death, originated mythologically in ancient nature-cults of the dying god. Mediterranean culture is honest about death, which it does not sentimentalize or conceal from children. The skull over the cradle: Italian funerals feature open caskets and corpse-kissing, just as rural Italian families rear their young with useful life lessons of rough play. As a child, I learned to be wary about kisses from laughing old widows, who would give one a sharp nip in the ear lobe for fun. The first line of my autobiography would read: My people were nursed by the she-wolf. In 1986, having survived my grandfather Felice for twenty years, my grandmother died at the age of ninety, and her house was sold. I took as my heirlooms my grandfather's battered chisel, which symbolizes for me the Italian love of labor and our genius for stonework and construction; a chipped carving knife, honed and dangerous as a scythe, souvenir of the kitchen, the center of domestic cult; the rusted clothesline reel that hung behind the house for fifty years, instrument of the old sun-blessed rituals of purification; and the gloomy saint's picture—which, quite understandably, no one else in the family wanted for a minute in his or her home. Intensely coveted but inherited by default, the picture is one of my most treasured possessions. My grandmother never satisfactorily explained how our family acquired the picture in the first place. We suspect it must have come from a monastery high in the hills above Ceccano, on the road to Castro di Volsci, whose name ("Camp of the Volscians") recalls the region's fierce pre-Roman tribal history. As for the saint's identity, we assumed it was forever lost. Five years after my grandmother's death, there was a burst of publicity in American newspapers about an Italian saint whom a Virginia man, an activist "defender of bearing arms," was nominating to be "the patron saint of handgunners." The saint, shown in a black Passionist cape with its big white heart-and-cross emblem, looked exactly like my grandmother's saint, now grown up. He was Francis Possenti, called Saint Gabriel of the Sorrowing Mother, who was born in 1838 in Assisi, died young of tuberculosis in 1862, and was canonized in 1920. All my life, I had seen in the picture a meek, mild-mannered youth, studious, sensitive, and withdrawn. But astonishingly, the real-life Francis Possenti had been quite different. A wild teenager known for gambling, riding, and shooting, he decided to become a priest, against his wealthy father's wishes, after a near-fatal illness. While he was studying at the Passionist monastery at Isola, twenty bandits attacked the town, plundering and torching it. Possenti, armed with a pistol, faced down the marauders and demonstrated his marksmanship by shooting a lizard through the head. The bandits were shamed into surrendering their weapons. The town was saved. Whether one believes in God or not, the lives and legends of the saints are a never-ending source of instruction and illumination. Saint Gabriel, with his skull, his lilies, and his pistol, is my ideal patron. The monks of the old country were a robust and fractious lot, alternating daily between the spiritual and practical lives. Religious and intellectual conviction should never be genteel. We must be ready to take to the streets to resist and expel the pillagers, even when they are of the town. I offer the persona of the pistol-packing monk to today's students, tomorrow's teachers. # MY BROTHERS IN CRIME: BENDERSON, JARRATT, FELD, FESSENDEN Gay men have played a pivotal role in my personal and intellectual development. They shaped my aesthetic, expanded my world-view, sharpened my conversational style, and civilized my tomboy rowdiness. Through them, I completed my break from American Catholicism, under whose capricious rules I had been seething since adolescence. Women who consorted with gay men used to be called "fag hags." The term was dismissively applied to a certain kind of hovering, heterosexual mother figure, disappointed in love, who indulged and coddled her charges and listened and worried without blaming or shaming. That wasn't me. My rough manner and ambiguities of gender and sexual orientation made me the comrade of gay men, not their nurse. Together, we defied bourgeois convention and moral law. Like the Romantics, we were brothers in crime. Six gay men were central to my life. Robert Caserio has been my loyal friend, intimate confidant, and professional ally since graduate school at Yale. Kent Christensen has been my colleague, advisor, and consultant in all things cultural for the past ten years at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia. Both are lifelong political liberals and, at the same time, gentlemen in the traditional sense: courteous, cultivated, humanitarian. This essay is a portrait of the other four, whose sexual personae broke the rules and whose refusals and rebellion belong to the public record of my generation. Bruce Benderson, a childhood friend, introduced me to Stephen Jarratt and Stephen Feld during my first year (1964–65) at Harpur College, at the State University of New York at Binghamton. The three became my coterie, the only group I have ever happily flourished in. Their contributions to the creation of the campy, semimythic diva and deranged gender-neutral entity, "Camille Paglia," are immeasurable. In 1972, the philosopher James Fessenden and I, both fresh out of graduate school, met as young faculty members at Bennington College. We immediately became constant companions. Like Caserio and Christensen (and another of my Bennington friends, Richard Tristman), Fessenden had attended Columbia University, whose sweeping history-of-ideas curriculum seemed to produce minds peculiarly sympathetic to my own. It was Fessenden with whom I was in most sustained contact throughout the long process of writing _Sexual Personae_. For twenty years, until his death from AIDS in 1992, we were a festive, competitive symposium of two. ## BRUCE BENDERSON I met Bruce Benderson after my family moved to Syracuse in 1957, when I was ten. My father, a high-school teacher in rural Oxford, New York, had enrolled as a graduate student in Romance languages at Syracuse University. We lived in graduate student housing, a crowded complex of dilapidated army barracks spread on rolling drumlin hills. Bruce's family situation was quite different. His father was a prominent attorney; his mother, a Democratic activist, was the most famous woman politician in upstate New York. The Bendersons lived in Bradford Hills, as exclusive a residential area as I had ever seen, though by today's lavish standards, their house was relatively modest. From the start, Bruce questioned the security and affluence of his upbringing. He was the first of the contemporaries of my acquaintance to "protest," to go against the grain, to put himself on the line for a political ideal. The 1950s have been grossly sentimentalized by recent popular culture. Far from being the carefree "Happy Days" of hamburg joints, convertibles, and sock hops, the period could be a living hell for nonconformists and minorities like blacks, Jews, or gays. As a nonathletic, intellectual Jewish boy, Bruce suffered endless rejections and humiliations in a schoolyard world that worshiped WASP good looks and social success, the values of the fraternities, sororities, Protestant churches, and country clubs that ruled Syracuse life. Partly inspired by his Russian immigrant mother's liberalism, Bruce identified with the underdog and all victims of tyranny. My early encounters with him were not always pleasant. Bruce resented and denounced my rude impatience with passive, clingy classmates, whiny girls whom I reduced to tears. Later, he realized that, clumsy and brutal as I was, I was reviving feminism in a period when it was totally dormant. And I was to realize that Bruce's compassion for the outsider and the loser belonged to his larger critique of bourgeois society and political oppression. I also came to appreciate Bruce's extraordinary intuitive understanding of the complex psychology of the wounded, suffering, or masochistic woman—typified by Marilyn Monroe, whom he took seriously long before anyone else. Bruce was the only visible beatnik on the cultural landscape in junior and senior high school in Syracuse. He was the first person who knew about Bob Dylan or read French avant-garde literature. He was "arty" without being effete. Bruce is large, robust, tending toward corpulence. His peasant vigor, so much like mine, still draws us together. There was always a satirical zest to his esoteric interests. For example, in high school he somehow got hold of a battered department-store mannequin, which he christened "Nadja," after André Breton's novel. This led to a long-running joke, which I rehearse to this day with our friend Ann Jamison (whom Bruce, in a desperate stab at normalcy, took to the senior prom for forty fiasco-filled minutes). "Nadja!" we shout, "your _bust_ has arrived and is _banging_ its _boobs_ on the _door!_ " Probably inspired by _The Twilight Zone_ , we had re-created the comic surrealism of Buñuel and Dalí's _Un Chien andalou_ without having heard of it. When Bruce and I ended up at the same college, we discovered the full extent of our mutual intellectual and artistic interests and forged a permanent bond, preserved, even when we have lived hundreds of miles apart, by long, intense phone calls at any time of day or night. In thirty years, I have never had a conversation with Bruce in which I did not learn something new. He is the most original thinker I have ever known. Bruce has the aggressive verbal and analytic style of the Talmudic tradition, combined with the hipster slant of modern urban Bohemia. With his voracious appetites, humorous lewdness, and polymorphous-perverse body language, he reminds me of Allen Ginsberg, one of my heroes. His discourse, a synthesis of psychoanalysis, literature, and politics, parallels that of another of my heroes, Norman O. Brown. But Bruce, consistent with my generation's multimedia ambitions, has added film, pop culture, and the visual arts to the mix. Like me, and no one else we knew, Bruce was passionately committed to becoming a writer from adolescence on. While I was drawn to both scholarship and journalism (I was editor of our high school newspaper), Bruce had no interest whatever in nonfiction, a choice I continue to lament today, since I know his amazing aptitude for cultural commentary. The short story and novel forms have been Bruce's primary focus. In college his experiments in poetry were disastrously terminated when an eminent creative writing teacher, in a private office conference, expressed disgust at the homosexual content of his work, a traumatic moment still painful to Bruce after all these years. But at Harpur there was a literary ferment going on outside the classroom. Our group was reading Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Lorca, and Genet, as well as contemporary American poets. After graduation, Bruce lived in New York during the period of the Stonewall riots and then, with Stephen Jarratt and Stephen Feld, moved to San Francisco, the capital of the counterculture. There he began to read Robbe-Grillet and Nathalie Sarraute as well as the French poststructuralists, whom he absorbed and admired before their usurpation and distortion by American academics. Bruce traces his writing aesthetic to three influences: decadent French Romanticism, from Baudelaire to Huysmans; the American Beat movement, notably William Burroughs, John Rechy, and Hubert Selby, Jr.; and the French _nouveau roman_ of the Fifties and Sixties. Bruce has always found in French culture greater intellectual freedom as well as a Mediterranean pleasure principle missing from America, with its Puritan heritage. He visited France for long periods and ended up translating or co-translating a series of French authors, including Philippe Sollers and Pierre Guyotat. The Sollers translation was done in collaboration with Ursule Molinaro, a French-born avant-garde novelist who became Bruce's mentor and muse. Despite every discouragement, Bruce pursued his writing in a period when publishing became increasingly commercial. He burst out irately to me, "I can't look at _The New York Times Book Review_ more than once every two years without going to New York Hospital with a false heart attack!" When he left San Francisco for New York in 1974, he chose to live on the Lower East Side, which was in a shambles. As a writer, he felt a special rapport with heroin addicts, the homeless, and the mentally ill, all of whom were invisible at the time to American journalists and politicians. Visiting Bruce, I would pick my way in horrified exasperation past the derelicts and the garbage. It was many years before I fully understood what he was doing by settling in that neighborhood and opening a dialogue with the people of the street. He was determined to isolate and explode the repressed assumptions of bourgeois culture, and in this enterprise he has been my most important guide. The insights of his rigorous class-analysis were crucial in my guerrilla warfare against establishment feminism, which had made such a reactionary retreat from Sixties values. Despite the boldness with which he had asserted the right to homosexual love in college, Bruce did not feel comfortable with the new gay activism that followed the Stonewall rebellion in 1969. He found, to his discomfort, that he did not get along with many gay men, and the feeling was mutual. He was bored by the middle-class complacencies of the gay bar scene, disguised under unconvincing costumes of denim and leather. He loved drag queens, without being attracted to them, and loathed the way post-Stonewall gays rejected the queens and everything effeminate. Strong-willed straight women, in the model of his celebrated mother, remained his principal confidantes. He has always been comfortable with what he calls his "heterosexual component" and has slept with dozens of women, with sometimes complicated results. He speaks of the "lure and excitement and power" that women have for him, even though his overwhelming interest has been men. Bruce's love life began to center more and more on the dangerous streets between Times Square and the Hudson River. He became a regular at seedy bars frequented by teenaged Puerto Rican hustlers, most of whom are straight but who survive by selling their sexual favors to men. He began to befriend ex-convicts and visit prisoners. Our conversations would be interrupted by emergency collect calls from inmates at Attica or Rikers Island. Like most of Bruce's friends, I was highly apprehensive about all this and direly predicted he would be robbed, injured, or worse. After several years, we stopped nagging him, since he seemed remarkably sure-footed in that unstable underworld. There were incidents and imbroglios, but he escaped serious harm. His discoveries were of the highest social significance: for example, the radical differences of world view between the industrial working class and the so-called underclass, the "people of the rain forest," who, he said, "faced life and death issues with cavalier machismo." And he had a materially positive effect on several cherished hustlers. One in particular, who eventually left the street life to obtain his high-school diploma, became like a son to him. When Bruce took me to his favorite dive on 46th Street (the evening ended in turmoil, as the bouncer ejected a gun-waving patron), we met a magically beautiful blonde transsexual nodding out on heroin on a tottering bar stool and dreamily reminiscing about the final hours of her "friend," Marilyn Monroe. We kissed and caressed her soft hand in tribute. Bruce's writing increasingly drew on his first-hand experiences with male prostitutes, transvestites, convicts, and drug addicts. As American culture changed, after the materialistic era of the Seventies and Eighties, his work began to find a more receptive audience. By the late Eighties, his stories were appearing in various arts magazines and were eventually published as a collection, _Pretending to Say No_ (Plume Books, 1990). His second book is his first novel, _User_ (Dutton, 1994). Bruce also cowrote the screenplay for _My Father Is Coming_ (1991) with the German director Monika Treut, a sexual freethinker who was equally tired of gay and feminist orthodoxy. Meeting me at Bruce's apartment, she was struck by my bizarre brand of comic Amazonism and put me carrying on with Bruce in her next film, _Female Misbehavior_ (1992). Treut, who obtained her doctorate with a scholarly study of sadomasochism, has become my most important ally in the international movement for a progressive pro-porn, anti-dogma feminism. After AIDS was identified and had claimed hundreds of lives in New York and San Francisco, Bruce went through a period of severe anxiety, in which the slightest symptom seemed a harbinger of death. He was scrupulous about practicing safe sex with hustlers, not so much to protect himself from them as vice versa. He applied a ritualistic standard of cleanliness to his sexual encounters. In all moral dilemmas or debates he explicitly invoked the standards of "the ethical Jew," here above all. As the years passed, he showed no signs of illness and remains healthy today. But I will never forget a daffy exchange in 1984 as I drove him from Manhattan to Syracuse for our twentieth high-school reunion, the first time we had seen our WASP sirens and tyrants since graduation. Somewhere between Albany and Utica on the Thruway, I tried to distract him from his obsessive examination of his dry skin patches and minutely swollen armpit glands. Listening to the radio, I vaguely asked him, apropos of nothing, "Did Pat Benatar have a nose job?" He peevishly shot back, "Does she have a face? They don't operate on _mice_." Bruce and I carry each other's complete biographies in our mental data base. We have listened to and harangued each other and mutually processed every item of our respective romantic odyssey and creative quest. I listen with exquisite attention to what he says, since I have learned that wherever Bruce is, the culture will be five years later. This was most striking in his fascination with Japan in the early 1970s. He traveled to Tokyo, decorated his apartment with kimonos and a massive shoji screen, and learned to prepare sushi—a delicacy totally unknown to me that enamored me for life. I remember sitting with glassy-eyed astonishment, staring at the supple bamboo sushi molds, as Bruce exuberantly described the critical step of fanning the hot rice—as if it were a fainting Southern belle. Five years later, Japan, as a trade rival, had moved massively into American consciousness. An enormous part of my friendship with Bruce has been our love of movies, in particular the "women's pictures" of the Hollywood studio period. We spend hours on the phone discussing Lana Turner, Jane Wyman, Carroll Baker, Ann-Margret, or his specialty, Joan Crawford, never a favorite of mine until I heard Bruce's brilliant dissections of her mature sexual persona. We constantly exchange showbiz minutiae and arcana, a gay male expertise I have never found, to my despair, in lesbians. For many years, Bruce assisted his friend the Argentinean novelist Manuel Puig (in exile in Rio de Janeiro) by systematically videotaping the most obscure vintage B-movies that turned up on New York television in the middle of the night. I love to command Bruce to recite whole passages of dialogue from our cult films, particularly those in female voices, which he imitates with fiendish facility. With his raucous, disruptive humor and gift for mimicry, he could easily have been a radio disk jockey or stand-up comedian. Our relationship has usually been one of warring siblings. As we chat about people, art, or current events, each of us struggles for interpretative dominance. When one is subsequently proved wrong, the other never forgets it. We crow over victories, recite past triumphs, and are generally insufferable. There has been an odd ethnic cross-identification in us from the start. Bruce is fascinated by Roman Catholicism and collects sacred memorabilia: hanging on his wall is a large, doleful stone relief of one of the Stations of the Cross, taken from a demolished church. I, in turn, was always drawn to Judaism and, in junior high school, was curtly overruled by my parents when I wanted to join the Jewish Community Center. My mentors, such as Milton Kessler and Harold Bloom, have always been Jews—the only people, I've joked, who can stand me. Bruce's favorite saint, as I learned at grisly length, is Lydwine of Schiedam, whose picturesque mortifications (fasting on a drop of wine per day and counting her giant, worm-filled abscesses) were catalogued by our revered French Decadent oblate, Huysmans. Bruce and I are often at swordspoint on questions of morality, which despite his bohemianism, he cannot fully renounce. He believes not in God or religion but in social justice, though, like me, he detests the condescending paternalism of victim-oriented social-welfare workers and bourgeois philanthropists. He is baffled by the Italian clan mentality and its savage code of vengeance. The Greco-Roman strain is very pronounced in me; I see the vendetta as jolly, historical, knee-in-the-groin sport. But of course athletics is foreign to Bruce ("I hate projectiles!" he booms). The same thing with cars: I adore them; Bruce loathes them. He is a lover of cities, in all their grime and decay; his hatred of suburbia is due partly to its bland sanitization and partly to its dependence on driving. He feels agoraphobic in vast parking lots. I, on the other hand, can breathe free only in wide-open spaces under a big sky. And my car is my masculine, mobile superself, transcending the here and now. One of my principal bonds with gay men is our love of pornography, which we see as liberating and never, in the standard feminist way, as degrading. The pro-sex feminists I have encountered are rarely as raunchy and ribald as gay men in their taste for porn. Bruce's lusty appreciation of the most extreme forms of pornography was crucial as I developed my theory of the unity of art and pornography for _Sexual Personae_. The libidinal is Bruce's great ideal. He despises all ideology that kills libido—in gay activism, feminism, or organized religion. The ultimate Sixties principle in his philosophy of life is his Romantic view of the interpenetration of energy and eroticism. ## STEPHEN LEON JARRATT If Bruce Benderson, with his excesses and assertions, is a Baroque personality on the grand scale, Stephen Jarratt is a cool mathematical grid of abstract minimalism. The contrast between these two friends could not be more marked. Bruce would devour an entire package of chocolate Oreo cookies at a sitting, while Jarratt (as we called him, to distinguish him from Stephen Feld) nourished himself through his job at the college snack bar by consuming pickle chips and soda water all day. Bruce physically resembles stout, mischievous Bacchus figures like Federico Fellini or Zero Mostel, while Jarratt, with his tall, slim frame, dusky skin, handsome, craggy features, and diffident reserve, looks like a melancholy Heathcliff or brooding Byronic poet. He is given to long silences, from which you expect him to say, "Call me Ishmael." Bruce, Feld, and I grew up in immigrant families, so we had a very clear sense of Jarratt's WASP heritage and its centrality to American culture. At the same time, we saw how this had marooned him historically and how we were somehow more active, more optimistic, freer. Jarratt was like Poe's Roderick Usher, the last of an ancient dynasty, trapped in his own solitary imagination. His family was from Missouri and Kansas, in the traditional, conservative Midwest. His father was an Air Force officer who moved from post to post. Jarratt's residence abroad, including a pivotal year and a half of adolescence in Morocco, gave him a discernible air of cosmopolitanism. His spiritual struggles as a gay man were intricately involved in his antipathy to the militarism of his background. Like Jim Morrison of the Doors, whose father was a naval officer, he rebelled against his father's concept of masculinity. Ironically, with his perfect manners, graceful gestures, deep, mellifluous voice, and matinee-idol good looks, Jarratt was most women's dreamboat ideal man. There is something of Jarratt's manner and appearance in Mark Frechette's oblique performance in Antonioni's _Zabriskie Point_ (1970), whose female lead, Daria Halprin, beautifully captures the electric intelligence and sensuality of Sixties hippie girls. Our generation was in open revolt against the conformism and careerist regimentation of the Fifties, symbolized by the film _The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit_ (1956). Jarratt's mode of resistance was passivity and paralysis, which he eloquently articulated with dry black humor, punctuated by his characteristic long pauses. His refinement and stoic withdrawal were like those of Huysmans's aristocratic Des Esseintes. As a consummate aesthete and connoisseur, Jarratt represents for me the highest development of modern gay culture. His eye for color, line, and form was exquisite, an innate talent that cannot be explained by social conditioning. His discourse on color tones—in films, paintings, fabrics, or sunlight—was spellbinding. The shadings of red, blue, violet, green: Jarratt made us see them as material presences in the world. For Jarratt, perception was everything. He moved in an envelope of Zenlike stillness, which caught up and tranquilized even manic creatures like me. Jarratt seemed the real-life embodiment of Walter Pater's doctrine of pure contemplativeness. This visionary aspect of the psychedelic Sixties has been too much ignored in retrospective surveys by the media. The Vietnamese war was only one element in that turbulent decade and has been overstressed, because it and the demonstrations against it were photographable, while individualistic inwardness was not. Jarratt read widely but left little mark in the classroom. Authenticity resided for him in quiet reflection and the sharp, truthful observation, shared with friends. His psychological sense was acute and bonded him to women, whom he treated with a mixture of caution and respect because of his ambivalent relations with his powerful, opinionated mother. If Jarratt was my priest of perception, the cinema was our church. We worshiped the screen with religious fervor. No one has adequately documented the revolutionary impact of art films on my generation. From the moment I saw Roman Polanski's unsettling _Knife in the Water_ in my first week of college, I was enslaved and enamored. At Harpur, moviegoing had cult status. My group in particular believed that avant-garde thought was being created, frame by frame, in and through film. When Antonioni's languorous _L'Avventura_ was shown, the crowded college auditorium emptied within twenty-five minutes—except for a scattering of holdouts, including my three friends and me. Monica Vitti's beaky nose and windswept hair shot this way and that on a rocky island—superb! Jean Cocteau's eerie _Orphée_ , with its angelic poet, leatherboy motorcyclists, and dominatrix of death, nearly gave us cardiac arrest. When Andy Warhol's _Harlot_ was shown, again the theater emptied, and again we were virtually alone, this time in the front row. An expressionless drag queen, ringed by an imperceptibly shifting honor guard, slowly peels a banana and eats it, as gossips chatter offscreen. It takes twenty long minutes. We were ecstatic and stayed for a second showing. Midway through each, Bruce wandered up on stage and did an absurdist mime in front of the screen, to protest the audience's restlessness and to signal our connection with Warhol's vision. There are two commercial films I associate with Jarratt, since we saw them together at their release in downtown Binghamton. One was Joseph Losey's _Secret Ceremony_ (1968). In an essay on Elizabeth Taylor, I have described the moment when Jarratt and I cried out simultaneously, as the star abruptly appeared in a violet suit and turban against a wall of sea-green tiles. It was one of the highlights of my life, an aesthetic epiphany in which joy and pain were equally mixed. Losey, a gay leftist expatriate, was Jarratt's favorite director, and we tracked his films for years, sharing information, hunches, and insights. Thanks to Jarratt's tutelage, I absorbed Losey's decadent scenarios and suave formalism into my philosophy of art, as it was to be elaborated in _Sexual Personae_. The other commercial film was _Valley of the Dolls_ (1967), where, at an afternoon showing in the near-deserted Binghamton theater, Jarratt and I made unforgivable spectacles of ourselves. Crippled with helpless laughter, we were literally on the floor. At every glimpse of a female forearm sporting a clunky, futuristic wristwatch, Jarratt had convulsions. I was dazzled by the trashy dialogue and spacey Courrèges costumes. _Valley of the Dolls_ , which quickly disappeared, remained one of my all-time favorite films, and I followed it avidly when it resurfaced long afterward in shortened, censored form on late-night TV. Its West Coast resurrection and restoration in the late Eighties as a gay male classic stunned and delighted me. But why was I surprised? I seem to have the soul of a gay man. Certain music reminds me of Jarratt, such as Lotte Lenya's classic versions of the ironic Weill-Brecht Berlin songs, then widely available in an elegant double album. Jarratt loved Peggy Lee's "Is That All There Is?," with its brittle, boozy, devil-may-care litany of life's sorrows. He played Ravel's "La Valse" for me, and after some initial impatience, I marveled with him at its escalating cacophony and apocalyptic rhythm, its _danse macabre_ of cultural breakdown. Erik Satie's witty, aimless piano pieces and Ravel's and Debussy's rich, sinister string quartets were central to our coterie. At the off-campus Binghamton house Bruce shared with Feld, the unfurled album cover of Bob Dylan's _Blonde on Blonde_ hung like a hazy icon on the wall. It was there that I first saw the artful tangled-hair cover of the Beatles' _Revolver_ album and listened to its glossy music in mute wonder. The Doors' moody _Strange Days_ encapsulated our alienation in the depressing pre-Stonewall gay world. Jarratt remembers the "grim," shabby Binghamton bar where gays congregated. Visiting Greenwich Village, we had to knock with trepidation on a tiny barred door on pitch-black Barrow Street to be gruffly admitted to a sterile, cramped space lurid with dim red light. It was like a circle of Hell. The theme music for that bleak period in our lives is the first Velvet Underground album and Bob Dylan's "Ballad of a Thin Man" and "Desolation Row." Those songs hauntingly express our crushing sense of isolation and abandonment as citizens of Sodom. Jarratt was a collector of neuroses, his own and others'. Part of the beatnik heritage of the Sixties was the fashion for quirky neuroticism, a badge of personal style—quite unlike today's boring generic categories like "incest survivor" or "child of alcoholic parents." Jarratt was the first person I knew who had "anxiety attacks." His modernist moods always had a metaphysical dimension. He was like a psychic barometer of Blake's "invisible worm that flies in the night in the howling storm." Jarratt's first Harpur roommate, who suffered from a tyrannical father and was under psychiatric care, dreamed every night that he was dribbling oranges down an all-white basketball court. Working with Jarratt at the snack bar was a large, plump, warm-hearted but compulsive girl who snacked nonstop on hamburgers fried in butter and who one day plucked out all her eyelashes and eyebrows in a fit (they took a year to grow back). Another high-strung girl, a pioneer of the then-unknown malady of bulimia, screamed uncontrollably at her Jewish refugee parents in ways that were unthinkable in Italian terms. I overheard Jarratt, sighing, say to her over the phone as they chatted about friends, "I know. It's hard to talk to people who are very happy." Jarratt loved Antonioni's _Red Desert_ and identified with the tortured Monica Vitti in it. "Certain combinations of colors would fill her with dread," he said to me recently. "She looked so glamourous in her free-floating anxiety." Like Bruce, he saw and honored the martyrdom in the great female stars. As he once remarked, "No one can wring a tear like Susan Hay ward." After graduation, Jarratt and I corresponded regularly. His letters were instantly recognizable in the mail by their sepia ink and bold italic script, executed with an Ozmiroid art pen. The first major incident I had to endure without my gay legionnaires occurred in the summer of 1968, when I ran smack into Catherine Deneuve on Fifth Avenue. She was my current obsession, and no one had a clue she was in America. I omit the extraneous details—a Janis Joplin concert at the Fillmore East, a boy on a bicycle run over by a bus, my pursuit of Deneuve to the glove department of Saks. Suffice it to say that, as the violet sky crackled with thunderbolts in the humid air, I fled wildly up the avenue looking for a phone booth and hysterically called Jarratt from the St. Regis Hotel. He was then working in a Binghamton laundromat (where, he likes to say, he learned _never_ to put the clothes in until the detergent has dissolved). I felt like I was on another planet, walking among the gods but bereft of my boon companions and soulmates. Like many of the most talented members of my generation, Jarratt shunned the professions and took only subsistence-level jobs—cleaning houses in San Francisco or working for many years for a costume jewelery importer. As sexual personae, we were on reverse tracks. Galled by the low status of women in the domestic Fifties, I wanted passionately to achieve in the cultural realm. Ambition was my leading trait. Renunciation was Jarratt's. Where he was passive, I was audaciously active. The militarism that he rejected in his father he accepted in me, as an androgynous Aries warrior. For example, I struck one of the first blows for contemporary feminism in 1966, when, in the middle of the night on a deserted Binghamton street, I rescued a tiny female acquaintance of ours from molestation by young drunks by smashing a captor's mouth against his teeth with a lucky hit from my gloved hand. He had to be helped away, bleeding profusely. After several years in San Francisco, Bruce and Feld moved back to the East Coast. Jarratt stayed. The avant-garde city by the bay, a Mecca of sexual liberation to so many gay men, was to be one of the hatcheries of AIDS. Jarratt saw firsthand the destruction of our generation's hopes. When he was diagnosed with the disease in 1989, after being hospitalized with an episode of pneumonia, he bore it with his customary dignity, stoicism, and gallows humor. The form his illness has now taken is cytomegalovirus retinitis, a degeneration of the retina. It is a cruel fate for the aesthete who lived by his eyes. But Jarratt's vision transcends the physical. He has been a witness to the whirlwind of the _fin de siècle_. As both Sagittarian humanist and devotee of beauty, Jarratt embodies an ideal synthesis of philosophical detachment with sensory responsiveness. His somber perceptions and vibrant imagination continue in the friends whom he altered and educated. [On February 2, 1994, two months after this essay was completed, Stephen Jarratt died at forty-seven in San Francisco. He was totally blind.] ## STEPHEN HOWARD FELD As an adolescent in Syracuse, I found a secondhand copy of a book called _The Epigrams of Oscar Wilde_. It became my bible. I memorized its phrases and repeated them until they became part of my brain chemistry. Wilde's voice, malicious, incisive, insouciant, broke into the provincial circuit of school, church, and home in Fifties America like Radio Free Europe. Wilde—followed a few years later by Simone de Beauvoir—was my first model for radically independent thought, for cold, clear mind unencumbered by religious morality or social convention. When I met Stephen Feld, thanks to Bruce Benderson, in college, I was amazed to hear him speaking with Wilde's voice. I automatically gravitated toward him and became his unembarrassed fan. I followed him around like his kid sister and watched and listened to him raptly, remembering his witticisms and recording them in a notebook in my room. Feld was the real-life model for my extended analysis of Oscar Wilde in _Sexual Personae_. His everyday conversation was my key for understanding the brilliant rhetoric and dramatic dynamics of _The Importance of Being Earnest_. Feld was gregarious, brash, and wickedly funny. A Jewish prince from Long Island, he had been the apple of his vivacious mother's eye. His glasses and thinning black hair gave him an intellectual look, but he was well-built, with a solid, agile frame. Feld's confident, casual, lordly manner attracted people. He was popular with everyone, gay or straight. While Stephen Jarratt, like Wordsworth, was most himself when alone, Feld was literally "the life of the party"—a term I had never fully understood before. Flinging himself down at the piano, he would bang out medleys of Broadway show tunes in his muscular manner, singing at the top of his voice. His sense of fun was infectious. When we rendezvoused at the college dining hall, Feld, at my request, would do cartwheels and handsprings across the full length of the entry lounge. He made his own rules, and the world applauded. Virginia Woolf identified the inaugural moment (in 1908) of the irreverent Bloomsbury world of modernist literature and art: the young Lytton Strachey, arriving for a visit, pointed to a stain on her sister Vanessa's white dress and exclaimed, "Semen?" Wrote Woolf long afterward, "Can one really say it? I thought & we burst out laughing. With that one word all barriers of reticence and reserve went down." Victorian propriety was over. Sophisticated women of the Twenties and Thirties often had a freedom of speech and manner that was lost in the enforced hiatus of the gruelling Second World War. Middle-class girls of the Fifties were raised by the prudish, conservative code of Victorian respectability. My generation found many ways to rebel. Gay men were my liberators. Stephen Feld, above all, did for me what Lytton Strachey did for the Stephen sisters. His scathing wit and bold, bawdy talk broke me out of the jailhouse of gender. While he was warmhearted and generous as a host and _bon vivant_ , Feld was intolerant of any kind of false sentimentality. He was far more accepting than I of different kinds of people, with all their flaws, yet he had a fearsome talent for unnerving and disorienting, for doing the unexpected, even if it gave pain. Hurrying to class one bright winter's day, he and I rounded the outer corner of a dorm and encountered a long-haired sylph whom I happened to have a crush on. I became breathless and tongue-tied, as usual, while Feld drolly leered. Fleeing in haste at the sight of us, the girl slipped on the ice and went sprawling, her books skidding ten feet in front of her. Feld openly laughed—the cruel Homeric laughter of Greek princes at the drubbing of Thersites. I was mortified at the girl's embarrassment yet stunned with strange admiration at Feld's shattering of bourgeois etiquette, his rejection of "niceness." It was a form of truth-telling, a frank admission of human aggression without the mask of piety. Pre-Stonewall gay men had an astonishing sense of masks, their own and others'. They willfully violated every politically correct tenet—including compassion for the handicapped, who became "criplettes." Whatever was forbidden had to be done or said. For our era of Romanticism, taboo-breaking remains the route of the heroic. Feld had a way of sharply rebuffing confidences at tender moments. The pattern was inconsistent, so there was always surprise but not necessarily displeasure. It was conversation as rough play. My favorite incident dates from 1974, when I enthusiastically told Feld that my Yale friend Bob Caserio had spotted him recently in New York but that he had disappeared into a building. Feld haughtily replied, "My dear, I never disappear into buildings. I always linger in the doorways." End of exchange. Feld's brusque response fascinated me, and I thought about it for years. It ended up verbatim, with four pages of analysis, in the manuscript of _Sexual Personae_ , one of the passages Yale Press cut for space at production deadline. There I had spoken of Feld as a practitioner of what I called Wilde's _monologue extérieur_ , the poetry of the English epicene. In this particular conversation-stopper I saw evidence of Decadent termination or closure, the Apollonian swerve from Dionysian empathy, the aristocratic refusal to be drawn into any philanthropic sense of community. I also dwelled on Feld's use of the doorway as a framing device and of his self-positioning on the vanishing point. I detected a form of ritual display in which there was a paradoxical conflation of exhibitionism—even solicitation—and ritual sequestration, an invocation of the visual in order to frustrate it. I felt that Feld's arch riposte proved the oral continuity of the Wildean tradition over a hundred years and demonstrated the cold aesthetic formalism in modern male, as opposed to female, homosexuality. A Yale editor raised the question of legal repercussions from publishing such personal material. When I conveyed this, Feld declared, "Tell her: I've always lived my life in as public an eye as possible," and "I am only concerned that there is not _enough_ about me." Though he offered to sign a release, the editors relegated him, as he gloomily put it, to "the cutting-room floor." Like many gay men and unlike, alas, most gay women, Feld had a sophisticated instinct for fine food, interior decor, and fashion. He owned (and used as a room-dominating coffee table) a Louis Vuitton trunk before the line went broadly commercial, and he preached the doctrine of Bloomingdale's before the store became a fad. At dinner, he spoke to me severely about the way I ate my buttered bread wholesale, instead of breaking it into delicate pieces. It was Feld and Jarratt who showed me that good manners were suprasexual civilized forms and not just, as I had fiercely thought, a plot by the authorities to feminize and control women. I became much less of a rambunctious hellion after my contact with them. What few feminine attributes I may now appear to have were absorbed from them, which is why many people who hear me speak have reported that, at hallucinatory moments, there seems to be a gay man behind the microphone. At parties, Feld would gather together a huge variety of people whose only common denominator was him. The moment he would step away, we would fight like cats and dogs, but his mere presence seemed to have a magical unifying effect. A girl in our larger college circle tartly remarked, "Feld has to be surrounded by people. If he doesn't have an audience, he doesn't exist." This was true in the best sense: Feld was a theatrical animal, at a time when theater and dance were redefining American culture. Life itself was a performance art for him, as for Bruce. At Harpur, I was active in my own one-man style of surreal psychodramas and happenings—forty elaborate pranks that landed me on probation. Feld, who played the lead in the campus production of Ibsen's _Rosmersholm_ , seemed to be considering a career in some area of show business. With his ingenuity, panache, and facility for making things happen, he belonged to the great age of vaudeville or Tin Pan Alley. Feld's friendship with Bruce, which had its ups and downs over the decades, was closest when they had common artistic interests. Their difficulties mirrored the conflicts in American Jewish culture, as portrayed in Philip Roth's _Goodbye, Columbus_ , made into a wonderful film (1969) starring Ali MacGraw and Richard Benjamin. Bruce was like Benjamin's pensive character, drawn to the dispossessed and resisting the natural impulse toward materialism and security of a people, his own, who had just escaped persecution. Feld's Long Island, from which so many Harpur students came, was like a nation unto itself, a vast paradise of middle-class comforts. When I visited his home in Westbury, he and his mother took me to Fortunoff's, a fabled nearby store, to experience the human tidal wave of the suburban marketplace. Befuddled by the mad din, I clung to Feld's sleeve as we forced our way through the throng. It somehow made perfect sense that the next day, as I drove Feld and his mother through town, my radiator exploded, and we were stranded. After graduation, Feld followed the open-ended Sixties pattern of odd jobs. Returning from San Francisco, he worked for several years for travel agents in New York. Postcards would arrive from South America or India, where he led tour groups eleven times— _Around the World with Auntie Mame_ , we joked. In his late twenties, Feld began a stable relationship (now twenty-one years old) with a research biologist, Peter Hollander. They took an Upper East Side apartment and acquired two tiny, frenetic shih tzu dogs, whom Feld named Margot (after Margot Fonteyn) and Tallulah (self-explanatory). In their late twenties, both men returned to school to study medicine. Peter became a radiologist and Feld a very successful Park Avenue psychiatrist, an ideal profession for someone with such a quick take for character and such a gift for putting people at ease. When the pair went shopping for a weekend country house in the northern Hudson River Valley, nothing would do, until the weary realtor said, "There _is_ something _you_ might like"—an old town grange. Feld walked in, took one look at the platform, and cried, "At _last_ , my very own stage! We'll take it!" The remodeled grange of course became a showplace. Feld has, in a sense, reimagined and reworked the stable married life of his parents' world. But underneath it all, his Wildean elitism remains: he subscribes to _Royalty_ , a British monthly that chronicles the doings of world aristocracy. In college, my coterie and I were Mods and beats rather than hippies. Feld cut a striking figure on campus in his green-vinyl car coat, a badge of British dandyism purchased on Carnaby Street and "coveted" by Jarratt. It was an exact copy, Feld boasts, of the one worn by Julie Christie in Paris in _Darling_ , a favorite film of ours. I affected men's ties, paisley Tom Jones shirts, Edwardian pin-striped bell-bottoms, naval pea coats, and antique jodhpur boots. My favorite piece of everyday clothing, however, was Feld's khaki jean jacket, which I appropriated like a family hand-me-down and wore for several years. Hard as it may be to understand now, since the style has become universal, it was a radical gesture for a woman then. Hippie girls did don their boyfriends' jean jackets, but only with reinforced feminine iconography—long, flowing hair, peasant blouses, dirndl skirts. I aggressively wore Feld's jacket with cropped hair and trousers (as can be seen in a period photo reproduced in my _Vanity Fair_ profile of September 1992). The hippie clique who ruled the student-center scene didn't like it one bit, as I certainly heard while traversing the snack bar on the way to class. Feld remains for me the symbol of modern gay men's extraordinary power of personality. His aplomb, audacity, and whiplash one-liners—delivered with perfect comic timing and his characteristic European shrug—made him the perfect companion and tutor for a raging young woman in flight from bourgeois conformism. I can still hear his inimitable voice twenty years later, in episode after episode from our lives. Discussing a friend of his, I asked, "Does she have a good sense of humor?" Feld replied, "Not really. But she laughs at all my jokes. I consider that the highest form of humor." When he complained about the vast amount of information he had to master in medical school, I said it was well-known that the brain has large numbers of unused cells. Feld shot back: " _My_ brain is full. Every time I memorize a medical fact, I forget something about a Betty Grable movie." Of a stylishly eccentric college friend of ours who had played Death in Lorca's _Blood Wedding_ , Feld said to me half a decade after graduation, "Leona has tried for years to look like everyone else, and she's finally succeeded." Of her and another Harpur original, a voluptuous blonde hippie nymph who became one of the organizers of the People's Park protest at Berkeley, Feld sighed, "My dear, we are the only ones who have retained our mythic stature." In 1976, when he and Peter were visiting me in Bennington, Feld described a recent visit to a gay bar in Boston: "We were wearing jeans and a shirt, and we were overdressed. You had to have grease on your hands to get in." The next year, while I was breakfasting at his mother's house, my eyes quizzically met his as he poured salt profusely over his plate. He defiantly proclaimed, "I'm on a salt-free diet. I use salt freely." It was impossible to corner or capture him. He was as elusive as the Scarlet Pimpernel. With a wisecrack and a toss of the head, he would have kept the Spanish Inquisition at bay. Bruce Benderson, Stephen Jarratt, and Stephen Feld were the crucible of consciousness out of which _Sexual Personae_ was born. They directly inspired many of my images and ideas, and they embodied an avant-garde philosophy of life based on free speech, intellectual curiosity, sexual adventure, and theatrical individualism. As I lecture at colleges and universities across America, I am distressed by the banal sameness of so much student life. Different races, ethnicities, social classes, and speech patterns have been systematically dissolved into a bourgeois blandness that I thought we got rid of after the Fifties. I feel fortunate in my friends, who in the Sixties way dared to think and act on a grand scale. For me, creative enterprise began at home, with my adoptive family of the mind. ## JAMES LANDRUM FESSENDEN James Fessenden, like Stephen Jarratt, came from conservative Protestant Midwestern stock, centered in Indiana and Illinois. His British roots were well-documented: the Fessenden family tree was centuries old and was outlined in a privately published volume that Jim paid no attention to. When I first met him in 1972 as a fellow new colleague on the Bennington College faculty, his outlandish Sixties costume made him look like a sybaritic eighteenth-century squire: knee-high crimson-suede lace-up boots, crushed-velvet trousers, mutton-sleeve silk shirts, military greatcoat, and long, curly, unkempt dirty-brown hair hanging to the waist, as thick as a periwig. With Jim's chubby cheeks and heavy eyeglasses, it made a strange effect. Fessenden, as I tended to call him except in our private moments, was tall (6′4″), strong, and broad-shouldered. He was made for football, but he despised athletics and took no exercise except walking. His body language was languid, luxurious, half-female, like that of Delacroix's lounging Sardanapalus. Like me, he was an Aries and an only child (my sister was born when I was 14, after my personality was, for better or worse, fully formed). We instantly recognized each other as fellow aesthetes, passionate devotees of the religion of art and admirers of Friedrich Nietzsche. Naturally, I wanted to integrate Fessenden into my college circle of gay men. But my first efforts were disastrous, and I gave up. At a restaurant dinner I arranged in New York, Bruce Benderson and Fessenden bristled at each other, and the evening ended in open hostility when Fessenden showed undisguised interest in meeting Bruce's current flame and housemate, a gorgeous Japanese youth named Nobuo. I remember thinking to myself, gay they may be but men they still are, with all the snorting, hoof-stomping territoriality of bison. Bruce was indignant for years afterward. The two never met again. Fessenden initially came to Bennington to fill in for a year, while an elderly woman philosopher was on leave. He ended up staying longer but was finally terminated because, it was rumored, there had been complaints that to win entrance to the in-group of philosophy students, one had to take drugs with the two young male teachers and hang out at their on-campus faculty houses. There may have been some truth in this. Fessenden and his best friend, an analytic philosopher and straight fellow student from Columbia University who affected a rock-star look (tall and gaunt, with long, curly black hair and motorcycle sunglasses indoors and out), set a style of hip, loitering indifference that may not have profited the already undisciplined children of the rich and famous who were Bennington's stock-in-trade. At the start, we brash young Turks offered a serious challenge to the Bennington establishment, which was mired in a genteel liberalism long on paternalistic sentimentality and short on political realism. There were many gradations of left-wing to centrist thinking among us: my close friend, Richard Tristman, for example, had been fired just before the uprising at Columbia when he gave all his students A's as a protest against the academic system. Many of the faculty who went directly from graduate school to Bennington in the charged late Sixties and early Seventies were heady with a sense of destiny. We had all the arrogance of youthful talent. We felt intellectually superior and didn't hide it. We thought we could change the world overnight. Life was to teach us otherwise. Fessenden was politically radical throughout our friendship. He hated authority and the corporate values represented by his businessman father. Though personally kind, he was contemptuous of the namby-pamby civilities required for college meetings and committees. He categorically refused to play the career game required for advancement in academe. His nemesis was the senior woman philosopher, who flirted with retirement but returned to dislodge him. Socially well-connected and married to a trustee of the college, she was competent but undistinguished and far from informed about recent issues in her field. Fessenden came to hate her as a symbol of the old guard, of power and position unjustly attained. She blocked him, and she defeated him. I felt even then that Fessenden, in his justified sense of his own merits, was unnecessarily cruel to her. To the end of his life, he never admitted any fault in his handling of that first career crisis—which proved to be his last, since he never completed his doctoral dissertation on Nietzsche or found another academic job. The ferocity with which he darkly remembered his opponent eventually made me think she was a shadow of his own frigid, manipulative mother, who put the screws in, one Christmas in the mid-Seventies, by giving him a leatherbound book embossed with the title _Nietzsche_ and as the author's name, "James Fessenden." The pages were blank. Fessenden was the most comprehensively learned person I have ever known. Richard Tristman, trained in literature, is also a polymath, with special knowledge of philosophy, theology, science, and medicine. But Fessenden's breadth of interest extended beyond the library from intellectual history to the visual and performing arts and popular culture. He had considered becoming a classical pianist. As a small child, he studied at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester. (When asked, on the entrance application, the title of his favorite composition, he replied, "The prelude to the third act of _Die Walküre_ "—i.e., the wild "Ride of the Valkyries.") Music suffused all one's encounters with Fessenden. He received visitors to his faculty house—or later his dingy, cramped, cell-like apartment near Columbia on New York's Upper West Side—in a magic envelope of sound. He was particularly expert in opera, whose librettos he minutely studied in their original languages and whose performance history he catalogued as an avid collector of records and tapes. Fessenden adored dance, classical ballet above all. He never missed a major production in Manhattan. A dedicated visitor to museums and galleries, he read deeply in art history, ancient to modern, and followed the latest developments in contemporary painting and sculpture. He haunted bookstores, monitored recent releases, and had a wide-ranging appreciation of great poetry, drama, and novels, which he cited with ease. He devoured biographies and always had some fascinating detail to relay. Like me, he was a movie fanatic who loved both the Hollywood studio era and European art films of the postwar decades. He was an aficionado of Alfred Hitchcock; both of us were crazy about Bernard Herrmann's Hitchcock scores, particularly _Vertigo_ , of which Fessenden possessed a prized early recording. Our ultimate personal film as a duo was Jacques Rivette's surreal, three-hour, Alice-in-Paris saga, _Celine and Julie Go Boating_ (1974), which we saw together and discussed with cultic fervor for years. Although he had no interest in television, Fessenden knew and respected popular music. One of our few quarrels was over the Rolling Stones' great album _Aftermath_ , whose rich sonorities were destroyed, I insisted, by the new compact disc reissue that Fessenden was playing with pride for me. The artist I most associate with Fessenden is David Bowie, who was in his orange-haired, extraterrestrial, transsexual Ziggy Stardust phase during our early years at Bennington. The _Aladdin Sane_ album, with its eerie half-embryo/half-mummy cover photo and its brilliant Scriabin-like piano interlude on the title song, is pure Fessenden for me. "All the Young Dudes," the ominously elegiac song that Bowie wrote for Mott the Hoople, always reminded me of Fessenden, even more so since his death. It was a dirge for the new dandyism. The Sixties cultural revolution, which failed to transform the academic or literary worlds as it should have, was contained in the eclectic, interdisciplinary mind of James Fessenden. Discourse with Fessenden was an extraordinary experience. He brought to bear on the moment not only his profound philosophic knowledge but his linguistic and etymological skills. While I never showed work in progress to him (or to anyone), Fessenden was my primary partner in dialogue and debate throughout the period when I was writing _Sexual Personae_. As I bounced ideas off him, I marveled at the combination of precision and flexibility in his thinking. He caught the finest shadings of every syllable. He understood the traditional systems and the warpings I was performing on them. It was a kind of music: Fessenden heard the dissonance and the jazzlike improvisations I made. Never in my life, before or since, have I been so blissfully relaxed in serious conversation. Fessenden's consciousness, both reflective and perceptive, seemed to float like a hawk. He was a superb audience, goading one to supreme efforts, which he rewarded with his characteristic guffaw, handclap, or glance of arch bemusement. A shared taste of ours that ended up writ large in _Sexual Personae_ was the beautiful boy, whom I traced from Greek sculpture to Florentine art and Wilde's Dorian Gray. Only one other woman of my acquaintance—the London art historian and curator Kristen Lippincott, then my student at Bennington—has ever been equally entranced by this archetype. The Luchino Visconti film of Thomas Mann's _Death in Venice_ (1971) had just been released. We went bonkers over the publicity still of the seraphic, long-tressed, blonde Bjorn Andresen as Tadzio. Fessenden had his own Tadzio, or what I was to call "the beautiful boy as destroyer." He was a hearts toppingly handsome Italian youth named Raffaello, whom I knew only through a snapshot. A decade later, I asked Fessenden how long his pursuit of Raffaello had lasted and what it had led to. "Two years," he glumly replied. "It led to light bulbs being thrown at me by a transvestite ballerina." This was all I ever learned. I assume Fessenden was referring to his involvement with a downtown troupe of New York dancers who performed classical ballet in drag. Bitter rivalries split the ensemble into the Ballet de Trocadero and the Ballet de Monte Carlo, the latter going on to international success. The founder and star, Anthony Bassaë, known as Karpova, was a close friend of Fessenden's who lost control of his own company. He was stocky and round-faced, with the caramel skin of his native Caribbean. He had a magnetic presence. When Tony died in New York, an early victim of AIDS, Fessenden visibly mourned. There was now a permanent undertone of melancholy in him. Another, even earlier loss from Fessenden's inner circle was Lance Norebo, a strange creature with the height and lanky physique of a basketball player but the haughty manner and carriage of a fashion model. He had neither home nor possessions. He belonged to the drag queen underworld of Harlem, the phantasmagoric "house" culture that produced the notorious dance craze called "vogueing." Lance, with his skull-like chiseled cheekbones, seemed Asian but was apparently at least part Portuguese. He looked as spectral and menacing as one of Melville's harpooneers. He was a mysterious resident of Fessenden's apartment, coming and going at will. The two were not involved; Fessenden simply admired Lance's freedom and style. Lance scorned me as a noisy little woman—until I sent him a glamourous old newspaper photo of two of his heroines, Maria Callas and Merle Oberon, striding in matching gaucho hats and boots out of a lunchtime New York restaurant. My stock rose enormously after that. Once, in midafternoon, while Lance was still sleeping, his friend Gaga, a fellow drag queen, telephoned. Fessenden could not rouse the drowsy, snappish Lance. "Well," sniffed Gaga, "just tell her it's _Audrey's birthday_ "—and hung up in a huff. The words were barely out of Jim's mouth when Lance leaped from bed like a comet, flung on some clothes, and raced frantically out of the apartment. Audrey Hepburn, thanks to _Breakfast at Tiffany's_ , was a principal divinity among queens, and her birthday was a high holy day. Lance ate next to nothing—"a few grains of rice" per day, with a cup of tea, according to Fessenden, who attributed Lance's lack of resistance to the AIDS virus to this monkish abstemiousness. When he fell ill, Lance was camping in an abandoned building on the Lower East Side, to which he had pursued a romantic interest. A month later, he was dead. Only afterward, as he was trying to locate Lance's relatives, did Fessenden realize, to our shock, that "Norebo" was a pseudonym: "Oberon" spelled backwards. Both Fessenden and I revered and honored drag queens for their power of imagination and imperious rejection of banal reality. Fessenden had returned to New York, after being forced out of Bennington, at exactly the moment gay bathhouse culture was moving into high gear. I was used to accompanying my male friends to their bars and vice versa, a vestige of the pre-Stonewall era when provincial cities usually had just one gay bar, in which the sexes mingled. I remember when the doors of the men's bars closed in my face. It was probably 1974; the hostility to a female presence was palpable. The reason: pitch-black orgy rooms and sex shows—chained men sodomized in slings—were coming into fashion. Upset at this divorce from my friends, I tried to pass in drag. An amused Stephen Feld loaned me his battered leather aviator's jacket and smuggled me, hair slicked back, into a crowded New York bar, where I tried to blend. But mannish as I am, I made an unconvincing male and aroused notice. I had to accept the fact that, as a woman, I was persona non grata in the new gay garden of earthly delights. With his indolence, nocturnal habits, and voyeuristic tastes, Fessenden took to the bathhouse scene immediately. He was generally secretive about his sex life, but he told me enough of his experiences there—seeing a naked, well-endowed Rudolf Nureyev, for example—to whet my appetite and envy. It was a realm, based on nudity and gargantuan promiscuity, that I obviously could never enter, even in drag. Fessenden's standards of hygiene were never that strict to begin with—another of his eighteenth-century traits, which worsened as the years passed. The degeneration of his apartment, uncontrollable as he became ill, is unimaginable in female terms. I often wonder whether the health risks in that hot, humid bathhouse underworld of thrilling sexual adventure would have been more obvious to women than to the men who, for complex reasons they never faced, shut women out. My epitaph for Fessenden: He lived, and he died. I mean by this that he lived life fully, sating himself on the pleasures of the mind and the pleasures of the body. He was not prudent. He postponed no gratification. He spurned the caution and frugality of his Protestant ancestors. Like so many members of our generation, he chose sensuality and the quest for truth over pensions, security, materialism. With his slow, grand movements and dreamy contemplativeness, he seemed to view each hour as a crystal goblet to be filled with rare wine. Of all my friends, he was the most inveterate drug-taker—marijuana and later cocaine, which surely (though he never admitted it) had something to do with the gold plate surgically installed to fill a hole in his sinus. Cocaine for him, as for Freud, gave clarity and command: thinking was his deepest self. At the end, he was making huge withdrawals for drugs from a large cash reserve unwisely deposited in a non-interest-bearing checking account. It was the remnant of his inheritance from his dead parents. His luxury, excess, and solitude reminded me of the extravagant, impacted language of Gerard Manley Hopkins poems I loved in high school. As adolescents marooned in the provinces, Fessenden and I had had the same longing for sophistication and beauty. While our romantic lives were separate, there was one area of pleasure we ardently shared: food. My friendship with Fessenden was a symposium in the original Greek sense: we ate, drank, and talked ideas for hours on end. The electric connection we were trying to establish, as Sixties rebels, between thought and sensation was reified in our conduct. Eating and drinking, rather than drug-taking, have always been my Mediterranean mode of testing and pushing my own neurotransmitters. Fessenden and I were systematically exploring the brain. It was a psychedelic undertaking. My generation treated inner like outer space, which _Star Trek_ , our symbolic saga, calls "the final frontier." In the theoretical terms of _Sexual Personae_ , Fessenden enjoyed unusually close communication between his Apollonian and Dionysian sides. He fulfilled in his own being the dual consciousness I see as crucial for intellectuals of the twenty-first century. My substitute for LSD was Indian food, to which Fessenden introduced me and which became a constant theme of our exchanges. It began in 1973 during a short visit to Bennington by the brilliant British philosopher Gillian Rose, the last woman Fessenden (as a graduate student) had dated. She concocted a fantastic Indian soup, golden-mustard in color and silty with twelve fresh-ground spices. It packed a wallop: I was hung over for two days. In New York, Fessenden took me to his favorite restaurant, the hole-in-the-wall Bit of Bengal on upper Broadway, where I had my first ultra-hot lamb vindaloo, a seductive culinary rut I have never escaped, no matter how resolutely I scan the rest of the menu. There Fessenden, languorous as Lewis Carroll's hookah-smoking caterpillar, ordered my first ambrosial, rust-red mulligatawny soup and educated me about its proper ceremonious consumption. " _Really_ , Camille," he thundered, as I gulped it down. Obscure Indian restaurants all over New York became the scene of my spice-triggered psychedelic "trips" with Fessenden. After our mammoth feasts, I would smoke a cigar as, gorged and happy, we strolled the streets. It was for another Indian sojourn that I rendezvoused with Fessenden at the big black cube sculpture on Astor Place in May 1989. The dinner was to be celebratory: the edited manuscript of _Sexual Personae_ , after endless headaches, conflicts, and white-knuckle negotiations, had just gotten the go-ahead for production at Yale Press. I had visited Fessenden only a month before, so I was not prepared for what I saw. His classic expression of casual, smug confidence was completely gone (and never to return). He looked sweaty and distracted. I saw desperation and fear in his eyes. The shock took my breath away. Earl Mountbatten said of the sudden, premature death of his wife, "It was a poleax blow." I knew my life would never be the same. A picture of my future isolation, like a desert landscape, flashed before me. Fessenden curtly fended off my concerned queries about how he was feeling—"too many drugs," he claimed and never budged from that story. He had always refused to discuss health matters, even bad colds, with me. We were fraternal Aries warriors; he had the stubborn pride and victor mentality of an athlete. Thus began the charade we played to the end. The word "AIDS" never passed between us, except about others. Before dinner that evening, we stopped for an errand at the apartment of one of Fessenden's musician friends, who was traveling abroad. Sitting down at the magnificent grand piano, Fessenden began to play from memory—Chopin and Liszt. I had never seen him so open or vulnerable. Lost in thought, he was literally playing his heart out. I knew it was his anguished leave-taking, his farewell to what might have been. Lying on the Oriental carpet, I was oppressed by a sense of the tragic waste and self-destruction of my generation. At the tiny table in the dark restaurant on 6th Street, I gave an award-winning performance. I chattered, gossiped, entertained, and gobbled paratha bread and lemon pickle as usual. Pointedly spearing and devouring delicacies near or on Fessenden's plate, I tried to suggest he had nothing to fear from admitting his condition; he would not be ostracized as dangerous or contaminated. It was a gruelling, futile effort. His mood remained grim. Driving back to Philadelphia after dinner, I sped into the first rest stop on the New Jersey Turnpike and frantically telephoned Bruce Benderson to pour out my grief and anxiety. It was one of the worst days of my life. Exultation had turned to horror. "Count no man happy," says Greek drama. Several years passed before Fessenden's illness, heralded by bouts of pneumonia, was obvious to others. By the fall of 1991, he was barely leaving his apartment. Since he had no family left, aside from a few elderly Midwesterners he had lost contact with, an ad hoc group, half dozen in number, of Fessenden's friends, ex-students, and protégés began to confer about him. Gillian Rose and her mother, an AIDS volunteer, visited from London to assess and significantly improve the situation. Roger Kimball, who had studied with Fessenden at Bennington and toward whom I had always been unfairly hostile, proved himself a man of honor and integrity by taking charge of Fessenden's legal and financial affairs and bringing in expert help to untangle the mess. Fessenden's primary malady was a massive overgrowth of fungal microbes in his body, crippled by autoimmune deficiency. Little showed externally, except for a severe weight loss. His mind began to slow, and he became progressively less responsive, indifferent to conversation or even music. I regularly telephoned semiweekly but could see him rarely. While he was hospitalized in the spring of 1992, Lauren Hutton, who had expressed a desire to meet him, accompanied me on a visit. In May, at the conclusion of her semester at the University of Sussex, Gillian Rose flew to New York. It was as if, she later said to me, Jim had waited for her in order to die. She was in the hospital with several others as he began to fail. They sat for hours in the corridor until, at 1 A.M., the doctors informed them that Jim had died. Gillian immediately called me in Philadelphia with the news. The prognosis had been so pessimistic for so long that there was neither surprise nor shock in Fessenden's passing. And there had been such a transformation and reduction of him, physically and mentally, that the real Fessenden seemed to have vanished. Most of us felt relief that the towering intellect he had been would have to endure no more humiliations to his frail shell of a body. My worst moment had been the first stunning revelation at Astor Place. After that, I had made a fatalistic adjustment to reality. It was, I liked to think, the steely pragmatism of the soldier. Three weeks after Fessenden's death, I was in London for the release of the Penguin paperback of _Sexual Personae_. As I was fielding questions from the stage of the Institute of Contemporary Art, with Gillian Rose in the audience, I began to describe the painful, lonely childhood of sensitive and artistic gay men in macho America. To my astonishment, huge tears began to stream down my face. Why only in public? Because it was the public realm where Fessenden belonged. And because his failure to enter it was partly due to his noble refusal to deform the philosophic quest by concern for money, status, or power. The audience I addressed was rightfully his. The Fessenden who will live on for me is the one who, after meeting her in London, was a devoted fan of Ava Gardner, whose wildcat temperament seemed to express what he could not assert in reality. There was a trace of this in his attitude toward me. All of my gay male friends treated me with the same blend of amused exasperation and affection; they saw my absurdity at the same time as they admired my pugnacious energy. In a way, I was their proxy for conventional masculine action. Fessenden enjoyed my scrapes and scandals at Bennington, which ranged from a public ass-kicking to claims of clairvoyance to fisticuffs at a college dance, the latter of which led, after a clash of lawyers, to my departure. In my processing of Sixties politics, disruptive behavior was a form of civil disobedience. Matured by disaster, I ended up with more respect for institutions and their needs than did Fessenden, who never turned his aggression directly on his oppressors. Fessenden's campus house at Bennington, Ludlow Studio, was the site-of-origin of my beloved cat, Numa Pompilius, an elegant blue-gray stray who had been hanging around for months until I adopted her. Numa, who had a distinct and well-deserved superiority complex, was my inseparable companion for fifteen years, throughout the writing of _Sexual Personae_. She was the model for my autocratic portrait of cats and their mystic symbolism in Egypt. For many years, Fessenden owned a shaggier gray-and-white cat, similarly from the Bennington countryside, whom he named Camille. I also associate Fessenden with Yasmin Aga Khan, who became, as our friend Karen Colvard put it, my "hobby." Though we never spoke, I became fascinated with Yasmin when, during my first week at Bennington in 1972, I caught what appeared to be a beautiful Arab boy staring at me across the mail room. The more florid Spanish features of her mother, Rita Hayworth, only came out in Yasmin long afterward. Hayworth, looking regal in a muted beige dress, was in attendance at Yasmin's senior recital in 1973. Fessenden and I were loud and obnoxious at the reception. Back in New York, Fessenden whiled away his slow hours at the police archives (the improbable job he had until the end) by culling piquant items for me from the tabloid gossip columns. His envelopes bore the return address "Celebrity Service," which eventually turned into an allegorical personage, "Célébrité," my satirical nickname for him. Thanks to the vigilance of Célébrité, we zestfully followed Yasmin (or, as Jim called her, "Yasmaga") through her many adventures, from Margaret Trudeau to various globetrotting suitors and husbands. In the late Seventies I had a close encounter with Yasmin, an astrakhan-clad woman friend, and a visibly shaky Hayworth in, of all places, the glittering Islamic Rooms of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. I was thunderstruck but for once had the sense to leave them alone. Throughout our friendship, Fessenden and I discussed French literature and culture, a subject in which I felt at home, since my father taught French and had brought back from a year at the Sorbonne, when I was a toddler, many books about the Louvre, Versailles, and Fontainebleau that had a great impact on me. Fessenden and I admired the Roland Barthes of _Mythologies_ but were less enthusiastic about his later development. We liked Gilles Deleuze's book on masochism but again felt the sequel was lacking. Expert in German, Fessenden enjoyed reading the poststructuralists in French, though he never overestimated their importance as did American literature professors, for whom he had withering scorn. From our first acquaintance, Fessenden kept telling me that what I was doing in English was very similar to what Lacan was doing in French, but I found Lacan boring, pompous, imprecise, and ahistorical. We often argued about Foucault, whom Bruce Benderson was also fond of. Many years of bickering and stalemate skirmishes passed before Bruce had a key epiphany: he finally admitted, under Amazonian pressure, that Foucault's cold, invigorating discourse was refreshingly woman-free. I never pressed this point with Fessenden, since I knew in my bones it was too true of him and his attraction to Foucault. In the spring of 1993, at a panel discussion on political correctness with Robert Hughes in Washington, D.C. that was filmed for British television, Edward Said congratulated me on the stand I had taken against New Historicism, with its bourgeois assumptions and vulgar inaccuracies. I told him that his intellectual successors were not the opportunistic mediocrities who have won tenure at our major universities but rather the authentic leftists of my generation who rejected the sycophancy of the career system and drifted out into the general culture. I passionately declared, "Your heir is dead—James Fessenden," whose mentor and dissertation advisor had been Arthur Danto, Said's friend and colleague at Columbia. When I descend like a demon on Harvard or any other university where I lecture, it is Fessenden whom I am avenging with my wrath. The most feted names of our generation of humanities professors are a callow lot, unlearned and uncultivated. America deserved better. By recovering what we can from the ruins of the Sixties, we can help the next generation to learn from our mistakes. This is our legacy. # DR. PAGLIA # PART ONE OF _FEMALE MISBEHAVIOR_ A FOUR-PART DOCUMENTARY BY MONIKA TREUT [Produced and directed by Monika Treut. Volcano Pictures for Hyena Films. Filmed in Philadelphia and New York, November 1991. Released in 1992.] _Pan of 42nd Street, New York City on a rainy night. Traffic noise_. CAMILLE PAGLIA _strolling past the porn theaters and adult bookshops. Voiceover of_ PAGLIA _conversing with_ BRUCE BENDERSON. PAGLIA: I was so miserable here, twenty-five years ago. BRUCE BENDERSON: Really? PAGLIA: Yes, in graduate school. You remember. BENDERSON: Mmmmm... vaguely. PAGLIA: I still have no sex life. But even then it was very intense. My hormones were at their _height_. BENDERSON: I do remember sitting on a rock here waiting for a go-go dancer that I knew to come and meet you for the afternoon. I was trying to fix you up with a female go-go dancer. PAGLIA: Yes, _there's_ an example! There's an example of the misery of my life. My sex life has been a _disaster_. BENDERSON: Yeah. _(Shot of_ PAGLIA _and_ BENDERSON _sitting on couches in the Helen Hayes Suite of the Milford Plaza Hotel, overlooking 8th Avenue. There is a lavish spread of food on the table between them_. PAGLIA _eats constantly as she speaks throughout the film.)_ PAGLIA: I mean, every time I try, like, to seduce a woman, I've just been... hopeless. It's like people can't take me seriously! I mean, I think that—I don't know— BENDERSON: I think that you unconsciously subvert it, in many cases. PAGLIA: What _is_ it then? What do you think it is? BENDERSON: You get to the point of consummation, then something in you says that it's wrong, and you make sure that it doesn't happen. PAGLIA _(perplexed):_ I don't know what it is. BENDERSON: It's the Catholic part of you. PAGLIA: You think? BENDERSON: Yes! PAGLIA: But, you know, _I_ think it's something else. I think on some level that I'm slightly _absurd_. I'm an absurd, rather comical person. BENDERSON: Well, I agree with _that! (They laugh.)_ PAGLIA: No one can really take me seriously. _Men_ can take me seriously as a sex object because, you know, I have tits and ass, like _that_. And I _do_ feel the _lust_ between men and women. BENDERSON: Oh yeah, we _love_ those tits and ass, babe! PAGLIA: Yeah! And so— BENDERSON: Shake 'em! PAGLIA: Right! BENDERSON: Go ahead! Yeah! PAGLIA _(laughing):_ Right! Shake it! But the thing is that women don't take me seriously at all as, you know, as a seducer. I'm just _ridiculous_ , and so, I mean, I've _never_ succeeded. _(Cut to Fifties footage of typical mother in heels and plaid summer dress fussing over small daughter with blond ringlets on their stoop. Voiceover begins of_ PAGLIA _at the Egyptian gallery of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.)_ PAGLIA _(with air of disgust):_ As a child in the early 1950s in America, I was being asked to identify with bride dolls, things like this. There would be, like, these lacy images of _brides_. I was expected to collect these dolls and so on. It was the period of Debbie Reynolds and Doris Day and these sorority queen blondes. Girls were supposed to be "nice" and feminine and so on, and instead I was identifying with things like _this_ from Egyptian culture. _(Gestures toward black stone object next to her.)_ And here we have, like, a _tombstone_ , okay?—or in some cases a stele that could just be a monument commemorating something that happened during a king's reign. You see, everything about this, to me, was _anti_ the 1950s, _anti_ the bourgeois culture of that period, because you have these mystic images, cryptic signs. Here we have a rapacious falcon or hawk, all right? I've always identified very strongly with carnivorous kinds of animals. I'm a kind of dominating, aggressive woman who just was totally out of sync with culture at that time. I suppose one could say that it _(indicating the object)_ has a hard phallic quality, but the _monumentality_ of Egyptian culture, its imperialistic statements, its _assertiveness_ attracted me _enormously_. Plus the idea of cryptic signs and so on. I've always been fascinated by visual emblems, and I find an exact correlation between something like this, which I could not have understood as a child, and advertisements of the period. I couldn't read as a small child, but I would see images and people doing strange things—you know, people holding a box, or holding a box out like _this (she demonstrates in the 1950s style of Betty Furness)_ , which later I could read—TIDE SOAP. So I felt since earliest childhood that advertisements were never something that was just popular culture and not to be taken seriously. But rather right from the beginning I saw that there was a connection between ancient pagan culture and the popular culture all around me which, let's say, my parents would not take seriously. My parents were very against commercialism and advertisements and so on. I had a kind of stubborn interest in the cryptic signs of advertisement. So for me the Egyptian hieroglyphics and advertisements are in the same line. And it's _true_. As I went on, I learned that the great pharaohs were _advertising_ themselves. That's what they were _doing_ —"I am the greatest, I am the most fabulous." Which they've done now. Five thousand years later, we're still reading their signs. _(Cut back to_ PAGLIA _and_ BENDERSON _in the New York hotel.)_ PAGLIA: Being a strong woman, okay, a strong sexual woman, is an absolute _horror_ —because there are very few things that you can _do_ , okay? _Really_ , the number of opportunities for sexual adventurism available to men—it's just _appalling_ —through history! BENDERSON: Well, I believe that's true image-wise, but I don't see why you have to follow all these social rules. PAGLIA: It's _undignified!_ BENDERSON: But— PAGLIA: It's _sleazy!_ It just _is!_ BENDERSON: Well, I— PAGLIA: When Cher—look—Madonna is also in a similar situation apparently. She's at a point where there's no man as strong as she is, right? And so she has this problem. And now the rumors are, in these new biographies, that she takes the limousine, picks up Hispanic, you know, beautiful Latino youths off the street, has sex with them in a limo, deposits them off! _(Laughs.)_ I mean, that seems to me a very good reconciliation— BENDERSON: Oh, so you're worried about press coverage. PAGLIA: No, no! It's a matter of dignity. She retains her dignity by having her limousine, and doing it in the limousine. BENDERSON: Darling, dignity is—oh, she _maintains_ her dignity— PAGLIA: Yeah, she maintains her dignity. I fail to see how— BENDERSON: Well, all we need is a limousine for you. PAGLIA: Right. My Pontiac Grand Am isn't quite as, uh, dignified. BENDERSON: All right. We'll rent a limousine for you next time. PAGLIA _(thoughtfully):_ Yeah, yeah. 'Cause, see, I _like_ sex with men. I have no problem with that. I mean, I can't stand these lesbians who get on talk shows and say, "Oh! Oo! Oo! Men don't do anything for me," or "Penises are ugly," or things like that. I have no problem with that, okay, at _all_. It's just that men... men... once you get beyond the level of their sexuality, then you get into this political area. You know, they have to compete. My crushing intellect becomes a problem to them. BENDERSON: I agree. One should never get beyond the level of sexuality with men. PAGLIA: This is the point. BENDERSON: They're totally uninteresting. PAGLIA: Exactly. Yes, yes. And then, when I say this, the feminists accuse me of treating men as if they were merely _bestial_ or as if they were incapable of an emotional life— BENDERSON: Oh, you're exciting me! PAGLIA: —when in fact my entire book is about the emotional life of men. What? BENDERSON: You're exciting me. PAGLIA: How? About what? BENDERSON: Talking about bestiality in men. PAGLIA _(sighing):_ I know. At least you've _had_ some bestiality. _(Cut to vintage Wild West footage of leering cowboy mauling and bussing a frantic young woman. Cut to_ PAGLIA _sitting on the floor with_ MONIKA TREUT _in the University Museum in Philadelphia.)_ PAGLIA: What I'm opposing is the anti-intellectualism of contemporary feminism. Feminism in its current phase began as a movement of eccentric individualists, but it has really rigidified into a kind of cult. They're like Moonies. They are really religious thinkers who usually have separated in some way from their religious background or their cultural background. They are people looking for an identity, okay? And such people are absolutely—They have not really examined their own assumptions. They're not intellectuals. So as a consequence, when you challenge them, they become very emotional, because they have no equipment for responding to you. Feminism today in America has become simply a series of rote, learned, jargon phrases. So if you try to critique their view of rape, let's say, they get very angry, and all they can do is parrot back to you something they've learned—a statement like _(imitates droning computer voice)_ "Rape is a crime of violence but not of sex." They're like robots, okay? They've been programmed. Or they'll say something like "No always means no." Now, both these statements are _stupid_. They absolutely are meaningless, all right? And what I'm doing is I'm going around as an intellectual, not just as a feminist but as an intellectual, and I am seizing on and attacking each of these jargon phrases and exposing them, and I'm doing it by shock tactics. For example, this business about snuff films, all right, which is like, oh, snuff films, this huge nightmare vision of contemporary anti-porn feminists. And so I'm doing things like saying, "Let snuff films be made!" Now I don't mean, of course, a film in which a _real_ woman is killed. When we go to a mystery story, we don't want to see a real woman, a real _person_ being murdered. When we go to _Hamlet_ , we don't want to see, like, ten people being killed by the end—the same thing with the _Oresteia_ or anything else. But I'm saying that whenever there's a taboo, it's the absolute obligation of the artist and intellectual to _seize_ on that taboo and to _shatter_ it. In other words _(cut to vintage footage of plump, middle-aged women being punched and pummeled by early exercise equipment)_ , all these tender places in the contemporary ideology—we must _push_ on them, _palpate_ them, make people _squeal_ , okay? So I'm doing that also for things like the battered wife motif, the battered woman. People are always, like, you know, wringing their hands and sobbing over these victims. I _hate_ the victim-centered nature of contemporary feminism! It's _loathsome_ to me. I believe woman is the _dominant_ sex, okay? And that everyone knows this, _everyone_ knows throughout world culture that woman _dominates_ man. Everyone but feminists knows that! And I think that it's absolutely perverse and neurotic to insist that history is nothing but male oppressors and female victims. This is _ridiculous_ , all right? They want to make women small! _(She angrily gestures with thumb and index finger.)_ Is this _feminism?_ To make women _small_ , to make them into victims? This is _absurd!_ What I see is going on between the sexes, you see, is _war_. I'm an Aries. I have no trouble with war. I'm a combative personality. I believe that war and combat are the way that we form our identities. All great artists have in some sense warred with their religion, with their culture, with their family, with others, with the artists who came before them. And so conflict and aggression are at the center of my system. _(Cut back to_ PAGLIA _and_ BENDERSON. _)_ I've seen a film of a female cat mating, breeding, and I identify with it so powerfully. BENDERSON: Oh, yeah, I've seen that. PAGLIA: Because the cat is an isolated animal, like me, a solitary animal, and you can see that she's driven by these hormones to mate, to breed— BENDERSON: _Yes_. PAGLIA: —but she's _angry_ at having to submit. BENDERSON: _Yes!_ PAGLIA: And you have this war going on between this male cat and this female cat, and _(imitates growling and scratching cat)_ she's, like, clawing him, okay? And he's waiting, waiting. _Eleven times_ he may penetrate her with this kind of penis that has a hook on it that injures her. BENDERSON: Yes! It's very hard and bony. PAGLIA: Yes. And I identify with that so powerfully. And I say, yes, that's _me_. I am like this completely carnivorous, solitary, self-ruling animal, like a cat. BENDERSON: Right. PAGLIA: You know? And I want to mate, and nature pushes me very powerfully to mate, but then I wanna _kill_. See, I hate this sort of, to me, saccharine or cloying intimacy—I don't mean to characterize _you!_ BENDERSON: Oh _do_ , please! PAGLIA _(laughing):_ No, no, I'm not categorizing you! But I'm in flight from this thing in the American bourgeoisie. Which is this thing of being _nice_ , making _nice_ , and nurturing, coddling and so on. I just can't do that. That's my problem with relationships, that I can't do it. BENDERSON: I don't totally believe that, because you're very nurturing to me sometimes, over our long relationship. PAGLIA: That's to my friends. That's to my immediate friends. BENDERSON: So you can't give some of this _abbondanza_ around, you know, sort of spread it around outside of your circle of friends? PAGLIA: I have trouble getting it together with sex. When I get that with someone, the sex seems to leave. That's my problem. BENDERSON: Really? How interesting. PAGLIA: Yeah. As a woman, I just can't get nurturance and sex together. I cannot. BENDERSON: To other women you can, though. PAGLIA: Well, yeah. Susie Bright criticized me, you know, for saying that I feel we need less intimacy, not more, with sex. I think that intimacy kills sex. _(Cut to technicolor footage of formally dressed Fifties couple toasting each other with clinking coffee mugs. A lush soundtrack swells. Cut back to_ PAGLIA _and_ TREUT _sitting on the museum floor_. PAGLIA _makes wild Italian gestures throughout this scene.)_ PAGLIA: Now feminists today, as I see it, are the heirs of Rousseau. They believe _(imitates prissy woman with singsong voice)_ we're born naturally good and whatever is _nasty_ about us, we got that from an unjust social system. So if there's rape, why, _no one_ would ever rape _naturally_. It must be coming from _pornography!_ Yes, pornography! Men are taught to rape by pornography! _(With disgust)_ This is so stupid. Rape has occurred everywhere in history, okay? Rape is simply a brutal form of the will to power, okay? Men are _taught_ not to rape. The idea that feminism _discovered_ rape, that feminists _alone_ are the ones who have decried the violence of rape... _absurd!_ Feminism—it is _mired_ in the shallow present, it is so _ignorant_ about culture! Men throughout history have condemned rape. Ethical men have _always_ done that, for heaven's sakes. _(Angrily)_ I mean, the fall of the tyrants in Rome was because of the rape of Lucretia by Tarquin, right? So we teach people by ethical rules of society—whether it's through morality in religion or by just the rational code of ethics—not to murder, not to steal, not to rape. Now, feminism is focusing on rape at the college level, at the freshman year. _(Imitates breathlessly posturing Joan of Arc feminist)_ "We can stop rape by passing grievance committee rules!" Is this stupid? Is this ignorant? I mean, first of all, my generation of girls, we were raised in the Fifties, where you had to be a virgin, okay? We arrived in college in 1964, and we were kept in all-girl dorms, locked at eleven o'clock at night. We had to sign in. _My_ generation's the one that broke through that in America and said, "No more rules!" We said to the colleges, "Get out of our sex lives! Let _us_ have the freedom to _risk_ danger, to _risk_ rape. _Get out_ , okay?" Now today, feminism is so stupid, it wants authority figures _back into sex!_ It wants authority figures _(imitates unctuously paternalistic bureaucrat)_ —"Okay, what happened on this date? Oh, he put his hand on your left breast? Oh, that was wrong, wasn't it? _Punish him!" (Slaps her own hand)_ This is _ridiculous_. Women must take _full responsibility_ for their sexuality. I'm saying to women not to stay home, all right, but rather, _accept_ the idea of sex. Every time you go on a date with a man, the idea of sex should be _in the air_ , okay? If it's not in the air, if you're not understanding that, why are you going on a date? These feminists seem to think that dating was something created on Mount Sinai, that God handed down the Ten Commandments _(imitates divine table-inscribing):_ "And then, you shall _date!_ " This is absurd. Unchaperoned dating is something very recent in history. It's confined to the industrialized democracies. Even in Germany, I understand, this idea of dating, as understood here, this great thing you do—you get up _(imitates primping and flouncing)_ and get all ready to go out on a date—this is something very _new_. It's _absurd!_ These feminists who think that they can totally reform the way men relate to women by focusing in on college dating, they are _so_ parochial, _so_ provincial! Now, _my_ view of sexuality— _(jump cut back to_ PAGLIA _and_ BENDERSON,)—Because I do believe in _telling all_ , and I don't believe in playing games, and that's one of my problems. I think that sex is a game—and I have a great trouble flirting and playing the game. BENDERSON: Exactly. PAGLIA: Because I'm too simple. I'm an Aries. I'm absolutely simple—and simplistic, even. BENDERSON: So you think it's because you're not holding anything back that you eventually turn the woman off? PAGLIA: I feel this is the intimacy problem again. _You_ keep on saying we should have intimacy, and I feel that _my_ error has been maybe to, like, put too much intimacy into the sex connection. You know, maybe I should be treating it more cerebrally, more abstractly. BENDERSON: That could be. PAGLIA: See, I don't exploit people. I'm _terrible at_ that. And so, I think that in some sense sexual contact is—there's a _self-withholding_ going on in it that I'm not capable of. And you're right, I think I just show too much. BENDERSON: Right. A good hunter is self-possessed. Is that what you mean? PAGLIA: Hmmmm. I think there's a predatory aspect to sexual conquest that I _completely_ lack. _(Ruefully eating)_ I don't know, I mean, I'm in my forties now, and people still think I'm very youthful. You know, I get along great with children. There's something about me that's presexual. It's like I never got over my what Freud calls polymorphous—you know, the pansexuality—polymorphous perversity. But in certain ways, I don't think I've ever progressed into the dating stage yet! _Dating_ is still something very difficult to me. BENDERSON: Well, do you feel sexual towards children? PAGLIA _(pondering it):_ No, but I feel absolutely at one with children. Children between the ages of three and eight. And I feel _that's_ where I sort of have _stopped_. And so I feel totally sexual in a kind of whole-body way, but I find it difficult coupling. _Coupling_ is very difficult to me. I mean, I think that most powerful and talented women—I mean, _really_ powerful women like _me_ —have had some sort of difficulty with sexual adjustment in ways that very powerful men don't necessarily have. _Some_ powerful men have had these problems, but I think that every very, very talented woman in some way has difficulty in how to relate sexually to other people. And that's been my problem. _(Cut to vintage footage of crone shooting pistols at lightbulbs and other targets held by women or small children. Cut to_ PAGLIA _standing beneath large, pink-granite pharaonic sphinx at the University Museum. She addresses the camera.)_ PAGLIA _(sternly):_ I have _never_ identified with Christianity. The only elements in it that I identified with are those in Roman Catholicism that _I_ have identified in my writing as pagan, the pagan elements in it. Whether it's the sexual personae of the martyred saints... Saint Sebastian, with the arrows sticking out of his body—he's a kind of parallel to the beautiful boys of Greek art and so on and so forth. There was just something in the _humbleness_ of Christianity, Saint Joseph and Mary and the baby and so on, that I _absolutely rejected_. I just felt like such an alien, not only a sexual alien but a social alien, in my own time. So dreaming about ancient Egypt and studying it was my escape, you see, from what I regarded as _(disdainfully)_ the humiliating simplicities and humbleness of Christianity that we were being taught. Turn the other cheek and all that. Well, I don't believe that for a minute. I don't think any Italian really does. We believe in _war!_ _(Jump cut to_ PAGLIA _and_ BENDERSON) PAGLIA _(laughing):_ Well, I'm a bisexual lesbian who's also monastic, celibate, pervert, deviant, voyeur. BENDERSON: Are you masochistic? PAGLIA _(pondering it):_ No, I don't think I'm masochistic. I don't think at all. Because I'm very self-preserving. I don't like suffering. I don't think I'm masochistic. BENDERSON: Right! Well, masochists are very self-preserving. That's the mechanism of self-preservation in their masochism. PAGLIA _(still pondering):_ I really don't think I'm masochistic. I don't. BENDERSON: They're masochistic in order not to feel something _worse_. PAGLIA: I don't see it, except in, uh, the sex _act. (Smiling sheepishly)_ I enjoy being on the bottom. BENDERSON: Oh, tell me _more_ about that! PAGLIA _(shrugging):_ No, it's true. I mean, I'm a butch bottom. Susie [Bright] was right. BENDERSON: Would you like to be tied up? PAGLIA _(emphatically):_ No, no. I wouldn't like, I don't think, the idea of powerlessness— BENDERSON: Would you like to have your nipples tortured? PAGLIA _(indignantly):_ No! _(Cut to vintage footage of voluptuous, raven-haired woman throwing knives at a tiny, beatifically smiling girl, as a crowd of children watches. Cut to_ PAGLIA _and_ TRUET _sitting on the museum floor. More agitated Italian gesticulation by PAGLIA.)_ PAGLIA: Because I'm criticizing liberalism, people automatically call me a conservative. This is _madness!_ The idea that somehow one cannot critique liberalism from the left, from the left wing of liberalism. I mean, _how_ can people be so stupid? _How_ can they be so naive? I am on record—I'm constantly on record in all my interviews as well as in the book—as being pro-prostitution, pro-pornography, pro-abortion, pro-legalization of drugs, pro-homosexuality, pro-drag queens. Now, _how_ is that neo-conservative? The people who are saying this are _so_ idiotic! We are dealing here with _such_ simplistic minds. I mean, there's no point in even _listening_ to such people! See, the value of my work is not just what I am _saying_ but rather that I am breaking up all these bunkered positions. Many people are condemning themselves out of their own mouths. I'm sort of like this race boat that goes zooming by, okay? And it's as interesting in the _wake_ of where I've been as what I'm doing myself. That is, people everywhere, in university departments or in downtown New York or in San Francisco, are getting apparently into huge arguments about my work, and it's being very, very useful. For example, you have people who've been _claiming_ to be cutting edge and avant-garde, people who are interested in _(contemptuously)_ Lacan, Derrida, and Foucault. For the first time, in their inability to _deal_ with my ideas, inability to even read my book accurately, they are being revealed in their university departments as, in fact, completely stereotyped thinkers. The impoverishment of their minds, the smallness of their imaginations is slowly being revealed to _others_ in their immediate circles. So, I'm a very powerful weapon, okay, being used _not_ by the right against the left but rather by people who are _liberal_ thinkers who have been enslaved by these poseurs, these racketeers, people who are pretending to be liberal but who are in fact just naive politically. I have been congratulated by women—people rush up to me at the end of my lectures—women of my age, women who are younger, who are _so sick_ of being bullied by these sanctimonious _puritans_ who call themselves feminists. I'm a feminist, but I am liberating current feminism from these false feminists who have a death grip on it right now, who are anti-porn and so on. I'm bringing, like Madonna, a sense of beauty and pleasure and sensuality back into feminism. Because, you know, feminism's main problem for the last twenty years has been that it is incapable of appreciating art, okay? There is no aesthetics in feminism. All there is, is a social agenda. Art is made a servant to a prefab social agenda. So what I'm doing is allowing feminism to take aesthetics into it, and also psychology. _(Cut back to_ PAGLIA _and_ BENDERSON.) PAGLIA: If people could see the inside of my brain, I would be in _prison! (_ BENDERSON _laughs uproariously.)_ In other words, I get away with _murder!_ I get away with murder, okay? Because I think that men are constantly being arrested and taken away in paddy wagons for things that I'm doing in my _mind_ , you know? That's why I can understand the way men's minds work, because the way I look at women is absolutely lascivious. It's what feminists call "the male gaze." But obviously it's _not_ "the male gaze" because, honey, I am _using_ it! I have been doing it for many a decade. BENDERSON: Oh, well, I don't know. Maybe you have a testosterone imbalance. PAGLIA _(gravely):_ Yes, I think I do have a hormonal imbalance. I surely do. But I'm hairless! You'd think I'd have a beard or a mustache, but I don't! BENDERSON: Well, perhaps you have an excess of both hormones. Too much testosterone _and_ too much estrogen. PAGLIA: Yes, yes, this may be the case. I certainly feel at the mercy of my hormones. It's, like, every week, it's something different with me. Some weeks of the month I feel very female, others very male. I feel I have a sex change every month. _(_ BENDERSON _laughs loudly.)_ It's _true!_ I feel it. Sometimes I desire a man, sometimes a woman, you know. It just goes back and forth. I mean, it never is the same with me. Never for a minute. BENDERSON: Well, maybe you can chart it, and then you could be at the right place at the right time. PAGLIA _(laughing):_ Oh, I'm enough for myself. I'm in love with myself. It's the romance of the century! _(Cut to_ PAGLIA _on 42nd Street scrutinizing movie posters of blonde porn stars. Her finger trails languidly across their glossy breasts and buttocks. Cut to her drifting into a neon-lit porn emporium and then to a video booth, where she gleefully watches a pantingly explicit hardcore film. Cut to_ PAGLIA _and_ TRUET _sitting on the museum floor.)_ PAGLIA: Feminism does not realize—contemporary feminism—the degree to which it has _silenced_ dissenting women and men. It does not realize. And so it's completely off in an ivory tower, and it's _shocked_ when it goes into the outside world and says, "What, what? You don't agree with us? Then you must be a _backlash_ to _us!_ Yes, you must be having a backlash to us because of our _success_." When, in fact, feminism has to open its eyes and realize that it's made not a _dent_ in anything outside a small group of white, upper-middle-class men. These are the _only_ men who have changed, okay? Now in the law office, a man can't say to you, "Hey, babe! You got great tits!" That's the _only_ change that has been made. It's made not a _dent_ in the outside world. Construction workers don't listen, working-class men don't listen. The entire world is _unchanged_ by feminism. So my feminism is calling for strong men, strong women. And also we must take all of the aspects of sexuality into ourselves. We can no longer say, "This is good sex." Anything that is not, that is dark or violent or abusive or hot, or anything like that... oh, that's "bad" sex! I mean, this is unbelievable, what's going on. Contemporary feminism has simply relapsed into the puritanism of seventeenth-century New England here. It's appalling, okay? I'm simply bringing a world sophistication to sexuality, and it's obvious by the enormous surge of popularity of my book that people are listening because they are sick and tired of being _sermonized_ to by these women! These women are absolutely _(grimacing)..._ it's _pathetic!_ Young women are being trained to look at fashion magazines and see nothing but... you know, like you'll see a beautiful woman's face, and it'll be "decapitation," "mutilation," "amputation." It's _loathsome_ what's going on, okay? So I don't _care_ what these women say. I mean, these women are losers. They're gonna lose to me. My victory over them will come decade by decade by decade, okay? Their _punishment_ for maligning me now is to see the triumph of my work. Ha! _(Cut to_ PAGLIA _looking directly into camera and jabbing her finger at the audience.)_ Let them suck raw eggs and _eat my dust!_ # SEX WAR # A SHORT FILM BY LUCA BABIVI [Excerpted. Directed by Luca Babini. Allied Species, Inc. and Troublemaker's Film, Inc. Filmed in New York on February 1, 1992.] LAUREN HUTTON _and_ CAMILLE PAGLIA, _in a black Gaultier corset dress, seat themselves at opposite ends of a Renaissance banquet table crowded with food, fruit, and wine goblets. Next to each of their chairs, a large TV screen shows a live image of the other woman. Amid the forest of studio lights are racks of votive church candles. Cameramen circle and roam throughout the film_. HUTTON _and_ PAGLIA _talk at top speed, constantly interrupting each other in overlapping dialogue_. LAUREN HUTTON: Okay. One of the things that I knew very, very clearly from the first time I was trying to get into boys' gangs as a young preadolescent—because it seemed that boys and woods were much more interesting with their houses that said, "No Girls" than girls playing with dolls, so I always wanted to be out with the boys because it looked like more fun to me. But I always knew that they were _very_ alien creatures, and quite dangerous. You could feel it, you know? It was like being around with like a really bad alligator snapper, which is something that could take you off a hand, down where I grew up. CAMILLE PAGLIA _(laughing):_ Right! HUTTON: And because early feminists were so frightened that they weren't as smart as men—because we were taught that—it seems like now they've taught young women to think that in fact men are not different and they're not dangerous. I believe that they're outright savages! _(_ PAGLIA _laughs.)_ That men are savages and that _our_ business is to civilize them. PAGLIA: I agree with that. HUTTON: And in a good way, not an emasculating way, which sucks. But in a decent way. So you said that, um, what'd you say? You said that we must have a common-sense attitude toward rape. You have twelve tequilas at a fraternity party and go up to a guy's room, and you're surprised when he assaults you. PAGLIA: Yeah. That's right. HUTTON: And girls right and left, over and over and over you see them, going up to somebody's room in the dead of the night and not understanding that men are not the same as us in sex. And _that's_ what's exciting. Male lust. PAGLIA: Right. That's what's exciting. HUTTON: That's what I fantasize about. PAGLIA: That's what I think is wrong in the feminist rhetoric right now, because I think we don't want to curtail or to castrate— HUTTON: Yikes! No! PAGLIA:—male sexuality. HUTTON: That's what's interesting. PAGLIA: Yes, that's what's interesting. I think it's for the good of the species. You want to keep men _hot_ , okay? All right? HUTTON _(laughing):_ Keep 'em _hot_ , absolutely! PAGLIA: So my motto for men is going to be this, "Get it up!" That's my thing. "Get it up!" And now my motto for women: "Deal with it." OFFSCREEN MALE VOICE: Say that again? _(_ HUTTON _laughs.)_ PAGLIA: I'm saying for men, get it up and keep it up. Get it up! And I'm saying for women, _deal_ with it. _Deal_ with it! _Not_ cut it off, not like, you know _(imitates panicky spinster)_ , "No, no, no, no!" Not lecturing to men, okay? It's up to women to realize that there's this dangerous force— HUTTON: I think I like this. PAGLIA:—in male sexuality, in the force of nature, and again, it's for _the good of the species_. _(Cut to new segment.)_ HUTTON: I think rape is up. You say no, right? PAGLIA: _No_ , absolutely not. I mean, I feel that the frequency— HUTTON: Have you seen statistics on this, or are you just— PAGLIA: The frequency of _reporting_ is definitely up, okay? HUTTON: Yes. But why wouldn't rape _itself_ be up, since girls go— PAGLIA: It isn't up. HUTTON: I mean, in the Fifties, boy, you did not go to a guy's room who was, like, much bigger than you. And never with a guy you had just met, and you had ten tequilas, and in fact unless you were looking to be—you know— PAGLIA: In point of fact, I knew many examples. I mean, I knew examples in high school and in college of girls who had been raped who wouldn't _dream_ of reporting it. As a matter of fact, as the years have gone on, I have known fewer and fewer women who are raped, all right? I think it's probably going _down_ because women are more _together_. I think that women, in general, are wiser. There are a lot of _stupid_ women who are out there who become these date-rape heroines. They make me so _sick_. They get on TV, they're on the cover of _People_ magazine, all right? These stupid girls on the cover of _People_ magazine, whenever it was. The girl, you know, at Colgate University. There's an advertisement: oh, yes, "Come and spend the weekend at the fraternity house, we _guarantee_ your safety." Now, what kind of _dope_ do you have to be to spend a weekend at a fraternity house and think your safety's guaranteed? And she gets drunk. Oh, her grandmother had died recently. So she gets drunk. HUTTON: Young male lust. Hmm. PAGLIA: And at something like three in the morning—after she drank too much—three men come into the room, and she's _surprised?_ And now she's a heroine on the cover of _People?_ These are _stupid girls, stupid women!_ HUTTON: Well, maybe in fact they're victims of this sort of early feminist idea that men and women are the same— PAGLIA: That's _absolutely it_. HUTTON:—that we have the same brain, and the girl thinks, "Well, I'm not gonna jump a guy and throw him on his back and absolutely out-and-out rape him." Although there _were_ , there _were_ three women in Kansas City that raped that guy. Did you ever see that? PAGLIA: No, I didn't. HUTTON: It was fabulous! They raped him and threatened him with a hammer. He reported them. _(_ PAGLIA _laughs.)_ And the cops made a lot of fun of him in Kansas City, I think. PAGLIA: Now see, I look at movies. There's so many movies that show the delirium of gang rape and how men can goad each other into a gang rape and abuse a woman and not realize that she's a person, okay? How many movies do you have to see like _Death Wish?_ Or _Where the Boys Are_. I mean, there are so many of these movies. How _dumb_ can you _be?_ See, what women don't understand is that it's possible for men to have sex with an inert object, okay? HUTTON: A watermelon, perhaps. Or anything, yeah. PAGLIA: Well, even a watermelon! But I think even a drunk woman, a woman who's comatose. HUTTON: Yeah. Inert objects, yeah. PAGLIA: Women can't imagine that, okay? That actually men could enjoy having sex, group sex, with a drunk and, you know, passed-out girl. I can understand it. From my male brain, whatever it is. I think I have the brain of a rapist. Actually, that's the _truth_ , okay? HUTTON: Can you speak into the mike? _(Laughs)_ You have the brain of a male rapist? PAGLIA: I can _understand_ rape, okay? As a woman who's been very frustrated by other women's attitudes toward _me_ , I can _absolutely_ understand it. I _totally_ understand it. HUTTON: And what is it? Let's get it down here. Is it an idea of naked dominance? PAGLIA: No. What it is is that women _have_ something you _want_. You wanna get in there. They seem to be like citadels, all right? HUTTON: Citadels. PAGLIA: And they _close_ the door against you, and you have this rage, and you _want_ to get in there, okay, and also you have this sense of _honor_ which women don't understand. A sense of _pride_. And what I have had happen to me, okay, where girls and women have said to me, "You think I'm leading you on?" And when in fact, her behavior had been, like for forty-eight hours, _outrageously_ leading on! _Outrageously_ provocative! I think half the time women don't know what they're doing, okay? HUTTON: Or we're taught to relate almost only sexually quite often, you know, with daddies first and then— PAGLIA: But I believe there's a kind of autoerotic quality to women's sexuality and that men are aroused by it. That it is the vibrations or the signals being sent out, okay? And that women do _not_ understand the signals they're sending _out_. They do _not_ understand the inflammatory nature of those signals. And that I, as a lesbian or as a bisexual woman, _absolutely_ understand it, okay? I understand the _lust_ that men have for women, the _rage_ that men have toward women. And the way it can turn into rape. And the only reason I think I have never raped anyone is because I'm a _woman_. I can't possibly, you know? I can't take any satisfaction, physical satisfaction, in an inert object. I could not do it. HUTTON: Well, it's probably more interesting in fantasy than the actual thing, too. PAGLIA: No, I don't believe that's true. HUTTON: You've never found that out? PAGLIA: No. HUTTON: You've never experienced that? Where something that was erotic in a fantasy, when it was actually carried through was sort of... well, squeamy? PAGLIA: In studying the images of rape in literature and art, and also the fantasies of rape, I feel that— HUTTON: It's sort of heroic in a way. PAGLIA:—I feel I understand it. And that the feminist discourse on rape is totally wrong and it's putting women in _danger_ , okay? They do not— HUTTON: Yes, I agree with _that_ , absolutely! PAGLIA: They do not understand, okay? They do not understand what lust is, from the male point of view. HUTTON: Or the _glory_ of male lust. PAGLIA: The glory of male lust, yeah. HUTTON: Or, in fact, how interested we _are_ in it. PAGLIA: Yeah. I want to fan the _flames_ of lust— HUTTON _(thoughtfully):_ Fan the flames... PAGLIA: Fan the flames of lust, that's my aim. HUTTON: Good. Deal with it. PAGLIA: Deal with it. _(_ HUTTON _laughs.)_ All right. Get it up and deal with it. Right. HUTTON: Okay. Male lust and the rock and roll strut! PAGLIA: Right. HUTTON: OK, so why are there no female— PAGLIA: Well, I think that rock and roll is basically male lust, right at its peak, okay? Because it's a teenage male activity. And I as a great rock fan—and I've been listening to it for thirty-five years—I have to remark on the fact that there are no great women lead guitarists in the _world_ , okay? Anyone who knows about rock _has_ to admit this. I mean, it's not that women don't have _access_. That's _bullshit_. They now have access to guitars, they now have all-women bands. They have for _years_ , right? Not _one_ great woman [hard rock] solo has been done— HUTTON: Why? PAGLIA:—in the twenty-five years of rock. Because I believe it's all about lust. It's all about aggression, male aggression, all right? That kick-ass, you know, knock-the-door down, in-your-face thing. HUTTON: Oooh! PAGLIA: Yeah. It's male. You see? And I've _got_ that. That's what I'm doing in my book. That's the sound in my book. _(Smacks her fist into her hand.)_ That high-impact sound. That is the sound of the guitars, all right? Now, I'm doing it in _words—_ HUTTON: You've never met a guy who's tougher than you? PAGLIA _(long pause):_ Uh... HUTTON: And smart at the same time? PAGLIA: Oh, no, no, not smart. But there are men who are. When I'm in the presence of real male dominance, I can feel it. I can feel it, and I enjoy it. It's rare, but it's there, okay? But who could get along with me, you know? You see, my grandmother said— HUTTON: What do you mean, "no"? PAGLIA: My grandmother said to me in Italian— HUTTON: "No," what? PAGLIA: My grandmother said, "If you were married, your husband would either beat you or kill you!" Okay? HUTTON: Oooh. So granny scared you. That's scary. PAGLIA: No, she didn't scare me. HUTTON: So then you wouldn't mind being beaten? PAGLIA: No, no! She was saying that I'm such an obnoxious personality that it would be almost impossible to have like a couple— HUTTON: I don't think you're obnoxious. You're pretty ridiculous on your—Never mind! _(Laughs.)_ PAGLIA: But to live with it on a day-to-day level—it's nice to visit, but to live with it? I mean, you know, this is a vacation. This is recreation. Can you imagine day after day after day? HUTTON: Oh, I bet you'd calm down. PAGLIA: Oh, _please!_ _(Cut to new segment.)_ PAGLIA: See, my theory is that in the last hundred years we've seen a collapse of the great extended families, the tribal extended family—the tribal family would be what you saw in Africa—into this nuclear family. HUTTON: Very dangerous. Very dangerous. PAGLIA: And maybe that the nuclear unit perhaps is an artificial and oppressive construction— HUTTON: Absolutely. PAGLIA:—and is like a pressure cooker of incestuous feeling. HUTTON: Yeah. Yeah. Good thinking! So you're saying that it's absolutely out-and-out breeding and there's no outlet for it. Because you don't have aunts and uncles and grandparents and neighbors sitting around saying, "Oh, Dad's completely nuts today, watch out!" or "Mother's riding the rag and she's doing this and that." Kids think that the parents are in fact the entire world. PAGLIA: Right. Right. That's _exactly_ it, and they have no wise elders to help them, okay? And you have this awful—It's like a prison! It's leading to anorexia. HUTTON: Yeah, absolutely. PAGLIA: Anorexia to me is one of these disturbances when the daughter tries to stop her sexual maturation. It's because she's responding, I think, to the incestuous currents going on in the nuclear family. HUTTON: Yeah. It serves a point. PAGLIA: I think that homosexuality is also coming from this. That is, if you have no other form of relatedness, these two parents alone cannot _possibly_ help you to understand the world. You need the entire _tribe_ to help you understand the world. You need _rites de passage_. And the schools have failed, the Church has failed, and so on. The kids' culture is TV, it's popular culture. HUTTON: We're a society in deep chaos, no? Deep shit! PAGLIA: We're in a period of sexual crisis, absolutely. I don't think that feminism's helping right now. HUTTON: No. PAGLIA: I think feminism's obstructing and forcing— HUTTON: No. It's making bigger enemies of us than we were. PAGLIA: It's making bigger enemies of the sexes. HUTTON: And it's making young girls unsafe because they don't understand that they're dealing with a very potent savage and spectacular animal. Men. PAGLIA: It's also alienating women from their own bodies— HUTTON: Yes. Yeah. PAGLIA:—because they don't understand that in their bodies they have something which men _want_ , okay. So they're encouraged to interpret all male lust as oppressive and victimizing and negative, instead of seeing that it is up to them to husband this flame. They have a flame, and it's enormously powerful, all right? For example, Francesca Stanfill, who interviewed me for the _New York_ cover story a year ago—she's a novelist, she has two children, she went to Yale and so forth—she said _nothing_ in her Yale education prepared her for being a mother. HUTTON: Right. Yeah. PAGLIA: That's very interesting. _Nothing_ helps a woman to understand what she is as a natural being. HUTTON: That's it. PAGLIA: Nothing in our culture will help. _(Cut to new segment.)_ PAGLIA: I think the problem with our culture is that we seem to be living in an urban technological society in which we are in, you know, air-conditioned offices with sealed-in windows, working with machines all day long. We're forced to be very limited Apollonian personalities in the day. Therefore it's all the more important that, at night, we go back to recover the Dionysian other self which has been repressed. HUTTON: Amen. PAGLIA: For that, we need _more_ lust, not _less_ lust! Feminism is totally out of sync with what is _needed_ now, OK? We want _more_ pornography, _better_ pornography. Pornography everywhere! Not in the _office_ , necessarily— HUTTON: Have you tried writing some pornography? PAGLIA: I did! I mean, my book. HUTTON: Women write pretty good pornography. PAGLIA: My book is the most X-rated academic book probably ever written. HUTTON: Mmm. Right. PAGLIA: Ha! A hundred nuns with dildos? That was Harold Bloom's favorite line in that book. HUTTON _(laughing):_ Oooh—I missed that part. PAGLIA: Yeah, well, that's the Marquis de Sade chapter. The orgy in the convent. HUTTON: I don't know if that's so incredibly attractive. A hundred nuns and—Oh! I'd be running. PAGLIA: The Marquis de Sade wrote that scene. HUTTON: Why do you like him so much? Well, never mind. I don't even want to talk about why you like him. Tell me about this. You said that male culture created western technological tradition that gave you— PAGLIA: Western technological tradition created the modern, capitalistic life that has allowed the emergence of the feminist. Our feminist culture at the present moment is _completely_ dependent on _capitalism_. My grandmother was still scrubbing clothes on the back porch on a _washboard!_ My ability to _write_ this book came from this society which men have created. _No_ other culture has produced feminism but ours. The idea that western culture is evil—! HUTTON: Men. Great men. So how do we tamp down this sort of _war_ that's going on here? First, women need to be sort of secure. You said that on some level men understand that women are— PAGLIA: Dominant! Woman is the dominant sex. HUTTON: Yeah. But yet we believed our grandmothers' stories that, in fact, _men_ are dominant. So we bought our own conspiracy. PAGLIA: Men are dominant in society, okay? And it is the mission of feminism to seek the full political and legal equality of women. We must win the entrance of women into the social realm. What I'm saying in my work is that we are much bigger than merely social selves. That there's a social sphere of life, but there is also a sexual or emotional sphere that overlaps the social sphere but is not identical to it. So I'm saying that, in the sexual and emotional sphere, woman is _dominant_ and men _know_ it on some deep level. They remember having emerged from this huge, matriarchal, goddesslike, shadowy figure from which they struggled for identity. Yes. They were inside the woman's body for nine months, and they struggled for identity out away from her—in the early years of life in which the woman is completely, you know, overmastering them. HUTTON: So how do we do that? How do we in fact deal with it? PAGLIA: Well, I'm saying we must accept sexual difference and _understand_ what is going on. What is going on is _sex war_ , and all the things that are going on—the turbulence between the sexes—may be a _permanent condition_. We must seek for understanding. HUTTON: Well, to some degree it would keep things interesting, right? So you need that sort of flame. PAGLIA: To keep it interesting. But we shouldn't be blaming men. * * * PAGLIA: Nature has a plot, a plan for women to reproduce, all right? And then if you don't want to reproduce... like I have absolutely no interest in having children. And I have been at total war with my body— HUTTON: Amen. PAGLIA:—for thirty years. HUTTON: Do they sneak up on you? Dreams? Do you suddenly dream that some witch is throwing a baby and you've got it caught in your arms and you've got to like take care of it? And the witch is gone— PAGLIA: Is _this_ a dream that you _have?_ HUTTON: You bet. _(_ PAGLIA _laughs.)_ I have all versions of that. Or I _had_ them. Fortunately the eggs are gone. PAGLIA _(laughing):_ You have baby-throwing dreams? HUTTON: Yes, absolutely, at different times. You haven't hit them yet? You should have hit them. PAGLIA: No, I don't have baby dreams. HUTTON: What? How do you have them? PAGLIA: I have nature dreams. I have big nature dreams. HUTTON: You never actually... It doesn't actually spring out? The idea— PAGLIA: Uh uh. HUTTON:—of having a baby doesn't come undisguised into your dreams? PAGLIA: That would be a terrible nightmare to me. I think that's a _waking_ nightmare to me. I—I—It has never happened in my dreams. HUTTON: It's a nightmare for me, too. PAGLIA: Yeah, yeah. HUTTON: I mean, I actually _raised_ some babies, so I know what a nightmare it is! PAGLIA: You raised babies? HUTTON: My mother's, yeah. It's a very hard and big deal. PAGLIA: Oh, all right. No, it would be a horror to me. But I have big dreams. Big nature dreams. Like about fire, flood, you know, that sort of thing. Storms. That's my cup of tea. HUTTON: Mmm hmm. PAGLIA: But you have dreams where babies are _flung_ at you, and they— HUTTON: I did. I don't have them anymore. I don't have them anymore because I'm almost out of eggs. PAGLIA: HOW many babies are being flung at you at any given time? HUTTON: Only one at a whack. _(Laughs)_ Thank God. PAGLIA: Oh, one at a _whack?_ All right. _(They laugh.)_ _(Cut to new segment.)_ HUTTON:—but I don't think they [feminists] like men. Everybody used to say to me, was I a feminist? I mean, I had decided at thirteen that I would never, ever be supported by a man, because I'd seen, you know, my mother and many other women in deep trouble because of that. And I never have been. So in that sense, that's feminist. And I certainly believe that everybody should have the same money for the job. But it seemed that they didn't like men. And as angry as I was and became at men, I certainly felt they were the _job_. I mean, they are _it_. That's what we've _got_. It's men. They're the most interesting _game_. PAGLIA: Anyway, what women conceal from men, you know, is the degree of men's dependency on women. I think that part of the maternal love that a woman has for a— HUTTON: Say it again. I'm sorry. Women conceal from men— PAGLIA: Women conceal from men the degree of men's dependency on _them_. I began to see it's a _game_ being played. HUTTON: Ah! So it's like pushing the young—the son—out. PAGLIA: It's an actual _game_ being played, okay, _by women_. Because I began to see that the heterosexual love that a woman has for her husband is in fact _maternal_. And _that's_ what I lacked. That's what I lacked. I lacked maternal feeling. HUTTON: It's not all maternal. PAGLIA: No, but I had lust for men, but I don't have the maternal feeling for men. I mean, I don't want to stroke men— HUTTON: They'll stroke you back, you know. PAGLIA: No, you know what I mean—psychologically. I began to see that men had these, like, _spasms of ego_ , okay? And then it's followed by _relapses_. And that women are constantly in this kind of medical relationship and nursing relationship to men. I began to see that the most successful heterosexual women that I knew were in fact _nursing_. HUTTON _(laughing):_ Nurses. PAGLIA: It's nursing. And it's a version of the maternal function, all right? And I began to see there's a kind of soothing, stroking thing that the successful heterosexual woman has—and that men are not necessarily looking for tits and ass, okay, in the long run. They're looking for nursing. HUTTON _(pondering):_ Looking for nursing. PAGLIA: Yes. HUTTON: You don't think that men ever get past that stage? PAGLIA: No. They sink further and further. HUTTON: I've decided that I'll go to my grave alone, if I can't find a man that will accept me not as a mother or daughter and that I don't have to be a mother or a daughter to. I mean, once in a while we all relapse into those roles, because that's who we are and that's a nice thing to do every once in a while. But there must be a way of—There must be a place where it's an equal cross. PAGLIA: Alas! HUTTON: Or is that where you're talking? Alas? PAGLIA: Alas! I think that in late life it's even _more_ obvious that the woman takes over the relationship. I see it all the time in the shopping malls— _(Offstage laughter from the crew.)_ HUTTON _(big laugh, as she slaps the table with both hands):_ Oh, _stop!_ We're not living our lives in shopping malls! PAGLIA: The woman is dragging the guy around, and he wants a hot dog: "You can't have that!" HUTTON: Those are people who probably never, ever became alive. I call them "the undead." They're like people who just go from, you know, _their_ parents having sucked all the life out of _them_ when they were children to _them_ pumping out children, so they can _suck_ the life out of them. That's the only life there ever is. In fact, they're people who never had ideals, gave up what ideals they had and have been old from birth. You know, going through school, more than half your class was old, right? They were _old kids_. I'm younger than most of the twenty-year-olds I know. PAGLIA: This is true. Right. HUTTON: That's why I'm not particularly worried about age. PAGLIA: Hormonally, suddenly women's estrogen—women's female hormones begin to lapse, and therefore their male hormone becomes more powerful. At midlife, men's _male_ hormones begin to lapse, all right? So the woman becomes _more_ powerful in later life. That is the men's fate. Men have a _brief moment of power_ , okay, when their hormone is at its _height_ in their late teenage years and in their twenties. _That's it_ , okay? That's _it!_ HUTTON _(laughing):_ Camille! Get back! Get down! PAGLIA: I'm saying that men go from control by their mothers to control by their wives, and that is the horror of men's life. And that feminism refuses to see this. HUTTON: So this is why you say that young or any gay male is a heroic symbol and free. PAGLIA: Yes! Gay men are _heroes_ to me! HUTTON: Because they stand against this bullshit. PAGLIA: Because they stand against control by women. HUTTON: Yes, yes. PAGLIA: And they alone are preserving the masculine impulse today. Feminism is doing everything it can to destroy masculinity. HUTTON: So you don't believe in _love_. PAGLIA: Oh, I _do_ believe in love. HUTTON: I mean, maybe _none_ of us sort of think it's possible, but it must be. Don't you think? Heterosexual love? Must be. PAGLIA: I believe in love. Love's an _illusion_ , I think. I think there's sexual _passion_ under the surface of it, and then there's a nesting instinct. I think that women really do nest. HUTTON: Yes, but we're different. PAGLIA: And that men _shrink_. HUTTON: We can learn from them and they can learn from us— PAGLIA: The husbands _shrink_. HUTTON:—so why shouldn't, as we go on in life and learn more and more, why shouldn't we in fact be able to be alongside someone who's showing us a different view of what it is? PAGLIA: Well, you have a wish of what would be _good_ about life. I am just trying to, as an objective observer, record— HUTTON: Well, I don't go in shopping malls hardly _ever!_ I stay _out_. I go in them, I go _nuts!_ PAGLIA _(laughing):_ The shopping mall is the _center_ of American culture!—as Martha Stewart knows. _(Cut to new segment.)_ HUTTON: The state of the sex wars, okay? The sex war is heating up. You said you think that in fact sex is getting less interesting. And do you think this is because women—because we decided that we have the same brains? So people don't allow for this sort of different— PAGLIA: Well, I think that feminism's gotten very shrewish, all right? HUTTON: Shrewish. PAGLIA: And there's a lot of lecturing and sermonizing about sex today. All these _rules_. And that you should behave in _this_ way and _that_ way and there's only one kind of pornography or erotica and you should not be pornographic, et cetera, et cetera, and don't do things that are demeaning to woman. And I feel there's been a _terrible_ backsliding from the Sixties, when there really _was_ a kind of liberated sexual imagination. There were porno books that were, like, very high-class porn books done often under a nom de plume by well-known writers. There were sex magazines. There was a kind of feeling of experimentation, fun, and so on, vivacity, that's _completely gone_. HUTTON: Yeah. PAGLIA: And I think we have an overpoliticized sexual realm right now, where even the alternative press— _The Village Voice, Mother Jones_ —is taking the most reactionary political positions about what's tolerable in sex. HUTTON: It seems to me it goes back to the Sixties when we thought this whole new world was going to come when we were young. And we thought we were taking over. We were going to come up with love and honor and political... to bring America back to America being what it was supposed to be. PAGLIA: Paradise now. HUTTON: Paradise now. PAGLIA: Right. HUTTON: I remember I was on my way to Berkeley. Because basically I became politicized when I saw—for me, the Sixties started, the Sixties opened for me when I picked up a newspaper and on the front page—this was in Tampa, Florida; usually we had kittens on the front page—suddenly, on the front page was a girl who was, you know, approximately my age. She had long black hair, still left over from beatnik fashion, long black stockings, dirndl skirt, I think. She was being dragged by her hair down a bunch of steps. She had long black hair, she was on her back, and it was a long shot of a very large, fat cop trudging down the thing with all his equipment and dragging this girl, my age, down the steps on her back. And I thought, "In _America?_ Are they out of their _mind?_ " And it was the beginning of the Free Speech Movement. And she was being dragged down because a bunch of kids had gotten together on the steps and said they were gonna stand there and talk until, you know, they got freedom of speech and freedom of—what's it called? PAGLIA: Assembly. HUTTON: Yes. Freedom of assembly. So I immediately packed up and got ready to go to Berkeley and then got, uh, snafued and waylaid in New Orleans. Couldn't, couldn't, couldn't make it. But in fact the D.A. who ordered that—that pulling kids, girls, eighteen, by their hair down the steps—was Edwin Meese. PAGLIA: Whoa! HUTTON: He was from Oakland, and he was the youngest D.A. in history. He ordered that. He then became the brains for—brain for—Reagan. I mean, he was the Reagan brains, since that was a totally empty skull there. And all our heroes, in fact, were silenced or shot. And kids now—I mean, we had a lot of heroes. When we were kids, when we were in our early twenties, in our late teens, we had a lot of heroes. We had both Kennedys, who in fact were heroes at the time. We had Malcolm X, we had Martin Luther King, we had Margaret Mead. She came out and said, "I tried some grass. I liked it. It's pretty nice." _(Laughs)_ We had lots of them. PAGLIA: Well, _she_ didn't get shot! _(Laughs.)_ HUTTON _(laughing):_ No, she didn't get shot, but we haven't heard from her lately! It seems to be a very sad time with no heroes and no one in our generation speaking up, because in fact— PAGLIA: We have to acknowledge, though, that what happened was that our generation was guilty of excesses and of impatience and lack of practicality in presenting a program of practical— HUTTON: Yeah. They didn't know what they were doing or where they were going. PAGLIA: They didn't know—right. It's sort of like, "Let's levitate the Pentagon." HUTTON: Yeah. And they were throwing bombs like assholes without even knowing for what. PAGLIA: But the conservative reaction of the Seventies and Eighties has got to be understood. Our generation made many fundamental errors of strategy and judgment that _led_ to that reaction, okay? The idea that all of our problems today are because of the conservatives— _no_. HUTTON: Mmm. PAGLIA: Our problems are because we _rebelled_ but we had no program to put in the _place_ of that particular structure. And so, once there were the days of rage and riots in the street, People's Park, okay, which was just a— HUTTON: I remember People's Park. PAGLIA:—a kind of childish, you know, running around playing games. HUTTON: Well, they were kids. So how could you have a plan when you're twenty years old and you haven't lived or seen anything or done anything? PAGLIA: That wonderful film _Berkeley in the Sixties_ shows documentary film footage—shows the way in the beginning you had these often Jewish, very passionate social activists involved in civil rights at Berkeley. And the way it changed and altered, okay, this film shows. People talk about it—like one of the people in it, the professors in it say the minute it got out that Berkeley was the place to be, suddenly you began to get every lunatic in the country going there— HUTTON: It was coopted. PAGLIA:—and then you begin having the psychedelic drugs, okay? It suddenly became a psychedelic scene. And the minute it got into drugs, people lost the ability to _see_ social reality for what it _is_ , all right? And, you see, those early Jewish activists were very practical—they were grounded in the study of economics, their parents were refugees of the Holocaust, and so on. HUTTON: They were also the same people that asked for the lifting of all codes and rules and regulations on colleges, right? PAGLIA: Mmm hmm. HUTTON: So that now you can graduate from Princeton and get absolutely no classical history, no math. I mean, you know, basket-weaving. PAGLIA: Right. _(Cut to new segment.)_ HUTTON: I think probably the reason men are so bad to each other is that we are in fact not protective of something in there that we tolerate between women. PAGLIA: I don't think _any_ of us are fully civilized beings. You see, I think that there's a barbaric undertow to all of human life and it's out there. It's like the passion of sex and aggression is always ready to break into open sight. HUTTON: Right. PAGLIA: And I think that's what crime is. Crime is basically a kind of regression. You know, in terms of, like, serial murderers—we've talked a little bit about this. I mean, I think that there are different parts of the brain and one is the reptilian brain, the part that's the most— HUTTON: Back. PAGLIA:—primitive. HUTTON: Back brain. PAGLIA: And that these are the impulses, amoral impulses toward sex and aggression. HUTTON: So is that original sin? Our back brain? PAGLIA: Yeah. HUTTON: Our reptilian brain? PAGLIA: Yes. Yes, I think it is. It's like a serpent. It's the serpent within us. And it's there in all of us. I don't think we're born good. See, feminism believes, with Rousseau, that we're born good and that bad social signals turn us bad. HUTTON: Mmm. PAGLIA: Like pornography makes men rape. This is _ridiculous!_ HUTTON: Yeah. PAGLIA: What I'm saying's the _opposite_. I'm saying, like the Catholic thing, we're born _bad_. We're born with an impulse toward— HUTTON: We're born animals. PAGLIA: We're born animals. HUTTON: And hopefully we grow up. PAGLIA: And rules _civilize_ us. Society _civilizes_ us. Society is women's protection against rape. It trains men _not_ to rape, all right? And I mean, all throughout history, rape has been condemned. The idea that feminism discovered rape is _absurd_ , okay? Ethical men throughout history have been on the record about this—that rape is a form of brutishness that has never been tolerated in any civilized community. And so the date-rape thing—this is out of control. I have to explain to foreign reporters the date-rape thing. They never can understand it. They say, "What is this?" When I enunciate common-sense principles of female behavior, I'm abused. I'm called "anti-women" and "pro-rape." I mean, it's _insane_ what's going on now! Again, it's the feminist attempt to gain control of sex by politicizing it and hammering it to death with dead rhetoric. _Yes_. It's _jargon!_ HUTTON: You're talking about European people coming and asking you this, right? They've had time to grow an aristocracy. We haven't had that. We changed every single generation. PAGLIA: Well, they have a more sophisticated view of sex. What's permitted on Italian or on British TV in terms of sex is extraordinarily more adult and mature than what we are permitted here. And everyone knows that we are allowed more violence than the British or— HUTTON: Ooh! Tell me about the breasts of—who? You said I get to pick a saint's name since I became a Catholic. PAGLIA: Oh, Saint Agatha. HUTTON: Saint Agatha. PAGLIA: Saint Agatha had her breasts cut off and served on a platter, apparently, or at least exhibited on a platter. And so when it comes time for your confirmation, since you're going to be an honorary Catholic, you _must_ pick a saint's name. HUTTON: There's an Italian bonbon, you said, that's shaped like Saint Agatha's breast? PAGLIA: Yes, apparently an Italian bonbon of white chocolate, I think it is— HUTTON: White chocolate. PAGLIA:—yes, that's shaped with a little nipple— HUTTON: A cherry stem nipple? PAGLIA:—with a little nipple in white chocolate, I think. I'm not sure. I have never had one, so I can't really give any firsthand account. _(_ HUTTON _laughs.)_ But there's Saint Agatha. That's a very colorful saint to be, you know. HUTTON _(smacks her forehead and laughs):_ These Eye-talians. I tell ya! PAGLIA: Yeah. Well, we have an instinct for sex and violence. That's what I'm saying in my book, that in Italian culture you see a residue of the ancient pagan past. And that's why I have such a bizarre mentality. Because of being Italian. * * * HUTTON: I think you can't have just male, you can't have just hunter intelligence, and you can't have just caretaking intelligence. Like you say, we'd still be in grass huts! PAGLIA: Mmm hmm. HUTTON: But if you'd just have men, they're going to be burning down the grass huts. Which is what they're doing now. PAGLIA: Yeah, unfortunately, this has been the evidence through history, okay? But my theory is that one day people from outer space will appear _(_ HUTTON _laughs)_ and that suddenly the entire human race will see that it has more alike, more in common than with these, these jelly-like creatures with, like, one eye in the middle of their forehead. This is what _I_ believe will unify the world eventually. But it may take a long time. HUTTON _(smiling, looks at watch and up at sky):_ What time is it? Getting late! PAGLIA: Yeah, yeah. But actually, you know, again as someone who has studied history _(Director Luca Bobini is seen here at_ PAGLIA's _side, as he aims his camera at_ HUTTON _),_ I have to tell you I don't have this gloomy view of the contemporary world that many others do right now. I just do not because I have seen what the past has been like, where you have banditry and war and starvation and so on. HUTTON: Yeah, no. God knows a lot of things are a lot better. PAGLIA: The condition of the world is certainly not at all—I don't see any decline. People who are always wringing their hands about the way we're going and how we're living in the most corrupt... they have no knowledge at all of the corruption of the past and the venality of the past. For example, to appreciate America you have to go, let's say, to Italy. Like my father was thinking of retiring to Italy because we're Italian, and the difficulties over there that he had merely even making a _phone call_ _(_ HUTTON _laughs)_ so enraged him that he realized what an _American_ he is and how we don't even realize the conveniences and pleasures of America, the efficiency of America, because we take them for granted. * * * HUTTON: I had a great time. Thanks. PAGLIA: Goodbye. Goodbye, George! Goodbye, Gracie! _(They laugh.)_ _(As credits roll, cut to_ HUTTON _applying lipstick brush to a squirming, protesting_ PAGLIA _in the makeup session preceding the filming. Gabriele Vigorelli had just done_ PAGLIA's _hair.)_ HUTTON: Calm down! Nice, full sensuous Italian lips! PAGLIA: You're giving me bigger lips than I _have!_ HUTTON: These are nice Italian lips. PAGLIA: Well, these lips are too big— HUTTON: Calm down. Think of Rita Hayworth. PAGLIA: Rita Hayworth had her— HUTTON: Sshhh! _(They laugh.)_ 2 & 3. Stills from _Sex War_. Lauren Hutton (above) and Camille Paglia (below). Hutton in mirror (right) and on monitor (left), being filmed by Luca Babini (rear center). Photos: Allied Species, Inc. 4 & 5. The filming of _Glennda and Camille Do Downtown_. Glennda Orgasm and Paglia crossing Sixth Avenue (top) and in front of Stonewall Inn (bottom). Photos: Tracey Tippet. # GLENNDA AND CAMILLE DO DOWNTOWN [Produced and directed by Glenn Belverio (Glennda Orgasm). Filmed in New York City on May 15, 1993. Aired June 14 and 17 on Manhattan Cable Public Access Television. A shortened version premiered at the 1994 Sundance Film Festival.] _A sunny spring Saturday in New York's Washington Square Park. As rock music blares on the soundtrack_ , GLENNDA ORGASM, CAMILLE PAGLIA, _and her two leather-clad bodyguards, the_ CENTURIONS, _stroll through the crowds toward the fountain_. GLENNDA _is wearing dramatic Cleopatra makeup, a blonde Sixties "flip" wig, and a gold ankle-length gown glittering with sequins and ivory beads_. PAGLIA _is in blue jeans, black jacket, and a white Keith Richards T-shirt trimmed with a dagger-pierced heart. Since_ GLENNDA _is 6′1″ and_ PAGLIA _5′3″, the mismatched pair look like Mutt and Jeff_. GLENNDA ORGASM: Here is this week's very special guest: my favorite feminist scholar, Camille Paglia. Hi, Camille! CAMILLE PAGLIA: Hi, Glennda. It's wonderful to be here. GLENNDA: Isn't it nice? It's gorgeous weather. PAGLIA _(surveying the lounging New York University students):_ It's fabulous. Very Sixties! Glennda, I want to introduce you to my Centurions, my bodyguards. _(Two brawny African-American men wearing dark glasses and grave expressions loom into camera view.)_ Rennard Snowden and Brian Roach. These are my men. GLENNDA: Hi! RENNARD SNOWDEN _(formally shaking_ GLENNDA's _hand):_ How are you? PAGLIA: They accompany me everywhere. They're very famous. Their image has gone around the world. _(The stern, silent, unsmiling_ CENTURIONS _flank_ PAGLIA, _as_ GLENNDA _admires them.)_ GLENNDA: Wow! They're beautiful! PAGLIA: Aren't they gorgeous? GLENNDA: They're great! PAGLIA: They're my Egyptian warriors. GLENNDA: I feel safe. I feel much safer. PAGLIA: _I_ feel like a _girl_ when I'm around them! Thank you, thank you, guys! _(The_ CENTURIONS _return to their outlying positions.)_ GLENNDA: Thank you! Okay. So Camille, what's the concept? What are we doing today? What is this video? PAGLIA: Well, we're here to trash, essentially, the feminist establishment, all right? And all anti-sex porn-phobes! GLENNDA: Oh, it's getting so _moralistic_ these days. I feel like I can't make a move without someone beating down on me saying, "You're being too sexy!" PAGLIA: Oh, absolutely. No, it's absolutely horrible. Catharine MacKinnon's everywhere, _(looking around)_ We could see her at any moment, popping out of a bush with Barbara Walters! Really! This is an Anti-Andrea Dworkin Day, all right? GLENNDA: Yes, a Dworkin-Free Zone! _(They laugh.)_ What's the name of the video, Camille? PAGLIA: Well, we're calling this _Glennda and Camille Do Downtown_ , and we're imitating the famous _Debbie Does Dallas_. _(Cut to footage from the 1979 porn classic_ , Debbie Does Dallas. _Cheerleaders bob, and football players scamper. Debbie peels off her shirt and soaps her breasts in the locker room.)_ GLENNDA: Oh, wow, that's a great movie. PAGLIA: Yes, it is. And, and of course, I _love_ all early porn. I _love_ that period when women's bodies were lush and sensual and untoned. GLENNDA: Right. PAGLIA: So, um, _lewder_. GLENNDA: It's a form of art, and people don't like to say that it's a form of art. PAGLIA: It _is_ art. Pornography and art are identical for me, absolutely. GLENNDA: Absolutely. I agree. PAGLIA: I think Michelangelo is a pornographer. GLENNDA: Well, I think a day without pornography is like a day without sunshine! PAGLIA _(laughing):_ I agree with you completely. The _Pietà_ is to me a piece of pornography. GLENNDA: Absolutely. And Michelangelo was a pornographer. PAGLIA: He was. And the Pope is a collector of porn. GLENNDA: Wow! He's the biggest porn collector in the world! PAGLIA: He is. The Vatican Museum— GLENNDA: The Vatican! PAGLIA:—is filled with nudes, you know? GLENNDA: Wow! Wait 'til Gay Pleasures finds out about this! PAGLIA: I know. So, here we are in Washington Square Park, and we just feel like it's the middle of— GLENNDA:—the Sixties. PAGLIA: The Sixties. Yeah, it's like your handbag. Show your handbag, Glennda! _(The camera zooms in for a close-up of_ GLENNDA's _large, square faux-leopardskin purse_. PAGLIA _fondles it appreciatively.)_ GLENNDA: This is a very Sixties handbag. PAGLIA: Is this fabulous? GLENNDA: That was your generation, your generation of the Sixties. PAGLIA: I am of the Sixties, that's right. _(Cut to news footage of stoned Sixties hippies moving and grooving at an outdoor rock festival.)_ PAGLIA: And so many of us, you know, blew our brains out on acid. Not me! GLENNDA: Oh. That's good. PAGLIA: Because I'm addicted to my own hormones, Glennda. GLENNDA: But how do you feel? You know, a lot of Sixties fashion has come back into style, like Sixties and Seventies into the Nineties. But do you think it's brought in the same kind of values, or is it a more sanitized version of the Sixties and Seventies? PAGLIA: Well, when anything returns, it's always ironic. It loses some oomph. I mean that's a lesson of history. But essentially, I do feel the kids of the Nineties have moved backward and are looking to Sixties idealism again. It's such a change, and a blessed one, from the kind of Rolex, you know, BMW, Seventies-Eighties materialism. _(_ GLENNDA _groans.)_ I hated that period—Michael Milken, the Wall Street crap. I hated that. GLENNDA: White middle-class mechanisms. PAGLIA: Yeah. So the Nineties are—it's the period of the drag queen. Drag queens are the dominant sexual personae of this decade, in my view. GLENNDA: Well, you know, Camille, there's been a lot of talk about 1993 being the "Year of the Drag Queen." How do you feel about that? PAGLIA: Oh, I think it's so true. And I have modeled _so_ much of my personality on drag queens. I mean, I learned how to be a woman from drag queens. There's no doubt about it. GLENNDA: Wow. PAGLIA: I was not happy with my sex role. I was, you know, butch for decades, and now I know how to put on a dress, Glennda. GLENNDA: Absolutely. Well, you know, a lot of feminists accuse drag queens of mocking women. Have you ever heard them say that? PAGLIA: Oh, God! Oh, they're so naive. _Please!_ Drag queens have preserved the _power_ of woman! I call my feminism "Drag Queen Feminism." GLENNDA: That's great. PAGLIA: See, because I feel that drag queens have a better, more historical sense of sex roles than do feminists, all right? They understand the _power_ , the _glamour_ , the _glory_ of woman! I mean, in putting on a dress, putting on high heels, you are _fabulous!_ It goes back to _Babylon_. It goes back to ancient _Egypt_. I'm so _tired_ of this kind of yuppie feminism, white bourgeois feminism with the attaché case. Oh! The kind of Susan Faludi, Naomi Wolf boring crap! That's so white bread—you know, white bread and mayonnaise, that's all it is. GLENNDA: Well, you know, what I like about drag is we have these extremes. You can be ultra-butch, and then you can be ultra-feminine. And I think sometimes feminism tries to push everyone into the middle and say, "No, we have to whitewash everyone," and everyone has to be, like, kind of unsexy and androgynous. PAGLIA: Yeah. GLENNDA: Androgyny _can_ be sexy. But I think they want a kind of unsexy state of androgyny. PAGLIA: This is exactly right. Right now in the Ivy League, okay, there's a lot of talk that the prominence of drag queens right now is due to the new interest in androgyny, the dissolution of sex roles. Now I think that's _wrong_. The drag queen flourishes in periods when sex roles are actually very _firm_. Like the Fifties, okay? GLENNDA: Right. PAGLIA: That was a great period of drag. Drag went underground. It fell apart in the Seventies and Eighties. So _I'm_ saying that the dominance of the drag queen now in the Nineties is due to us looking _again_ for what is it to be a man, what is it to be a woman. And we're looking historically again. We no longer like the kind of Mao suit, unisex look. That's _tired!_ That's _stale!_ Androgyny is _dead!_ Drag queen-ism is in! _(Cut to_ GLENNDA _and_ PAGLIA _now seated on a park bench near the triumphal arch.)_ PAGLIA: You're, like, part Italian, right? You're half Italian? GLENNDA: Yes. I'm half Italian. PAGLIA: Yes. Do you feel this? Do you feel the Italian energy? GLENNDA: Yes, yes! It keeps me going. Motivation. Absolutely. PAGLIA: Yeah. I mean, you see these little widows—they're like eighty-year-olds—Italian widows running around. You know, they outlive their husbands by thirty years. This is me. I wasn't married, but I'm like a widow. You know, it's the same thing. I'm like a widow or a nun. GLENNDA: Yeah. I know Italian women—they would come to work, they'd be in their eighties, and they'd still come to work. Every single day to work. Work, work, work. PAGLIA: Right, right. GLENNDA: They're so determined. PAGLIA: Yeah. And don't get in their way! They'll put— _(makes twisting gesture of putting the screws in)_ They're mean. They're mean. They'll push you out of the way. _(laughing)_ They're vicious! They're vicious! An eighty-year-old Italian widow? Don't get in her way! GLENNDA _(laughing):_ Well, I knew this Italian woman that worked for my father, and she used to say, "The Mafia is beautiful." _(_ PAGLIA _cackles.)_ And she used to whistle _The Godfather_ theme all the time. PAGLIA: Oh really? Well, my grandmother used to say, you know, Mussolini was beautiful— _"bello"!_ GLENNDA: She carried a knife, too. PAGLIA: Oh, I do, too! GLENNDA: Yeah? That's what I thought. PAGLIA: Yeah! You wanna see my knife? GLENNDA: Oh, wow! We're gonna see Camille's knife! PAGLIA _(rummaging through her handbag):_ This is my knife, all right? This was actually given to me by—Oh, no, that's my mascara! Wait! GLENNDA _(laughing):_ Now, _that_ could be a deadly weapon. PAGLIA: I'm so split! I'm so split—my personality. Oh, _here_ it is. _(She unsheathes the slim silver blade and displays it to_ GLENNDA _and the camera.)_ GLENNDA: Wow. Wow! It's very compact. It looks like a nail file. It's beautiful. Wow. PAGLIA: My friend, Bruce Benderson, the writer, gave this to me. It's a Ninja knife from 42nd Street. He knows 42nd Street intimately. It's probably illegal, but I'm not sure. I don't care. GLENNDA: Oh, who cares? PAGLIA: Yeah, who cares? Right. GLENNDA: We're breaking the rules today. PAGLIA: Whenever I sign books, I have my men next to me, you see, and I have my Ninja knife, and I fear nothing. _(Cut to Fifties footage of a curvaceous Miss America. Cut to_ GLENNDA _and_ CAMILLE, _standing in front of a lifesize cutout of Betty Grable in an 8th Street shop window between Fifth and Sixth Avenues.)_ GLENNDA: You know, there was a documentary about Miss America pageants, and Miss Americas in the 1950s were voluptuous, with big hips. And now they're—I like the Miss Americas better in the Fifties and Sixties. PAGLIA: I agree. GLENNDA: They're, like, white bread, and they all look the same. They all have the same hairdos. _(_ PAGLIA _laughs.)_ It's just not the same. I mean, the feminists complain about, "Oh, it's exploiting women." I just think it's banal, what's happened. PAGLIA: Right. Well, you know, this idea that somehow beauty contests are a way to make women into meat or to turn them into just objects—that is absurd. The idea of the beauty contest goes all the way back to ancient times. The judgment of Paris, you know—where Paris had to judge the three goddesses, and he awarded the apple, the golden apple, to Aphrodite, and she gave _him_ , in turn, the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Troy. Which started the Trojan War. You know, it caused problems. GLENNDA: Absolutely. PAGLIA _(ruefully):_ It caused problems. But— GLENNDA: It caused a lot of problems. PAGLIA: Yeah, a lot of problems. But the point is the idea of judging beauty seems to me, you know, just part of our tradition, and I just refuse to take it that seriously. I mean, I'm not someone who is a compulsive shopper or dresser, but I _love_ watching the beauty shows. I _always_ did. Right from the start, I've never regarded them as sexist. GLENNDA: They're amusing. You know, I saw this great documentary where this feminist was protesting, and she dressed in a meat dress, a dress made out of lamb chops and hamburger patties. PAGLIA _(whooping):_ That's _great!_ GLENNDA: And even though she was, like, an extreme feminist, I just thought her _style_ was amazing. She just seemed so unconscious of the style that she had—the meat dress. And she was wearing high heels, and she was yelling, "Judge meat, not women!" But she was still fabulous. I loved her. _(Cut to 1985 news footage of spike-heeled protester in mini-dress at Miss California pageant shouting, "Judge meat, not women!" Cut to_ GLENNDA _and_ PAGLIA _crossing street at 8th and Sixth Avenue. They bear down on a curbside table staffed by two dour women aggressively wielding blow-ups of pornographic photos. It is a protest by WAP [Women Against Pornography], who have forced these photos on pedestrians around New York for years.)_ GLENNDA: Wow! Oh, lookit, Camille, look! PAGLIA _(imitating Roseanne Arnold through much of this scene):_ Oh, my _Gawd!_ GLENNDA: It's _Hustler!_ PAGLIA _(archly):_ It is. Let's look. What are—who are these people? GLENNDA _(with feigned innocence):_ What is going on over here? Look! PAGLIA: What are they doing? GLENNDA: Wow! _(Reads one of their signs)_ "PORN IS WOMAN HATE." PAGLIA _(heavily Roseanne):_ Oh, my _Gawd!_ GLENNDA _(posing Socratic questions):_ Camille, what is going on here? PAGLIA _(with feigned wonder):_ They're anti-porn feminists! _(The scene degenerates from this point on. The protesters yank away the posters or flip the backs to the cameras. One woman strikes at the camera with her poster. The film crew angrily protests. There is pushing and shoving and a general melee. The_ CENTURIONS _move in, as a large crowd quickly gathers. The husky torsos and arms of_ RENNARD SNOWDEN _and_ BRIAN ROACH _are glimpsed protecting the camera.)_ GLENNDA: Wait, wait, I wanna see the picture! PAGLIA _(archly):_ Oh, my _Gawd!_ GLENNDA AND CAMILLE _(simultaneously reading the sign and chanting together like Oscar Wilde's Gwendolen and Cecily):_ "FEMINISTS FIGHTING PORNOGRAPHY"! OFFSCREEN PROTESTER: We don't want our picture taken. GLENNDA: Look at this. _(reading)_ "PORN DEGRADES WOMEN." PAGLIA _(reading):_ "PORN DEGRADES WOMEN." GLENNDA _(feigning wonder):_ This is unbelievable! Can we see the pic—wow! Look, Camille, look at the pictures! PAGLIA: What? Oh, my _Gawd!_ Look! GLENNDA _(lustily):_ It's _hot!_ Wow! Bondage! PAGLIA: That is _hot!_ GLENNDA: Where can we _get_ some of that? PAGLIA _(with delight):_ Bondage! Oh, _my! (glancing at the protesters)_ They seem very phobic, don't they? GLENNDA: I don't think they like us, Camille. PAGLIA _(dreamily):_ I don't think they do. GLENNDA: Wait, what's going on? PAGLIA: Isn't that amazing? They don't want their pictures taken. GLENNDA _(addressing the protesters):_ What does the petition do? What is it for? OFFSCREEN PROTESTER: No, I don't want it for you. PAGLIA _(Roseanne again):_ Oh, my _Gawd!_ GLENNDA: It's not for us? Why? We're Americans. PAGLIA: They don't want us. They don't— OFFSCREEN PROTESTER: Identify yourselves. PAGLIA: My name is Camille Paglia— OFFSCREEN PROTESTER: Oh, _no!_ PAGLIA:—and this is Glennda Orgasm! GLENNDA _(laughing):_ I'm Glennda Orgasm. PAGLIA: And we _love_ pornography! GLENNDA: We love it. PAGLIA: And we want sex! We are tired— GLENNDA: _More sex!_ PAGLIA:—of the anti-porn feminists and their _bad attitudes!_ GLENNDA: A day without pornography is like a day without sunshine! PAGLIA: Oh, my _Gawd_ —yes! I can't believe you're on the street just when we're filming our thing. Oh, my God, look at them. _(The protesters whisper to each other while shielding their posters from the cameras.)_ ONE PROTESTER TO THE OTHER _(aghast, gesturing toward_ PAGLIA _as if she were Satan):_ I'm glad to know who it is! GLENNDA: Do you have any gay pornography? PAGLIA: Look at them. GLENNDA: Do you have any lesbian pornography? PAGLIA _(eagerly):_ Do you have lesbian pornography here? Do you have any s & m pornography? GLENNDA: They have—look—that's— _(Crowd mills about, as one protester again tries to interfere with the camera by striking at it with her poster.)_ MALE VOICE IN CROWD: Keep your hands off my First Amendment! PAGLIA _(to film crew and bodyguards):_ Watch out! Watch the cable! OFFSCREEN PROTESTER: We don't want our pictures taken! GLENNDA _(to the protester):_ What? Oh, come on! It's a photo op! It's publicity! PAGLIA _(to the protester):_ Well, they're _not_. They're photographing _us!_ GLENNDA: They don't want the publicity! PAGLIA: They don't want the publicity. They're afraid! You're _afraid!_ You're afraid! You people are afraid. You've _got no guts!_ GLENNDA: Come on! Publicity! VOICE IN CROWD: It's Camille! PROTESTER _(to film crew as she snatches away her flailing poster):_ Get your hands off of my property! PAGLIA _(starting to get angry):_ You don't own the street corner, honey! GLENNDA _(laughing):_ Yeah! Come on, this is a— PAGLIA: Yeah, you guys are real tough, aren't you, when no one is contradicting your ideas. You people are _hypocrites!_ You people are _phobes!_ You people are _puritans_ , okay? GLENNDA _(sternly to protesters):_ What do you think you're doing? PAGLIA _(building up to high pitch of Italian fury):_ And now we are _here_ , okay? Your opponents are _here!_ Instead of your usual bullying, okay, you have some people who can _oppose_ you, okay, who know something about _art!_ Who aren't so fucking phobic as _you_ are, okay? GLENNDA: Pornography is art. Why don't they know that? PAGLIA: You people are like mental defectives as far as I'm concerned, okay? You finally have someone who can deal with you, and you're _shrinking!_ You people are _wimps!_ GLENNDA: Oh, they're having a conference. PAGLIA: Wimps! GLENNDA: They're having a conference. PAGLIA: Granola lesbian wimps! Okay, alright? _(Shouting) Anti-art, anti-sex, anti-everything!_ You people can go to _hell!_ OK? Camille Paglia is here—in your _face!_ PROTESTER _(to_ PAGLIA _)_ : Why did you lose your job teaching at Bennington College? GLENNDA _(groaning with exasperation):_ Ohh! PAGLIA _(infuriated at this reactionary appeal to authority, leaps two steps toward the flinching protester.):_ Because I am, like, an _in-your-face feminist_ , okay? And I got in a _fistfight!_ Okay? _(Applause, whistles, and shouts of approval from the crowd, whom_ PAGLIA _now turns to and bellows at.)_ The feminism of the twenty-first century will be _pro-art! Pro-sex! Pro-porn!_ GLENNDA: More porn! More porn! PAGLIA: Yes, _more porn!_ GLENNDA: More porn! PAGLIA: We're _tired_ of you guys! The _backlash_ is against _you_ people! _You_ guys have caused the backlash— GLENNDA: It's true! PAGLIA:—with _your_ bad attitude! Get real! _Get real!_ YOUNG FEMALE ONLOOKER _(stepping out of the crowd and pointing toward_ PAGLIA): So why don't you put on some nipple clamps? PAGLIA: Get into the new age! Okay? _Grow up!_ Grow up! FEMALE ONLOOKER: Why doesn't she put on nipple clamps and, like, get on her knees then? _(sarcastically)_ Okay, it'll be real artful. PAGLIA: Oh, wow! Yeah! Why don't you read a book, honey? You obviously haven't read something recently, okay? FEMALE ONLOOKER: Oh, please! PAGLIA: GO buy a book. Go buy a book. _(looks theatrically up and down the street)_ Where's a bookstore? _(points to onlooker)_ Send this woman to a bookstore! _(points to protester)_ Send _this_ woman to an art store! Go look at a _painting!_ Go look at Caravaggio, Michelangelo! Look at _Greek art!_ Okay? This is, like, so fucking puritanical. Go to _India! Pro-sex Hinduism!_ This is _bullshit! Bullshit! (makes aggressive Rolling Stones toss of the mike) You people SUCK!_ FEMALE ONLOOKER: So are you saying that it's okay to degrade a woman? PAGLIA _(impatient):_ Oh, honey, go read a book! FEMALE ONLOOKER: Go read a book yourself! PAGLIA: You're _into_ your "degradation"! FEMALE ONLOOKER: No! PAGLIA: YOU are in a _mind-set!_ You have been _brainwashed!_ You have been _programmed!_ FEMALE ONLOOKER: No, no! I'm all for sex. I love sex. PAGLIA _(suddenly noticing the animated onlooker's very appealing dusky skin and large breasts, bursting out of a tight, sleeveless olive-green military shirt):_ Uh uh. No! FEMALE ONLOOKER: I love sex, okay? PAGLIA _(softening slightly because sensually distracted):_ Honey, go to a museum! FEMALE ONLOOKER: I love sex. PAGLIA _(pulling herself together):_ Oh, _right_. Yeah, except when it involves ideology, you love sex. Okay, let's move on to our next stop, Glennda. GLENNDA: Yeah, I think we should. PAGLIA _(cheerfully):_ Bye now! GLENNDA _(laughing):_ I think we've made our mark here. PAGLIA: Have a happy day! _(Cut to_ GLENNDA _and_ PAGLIA _ten minutes later, standing in front of a restaurant and bar on Christopher Street, in the heart of Greenwich Village.)_ GLENNDA _(sighing with relief):_ Whew! Here we are, Glennda and Camille, and I'm still _overheated_ and trying to calm down from our encounter with the WAP women—Women Against Porn. Wow! That was quite a ruckus! PAGLIA: Those people were wimps! They had _nothing!_ I mean, they're so used to bullying and harassing people on the street. When they had someone to contradict them, they just absolutely, you know, fell apart. And not only that, but their fascist attempt to shut off the cameras! They want to stand there and scream but not appear on camera. These people are hypocrites! These people have no courage. They're just like little schoolyard bullies. GLENNDA: Well, you know, I feel like we're safe now. We've found refuge. We're at Stonewall. Stonewall— PAGLIA _(in mock surprise):_ No, no! _(raises her hands like an ecstatic Baroque saint)_ GLENNDA:—where the revolution started. Yes! PAGLIA _(looking at the bland facade of the renamed bar):_ This can't be Stonewall. Is this really Stonewall? GLENNDA: Yes. This is Stonewall. PAGLIA: Well, if it's really Stonewall, then, like the Pope, I have to kiss the ground. GLENNDA: Okay. PAGLIA: All right. _(She falls to her knees, kisses the pavement, and bows in Islamic obeisance.)_ Ah! Stonewall! GLENNDA _(laughing):_ Wow. That was amazing. _(In the background, the_ CENTURIONS, _quaffing Evian, solemnly peruse the street.)_ PAGLIA: Where the drag queens revolted. GLENNDA: Yes. And you know what we should talk about now, Camille? Actually, you need your microphone. _(A crew member hands a mike to_ PAGLIA. _)_ PAGLIA _(brightly, like TV host Bob Barker):_ Thank you! GLENNDA: The march on Washington. The [April 1993] gay march on Washington. PAGLIA: Yeah. GLENNDA: Do you know, I saw a lot of news. I couldn't go, because I was too busy. As you were, too. We were just too busy. PAGLIA: Well, I was boycotting it, because I hate those people who run that. You know, they certainly did not open up the podium to anyone who did not agree with their views. GLENNDA: Right. The thing is there was a lot of focus _away_ from drag queens. Because they were interviewing people on MTV, and everyone was saying, "Nope, no drag queens here! Look, no drag queens, just normal folks. Just white middle-class Americans, and we just want our rights, and that's what it's all about!" PAGLIA _(nodding in agreement):_ Actually, the C-Span cameras kept on showing a kind of huge sea of white middle-class people. It was like a _shopping mall!_ GLENNDA: A sea of white faces. PAGLIA: Yes. And it was very discouraging, in many ways. It was sort of, like, you know, what's the point? These people are demanding their rights? They look like they _have_ their rights. Just a bunch of privileged people who just wanted to party. There was nothing particularly marginal, you know? People on the podium, _claiming_ marginality, when in fact there were hundreds of thousands of shopping-mall people there! GLENNDA: Well, to be fair, there _were_ a lot of drag queens there, but this group called the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation—the leaders sent out press releases saying "Please" to the general media, "Media, please do not focus on the drag queens and the leather people, because they're a bad representation for our community." PAGLIA: Oh, it is disgusting. Oh, it is yuppification, yuppification! This is not the Sixties, okay? I mean, I _hate_ this. GLENNDA: That's not revolutionary, to hide the drag queens. PAGLIA: That is not revolutionary, no, no. GLENNDA: You know, next year is the anniversary. Twenty-five years since the death of Judy Garland and the Stonewall Rebellion. PAGLIA: Oh, my God. Unbelievable. See, Stonewall—I mean, it was the _drag queens_ who pulled up paving stones and fought back against the police. The _drag queens_ were the ones who had the balls to fight. It wasn't the yuppified, white bourgeois gay guys who did any fighting! Okay? So the drag queens were at the start of the revolution. How _easy_ it is for people to forget that! GLENNDA: Mmm hmm. PAGLIA: Exactly. See, I feel that the problem with gay activism right now is that it's too ghettoized. It wants special rights for one group. I feel the true Sixties revolution is about arguing for the protection of all nonconformist behavior of _every kind_. GLENNDA: Right. Absolutely. PAGLIA: Homosexuality is only _one_ area within that, okay? And I think that that is the terrible flaw of gay activism. And so I don't get along at _all_ with the gay activist establishment. It's that there's no philosophical perspective, there's no real _vision_ in them. They're just a bunch of people who are totally insular. They hate _me_. They call _me_ homophobic. Oh, right, with _my_ history, I'm "homophobic," honey! _Yeah_ , like I'm— GLENNDA: "Self-hating." PAGLIA:—I'm "misogynist" and "pro-rape." That's another one I hear. GLENNDA _(laughing):_ Pro-rape! PAGLIA: Right! And so the drag queens fit directly into such an argument. I mean, what could be more nonconforming than a drag queen? GLENNDA: Well, it's unfortunate that this gay rights movement has caused more marginalization of other groups—drag queens and cross-dressers, straight and gay cross-dressers, and people who are into the s & m lifestyle and fetishes. Those people are being pushed further into the margins, instead of, you know, a more inclusive— PAGLIA: Yeah. _My_ thinking is that we need a libertarian philosophy that argues for the civil rights of all acts in the private realm. That's what I'm arguing for. And we cannot just have a sort of gay versus straight dichotomy, _(angrily)_ Right now, the gay activist establishment is a bunch of sanctimonious, pious people up on a pulpit. I have never heard such dogma, except from the _feminist_ establishment—that's the only one that's worse, you know? GLENNDA: A lot of feminist rhetoric trickles down into the gay movement, I've noticed. PAGLIA: That's _right_. And in my opinion, anyone in the gay activist movement who adopts feminist rhetoric _is_ misogynist, because feminist rhetoric is based on the victimization of woman. GLENNDA: Mmm hmm. PAGLIA: Woman as victim. _Drag queen_ philosophy is based on the idea of woman as dominatrix of the universe! _Ruler_ of the cosmos! All right? That's why I follow the drag queen philosophy and _not_ gay activist or feminist philosophy. _(Cut to_ GLENNDA _and_ PAGLIA _amid the crowds at the annual Christopher Street Fair. Behind them, a handsome young gay man with a studded black-leather band around his biceps is vigorously pummeling a woman on a large wooden massage rack.)_ GLENNDA _(with feigned innocence):_ Camille, what's going on? PAGLIA _(gleefully):_ Someone is being tortured. GLENNDA: Wait—no, no, Camille, it's massage. PAGLIA: Oh, deep massage! GLENNDA: _Deep_ massage. PAGLIA: Interesting how massage and torture look so similar. GLENNDA: I thought we had stumbled upon an s & m street fair! PAGLIA: You know, I have heard of all kinds of massage rituals where people walk on backs and crack their back and so on. I mean, you know, Swedish massage is very close to s & m. GLENNDA: There's a very sadistic and masochistic relationship there. PAGLIA: There is. In fact, in old Hollywood movies there was the motif of the kind of big, burly woman who was the Swedish masseuse, you know? GLENNDA: Yeah. A big butch woman. PAGLIA: A big butch woman. And she would, like, hammer on you and so on. _(beaming with delight)_ I think that this has not been really fully considered—the connection between Swedish massage and s & m! GLENNDA: But I like seeing it out in the open. It's nice. Look! Look at him go! It's amazing. PAGLIA _(laughing):_ Isn't that incredible! GLENNDA: Wow. PAGLIA: Now, you know, I think a lot of this is a kind of substitute for the old rituals of the Catholic Church, where you would beat yourself, flagellate yourself— GLENNDA: Oh! But do you think it has pagan roots as well? PAGLIA: Well, I think all abuse of the body has pagan roots, yes. But the mortification of the flesh in the Middle Ages—you would atone for your sins by beating yourself till you were bloody. In fact, such excesses were forbidden at one point by the Church, because— GLENNDA: Are those the monks that whip themselves? _(Imitates self-flagellation)_ I've seen— _(Film of Eastern Rite monks whipping their bloody backs.)_ PAGLIA: Monks and nuns were getting very carried away. There were little tiny whips with hooks on the end. GLENNDA: Wow. PAGLIA: Yeah. So a lot of the rituals of the Catholic Church have strong s & m components. GLENNDA: Do they still do that? PAGLIA: Well, the modern Church frowns on it, because it understood the kind of perverse sexual pleasure, apparently, that some monks and nuns were getting from it. GLENNDA: Whoa! PAGLIA: But Robert Mapplethorpe certainly realized this connection. And my friend Bruce Benderson has often loved French decadent literature for its strange perverse Catholicism, an obsession with s & m motifs. I feel there is a deep undercurrent of sadomasochism in the Catholic Church. Especially the Mediterranean or Spanish versions of Catholicism. GLENNDA: Maybe that's what that gay Catholic group is all about. PAGLIA _(pursing her lips):_ Oh— GLENNDA: There's a gay Catholic group. PAGLIA: I know, but Dignity is a little bit too white-bread for me! GLENNDA _(laughing):_ They are. PAGLIA: They're too—they're a bunch of yuppies. GLENNDA: They are. PAGLIA: Really. No, I don't want to condemn them, but _(grinning and smacking her lips obscenely)_ I want to put some _blood_ into that little sect! _(Cut to_ GLENNDA _and_ CAMILLE _standing outside Gay Pleasures, a bookstore on Hudson Street.)_ GLENNDA: Camille, let's go shopping for some good old-fashioned gay male pornography! PAGLIA: Yes, let's look for porn! OFF-CAMERA VOICE: Come on in! _(_ GLENNDA, CAMILLE, _and the_ CENTURIONS _enter Gay Pleasures.)_ PAGLIA: Oh, I _love_ it! GLENNDA: Wow! We're here at Gay Pleasures. PAGLIA: Oh, my gosh, _(picking up a book) Anal Pleasure and Health!_ I _love_ it. _(picking up another one) Dream Stud!_ Look at these fabulous—now, you would never find such fabulous things in a _(sarcastically) les-bi-an_ book store. GLENNDA _(laughing):_ Oh, could you imagine? At Judith's Room [a lesbian bookstore]? PAGLIA: Oh, no-o-o. Oh, my God! _(laughs)_ Oh, look, look! _(plucks from a rack a postcard of David Sprigle's stylish nude photograph of a nonchalant, princely black man with a spiked silver collar and large erect penis)_ Now, see, if this were of a woman, you would have them carrying on about how it's degrading and exploitative— GLENNDA: Right. PAGLIA:—but they refuse to consider the realities of gay male porn, which is _fabulous_. GLENNDA: I never hear feminists talk about gay male porn. PAGLIA: They don't. GLENNDA: Why is that? PAGLIA _(heatedly):_ They don't _want_ to _admit it_ , because it disproves their theory that all porn is about the degradation of women, you see? And _I'm_ saying I've learned an _enormous_ amount from gay male porn! It's the _hottest_ porn that there is! There's nothing _better_. GLENNDA: This is true. PAGLIA: Because, you see, right now, heterosexual porn, it's really _not_ that interesting, because you've got just a lot of very experienced, professional actresses who fake orgasm. Now, with men, you _can't_ fake orgasm— GLENNDA: It's true. PAGLIA: I mean, it's either _hard_ or it _isn't_ hard, okay? _(_ GLENNDA _laughs.)_ So this is why I love gay male porn, and I think many other lesbian and bisexual women do as well, because it just is _hot_. It's totally _hot!_ GLENNDA _(looking at the displays):_ They have a lot of vintage stuff—old things from the Fifties. PAGLIA: Yes. I love things that come from a repressive past. GLENNDA: Like look at this— _Boys in Leather_. PAGLIA: Oh, right. Or this, with its kind of Greek motif— _Trim_. Not only that, but gay male porn is _honest_ about the sexual allure of young people, okay? GLENNDA: Mmm hmm. Right. PAGLIA: And you'll notice that when there are boys of indeterminate age, and even when there are boys who are the correct legal age, they're made to look _below_ the age, right? GLENNDA: It's a cult of youth and beauty. PAGLIA: It's a cult of youth and beauty. And I think that's absolutely correct, and it's one of the great repressed subjects of right now, okay? Because we're into this child abuse hysteria right now. Everyone's hysterical about it. GLENNDA: And it's killing sexuality. PAGLIA: Killing sexuality, okay? The Lolita syndrome is one of the few examples of it in a heterosexual context. And I think we're ripe for a revival of Lolita. Certainly we saw with Amy Fisher, okay, the "Long Island Lolita"— GLENNDA: "The Long Island Lolita." There's a musical called _The Amy Fisher Musical_. Did you hear about it? PAGLIA _(dishily, like Joan Rivers):_ I heard about it! Yes, I saw a little bit of it. I love it. I mean, on TV, I saw a clip. GLENNDA: It looks like _Funny Girl_ —the sign. _(_ GLENNDA _demonstrates.)_ Like, for _Funny Girl_ , and she's pointing a gun. PAGLIA _(pointing to another magazine):_ Look! _Hand Jobs, (camera catches the cover in closeup)_ Now, you see? Look how _frank_ everything is here! I mean, the _frankness—_ GLENNDA _(laughing):_ It's out in the open. PAGLIA: With gay men, the frankness of sexual desire is _admitted!_ I mean, there is no fooling around. There's no pretending it's like this emotional thing. GLENNDA: Ideology and theory. PAGLIA: There's no ideology. GLENNDA: Books of theory that you have to read! PAGLIA: It also avoids the sentimentality, the hand-holding, the pretending that it's all about, you know, _(imitates prissy, WASPy female voice) love and nurturing. (switches to raunchy Big Mama voice)_ There's _no_ nurturing, okay, _at all!_ _(_ GLENNDA _laughs.)_ I _love_ it! It's like just get it _hard_ , you know, get it _out_ there, stick it through a hole, you know, get it _off!_ I love it! GLENNDA _(guffawing):_ Great. That's it, absolutely. PAGLIA: Yeah! So a lot of my theories about sex and pornography come from gay men, and this is the _great, invisible subject_. _(Cut to shot of nearby magazine rack with magazines titled_ A Hard Lesson, Black and Proud, Black Pharaohs, _and_ Penis Coladas. _)_ GLENNDA: Why do you think there's such a vast amount of gay male pornography but not an equal amount of lesbian woman-on-woman porn? Why is that? PAGLIA: Well, my observations of this confirm what Masters and Johnson found. That is, on the track of sexual frequency, they found that the individuals with the most sexual experience and activity were gay men. Next down the line were straight men. Next down the line to that were straight women. The group of human beings with the least frequency of sexual activity were _(trumpeting derisively) les-bi-ans_ , okay? GLENNDA _(laughing):_ Is that why it's hard for you to get a date? PAGLIA _(ruefully):_ I get no dates. My life has been a ruin. GLENNDA: Oh! PAGLIA: I'm just an old nun. What can I say? No, it's true. Not only that, but there seems to be evidence that men are more visually stimulated towards, you know, sexual desire. Now, I'm just a kind of mutant, obviously, because I have always been highly interested in visual things. GLENNDA: But some days you feel like a man, right? Are there some days you wake up and you feel like a man? PAGLIA: I began as a man, and I'm turning back into a man at the end of my life, I'm afraid. As menopause approaches, I'm turning back into a man, I think, yeah. GLENNDA: It's part of this abstract transsexualism, I've noticed. _(Cut to Fifties footage of a muscular, oiled man lying languorously on his stomach with bare buttocks prominently aloft. He is skimming through a paperback called_ I Can Take It All. _)_ GLENNDA: You have like this transsexual streak. PAGLIA: Mmm hmm. Oh, I do. I absolutely do. I love it. _(picks up a copy of a magazine called_ Stroke, _with a cover photo of a nude man acrobatically performing auto-fellatio)_ Look at this! Look at this! Fabulous. GLENNDA: Those are the expensive ones. I always buy them when they're on sale. PAGLIA _(reading the cover headline): Oddities and Atrocities_. GLENNDA: But look—fifteen dollars. But they're good. PAGLIA: Oh, my God! That is great. That is absolutely great! _(like a kid in a candy store)_ Oh, _look_ at all this fabulous stuff! _(leafing through another paperback)_ Oh, see, men in uniform! I love things with men in uniform. I love Tom of Finland. He's a great favorite of mine, and Robert Mapplethorpe loved Tom of Finland too. GLENNDA: He's great, yeah, _(still looking at_ Stroke _)_ Well, I like that this says _Oddities and Atrocities_ , because so many people try to normalize gay sex. It's like, "It's normal, it's just like anything else." I don't _want_ it to be normal, sometimes! PAGLIA: That's right, that's right. Exactly. GLENNDA: It's on the _edge_. It's _outlaw_. PAGLIA: Well, I feel that all sexuality makes use of the taboo. In _any_ culture, okay, if something is taboo, it becomes erotic. For example, women's ankles were invisible throughout the nineteenth century, so the mere glimpse of a woman's ankle caused people to go into a _frenzy_ of eroticism, you see? And so, yes, I _love_ the title _Oddities and Atrocities_. I may take that for my next book! GLENNDA _(laughing):_ That could be the subtitle for _Sexual Personae_ , Part Two! PAGLIA: I'm looking for a title for my next book, my next essay collection, _(joking)_ We may have _found_ it, Glennda, right here! _Right here!_ GLENNDA: We found it at Gay Pleasures. Oh, my God! Right here at Gay Pleasures! PAGLIA _(addressing the camera confidentially, imitating Sandra Bernhard)_ Right here at this moment, you _saw_ it! _(Cut to_ GLENNDA _and_ CAMILLE _leafing through another bin of magazines and books.)_ GLENNDA: We're looking through some old 1950s... this one's called _Tomorrow's Man_ , and that one's called—what is it called? PAGLIA: _Vim!_ GLENNDA: And the thing is, in the Fifties they sort of masqueraded these magazines as muscle builders, body builders, so that they could get away with selling them. But they're really, you know, for certain gay men to read and enjoy— PAGLIA: All kinds of bulging crotches. GLENNDA: Some of them have women in them. Like this one—the two bodybuilders holding up a sexy woman. PAGLIA _(showing a photograph):_ Or this large bosom here. GLENNDA: Which I think is great, because I think a lot of modern gay porn doesn't. I like to see women in it sometimes, because I think there's something really hot to just have a woman there sometimes. It's like bisexual and— PAGLIA: I feel _that's_ the revolution, Glennda! GLENNDA _(nodding):_ Yeah. PAGLIA: I feel the revolution is for us to totally extend the level of our responsiveness in a bisexual direction. Whether we actually are bisexually _active_ or not. GLENNDA: Right. It's your sexual imagination. PAGLIA: Sexual imagination! GLENNDA: It should, if you can include that and see sexuality as a _continuum_ , rather than gay over _here_ or straight over _there_. _(Cut to_ GLENNDA _and_ CAMILLE _bathed in late afternoon light, as they stand near the splintered piers on the West Side Highway at 11th Street, near the old site of the Anvil, a notorious Seventies-era gay bar.)_ GLENNDA _(like Judy Garland as Dorothy):_ Oh, my God, Camille! We made it all the way over to the piers. I didn't think it was gonna happen, but we're here. We made it! PAGLIA _(like Dame Edna Everage):_ We have really been _walking our little legs off_ today! GLENNDA: And this is as far west as you can really go. I mean, we're at the West Side, the Hudson River, and we're by one of the piers. But look—look at this pier, Camille. PAGLIA: It's amazing. GLENNDA: It's very postapocalyptic. PAGLIA: It really is. The pier is in a complete state of ruin. _(Cut to pan of pier.)_ GLENNDA: You know what they call this pier? This is "The Sex Pier." People come here to have sex, late at night, during the day. Sexual outlaws come here—gay sexual outlaws. PAGLIA: That is so great. GLENNDA: And, you know, people fall in the water during sex or during their orgasm. Didn't Freud call the orgasm "The Little Death"... petite... petite— PAGLIA: Well, that goes back centuries, actually, that idea. GLENNDA: Oh, so he got it from somewhere else. PAGLIA: Yes. You really risk death _here_. The timbers seem _shattered_ with the force of so many orgasms! GLENNDA: But that's the thing that gay men understand—the _risks_ that you take sometimes in these public situations, that there's a little bit of a thrill. And maybe it's irresponsible, but if that's what you're _into_ , you know, you have a _right_ , if you want to come out here. PAGLIA: Mmm hmm. GLENNDA: Maybe you'll fall in the water, maybe you won't! PAGLIA: That's exactly right, Glennda. This is what I'm always saying about the feminist problem with date rape, okay? That gay men understand there is risk and danger in sexuality, particularly the outlaw kind. I've learned so much from gay men. I'm sick and tired of women _whining_. They go on a date, they get in this car with a stranger, go to a man's room, and then they're surprised when something happens, you know? I mean, I love the gay male attitude, which is to go out into the dark, have anonymous sex. Right from the period of the Roman Empire—under the arches of the Colosseum—people understood that you go out on a sexual adventure as a gay man, you may not come home again. You may get beaten up. That's one of the _thrills_. That is the _aura_. It's sort of the erotic aura that's around outlaw sex. So again I feel that gay men have so much to teach establishment feminism about what sex _is_. _(Cut to_ GLENNDA _and_ CAMILLE _at another pier, with the World Trade Center towers in the distance behind them.)_ GLENNDA _(addressing the camera):_ Camille and I have finished our tour! It's the end of _Glennda and Camille Do Downtown_. PAGLIA: It's been a wonderful day, Glennda! GLENNDA: It was beautiful. Of course, we learned a lot. We talked about a lot of topics, _(to the camera)_ And just keep tuning in to the show, _(to_ PAGLIA _)_ Maybe we'll do another show. PAGLIA: This is fabulous! GLENNDA: Or two. PAGLIA: Maybe this'll be a series! GLENNDA: Yeah— _Glennda and Camille... The Series! (They laugh.)_ Thanks for tuning in. Bye! PAGLIA _(waving cheerfully to the camera like the Beverly Hillbillies):_ Bye, now! _(Loud rock music as credits roll over montage of the day: the_ CENTURIONS _stopping traffic at the arch_ , PAGLIA _castigating the WAP women and kissing the ground at Stonewall_ , PAGLIA _showing off a Keith Richards graphic on the back of her T-shirt_ , GLENNDA _and_ PAGLIA _doing a hip-bumping boogie. Cut to_ GLENNDA _and_ PAGLIA _snickering on 8th Street, when they first spot the women protesters half a block away.)_ PAGLIA _(yelling with delight):_ Hey, bitches! _(lewdly sticks out tongue)_ GLENNDA _(giggling):_ Let's tip their table over! PAGLIA _(laughing and cupping hand to mouth):_ Feminist bitches! # ON LITERATURE AND ART # GYPSY TIGRESS: CARMEN [ _Stagebill_ , August 1992] Georges Bizet's _Carmen_ (1875) is the first music I remember hearing as a child. It remains for me the definition of what music is and what it should be—brilliant and passionate, overwhelming the senses with its directness and force. I was mesmerized by a picture of Risë Stevens as Carmen in the album notes. For some reason, the fiery, laughing lady with piercing eyes had a rose between her teeth. It seemed savage and strange, an unsettling symbolism I never understood. In my parents' opera book was a colorful drawing of the toreador Escamillo parading in his glittering suit of lights. I loved his arrogance and glamour. And so at age six in 1953, I was Escamillo for Halloween. There is a photograph of me beaming in my black satin outfit trimmed with red and posing with a furled umbrella in lieu of a sword. We are in a period where it has become fashionable to attack the great classics of art. A debunking cynicism passes for sophistication these days. "Misogyny," "male domination," and "phallic violence" are everywhere, we are told, in nineteenth-century opera, with its suffering heroines. The ravishing music merely masks the "oppression" for a callous bourgeois audience. Carmen, for example, is a "male fantasy," and the opera is, at heart, a "snuff film." Well, Carmen is no male fantasy, for she was my fantasy too. Bizet's heroine, even more imperious than her somewhat rough and uncouth gypsy forebear in Prosper Mérimée's original novella (1845), is a spectacular sexual persona, a charismatic dominatrix possible only in Western culture, which gave birth to the independent, strong-speaking woman. The role has been treated in a variety of ways by different singers, whose voices range from throaty low mezzo to soprano. Some Carmens are cool and detached; others are earthy and tempestuous. The most famous American Carmen was Rise Stevens, whose hot-blooded, highly physical, and knockabout version was first performed at the Met in 1943. Maria Callas never appeared onstage in _Carmen_ but made a much admired studio recording in Paris in 1964. The theme has been a favorite in movie history ever since the first silent versions were filmed in France (1909) and Spain (1910). Theda Bara, Pola Negri, Dolores Del Rio, and Rita Hayworth have starred in the title role. Dorothy Dandridge was superb in Otto Preminger's modernized _Carmen Jones_ (1954), with its all-black cast. Marilyn Home provided the vocal track. The plot of _Carmen_ has important precedents in Western literature. The officer Don José lured away from his military duty by the temptress Carmen recalls Aeneas delayed by Dido's sensuality and Mark Antony throwing away the world for Cleopatra. In a Greek myth, the hero Hercules, enslaved to Omphale, actually dons women's clothing. All these stories ask questions about love and manhood. Sex contains many dangers. There is the risk of loss of identity. Shakespeare's treatment of the Antony and Cleopatra saga is complex and profound: he shows how Antony is enlarged by love but finally destroyed by his reckless disregard of his public obligations as a man. This is also José's fate. _Carmen_ is secondly a work of Romanticism. The gypsies, with their mysterious nomadic past, represent life in nature, an energy wild and free. As thieves and smugglers, they are outcasts and outlaws, rebel personae celebrated by the Romantics. Don José, the deserter joining the gypsies, is a runaway and dropout, a motif familiar to us from the 1960s counterculture. He turns his back on respectability, career advancement, and social acceptance. But he puts all responsibility for his identity on Carmen. He makes himself passive to her and thereby loses her interest. When she leaves him, he is nothing. Hence his rage and despair. The opera is a tragedy for both the central characters. One of the most Romantic elements in _Carmen_ is its interest in intense emotion, which defeats reason, prudence, and common sense, the balanced, moderate values of eighteenth-century neoclassicism. The opera is a case study of jealousy, which swallows José up in mad excess. Like Othello, he destroys the thing he loves. We are currently amidst a national debate over rape and its motives. Bizet's _Carmen_ compellingly shows how a gentle, unassuming man can be swept toward violence and murder. José's psychology is expertly drawn. He is deeply attached to his mother and native village. Micaela, his pious, mild-mannered fiancée, comes to him as his mother's ambassador. Like Shakespeare's Octavia, Micaela represents conventional womanhood, a simplicity, innocence, and purity. She offers her man the quiet devotion of a lifetime. Carmen, on the other hand, like Cleopatra, is a brawler and tawny-skinned tigress, overtly sexual and rapacious. José is fascinated by Carmen's egotism and flamboyance, her brassy brio and malicious sense of fun. Like Cleopatra, she has the many moods of a woman but the aggression and drive of a man. But what attracts José to Carmen is also what is dangerous about her. Loving her is a gamble, and José loses. His simple idealism about women, whom he identifies with his saintly mother, does not prepare him for a monumental natural phenomenon like Carmen, with her unbridled appetites and volatility. He is naive, sentimental. When Carmen coldly spurns him, his childishness and dependency return. His personality is not strong enough to withstand rejection. He murders her as a way to preserve their connection. And his horrified lament over her body immediately snaps back into a yearning for maternal consolation, as if he has been suddenly orphaned. Perhaps this vocal passage is harmonically unresolved because man's relation to woman can never be resolved. Carmen is no helpless victim. It is simply untrue that the opera misogynistically condemns a woman to death for wanting a modern sexual freedom. As one of the great _femmes fatales_ of nineteenth-century art, the voluptuous, bewitching, promiscuous Carmen has an inner perversity and, at times, a cruelty bordering on the sadistic. She first flirts with José merely because he is ignoring her. She enjoys the challenge of seduction but becomes quickly bored. She keeps trading up the male hierarchy, going after Escamillo because he is the hottest new property. She uses and dumps José, insulting and humiliating him unnecessarily and finally obliterating his identity. He is conquered by Escamillo as much as by Carmen. Psychologically castrated, he avenges himself with the phallic knife. _Carmen_ is structured very much like Euripides' _Bacchae_. The working-class gypsy is, like the populist god Dionysus, an anarchic alien associated with magic, dance, and the pleasure principle. Both Carmen and Dionysus lure a representative of the social order away into the archetypal forest, where they cavalierly deconstruct his masculine personality. Throughout the opera, the pagan elements of Western culture are still at war with Judeo-Christianity, whose calm, ascending, hymnlike measures Micaela and José use in vain against Carmen's frenzied, escalating, percussive dance accents. It was Bizet's riveting Spanish dance music that first seized my attention as a child. I now see it pointed toward my generation's domination by rock, which is energized by African-American dance rhythms. _Carmen_ 's romantic story line, climaxing in a murder, is itself a kind of bohemian apache dancing, a bruising courtship ritual. The toreador too is a dancer who flirts with death. The finale is brilliantly staged. Mérimée's Carmen dies in the forest, but Bizet ends his story as he began it, in a public square, the symbol of José's lost social status. Alienated, solitary, he tries to stop Carmen from entering the arena where the bullfight is about to begin. The roaring crowd, hailing his rival Escamillo, is the community from which José is now severed. A dark, eerie, sinister music wells up, like an earth tremor or rising storm wind. It is the shadow of Fate as well as the raw, elemental power of sexuality that Carmen has aroused but cannot control. We feel someone will die, but it could as well be José. In this parallel performance outside the arena, Carmen taunts and goads José as if he were a bull. Trying to pass him, she is gored. She dies in the dirt, in squalor. But her last moments are those of heroic defiance, as she chooses freedom above surrender. She refuses to whine, cower, beg, or plead. She has acted, and she accepts full responsibility for her actions. Capricious, carnal, greedy for life, she has played the dangerous game of sex by her own rules. Death is merely her final adventure. # ALICE AS EPIC HERO [Introduction, Lewis Carroll, _Alice in Wonderland / Alice Through the Looking Glass_ , Book-of-the-Month Club, 1994] "Lewis Carroll" was the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832–98), a mathematician and Anglican deacon who spent his entire adult life as a sheltered fellow of Christ Church College at Oxford University. Dodgson belongs to the history of literature, rather than mathematics, because of his two masterpieces, _Alice's Adventures in Wonderland_ (1865) and _Through the Looking-Glass_ (1871), which were inspired by Alice Pleasance Liddell, young daughter of the dean of Christ Church. The _Alice_ books are the greatest examples of the crowded genre of Victorian children's literature, which sprang from the new Romantic vision of the child. For Rousseau and Wordsworth, children have a primal innocence and purity; they are saintly and sexless ambassadors of nature, untouched by corrupt society. Throughout Victorian literature, including the classic novels of Charles Dickens, the orphaned girl-child is the supreme symbol of profound emotion and beleaguered virtue. Carroll's Alice, one of the outstanding characters of world literature, is not an orphan, but in her stories she is mysteriously parentless. We hear of a sister, a nurse, and three cats, but the entire adult world has been obliterated. It exists as empty architectural spaces, as in eerie De Chirico paintings—a schoolroom or a drawing room with a stone mantel, clock face, and mirror, through which Alice steps into another dimension. The invisible hierarchical system of social and familial authority has been re-created instead in the "wonderland" of the unconscious, our fascinating, baffling dream life that Carroll, before Freud, was the first to systematically explore. The _Alice_ stories are modern psychological fairy tales but also clever mock epics, like Pope's _The Rape of the Lock_. A seven-year-old girl is the intrepid protagonist, embarked on the archetypal journey of myth and legend that represents life itself. It is inquisitiveness, a "burning" curiosity or thirst for knowledge, that plummets Alice into her adventures in both books. Alone and lost, she shows courage and resourcefulness. Strange, menacing beings and disorienting alterations of space and time beset her. But she survives by her wits, reasoning her way through each problem and struggling to maintain the imperial British code of good manners amid confusion and chaos. On her heroic quest, normally the province of male warriors, Alice is forever the outsider, the alien, rebuffed by hostile cliques and quarreling in-groups, from the Mad Tea Party to the Garden of Live Flowers. On her travels over the meadows and through the woods, Alice never turns into Huck Finn, a smudged vagabond scamp. She remains the well-bred young lady, her crisp apron and pinafore un-disheveled even when she falls into a pool of tears or rockets up and down, bizarrely changing size. After Bloomsbury, we have been too ready to see male oppression in the nineteenth century. Alice's resilient femininity shows the power of Victorian womanhood. Rarely fearful and never frail or hysterical, Alice reflects Carroll's real-life adulation of little girls as superior to boys, whom he loathed and avoided. The circumstances surrounding the composition of the _Alice_ books would, in today's climate of sexual suspicion, get the author into very hot water indeed. On July 4, 1862, two bachelor clergymen, Carroll and Robinson Duckworth, took the three Liddell sisters on one of many private boating parties on the Thames, which at various times ended in the group hiding from the summer sun under a hayrick or getting soaked to the skin from a thunderstorm. On this particular day, Carroll, entertaining the children with his usual extemporaneous tales and riddles, created a fantasy starring his special favorite, Alice, which was so mesmerizing that she pleaded for him to write it down. The first manuscript was called _Alice's Adventures under Ground_. A lifelong celibate, Carroll had no known romances with adults. Quiet, awkward, and introverted, he was afflicted with a bad stammer that disappeared only in the company of children, whom he loved to entertain. While traveling, he carried a black bag of games, tricks, and puzzles to pique the attention of little girls. Carroll's intentions were probably not overtly physical, like those of Humbert Humbert in Nabokov's _Lolita_ , but perhaps it is naive to deny there was an element of sublimated, voyeuristic eroticism in his attraction to girls, with whom he may have secretly identified. As an amateur portrait photographer of considerable distinction, Carroll took a series of nude or seminude pictures of girls, many of which were later destroyed, at his instructions. It appears that Mrs. Liddell, the Dean's wife, disliked Carroll's loitering persistence, though he was tolerated as a harmless, if tiresome, eccentric. Games the Liddell sisters were learning—first croquet, then chess—shape the two books. Carroll's vivid characters are often game pieces come to life—the furious, stentorian Queen of Hearts and her playing-card children, trembling gardeners, and loyal soldiers, who bend double to serve as croquet arches; or the pursed, dictatorial Red Queen and kindly, untidy White Queen, whom Alice, in her female rites of passage, encounters on the testing ground of a vast geographical chessboard. Game motifs are also present in the Dodo bird's tumultuous, circular Caucus-race and in the fierce ritual combats of Tweedledum and Tweedledee, the Lion and Unicorn, and the Red Knight and maladroit White Knight. We know that Carroll, a workaholic, obsessive-compulsive organizer and chronic insomniac, used puzzles, math problems, and quirky mental inventions to get himself through the night and to drive away irreverent or impure thoughts. He was an early speculator in symbolic logic: one of his academic books is called _The Game of Logic_. But beyond this, Carroll sees all of life as a game, whose rules we must learn by comic trial and error. Despite our best intentions, reality often proves refractory or rebellious, as when Alice, earnestly trying to play croquet, finds her mallet, a live flamingo, twisting itself upward to stare her in the face. Many Freudian interpretations of the _Alice_ books treat them in distressingly reductive terms as neurotic manifestations of a social misfit. But it is equally possible to see Carroll's maimed isolation and detachment as the inspiration for his coolly scientific view of society as a webwork of conventions. The best examples are his tea-party and courtroom scenes, with their elaborate ceremonial formalism. Critics have rightly noted Carroll's prefiguration of Kafka's _The Trial_ and _The Castle_ , modernist portraits of amoral, arbitrary authority. There are analogies to the then-developing discipline of anthropology: Alice visits culture after culture, meeting their despotic rulers, learning their foods, customs, and languages, and inadvertently violating their surprising taboos. For instance, she finds herself in a Cyclops-like cave, the dusky shop of the curt, taciturn knitting Sheep, with its porous shelving and uncooperative floating curios and magic transformation into a stream lined with scented rushes. There may also be influences from Darwin's natural history: Alice confronts a host of familiar and exotic animals, insects, and plants, who deem themselves quite equal and even superior to mere humans. Each being has its own story, poem, or song, lengthy spiritual autobiographies or genealogies which Alice listens to with polite patience that wears thin as the day goes on. Carroll's anthropomorphism is never coy or sentimental, in the standard Victorian way. The _Alice_ books have the uncanny animism of primitive religion: these daunting creatures are bold, brash, and sharp-tongued. Even a pudding comes alive and indignantly berates Alice ("What impertinence!") for cutting a slice of it. Tooth-and-claw Darwinian themes of violence and carnivorousness abound: Alice is always catching herself as she carelessly or, as Freud would say, perversely mentions a predator (cats, humans) to its prey (mice, birds, fish). And she herself has a quite un-Wordsworthian spirit of sadistic mischief, as when she frightens her old nurse by shouting in her ear, "Nurse! Do let's pretend that I'm a hungry hyena, and you're a bone!" Carroll systematically subverts Victorian moralism by making didacticism synonymous with humorlessness and sterility. The aggressive voices of Carroll's characters are unique and unforgettable. As in the great tradition of British drama (Carroll's childhood love of the theater was squelched by his clergyman father), personality is created by the power of language. Animals or objects burst into speech and hector Alice, who holds her own in scuffling fencing-matches of prickly dialogue. Carroll's meditations on language anticipate twentieth-century literary theory. Both the Gnat and Humpty Dumpty speculate about the relativity of names, and the Cheshire Cat makes a philosophical argument for radical subjectivity in our perceptions of the world. The ersatz Anglo-Saxon poem "Jabberwocky" uses punning "portmanteau" words simultaneously to intensify meaning and to break it down into Carrollian "nonsense" or absurdity. There is a persistent oscillation between language and silence, as the seething, quarrelsome characters suddenly stop and stare at each other, mute and stunned. The dramatic panache of the _Alice_ books was appreciated early on: a stage version of _Alice in Wonderland_ appeared in London in 1886, while Carroll was still alive. There have been three movies (released in 1933, 1950, and 1972) and an animated Walt Disney musical version (1951). However, the most indelible images remain those created by Sir John Tenniel, a brilliant illustrator who labored under Carroll's vexingly punctilious supervision. The Tenniel Alice with long blonde tresses was based on another Carroll intimate, Mary Badcock, rather than slim, dark-haired Alice Liddell, whose connection to the first book was prudently obscured. But it is surely Alice Liddell's personality that draws us in and charms us. "Who am I?" Carroll's Alice asks, like Odysseus, Oedipus, and Hamlet, as she makes her way past the Elysian throngs of boors, bores, and bullies, the meddlers, dandies, raconteurs, monomaniacs, melancholics, tricksters, sophists, gurus, gluttons, loafers, ninnies, male bunglers, and female termagants. The _Alice_ books are a Saturnalian dream-within-a-dream, a sequence of surreal cinematic episodes linked by the melting transitions and misty amnesia of our innermost stream-of-consciousness. "I've a right to think," Alice defiantly declares to the ugly Duchess. In Carroll's panorama of the mind, where Romantic imagination and Enlightenment intellect join, Alice is our proxy in stubbornly making sense out of the flux of time. # LOVE POETRY [ _The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics_ , Alex Preminger and T. V. F. Bogan, eds., 3rd edition, 1993] In evaluating love poetry, we must first ask whether the language is private and original or formulaic and rhetorical. Is the poet speaking for him- or herself, or is the voice a persona? The poem, if commissioned by friend or patron, may be a projection into another's adventures, or it may be an improvised conflation of real and invented details. A love poem cannot be simplistically read as a literal, journalistic record of an event or relationship; there is always some fictive reshaping of reality for dramatic or psychological ends. A love poem is secondary rather than primary experience; as an imaginative construction, it invites detached contemplation of the spectacle of sex. We must be particularly cautious when dealing with controversial forms of eroticism like homosexuality. Poems are unreliable historical evidence about any society; they may reflect the consciousness of only one exceptional person. Furthermore, homoerotic images or fantasies in poetry must not be confused with concrete homosexual practice. We may speak of tastes or tendencies in early poets but not of sexual orientation: this is a modern idea. Love poetry is equally informed by artistic tradition and contemporary cultural assumptions. The pagan attitude toward the body and its pleasures was quite different from that of Christianity, which assigns sex to the fallen realm of nature. The richness of Western love poetry may thus arise in part from the dilemma of how to reconcile mind or soul with body. Moreover, the generally higher social status of women in Western as opposed to Eastern culture has given love poetry added complexity or ambivalence: only women of strong personality could have produced the tormented sagas of Catullus or Propertius. We must try to identify a poem's intended audience. In antiquity the love poet was usually addressing a coterie of friends or connoisseurs; since Romanticism, however, the poet speaks to him- or herself, with the reader seeming to overhear private thoughts. We must ask about pornographic material in love poetry whether it reflects the freer sensibilities of a different time or whether the poet set out to shock or challenge his contemporaries. Much love poetry is clearly testing the limits of decorous speech, partly to bring sexual desire under the scrutiny and control of imagination. In the great Western theme of the transience of time, vivid sensuous details illustrate the evanescence of youth and beauty; the poet has a godlike power to defeat time and bestow immortality upon the beloved through art. Romantic impediments give the poem a dramatic frame: the beloved may be indifferent, far away, married to someone else, dead, or of the wrong sex. However, difficulty or disaster in real life is converted into artistic opportunity by the poet, whose work profits from the intensification and exploration of negative emotion. The history of European love poetry begins with the Greek lyric poets of the Archaic age (7th-6th centuries B.C.). Archilochus, Mimnermus, Sappho, and Alcaeus turn poetry away from the grand epic style toward the quiet personal voice, attentive to mood and emotion. Despite the fragmentary survival of Greek solo poetry, we see that it contains a new idea of love, which Homer shows as foolish or deceptive but never unhappy. Archilochus' account of the anguish of love is deepened by Sappho, whose poetry was honored by male writers and grammarians until the fall of Rome. Sappho and Alcaeus were active on Lesbos, an affluent island off the Aeolian coast of Asia Minor, where aristocratic women apparently had more freedom than later in classical Athens. Sappho is primarily a love poet, uninterested in politics or metaphysics. The nature of her love has caused much controversy and many fabrications, some by major scholars. Sappho was married, and she had a daughter, but her poetry suggests that she fell in love with a series of beautiful girls, who moved in and out of her coterie (not a school, club, or cult). There is as yet no evidence, however, that she had physical relations with women. Even the ancients, who had her complete works, were divided about her sexuality. Sappho shows that love poetry is how Western personality defines itself. The beloved is passionately perceived but also replaceable; he or she may exist primarily as a focus of the poet's consciousness. In "He seems to me a god" (fr. 31), Sappho describes her pain at the sight of a favorite girl sitting and laughing with a man. The lighthearted social scene becomes oppressively internal, as the poet sinks into suffering: she cannot speak or see; she is overcome by fever, tremor, pallor. "This description of the symptoms of love had the most persistent influence over more than a thousand years" (Albin Lesky). In plain, concise language, Sappho analyzes her extreme state as if she were both actor and observer; she is candid and emotional yet dignified, austere, almost clinical. This poem, preserved for us by Longinus, is the first great psychological document of Western literature. Sappho's prayer to Aphrodite (fr. 1) converts cult-song into love poem. The goddess, amused at Sappho's desperate appeal for aid, teasingly reminds her of former infatuations and their inevitable end. Love is an endless cycle of pursuit, triumph, and ennui. The poem, seemingly so charming and transparent, is structured by a complex time scheme of past, present, and future, the ever-flowing stream of our emotional life. Sappho also wrote festive wedding songs and the first known description of a romantic moonlit night. She apparently invented the now-commonplace adjective "bittersweet" for the mixed condition of love. Early Greek love poetry is based on simple parallelism between human emotion and nature, which has a Mediterranean mildness. Love-sickness, like a storm, is sudden and passing. Imagery is vivid and luminous, as in haiku; there is nothing contorted or artificial. Anacreon earned a proverbial reputation for wine, women, and song: his love is not Sappho's spiritual crisis but the passing diversion of a bisexual bon vivant. Love poetry was little written in classical Athens, where lyric was absorbed into the tragic choral ode. Plato, who abandoned poetry for philosophy, left epigrams on the beauty of boys. The learned Alexandrian age revived love poetry as an art mode. Theocritus begins the long literary tradition of pastoral, where shepherds complain of unrequited love under sunny skies. Most of his _Idylls_ contain the voices of rustic characters like homely Polyphemus, courting the scornful nymph Galatea, or Lycidas, a goatherd pining for a youth gone to sea. Aging Theocritus broods about his own love for fickle boys, whose blushes haunt him. In his _Epigrams_ , Callimachus takes a lighter attitude toward love, to which he applies sporting metaphors of the hunt. In Medea's agonized passion for Jason in the _Argonautica_ , Apollonius Rhodius tries to mesh love poetry with epic. Asklepiades adds new symbols to love tradition: Eros and arrow-darting Cupid. Meleager writes with equal relish of cruel boys and voluptuous women, such as Heliodora. His is a poignant, sensual poetry filled with the color and smell of flowers. The _Greek Anthology_ demonstrates the changes in Greek love poetry from the Alexandrian through Roman periods. As urban centers grow and speed up, nature metaphors recede. Trashy street life begins, and prostitutes, drag queens, randy tutors, and bathhouse masseuses crowd into view. Love poets become droll, jaded, less lyrical. Women are lusciously described but given no personalities or inner life. Leonidas of Tarentum and Marcus Argentarius write of voracious sluts with special skills; Antipater of Thessalonika coarsely derides scrawny old lechers. For the first time, love poetry incorporates ugliness, squalor, disgust. Boy-love is universal: Straton of Sardis, editor of an anthology of pederastic poems, celebrates the ripening phases of boys' genitals. By the early Byzantine period, however, we feel the impact of Christianity, in more heartfelt sentiment but also in guilt and melancholy. The Romans inherited a huge body of Greek love poetry. Catullus, the first Latin writer to adapt elegy for love themes, is obsessed with Lesbia, the glamourous noblewoman Clodia, promiscuously partying with midnight pickups. "I love and I hate": this tortured affair is the most complex contribution to love poetry since Sappho, whom Catullus admired and imitated. The poet painfully grapples with the ambiguities and ambivalences of being in love with an aggressive, willful Western woman. He also writes tender love poems to a boy, honey-sweet Juventius. There is no Roman love poetry between adult men. Propertius records a long, tangled involvement with capricious Cynthia, a fast-living new woman. There are sensual bed scenes, love-bites, brawls. After Cynthia dies (perhaps poisoned), the angry, humiliated poet sees her ghost over his bed. Tibullus writes of troubled love for two headstrong mistresses, adulterous Delia and greedy Nemesis, and one elusive boy, Marathus. In Vergil's _Eclogue 2_ , the shepherd Corydon passionately laments his love-madness for Alexis, a proud, beautiful youth; the poem was traditionally taken as proof of Vergil's own homosexuality. Horace names a half dozen girls whom he playfully lusts for, but only the rosy boy Ligurinus moves him to tears and dreams. In the _Amores_ , Ovid boasts of his sexual prowess and offers strategies for adultery. _The Art of Love_ tells how to find and keep a lover, including sexual positions, naughty words, and feigned ecstasies; _The Remedies for Love_ contains precepts for falling _out_ of love. The love-letters of the _Heroides_ are rhetorical monologues of famous women (Phaedra, Medea) abandoned by cads. Juvenal shows imperial Rome teeming with effeminates, libertines, and pimps; love or trust is impossible. The Empress prowls the brothels; every good-looking boy is endangered by rich seducers; drunken wives grapple in public stunts. Martial casts himself as a facetious explorer of this lewd world where erections are measured and no girl says no. The _Dionysiaca_ , Nonnus' late Greek epic, assembles fanciful erotic episodes from the life of Dionysus. Also extant are many Greek and Latin _priapeia:_ obscene comic verses, attached to phallic statues of Priapus in field and garden, which threaten thieves with anal or oral rape. In medieval romance, love as challenge, danger, or high ideal is central to chivalric quest. From the mid-12th century, woman replaces the feudal lord of the militaristic _chansons de geste_. French aristocratic taste was refined by the courtly love of the Occitan (Provençal) troubadours, who raised woman to spiritual dominance, something new in Western love poetry. Amorous intrigue now lures the hero: to consummate his adultery with Guinevere, Chrétien de Troyes' Lancelot bends the bars of her chamber, then bleeds into her bed. The symbolism of golden grail, bleeding lance, and broken sword of Chrétien's _Perceval_ is sexual as well as religious. Wolfram von Eschenbach's German Parzival is vowed to purity, but adulterous Anfortas suffers a festering, incurable groin wound. Sexual temptations are specifically set to test a knight's virtue in the French romances _Yder_ and _Hunbaut_ and the Middle English _Sir Gawain and the Green Knight_. The adultery of Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan and Isolde, with their steamy lovemaking, helped define Western romantic love as unhappy or doomed. The Trojan tale of faithful Troilus and treacherous Cressida was invented by Benoît de Sainte-Maure and transmitted to Boccaccio and Chaucer. Heavily influenced by Ovid, _The Romance of the Rose_ (Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun) uses dreamlike allegory and sexual symbols of flower, garden, and tower to chart love's assault. The pregnancy of the Rose is a first for European literary heroines. Abelard wrote famous love songs, now lost, to Heloise. Dante's youthful love poems to Beatrice in the _Vita nuova_ begin in troubadour style, then modulate toward Christian mysticism. In the _Inferno_ 's episode of Paolo and Francesca, seduced into adultery by reading a romance of Lancelot, Dante renounces his early affection for courtly love. Medieval Latin lyrics express homoerotic feeling between teacher and student in monastic communities. There are overtly pederastic poems from the 12th century and at least one apparently lesbian one, but no known vernacular or pastoral medieval poetry is homosexual. The goliardic _Carmina Burana_ contain beautiful lyrics of the northern flowering of spring and love, as well as cheeky verses of carousing and wenching, some startlingly detailed. The French _fabliau_ , a ribald verse-tale twice imitated by Chaucer, reacts against courtly love with bedroom pranks, barnyard drubbings, and an earthy stress on woman's hoary genitality. Villon, zestfully atumble with Parisian trollops, will later combine the devil-may-care goliard's pose with the fabliau's slangy comedy. Renaissance epic further expands the romantic element in chivalric adventure. Boiardo, Ariosto, and Tasso open quest to an armed heroine, a motif adopted by Spenser, whose _Faerie Queene_ , emulating Ovid's _Metamorphoses_ , copiously catalogues incidents of normal and deviant sex. Petrarch, combining troubadour lyricism with Dante's advanced psychology, creates the modern love poem. His Laura, unlike saintly Beatrice, is a real woman, not a symbol. Petrarch's nature, vibrating to the lover's emotions, will become the Romantic pathetic fallacy. His conceits, paradoxes, and images of fire and ice, which spread in sonnet sequences throughout Europe, inspired and burdened Renaissance poets, who had to discard the convention of frigid mistress and trembling wooer. Ronsard's sonnets, addressed to Cassandre, Marie, and Hélène, first follow Petrarchan formulas, then achieve a simpler, more musical, debonair style, exquisitely attuned to nature. In the _Amoretti_ Spenser practices the sonnet (introduced to England by Wyatt and Surrey), but his supreme love poem is the _Epithalamion_ , celebrating marriage. Like Michelangelo, Shakespeare writes complex love poetry to a beautiful young man and a forceful woman: the fair youth's homoerotic androgyny is reminiscent of Shakespeare's soft, "lovely" Adonis and Marlowe's longhaired, white-fleshed Leander, romanced by Neptune. Richard Barnfield's sonnets and _Affectionate Shepherd_ openly offer succulent sexual delights to a boy called Ganymede, a common Renaissance allusion. The traditional allegory, based on the Song of Songs, of Christ the bridegroom knocking at the soul's door, creates unmistakable homoeroticism in Donne's Holy Sonnet XIV, George Herbert's "Love (III)", and spiritual stanzas of St. John of the Cross. In ardent poems to his fiancée, later his wife, Donne, with Spenser, demonstrates the new prestige of marriage: before this, no one wrote love poetry to his wife. Furthermore, Donne's erudition implies that his lady, better educated than her medieval precursors, enjoys flattery of her intellect as well as of her beauty. Aretino's sonnets daringly use vulgar street terms for acts of love. Marino's _Adonis_ makes Baroque opera out of the ritualistic stages of sexual gratification. Waller and Marvell use the _carpe diem_ argument to lure shy virgins into surrender; the Cavalier poets adopt a flippant court attitude toward women and pleasure. Carew's _A Rapture_ turns Donne's ode to nakedness into a risqué tour of Celia's nether parts. Libertines emerge in the late 17th century: Rochester, a Restoration wit, writes bluntly of raw couplings with ladies, whores, and boys. Milton's _Lycidas_ revives the classical style of homoerotic pastoral lament. _Paradise Lost_ , following Spenser and Donne, exalts "wedded Love" over the sterile wantonness of "Harlots" and "Court Amours" (4.750–70). The Age of Reason, valuing self-control and witty detachment, favored satire over love poetry. Rousseau's delicate sentiment and pagan nature-worship created the fervent moods of "sensibility" and woman-revering Romanticism. Goethe, identifying femaleness with creativity, writes of happy sensual awakening in the _Roman Elegies_ and jokes about sodomy with both sexes in the _Venetian Epigrams_ , with its autoerotic acrobat, Bettina; withheld pornographic verses imitate ancient _priapeia_. Schiller dedicates rhapsodic love poems to Laura, but his hymns to womanhood sentimentally polarize the sexes. Hölderlin addresses Diotima with generalized reverence and reserves his real feeling for Mother Earth. Blake calls for sexual freedom for women and for the end of guilt and shame. Burns composes rural Scottish ballads of bawdy or ill-starred love. Wordsworth's Lucy poems imagine woman reabsorbed into roiling nature. In _Christabel_ Coleridge stages a virgin's seduction by a lesbian vampire, nature's emissary. The younger English Romantics fuse poetry with free love. In _Epipsychidion_ Shelley is ruled by celestial women radiating intellectual light. Keats makes emotion primary; his maidens sensuously feed and sleep or wildly dance dominion over knights and kings. Byron's persona as a "mad, bad" seducer has been revised by modern revelations about his bisexuality. In the "Thyrza" poems, he woos and changes the sex of a favorite Cambridge choirboy; in _Don Juan_ , his blushing, girlish hero, forced into drag, catches the eye of a tempestuous lesbian sultana. Heine's love ballads are about squires, shepherd-boys, hussars, and fishermaidens; later verses record erotic adventures of the famous poet wined and dined by lady admirers. French Romantics, turning art against nature in the hell of the modern city, make forbidden sex a central theme. Gautier celebrates the lonely, self-complete hermaphrodite. Baudelaire looses brazen whores upon syphilitic male martyrs; sex is torment, cursed by God. Baudelaire's heroic, defiant lesbians are hedonistically modernized by Verlaine and later rehellenized by Louys. In _Femmes_ Verlaine uses vigorous street argot to describe the voluptuous sounds and smells of sex with women; in _Hombres_ he lauds the brutal virility of young laborers, whom he possesses in their rough workclothes. He and Rimbaud co-wrote an ingenious sonnet about the anus. Mallarmé's leering faun embodies pagan eros; cold, virginal Herodias is woman as castrator. In contrast, Victorian poetry, as typified by the Brownings, exalts tenderness, fidelity, and devotion, the bonds of married love, preserved beyond the grave. Tennyson and the Pre-Raphaelites revive the medieval cult of idealized woman, supporting the Victorian view of woman's spirituality. Tennyson's heroines, like weary Mariana, love in mournful solitude. His _Idylls_ retell Arthurian romance. _In Memoriam_ , Tennyson's elaborate elegy for Hallam, is homoerotic in feeling. Rossetti's sirens are sultry, smoldering. Swinburne, inspired by Baudelaire, reintroduces sexual frankness into highbrow English literature. His Dolores and Faustine are promiscuous _femmes fatales_ , immortal vampires; his Sappho, sadistically caressing Anactoria, boldly proclaims her poetic greatness. Whitman broke taboos in American poetry: he names body parts and depicts sex surging through fertile nature; he savors the erotic beauties of both male and female. Though he endorses sexual action and energy, Whitman appears to have been mostly solitary, troubled by homosexual desires, suggested in the "Calamus" section _of Leaves of Grass_. Reflecting the Victorian taste for bereavement, Hardy's early poetry features gloomy provincial tales of love lost: ghosts, graveyards, suicides, tearful partings. Homoerotic Greek idealism and epicene _fin-de-siècle_ preciosity characterize the poems of Symonds, Carpenter, Hopkins, Wilde, Symons, and Dowson. Renée Vivien, the first poet to advertise her lesbianism, writes only of languid, ethereal beauty. Love poetry of the twentieth century is the most varied and sexually explicit since classical antiquity. T. S. Eliot diagnoses the sexual sterility or passivity of modern man. Yet Neruda writes searing odes to physical passion, boiling with ecstatic elemental imagery. D. H. Lawrence similarly roots the sex impulse in the seasonal cycles of the animal world. Recalling long-ago, one-night pickups of handsome, athletic youths, Cavafy declares sex the creative source of his poetry. For Yeats, woman's haunting beauty is the heart of life's mystery; in "Leda and the Swan," rape is the metaphor for cataclysmic historical change. Rilke contemplates the philosophical dilemma of love, the pressure upon identity, the tension between fate and freedom. Valéry makes language erotic: the poet is Narcissus and, in _La Jeune Parque_ , the oracle raped by her own inner god. Éluard sees woman erotically metamorphosing through the world, permeating him with her supernatural force. Lorca imagines operatic scenes of heterosexual seduction, rape, or mutilation and in "Ode to Walt Whitman" denounces urban "pansies" for a visionary homosexuality grounded in living nature. Fascinated but repelled by strippers and whores, Hart Crane records squalid homosexual encounters in subway urinals. Amy Lowell vividly charts the works and days of a settled, sustaining lesbian relationship, while H. D. projects lesbian feeling into Greek personae, often male. Edna St. Vincent Millay is the first woman poet to claim a man's sexual freedom: her sassy, cynical lyrics of Jazz Age promiscuity with anonymous men are balanced by melancholy love poems to women. Auden blurred the genders in major poems to conceal their homosexual inspiration; his private verse is maliciously bawdy. William Carlos Williams is rare among modern poets in extolling married love and kitchen-centered domestic bliss. For Dylan Thomas, youth's sexual energies drive upward from moidering, evergreen earth. Theodore Roethke presents woman as unknowable Muse, ruling nature's ghostly breezes and oozy sexual matrix. Delmore Schwartz hails Marilyn Monroe as a new Venus, blessing and redeeming "a nation haunted by Puritanism." The free-living Beats, emulating black hipster talk, broke poetic decorum about sex. Adopting Whitman's chanting form and pansexual theme, Allen Ginsberg playfully celebrates sodomy and master-slave scenarios. In "Marriage," Gregory Corso imagines the whole universe wedding and propagating, while he ages destitute and alone. The Confessional poets weave sex into autobiography. Robert Lowell lies on his marriage bed paralyzed, sedated, unmanned. Anne Sexton aggressively breaks the age-old taboo upon female speech by graphically exploring her own body in adultery and masturbation. Sylvia Plath launched contemporary feminist poetry with her sizzling accounts of modern marriage as hell. With its grisly mix of Nazi fantasy and Freudian family romance, "Daddy," after Yeats' "Leda," may be the love poem of the century. John Berryman's _Sonnets_ records a passionate, adulterous affair with a new Laura, her platinum hair lit by the dashboard as they copulate in a car, the modern version of Dido's dark "cave." _Love and Fame_ reviews Berryman's career as a "sexual athlete" specializing in quickie encounters. The sexual revolution of the 1960s heightened the new candor. Hippie poetry invokes Buddhist avatars for love's ecstasies. Denise Levertov and Carol Bergé reverse tradition by salaciously detailing the hairy, muscular male body. Diane di Prima finds sharp, fierce imagery for the violent carnality of sex. Charles Bukowski writes of eroticism without illusions in a tough, gritty world of scrappy women, drunks, roominghouses, and racetracks. Mark Strand mythically sees man helplessly passed from mother to wife to daughter: "I am the toy of women." The 1960s also freed gay poetry from both underground and coterie. James Merrill, remembering mature love or youthful crisis, makes precise, discreet notations of dramatic place and time. Paul Goodman, Robert Duncan, Frank O'Hara, Thom Gunn, Harold Norse, and Mutsuo Takahashi intricately document the mechanics of homosexual contact for the first time since Imperial Rome: cruising, hustlers, sailors, bodybuilders, bikers, leather bars, bus terminals, toilets, glory holes. Gay male poetry is about energy, adventure, quest, danger, beauty and pleasure amidst secrecy, shame, and pain. Lesbian poetry, in contrast, prefers tender, committed relationships and often burdens itself with moralistic political messages. Adrienne Rich and Judy Grahn describe intimate lesbian sex and express solidarity with victimized women of all social classes; Audre Lorde invokes African myths to enlarge female identity. Olga Broumas, linking dreamy sensation to Greek sun and sea, has produced the most artistically erotic lesbian lyrics. Eleanor Lerman's _Armed Love_ , with its intellectual force and hallucinatory sexual ambiguities, remains the leading achievement of modern lesbian poetry, recapitulating the tormented history of Western love from Sappho and Catullus to Baudelaire. # TOURNAMENT OF MODERN PERSONAE: D. H. LAWRENCE'S _WOMEN IN LOVE_ The two deepest thinkers on sex in the twentieth century are Sigmund Freud and D. H. Lawrence. Their reputations as radical liberators were so universally acknowledged that brooding images of Freud and Lawrence in poster form adorned the walls of students in the Sixties. Yet the voluminous and complex works of both men were swept away by the current women's movement, when it burst out in the late Sixties and consolidated its ideology in the Seventies. Whatever their motives, the first feminist theorists acted as vandals and Bolsheviks. The damage they did to culture has in the long run damaged the cause of feminism. In the late Seventies and early Eighties, a diluted and censored version of Freud began to dribble back into academic feminism from two directions, one French Lacanian and the other American psychiatric, but it remains the case that very little Freud is directly read in women's studies and that a majority of feminists, in and out of academe, are hostile to Freud and refer to him with cheap derision. The situation with Lawrence is even more extreme. As far as women's studies is concerned, he has ceased to exist. A horde of minor, politically correct women writers has replaced him in the curriculum. Many of our most talented women students are graduating from college without having read not only Freud and Lawrence but other major figures like Ernest Hemingway, Henry Miller, and Norman Mailer. An embarrassed student recently asked me hesitantly whether I permitted papers to be submitted on Hemingway. When I enthusiastically assented, she said she had hidden her interest in Hemingway for years and that close friends at once-distinguished Vassar College were viciously negative about him—without, of course, ever having read him. This is scandalous. Hemingway virtually invented modern American prose, the lingua franca of journalism; his style develops and strengthens you as a writer. What have we done to young women in the name of feminism? In my original projection, the first volume of _Sexual Personae_ was to end with Lawrence and Woolf. The latter material was contained in a mammoth 160-page seminar paper, "Male and Female in Virginia Woolf," which I obsessively produced for my last graduate seminar at Yale in 1970. But the Woolf boom in feminism happened shortly afterward and sent many a Woolf admirer running for the hills. As for Lawrence, the abundant Anglo-American literary criticism on his work was already excellent. There was no need for the kind of sexual rescue operation that I eventually performed, for example, on the admired but defanged Emily Dickinson. Times have changed. Twenty-five years later, theory has supplanted literature, and criticism has degenerated into moralistic text-trashing. Those who love Lawrence, or any of the other ritually abused dead white males, must speak. I will focus here on _Women in Love_ (1920), one of my book of books and a key to my sensibility. When I first read it in 1969, it seemed thin, tinny, strange, but it began to work on me subtly and became a profound influence on my thinking as I was designing _Sexual Personae_. The most startling effect was that _Women in Love_ collapsed in my mind with Edmund Spenser's _The Faerie Queene_ (1590), which I was studying at the time and which was suffering from a grotesquely sanctimonious criticism of paralyzing dullness. Two authors more apparently dissimilar than Spenser and Lawrence could scarcely be imagined. But the representational style and sexual vision of their major works seemed parallel to me. Iconography and epiphany: In _Women in Love_ , as in _The Faerie Queene_ , aggressive, highly ornamented personalities burst on the eye in quick passages of ritual combat. Sex seems to ebb and flow in manic peaks and velvety lows of sadism and masochism, an oscillation of violent energy and torpid self-obliteration. _Women in Love_ , with its poetic language, mythic archetypes, and eerie occultism, is more a Romantic than a modernist or realist novel. Its theme is both nature and culture—the primal Dionysian forces within us and the rational Apollonian structures we have devised against our chaos. Each principle is shown moving toward its point of excess: the Dionysian spinning into barbarism and the Apollonian hardening into fascism. Partly because of his proletarian roots, Lawrence is hypersensitive to social class and documents working-class experience without sentimentalizing it. Contemptuous of bourgeois niceties, he is conscious of his complicity, as a writer, with middle-class experience. Wealth and aristocracy appear in his work as artifice and mannerism, a glamourous imprisonment of mind and body. Hermione Roddice, the eccentric, somnambulistic socialite based on Lady Ottoline Morrell, is his most extravagant example of class as burden and destiny. _Women in Love_ analyzes industrial capitalism with harsh Blakean metaphors that dissolve the psychological into the economic. Greed and lust fuse, as in _The Faerie Queene's_ catalog of deranged appetites. A coal magnate, Gerald Crich, is Lawrence's incarnation of the European will to power; he is an idolator of the machine and of a rapacious phallicism. Exploitation is dissected as a dynamic of compulsive, self-consuming desire. The novel contains a far subtler and more revolutionary critique of Western sexuality than anything in academic feminism or poststructuralism. Rupert Birkin, its brooding, author-identified protagonist, is a nonconforming male, pale and sensitive, who seeks sensory modes of knowledge outside the iron frame of the West's imperialistic abstractions. Lawrence sees the social spectacle with more completeness than do the usual glum puritans of the Marxist school. Only Arnold Hauser, in his vast Marxist masterwork, _The Social History of Art_ , has integrated aesthetic values with class analysis as successfully as Lawrence in _Women in Love_. Fashion here is as signficant as economics. Body language, costume, speech, artistic tastes: for Lawrence, culture is a public theater of symbolic action. In _Women in Love_ , anthropology is a subset to zoology. Lawrence's radical new perspective introduces to the genre of the social novel Sadean and Darwinian perceptions about the continuum of humanity with the animal world. In her lavish getups of velvets and feathers, Hermione seems like a gigantic partridge on the prowl. The Brangwen sisters' yellow, rose, and emerald-green stockings are emblematic, in the Spenserian sense, and also sexually coded, the paradings of provocative mating display, appreciatively registered by men in the street. For Lawrence, society is a carnival of the animals. Instinct drives us in ways philosophy fails to acknowledge and science still cannot fully explain. _Women in Love_ is structured by a series of close encounters with animals, objects, persons, even plants. There are chattering canaries, a drowsy lap dog, a bullying tomcat, a terrified, rearing horse, and a "great lusty rabbit" who, "magically strong," goes wild in Gudrun's grasp. In a brilliantly original scene, bizarre, impressive, and ludicrous all at once, Gudrun taunts a herd of long-horned cattle with "palpitating" eurhythmic exercises, avant-garde and yet archaic, a modern bull-dancing.1 Goaded beyond endurance by Birkin's officious preaching, Hermione smashes at his skull with an oppressively vivid lapis lazuli paperweight, the blows falling with hypnotic slowness. Fleeing to the woods, Birkin purifies himself by rolling naked in the wet grass and stinging his flesh with sharp boughs and needles. The tactile sensuality of his ravishing embrace of vegetable nature is rivaled in Romantic literature only by cardinal passages in Keats, Whitman, and Christina Rossetti. Like Rousseau, Birkin escapes from mankind to wed himself to his origins. Later, the emotion is reversed: rebelling against the omnipotence of woman, symbolized by the Magna Mater, Birkin crazily attacks and shatters the moon's reflection in a pond. But the "heaving, rocking, dancing" fragments magnetically rejoin; the "luminous polyp," with its "arms of fire," inexorably recovers and triumphs, mocking man's pretensions and conceit.2 Lawrence's precursors in the dazzling execution of this savage scene, with its uncanny luminescence and dark psychic turbulence, are Coleridge and Melville, visionaries of uncontrollable nature. While the close encounters of _Women in Love_ are all highly ritualistic, those with objets d'art are overtly cultic. The novel has three sculptures, each representing a major region of the world. The first, a wood-carving from the West Pacific, is of a naked woman crouching in the agonies of childbirth. The "transfixed, rudimentary" face suggests "the extreme of physical sensation beyond the limits of mental consciousness." In the chapter called "Totem," Birkin defends the statue to a "shocked, resentful" Gerald, who denies it can be art.3 This is the period when Picasso's generation of artists in Paris was being influenced by non-Western tribal artifacts. The second sculpture is a "tall, slim, elegant figure from West Africa in dark wood, glossy and suave." Contemplating its "crushed tiny" face and heavy "protuberant buttocks," Birkin realizes that there are "great mysteries to be unsealed," expressing something "far beyond any phallic knowledge, sensual subtle realities far beyond the scope of phallic investigation."4 Lawrence sees the human body in holistic or yogic terms: energy is released or blocked by cultural assumptions. Each organ or muscle group has symbolic corollaries and is a source of special insight. _Women in Love_ , in a manner too easily ridiculed, is full of lush references to "loins," the complex pelvic area that Lawrence rightly sees as withered and demeaned in the West. The third sculpture, a bronze statuette by a cynical, troll-like Austrian artist, is of a small, naked adolescent girl perched on a massive, "rigid," straining stallion, her legs dangling "pathetically" and "childishly."5 Whereas the Oceanic and African sculptures show woman sacred and solitary, paradoxically dominating through her passive experience of brute nature, the European art work is predicated on a misunderstanding of sexual physics. Masochistically dependent, the woman has surrendered her mythological power to the male, who becomes a tyrannous phallic fetish. Lawrence is suggesting that when woman rejects her special intimacy with natural process, she trivializes and diminishes herself and guarantees male hegemony. This difficult lesson has yet to be learned by contemporary feminism. Lawrence's use of the close-encounter format in _Women in Love_ is almost masquelike, as in the episodic vignettes of _The Faerie Queene_. The plot is literally a process of looking for meaning, as life offers random experiences and frustrations. Things appear and disappear, after highly charged confrontations and conflicts. Momentary revelations explode at Lawrence's characters in ways their Western mental categories can't quite contain or order. The effect is almost elemental, like squalls, cloudbursts. Indeed, the baffling frenzy of the rabbit is described as a "black-and-white tempest," a "thunderstorm."6 One of Lawrence's major insights, a basic principle of Hinduism and Zen Buddhism, is that words cannot possibly correspond to or fully convey ultimate truths about life or the universe. By rhythmic repetition, surreal imagery, and heightened, operatic phrasings, Lawrence uses language to break through language in ways far beyond French poststructuralism, with its bourgeois pendantry and preciosity. The characters of _Women in Love_ struggle toward understanding, their rational and verbal resources overwhelmed by the influx of unsorted sensory data and by eruptions of amoral unconscious impulses. "Water-Party," a chapter that is nearly a self-contained Noh play, stunningly illustrates Lawrence's technique of illumination through disintegration. As darkness falls, strings of paper lanterns, like "ruddy creatures of fire," hover on boats over the lake. The scene is exquisitely beautiful. Birkin, with his usual mix of the oracular and the pompous, is discoursing to Ursula Brangwen about "the silver river of life" versus "the black river" of dissolution, "our real reality": Aphrodite represents not just love and sex but "the flowing mystery of the death-process." Myths are alive, changing as we change. As Birkin and Gerald warily court Ursula and Gudrun, the tranquil mood of tingling erotic expectancy is suddenly shattered by "a confusion of shouting" and churning water across the lake. What has happened? To whom? How? Fear, helplessness, uncertainty, as the lovers, rushing to help, seem as frail as the glowing lanterns. Through the darkness come snatches of broken speech and a girl's shriek, almost like a stammer: "Di—Di—Di—Di!" Gerald's teenaged sister Diana, heedlessly dancing on the roof of a party cruiser, has gone into the water; her rescuer, a young doctor, has not resurfaced. Shortly afterward, numbed by futile dives into the icy water, Gerald sits "black and motionless," "his head blunt and blind like a seal's, his whole appearance inhuman, unknowing." He is defeated. Even the most imperious will is rebuffed by material limitation. The unknown world is always greater than the known. The entire episode is a paradigm of the novel as a whole, which endorses descents to levels of experience too remote for articulation. Beyond the heaving foreground of human agitation stretches the infuriating calmness of nature, blank and indifferent. The lake's sluice-gate is opened; all night the "terrible crushing boom" of the water goes on, like the roar Wordsworth hears above the clouds on Mount Snowdon. Near dawn, the bodies are found: "Diana had her arms tight round the neck of the young man, choking him. 'She killed him,' said Gerald." Such refusal to sentimentalize is one of the most startling qualities of _Women in Love_. Birkin too says, even before the lake is drained, "What does it matter if Diana Crich is alive or dead?"7 Gudrun is shocked, but Birkin's curtness is a philosophical detachment like Mrs. Moore's stern withdrawal in Forster's _A Passage to India_ , where Western and Far Eastern conceptual categories clash after a mysterious occurrence in the heart of nature. Like Freud, Lawrence strips away the false frills of Victorianism, the lugubrious pieties of institutionalized humanitarianism, which have sprung to renewed life in our own time. Because he has no illusions about our innate altruism, Lawrence is a keen analyst of criminality, which, again like Freud, he sees simmering in all apparently civilized people. In a typical conversation in _Women in Love_ , jolts and surges of hostility and aggression go on just beneath the surface. The subtext is far more primitive than in Henry James, since Lawrence has taken our unruly carnality into the purview of his fiction. Sexual attraction is shown as an unstable complex of love-hate, a war for individuality and survival. Lawrence's descriptions of criminal violence arising out of ordinary events—sex-tinged attempted murders by Hermione and Gerald—are chilling and compelling, in the tradition of Poe and Dostoyevsky. They were pivotal to my understanding of the psychopathology of rape, which mainstream feminism has reduced to naive, simplistic formulas. A superb example of Lawrence's command of the subliminal is the rabbit scene, where Gudrun's arm is scratched: seeing the "deep red score down the silken white flesh," "the long red rent of her forearm," Gerald absorbs the wound in erotic terms, as in the dream process or the metaphor-making poetic mind.8 Lawrence constantly shows the mutuality and complicity of sexual response on the nonverbal level—precisely what is missing from the current clumsy date-rape discourse. Though he has a reputation as a misogynist, Lawrence's picture of modern sexual relations is highly accurate. Like Blake, he shows the difficulty of heterosexuality, the anxieties men suffer as they try to escape the shadow of their mothers, who rule their lives in ways most feminists fail to see. To what degree should men obey or defy women? How far can a man develop himself emotionally before losing the respect of other men? What is masculinity for middle-class men divorced from the daily labor of their forefathers? How much of sexual desire comes from nature, how much from culture? Who is our ideal mate? Should love challenge us or put our questions to sleep? The episode in which Gerald, haunted by the ugly death of his ailing father, tramps through muddy fields to invade Gudrun's bedchamber should be basic reading for every student of sex. Yearning, coercion, and lust intermingle, as in life itself. What do men want from women? It's all here. Gerald's convulsive orgasm exorcises his anguish and tension—but at the cost of infantilization. Ironically, his phallicism makes woman a goddess and him a "child."9 Lawrence shows the unstable dynamic in heterosexuality, which swings man from conqueror to slave in the drama of arousal. Satisfied, Gerald sinks into delicious, healing sleep, like an infant "at its mother's breast," but Gudrun "lay wide awake, destroyed into perfect consciousness"—one of the novel's most terrible moments. It is a brutal modern version of Botticelli's _Venus and Mars_ , borrowed by Spenser for a pornographic vampire scene of _The Faerie Queene_. Spenser, Blake, and Lawrence all show fallen sexuality as a cruel cycle of dominance and submission, where male power and male neediness are identical and where woman drinks man's energy as he spills it. Throughout _Women in Love_ , an unmistakable emotional and sexual attraction crackles between bookish Birkin and macho blonde Gerald. In the chapter called "Gladiatorial," the two lock themselves in a room and wrestle in the nude, their bodies amorously intertwined, till one collapses half-conscious on the other. They clasp hands, compliment each other's physical "beauty," and share a whiskey and soda. We are in a period where homoeroticism of this kind is automatically interpreted as homosexuality, which I think is wrong. Birkin seeks _"Bruderschaft,"_ blood-brotherhood with a male, a desire so significant that Lawrence ends the novel with it. After Gerald is found frozen to death in the snow (an Apollonian ice-sculpture, the novel's fourth objet d'art), Birkin tells Ursula that she is "all women" to him, his eternal mate, but he wanted "eternal union with a man too." Ursula, piqued, insists he can't have "two kinds of love."10 Like _A Passage to India_ , the novel ends with union between men defeated. Despite the bisexual implications in _Women in Love_ , I am skeptical about whether Lawrence would endorse full sexual relations between men. Surely, erections are missing from the wrestling episode, as part of the novel's questioning of phallicism. Western athleticism, which still overwhelmingly centers on the pitting of male against male, may be a structured positioning of homoeroticism in culture. That is, it is not a concealed or displaced homosexuality; instead, homosexuality may be a ritualized compromise for a _Bruderschaft_ not otherwise obtainable. Though both _The Rainbow_ and _Women in Love_ (its sequel) explicitly address male fear of woman, Lawrence suggests that woman must be dealt with in all her natural power. Those who do less have narrowed their vision. Lawrence was writing at a sea-change in sexual history. Gudrun Brangwen is a new kind of woman, confrontational and demanding; her speech is nervy, abrupt, and exclamatory. Seventy-five years later, it still sounds fresh and contemporary. The slow, majestic Hermione Roddice, with her aesthetical ambitions, remains the grand lady, bridging the period between Henry James and Bloomsbury. Virginia Woolf, for example, despite her feminist ideals, projected a public persona closer to Hermione than to Gudrun. As a woman, Gudrun shatters tradition and decorum; exuding aggressive sexual energy, she wields her sarcasm like a weapon. When I first read _Women in Love_ , I was drawn to Gudrun and resented the way Lawrence treats her as a foil to Ursula, whose serene, patient, self-effacing motherliness toward men seemed like everything my generation was rebelling against. Over time, however, the enduring truth in the contrast of sisters became clear. I used to be troubled by Lawrence's belittling remarks about feminists, whom his collected works portray as shrill, humorless, and desexed. I now realize that Lawrence was accurately recording the fanaticism of a political movement in its late phase. The major thrust of nineteenth-century feminism was winning women the right to vote, which was achieved, in nation after nation in Europe and North America, in the early twentieth century. But major innovations, including the birth of artistic modernism, psychoanalysis, and Hollywood, were also changing attitudes and behavior and, in fact, overtook feminism and passed it. The sexual revolution of the Twenties was not produced by feminism. On the contrary, aside from Margaret Sanger's controversial birth-control movement (courageously supported by Katharine Hepburn's parents), too much feminist energy was diverted to moral-welfare causes such as the drive to ban liquor and prostitution. Fourteen years of Prohibition, and the spread of organized crime, were the result. Lawrence's caricatures of feminists seem realistic again, since the current reborn women's movement similarly veered toward fanaticism, not just among the anti-pornography and anti-beauty ideologues (today's Carry Nations) but among mainstream activists whose obsession with feminist rhetoric has supplanted all larger philosophical or cultural concerns. I now recognize in the dissatisfied, word-obsessed Gudrun Brangwen the bright, perfect, brittle, overcontrolled women careerists of the legal, corporate, and academic worlds who have risen to prominence in the last twenty years and who coolly schedule their delayed pregnancies and professional childcare by time clock. Their destined mate is Gerald Crich, the ultimate capitalist manager, patron of the body reduced to a machine. At a time when gender theory follows either strict social constructionism or a sentimental cult of benevolent nature, Lawrence's insights are of utmost importance. He sees humanity as unevolved, our ideals in daily conflict with animal urges we wrongly ignore or denigrate. Inspired by Frazer's epic prose-poem, _The Golden Bough_ , Lawrence wants to recover our sense of primal mysteries, long lost in the West. He protests against the tyranny of abstractions, a product not only of reactionary institutions but of bourgeois liberal ideology. Lawrence's importance for the Sixties was not just as a prophet of sex but as an expander of consciousness. For him, love in the Western sense is not enough; he would reject today's idolatry of "relationships" as parochial and limiting. As a Romantic, he exalts profound understanding over politics. In _Women in Love_ , modern personalities clash in the new arena of sex, their words splintering and smashing like the lances of Spenser's knights. At the end of the century, the sexes are still at war. But there is a dawning sense that we must look back to nature to find out who we are. 1. _Women in Love_ (New York, 1960), pp. 232, 159. 2. Pp. 239–40. 3. Pp. 67, 71. 4. P. 45. 5. Pp. 419–20. 6. P. 232. 7. Pp. 164, 181, 177. 8. Pp. 234–35. 9. Pp. 337–38. 10. Pp. 472–73. # BREVIARY OF THE NUDE: KENNETH CLARK'S _THE NUDE_ [ _Times Higher Education Supplement_ , London, December 10, 1993] One of the most influential books of my career was Kenneth Clark's _The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form_. Published in 1956, it was an expanded version of the six A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts that Clark gave three years earlier at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. My paperback edition of _The Nude_ , small and compact as a breviary and tinted a cool blue-gray, is inscribed "1971." It was my third year of graduate school at Yale, and I was in the process of writing my doctoral dissertation, called _Sexual Personae_. I was scouring the great collections of Sterling Library, looking for ways to break through the academic disciplines, which had become too narrow and restricting. Revolutionary synthesis was needed. _The Nude_ came into my hands at a time when the most shrewdly ambitious graduate students were drifting toward Paul de Man, Derrida, Lacan, and Foucault, all of whom struck me as colossally uninteresting. In this, his greatest book by far, Kenneth Clark shows the broad learning, cultivation, emotional engagement, and passion for detail that are completely missing from the muddy maze-makers of soggy, foggy poststructuralism. Boldly crossing 2,500 years of Western art, Clark assimilates and reorganizes an astounding wealth of material about the representation of the male and female figure. He avoids the convenient format of strict chronology and creates, in the core of the book, a brilliant series of meditations: "Apollo," "Venus," "Energy," "Pathos," "Ecstasy." _The Nude_ teaches us how to see. Anyone who has studied its 298 ravishing illustrations and been guided by Clark's elegant, nuanced prose will be blessedly impervious to current feminist cant about "the male gaze"—that puritanical superstition cooked up by ideologues with no instinct for art. Clark's interpretative style is simultaneously deeply sensual and crisply intellectual. Few scholarly books have so successfully combined seduction and instruction. Clark's categories of the Crystalline and Vegetable Aphrodites, partly inspired by Plato, impressed me immediately, and I used them to analyze everything from Spenser's _Faerie Queene_ to Hollywood movie queens. Body type and personality are naturally and theatrically related, though you would never know it from today's slag-heaps of bombastic, Foucault-inspired rubbish that predicate the body as passive to a lumpish something called "power." Like Sir James George Frazer's _The Golden Bough, The Nude_ melts the images and objects of culture into a strange, majestic dream, an epic landscape of the mind. The ancient and archaic come alive, or rather they prove they were never dead. In sharp, striking phrases, Clark reanimates academic discourse: the Venus de Milo is like "an elm tree in a field of corn"; the hand of Ingres's Thetis is "half octopus, half tropical flower"; Michelangelo's nude Sistine youths are "high-strung to the point of hysteria." If ever I was in love with a book, it was with this one. _The Nude_ taught me how to lure and jab, refine and condense, dispatch and recall. It has its weaknesses, notably in Asian and abstract art. But Kenneth Clark's masterwork is a monumental achievement, marrying connoisseurship to historicism. # THE ARTISTIC DYNAMICS OF "REVIVAL" [ _The Modern Review_ , London, March 1994] The Modern Review _faxed Camille Paglia to ask whether she had anything to say on the subject of revivals_. Thank you for your inquiry about "revivals" in cultural history. It is certainly revealing about the sorry state of Anglo-American intellectual life that this question—one of the most interesting yet posed to me since the publication four years ago of _Sexual Personae_ —has issued not from any university faculty or scholarly journal but from _The Modern Review_. Today's trendy theorists, with their jargon-infested, choke-a-horse style, are incapable of dealing with this issue, since they have foolishly committed their careers to the passé poststructuralist hypothesis that history is fragmented and meaningless and knowledge futile. The last major work animated by that idea was _Waiting for Godot_ , by Foucault's idol, Samuel Beckett, who no longer speaks for anyone but morose somnambules like Susan Sontag. Since _Godot_ , popular culture has exploded onto the world stage and, by its titanic assertions and vulgar vitality, shattered all the effete, elitist assumptions of literary modernism. From childhood, when I became obsessed with the twin pagan phenomena of Hollywood and ancient Egypt, I have been passionately convinced of the continuity of Western civilization, which rises and falls with strange, haunting regularity. Recovery and revival seem built into our mental system. In "Junk Bonds and Corporate Raiders," I rejected the currently fashionable faith in the relativity and therefore nullity of value judgments in canon-formation: "The mythic pattern of Western culture is Greek revival: again and again, objects are lost and refound, overvalued, devalued, then revalued. But the classics always remain." Our rich popular culture, with its speeded-up revivals, has simply inherited the deep structure of classicism. Throughout the sterile era of French theory, I clung to my belief in the great narratives of cultural history and the periodicity and organicism of artistic style. My influences here were, first, Vico, Spengler, and Yeats, whose vision of cataclysmic 2,000-year cycles was drawn from pagan astrology, of which I was a Sixties convert. Second, Mircea Eliade, who examined the motif of recurrence, or the "eternal return," in world religion. Third, Heinrich Wölfflin, whose analysis of early, high, and late styles in painting beautifully applied, I immediately saw, to the career of the Beatles, from the rough vigor of "Boys" and "Chains," through the shapely perfection of "Day Tripper" and "Ticket to Ride," to the disintegrating sophistication of the studio-bound _Sgt. Pepper_ and "White Album." At the end of that tripartite pattern, major artists revolt, resimplify, and return to the start, as we see with Donatello and Picasso, as with John Lennon, Bob Dylan, and David Bowie. We are all waiting, with some impatience, for Madonna to get around to this. Ever since she shucked her brash, streetwise, disco-tart persona, out of which she made her best music, her career has been built entirely on revivals, from Monroe to Dietrich. Postmodernism's mingy synthetic substitute for revival is "appropriation," which usually means an artist of limited talent jumbling together, without insight, ironic references to great works of the past. I despise it, since I admire grandeur and expressiveness, whether in Bernini's revival of imperial Roman style; the marmoreal, neoclassic Federal architecture of Washington, D.C.; the ersatz Oxbridge Gothic spires of Yale; or Great Britain's extraordinary blues revival of the Sixties, which brought back to American shores, via the Rolling Stones, a raised consciousness about our black musical heritage. Appropriation and pastiche are misconceived notions, promulgated by English-department drones with no sense of history. In point of fact, we belong to an Alexandrian age of syncretism, in which multicultural allusions fuse to make eccentric new wholes. I call our time decadent—but in _Sexual Personae_ I argued that decadence is a complex historical mode, a thrilling, sensationalistic late phase of culture dominated by themes of sex and violence. In decadence, the major revival is of the primitive, which is juxtaposed with the supersophisticated. We see this pattern in Nero's cruel banquets, in Swinburne's poetry, and in the recent popularity of sadomasochistic regalia and tribal body-piercing. "Archaizing"—a term used by scholars of classical art—is infinitely preferable to the snide, competitive, destructive "appropriation." Archaizing is still reverent; it stitches the present to the past; it says nothing is ever lost. Popular culture is a splendid laboratory to study the artistic dynamics of revival. Paradoxically, it forces a reassessment of high culture at a moment when we are crushing the heads of the serpents of theory. To consider influence and tradition brings one back to the canon, which is simply the body of work that other artists—not just critics and professors—consider the touchstone for creation and innovation. When Lenny Kravitz does his florid homage to the brilliant Jimi Hendrix, we see canon-formation in action, which all the gripes of generic Nineties grunge bands cannot stop. Revival means the dawning recognition of a timeless element in a work or style that seemed dated, confined to, and limited by a particular period. Therefore revival is crucial to the process of defining greatness in art, a responsibility shirked by too many of the lightweight luminaries of current academe. # SONTAG, BLOODY SONTAG When I was in junior high school, _Women's Day_ magazine, to which my mother subscribed, published a satirical memoir of a woman's disconcerting chance encounters with several famous people. My favorite was her adventure in a ladies room with Tallulah Bankhead, who mistook her for an old friend and delivered a long monologue from inside the toilet stall. A cartoon showed a fur-clad Tallulah hanging over the saloonlike swinging door and gesturing languidly at the stunned but fascinated writer, who never did get a word in edgewise. I guess Susan Sontag is my Tallulah. The paperback edition of Sontag's first essay collection, _Against Interpretation_ , appeared in 1967, while I was in college. It was among a dozen books that defined the cultural moment and seemed to herald a dawning age of revolutionary achievement, by students of the Sixties as well as by Sontag herself. Unfortunately, things did not turn out that way, and we're still trying to figure out why. Sixties thinkers lacked staying power. Like the Romantics, they seemed to spend themselves with their early efforts. _Against Interpretation_ was the high point of Sontag's reputation. Its importance at the time was its constellation of subjects: literature, film, theater, philosophy, anthropology; the artistic avant-garde (happenings); the sexual avant-garde (camp, drag). Sontag was learned yet anti-academic. Her essays, accessible to an educated general audience, helped to break the stranglehold that the over-professionalized universities had on "serious" thought in America. The glamourous dust-jacket photo imprinted Sontag's sexual persona as a new kind of woman writer so indelibly on the mind that the image still lingers, wraithlike, and makes criticism of her very difficult. She was the dream date of bookish men and the chic Deirdre-of-the-Sorrows alter ego of educated but genteel, white, middle-class women, the latter of whom emerged as and remain (surely not to her satisfaction) her primary audience. I admired _Against Interpretation_ for three reasons. First, it dissolved the disciplines in a way that was crucial for the future of intellectual life in America. As a college student, I fiercely opposed the rigid departmentalization and overspecialization of academe. Since she had been pursuing graduate work in philosophy and comparative religion, I expected Sontag would soon turn her attention to the American university and use her sophisticated rhetorical skills against it. But when her dissertation did not materialize, she drifted from academe and affected snobbish scorn for it without trying to change it. As happened to the scintillating Germaine Greer, Sontag's separation from the university weakened her work over the long haul. The discipline of academic scholarship can kill and deaden but also refine and strengthen major talents of Greer's and Sontag's dimension. Harold Bloom scribbled in the margin of a draft of my dissertation in 1971, "Mere Sontagisme!" It saddened me, but I knew Bloom was right. Sontag, who should have been Jane Harrison's successor as a supreme woman scholar, had become synonymous with a shallow kind of hip posturing. Reexamining Sontag's work for passages to cite in my dissertation, I was dismayed and frustrated. There was a line-by-line evasiveness in the same essays that had seemed so stimulating in college. I found no argument, only collage. Many of the generalizations or rapid-fire summaries now seemed, on the basis of my further study, questionable. Sontag seemed more and more a literary journalist rather than a philosopher or intellectual. But this was a period when first-person journalism was a performance art: I was avidly following the media adventures of Norman Mailer, Gore Vidal, and Jill Johnston. The second reason I admired _Against Interpretation_ in college was its frank interest in popular culture, with which I had been obsessed since childhood. I had never made the slightest distinction of value between the brilliant images of classical art and archaeology and those of Hollywood, television, advertisements, and pop music. What I thought I saw in Sontag was a fellow pop devotee, someone equally determined to smash the false dichotomy between high and low art. Sontag's "The Imagination of Disaster," a deep-structure analysis of science-fiction films, remains one of the best things ever written about popular culture. It is required reading in my "Mass Media" courses. This lucid, funny, ingenious piece should have started an entire school of pop criticism. Alas, academic commentary on popular culture lurched in another direction and ended up deep in the postmodernist morass. It is surprisingly difficult to find lively, accessible, jargon-free readings in popular culture to assign to undergraduates. "The Imagination of Disaster," in content and form, is an excellent model for speculative student essays. Unfortunately, Sontag herself abandoned what she had started. Defending pop culture was highly controversial at that time. One could not be taken seriously as a thinker if one's remarks jumped so easily into hot copy in the glossy magazines. Sontag buckled under the abuse. She began to distance herself not only from pop but from American culture itself. Saturnine European writers—mostly male—soon dominated her work. Sontag made herself the handmaiden of esoteric theory. At first her championing of Roland Barthes kept her ahead of academe, then in the doldrums of late New Criticism. But poststructuralist theory became a global industry in the Seventies and made Sontag irrelevant. Her career as a cutting-edge commentator and tastemaker has never recovered. Sontag's calculated veering away from popular culture is my gravest charge against her. When in a 1988 profile in _Time_ magazine, she denied she had ever been that interested in pop ("It isn't as if I wrote an essay on the Supremes") and boasted that she did not even own a television set, I was appalled and disgusted.1 Not having a TV is tantamount to saying, "I know nothing of the time or country in which I live." Television _is_ America, and year by year it is becoming the world. Sontag's betrayal of pop, to one who has never lost the faith, is unforgivable, since as a graduate student and young teacher, I shoved my pop acolytism down people's throats and took the career hit for it. The third reason I admired _Against Interpretation_ was simply for its public theater, its thrilling debut of an _au courant_ woman intellectual. As an adolescent, I had fixed on Dorothy Parker and Mary McCarthy as the only available female role models in the literary life. I loved their tough realism, bare-knuckles pugnacity, and witty malice. Like my idols Amelia Earhart and Katharine Hepburn, they had the feminist freedom and adventurous cosmopolitanism of the Thirties. Women in the placid, boy-chasing Debbie Reynolds/Sandra Dee era seemed bland and timorous. As for Simone de Beauvoir, whom I admired enormously after reading _The Second Sex_ in 1963, her rigorous intellectuality did not allow for humor or the irrational, and her world was sternly pre-pop. With _Against Interpretation_ , Sontag revived and modernized the woman of letters. The Romantic ideals of individualism and freedom that inspired Sixties political protest also energized women to take their place on the cultural stage. When the women's movement became a national force late in the decade, that individualism began to be redefined in narrowly feminist terms. Here is where Sontag, as the nation's premiere woman intellectual, could and should have played a leading role. In 1972 she wrote a sensible article on women and aging that implicitly acknowledged the new feminist agenda but then pulled back, perhaps because of a mandarin disdain for the increasing vulgarity and (as she put it in a withering 1975 exchange with Adrienne Rich) "anti-intellectualism" of feminist rhetoric. Ironically, this was precisely when her infatuations began with European male writers—who seem to be substitutes for the lost father figure she admits she has always mourned. Sontag's cool self-exile was a disaster for the American women's movement. Only a woman of her prestige could have performed the necessary critique and debunking of the first instant-canon feminist screeds, such as those by Kate Millett or Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, whose middlebrow mediocrity crippled women's studies from the start. It was Sontag who should have risen to the defense of aesthetics, as feminism careened off on its Stalinist, anti-art track. And with her expertise in French theory, it was she who could have exposed Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray, and their legion of Anglo-American imitators for the sloppy, third-rate thinkers they are. No patriarchal villains held Sontag back; her failures are her own. We have all, Greeks and Trojans alike, paid the price for Sontag's lounging in her tent. Arriving at my first teaching job at Bennington College in 1972, I was still fully supportive of the women's movement and confident that it could correct its own errors and excesses. I was determined to be an uncompromising role model for young women and to put the radical new ideas about gender and sexual orientation into circulation on campus. My major courses—"Aestheticism and Decadence," "Women Writers," "Bloomsbury"—focused on deviant sexuality but always promoted the dignity and independence of art. With the students, I organized a women's film festival and wrote the program notes for movies ( _Born Yesterday, Adam's Rib_ , etc.) that illustrated modern female archetypes. As chairman of the speakers committee of the Literature and Languages Division, I resolved to bring women of achievement to Bennington, despite the limited budget of an impoverished art school. Susan Sontag was my leading candidate, but it was a struggle to get the proposal accepted, partly because of her high fee. Not everyone thought as highly of Sontag as I did, and inviting a speaker merely because she was a woman was not yet socially acceptable. On April 9, 1973, in my second semester at Bennington, I drove two hours to Dartmouth College in New Hampshire to hear Sontag speak and, if I could, to pitch the idea of a visit to her directly. An unseasonable snowstorm on that dark spring day made travel slow and perilous. Parking in haste to rush to the lecture, I left my headlights on. After her presentation, I spoke to Sontag at length and did interest her in coming to Bennington, though sufficient funding was iffy. Returning to my now moribund car, I realized (after terrifying fireworks caused by a bumbling mechanic blowing out the solenoid) that I would have to stay overnight in Hanover. Racing back to campus, I intercepted Sontag, who asked a lecture organizer to put me up for the night on her couch. The car crisis gave me more time to converse with Sontag and observe her in action. It was the period when she was directing films in Europe, and she had a very stylish, lean look—boots, trousers, turtleneck sweaters, big belts, flowing scarves. Neither Mary McCarthy nor Simone de Beauvoir had such a persona or would have been able to carry it off. Though she denies it now, Sontag has always been hyperconscious of her theatricality and used it to great effect. I was excited by her performance at Dartmouth, since it convinced me that I was right to press for her invitation to Bennington and that she would make a spectacular impression on the students and convert the male faculty doubters. Negotiations began in earnest to bring The Visit off. There was resistance in many quarters, but I won the support of the new college president, Gail Thain Parker (who had been hired at 29, in what may have been the last gasp of Sixties youth cult).2 All available money was pooled: it was twice what Bennington had ever paid any speaker. But the total was still only half of Sontag's normal fee. Though her publisher, acting as her agent, opposed her accepting that amount, Sontag nonetheless agreed to come as a favor to faculty member Richard Tristman, a friend from graduate school at Columbia. In the melancholy postmortem, I saw that the seeds of disaster were already sown in that preliminary agreement. Bennington, paying twice its normal amount, expected double the quality. Sontag, accepting half her fee, planned to exert half her normal effort. As Oscar Wilde said, "When the gods wish to punish us, they answer our prayers." The great day arrived: October 4, 1973. I blanketed the campus with posters and flyers announcing, as per our negotiations with her, that Sontag would speak about general cultural issues and answer questions afterward. I whipped up my students to bring all their friends for this extraordinary experience. Sontag was scheduled to arrive from New York in late afternoon, go directly to the president's house to freshen up and chat, then be picked up by me for dinner with faculty at the Rain Barrel, a French restaurant in North Bennington. After that, we would go directly from dinner to the lecture site, the quaint old Carriage Barn. The appointed time of Sontag's arrival came and went. Like a lonely lookout in a Western potboiler, I tensely waited at the top of the great drive that sweeps up from the college gate. At last a car, and at last Sontag, nearly two hours late, fast asleep in the backseat and looking as rumpled and haggard as a derelict. Horror and apprehension swept over me as she finally arose, puffy, groggy, and disoriented, to return my greeting. Civilized relaxation at the president's house was now impossible, so after a quick hello there, it was lickety-split to the Rain Barrel, where time seemed to stop. Sontag refused to be hurried. With a sonorous flourish, she ordered steak _au poivre_ , which seemed suitably grand and exotic. Conversing aimlessly with the other guests, she proceeded in a maddeningly leisurely manner through the various courses and wines. I felt we were in hellish slow motion. The start time of the lecture floated by. Emissaries began arriving from the Carriage Barn: it's full; it's been full for an hour; the crowd is impatient; the crowd is angry; the crowd is fit to be tied! Nothing I did or said budged Sontag in the least. Frantically gulping wine, I realized, by the time she was ready to move, that I was drunk but blessedly glad of it. Fortunately, it was a short drive up the hill to the Carriage Barn which, as we entered, was tangibly simmering with hostility. In photos of Sontag and me standing before the crowd as I introduced her, I am waving my arms around in what was certainly a grotesquely unnecessary manner. Bacchus knows what I said, but I do recall bounding around the centuries and invoking the _salon_ —as in "not since the female savants of the _ancien regime,_ " blah, blah. Clearly smiling somewhat incredulously in the photo, Sontag stepped up to the podium and said good-naturedly, "That was the most... _unusual_ introduction I have ever received!" This brought down the house. It was the last light moment of the evening. Collapsing onto a chair, my duty over, I prayed Sontag would now dazzle the multitudes with the free-form cultural commentary for which she had been billed. Instead, she removed a thin set of folded sheets from her jacket and began to read from them. It was, she said, a short story she had recently written. My heart sank. Much as I admired Sontag's essays, I thought that her two novels were awful and that she had little talent for fiction-writing. Bennington was known for its creative writing program; several of the prominent writing instructors had been among the most openly dismissive about a Sontag visit. A pall settled over the crowd. The story was bleak and boring. It was, of course, about nothing, in the _nouveau roman_ way. Inertia and spleen. The packed Carriage Barn was half asleep, half hissy. I avoided the glaring eyes and ominous signals of my students, perched on the balcony, and tried to ignore the smug, "I-told-you-so" expressions on faculty faces. I fantasized about having a heart attack and being carried out feet first. Finally, mercifully, it was over. There were some half-hearted questions and flat, desultory responses. But it was very late and the unhappy crowd restless. The applause was perfunctory. We decamped. Then the reception. It would have made sense to hold the party on campus, but Bernard Malamud, Bennington's semi-resident star (and general pain in the ass), had insisted on giving it at his house. So everyone had to pile into cars and parade several miles to town. As I drove Sontag, I was surprised to learn she and Bernard had never met. What exactly happened at the party, I don't know. But one thing was crystal clear: Malamud—probably with his usual intolerable air of pious paternalism—shot something nasty at Sontag, and she was fuming. "He invites me to his house to insult me!"—she repeated this several times in my car on the way back to campus afterward. She said that Malamud's wife, greeting her at the door, had stammered, "Hi, I'm Ann Ma-Ma-Malamud." Sontag snorted, "I should have known what kind of man he is by the fact that, after thirty years of marriage, his wife still can't say his name!" Sontag's fury seemed to energize her, and our conversation became lively. After we pulled up to the president's house, where she was staying the night, she sat slouched in her seat and talked for almost an hour. What struck me immediately was that, while at Dartmouth and for the entire evening at Bennington, she had been "Sontag," cool, detached, austere, and lofty, she now turned in the blink of an eye into "Susan," warm, gossipy, and distinctly Jewish in speech and manner. The transformation was startling. Hence I reject Sontag's present claims that it was the media or the misogynous establishment that, because of its discomfort with women thinkers, projected a false bitch-goddess persona onto her. Sontag, who was schooled in Los Angeles, created a high-profile property and sold it. Mazel tov! We need more women stars who can run their own studios. Sontag spoke freely about her life. She told me about her friend, the actress Nicole Stephane, the gorgeous young girl in Cocteau's _Les Enfants terribles_. Stephane had recently broken an ankle and was confined by her doctors to her chair; since she was physically active, this was torture to her. Whereas, said Sontag with a smile, she herself had always been physically inert and would welcome as a dream come true doctors' instructions to sit in a chair and do nothing but read for six weeks! We talked about other beautiful women—for example, Adriana Asti, whom she had cast in her own film, _Brother Carl_. At one point, I gently chided Sontag about her lateness and brought up the unplanned reading of the short story, both of which, I said, had put me in a bad position as her sponsor and host. She explained her being dead asleep in the car this way: she was, she claimed to me, "lazy," and her method of doing her essays was to "stay awake for two weeks." Hence her fatigue on arrival in Vermont. I thought to myself: "Well, now I know why her essays seem so disorganized." Naturally, I avoided giving my real opinion of the vapid short story _du jour_. But my attempts at praise of Sontag's early essays were strangely rebuffed. About the famous "Notes on Camp," she gruffly declared to me: "Oh, I don't care about camp or homosexual taste any more. Once I write about a subject, I lose interest in it." Popular culture: equally boring, except for her own films. (I lauded the striped furniture in _Brother Carl_. She was pleased; she had chosen the fabric.) I grew more and more aggravated by her arch indifference to everything she had glorified in _Against Interpretation_. Piqued, probably, by Richard Tristman, an early supporter of mine, she asked about my own work, the then-in-progress _Sexual Personae_. I replied, but our minds did not connect. Something was missing. My impatience, after that long, stressful day, became overt. Finally, she asked, half irritated, half amused, "What is it you _want_ from me?" I stammered, "Just to talk to you." But that was wrong. I wanted to say, "I'm your successor, dammit, and you don't have the wit to realize it!" It was _All About Eve_ , and Sontag was Margo Channing stalked by the new girl. In the car, Sontag and I pleasantly dished like yentas but made no contact on any other level. It was many years before I realized what the primary problem was. Though only fourteen years separate us, Sontag belongs to the generation before World War II. Born in 1947, I'm a pop culture baby. My brain, for better or worse, is completely different from hers. Her mind moved too slowly, because my generation's synapses are electronic and our circuitry hyperkinetic. The next day, and for weeks afterward, I had to endure a chorus of derision about the Sontag visit. It had been a debacle. Never again could one argue for major funding for a megastar. A year later, I brought Elizabeth Hardwick to campus for a minimal sum, but that was it. The Sontag visit assumed legendary status as a low-water reference point. It became an inside joke at Bennington about any dreaded drudgery: "Well, at least we don't have to listen to a Susan Sontag story!" It took me years to live down. Two decades later, when I began to be invited to lecture around the country, I remembered the lessons of that night. I have kept my speaker's fees unusually low, and I try to give maximum energy and effort to my performances. While liking several pieces in Sontag's second essay collection, _Styles of Radical Will_ (1969), I became increasingly critical of her work in the Seventies. _On Photography_ (1977, first serialized in 1973–74) seemed thin and forced, exposing an unfamiliarity with art history and, oddly, a lack of instinct for visual images. _Illness as Metaphor_ (1978) was clumsy and ponderous, like a graduate-school seminar paper. I hated Sontag's silence about homosexual issues in the twenty years following Stonewall. By the time she played catch-up in her wobbly essay on AIDS (1989), she was rightly clobbered by the gay-activist establishment, with whom I normally disagree. _On Photography_ made me begin to see that Sontag's learning, aside from philosophy and religion, is almost exclusively concentrated in the modern period. Her pedestrian novel, _The Volcano Lover_ (1992), and her corny playlet about Alice James and Emily Dickinson, _In Bed with Alice_ (1993), demonstrate Sontag's incomprehension of any era before her own. Sontag belongs to the Age of Beckett, in the aftermath of the Waste Land. There her position is secure. She is the successor to Mary McCarthy. She is more original and versatile than Julia Kristeva. She was born with as much talent as Simone de Beauvoir but did not develop it with the same tenacity; hence nothing she has done approaches the monumental achievement of _The Second Sex_. As much as the Foucault-obsessed New Historicists, she rejected and squandered her own great heritage of profound Jewish learning. Because of her European pretensions, she held herself back from American culture and has not had the influence she should have. She made herself an expatriate in her own land. But we are in a period of reassessment and recovery of reputations. With all her limitations, Sontag deserves to be read on campus far more than the imposters and double-dealers who run women's studies. At her best, Sontag represents independent thought and lifelong engagement with artistic and intellectual issues. Now for the campy denouement. There is no doubt my attitude toward Sontag hardened during the long period when I could not get published. Throughout the Seventies and early Eighties, the material from _Sexual Personae_ was uniformly rejected by scholarly journals and literary magazines. Only two excerpts (on Spenser in 1979 and Wilde in 1985) were printed before the completed manuscript was accepted by Yale University Press, the eighth publisher to look at it. I found particularly galling the wholesale rejections by _Partisan Review_ (which had "discovered" Sontag) of the copious material on popular culture. I began to see Sontag as queen of the cliquish New York literary establishment. Like Gloria Steinem, she became the consummate insider posing as an outsider. Sontag's gassiest effusions were treated as holy writ by _The New York Review of Books_. By the end of the Seventies, she had long lost her cultural centrality, but people could only whisper it; no one dared commit such an assertion to print. Sontag's royal insulation from reality was bad for her and catastrophic for American literary life. By the time _Sexual Personae_ finally appeared in 1990, I viewed Sontag and her coterie as fossilized petty tyrants. Interviewing me for the cover story, "Woman Warrior," for _New York_ magazine (March 4, 1991), Francesca Stanfill heard the complete saga of my early admiration for Sontag, with the subsequent disillusionment. In the article, a photo of Sontag and me at Bennington was mordantly captioned with my bitter résumé of our encounter: "I thought she was going to be this major intellectual." From the moment _New York_ hit the newsstands, I became an unwelcome hot topic in Manhattan literary circles. The Yale edition of _Sexual Personae_ had already been out for a year and had been dramatically featured in local bookstores. For example, Brentano's commissioned a giant blow-up of the cover and devoted an entire Fifth Avenue window to the book for a week. Tower Books, in Sontag's domain of downtown New York, installed a _Sexual Personae_ electric-lightbox display that loomed over the entry staircase for two years. Nevertheless, Sontag would deny that she had ever heard of me. Once _Sexual Personae_ went into Vintage paperback in September 1991 and became a national bestseller, followed by the release a year later of _Sex, Art, and American Culture_ , another bestseller, one might have expected some faint sign of recognition from Sontag. She could scarcely retain her claim to intellectual preeminence while not having heard of a controversial woman thinker of my international standing. A perhaps apocryphal story circulated that Sontag had once been amused, at a party, by a male writer who had been deeply influenced by Gertrude Stein replying to a question about Stein, "Who is that?" Much of my residual respect for Sontag disappeared during the blitz of American publicity for _The Volcano Lover_. Cover stories for _The New York Times Magazine_ and _Los Angeles Times Magazine_ were uncritical, unctuously flattering, and deficient in basic matters of fact, notably about Sontag's political history.3 Open warfare with the Sontag camp broke out that month. James Wolcott's profile of me in _Vanity Fair_ ended with my Homeric boast, "I've been chasing that bitch for twenty-five years, and I've finally passed her!"4 In the same article, Sontag's son, David Rieff, made a series of disparaging remarks about me and my work—surprising, since his mother was claiming she never heard of me. After this piece was published, reporters could not get him to comment further. Shortly afterward, in the course of speaking about another matter to "Page Six," the famed gossip column of _The New York Post_ , I expressed my outrage about Sontag's kid-glove treatment by _The New York Times_. "Page Six" turned the affair into its lead story: Camille Paglia has come not to praise Susan Sontag but to bury her. The fast-talking feminist has mounted an all-out attack on the modernist, claiming she's passé and "the ultimate symbol of bourgeois taste."... "Sontag's been playing the intellectual bully, the intellectual duchess. I feel I am the avenger," Camille told us by phone. "I was an early admirer and now I'm her worst nightmare."... "Sontag has been defunct as an intellectual presence for 20 years," Paglia says. "She's been utterly reactionary in the fields of pop culture, feminism, gay activism, and French theory. I am the contender challenging the heavyweight, and I believe that with my new book I have emerged victorious."5 The article reported that Sontag was in Barcelona and that neither she nor her publisher would comment on my charges. Within days, Sontag surfaced in Manhattan at the official book party for _The Volcano Lover_ , which seethed with deliciously catty gossip about the Paglia–Sontag contretemps. Later that week, Sontag appeared on national cable for what was probably her first-ever live-television call-in show. The very first caller, apparently inspired by the prankish gods, asked about me. Hesitating for a moment, Sontag said "I don't know who she is." After her somewhat meandering reply to the next question, the host cut to a commercial, as Sontag appeared to make comically exasperated gestures. The program was aired live on a Friday night. When I saw it rebroadcast Sunday afternoon, I was exultant. With my instincts as a counterpuncher (acquired from a lifetime of watching boxing and other sports on television), I sprang into action. By that night, I had talked to "Page Six." The next morning, before people even arrived in their offices for the start of the work week, the article appeared: Feminist Camille Paglia thinks she has author Susan Sontag spooked. [Here followed a description of the television program.] Paglia laughs that Sontag can "no longer separate illusion from reality.... She either has to acknowledge my ideas, or lie. She's a poseur. She's never had a challenger and she can't handle it. The empress has no clothes."6 Few things in my career have given me more pleasure than the lightning speed with which I was able to counterattack on that occasion. It was the revenge of pop, which Sontag had abandoned. The logy barons of the incestuous New York literary world were helpless against this kind of guerrilla warfare by gossip column. As a worshiper of old Hollywood, I felt that the combative spirit of Hedda Hopper was with me. It had been twenty years since America's last big literary feuds. I loved watching Norman Mailer and Gore Vidal go at it. And there was Mary McCarthy versus Lillian Hellman, and Truman Capote versus Jacqueline Susann, a favorite diva of mine. Indeed, _New York_ had prophetically called for a return to "literary pugilistics" in an article titled "The 1992 Literary Olympics," where Sontag and I are imagined "mixing it up."7 I am a believer in pagan public spectacle, which simplifies and clarifies through dramatic symbolism. In my psychology, as in William Blake's, aggression heals repression. The sheer entertainment value of trashy literary feuds was demonstrated by the speed with which _Entertainment Weekly_ picked up the story. Our photos were captioned: "Pugnacious Paglia and Silent Sontag." When asked what would happen if our book tours crossed, I replied, "We would slap each other silly."8 I delighted in booting Sontag into a magazine she would normally scorn. That fall, when she appeared on _Christopher Lydon and Company_ on Boston public television, Sontag evidently realized it would be wise to show some signs of connection with life. Now she admitted that yes, she had heard of Camille Paglia, but it was only very recently—"two and a half weeks ago"(!). And it was through some newspaper clippings "a stranger" had kindly sent her. She indicated no awareness that I had written any books or that she had ever seen them, even through a telescope. When an incredulous Lydon pressed her on this point, she became haughtily snappish. Lydon printed a partial transcript of the exchange, with his ironic commentary, in _The Boston Phoenix_.9 I had already told _The Boston Globe_ , when it called, that Sontag's stonewalling was making her seem "crazy."10 When I appeared on his show (my third visit) the following March, a chuckling Lydon ran a clip of Sontag's remarks and asked me to respond to what he called her "massive denial." Laughing, I compared Sontag to Anne Bancroft as the prima ballerina in _The Turning Point:_ "She is literally being _passed_ by a younger rival, and she's not handling it, I'm afraid, very gracefully.... _I_ am the Sontag of the Nineties, there's no doubt of it." Lydon spoke with amazement of Sontag's contempt for television and popular culture. I replied: Oh, she is so out of it!... Miss Mandarin did me such a favor by coming out with this novel. Everyone remembers the _old_ Sontag, you see. They remember her as being beautiful, as being interesting, and suddenly they really see her, okay, for the first time. And they realize she's _dull_ , she's boring, she's solipsistic. She knows nothing about contemporary life. She is not a very good writer any longer. And even this new novel—she's become the toast of the bourgeoisie! She's no longer even avant-garde. What is the moral of this story? First of all, enormous early success of the Sontag kind can be destructive, not giving one time to develop as a thinker and writer. Celebrity can create an addiction to adulation, which is what I feel happened in Sontag's case, as in Madonna's. Intellectuals must take strong measures to remain outside the establishment and to avoid cronyism. Unchallenged power is absolutely corrupting. Sontag's abandonment of academe removed her from the daily challenges, frustrations, scutwork, and ego-leveling routine of teaching, which keep one honest. As I told Francesca Stanfill, when I rise, cursing, at six A.M. and drive into the city for my 8:30 class, I often remind myself, "Susan Sontag never did this!" Over time, a real job, in limiting and unglamourous circumstances, gives one a sense of reality, of the human norm. Leftists who don't work become bourgeois parasites. My rivalry with Sontag went international, notably in Brazil and the Netherlands, which pitted us against each other in big, splashy pictorials. Sontag now responds to queries by calling me a "fool" or "repulsive," and saying, "Camille should go join a rock band"—an insult for her, of course, but a vision of nirvana for Sixties people.11 Sontag's dated aesthetics were vividly demonstrated in the fall of 1993 by her bizarre descent, Beckett in hand, on Yugoslavia. When I heard that Sontag was directing _Waiting for Godot_ in Sarajevo, I burst out laughing. "Little Susie Sunshine," I cried, "bringing good cheer to shellshocked Bosnia!" I was already on record as having called _Godot_ "a repressive anxiety-formation of defunct modernism."12 The play is the paradigmatic work of the pre-pop era of passive, nihilistic gloom, of loss of faith in nature, religion, or politics. Perhaps unfairly, I viewed Sontag's Sarajevo adventure as a ghoulish attempt to re-create her glory days, using other people's misery as a backdrop. "Gee," I remarked to a colleague, "I guess she can't find any plays to direct in Harlem." Because she is divorced from mass media, Sontag may not have realized that her pilgrimage to Sarajevo had already been done six months earlier by several melodramatic American celebrities, including a soap opera star, photographed by _People_ magazine as she wandered, looking very worried, through the rubble.13 Bosnia had become the cult charity of television news shows. I angrily condemned it as a compulsive turning away from the more immediate and pressing subject of race relations in America, following the Los Angeles riots of April 1992. Given the crisis state of our urban neighborhoods, I found the national media's endless sob stories about wounded Bosnian white girls to be gratuitous and offensive. Where were the cameras in Philadelphia or the South Bronx? Sontag's chic alienation from her country was eloquently expressed in her flight to Sarajevo. When a network news show dubbed her "Person of the Week" for this exploit, her publisher said onscreen, "Susan goes wherever there is suffering"—at which I guffawed so hard, I nearly sprayed my beer across the room. Her own city has plenty of suffering, but for various reasons it seems to be invisible to her. On the same program, Sontag called herself "conscience-driven." If only Oscar Wilde were alive to do justice to the sanctimonious moralism of the old-guard literary world. Sontag's son and sneering coterie sit around like mournful basset hounds on deep-think talk shows sighing about Bosnia and denouncing the American government for not intervening, a dangerous exercise in which other people's sons would be killed. Our literary leftists have only themselves to blame for their failure to influence public policy. Surely, intellectual style in the twenty-first century must be radically different. Popular culture cannot be wished away. Global politics will be refracted through telecommunications, the new universal discourse. Pondering Sontag's career, I feel with renewed conviction that progressive values have strayed too far from direct experience and become imprisoned in outmoded verbal categories. An elitist leftism is a contradiction in terms. But it's Sontag's party, and she can cry if she wants to. 1. _Time_ , October 24, 1988. 2. For the end of the Parker presidency in a campus revolt, see Nora Ephron's shrewd account, "The Bennington Affair," _Esquire_ , May 1976. 3. _The New York Times_ , August 22, 1992. _Los Angeles Times_ , August 16, 1992. 4. _Vanity Fair_ , September (released mid-August) 1992. 5. "Page Six," _The New York Post_ , August 14, 1992. 6. "Page Six," _The New York Post_ , August 24, 1992. 7. _New York_ , August 10, 1992. 8. _Entertainment Weekly_ , September 18, 1992. 9. _The Boston Phoenix_ , November 27, 1992. The interview was recorded September 23 and aired October 9. 10. _The Boston Globe_ , October 24, 1992. 11. Zoë Heller, "The Life of a Head Girl," _The Independent_ (London), September 20, 1992. Profile of Sontag. 12. "Junk Bonds and Corporate Raiders," _Sex, Art, and American Culture_ (New York, 1992), pp. 210–11. 13. _People_ , April 5, 1993. # BOOK REVIEWS # THE STAR AS SACRED MONSTER # DAVID SHIPMAN'S _JUDY GARLAND: THE SECRET LIFE OF AN AMERICAN LEGEND_ [ _New York Times Book Review_ , June 6, 1993] The glamourous, tawdry lives of Hollywood stars are the hero sagas of modern life. Born in obscurity, driven by a dream, the great stars fight their way to fame and win their date with destiny. But fortune's wheel is ever turning: a combination of hostile external forces and swirling internal pressures transforms triumph and adulation into disaster and despair. This classic paradigm, half Greek tragedy and half soap opera, is remarkably demonstrated in David Shipman's absorbing new biography, _Judy Garland: The Secret Life of an American Legend_. Mr. Shipman, a British film historian, treats his sensational material with a sober earnestness that at first seems flat and unadventurous but that eventually wins our respect and trust. A fan of Garland's since he "fell in love with her in a record shop in Oxford in 1955," he presents her flamboyant personality with unflinching honesty, neither moralizing nor minimizing her faults. Mr. Shipman's scandal-packed book reads like the war chronicles of a laconic, unflappable battle-front correspondent, with explosions going off and casualties everywhere. Judy Garland was born Frances Gumm in 1922 in Grand Rapids, Minn. Her father, a singer and manager of a movie theater, had left Tennessee with visions of show business. He was also, according to Mr. Shipman, a homosexual. Garland's mother, who knew of and later bitterly resented her husband's proclivities, had two daughters by him and then tried to abort Frances, the third. Garland claimed that her pushy mother took "great delight in telling rooms full of people" about these attempts to prevent the child from being born. As "Baby Gumm," Frances made her singing debut at 2½ and brought down the house with her strangely powerful voice, out of which came her mature "belting" style. Garland said her talent was "inherited": "Nobody ever taught me what to do onstage." The Gumms moved to southern California in 1926 to promote the career of their tiny song-and-dance trio, the Gumm Sisters. Frances was already spoiled and given to "sudden, terrible fits of temper." She rapidly turned into an androgynous tomboy, "as if," says Mr. Shipman, "she were becoming the son" her father had craved. Before long a boom time began for child actors: Hollywood studios beat the bushes for the next Shirley Temple, who was America's panacea for the Depression. One night, George Jessel, introducing the Gumm girls, renamed them the Garland Sisters. Frances boldly took the name Judy from a Hoagy Carmichael song. Jessel later said of Judy, who had been billed as "the little girl with the leather lungs," that even at 12 she sang like "a woman with a heart that had been hurt." Now began the period in Garland's life most familiar to us. Under contract at 13 to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, she made several films, including her first with Mickey Rooney and leading up to _The Wizard of Oz_ (1939). Garland said of these years, when she shuttled between the set and the studio schoolroom, "My life was a combination of absolute chaos and absolute solitude." She was made to starve what Mr. Shipman calls her "naturally pudgy" body, and she secretly squirreled away cookies and candy bars from the studio spies watching her every move. Garland, Mr. Shipman reports, was soon taking appetite-suppressing amphetamines, as well as Seconal prescribed by the studio doctor. She needed pills to fall asleep and pills to wake up. By 20, she was seriously addicted, in a vicious lifelong cycle that would be dramatized in Jacqueline's Susann's wonderful _Valley ofthe Dolls_, which was inspired by her. Mr. Shipman says that near the end of her life (she died in 1969) Garland was taking large quantities of alcohol and barbiturates, as well as up to 20 Ritalin tablets a day. While her public image in the late 1930s was as "America's favorite kid sister," studio insiders knew, as Mr. Shipman puts it, that "the real Judy Garland was intense, headstrong, volatile." She married impetuously and found herself "completely unfitted" to run a house. She had her first two abortions and began to have affairs with both men and women. Always drawn to gay men, Garland finally married one, the director Vincente Minnelli, who became her second husband and—to the astonishment of Hollywood sophisticates—the unmistakable father of her daughter Liza. Garland's behavior was becoming "increasingly erratic." Mr. Shipman reproduces fascinating M-G-M memos from such troubled productions as _Meet Me in St. Louis_ , which tartly record Garland's lateness and surliness. Paralyzed by insecurity, she kept the whole set waiting day after day, much as Marilyn Monroe would do a decade later. After completing _The Pirate_ (1947), Garland made her first suicide attempt and was forced to enter a sanitarium. In 1950, after repeated incidents in which Garland's unreliable behavior added "as much as 20 percent" to the budget of her films, M-G-M fired her. She slashed her throat but lived. When the news of her suicide attempt leaked and made headlines, her career entered a bizarre new phase. Jobless and tormented, she was startled to find herself mobbed by idolatrous fans screaming, "We love you, Judy!" Her humiliation and suffering had made her an international diva, locked into a passionate symbiotic relationship with a cult audience that was heavily gay. Garland's successive comebacks were engineered by her third husband, Sid Luft, whom Mr. Shipman credits with shrewd business sense and the patience of Job. There were stunning live performances in long sold-out engagements at the London Palladium and the Palace Theater in New York, which are still remembered by those lucky enough to have attended as peak moments in twentieth-century music. Garland's film career, except for _A Star Is Born_ (1954), a box-office failure, was essentially over. Mr. Shipman's book is strongest in documenting Garland's uniqueness and mesmerizing virtuosity as a stage performer in the 1950s and '60s. There are lavish citations from ecstatic British and American reviews, which strain for language to describe Garland's exquisite theatrical instincts, her stamina, vitality, and trembling tension, her operatic emotional depth and dynamic range. Like Puccini's Tosca, she lived for art. She was a creature of extremes, greedy, sensual and demanding, gluttonous for pleasure and pain. Her personal appearances were extravagant and, as one critic put it, "orgiastic," like tumultuous pagan festivals. Psychology is not Mr. Shipman's forte, and he does little to explain Garland's hostility to her mother or her violently unstable union with Sid Luft and competitiveness with her own daughters. But his book admirably demonstrates the intricate interconnection of commerce and art in Hollywood. We get the grit of management, agents, contracts, bookings and ticket sales. And Mr. Shipman implicitly recognizes the link between genius and criminality. The great stars are sacred monsters, amoral vampires who drain those around them to feed the world. Judy Garland the person was a martyr to Judy Garland the artist, a supernormal being who destroyed as she created. # MADONNA IN THE SHALLOWS # MADONNA'S _SEX_ [ _US_ , December 1992] Like a gleaming battleship with its publicity guns blazing, Madonna's long-awaited, aluminum-clad book, _Sex_ , was launched on October 21—and promptly ran aground in shallows of its own making. Jumbled and gimmicky, _Sex_ was assembled with all the design skills of the average high-school yearbook. Pictures are drowned in an alphabet soup of cutesy typography. Color is chaotic. Cropping and pasting are banal. The shocking amateurishness of this production casts doubt on Madonna's ambitions as an art collector. _Sex_ should have been a major achievement, documenting and exploring Madonna's important artistic ideas for her core audience and a whole new one, the serious reading public who doesn't listen to pop music and whose view of Madonna is a tabloid caricature. Apparently, no one among Madonna's advisers ever realized they were producing a _book_. A book is not a record or video. Provocative phrases must be patiently fleshed out on the page, not thrown into the air like confetti. Because of her flippant indifference to literary history and style, Madonna's attempts to be avant-garde self-destruct in a blizzard of clichés. Is there anything of value in _Sex?_ Yes, the battered but loyal Madonna fan, like a melancholy beachcomber sifting through the wreckage, can find glints and glimmers of the book-that-might-have-been. Madonna boldly attacks establishment feminist ideology head on. She denies that "pornography degrades women." She praises _Playboy_ and later poses with a _Playboy_ bunny tail. I applaud her. The puritanism of American feminism is proved by the failure of its pro-porn wing to publicly embrace the men's sex magazines. Even more daringly, Madonna shows a rape scene in a high-school gym as faintly pleasurable to the girl. She poses with legs spread on the rapists' pinball machine from _The Accused_. Many women, she asserts, stay in abusive relationships because they're "digging it"—a psychological truth ignored in our victim-obsessed culture. But Madonna's treatment of sadomasochism wavers: sometimes it's a decadent power trip, sometimes just a fun fashion statement. The book begins: "Sex is not love. Love is not sex." This is brilliant and momentous but isn't sustained. The pictures are grouped in an ascending pattern, as in Dante: We go from the hellish prison-world of urban s & m sex clubs back to nature, the paradise of sun and surf. The southward movement from New York to Miami has European echoes: from Dietrich-era Berlin, with its jaded cabaret-crawlers, to the exuberant Mediterranean (Madonna flirts with Italian, eats pizza, and mimics Brigitte Bardot and Nancy Sinatra). Unifying the book is the theme of bisexuality, or sensuality in general, as a liberated view of life. There are dozens of sexual combinations. Tactile sensations—fabric, fleece, leather, hair—are emphasized. Liquids stream or are swum in; there is frank dabbling in urination and sexual secretions. The book has Freud's "polymorphous perversity," the infant's indiscriminate total responsiveness. Madonna's hypnotic autoeroticism is the most powerful thing in the book. She has the charismatic narcissism of all great stars. But this is what destroys the book as a whole. The pictures are best of Madonna alone, mistily communing with her own divinity. The pictures with others are awkward, sexless and contrived, "high-concept" bright ideas that fall with a thud. The star is a vampire sucking out everyone else's energy, including Naomi Campbell and Isabella Rossellini, who look sheepish and uncomfortable. That Steven Meisel, a virtuoso of fashion ads, is an inept photographer of sex scenes was obvious a year ago in his waxy, sepulchral spread of Madonna as a Twenties lesbian for _Rolling Stone_. Herb Ritts is the supreme photographer of Madonna's smoldering sensuality. _Sex_ struggles for Helmut Newton's elegant sophistication and never comes near it. There _are_ a few great images here. A masked Madonna slouching in a black-leather bikini. Bejeweled Madonna as a slinky Circe tapping along a herd of male slaves with her crop. Acrobatic Madonna as a pagan water sprite arched on a bronze porpoise. Tough-gal Madonna crouching to light a cigarette or, booted, straddling a radiator. Hitchhiking Madonna, hilariously nude except for high heels and a purse. The list of bad or mediocre pictures is long, but standouts are a ridiculous series with tattooed lesbian skinheads, who look like scrawny plucked chickens and radiate all the sinister sexuality of _The Brady Bunch_. Among trick pictures playing with androgyny and transvestism: Madonna's trampy kickoffs appear on the macho Vanilla Ice. There are lukewarm experiments in voyeurism, pederasty and bestiality, a very dull porno comic strip, and several steamy word-fantasies. But Madonna's eerie persona as Dita dominatrix finally fizzles. Dietrich Dita ain't. _Sex_ , wrapped in Warhol silver like an interstellar candy bar, promises a flight of imagination but delivers a very bumpy ride. The important issues it raises—the relation of love to lust, the sluttishness of the fully sexual woman—are never developed. That the book contains a CD signals an inescapable truth: in music and dance, Madonna does her deepest thinking. This is her emotional bond with her audience, a marriage of true minds on a global scale. And no matter how she acts, we will never divorce her. # MADONNA AS GAUGUIN # MARK BEGO'S _MADONNA: BLONDE AMBITION_ [ _American Musicological Association Notes_ , September 1993] Since her arrival on the scene ten years ago, Madonna has become so synonymous with sex and publicity that it may be hard to remember that she started as a _musical_ phenomenon. As an ambitious young dancer, she dropped out of college in her native Michigan and arrived in New York in 1978 virtually penniless. Homeless and scrounging for food in garbage cans, she clung to her dream of fame and fortune and eventually caught the attention of a series of nightclub disk jockeys and record producers, who were struck by her eccentric fusion of avant-garde dance moves, disco-funk music, and hip urban waif fashion style. The rest, as Muse-mothering Mnemosyne might say, is history. I write at a moment (February 1993) when Madonna's career is in an unprecedented trough. In the fall of 1992, she released a $50 coffee-table book of pornographic photographs, _Sex_ (New York: Warner Books) that became a worldwide bestseller but that lost her crucial support among many people in publishing, media, and the fashion industry—not because the book is shocking but because it is boring, derivative, and sloppily thrown together. Yet _Erotica_ , the moody album released simultaneously with the book, was Madonna's most personal and artistically adventurous, breaking the mold of frantic, upbeat dance music that had become her signature. Here she speaks honestly as an artist to her audience, heart to heart, below the level of that increasingly tiresome sexual persona that has run out of taboos to break. Despite its dark beauty, _Erotica_ did not have the blockbuster sales Madonna was accustomed to, partly because of its lack of peppy hit singles, and we soon saw pushy advertisements by her record company on MTV, something she never needed at the height of her career. Matters worsened when the first two videos for the album were either dull and murky ("Erotica") or ugly and silly ("Deeper and Deeper"—a brilliant song that deserved better). Madonna, who had pioneered the music-video revolution in the 1980s with dozens of stunningly conceived and photographed videos, most of which are now classics, seemed to be losing her magic touch. Had her real-life romantic problems sent her into a tailspin? Madonna's longing for screen stardom began with her wonderful performance as a street scamp (based on herself) in the film _Desperately Seeking Susan_ (Orion Pictures, 1985) and led to her central casting in two notorious bombs and a series of modestly successful supporting roles. But came the deluge: the debacle in January 1993 of the faux-s&m _Body of Evidence_ , which was hilariously shredded by critics and audiences alike and may go down in Hollywood history as one of the worst turkeys ever made by a celebrity. But Madonna has the ability to surprise you, to remake herself and rise phoenixlike from her own ashes. She has a bedrock support from loyal fans worldwide, who lived through her meteoric early career with her and will not abandon her now, even if her diversion of energy into movies causes some uneasiness among those (including me) who believe her real talents lie in music and dance. It is most unfortunate that Madonna's public-relations overkill and extracurricular escapades (baring her breasts at Jean-Paul Gaultier's fashion show, for instance) have overshadowed her artistic achievements and made it difficult, if not impossible, for cultivated and discriminating people outside the pop realm to see that she _is_ an artist, a contention that seems to me indisputable. Ironically, the temporary fall in Madonna's reputation has come at the very moment of a flash flood of the first serious books about her. The strongest of several biographies is by Mark Bego, _Madonna: Blonde Ambition_. Two essay collections have also appeared, the first academic and absurdly pedantic, the second largely journalistic but a lot more fun: _The Madonna Connection_ , edited by Cathy Schwichtenberg (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), and _Desperately Seeking Madonna_ , edited by Adam Sexton and including a newspaper article by me (New York: Delta, 1993). Current academic writing on Madonna—indeed, on American popular culture in general—is of deplorably low quality. It is marked by inaccuracy, bathos, Overinterpretation, overpoliticization, and grotesquely inappropriate jargon borrowed from pseudotechnical semiotics and moribund French theory. Under the misleading rubric "cultural studies," intensely ambitious but not conspicuously talented, learned, or scrupulous humanities professors are scrambling for position by exploiting pop culture and sensitive racial and sexual issues for their own professional purposes. In my opinion, writing on American popular culture should be simple, lucid, and concrete. If Jacques Lacan is mentioned, you can be sure you're dealing with an incompetent. The Madonna material produced by these desperately trendy academics is shot through with clumsy, pretentious terminology like "intertextual," "diegesis," "significations," "transgressive," "subversive," "self-representation," "subject position," "narrative strata," and "discursive practices." This would be comical, except for its ill effect on students and an increasingly corrupt career system. Bego is the author of more than twenty celebrity biographies, many of whose subjects have been singers—among them Barry Manilow, Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Cher, Bette Midler, and Aretha Franklin. _Madonna: Blonde Ambition_ profits from his deep familiarity with the modern music industry, whose commercial dynamic he understands without condemning or excusing it. The weaknesses in the book come from his unwillingness to press or explore legitimate criticisms of Madonna in the detail they deserve, perhaps because as a professional biographer he needs to preserve his access to and guarantee the goodwill of his famous subjects. Nonetheless, I highly recommend Bego's _Madonna_ as a generally reliable and entertaining introduction to the career of this superstar. Its chronology of events fills gaps in our knowledge of Madonna and is invaluable to the student of recent popular culture. Bego's account of Madonna's early years in New York vividly documents the carnival-like downtown dance-club scene, just emerging from the crazed, cocaine-fueled, more upscale Studio 54 era. Madonna's musical tastes from adolescence on had been Motown and soul rather than rock, which Bego notes was more her brothers' style. (Her recent dismissive remarks about a remarkable Guns n' Roses double album, heavily influenced by the Rolling Stones, bear this out.) In New York Madonna was exposed to Latino influences, coming from the clattering metallic percussiveness and complex polyrhythms of salsa, and with the help of an early boyfriend, the producer Jellybean Benitez, she fused them with the melting lyricism and earthy big bassline of black music. Bego is very helpful in his evenhanded reportage of Madonna's early collaborations with Benitez and his rival, Reggie Lucas. This period of Madonna's music, which produced the superb "Burnin' Up," remains my favorite, and I was delighted to see that so much about it was retrievable for the historical record. Madonna was frequently accused of sleeping her way to the top or of simply being a puppet of Svengalis in the production booth. Bego's book lays such rumors to rest once and for all. As even her early and still bruised manager, Camille Barbone, admits, Madonna may have always used her sexuality to get what she wants, but her master plan for herself, and her grit and tenacity in bringing it to pass, is worthy of Cecil B. DeMille. But while Madonna has had enormous popular success, the respect of the music establishment and many rock critics still eludes her: she has never been nominated for a Grammy and claims to be resigned that she never will. Considering the number of highly individualistic and gorgeously produced hits that she has written or co-written and that became instantly canonical, this would appear a serious injustice. Bego gives the first detailed descriptions of Madonna's crucial mentoring by a gay male dance teacher in Michigan; her magpie fashion borrowings from the stylist Maripol and the street-smart Debi Mazar; her public flirtation with the comedian Sandra Bernhard; and the sketchy negotiations with Pepsi-Cola that led to the scandal of the "Like a Prayer" video. However, Bego is not so satisfactory on a number of other episodes, for example, Madonna's performance as Marilyn Monroe for the Hollywood power elite at the Oscars, which was, he seems not to realize, a disaster. Similarly, he skims over Madonna's needling of a visibly irritated Arsenio Hall on his talk show, which led to another disaster, her next appearance there with the comedian Rosie O'Donnell, when Hall let the oafish, tittering women hang themselves before a mass audience. Madonna's cruelty to her childhood friend, Moira McFarland, in the documentary _Truth or Dare_ , goes unmentioned. The psycho-biography of Madonna's hot-and-cold relations to her siblings is a bit thin, as is the treatment of the lawsuit against her by three of her dancers. And there is little probing inquiry into Madonna's involvement with AIDS activism, which, while admirable in an ethical sense, has also addicted her to a tone of preachy self-righteousness that has not always benefited her or her causes. While he frankly admits her "inability to deliver simple dialogue" in her movies (p. 235), Bego lets Madonna off the hook about too many artistic matters, such as her failure to research the Philadelphia working-class accent required for her role in _Who's That Girl?_ (Warner Brothers, 1987), which she arrogantly winged on the inept assumption that it is identical to a Bronx accent. He also records without comment the increasing number of projects she has been simultaneously engaged in, which has led, in my view, to the embarrassing failures of quality control in her recent work. She is seriously overextended. Like Michael Jackson, Madonna may have become a prisoner of her own celebrity. Natural instincts are stunted and mutilated by the isolating artificiality of wealth and power. The most significant contribution of Bego's book is its establishment of Madonna's story as a Romantic saga of the artist-as-hero. Like the affluent Paul Gauguin, Madonna _made_ herself deprived, as if to obliterate her protected middle-class origins in the squalor of a hand-to-mouth reality. Bego proves her suffering and sacrifice. What Madonna has, she earned. But can she survive success? Aging Romantics are in a race with themselves. # TYRANNY OF THE TECHNOCRATS # JOHN RALSTON SAUL'S _VOLTAIRE'S BASTARDS_ [ _Washington Post Book World_ , September 6, 1992] John Ralston Saul is a Canadian writer whose four novels of international intrigue include _The Birds of Prey_ and _The Paradise Eater_ , set in Bangkok. His practical experience has been extensive: he managed an investment firm in Paris and served for ten years with the Canadian government oil corporation. Saul also has a doctorate from King's College, London; his thesis was on Charles de Gaulle. _Voltaire's Bastards_ , Saul's first published work of nonfiction, is an ambitious 600-page meditation on modern culture, tracing the roots of our troubled political, economic and intellectual systems back to the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Despite its frequent overstatements, ponderous format, and excessive bleakness, _Voltaire's Bastards_ is a rich, rewarding, highly original book that casts a fresh perspective on all aspects of our public life. There are innumerable brilliant insights. Even when he gets his facts wrong—as sometimes happens in his rushed survey of literary and artistic history—Saul is suggestive and stimulating. Saul argues that democracy is subverted by the dominance of rational systems of control that are essentially unreformable. The modern science of administration is king. Capitalism has been transformed; it is not the owners, the stockholders, but their amoral, faceless hirelings, the managers, who have unbalanced and bled the marketplace at no risk to themselves. The West is obsessed with a frenzied, sterile quest for ultimate efficiency. "Our obsession with expertise" has produced a master caste, technocrats who are consummate mediocrities. Whether in corporations or government, they are merely "number crunchers," "highly sophisticated grease jockeys" with "a talent for manipulation," who keep the machine humming. Our elites, like sycophantic eighteenth-century courtiers, stand for nothing but "cynicism, ambition, rhetoric, and the worship of power." Saul's blistering indictment hits a great variety of targets—though not, regrettably, American academe, where self-propagating, overpaid technocrat-administrators are strangling education in a way that exactly proves his points. His account of the origins and influence of the Harvard Business School is fascinating: the founding Harvard deans were admirers of Frederick Winslow Taylor, whose theories of "Scientific Management" for industrial reorganization were also adopted by Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin, and by Albert Speer in Nazi Germany. The business schools and schools of public policy in America and Europe enshrine "abstract, logical process" and an "obsession with structures." Their students become "addicts of pure power," without goals or vision. The economic transition from manufacturing to a top-heavy service sector has exacerbated social problems. Nearly three-quarters of business-school graduates go on to cushy non-manufacturing jobs like consulting and banking. They avoid Pittsburgh and Birmingham, where the factories are, and settle in "the great centres of postindustrial self-gratification," like New York and London. Saul thinks this steering of top managerial talent away from nuts-and-bolts experience is a major cause of our industrial decline. In some of the most startling material of his book, Saul argues that the modern, discreet, ruthless administrative style was created by Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuit order, who was wounded by a cannonball passing between his legs. Though he claims religion is dead and comes perilously close to demonizing Catholicism, Saul is at his best in his comparison of the arbitrary investigative method of the Inquisition to that of today's police-state torturers. He makes clever connections: Descartes, pillar of the Age of Reason, was educated by the Jesuits. But Saul tries too hard to build a case against the last five centuries, when in fact the trends he identifies are also discernible in antiquity. For example, his cold, cynical company man is the Caesar of Shakespeare's _Antony and Cleopatra_ or the Creon of Sophocles' _Antigone_. And the amoral style of interrogation Saul claims was invented by the Inquisitors is already evident in Pontius Pilate's treatment of Jesus. _Voltaire's Bastards_ would be stronger with some consideration of the evolution of commercial and political bureaucracies in Mesopotamia and Egypt, which would demonstrate that the negative principles Saul isolates are universal and intrinsic to civilization and its discontents. The book also lacks sustained attention to the Greco-Roman origins of Western logic as well as to the complex status of reason in medieval theology. Even the presentation of post-Enlightenment culture suffers from a curious blankness about Romanticism, which Saul rarely mentions but which powerfully critiqued Western institutions and ideology from within. Saul is superb, however, on military history, which is glaringly absent from the overliterary worldview of poststructuralism. With a novelist's instinct for historical sweep, he presents the staggering development of the arms trade, which has distorted and impoverished the world economy. Secondly, he shows how this "Armada complex" is a direct result of the victory of staff officers over field officers in the past two centuries, a phenomenon that led to the carnage of World War I. Although he is unfair to Napoleon, whom he blames for inaugurating the pattern of godlike hero that would produce Hitler but that again has ancient precedents, Saul's profiles of military men from Lord Kitchener to General William Westmoreland are models of quick-take psychological astuteness. There are dramatic juxtapositions, such as a wonderful comparison of Cardinal Richelieu to Robert McNamara, against whom Saul levels devastating charges of incompetence. The last chapters of _Voltaire's Bastards_ feel like an awkwardly appended coda. Saul zips through five hundred years of literature and art, flinging out opinions from the fruitful to the bizarre. The current crisis in literary criticism, perfect grist for his mill, is passed over with a few disparaging remarks about deconstruction. Popular culture is treated in a dismissive, harrumphing way all too familiar these days. The discussion of Christian images ignores Protestant iconoclasm. But the book ends with a thrilling celebration of the revolutionary power of clear, simple language against the "professional obscurantism" of the establishment. I was moved and inspired by Saul's vision of the writer as "faithful witness." Despite huge leaps, frustrating repetitions and organizational uncertainty, _Voltaire's Bastards_ is a vigorous, continuously interesting rereading of the principal issues of our time. Its enormous cast of characters includes Machiavelli, Marie Antoinette, Walt Disney, James Baker, and T. Boone Pickens. Massively grounded in hard fact, the book unintentionally exposes the flimsiness and amateurism of New Historicism, a recent fad in literary criticism influenced by Michel Foucault that finds imperialism under every doormat. Saul's intricate analysis of the cold, mechanical operations of Western institutions and policy-making is informed and convincing where that of the careless, culture-bound Foucault was not. _Voltaire's Bastards_ should be required reading for graduate students in the humanities. It would break through interdisciplinary barriers without the posturing and clichés of poststructuralism. After so dire a picture of Western culture, we might expect some concrete proposals for reform. But Saul insists, perhaps to our disappointment, that the writer's mission is "questioning and clarifying," not providing solutions. In this, he has certainly succeeded. Rejecting the exhausted stereotype of left versus right, he opens up new lines of inquiry and creates new constellations of meaning. With his sophisticated international perspective and blunt freedom from cant, Saul offers a promising persona for the future: the intellectual as man of the world. # A WOMAN OF THE CENTURY # GERMAINE GREER'S _THE CHANGE_ [ _People_ , November 30, 1992] Germaine Greer is back. Unfortunately, she's in a very bad mood. Publication of _The Change_ offers young American women an opportunity to get to know one of the great lost figures of feminism. When her wonderful first book, _The Female Eunuch_ , was released in 1970, Greer cut a brilliant track across the cultural sky. She was witty, learned, sexy, and stylish. In her uproarious debate with Norman Mailer at New York's Town Hall, she tartly put men in their place and created a sophisticated sexual persona for female intelligence that has never been surpassed. But Greer and feminism took a wrong turn. Within three years, the thrilling vivacity and humor had turned into dreary ranting. As feminist ideology hardened into political correctness in the Seventies, the dazzlingly gifted Greer tragically cheered it on instead of protesting. Her subsequent books, unevenly researched and shot through with dogma, never won Greer the academic respect that once seemed hers for the asking. _The Change_ , along with Gail Sheehy's recent best-seller about menopause, _The Silent Passage_ , heralds a major shift in thinking about gender. After more than twenty years of "social constructionism" (which attributes all sexual differences to social conditioning), women are ready to think about nature again. Hormones are back in fashion. In _The Change_ , Greer searches the lives of prominent women of the past for references to menopause—and finds frustratingly few. She surveys the history of menopause as a medical category and deftly outlines woman's fantastically complex endocrine system. To relieve menopausal distress, Greer endorses traditional herbal remedies and aromatherapy. She is skeptical about estrogen replacement, which she feels simply postpones the inevitable aging process. She argues that spiritual renewal, not plastic surgery, is menopausal women's best hope for happiness. In her most fascinating chapter, Greer transforms the stereotype of the cursing, half-cracked crone or witch into a symbol of elderly women's solitude, freedom, and vision. This will surely prove inspirational to lonely widows or dutiful wives callously abandoned for younger women. But Greer backs away from her aggressive, malicious crone. Her last chapter—glorifying the noble, plucky female spirit bravely carrying on against all odds—is cloyingly sentimental, the kind of airy, uplifting effusion that was a staple of genteel ladies' magazines in prefeminist days. She strains for a glowing finale to what is a very dark book. The robins and crocuses that suddenly pop up cannot conceal the fact that _The Change_ seethes with vindictive bitterness toward men, who appear only as smelly, grotesque caricatures. Science and medicine are too often maligned here as a greedy, brutal, monolithic "male-supremacist" establishment. There are scattered slaps at "consumer culture" but no sustained political analysis. And let's face it: for all her professed socialism, Greer lives like a duchess. Greer's glum sense of isolation may owe less to menopause than to her own misjudgments, as well as to a failure to rethink her rigid antimale feminist ideology. When she left the University of Warwick after the heady success of _The Female Eunuch_ , Greer and academe both lost. Outside the discipline of the academic world, Greer's scholarly skills never developed. Her thinking is always stimulating but tends to dissipate itself in flashy spurts. She recently returned to teaching as an unofficial fellow of Cambridge University, but too much time was wasted. Whatever the defects of her work, Greer is one of the women of the century. Her sharp tongue, vibrant personality, and spiritual odyssey will be just as vivid a hundred years from now as they are today. Indeed, Greer may be an even more powerful figure, freed from the burden of our expectations as her contemporaries and disappointed fans. # SCHOLAR, AESTHETE, ACTIVIST # EDWARD SAID'S _CULTURE AND IMPERIALISM_ [ _Washington Post Book World_ , March 7, 1993] Edward Said, one of the leading literary critics of his generation, is a rare example of an American academic who is also an intellectual in the European sense. As a professor at Columbia University, he has produced ten books in more than twenty-seven years on subjects ranging from Joseph Conrad and French theory to Orientalism and musicology. As a Christian Palestinian educated in Egypt, he has analyzed and protested against the West's destructive misunderstanding of the Arab world. In short, Said is a brilliant and unique amalgam of scholar, aesthete, and political activist, an inspiring role model for a younger generation of critics searching for their cultural identity. Said's new book, _Culture and Imperialism_ , a collection of revised lectures originally given in the late 1980s in Great Britain and North America, extends his ideas into a rich variety of new as well as familiar areas, from the nineteenth-century realist novel to Italian opera and Irish poetry. Said's learning, like the humanistic perspective he espouses, is global. He is deeply immersed in comparative literature, and his omnivorous interest in and citation of recent groundbreaking interdisciplinary work by scholars of Africa, the Middle East, India, and the Caribbean are impressive and useful. _Culture and Imperialism_ has an eloquent, urgent topicality rare in books by literary critics, whose political thinking these days tends to be long on ideology and short on facts and practical experience. Said, unlike his pampered, cloistered brethren on American campuses, is a true man of the world. His most telling charge against such trendy styles as academic Marxism, New Historicism, postmodernism, and jargon-infested deconstruction is that they are "ahistorical." Said's efforts to mesh literary and political analysis into a single broad discourse succeed because of his own precision of mind and complex and unsentimental engagement with current affairs. The largest theme of Said's book is the crossroads America faces after the disintegration of the Soviet Union: will we become the new British Empire, coercive caretaker of the world? Said notes a "depressing" similarity between the rhetoric of "self-congratulation" and "triumphalism" of pundits and politicians about the 1991 Gulf War and that of British sahibs in imperial India. Has America taken up "the white man's burden" as arrogant "civilizer" of other races and nations with their own traditions and destinies? Said argues that Western culture of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was formed in tandem with the political processes of imperialism, resistance, and decolonization. The complete interpretation of a significant number of masterworks from this period depends on acknowledging their implication in the formation and reinforcement of imperialistic assumptions. Said's thinking has been influenced by Michel Foucault and Frantz Fanon, but he uses their ideas sparingly and judiciously, without the coarseness of many less cultivated literary theorists today. For Said, art and politics are intermeshed; neither is subordinate to the other. Said's view of "the consolidation of authority" in the novel form is strikingly illustrated in his penetrating discussion of Jane Austen's _Mansfield Park_ , which he sees structured by a contrast between pastoral England and slave-holding Antigua—an opposition overlooked by mainstream readers. As always, he scrupulously cautions against reductiveness: he thinks of his reading as "completing or complementing others, not discounting or displacing them." In such memorable, finely turned phrases, which fill the book, Said shows his superiority to the dull run of overpoliticized critics with their tin-eared prose. A short review cannot fairly summarize the important issues touched on in this book. In an ingenious analysis, Said movingly contrasts "the opulence of India's space" in Rudyard Kipling's _Kim_ to "the lusterless world of the European bourgeoisie" as portrayed by nineteenth-century French novelists. The chapter on Verdi's "Aïda" was of special interest to me. Perhaps Said, in building this indictment against the imperialist commissioning of the opera by the Khedive of Egypt, unfairly underestimates the impact that the finale's dramatization of political tyranny has on an audience. Nevertheless, Said's rhythmic weaving of art, finance, and history feels natural and unforced. His account of the fate of the Cairo Opera House built for Verdi is tersely ironic: it burned down in 1971 and became a parking lot. As Said presents it, this comic decline seems to epitomize Europe's failure to comprehend or fundamentally alter the cultures it invaded. The severe chapter on Albert Camus's _The Stranger_ is wonderful. For Said, "the blankness and absence of background in the Arab" murdered in the book came from Camus's repressed awareness of the magnitude of French domination in Algeria. Against the norm, Said sees in Camus an "incapacitated colonial sensibility." The treatment of William Butler Yeats similarly stresses Ireland's legacy of imperial servitude to England, though Said might be allowing local references to overshadow the vastness of "Leda and the Swan," which sees Western history as a panorama marked by eruptions of cataclysmic violence. Said opposes "identity politics" as a splintering new tribalism and criticizes Afrocentrism as much as Eurocentrism. He wants us to read "contrapuntally," with sharpened attention to all competing voices and themes in a work. My reservations about Said's approach are, first, that only a critic with his disciplined, surgical skill can succeed with it. In lesser hands, art gets mutilated by the rush to polemic. Second, the problem Said is remedying may be confined to university literature departments, which lost contact with the research-based old historicism during the latter days of the New Criticism, with its increasingly threadbare middlebrow formalism. Time and again, I was dismayed by Said's caricature of the disciplines of anthropology, Egyptology, and Oriental studies, whose massive scholarship in the nineteenth century is the foundation of today's knowledge. As in his uncritical citations of Martin Bernal's regrettably overideological _Black Athena_ , he tends to accept others' dismissal of a massive body of work of awesome learning and continuing relevance. Perhaps what we need in the movement toward multiculturalism is not new strategies of reading but a return to a general education based on hard fact and respect for scholarship. Third, Said's definition of imperialism may be too limited by overconcentration on the past two hundred years. A political theory must take in the full span of history, from the Egyptian, Persian, and Roman empires to those of the Moors, Inca, and Japanese. The idea that exploration and empire-building are motivated only by greed has to be modified by an acknowledgment that economic development has always been tied to hierarchical organization, expansion, and exploitation of natural resources, from the first state-sponsored irrigation projects of the Tigris and Euphrates valley in ancient Mesopotamia. Fourth, Said, like Foucault, neglects Romanticism in his portrait of the past two centuries. Romantic literature is itself a critique of the limitations in imperial, patriarchal society that Foucault and feminism claim to have discovered. Said's equation of land with property may be too materialistic: Romanticism sees land as nature, the great missing term in the Foucauldian equation. Fifth, Said's description of the international dominance of corporate-owned mass media overrelies on negative Frankfurt-school formulas that predate World War II. Media is more than news. American popular culture has seduced the youth of every nation and may indeed be the best hope yet for international and communal life. My other nagging questions would address why the British imperial system was so powerful in the first place. Military force alone cannot explain it. Objectivity and efficiency may be Western Apollonian myths, but they have been enormously fruitful as well as oppressive. Said is a writer who challenges and stimulates our thinking in every area. He is a man of profound feeling and ethical imagination. His prose reminds me of that of Walter Pater's _Marius the Epicurean:_ it is sober, stately, lucid, and melancholy. Literary criticism, which is struggling to bridge the gap between art and politics, has everything to learn from listening to Edward Said's dialogue with himself. # THE CORPSE OF FASHION # FRED DAVIS'S _FASHION, CULTURE, AND IDENTITY_ [ _Times Literary Supplement_ , London, May 28, 1993] This slim book has a most appetizing title. A scholarly exploration of fashion, culture, and identity should penetrate to the heart of our time. But Fred Davis, emeritus professor of sociology at the University of California, San Diego, seems ill-prepared to deal with any of these subjects in depth. The University of Chicago Press, following the lamentable lead of Routledge in mistaking trendiness for substance, ought to reexamine its editorial procedures, which have slickly repackaged Davis's earnest, plodding prose without offering him basic help in organization or conceptualization. Neither the author nor the publisher of _Fashion, Culture, and Identity_ seems clear about what audience it is intended for. Davis nervously eyes an invisible chorus of scowling fellow sociologists, to whom he attributes a snorting dismissal of the "frivolous" fashion industry and anyone silly enough to study it. To propitiate this baleful battalion of hanging judges, Davis loads his pages with a slag-heap of mind-dulling jargon and labyrinthine abstraction, so that the reader has the sensation of tunneling through debris to find the corpse of the subject. But then the tone changes, and we get a simple, unpretentious passage on some interesting but familiar matter, like the history of blue jeans. A few flying references to Barthes, Baudrillard, and Foucault seem added on as hasty afterthoughts to prove the book _au courant_. Davis's primary thesis is that the rapid cycle of clothing fashion, spurred by capitalism, has been whirling since the court of Burgundy in the late Middle Ages and is somehow unique to Western culture. To prove this, Davis would have to show how changes of fashion in ancient Egypt and Babylonia, Mogul India, or imperial China and Japan were dissimilar. But his research into non-European cultures is nil. Davis's passing assertions that changing styles in clothing are inherently different from changing styles in literature, rock music, cars, or coiffures are unconvincing since, again, he has made no systematic inquiry into those areas. A troublingly high percentage of Davis's material consists of long quotations from other authors, which unfortunately constitute the best-written passages in the book. In one of the clichés of current academic practice, _Fashion, Culture, and Identity_ tries to disguise its failures of research and reasoning by jazzy chapter titles ("Boys will be Boys, Girls will be Boys") and piquant epigraphs. Then we are left on our own to thrash around in the jumbled, repetitious text, with its vague chronology and tortured English. Davis's introductory chapter hails semiotics as our future salvation, in particular "its seminal notion of _code_ as the binding ligament in the shared understandings that comprise a sphere of discourse." Leaving aside the flurry of mixed metaphors here, one notes the provincialism of this widespread belief: self-strangling semiotics did not invent the idea of "code," which was already central to anthropology, comparative religion, and art history, notably in Erwin Panofsky's theory of iconography, which has heavily influenced scholarship and classroom teaching for over fifty years. Western culture, claims Davis, suffers from ambiguity and ambivalence of identity, which our ever-changing fashions serve to explore and express. This is a promising idea, but Davis's learning is not wide enough to do it justice. He has little familiarity with modern psychology or ancient Western history. Vague generalizations about Western identity that begin with medieval France and can't take in Sophocles, Catullus, or Nero are useless. Davis also makes wild overstatements about the prevalence of androgyny or cross-dressing in Western fashion, which has been only a sporadic phenomenon geared to specific transformations in sex roles. He is right to insist that fashion signifies far more than status, but he never fully nails down what that "more" is. In a chapter with the promising title "The Dialectic of the Erotic and the Chaste," Davis again shows his limitations. Jean Fouquet's fifteenth-century painting of a stylish enthroned Virgin with a bared breast is simplistically underinterpreted for its "erotic-chaste tension." Here, as throughout the book, Judeo-Christianity is treated as a huge, monolithic, body-denying, sex-hating institution. The differences between Mediterranean Catholicism and Northern European Protestantism, or among different denominations of Protestantism, are not seen. Nor does Davis have the slightest inkling about similar conflations of exhibition and concealment in the pagan tradition: the virginal Archaic _kore_ sculptures, the bare-breasted "Dying Amazon," the stately, bosomy, lounging goddesses of the Parthenon pediment, with their plastered, wet-look draperies, and the Hellenistic bathing Aphrodites, leading up to the Roman "Venus Pudica," or modest Venus, revived by Botticelli. In "Stages of the Fashion Process," Davis tries to analyze the dynamics of the fashion industry from the designer's initiating idea through its material embodiment and display to the manufacturing of scaled-down versions of the garment for distribution to middle-class stores. But he bounces all over the map, with no feeling for period or place. We get newspaper cuttings and bland quotes from anonymous interviewees thrown in at random, and end up with a mushy pudding that will enlighten no one. For heaven's sake, the mechanics of the rag trade are common knowledge to us through dozens of movies and television mini-series. Susan Hayward has it all down in _I Can Get It for You Wholesale_ (1951). The fashion advertisements sprinkled through the book are striking and well-chosen, but Davis's commentary on them is usually inadequate or just plain wrong. For example, he misses all the complexities in the appealing jacket photo of a straw-haired gamine in a baseball cap: Huckleberry Finn, Li'l Abner, Jean Seberg, and 1950s beatniks (fisherman sweater and leotards). He grandly dubs the chic beard stubble of a young dude in a Perry Ellis suit a "disingenuous mistake," when it's an allusion to Jean-Paul Belmondo and 1930s gangster films. I found this book tedious, uninformed, and unperceptive, first because, as a student twenty-five years ago, I grounded my own thinking about clothing in the excellent, rich, and still reliable fashion histories produced from the late nineteenth century to the second world war by such shrewd analysts as J. C. Flugel and James Laver. Second, I have been heavily influenced by gay men, with their keen sensitivity to and encyclopedic knowledge of the art of fashion and gesture, a connoisseurship of aesthetes descending through Oscar Wilde from Gautier and Baudelaire. The witty gay style, dramatic and incisive, is our best hope for a sophisticated fashion discourse free from the moralistic anti-beauty ideology of establishment feminism and the incompetence and theory-mad cant of the "cultural studies" movement, from which Davis's work has emerged. Afternoon tea with your average drag queen is likely to be more rewarding and informative about fashion than is this choppy, meandering, confused book. # CRY OF THE INVISIBLE MEN # WARREN FARRELL'S _THE MYTH OF MALE POWER_ [ _Washington Post Book World_ , July 25, 1993] Warren Farrell, author of _The Liberated Man_ and _Why Men Are the Way They Are_ , served for three years on the board of directors of the National Organization for Women in New York City. In his latest book, _The Myth of Male Power_ , he describes how his career as one of "America's Sensitive New Age Men" skyrocketed when he endorsed the standard feminist view of women as "enlightened" and of men as "Neanderthals." He received standing ovations, lecture invitations, financial rewards. But, Farrell states, as his position evolved toward one more sympathetic to men, the applause died and the money began to dry up. Reviewing tapes from his workshops and personal appearances, Farrell was troubled by his earlier double standard: "When women criticized men, I called it 'insight,' 'assertiveness,' 'women's liberation,' 'independence,' or 'high self-esteem.' When men criticized women, I called it 'sexism,' 'male chauvinism,' 'defensiveness,' 'rationalizing,' and 'backlash.'... Soon the men were no longer expressing their feelings. Then I criticized the men for not expressing their feelings!" _The Myth of Male Power_ is a quirky book, part confession, part polemic. Its organization, consisting of short passages with blazing headlines and overabundant boldface type, is somewhat awkward, choppy, and repetitious. Systematic argumentation is scanted, and there is sometimes a questionable selectiveness or credulity about historical sources, both present and past. But Farrell's vices as a writer are also his virtues. His gruff, blunt manner breaks through the decorous white middle-class conventions and victim-obsessed sentimentality that have paralyzed establishment feminism in recent years. _The Myth of Male Power_ is a bombshell. It attacks the unexamined assumptions of feminist discourse with shocking candor and forces us to see our everyday world from a fresh perspective. Farrell feels that feminism's primary objective as a political movement—equal protection under the law, as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment—has been lost in the "anti-male sexism" of affirmative action programs and other preferential regulations and grievance procedures that guarantee special protections to women and thus ironically perpetuate the pernicious old stereotype of "woman as child." The media, far from opposing and obstructing feminism (as Susan Faludi claims in _Backlash_ ), has cynically pandered to feminist pressure groups and indulged in "a quarter century of male bashing." As a student of media, I think Farrell is dead right about this. In brutal, grisly language, Farrell dramatizes the carnage of "male-killing" throughout history—the one million men, for example, slain or maimed at the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Men are not, he insists, the powerful sex but "the silent sex" and "the suicide sex." They are "disposable," dispensable, slaves to higher powers. Men have sacrificed and crippled themselves physically and emotionally to feed, house, and protect women and children. None of their pain or achievement is registered in feminist rhetoric, which portrays men as oppressors and callous exploiters. Farrell's blistering indictment makes powerful use of contemporary anecdotes. During the 1991 trial of boxer Mike Tyson for rape, the hotel where the jury was sequestered caught fire; two firefighters died. The media, obsessed with the tunnel-vision feminist view of "men-as-rapists," ignored this contrary evidence of "men-as-saviors." According to Farrell, there are a million municipal volunteer firefighters in America who valiantly "risk their lives to save strangers." A startling fact that should disturb and embarrass every feminist: 99 percent of these firefighters are male. Again and again, Farrell demonstrates that, for all the official talk about desiring equality, the overwhelming majority of contemporary women continue to avoid hazardous, dirty, low-prestige jobs that men take in order to earn a higher income for their families. Miners, loggers, roofers, garbage collectors: Farrell celebrates the invisible men whose backbreaking and sometimes fatal work makes modern life smooth and efficient for pampered, feminism-spouting professionals in their safe, well-lit offices. _The Myth of Male Power_ is a muckraking exposé for the nineties. It uncovers an unsettling pattern of collusion between government-funded commissions on women and a coterie of feminist leaders and career consultants who claim to speak for all women. It demonstrates how biased surveys and shaky statistics have been used to swell the numbers of reported rapes or prove discrimination against women in employment, medical research, and the justice system. It quotes astonishing pieces of gloomy, anti-male agitprop from such putative reference works as _Encyclopedia of Feminism_ and _The Women's History of the World_. In the largest sense, Farrell sees contemporary gender problems as flowing from our historical transition from an epoch ("Stage I") where survival was the basic issue to one ("Stage II") where communication and cooperation, rather than competition, are required. Here Farrell's theories dovetail with the best in feminist theory: he sees the killer male as a dominant Stage I type unable to adapt to Stage II economic and ethical realities. Now we have a pressing need "not for a women's movement or a men's movement but for a gender transition movement" that would revolutionize both behavior and perception. _The Myth of Male Power_ is the kind of original, abrasive, heretical text that is desperately needed to restore fairness and balance to the present ideology-sodden curriculum of women's studies courses. Despite its technical flaws and raw inelegance, the book is filled with stunning insights and haunting aphorisms, such as "female beauty is the world's most potent drug." Warren Farrell is one of many voices urging a critique and reform of current feminism in order to strengthen it for the twenty-first century. As Farrell says, "discrimination begets discrimination begets discrimination." Equality means not just "equal options" but "equal obligations," a rejection of the passive role of perpetual victim. Government must not become modern woman's "substitute husband." Farrell calls for an end to the blame game and a new stress on personal responsibility, social maturity, and self-enlightenment. # SATIRES AND SHORT TAKES # ASK CAMILLE PAGLIA: ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN, AMONG OTHERS [ _Spy_ , 1993. Though locations are real, Paglia supplied all but three of the closing epithets.] When _Spy_ asked me to write an advice column, I was delighted. I've loved this snappy American genre since I grew up reading tart-tongued Ann Landers in the Fifties—I even made up both the questions and the answers for satiric advice columns in my high school newspaper. The following letters are authentic, though sometimes condensed. ## FEBRUARY Dear Camille: I've been with a woman for ten years. Should I propose marriage? My concerns are (1) her loathsome, self-pitying complaints and (2) my suspicion that I could not remain faithful. Despondent in Oregon Dear Despondent: The crystal ball shows a tacky picture of a nag and a philanderer hurling crockery around the kitchen. Misery has enough company already. In fact, they're parking on my lawn. Dear Camille: What can I do with this PoMo relationship of mine? My boyfriend is a stand-up comic constantly touring the country. I'll be in grad school for the next four years. Can long-distance relationships work? Down-at-the-Mouth Dan in Northern California Dear Dan: I foresee many a moon of quick-fix, laugh-a-minute phone sex. Every relationship is a triumph of imagination. Yours will be tested to the credit limit. Dear Camille: I'm an overeducated, underemployed, bored and bisexual, fit and femme woman of the twentynothing generation. I fall for scrumptious young men "raised right" by their mothers. They're intrigued, then intimidated by my ferocity in bed. I'm in love with a sensitive, affectionate boy who is scared to death of me. Should I forget my affinity for boys and find myself a feisty female? Too Sexy for the Boy in Baton Rouge Dear Too Sexy: This is a classic case of the Diana and Endymion myth: a maternal Amazon goddess smacking her lips over androgynous boy-flesh. I'd say keep him as a side dish and supplement the menu with more robust confections. As for feisty females, I hope you have better luck than I do! Dear Camille: I've been severely disappointed in my lady friends, who come across as intelligent women with common sense but end up making bad choices when it comes to men. Jolted Joe from Brooklyn Dear Joe: You are puzzled by the irrational perversity of sexual attraction. Dionysus is a maelstrom. Love will never be tidy or safe. Jump in the boat and row for your life. Dear Camille: My fiancée and I revere you as a goddess. I once had an unhealthy, mutually manipulative relationship. Two weeks after we stopped speaking, she came into my dorm room to talk. We started to fool around. She seemed to be enjoying it, though when I asked if she wanted to have sex, she said, "I don't care." I went ahead and had sex with her. She later publicly denounced me as a rapist. But she never resisted or even _told_ me to stop. Was it rape? Confused in Kansas City Dear Confused: No, it's not rape. It's a scene from an Antonioni movie, all Weltschmerz and ennui. Feminist dogma keeps people from recognizing good old-fashioned decadence. Go for it! ## MARCH Dear Camille: I'm a sixty-year-old man who has been married five times. I'm currently courting a fifty-three-year-old Catholic medical missionary nun. How do I ask her to give up her vows and marry me? Amorous in Sarasota Dear Amorous: Hot dang! Violate them taboos, baby! You're Perseus rescuing Andromeda from the toils of that old devil Church. You may need a can opener, but it's worth a tumble. Dear Camille: I'm a biochemist who must keep up by attending lectures that contain fast-breaking data. The leader in our field shows nude slides of his girlfriends during his lectures and provides copies to men who request them. Women have walked out of his lectures, protested to the hosts, thrown things at the screen, to no avail. What does this man gain from our discomfort? What should we do? Stumped in Toledo Dear Stumped: Unfortunately, I enjoy nude pictures in any context. A biochemical porn show has Broadway possibilities. But the guy sounds like an unprofessional klutz with a microchip wee-wee. Try scorn and satire. They work for me. Dear Camille: If you were really born in 1947, why do you look as though you were born in 1937 or even 1927? I want to avoid whatever you did to get those deep, saggy lines! Bilious in Maryland Dear Bilious: Listen, pinhead, I'm a short, fast-talking comedienne with dimples who imitates Keith Richards to avoid looking like Sally Field. Get lost! Haggard is hip. Dear Camille: Women I hardly know come up to me all the time and give me that deep, knowing, womanly look. I feel these women have a terrible power over me. Should I just screw them? Does it matter that they're my students? Baffled on Long Island Dear Baffled: The gals (white and middle-class, right?) are battin' their eyes at Big Daddy. You've discovered the truth: Sexual harassment is a hot-tar, two-way street. Wait till they graduate, then dive right in. Dear Camille: I used to think Rousseau was the stupidest asshole in the history of philosophy. Now that I'm getting on in years, I wonder if I would have found assholes of greater magnitude if I'd pursued that subject further. Who is _el sphinctero grande_ of all time? Curious in San Francisco Dear Curious: Michel Foucault, naturellement! Dear Camille: I know that consumerism is the modern pagan religion and that the media is the altar upon which we offer up flesh sacrifices. I _do_ enjoy watching the succession of heroes and heroines devoured by television. But I have lingering feelings of guilt, as if I am worshiping Satan. Yes, sometimes I wake up in the middle of the night shouting, "Consumerism is the Beast 666!" How can I loosen up, become more modern, and enjoy life? Anguished in Oregon Dear Anguished: I prescribe a daily dose of my favorite soap, _The Young and the Restless_. What metaphysical anxiety could survive the soothing presence of plucky Nikki, trampy Jill, and teen queen Christine? Television is our Circe, and she's a date rapist. Just lay back, relax, and spread your sense organs. Dear Camille: The first time we met, the electricity was unbelievable. I'm married and white; he's black and ten years younger. He's also my boss. After two years of flirting, we became lovers. We have nothing in common but work and sex. Our Baptist-Cracker conservative company doesn't condone intraoffice or interracial dating. I can't stop thinking about him. I'm a headstrong, independent, take-charge woman. So why can't I handle this relationship? Why am I so irrational? Reeling in Fort Lauderdale Dear Reeling: Sex is the biggest electric company of them all. It shocks, short-circuits, overloads, and generally fries the brains. When the wires go underground, they raise their own voltage. It's like snake-handling: Keep at it till the chills outnumber the thrills. ## APRIL To the many readers who asked me for a date: I am reviewing applications from all genders. But why hasn't Drew Barrymore written to me yet? Dear Camille: I'm in my late twenties and haunt L.A. coffeehouses searching for an intellectually stimulating female partner among the patrons. But I find myself more attracted to the waitresses. In the Male-Confused-Nineties, I fear that making advances on these working women is sexual harassment. Is it wrong to flirt with them? Anxious Alex Dear Anxious: I too get starry-eyed over waitresses. I suspect there is a Cosmic Mammary archetype behind all this. Waitresses have more on the ball, anyhow, than the chi-chi literati you're pursuing. Proceed cautiously, but give it a shot. Dear Camille: I'm an attractive twenty-three-year-old gay male. In bars, I notice that attractive men usually have ugly boyfriends. Why is this? How am I supposed to get a boyfriend when all the good ones are dating Ernest Borgnine look-alikes? When I _do_ meet someone who doesn't need a bag over his head, he turns out to be a flaky, slutty jerk. Single in Seattle Dear Single: A lesson of eros—only one megastar per household, please. Every god needs a priest in polyester. Dear Camille: Two buddies of mine who live thousands of miles from each other were unceremoniously dumped a couple of years ago by their girlfriends. Right after chucking their excess baggage, both girls adopted all the significant traits of their former boyfriends. One went from being a pampered trust-fund baby who read Woolf and subscribed to trendy political causes to being an ardent backpacker in love with Conrad. The other changed her major from environmental science to classical anthropology and philosophy and her music from Depeche Mode to the Lime Spiders. You get the picture. Why would these women become the men they no longer love? Musing in Kankakee Dear Musing: I am stunned by this colorful evidence of the ancient principle of female vampirism, recorded everywhere in world mythology. Having sucked men dry, like marrow from a bone, woman calmly sails on to her next adventure. Sublime! Dear Camille: I supplement my unemployment checks by selling phone-sex scripts. I'd rather sell short stories, but nobody's buying. I seem to have a knack for cranking the stuff out. But I don't know whether to think of myself as a cheap media whore or a valuable public servant. Nothing gobs up the creative flow more than the image of a fat, lonely, middle-aged insurance salesman lying on his bed and pulling on his weenie while he listens to my words coming over the line. He and millions of other schmucks may need the help of a prosthetic imagination. Perhaps I am helping to release potentially dangerous sexual energy in a quick, tidy gush at the end of the day. Pondering in Portland Dear Pondering: Though it might seem like a drainage ditch, you too labor in the vineyards of art. Apollo and Aphrodite bless all makers of erotic images. Dear Camille: My lesbian girlfriend and I have a running argument about the last scene in Djuna Barnes's _Nightwood_. I guess I'm WASPy and prosaic, but I think it's about having sex with a dog. My lover is French, however, and claims she cannot understand it this way, having read Lacan and Derrida. The argument becomes so heated that I wonder if I can live with a poststructuralist. What can I do? Stymied in North Carolina Dear Stymied: How did your poststructuralist escape deportation? I heard they were reclassified as illegal aliens. Take her to McDonald's and deprogram her. If that doesn't work, box her and return to sender. ## MAY Dear Camille: I have no trouble getting women in bed, but I just can't hold back. The evening ends before I can undo my belt. Mortified in Madison Dear Mortified: You overeager acolytes of the Goddess have an ancient lineage. At Cnidos, Praxiteles' famous marble statue of Aphrodite was stained by a worshiper's ejaculation. Curtail your excitement by imagining something depressing—like being trapped in an elevator with the leaders of NOW. Dear Camille: I'm a thirty-five-year-old married woman. Lately I've been eyeing the kinds of guys I liked when I was fifteen: lean, long-haired, vacant, flannel-shirt-wearing hunks. May I have one? Lustful in Los Angeles Dear Lustful: You mirror my mood exactly. Gather ye flannel while ye may. When lust unbridles, can menopause be far behind? Dear Camille: Recently I went camping in the Catskills with three buddies. One night I put out the campfire by urinating on it. I thought my friends would applaud my decisive, manly gesture, but they protested loudly. The whole experience left me feeling hollow. Dejected in New York Dear Dejected: Freud felt urinary fire-extinguishing was early man's first proof of prowess. Today, writing girls' names in the snow is the more favored piss poetry. Expand your repertoire! Dear Camille: I'm a female who has rape fantasies featuring ex-convicts, aliens, postapocalyptic mutant gang leaders, etc. While I invent dialogue for both sexes, I feel more "inside" the male character, even after the female has gained the upper hand, which always happens. Am I bisexual, sadomasochistic or just strange? Is This Hell? No, This Is Iowa Dear Hell-in-Iowa: Make movies as soon as possible. Surf's up in your sharkish libido. It's the cyberpunk 1990s, so take us for a ride on the wild side. Dear Camille: I'm a big WASP boy who has an ongoing thing with an older, burly Sicilian man. He's on the jealous side and says he would "cut out my heart" if he caught me with another man. But he admits having fantasies about watching me in the act with someone else. Another Sicilian man has come into the picture. Have I bit off more than I can chew? Italophile in California Dear Italophile: Two Sicilians, one knife, and a hunk of white bread. Hmmm. Better keep your panettone covered and your eye on the nearest fire escape. Dear Camille: What's your advice about the ever-popular male pastime of verbally harassing women on the street? My gut instinct is to snap back with "Fuck off," but it's interpreted as an invitation to further dialogue. Irate in Chicago Dear Irate: Nothing made me angrier during my militant-lesbian-feminist phase twenty years ago. I now feel the street is a combat zone and modern women should not expect middle-class overprotection. Men's guttural lunges are primal mating rituals, a crude homage. Take the mentally superior position of mother or teacher and respond with quiet withering boredom or comic repartee. I've seen African-American women dish it right back with humor, not rage, and win the exchange. Dear Camille: I'm a twenty-five-year-old full-blooded Italian rock musician. I had a deep, loving, sexually _hot_ relationship for three years with a woman nine years older. Since we broke up, I've dated and slept with a lot of girls. But (1) they're total intellectual duds; (2) their idea of sex is lying in bed like a cadaver; or (3) they complain about their lives but don't have the balls to do anything about it. I'm so frustrated that sometimes I wish I were gay! Glum in L.A. Dear Glum: I sympathize. A good gal is hard to find, and don't I know it. It seems your taste buds are primed for more mature wine. (See _American Gigolo_ and "Lustful," above.) ## AUGUST Dear Camille: I was making love with a beautiful feminist grad student. As we climaxed I mentioned your name, causing every muscle in her body to tense up immediately. It was the best orgasm in my life. I realize I was exploiting your name, but do you mind? Wondering in West Hollywood Dear Wondering: Your partner's Harpy-like clutching is called vaginismus. Popular myth tells of men trapped and requiring surgical extrication. Use and abuse my name as you please. I love causing friction! Dear Camille: I'm a bisexual female who passionately loves hard rock and heavy-metal music. The guys I like only want the typical "heavy-metal bimbos." And gay women spout the usual "feminazi" dogma about hard rock being degrading, exploitative, and misogynist. Lonely in Iowa Dear Lonely: Rock 'n' raunch is sexual reality. The new feminism will cut its teeth on heavy-metal power chords. Crank up your own wattage, and don't take no for an answer. Dear Camille: As a teenager in the States, I felt extremely abnormal because my foreskin was intact. I felt freakish and unpatriotic and suffered. What's your opinion of America's assembly-line snippage of infantile prepuce? Feeling Normal in Frankfurt Dear Normal: Cut or uncut? Torpedo or lampshade? That is the question. In this deodorant-obsessed land of the bald eagle, gleaming Mr. Clean is our naughty little flesh-puppet. Dear Camille: I was involved with a comp lit major for seven years and was haunted by a sense of failure for not understanding the "conference cant" of the Derrida posse. Luckily I escaped the California infestation of these maniacs, but not before this woman had demasculated me to the point of premature ejaculation. Recuperating in Rancho Mirage Dear Recuperating: Polluters of the brain commit crimes against humanity. Dante's Inferno has a special reserved foxhole for the followers of Lacan, Derrida, and Foucault, who will boil for eternity in their own verbal sludge. Dear Camille: When I'm using the office urinal, one of the dorkiest managers comes in, stands next to me and talks about the stupidest things. Is there a polite way to ignore him, or should I wet his leg? Does this problem happen to women? Pissed Off in Hackensack Dear Pissed Off: Women adore gabbing in the John. It's a freaking hen party! As for your manager, can it be love? Dear Camille: After her orgasm from oral sex, my girlfriend starts laughing hysterically. What does this mean? Is my hard work being taken seriously? Concerned in Calgary Dear Concerned: Bursts of irrational emotion, like weeping, are reported of orgasmic women. Beware of manic Maenads! The female worshipers of Dionysus tore goats and heifers limb from limb with their bare hands. Dear Camille: I'm a twenty-three-year-old gay male who planned to get a sex-change operation to make myself more appealing to a straight coworker. My current boyfriend is threatening to leave me because of this. Then there's a woman who wants me desperately. Wavering in Lompoc Dear Wavering: I envy your ability to draw a crowd. Your life is a Fellini film lacking only Anita Ekberg with a cat on her head. I would advise putting the operation on hold. Some merchandise is nonreturnable. Dear Camille: My girlfriend has started ejaculating and I've stopped. Through Tantra, we trade spontaneous combustion for hours-at-a-time ritual, with astounding results. Can all women ejaculate? We're talking cupfuls—you haven't seen an "arc of transcendence" until a five-foot fountain of amrita erupts from your beloved's yoni. Electro-Shakti'ed in Kansas City Dear Shakti'ed: In Coleridge's Xanadu, a geyser blasts up from a chasm, as if the earth is in orgasm. Pagan nature cults release titanic energy. Female ejaculation is the latest thing, demonstrated by Annie Sprinkle in her sacred-orgy video, _Sluts and Goddesses_. Bring an umbrella. ## FEMINIST FATALE _From an edition of_ Man Alive, _with host Peter Downie. Produced by Sam Levene and David Cherniak for the Canadian Broadcast Company. Filmed on September 4, 1991, in Philadelphia. Aired in Canada December 14, 1992, and on public television in the United States in early 1993_. PETER DOWNIE _(in CBC studio in Toronto):_ Tonight on _Man Alive—_ _(Cut to pages of_ Sexual Personae, _then_ PAGLIA _in violet suit.)_ CAMILLE PAGLIA _(with Downie in Philadelphia):_ In paganism you have a unity between sexuality and spirituality, which is a great ideal.... I love the _sleaziest_ parts of TV.... Madonna and I have a pornographic imagination. It's coming from the repressions of the Catholic Church.... I feel very lucky that somehow I wasn't drawn to drugs. I'm not sure why. I think I'm addicted to my own hormones—my adrenalines or whatever they are. I'm the speed-freak Sixties, you know? I never had to _take_ anything, because that's just _me_ , all right? I feel like I'm coming out of the Bob Dylan electric period, that kind of, like, speed-freak jive, kind of that rap— _(Back to_ DOWNIE _in Toronto. He freezes_ PAGLIA's _onscreen image.)_ DOWNIE _(laughing):_ Hi, I'm Peter Downie, and _her_ name is Camille Paglia. And this _(gestures with the remote control)_ is about the only way I have to stop her. She's been called "Hurricane Camille" and the "Joan Rivers of Academe." But make no mistake about it: it's her ideas, not her delivery, which have made her the hottest critic around, whether she's writing in _The New York Times_ or in _Penthouse_ magazine. She has provocative ideas on just about everything—from feminism to rock and roll and from Madonna to political correctness, and those ideas come at you like fire from a machine gun. Her book, _Sexual Personae_ , took twenty years to publish, and it's really become a launching pad for her, from where she now sits and takes careful critical aim at life. Trying to neatly package the energy of her mind for a television program is a bit like trying to grasp a bolt of lightning. As soon as you think you've got it, it's off in another direction. You might be angered by what you're going to hear, and you might be pleased. But I don't think you'll be bored—by Camille Paglia. _(With_ DOWNIE _in Philadelphia)_ PAGLIA: I know that my personality was not _made_. My personality was _born_. I'm an Aries woman like Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, and so we have a lot of problems with people because of this. We're just so _obnoxious!_ I'm forty-four years old, and people are _still_ having to speak to me like, you know, " _That_ was very rude. You shouldn't behave like that, you shouldn't." Even today, people are always lecturing me about my excessive behavior and the way I completely ignore social forms and decorum and so on and so forth. So it's been a _struggle_ for me. This is why I see society as civilizing. I don't see society as oppressive, because in my case, my barbaric energy _needs_ to be contained. It needs to be contained. Otherwise, I'd be _killing_ people and, you know, stealing and God knows what else! I'm just like this _egomaniac_. I'm an Aries—pure egomania, all right? DOWNIE: Let's begin by looking at the Sixties. What happened to the realism of the Sixties? What happened to the idealism of the Sixties? PAGLIA: I think the whole thing just got out of control. I think a part of it was the contempt for the older generation. In the sense that, "We have nothing to do with you, and we have something new, something new to offer, and we don't have to listen to you at all." And part of that came from the fact that our parents—one didn't realize it at the time, but as the years went on, I saw it very clearly—our parents were _resting_ , after decade after decade of the Depression, the rise of Fascism and Nazism, World War II, the bomb, the discovery of the concentration camps, the Cold War and so on. And our parents wanted a better life for their children than they had had. They had had _nothing_ since they were young but worry, but anxiety, but darkness, all right? So they were determined to create an environment that would protect their children from what they had suffered. As a consequence, they did not tell us about the realities of the world. And I think that's what I felt like growing up in the Fifties. I thought, _what?_ This is so _boring!_ This is so sanitized. I can't _stand_ this! I felt like I was in prison in the sex roles of the Fifties, in the politics of the Fifties. I mean I'm still claustrophobic from it. We have this TV series down here, you know, _Happy Days_ , which has given a very biased picture of what the Fifties were like. This idea that somehow, you know, a black-jacketed guy like Fonzie could be received at the house of the red-haired boy, okay—that's _absurd!_ The hoods could _never_ be received! There was absolutely a repressive era where the hoods represented the criminality and sexuality and everything that was outlaw, all right? And so I feel _The Twilight Zone_ very accurately represents the Fifties' instability, that is, a sense of normality which is then disturbed by eruptions of what has been _repressed_ , okay, what has been repressed in the cellar, what has been put up in the attic. And I feel that my work—in _Sexual Personae_ , I feel that what I'm doing is going down into the cellar and up into the attic and bringing _into_ the eyes of everyone what our parents did not want to think about. Everything. Whether it's pornography or aggression or Nazism, you know, the inner aggression of the human soul, the inner evil of the human soul. So I think that our parents' reaction was excessive. That that tranquillity was a _false_ tranquillity. The sunny Rousseauist optimism of the Fifties, the normality of the Fifties—that was an excessive reaction to something that had _been_ excessive. And then _our_ reaction was excessive _to_ the Fifties, and out of that came another excess, the conservative backlash. But I think we're waking up from everything now. It's the end of the century, it's the end of the millennium, all right? We're reassessing. And _I_ feel there is something happening. I have been saying my ideas for twenty years. No one listened. I couldn't get published. I couldn't get hired. And suddenly, people are listening and understanding what I'm saying. And it suggests to me that there is a kind of cyclical pattern at work, and we've gone through a full cycle, and we're coming back. DOWNIE: Well, so there was excess, but I'd rather have excess with passion than no passion. PAGLIA: But the point is, it self-destructed, and you had a conservative backlash. It's something much _worse_ that happened, okay? Because law and order must go on. We must have law and order. We cannot have a situation where everyone does his own thing. We cannot have rioting in the streets. One has to be realistic about achieving political aims. What I have learned is how slowly institutions change. And in fact, if an institution would change rapidly, that's fascism. I began to realize that _slowness_ —which I _hated_ when I was young—that the _slow, boring_ movement of the law in the courts is what prevents mob hysteria from lynching you, okay? Because I felt it myself. [She is referring to the violation of due process at Bennington College.] I am very obnoxious still, and I'm still—I mean, just yesterday I was, like, carrying on in a meeting and so on. But the thing is now I'm more realistic. I understand that institutions change _slowly_. So my thing is not now, "We want the world, we want it _now!_ " My thing is—all right, _one_ year from now, if I keep on, you know, steadily, _two_ years from now, it'll change. And I also had to learn how to pick my fights. My thing was, like, _everything!_ I had endless energy. Ooh, people think I'm energetic _now!_ I am a shadow, a shadow! I had so much energy I could stay up all night. And my thing was _this_ issue! _That_ issue! _That_ issue! Now I've learned how to pick my fights and also how to present in a way that does not alienate the very people I need for a consensus in order to get my aim achieved. And that's maturity.... DOWNIE _(in studio):_ Camille Paglia doesn't look down her academic nose at television or movies or sports or rock and roll. In fact, it's just the opposite. Her seven-hundred-page book was written while she enjoyed them all—sometimes simultaneously! So if you're tempted to yell at your child for having the stereo or the television too loud when homework is being done, consider this. PAGLIA _(in Philadelphia):_ Technology for me—see, this is one of the ironies of my generation. Our generation was looking to nature and being very disrespectful about society and about capitalism. At the same time _(laughing)_ , it was the most _electronic_ and _electrified_ generation in history. I was the first person that I knew to have a stereo, to go to college with a stereo in 1964. No one had stereos. Now everyone has every kind of music-making equipment. And I had the earphones—I was completely _plugged in_. And this is my attitude toward the world. On the one hand, I see all of nature and I honor it—the moon, the stars, the planets, all of that. As an astrologer, I just see it so clearly. But then, I cannot go anywhere when, you know, I just feel so _happy_ at home, when I have the TV on and I have the music, the earphones on. I have the telephone, and I have the radio on, and the wires are crossing the floor, and I'm always tripping over the wires. And I just feel like I'm in this kind of _space capsule_ , you know. I'm just totally connected to the universe, and I think that's part of the universality of our vision—the fact that we're connected into the universe through all this electronic machinery. DOWNIE: But you're only connecting with an electronic universe, not the natural one. PAGLIA: No, not really, because I think that on cable TV you can flick one channel, and you'll see animals in Africa, you'll see things in nature. That's the way of God himself, checking in on what's happening on every possible station in the entire universe! I think this is definitely the wave of the future. I feel that technology offers the Western version of expanded consciousness, all right? Because my ability to simply _concentrate_ with all this going on, with a sensory flood of stimuli— _that_ is what's different about my brain, okay, from the brains of the scholars who came before me. Because one part of my brain is totally rigorous and analytic in the traditional way. The other part is this _electrified brain_ that people have found no machine to measure yet. It's completely lurid. It's like neon. It's like _this_ , all right? _(vibrates hand near head)_ My ability to _think_ in the face of, incredible noise, for example—people say, "How can you think with that noise?" But I can _only_ think when there's noise. I have to _flood my senses_ in order to _really_ think, all right? I feel that the brain has many tracks. Everyone in my generation—for _thirty-five years_ I've been listening to rock music! All of rock music has gone through this head again and again and again. It's all in there. And so I feel that I have a track in my brain. I wake up in the morning, it's playing. It's constantly playing music, all right? Then I have another one that's a visual track. So I love to write when I have the earphones on, listening to music. It could be classical music, it could be movie music—I love, like, _Ben-Hur_ and all those great scores. It could be rock, or it's disco, which I love when I'm writing. _All_ kinds of things. And then I have the soap operas on without the sound, okay? So I have the sound going very loud, and I have the images coming into my brain. If I don't have it, I can't concentrate. If I am trying to write without the sound and without the images, my mind wanders. I have to _supply_ it. I have to supply the music; I have to supply the images, okay? So I'm saying that our brains are completely different. It's something new, and I think we're moving outward toward that moment when we leave the earth and go into outer space. _Star Trek_ was a great phenomenon of my generation. Let's say we have to take forty years for a person to get from earth to some planet. People will be born and will live and will die in space capsules, okay? And it was my generation which was the first, through this technological machinery, to be able to have a sense of being a _citizen of the universe_. We are citizens of the universe. We have a truly international perspective _through_ TV and through technology. It's very interesting: they use metaphors like this in Buddhism and so on—the idea that the mind should be like a still pond receiving messages from the universe. That's _exactly_ how I feel when I'm looking at TV, all right? I go completely _blank (sweeps open hand over face in "cut" gesture), absolutely blank_. And that's why it's so refreshing to me. And I just want to sit there and go completely blank. Like, after I've had dinner, and I've had a glass of wine, you know, I'm just sitting there with _Entertainment Tonight_ , and suddenly there's this completely glitzy, sensationalized story—I just _love_ that! I have such _pleasure_ at it, okay? And I can feel that it's _palpating_ a part of my brain that's _not_ the other part of the brain, _(goes all daffy/misty, imitating it)_ You know, there's Liz Taylor, coming out of the hospital again! And it's like that area of sleazy eroticism and so on. I just _feel_ it, right? The TV is literally an _emanation_ , in some sense, of the popular mind. I feel that _everything_ on TV is of interest to me. I _love_ advertisements. I just wrote an essay talking about ads as an art form. I _love (snaps her fingers)_ the _speed_ of them— DOWNIE: But it really is the medium, isn't it? I mean, you're saying that television itself is important. PAGLIA: Yes, the medium itself. I love the _sleaziest_ parts of TV. I mean, some academics like to say, "Oh, yes, I like PBS," or "I like these documentaries." _(snorts scornfully)_ That's not _my_ attitude! Or they want to talk ponderously about the problems with the news programs. Well, that's not what _I_ regard as TV, you know? I regard TV as _this river. (makes flowing motion with hand)_ It's like a river of images, okay? Especially _now_ with cable. You can get like thirty-seven different channels, and you can go... sometimes I just sit there and go _zap! (flips imaginary remote control) Zap! Zap! Zap!_ It's like an _art form_ , where you have this weird _collage_ , you see, of completely discontinuous images. You'll go from the face of a religious figure, you know, holding the Bible, then suddenly the next thing, a girl dancing with her boobs hanging out of her bra, like _that (raises arms and does a shimmy)_. I think, this is _fabulous!_ This is _the culture!_ The way we have all these strange things which cannot formally come together—these two figures, the evangelist preacher and the stripper, let's say. Those two people can never meet. But television brings them together. They are both aspects of reality, and therefore the mind of the person watching TV is this _universal mind_. So I feel totally open. I try to have an attitude of total openness to everything I see. And I have such enjoyment, such _sensuous pleasure of enjoyment_ , okay, in watching television. And the colors, the movements, everything about it, everything which strikes very book-oriented people as tinsely or squalid and so on. Those very things are exactly why I _love_ TV! DOWNIE _(in studio):_ From television to belly dancing to striptease to pornography, Camille Paglia writes and teaches about popular culture and sexuality. Where is there a place for the sacred in her world? PAGLIA _(in Philadelphia):_ I'm saying, in _Sexual Personae_ , that Western culture has been formed by this tension between the Judeo-Christian and the Greco-Roman traditions. And that it is _not true_ that Judeo-Christianity _ever_ defeated paganism. In fact, paganism went underground and has erupted at various moments: at the Renaissance, in Renaissance art; in Romanticism; and now again in modern popular culture. And that paganism _does_ indeed have a spirituality. In paganism you have a unity between sexuality and spirituality, which is a great ideal. Christianity was not able to _do_ this, because it regards nature as a fallen realm and our bodies as belonging to that fallen realm. The soul is, you know, the thing that was created in God's divine image, so the closer you can come to God, the less sexual you are. And this produced the monasticism, of course, and celibacy of the Middle Ages. So yes indeed, that's what I'm trying to show in my work. I'm trying to show the actual spiritual vision that's inherent in this highly eroticized point of view that paganism had, all right? And it's so difficult for people to understand this. Like I regard all strip tease or belly dancing today as part of that long line, coming down from when dance was _sacred_ in the cult around the Great Mother. This is really true, you know, that belly dancing is the last remnant of this long tradition going back. These movements of the hips, the overtly sensual and provocative pelvic motions of the belly dancer—to provoke _(laughs)_ the _fatigued libido_ of the various sultans and caliphs—all that goes back to the temple prostitutes around the Great Mother, in the ancient Near East and so on. It's difficult for people trained in Judeo-Christianity to look at overt sexuality and regard it as in any way having anything to do with God, all right? But it _does_. In Hinduism, there are temples in India which have copulating nude couples, sometimes threes and fours, on the temple. I am entirely pro-pornography. When I look at pornography, for example, I see the _energies of nature_ , all right? For Hinduism, those are creative and fertile energies. People who look at pornography and see simply oppression, see male dominance and female submission!—which, by the way, is completely false about pornography. That's simply not true. Often it's exactly the reverse. DOWNIE _(in gallery of ancient sculpture):_ For years, Camille Paglia's colleagues tried to avoid her, despite having impeccable credentials from Yale University. She just didn't seem to fit in. But something has happened. Her ideas are now noticed and debated, and not just by academics. Her book, _Sexual Personae_ , is available in paperback now, and it continues to sell amazingly well. But while her _ideas_ are reaching more and more people, _she_ remains an enigma. And she finds comfort in history. PAGLIA _(in Philadelphia):_ From my earliest years, I feel I was such an alienated being—I think from my rebellion against my sex role in the early Fifties. Right from the start, I felt when as a tiny child I went to the museum, the Metropolitan Museum, and I saw the great artifacts from Egypt and so on, I always felt, from the study of history, that they gave me a kind of perspective upon my own culture. It allowed me to see my own identity in a larger frame of reference. And I think that the study of history has been for me—my early passion was to be an archaeologist, an Egyptologist—the study of history has been for me a liberation from the conventions of my own time. DOWNIE: For a lot of people, though, I think history is seen as something to be overcome, and your point is that it's something that has to be appreciated and delved into and brought to bear on what's happening now. PAGLIA: That's why I see history in huge rhythms, enormously long rhythms. That's why I think most people are just _trapped_ in the present. If you don't understand the whole path, you can't see where we're going, because you don't see where we've _been_. So I just see these huge rhythms operating, and I see that popular culture has been this enormous transformation that happened, I feel in the 1920s, with the birth of sound pictures. That was the moment when, I think, high art lost its exclusive status, and popular culture took over. And I think we're still in this rhythm, but I believe that we're still in the _Romantic_ rhythm. My mentor Harold Bloom also believes this, that we're still in the Romantic era. That is, the movement initiated by Rousseau's ideas in 1760. So that's what I see—one long huge pattern. Rock and roll is simply, you know, another eruption of that Romanticism. I see us still in that. And I think that the next— _to predict_ , all right? _(laughs)_ —I think the next rhythm will be inaugurated by someone from outer space. I mean, when—if—we discover another civilization, another planet, if it turns out there's evidence for that, then that's the beginning of a new phase, I think, when the people of the world, presumably, will see that we look more like each other than we do like that creature there which looks like a blob of Jell-O, all right? I think that that may happen, at a certain point, and I think that that may terminate the phase we're in.... I often feel when I talk to people who are older than me, a generation older than me, academics and so on, that their brains are very _slow_ , okay? Very _slow_. The speed of my mind is part of the stimulation I have received from all these sensory things—from rock and roll and MTV. When MTV came along, I felt it was exactly the way my brain had been operating for the prior twenty years. Flash! Flash! Flash! ## BOBBITT VERSUS BOBBITT CNN & Company, _January 12, 1994. Host: Mary Tillotson. Guests: Susan Estrich, Susan Milano, and Camille Paglia (in London). On the ongoing trial in Virginia of Lorena Bobbitt for severing her husband's penis_. PAGLIA: I have to say I am not surprised at this new evidence [of Lorena Bobbitt having battered her husband]. I have _always_ regarded the Bobbitt relationship as a sadomasochistic one _on both sides_ —both physically and psychologically. And my opinion remains that, on the one hand, I feel that Lorena Bobbitt committed a cruel and barbarous act, and a cowardly one, by attacking her husband while he was asleep. I reject _any_ prior claim of victimization. On the other hand, I have to say, I think this _will_ be having the effect of a revolutionary act by a woman, somewhat equivalent to Charlotte Corday killing Marat in his bath just after the French revolution.... Let me cut in here. I absolutely agree with Susan Estrich about the vigilantism. It _is_ that. I have to say, however, that at certain moments of history, when law and order break down, there may be a _need_ for self-defense. I do not _excuse_ Lorena Bobbitt for what she did. I think it is _criminal_ and she _must_ go to prison! However, we're at a time in the history of women when the old controls, the old protections—the fathers and the brothers and so on—are no longer there to protect you against abuse. And I think we have a return here to that great period at the close of the Sixties when you had women like Valerie Solanas—Society for Gutting Up Men—who shot Andy Warhol. I don't want to praise _that_ act, but I'm all for personal responsibility and self-reliance again. So on the one hand, I think that Lorena Bobbitt is a neurotic, that she has to go to prison, _but_ —what I've always said, you see—she's from a _Latin_ country, and she has a sense of _honor_. And when her honor is offended, she _acts_ on her _own_. I think there's going to be _more_ of this.... I just don't agree that her life was in danger! What I _do_ think was going on was a very complex power dynamic. Now the problem of feminist rhetoric of the last twenty years is that it's been totally unable to _deal_ with the fact that _women_ are as aggressive in sexual relationships and as vengeful as _men!_ So what I think we have here is a _wonderful_ demonstration of the darkness, irrationality, and turbulence of sex relations and the inadequacy of the normal victimization rhetoric of feminism.... I don't want a situation where women go _after the fact_ for help to agencies and so on. I want to allow women to diagnose their own _addiction_ to a certain kind of s&m relationship—that I believe is going on here.... [re: the recent trial in Los Angeles of Erik and Lyle Menendez for the murder of their parents] What I love about that case, the Menendez case, is that it exposes once again the aggressions, the homicidal urges that Freud—who was thrown out of feminism twenty years ago—said were inherent in all of us. I totally agree: the Menendez case is a _fraud_. We can't keep relying simply on _the system!_ I _applaud_ the kinds of agencies that are there to give help to desperate women, but in my opinion it's only a minority of battered women that in fact are financially dependent on their husbands, and— _(furiously)_ I'm sorry! I _reject_ your figures! And I reject _all_ those figures of the feminist establishment! It's a bunch of _malarky!_ I'm sick and tired— _(shouting)_ I'm _sorry!_ Until you people begin to understand the _complex psychology_ of men and women in relation to each other, _more_ such women are going to be killed or are going to cut the penises off their husbands! A woman who stays after she has been battered— _as_ in this case—is psychologically addicted to that relationship. _She_ was getting something out of it too! Until we look to _great art_ —to Bizet's _Carmen_ and things like that—we're never going to understand that! There was a love relationship going on here— _a love-hate relationship_ of ambivalence. She was _not_ a pure victim! ## DIARY: SEX, ART, AND SELLING _From_ The Guardian, _London, January 21, 1994_. Wednesday. At breakfast en route to London, the steward offers me "bubble and squeak" [a British dish consisting of fried leftovers]. I am dumbfounded and think he is making a sexual proposition. Vaudeville visions of Gypsy Rose Lee dance before my eyes. On landing at Heathrow, I am greeted by Sarah Such, the lively head of publicity at Penguin, who has arranged this tour for the paperback of _Sex, Art, and American Culture_. As we drive into the pitch-dark city, I begin the first of my tutorials in racy British slang. Of the many pungent words Sarah will add to my vocabulary during my visit, my favorite is "prat," which I soon publicly apply to the Prince of Wales. Caught in traffic near the Basil Street Hotel, we see a strange stir in front of Harrods, as a dogpack of cameras circles an invisible prey. Richard Gere is opening the annual sale. "Penguin always puts me where the action is," I remark. Eighteen months ago, during my visit for _Sexual Personae_ , my hotel window looked into topsy-turvy Kensington Palace the week before Andrew Morton's _Diana: Her True Story_ broke upon the world. After a few hours' rest, punctuated by fire alarm bells, I begin my week of interviews, sustained by oceans of Pepsi and Evian and rafts of scones and exquisite tea sandwiches, which I devour with obscene relish. Thursday. I have an unpleasant encounter with the hotel's European hair dryer, which looks like a vacuum cleaner and blasts me against the wall with hurricanelike force. The interviews continue, back to back. By day's end, I have ejected a belligerent reporter for incoherence and inaccuracy. When informed that this woman is considered an "expert" on feminism, I reply, "I have gazed into her mind, and it is mush." Highlight of the day is my costume session for the "Dressed to Kill" feature in the _Daily Mail_. When asked, via transatlantic fax, about my favorite contemporary designers, I urged that the stylist find vaguely transvestite Sixties wear, either Diana Rigg _Avengers_ outfits or Portobello Road historical regalia of dandy or cavalier. Confronted with a crowded rack, I fall ecstatically on an opulent purple-velvet Moschino jacket with pearl buttons. Two people are needed to zip me into the thigh-high black suede boots. I am in gender-bending heaven. British news events swirl round us. Every day, some delicious sex scandal shakes the government. I steal an _Evening Standard_ poster off the street (LOVE CHILD MINISTER FORCED TO QUIT) to hang in my Philadelphia office next to my lifesize Babylonian icon of Joanne Whalley-Kilmer as Christine Keeler. Friday. The _Guardian_ declares me "a flash in the pan." I eject a photographer for constructing a hellish oven in which I am expected to put my head. _The Late Show_ films my predictions for 1994: "Madonna and Diana will be revealed to be one person, a hybrid Hindu goddess named Madiana. They will withdraw to a Tibetan monastery, run by Richard Gere, to which women and hermaphrodites can come for flagellation by Madonna and then nursing and healing by Diana." We fly to Belfast, where I deliver a lecture at Queen's University. Here, as elsewhere, I complain about my acute television deprivation in Europe and the UK—the few channels, the lack of late-night programming. At a bar afterward, I savour Guinness and marvel at the extraordinary beauty of Irish youth. Weekend. We are driven to Dublin by a security-cleared driver of James Bond expertise. We pass a ruined Doric temple, a bombed-out courthouse where five policemen were killed. I am fascinated by the ancient stone farmhouses and omnipresent sheep of the Irish countryside. Arriving at a television studio for the _Kenny Live_ show at 10 P.M., we see three handlers struggling with a baby tiger in the street. Sarah, having forgotten her leash, also fails to get me through the door, as I carry on about Blake and _Bringing Up Baby_. I lose a button. In wardrobe, Sarah heroically sews it on, as I wander about exclaiming at boxes labeled "Ladies Bras for Men" and "Ladies Shoes for Men," the latter containing gigantic, battered pink pumps. On the show, a caller says I am a combination of "Groucho Marx and Hitler." The host and I kiss. Back in London, I film risqué presentations for two Channel 4 programs, on the penis and lesbians, following last year's shows on Diana and Lolita. The artist, Alison Maddex, rightly dubbed my "inamorata" by the press, arrives from Germany. We feast on partridge, steak and kidney pie, and flagons of ale at Rules, where we sense positive spirit presences. Monday. More interviews, leading up to my lecture at the National Theatre. Alison and I are entranced by a gorgeous Thirties portrait of Olivier as Hamlet in the green room. Andrew Morton comes backstage to say hello. We find him wildly handsome but go off on our own for an Indian cuisine extravaganza. Tuesday. _Elle_ magazine arrives with costumes for a photo shoot. I try on gold mail trousers but reject a black-rubber cat suit and red vinyl dominatrix thigh boots. I select a studded black leather jacket and motorcycle boots and pose with a medieval broadsword. I feel like Mel Gibson in _Mad Max. The South Bank Show_ interviews me about the changing image of fat women in cultural history. I am aggravated as reporters claim my "chic" jet black suit was "navy." Later that week. Alison and I visit Hampton Court, Vivienne West-wood's shop, and a chocolate-wall art exhibit. We see _Oleanna_ (tedious but all-too-true) and _Medea_ (electrifying), after which I send a thank-you note backstage to Diana Rigg, one of my heroines. The _Sunday Times_ compares me to Dame Edna Everage, which is, as Sarah would say, spot on. I thank the ghost of Coco Chanel that the cover photo definitively documents my maligned black suit. Alison and I fly back to America. The moment I get home, I rush through the house, turning on all three of my television sets at once. # EXTRACTS "A gentleman is..." _from_ Esquire, _Spring-Summer 1993_. The idea of the modern "gentleman" is a product of British culture. It originates in the Italian Renaissance, in Baldassare Castiglione's _The Courtier_ , a handbook of elegant aristocratic manners. The gentleman is half feminine. Though he may be a warrior or athlete, he has smoothed and softened his masculine aggression for indoor politicking. Because of his refinement and attentiveness, the gentleman is always highly attractive to women and is often a skilled seducer. Film history is full of great gentlemen, from Fred Astaire and Cary Grant to George Hamilton, whose persona tends toward the gigolo. Hugh Hefner has never received the credit he deserves for creating a sophisticated model of the suave American gentleman in the Marlboro Man years following shoot-'em-up World War II. Contemporary feminism has tried to ditch male gallantry and chivalry as reactionary and sexist. Eroticism has suffered as a result. Perhaps it's time to bring the gentleman back. He may be the only hero who can slay that mythical beast, the date-rape octopus, currently strangling American culture. * * * _From_ The Washington Post Book World, _Christmas feature, 1992. Writers were asked what books they would read over the holidays, what books they hoped to write, and what books influenced them in childhood_. No current books will be read by me for some time, since I am still making my way, with heavy sighs and a magnifying glass, through Madonna's _Sex_. As for planned books of my own, it would be too cruel to spoil the holiday season with dark visions of future Paglia tomes, portable only by wheelbarrow. However, I eagerly answer the query about the ultimate book of my childhood. It was the boxed set of Lewis Carroll's Alice books, a special edition with tinted Tenniel illustrations, published by Random House in 1946. The contrasting wear of the two tattered volumes clearly shows that it was _Through the Looking-Glass_ , rather than _Alice in Wonderland_ , that most obsessed me as a child. The Alice books were my bible, and I studied them religiously. They have a dreamy, hallucinatory quality. Order and chaos oscillate. Time and space melt. Vivid personalities, cantankerous and egotistical, appear as humans, animals, plants, and assorted objects, including a leg of mutton in a paper hat. Everything in the universe is capable of cryptic, bossy speech. The curt, explosive sound of Carroll's sentences seemed to echo the choppy, vigorous Italian dialects I heard all around me as a child but was unable to understand. I probably identified the rumpled, sweet-tempered White Queen and the forceful, dogmatic Red Queen with, respectively, my paternal and maternal grandmothers, the stately matriarchs to whom I dedicated _Sexual Personae_. Alice was a model heroine for a small child. Isolated, plucky, and inquisitive, she wanders through gleaming drawing rooms, tangled gardens, and rough forests with a kind of baffled stoicism. At five, I was Alice for Halloween, in a pinafore, apron, and yellow-yarn wig made by my mother. My other admirations were male: Prince Valiant, Robin Hood, and Bizet's Escamillo. The observant and quietly determined Alice would remain my ruling female persona until my adolescent passion for Katharine Hepburn and Amelia Earhart. In college, I rediscovered Carroll's arch, haughty rhetoric in Oscar Wilde and my potent, ultraverbal new allies, gay men and drag queens. * * * _"I, the Jury," from_ The Washington Post Book World, _December 5, 1993. Writers were asked to make nominations for the Nobel Prize for Literature_. The Nobel Peace Prize has not been awarded in years where it wasn't deserved. A similar standard should govern the literature prize, in which case there would have been no winners for the past twenty years. The declining importance of the written word in our age of mass media is all too eloquently expressed in the diminishing distinction of winners of the literature prize after the high period of Jean-Paul Sartre (1964), Samuel Beckett (1969), and Pablo Neruda (1971). The literature prize, a relic of a genteel pre-modernist era, should be abolished or redefined as a culture prize. Artists of far greater achievement and world stature than recent Nobel prizewinners are Ingmar Bergman, Federico Fellini, and Bob Dylan. If we must stick to literature, I say give the prize to our brilliant Beat shaman, Allen Ginsberg. I'd love to see Ginsberg disrupt the pompous Nobel ceremony with one of his trademark pieces of performance art—cross-legged, incense-burning, cymbal-clanging, and chanting some mystical ode of juicy gay porn. * * * _Paglia has publicly condemned "advance blurbs" as a corrupt practice of the publishing industry, and she refuses to write them. However, she occasionally provides comments after a book is published, and these have appeared (along with phrases from her book reviews) on paperback editions_. For the Doubleday/Anchor reissue in 1992 of Leslie Fiedler's _Love and Death in the American Novel_ (1960): Leslie Fiedler, Norman O. Brown, and Allen Ginsberg were the three central literary figures of the American Sixties. In college, I read Fiedler intensely and deeply. _Love and Death in the American Novel_ is immediately behind my book _Sexual Personae_. In it, Fiedler made the first important synthesis of practical criticism with psychoanalysis and progressive politics. He created an American intellectual style that was truncated by the invasion of faddish French theory in the Seventies and Eighties. Let's turn back to Fiedler and begin again. For the New American Library paperback edition of Gordon F. Sander, _Serling: The Rise and Twilight of Television's Last Angry Man_ (1992): Rod Serling was one of the central creators of twentieth-century American imagination. He was a sci-fi visionary, surrealist poet, and political moralist. The impact of _The Twilight Zone_ on my Sixties generation was like that of T. S. Eliot's _The Waste Land_ and Samuel Beckett's _Waiting for Godot_ on the two generations before us. Serling was a primary inspiration to me as a writer. I revere him as the modern heir of Edgar Allan Poe. * * * _From_ The Essential Frankenstein, _ed. Leonard Wolf, Penguin, 1993_. I have always found _Frankenstein_ , in its book and movie versions, profoundly and unpleasantly disturbing because of my identification with the split personae of the story. In Dr. Frankenstein I felt my detached scientific consciousness, that cool observing eye that I cast on human behavior from my preschool years. In the monster I sensed my alienated sexuality, which began with the gender dysfunction of my childhood and continued through the ambiguities of sexual orientation that still trouble me today. The monster has my uncouth brute power and psychological isolation, and in its challenge to and flight from authority I saw my own Romantic affronts to the conformist humanitarian values of the "community." But _Frankenstein_ 's mode is horror, while mine is comedy. I found my way out of Mary Shelley's existential dilemma by rejecting Aristotle's "fear and pity" for Aristophanes' bawdy, vital energy. * * * _From_ The New York Observer, _July 5–12, 1993. Dan Cogan asks celebrities about memories of summer camp_. I went to Spruce Ridge Camp in the Adirondacks and Lourdes Summer Camp, a Catholic camp. For me, these all-women environments were prelesbian heaven. It was just so romantic. I had mad crushes on all the counselors. It was fabulous, a paradise state. At one camp I had a male name briefly. I had just taken the confirmation name Anastasia, after the movie. You're supposed to name yourself after a saint, so I named myself after Ingrid Bergman. I began calling myself Stacy, already an androgynous name. Someone got it wrong and called me Stanley, and I liked that, so I was called Stanley that summer. It was great. Outside of my normal school environment, where you would have to wear a skirt or a dress or a gym uniform, I really could be my androgynous, butch self for days on end. It's probably why I felt happy while I was there. The way I've always gotten attention from women is by being funny. Camp was the only place you could get sustained attention from pretty girls. People like to criticize me, saying, "Oh, she's such a showboat," but that's one of the things I developed to get attention from women. I can't get them into bed, but I could still get their attention. And I'm sure camp was pivotal. But it was still a very innocent age. Today, I think I would have been much more physically aggressive than I was. There were a million opportunities to do things, for heaven's sake. There was some experimentation, sitting in bed and pretending we were boys with each other. It was very hot. Things were never that hot again. I _don't_ think counselors would have permitted it if they knew what was going on. But this is also one of my primary alien experiences. The idea of everyone sitting around the campfire and singing "Que Sera Sera," Doris Day's greatest hit. It is one of the experiences that formed my temper as the kind of totally obnoxious person that I am now, my total intolerance for sappy sentimentality and handholding. I hate campfire singing. To me, it typifies the Fifties. The false _gemütlichkeit_ of these camps is part of what formed my rebellion as a Sixties revolutionary. It's why I love Keith Richards. And of course I created some incidents. The biggest happened when it was my task to deal with the latrine at Spruce Ridge. The instructions on the five-pound bag of lime that was handed to me said to put half a cup into the latrine. I thought it said half a package. So I dumped in half the bag. Well, I know enough about chemistry now to know what happened. Methane gas is produced by decay. The lime exploded as soon as it hit the gas in the latrine, and I was flung out backwards and clouds and clouds of white-brownish smoke were pouring out of the latrine upwards past the unsullied pine trees into the heavens. And I was so stunned, I thought, God, what's happening, because in those days you didn't know anything. And I jumped onto a fallen tree to warn people, and it was so moss-covered that my legs flew out from under me, and I fell about eight feet down, BOOM!, and I lay there stunned, watching the clouds go and go and go. It was just endless. I knew I would be in trouble. That was a very archetypal experience. It symbolized everything I would do with my life and work. Excess and extravagance and explosiveness. I would be someone who would look into the latrine of culture, into pornography and crime and psychopathology and so on, and I would drop the bomb into it. I would terrorize everyone, create complete disorder, and then I'd be lying on my back watching the explosion that I made rise helplessly into the sky. * * * "Critical Mass Media," from _the_ PEN Newsletter, _October 1993. Members of PEN were asked what motivated them as writers in today's changing world_. My primary inspiration remains the rebellion of my Sixties generation against bourgeois convention. So many of my contemporaries lost themselves in drugs or dissipated their energies outside the system, which they refused to enter and therefore never transformed. Television and popular music shaped the imagination of my generation, but the academic and literary establishment is still dominated by dull, moralistic, slow-thinking people who came to consciousness fifty years ago, before the triumph of mass media. As a writer, I am committed to the enterprise of setting down my generation's inner experience for the historical record. Not since Gutenberg, as Marshall McLuhan observed, had there been such a dizzying communications explosion. Since the Sixties there has been a radical shift from words to images in world culture. The modern writer must be able to negotiate between these realms. Like Alexandrian scribes, we carry the sacred burden of the literary past in a lively, decadent, commercial age increasingly indifferent to books. But I remain convinced that words have both power and permanence. * * * _From "Symposium—In the Media, A Woman's Place,"_ Columbia Media Studies Journal, _Winter/Spring, 1993_. In the past two years, feminism exploded into the media and became hot news again. But the serious, legitimate issues of date rape and sexual harassment were done to death and turned into mass hysteria. Feminist books became best-sellers, but they also exposed deep divisions within feminism itself that the media had lazily ignored. For twenty years, dissident feminist voices like mine could not get heard. From the moment Gloria Steinem founded _Ms_. magazine and became a power on the New York social and political scene, the media servilely surrendered to the white, middle-class lady's view of feminism, which many of us from the Sixties found genteel, sanitized, and repressive. Since my recent notoriety, I have had many opportunities to observe the inner workings of the major media. With few exceptions, the sloth, superficiality and ignorance about long-standing feminist issues are not to be believed. Media people just repeat the simplistic Steinem party line like robots. Catharine MacKinnon, a puritanical anti-porn extremist endorsed by Steinem, is trotted out on program after program as if she were Grandma Moses. I am constantly battling to get the opposing position heard and have pulled out of several network shows when producers began to buckle under hardline pressure. And there are many programs and major print organs that are completely closed to me. My message to the media is: Wake up! The silencing of authentic debate among feminists just helps the rise of the far right. When the media get locked in their Northeastern ghetto and become slaves of the feminist establishment and fanatical special interests, the American audience ends up looking to conservative voices for common sense. As a libertarian Democrat, I protest against this self-defeating tyranny of political correctness. * * * _From_ In A Word: A Harper's Magazine Dictionary of Words That Don't Exist But Ought To, _Jack Hitt, ed., 1992. Contributors were asked to invent, define, and illustrate a new word_. whuffle [ _whine + wheeze + snuff + sniffle]:_ The annoying, scratchy sound made by weepy feminists as they lament the sufferings of women and, houndlike, sniff out evidence of male oppression in literature, art, and the media. Some compare it to the rustle of Victorian crinoline skirts. Others speak of a badmintonlike spank and whoosh. Still others think of a jumbled feathery flapping, as in the attic torture of Tippi Hedren in _The Birds_. Of a feminist theorist: "She whuffled her way to the top." Of a feminist conference: "The room overflowed with whufflers." Of a feminist lecture: "The whuffling was unbearable." * * * _Letter to the editor_ , London Review of Books, _March 11, 1993. Reprinted in_ Harper's, _June 1993_. Elaine Showalter's review of my new book, _Sex, Art, and American Culture_ , was generally fair and accurate in its detailed overview of my career. However, her account of my appearance in December at her own institution, Princeton University, is a dismaying collage of distortions, malice, and wishful fantasy. I have never in fact been invited to lecture at Princeton, partly because of the solipsistic insularity of the feminist establishment that Elaine Showalter represents. I was not giving a lecture at Princeton on the day in question. I had been invited by Alisa Belletini, producer of MTV's "House of Style," to sit on a 40-minute panel with her, supermodel Cindy Crawford, and Linda Wells, founder and editor-in-chief of _Allure_ magazine, to help defend them against the insane feminist charge (obsessively pushed by one-note Naomi Wolf) that the fashion industry causes anorexia. As one of four panelists focused on a single issue, I could hardly jump to my feet, take over the occasion, and regale the audience with my usual Joan-Rivers-meets-Jane-Harrison comic monologue. Had I done so, I expect Professor Showalter would have used that as evidence of my dreadful selfishness and daffy narcissism. Here, as in her books, she shows her inability to read simple cultural symbolism. At Princeton I was dressed in casual butch blue jeans, rather than my usual ultra-femme, high-maquillage, Auntie Mame performance drag, to signal that I was not the central focus: Cindy Crawford was. It was for the gorgeous, willowy Crawford, not me, that the huge crowd paid a $5 entrance fee. I suggest that Professor Showalter, who was clearly stung by the respectful coverage my attendance at the conference received before and after the event in _The New York Times_ and New Jersey newspapers on and off campus, should concentrate her energies on the deplorable condition of Princeton education. We visitors were shocked at the mediocrity and inarticulateness of most of the student questioners, who seemed to have no command even of syntax, much less thought, aside from their parroting of passé feminist clichés. Ivy League education in the humanities is obviously in the pits. In conclusion, Professor Showalter tries to make a grand point of my refusal to "debate" other academic feminists—as if I had ever been invited by anyone anywhere in the country to such a debate (except for a Madonna panel at this student-organized conference). The unpleasant truth is that the American feminist establishment categorically refused to read my book or to take me or my ideas seriously until now, three full years after the release of _Sexual Personae_. I'm afraid it's too late, ladies. You have abundantly shown your true character, in all its vicious, Kremlin-walled Stalinism. The reform movement that I helped launch is at your gates. Your desire for debate is touching, even pathetic. But the time for negotiations is long past. History has moved on and left you behind. * * * "On Picasso," _from_ Art News, _April 1993_. On the level of creativity, Picasso is equal to Michelangelo. Therefore it's appalling that feminists have removed him from study for women artists, who are brainwashed that he was mean to his girlfriends. Yes, mainstream and radical feminists are anti-Picasso. You can't treat him seriously, they claim. This is absolute nonsense. They're blind to a vital fact: you must separate the person in real life from the artist. Now, we may be interested in biographical compulsions, but art—I stress—exists separately from real life. Young women in Ivy League schools are told art history was written by men, so there's a heterosexist conspiracy to keep them from knowing about women artists in history. We've revised the reputation of some minor women artists I find interesting. Romaine Brooks. I've always liked her. Frida Kahlo. Fine. But not one major woman artist has ever been rediscovered. Then Germaine Greer says there are no great women because they have mutilated egos. I say great art _only_ comes from mutilated egos. Western culture is about the solitary, obsessive individualist. Usually artists of non-Western traditions subordinate themselves to collective style and "speak" for the tribe. In Michelangelo and Picasso we see Western art and personality. Everything that is Western about cultural history is encapsulated in Picasso. * * * _From interview by Edie Magnus with Camille Paglia on premiere of Connie Chung's_ Eye to Eye, _CBS, June 17, 1993, in regard to sexual harassment lawsuits against schools by parents on behalf of their children_. PAGLIA: Well, I think it's a very dangerous trend—very dangerous indeed. MAGNUS _(voiceover):_ Writer and controversial social critic Camille Paglia sees a danger in the surge of laws which might appear fashionable now but which she feels undermine the kids they're designed to protect. PAGLIA: The idea of the state and the law stepping in to make sure everyone's feelings are not bruised—this is _madness_. If the girl's feeling's aren't hurt now, they will be hurt some time in the future—again and again and again. If you haven't built up the armor to deal with some reverse in junior high school—what are we _doing_ to people? We are crippling them. We are _crippling_ our young women! _(Program continues.)_ PAGLIA: We cannot have constant legal remedies for every single thing that goes wrong with kids in junior high school. MAGNUS: What would you say to the eighth grade girl who comes home crying every day, whose grades have fallen, who says she cannot concentrate enough to be able to get a good education because the boys in school are calling her dirty names? PAGLIA: I have to ask: is it happening in the _classroom?_ If it's happening in the classroom, that cannot be tolerated. If it's happening _outside_ the classroom, tough cookies, okay? Get a grip. This is called life. L-I-F-E is life. We cannot constantly make a kind of cushion around our white middle-class girls _(makes ear-muff gesture and mimics sulky adolescent)_ , protecting them from any obscene thing that comes to their ears! # APPENDICES CARTOON PERSONAE A MEDIA CHRONICLE 6. Movie poster for _Female Misbehavior_ (1992). A. Piccolo Graphics/NYC. From Part 1, "Dr. Paglia" (above); from Part 3, "Bondage" (below). First Run Features. Fig. 7. _Camille Paglia: her operatic tough-girl voice rings out into the cloistered academic air_. Drawing by Victor Juhasz originally appeared in _The New Yorker_. Copyright © 1992 by Victor Juhasz. All rights reserved. Fig. 8. Drawing by Victoria Roberts originally appeared in _The New Yorker_. Copyright © 1993 by Victoria Roberts. Fig. 9. Drawing by Gail E. Machlis originally appeared in the _San Francisco Chronicle_. Copyright © 1992 Chronicle Features Syndicate. Fig. 10. Drawing by Carole Cable originally appeared in the _Chronicle of Higher Education_. Copyright © 1994. Reprinted by permission of University of Texas Press. Fig. 11. Drawing by Doug Sneyd reproduced by special permission of _Playboy_ magazine. Copyright © 1993 by _Playboy_. Fig. 12. Drawing by Demetrios Psillos originally appeared in _Self_ magazine. Copyright © 1993 by Demetrios Psillos. Fig. 13. Copyright © 1993 by Bill Holbrook. Reprinted with special permission of King Features Syndicate. Fig. 14. Originally appeared in _The New York Native_. Copyright © 1992 by C. Bard Cole. Fig. 15. Paglia as St. Sebastian. Originally appeared in _The New Republic_. Copyright © 1992 by Vint Lawrence. Fig. 16. Paglia with Madonna and fig leaf. Originally appeared in _The New Republic_. Copyright © 1993 by Vint Lawrence. Fig. 17. Paglia as Diva. Drawing by Charles Hefling originally appeared in _The Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review_. Fig. 18. Copyright © 1992 by Tom Roberts and Jim Siergey. Nationally syndicated in alternative newspapers. Fig. 19. Copyright © 1993 by Tom Roberts and Jim Siergey. Nationally syndicated in alternative newspapers. Fig. 20. Inspired by Paglia's _Modern Review_ essay on revivals. Her books are shown in frame 7. Drawing by Mick Kidd and Chris Garratt. Copyright © 1994 by BIFF Products. Originally appeared in _The Guardian_ , London. Figs. 21, 22, & 23. Three strips inspired by _Sexual Personae_. Copyright © 1992 by Bill Griffith. Reprinted with special permission of King Features Syndicate. Fig. 24. Copyright © 1992 by Bill Griffith. Reprinted with special permission of King Features Syndicate. Fig. 25. The box contains copies of Paglia's _Sex, Art, and American Culture_. Excerpt from the ongoing strip courtesy of Firebrand Books. Copyright © 1994 by Alison Bechdel. Fig. 26. Poster of _Sex, Art, and American Culture_ in superheroine's room in _The Maxx_ comic books. Copyright © 1993 by Sam Kieth. Fig. 27. Copyright © 1993 by Raymond Lowry. Originally appeared in _The Guardian_ , 1993. Figs. 28 & 29. Copyright © 1993 by John Callahan. Reprinted by permission. Gift of the artist. Figs. 30 & 31. Copyright © 1993 by John Callahan. Reprinted by permission. Gift of the artist. Fig. 32. Gloria Steinem aboard drifting ship; Paglia as Siren. Copyright © 1993 by John Callahan. Reprinted by permission. Fig. 33. Paglia as Samson—the final caricature as published in the _San Francisco Examiner_. Copyright © 1992 by Zach Trenholm. Reprinted by permission. Fig. 34. Paglia as Marlon Brando—the original caricature that was rejected by the _San Francisco Examiner_ as "unsuitable for a family newspaper." Copyright © 1992 by Zach Trenholm. Reprinted by permission. Figs. 35–39. Preliminary sketches for the _San Francisco Examiner_ caricature: Paglia as bull in china shop, Byzantine evangelist, Venus de Dietrich, bikini-barbell powerlifter, and La Pasionaria. Copyright © 1992 by Zach Trenholm. Reprinted by permission. Fig. 40. Gift from the staff of Penthouse Comix. Presented to Paglia by George Caragonne at Bob Guccione's Manhattan townhouse. Copyright 1994 by CDI. Drawn by Bill Vallely and written by George Caragonne, editor in chief of Penthouse Comix. # A MEDIA CHRONICLE Selected articles regarding Camille Paglia. The bibliography of _Sex, Art, and American Culture_ ended with June 1992. The bibliography of _Vamps & Tramps_ picks up from that point, with some earlier additions. Annotations by Paglia. " _My_ Name's Camille Paglia," _Philadelphia_ , February 1992. Article with photos of the two feminist/astrologer Camille Paglias, unknown to each other until one wrote _Sexual Personae_. When Lesbo A-Go-Go, a troupe of lesbian go-go dancers from Washington, D.C., tried to contact pro-porn professor Paglia to defend them on _Donahue_ , they reached the other one by mistake. The latter then appeared on the show (November 1991) and attacked the dancers from the anti-porn feminist position. Author Paglia tells _Philadelphia_ , "It's like that episode on _The Twilight Zone_ where Vera Miles meets her double in the deserted bus depot." "Female Problems at Brown," _Heterodoxy_ , May 1992. The satirical anti-p.c. newspaper quotes a Stalinist broadside by feminist English department faculty at Brown University denouncing Paglia's appearance there in March 1992, which they boycotted and which drew one of the largest crowds in 30 years. "Camille Paglia: 'As feministas vulgarizam a grandeza da mulher': Uma das provocaçöes da polêmica professora da Philadelphia's University of the Arts," _Jornal da Tarde_ (Brazil), May 12, 1992. Big spread on Paglia. Joan Juliet Buck, "The Annette Effect," _Vanity Fair_ , June 1992. Cover story on Annette Bening: "Now she's reading Camille Paglia, and finds the concept of 'humanist rather than feminist' to be attractive. 'Nature comes first.' " Kathy Healy, "The New Strippers," _Allure_ , June 1992. Paglia defends stripping. "Speech Codes and Censors," _Wall Street Journal_ , June 6, 1992. Editorial about assaults on free speech on American campuses. Condemns the campaign against _Sexual Personae_ by feminist faculty at Connecticut College. "College reading list causes controversy," _Chronicle of Higher Education_ , June 17, 1992. On the furor over _Sexual Personae_ at Connecticut College. "The Real Camille," _QW_ (New York), June 21, 1992. A gay magazine prints vicious false allegations about Paglia, whose long, angry letter in response appeared July 19. Emily Harrison Weir, "The Academic Dominatrix: Camille Paglia's Incendiary Cultural Criticism," _NewsSmith_ (Smith College), Summer 1992. Account of Paglia's lecture in April at Smith. Katherine Farrish, "Tempest over a summer selection: Anti-feminist book has college in uproar," _The Hartford Courant_ , July 12, 1992. Account of the controversy at Connecticut College over _Sexual Personae_ , which some professors called "trash." Janet Gezari, the college's director of women's studies, says about _Sexual Personae_ , "Let's not be fooled by packaging into mistaking any hate-speech or sexist or racist doctrine for ideas." _Spy_ parody issue of _The New York Times, July_ 15, 1992. Distributed as a prank at the Democratic National Convention in New York City. Headline: "Perot Set to Pick TV's Oprah Winfrey as Running Mate." On the op-ed page are parodies of articles by Paglia, Anna Quindlen, A.M. Rosenthal, and Michael Dukakis. The Paglia piece, written by Jamie Malanowski, is the lead, "A Hot-Button Candidate: Seeing Clinton as Slick Willie and Liking It." A montage shows Clinton in a jeweled white Elvis suit. "Women We Love," _Esquire_ , August 1992. Listed as "Bad Girls for Good Times": Drew Barrymore and Camille Paglia. Robert Rockwood, "The Emperor Is Naked: Baring the Truth Behind NAMBLA's Bad Press," _NAMBLA Bulletin_ , July/August 1992. Magazine of the controversial North American Man/Boy Love Association. Long excerpt from _Sexual Personae_ about what Rockwood correctly summarizes as "an underlying religious impulse" in the ancient cult of the beautiful boy. "Camille Paglia," _Current Biography_ , August 1992. Cover story. Visible in photo of Paglia in her office: poster of Madonna in a black bra; photo of porn king Jeff Stryker, clipped from a gay newspaper. Camille Paglia, "The Diana Cult: What's _really_ behind our obsession with the Princess of Wales?" _New Republic_ , August 3, 1992. Cover story. Reprinted in _The Guardian_ (London), _The Globe and Mail_ (Toronto), and _The San Francisco Chronicle_. Robert F. Moss, "The 1992 Literary Olympics," _New York_ , August 10, 1992. Fantasy athletic contests for literati: "Freestyle Repartee" at the "Dorothy Parker Pavilion" and, "the glamour event," "Literary Feuding" at the "Lillian Hellman/Mary McCarthy Arena." Paglia versus Sontag proposed for the latter. Same issue: Marilyn Webb, "The Right Course." Announces that fall's five-night lecture series on feminism at the 92nd Street Y, with Gloria Steinem the first week and Paglia the second. [It was at this event that Steinem, presiding onstage with Susan Faludi and Naomi Wolf, was caught by the _60 Minutes_ cameras declaring to the audience about Paglia, "We don't give a shit what she thinks!"] Paglia says, "My brand of feminism is totally unlike establishment feminism" [a term, along with "feminist establishment," that she coined]. Joseph P. Kahn and Mark Muro, "Woody: The fall of a Hollywood icon," _The Boston Globe_ , August 20, 1992. Paglia calls the Woody Allen scandal "a wonderful cold douche for feminist naivete" [apparently the first appearance of that slang term in the _Globe_ ]. Richard Weizel, "College Reading List Provokes Debate," _The New York Times_ , Connecticut supplement, August 23, 1992. Account of the controversy over _Sexual Personae_ at Connecticut College. Paglia is described as a "renegade feminist" [a term first applied to her by Diane Sawyer on ABC's _Primetime Live_ ]. Janet Gezari, director of the college's women's studies program, calls Paglia "a woman hater" and says, "She is a misogynist in the best tradition of Western misogyny. And we should not be recommending that students read books that present those kinds of opinions about women." Weizel states: "[Gezari] said she strongly opposed the book's inclusion on the summer reading list and took part in an organized effort to have it removed because the book 'is racist and sexist and just doesn't belong on a list of books that this college should be recommending.' She said she agreed with some professors who compared it to Hitler's _Mein Kampf_." A male professor says of _Sexual Personae_ , "Besides, it's just a bad book from a literary point of view and it shouldn't be read by students. What really strikes me about the book is that both conservatives and liberals have blasted it. That must tell you something." [Gee whiz! A book that thinks for itself!] Lauren H. Klatzkin, the student who originally suggested _Sexual Personae_ , "said she was appalled by the efforts to have it removed. 'I was really shocked so many people got so upset about it. The view of feminism expressed in the book may not be fashionable these days, but it is a true form of expression and one as worthy of discussion as any other form.' " James Wolcott, "Paglia's Power Trip," _Vanity Fair_ , September 1992. Profile of Paglia, with schoolday photos of her as Cleopatra, Amelia Earhart, and Clyde Barrow. Headline: "Since the publication two years ago of her slash-and-burn manifesto, _Sexual Personae_ , Camille Paglia has been bullying her way around the intellectual circuit, ambushing the new feminism—and almost single-handedly resurrecting the pop-cult debate. Now the woman who compares herself favorably to Simone de Beauvoir _and_ Madonna is busy promoting herself as the female role model of the next century." Photo by James Hamilton (who shot Paglia as bantam-weight super-dyke for _The Village Voice_ in 1991) of a vampy, cleavage-baring Paglia and her handsome African-American "Centurions," bodyguards Rennard Snowden and Brian Roach. Lynn Hirschberg, "Strange Love," _Vanity Fair_ , September 1992. Profile of rock diva Courtney Love, who says about her " _Kinder_ -whore" style of dress and makeup, "It's a good look. It's sexy, but you can sit down and say, 'I read Camille Paglia.' " Reed Woodhouse, "Hitting 'em with her best shot: Camille Paglia and _Bay Windows'_ Reed Woodhouse have a nice long chat," _Bay Windows_ (Boston), September 3, 1992. Part two appeared September 10. Paglia considers Woodhouse one of the most cultivated and knowledgeable interviewers she has encountered. Also in second issue: the lesbian office manager's editorial, "Camille Paglia: A Dangerous Woman," which calls Paglia a "misogynist," groups her with ultra-conservatives like Pat Buchanan, and scolds gay men for liking her. Chris Culwell, "Camille Unbound: Bitchy academic pushes everyone's buttons," _The Sentinel_ (San Francisco), September 10, 1992. Paglia quoted under a photo of Michel Foucault: "Foucault is one of the most misogynist writers of the past 100 years; there isn't a single woman anywhere in his books." Asked what she was "trying to accomplish" with _Sexual Personae_ , Paglia replies: "Ultimately, I'm trying to record how the mind works. The book is not about fixed ideas. It's about the epic struggle between the Apollonian—the form-making aspect of mankind—and the Dionysian, between reason and nature, mind and emotion. The book shows the Apollonian dissolving into the Dionysian, back and forth in this kind of rhythmic, oscillating motion. I call the book psychedelic because it's inspired by the kind of thing we were doing in the Sixties. My book is doing what people had to take acid to do; it's exploring parts of the brain we don't ordinarily use in everyday life." [The only reviewer who caught the rhythmic oscillations and critique of polarities in _Sexual Personae_ was Pat Lee, "The Eyes Have It," _Yorkshire Post_ , April 12, 1990.] Roger Kimball, "Dragon Lady of Academe," _The Wall Street Journal_ , September 17, 1992. Review _of Sex, Art, and American Culture_. Says about Paglia's academic exposé "Junk Bonds and Corporate Raiders": "Don't look for moderation or understatement here. This is criticism as an exercise in saturation bombing." Elizabeth Tippens, "Mastering Madonna," _Rolling Stone_ , September 17, 1992. Courses at various schools around the country that make use of Madonna, including Paglia's "Women and Sex Roles" at the University of the Arts. Tim Appelo and Meredith Berkman, "Fighting Words," _Entertainment Weekly_ , September 18, 1992. The Paglia versus Sontag battle." 'There's a jealousy factor here,' Paglia snorts. 'I'm saying, "You're the heavyweight who used to be the bully on the block and here comes the new girl!" ' " Describes incident at a Philadelphia Madonna concert where "a young male peed on her seat" and Paglia punched him in the face. [Paglia said to herself, "This is ridiculous! I'm a 40-year-old woman with a purse!"] Robert L. Pincus, "Paglia's 'Sex, Art' essays infuriate and/or enthrall," _The San Diego Union-Tribune_ , September 20, 1992. Review by an art critic: "Her attacks on the American academy's obsession with French theorists like Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida are brave. As she observes, their influence has given rise to a lot of dry, badly written, and unnecessarily complex commentary on the arts. Paglia offers an alternate method of writing erudite, insightful criticism on literature, art, and pop culture that is both accessible and relevant to a wide range of readers." Laura Shapiro, "An Intellectual Amazon: Is Paglia a radical thinker or a media marvel?" _Newsweek_ , September 21, 1992. Photo of Paglia with bullwhip. Caption (from a classic Ann-Margret movie): "Kitten with a whip: Paglia en garde." "People in the News," _San Jose Mercury News_ , September 22, 1992. "Today's Quote": Paglia comments on what the newspaper calls "Madonna's hotly anticipated photo-fantasy book, titled _Sex_ , a work so racy it will be encased in a Mylar bag—penetrable only with the help of a sharp object." Paglia says, "Short of going into a convent, I don't know how she can top herself after this." Stephanie Zacharek, "Uppity Bitch: Camille 101 is a richer course than critics admit," _Boston Phoenix Literary Supplement_ , September 25, 1992. Caption under photo (from 1991 M.I.T. lecture): "Brickbat Tosser: Camille Paglia builds a tough argument with playful prose." Begins: "If you sat down with a group of women's-studies majors and told them the story of a woman academic who, despite her fierce intelligence and encyclopedic knowledge of world culture, is despised in certain academic circles, they'd be the first to chalk her fate up to the oppressive patriarchal system. The reaction of many feminists to Paglia's 1990 opus, _Sexual Personae_ , and to the media blitz that followed it, proves that the desire to squelch ideas that don't square with your own isn't a purely white, masculine trait. Curious how, even in the Nineties, a woman runs the risk of getting lynched for being uppity." Nat Hentoff, "Forbidden Books at Connecticut College," _Washington Post_ , September 26, 1992. Criticizes the fight over _Sexual Personae_ and says it was the students who "saved the book—and the intellectual credibility" of the college: "Paglia sees literature and the rest of the world as a tournament, and her mission is to unhorse fashionable literary and intellectual figures and theories." See also Hentoff, "When Students Teach Professors," _The Progressive_ , February 1993. "Feminism and Its Discontents: Susan Faludi, Camille Paglia, and Naomi Wolf on Men, Women, Sex, Family Values... and each other," _Image_ magazine, _San Francisco Examiner_ , September 27, 1992. Entire magazine devoted to full airing of the issues. See also letters, October 25. [Significant that this debate was conceived (by editor David Talbot) and published on the West Coast. The East Coast media were then too dominated by the feminist establishment.] Don Savage and Christine Wenc, "Camille Paglia: Boy, She Sure Does Talk Fast!" _The Stranger_ (Seattle), September 28, 1992. Interview. Part two: October 5. Melinda Bargreen, "Camille Paglia: thorn in the feminists' side," _The Seattle Times_ , September 29, 1992. Inside headline: "A literary pit bull attacks the conventional feminist wisdom." Paglia says: "Let the feminists try to dismiss me. My feminism predates Steinem. Today's feminists are the lackeys and minions of the tyrant, Gloria Steinem. I evolved past the point where they began!" Diana Walker, "Camille Paglia strikes a pose in lecture on feminism" and "Camille Paglia loosens up," _The Daily of the University of Washington_ (Seattle), September 30, 1992. Account of lecture at university. Photo outside the hall of _60 Minutes_ cameraman filming socialist protesters, none of whom had read Paglia's work. [In widely rebroadcast footage from this lecture, Paglia declares: "My task as a feminist intellectual is to attack cant, convention, and cliché wherever they appear, in order to save feminism from its worst excesses. I'm not trying to get rid of feminism. I'm trying to reform it from within."] Joan Smith, "The Original Feminist? Camille Paglia's no shrinking violet, that's for sure," _San Francisco Examiner_ , September 30, 1992. Account of Paglia's lecture at the Herbst Theater. Huge photo by Mike Macor of Paglia looking like a wind-blown La Pasionaria, inflaming the crowd. JoAnn Garflin, "Sex, Art, and American Culture," _East Bay Express_ (Los Angeles), October 1992. "It's time to board up the windows, bury the silver, and send the children to stay with relatives in the country. Camille Paglia is back. Reading Paglia is like knocking back three espressos in a row. Your blood races, your eyes bulge, you hyperventilate. Camille Paglia is the person Dorothy Parker would have been if she'd had a Ph.D." Fenton Bailey, "I, Paglia: Camille Paglia's greatest hits," _Paper_ (New York), October 1992. Review. "Whether you agree—or violently disagree—with Camille Paglia's porn of plenty (I love it), there is no doubt that she has performed an invaluable service—reviving the academic establishment from irrelevant extinction. From Oxford to Harvard, academia has failed to make any sense thus far of popular culture. Either it has stuck its nose in the air, tut-tutting over the lowbrow philistines swarming the plain, or it has condescended to perform a cultural ascension on pop, making the comprehensible incomprehensible by trussing it in a criticalese that is mere babble to anyone but the snobs who have constructed the semi-idiotic code for their elitist onanism. 'The Dionysian is no picnic!' Paglia proclaims, a 21st-century Boadicea with chain saws on her chariot wheels, the better to cut down chaff like Susan Sontag, Naomi Wolf and Meryl Streep—and anyone else who gets in her way." Stuart Whitwell, "Nietzsche, Meet Madonna," _Booklist_ , October 1, 1992. One of the best analyses yet of Paglia's thought. Whitwell identifies "four overarching themes" in _Sexual Personae_ and says that, if readers keep them in mind, " _Sex, Art, and American Culture_ will begin to seem less like a fireworks display and more like a concerted effort to shift the intellectual focus of twentieth-century thought." His third category: "While liberals and conservatives were bickering over how to deal with the historical changes brought about by the collapse of religious authority, the rise of democracy, and the furious pace of technological evolution, pop culture has risen up like a tidal wave and changed the world so dramatically that the old quarrels of liberals and conservatives now look facile and outdated." Pat Califia, "Radical assessment," _The Philadelphia Inquirer_ , October 4, 1992. Attack on _Sex, Art, and American Culture_. Those who think the pro-sex wing of feminism is free of rabid political correctness must see this uninformed, maladroit review, with its humorless, grindingly formulaic Seventies-era politics. It calls Paglia "a failed academic," "repetitious, hateful, and in the end dreadfully dull." "The Cultural Elite: Who They Really Are," _Newsweek_ , October 5, 1992. Cover story about Vice-President Dan Quayle's charge that a liberal "cultural elite" wields too much power in America. _Newsweek_ lists 100 people, including Paglia, in art, politics, academe, and the media who constitute the "cultural elite." Paglia is identified as "Cultural terrorist, author": "Why is the Ivy League so frightened?" The false statement that Paglia "calls date rape 'sex as usual' " was retracted by _Newsweek_ on February 15, 1993. MTV, interview with Madonna (Milan), October 6, 1992. _(Questioner_ [British male voice]: "Are you familiar with the work of Camille Paglia?" _Madonna_ [correcting pronunciation]: "Paglia, yes." _Q_. "She says female beauty is a potent form of power. Do you agree?" _Madonna:_ "Absolutely." _Q:_ "In what way are you using your power?" _Madonna:_ "You mean I have to tell you? [laughs] How am I using my power? By doing what I do. Well, it depends on what you do. I mean, you could be a beautiful girl who just sits around the house filing your nails all day, or you could be a beautiful girl who's out there saying something, taking risks and trying to change people's way of thinking, which is what I think I am. But I have to preface all of that by saying that beauty is in the eye of the beholder. There are plenty of people who don't think I'm beautiful, so in that case Camille's ideas are out the window [laughs loudly]." Robert Taylor, "Camille Paglia's fiery essays on sex, art, and education," _The Boston Globe_ , October 7, 1992. Review. "The ideas of Camille Paglia go rat-a-tat-tat like the ammo clip of a Chicago piano. As for feminism, Paglia suggests it might evolve if feminists started reading Dante and Shakespeare instead of each other. The tradition of learned eccentric—someone who's smarter than anyone else until you realize he or she is also loopy—thrives in Paglia." "This Week," _San Francisco Weekly_ , October 7, 1992. Photo of Paglia (signing books after lecture at Herbst Theater) rising to bow to and kiss the hands of two majestic drag queens in black. In same issue: Ann Powers, "Both sides now: Camille Paglia's vitriol doesn't make room for an Axl Rose." Feminist attack on Paglia (alleging her incapable of appreciating androgynous Axl Rose) that produced a flood of letters, printed November 4. Sample: "Apparently Powers has not bothered to read _Sexual Personae_ , which examines and celebrates androgynous sex appeal from Lord Byron to Elvis Presley." [Paglia's admiration of Guns 'n' Roses had been a matter of public record for over a year.] Adair Lara, "Dealing with Paglia's Sticks and Stones," _San Francisco Chronicle_ , October 8, 1992. Entertaining account of Paglia's lecture at the Herbst Theater. "There's been such a depressing amount of political correctness around lately, and Paglia reminds me of the good old days of journalism, when you said whatever the hell you liked and hoped no one showed up in your office the next day, looking for a duel." Edna Gunderson, "Lady Madonna: Who is that girl?" _USA Today_ , October 9, 1992. A weary Madonna, goaded by a reporter, gloomily insists no one understands her. "Even rebel feminist Camille Paglia, who hails Madonna as the feminist ideal, has miscalculated, she says. 'I've heard her say things, under the guise of being adoring, that make it very clear that she doesn't get me at all. I'm flattered to a certain extent, but sometimes I think she's full of shit." Though this was a minor item in the article, the inside headline blared: "Paglia misses Madonna's point." [Paglia furiously phoned the office of Madonna's publicist to lodge a protest: "Do you know the _crap_ I've taken for two years from the rock press because of my endorsement of Madonna?" During an interview that week on a New York radio talk show, Paglia was prodded about Madonna's remark but refused to criticize her, declaring that whatever Madonna-the-person might do or say, nothing would shake Paglia's admiration for Madonna-the-artist, the higher being.] Jim Windolf, "Off the Record," _New York Observer_ , October 12, 1992. Account of incident at feminist panel discussion at the 92nd Street Y on September 30, when CBS associate producer Claudia Weinstein tried to ask moderator Gloria Steinem about Paglia but was repeatedly cut off. "Steve Kroft, the _60 Minutes_ correspondent who is reporting the segment on Ms. Paglia, felt that Ms. Weinstein had walked into a trap set by Ms. Steinem. Ms. Steinem, he explained, declined to be interviewed concerning Ms. Paglia until after Election Day [November 3], but suggested herself that _60 Minutes_ attend the talk at the Y. 'I think we were set up,' Mr. Kroft said. 'This is not designed to be a glowing profile of Paglia—I don't want to characterize it, actually—but one of Paglia's main points is that Steinem and Faludi and mainstream feminist leaders don't tolerate any dissenting opinions. Without passing judgment on what happened, I think Steinem proved Paglia's point.' " Kathryn Robinson, "Camille Paglia's Ego: Feminist Camille Paglia is the smartest, sexiest, most provocative intellectual of our time. Just ask her." _Seattle Weekly_ , October 14, 1992. On Paglia's lecture at University of Washington: "Part of what's funny, you realize as you sit watching her with your brain whirring and your jaw hanging open, is that she's not, well... _ladylike_. In pronouncing herself every superlative in the book, Paglia—who claims to have learned whatever femininity she possesses from drag queens—busts loose from the constraints of modesty and delicacy that have bound women for centuries, the very constraints that piqued the women's movement into being. Most of the power-trippers throughout history have been men. Her intellectual strutting may appear shocking for its novelty—but it is also, for this feminist anyway, a full-on _thrill_. Camille Paglia in high swagger not only promotes the feminist goal of authority—she embodies it. That her self-proclaimed authority sticks in so many critics' craws strikes me as sexism of the most patronizing sort.... In every hot, exclamation-pointed pronouncement lies her _passion_ —the very element that she believes has been clinically excised from the movement by a crop of feminist prudes who regard men as evil, sex as oppressive, and feminism as indisputable dogma. I, for one, am grateful: feminists need role models this confident. Ironically, she has managed to arouse more rigorous and relevant debate than any other feminist has done in recent memory. Her detractors seem to believe that she's dangerous to the cause of feminism. That's absurd—the only way feminism can hope to stay sharp for the next century will be to hone itself against a whetstone of unusual size and strength. Camille Paglia's ego will do nicely." Ernest Hardy, "Blah, Blah, Blah: Cultural Critic Camille Paglia Dishes It Out, and Out, and Out," _Village View_ (Los Angeles), October 16–22. Cover story on Paglia with superb photographs by Ian Johnson. John Updike, "She's Got Personality," _The New Yorker_ , October 19, 1992. Review. "She is a lusty, feisty bisexual scholar swooping into prominence from an outsider's perch.... 'Junk Bonds and Corporate Raiders' takes on a comic-strip vitality as the superheroine, in her Sixties Frye boots and hot pants, clobbers one villain after another; you can almost see the capitalized concussion sounds in their little spiky balloons. POW!... BIFF!... ZAP!... WHAMMO! Take to the hills, evildoers; No-Nonsensewoman is here, with her trusty sidekicks Elvis Presley, Jimi Hendrix, and Keith Richards.... Tune in the further adventures of the Amazon quester." Robin Tyler, Letters, _The Advocate_ , October 20, 1992. Responding to Paglia's positive reference to her in _The Advocate_ , the lesbian comedian insists "we do not agree on most things." [Paglia thought this contemptible hypocrisy and wrote Tyler to say so. After Paglia's talk at London's Institute of Contemporary Art the prior June, Tyler invited her to a benefit performance, where, backstage, Tyler complained about the paralyzing political correctness in feminism and said most feminist leaders acknowledged it privately. In her letter, Paglia suggested that perhaps Tyler's business interests (she organizes all-women cruises) were preventing her from admitting the truth in public] Robert Myers, "Suburban Amazon: Pop-culture critic Camille Paglia discusses sex, suburbia, and family values," _Eastsideweek_ (Seattle), October 21, 1992. Interview on postwar American suburban culture. Paglia says: "The worst thing is when people meet me and they say, 'Oh, she's very nice.' I am not very nice! _(bounces on the couch, punching the cushions)_ Don't say that! Don't say that! Don't say that! That's the one thing they trained me to be. I try to be Keith Richards as best as I can. But you can't get the suburbia out of the girl, I'm telling you." B.W. Powe, "Joan of Arc in jackboots," _The Globe and Mail_ (Toronto), October 24, 1992. Review of _Sex, Art_ beginning, "It's truly an accomplishment to offend everyone." Says of specific passages, the book "spells out what may be among the first intimations of a 21st-century rhetoric." Bill Marve, "Who is Camille Paglia and _why_ is she saying all these _outrageous_ things?," _Dallas Morning News_ , October 28, 1992. Subheading: "Outspoken scholar deems politically correct feminism wrong, wrong, wrong." "Beyond the Year 2000: What to Expect in the New Millennium," _Time_ , special issue, Fall 1992. "The Century Ahead: Great Goals." Celebrities are asked, "What should humankind aim to accomplish in the coming decades?" Paglia replies: "We should smash the current educational curriculum. I see the multiculturalism being promoted now as a fraud. History is being distorted. It is regarded as nothing but a record of pain, oppression, disaster, and atrocities. My master plan for world understanding is a new kind of education based on comparative religion and archaeology, on an arts-centered curriculum. I am also calling for a Reform feminism instead of the hatred of men now being peddled. Feminism must turn back toward men." Brooks Peters, "Vintage Vidal," _Out_ , Fall 1992. Paglia laments Gore Vidal's long residence abroad: "As a gay figure he certainly could have critiqued the rise of this very pernicious feminist theory which I think is damaging the cause of feminism. We needed someone like Vidal present in the country all the time, attacking it and satirizing it from the point of view of the left. But it has been left to the Jesse Helmses—the far right. And that is not good. Vidal was at his most seditious with _Myra Breckinridge_. It pushed the power base in ways that haven't even been assessed yet.... He is a true gay role model, a man of culture and learning and style who represents the best of a worldliness that is conspicuously lacking today. With his courtly manner, Vidal is a patrician throwback. I love his acerbic, waspish style. His fearlessness. The bold attacks." Robert L. Caserio, "Journalists, Legislators and Ideologues in the Classroom: An Impolitic View," _Western Humanities Review_ , Fall 1992. On the politicization of literary studies. Includes a mordant close reading of nasty academic reviews of _Sexual Personae_. "Meet Camille Paglia," _Motorbooty_ (Ann Arbor, Mich.), Fall 1992. Hilarious satire of Paglia in teen-magazine form. ("Favorite Pastime: Smashing the entire structure of feminist ideology.") James Childs, "In Print," _Yale Alumni Magazine_ , November 1992. Snide review of _Sex, Art_ that admits, "If size of audience is a yardstick, Camille Paglia's _Sexual Personae_ is the most popular literary study of the 1990s." Stephen O'Shea, "When Elle Met Ollie: Or how Elle Macpherson and Oliver Stone had a heart-to-heart date," _Elle_ , November 1992. Director Oliver Stone says: "The man-woman issue oversimplifies and misguides; the economic and legal issues I understand, but culturally I find the issue to be very blinding. I try to avoid labels and definitions. I'm very influenced by Camille Paglia. I don't agree with everything she says, but she's conflated a lot of the tension around modern thinking, and I don't think there's much to modern thinking about women that will last. We go through cycles; most women I meet don't feel the way the intellectuals tell them they must feel." Jim Powell, "Sensational individualist Camille Paglia strikes the corrupt intellectual establishment like a thunderbolt," _Laissez Faire Books_ , November 1992. "Paglia has emerged as a dynamic apostle of individualism." Harvard's Stephen Macedo says, "Camille Paglia is a phenomenon: an intellectual incendiary and a scourge to the feminist and literary criticism establishments." "Camille Paglia: De gesel der vrouwen." Cover story on Paglia: four articles by critics and journalists. _De Groene Amsterdammer_ (The Netherlands), November 1992. James Servin, "Chic or Cruel? Gianni Versace's styles take a cue from the world of S & M," _New York Times_ , November 1, 1992. Asked about Versace's use of bondage as a "couture esthetic," Paglia replies: "In my publicity shots I've been trying to do Helmut Newton without Helmut Newton. His Berlin dream of the world is everywhere in the S & M Versace. I also see [in Versace's designs] historical allusions to Roman gladiators and Minoan snake goddesses. It's also the imagery of the age we're in, the age of AIDS, in which we are under the whip of the dominatrix Nature." M.G. Lord, "Politics Is a Hardball Game," _Newsday_ , November 1, 1992. Quoted about Geraldine Ferraro et al., Paglia supports Lord's thesis that "New York female politicians are among the worst sports in the nation." "The New Voyeurism: Madonna and the Selling of _Sex," Newsweek_ , November 2, 1992. Cover story. Madonna, asked by _Newsweek_ whether she would like to meet Paglia, replies: "First, I'd like to see her across the room and then I'd like to decide whether I want to approach her." [Paglia responded, "What is this, a sorority party?"] Ray Conlogue, "Books: Ray Conlogue regards Camille Paglia as feminism's rescuer," _The Globe and Mail_ (Toronto), November 5, 1992. Excellent analysis of Paglia's views. "For those wondering if they _dare_ go hear Camille Paglia speak Monday night at Toronto's Winter Garden, I can offer little cheer. She does bite, I'm afraid. She's fierce. And she may even be the publicity-seeking narcissist about whom Robert Fulford fretted in this column some weeks ago. But if it's any consolation, she is innocent of the major charge: betraying feminism. On the contrary, she's the towtruck that can haul it out of its current dead-end street. Her greatest service is to the philosophy of feminism, which is already shipwrecked on the shoals of Rousseauian absurdity. One doesn't need to look far for examples. There's the filmmaker who told me last year that 'construction workers whistling at women and men who rape six-month-old babies are morally indistinguishable.' Or the newspaper columnist who believes she is oppressed because men look at her breasts when she is nursing: by an act of Rousseauian amnesia she has forgotten whether or not, in bikini or ballgown, she ever took pleasure in that concealing and revealing. In the popular media of North America, this kind of sophistry has become the norm. Paglia calls it to account, and not a moment too soon." Susan G. Cole, "Author Camille Paglia the Ayn Rand of the Nineties," _Now_ (Toronto), November 5–11, 1992. Subheading: " 'I am the first great woman guitarist. I don't use guitars. I use words.' " On front cover: "Camille Paglia's Poison Pen." Janice Turner, "Paglia pans 'old feminists' at sellout show," _Toronto Star_ , November 10, 1992. Headline in another edition: "Feminist maverick pans old guard." Val Ross, "Social critic spices lecture with stand-up comic touches. Provocateur: Author Camille Paglia, who calls herself a 'one-woman liberation movement,' wants to redefine feminism," _The Globe and Mail_ (Toronto), November 10, 1992. Marco R. della Cava, "The road from babes to babies," _USA Today_ , November 16, 1992. Profile of Hugh Hefner. Paglia says about Hefner: "He ushered in a revolution in American sexual consciousness. Some say the women in _Playboy_ come across as commodities, like a stereo. But I think _Playboy_ is more about an appreciation of pleasure of all kinds." Victor Dwyer, "Woman warrior: An author makes a frontal assault on feminism," _Maclean's_ (Canada), November 16, 1992. "Heather Smith, a lecturer in political science at Acadia University in Wolfville, N.S., has added two chapters from _Sex, Art, and American Culture_ to the reading list in her women-in-politics course. 'Feminist courses too often become little more than love-ins where hard questions are never asked,' says Smith. 'Paglia is asking some very hard questions—and has some pretty good points to make. After all, what she's really saying is that women should stop acting as victims and take control.' " Paglia says, "What people find energizing about me is that I question everything, everything. That was Susan Sontag's obligation. But I occupy her throne right now and she can't get back into it. I mean, I'm sorry, I'm sitting in it." Jim McKeever, "Hurricane Camille," _Syracuse Herald American_ , November 22, 1992. Profile. Rebecca Mead, "A Spy in the house of love," _Sunday Times_ (London), November 22, 1992. Announces Paglia, "the bitch-goddess of American feminism," will write advice column for _Spy_. "This is rather like hiring Nikki Lauda to be a chauffeur." Amusing fantasy (using Paglia's published words, with invented questions) about the future column, illustrating what Mead calls "Paglia's brand of 'snap out of it, sucker' succour." "A ghost? No, just Sandra Bernhard," "Page Six," _New York Post_ , November 24, 1992. A vexed Paglia denies rumor she was "channeling Gertrude Stein" backstage at premiere of Sandra Bernhard's one-woman show at the Paramount. Ingela Lind, "Konst på blodigt allvar: Libertinen och kulturkon-servativa Camille Paglia vill drånka de franska filosoferna," _Dagens Nyheter_ (Stockholm), November 29, 1992. Article on Paglia, with _Vanity Fair_ photograph of Paglia with bodyguards. Christina Bevilacqua, "Interview: Camille Paglia," _Italian Americana_ , Fall/Winter 1992. Account of Paglia's Italian-American family and upbringing. [Paired with much shorter, duller interview with feminist professor Sandra Gilbert, who, despite her haughty ethnic pose versus critic Frank Lentricchia, turns out to be only half-Italian and to have had few formative Italian-American experiences.] Jamie Malanowski, "Madonna: The Next Fifty Years," _Esquire_ , December 1992. Satire. Prediction for November 2003: Madonna "discusses her plans to cooperate with newly appointed _New Republic_ magazine editor Camille Paglia on an eighteen-hundred-page biography-cum-diatribe entitled _Madonna as Yahweh: Ontological Post-Post-Feminism and the Era of the Meta-Celebrity_." Paulo Francis, "Um direto no estômago do feminismo: Verve, tir-adas extraordinárias e fúria polemica säo os ingredientes mais apetitosos de _Personas Sexuais_." _O Estado de S. Paulo_ (Brazil), December 1, 1992. Splashy spread on Paglia. Flavia Sekles, "A bruxa está solta: Escritora americana que virou inimiga publica número 1 dos politicamente corretos bota fogo na eterna guerra entre os sexo," _Veja_ (Brazil), December 2, 1992. Interview with Paglia. Headline: "The witch is back." Stu Bykofsky, "Sez who?," _The Philadelphia Daily News_ , December 3, 1992. Asked how she could write an advice column for _Spy_ when she complains she has "trouble getting dates," Paglia replies, "That's exactly the point. When you're outside the realm of combat, you have a clearer view, like a coach in football." Charles Allen, "Paglia goes after the 'beauty myth' swinging," _Daily Princetonian_ (Princeton University), December 3, 1992. Paglia calls for the "mass destruction" of women's studies programs and defends the cult of beauty, from antiquity on. Kara Hailey, "Acid Tongue: _Nassau_ listens to controversial author Camille Paglia," _Nassau Weekly_ (Princeton University), December 3, 1992. On cover: "Iconoclast Camille Paglia trashes feminist academia." Paglia praises Annie Sprinkle and attacks the highly successful "careerism" of academic feminists like Diana Fuss and Judith Butler. [Butler was a student at Bennington when Paglia was in full cry as a militant lesbian feminist faculty member (1972–80) who gave public lectures on controversial gender issues. Butler's close friends were repeat students of Paglia's. Paglia finds Butler's academic writing on sex unpersuasive and jargon-ridden and notes the significance of Butler's transfer from Bennington to Yale at the high point of trendy French theory.] Sergio Augusto, "Popstar acadêmica lança 'Personas Sexuais': Bissexual, movida a rock e louca por futebol, Camille Paglia é a mais brilhante inimiga dos politicamente corretos." Sucursal do Rio, "Paglia diz ocupar 'trono' que foi de Sontag." Arthur Nestrovski, "Erudiçâo da autora é di tirar o fôlego." Sucursal do Rio, "Livro quase morreu na gaveta." _Folha de Sâo Paolo_ (Brazil), December 4, 1992. Four articles on Paglia. Nadine Brozan, "Beauty and feminism converge at a Princeton University conference," _New York Times_ , December 4, 1992. Announces December 5 appearance of model Cindy Crawford, Linda Wells, editor of _Allure_ , and Paglia on a panel organized by Alisa Belletini, producer of MTV's _House of Style_. Paglia says she is "prepared to answer any criticism that might arise of Ms. Crawford and the modeling profession.... 'To call great fashion models sex objects, that is revolting. They show flair, style, energy, and personality. Ivy League feminists contend that homemakers who buy fashion magazines are pawns, brainwashed pawns. That's not so. Those magazines are works of art for the masses. The lighting, photography, makeup are gorgeous. You can revel in beauty looking at them.' " Harry Stein, "A firebrand with a showboating style easily steals the show," _TV Guide_ , December 5, 1992. Review of _60 Minutes_ segment on Paglia, with Malcolm X-like photo of her jabbing finger in air. Stein praises correspondent Steve Kroft for his "gutsy profile" of "maverick feminist" Paglia, which shed light on "the cutthroat world of modern sexual politics." Says Paglia's view of her critics as "thought police" was proved accurate by Gloria Steinem's behavior on camera. "That Paglia seems to have gotten a fair hearing on TV's most popular magazine show is itself amazing. Mainstream feminism finds some of its fiercest adherents in top media circles. Paglia has routinely gotten far less time on the small screen than opponents with far less influence. Indeed, Kroft—who makes clear he by no means endorses all of Paglia's views—notes there was a strong ad hoc effort within the _60 Minutes_ shop to derail the piece. Kroft, as well as producer Frank Devine, are to be congratulated for persevering—and for learning a hard lesson. 'A week earlier,' laughs Kroft, 'I did a piece where I drove around Kuwait among undetonated mines. And I thought _that_ story was dangerous.' " Lois Blinkhorn, "Ideas flying, a maverick breaks the feminist mold," _Milwaukee Journal_ , December 6, 1992. "Talking with Camille Paglia feels like trying to interview a force of nature." A woman professor says Paglia "makes a career of being outrageous": "The way she does it is to hate women. In our day and age, it is not very cool for men to express their hatred of women. Since not everyone will do it, the price and the rewards for women who do it are very high." Blinkhorn says, "Paglia's response to this charge drips with sarcasm. 'That really makes a lot of sense,' she says. 'I've written about Madonna, Elizabeth Taylor, Cleopatra, Amelia Earhart. Whenever anyone talks like that, you know they're incompetent.' " [A Stalinist big lie of the feminist establishment: criticism of feminists equals hatred of women.] Howard Gertler, "Panelists clash on feminism," _Daily Princetonian_ , December 7, 1992. Account of Princeton feminist conference. On "The Power of Beauty" panel, Paglia says women's studies programs are "run by mediocre careerists who have never seen a painting in their lives." Buffy Vouglas, "Paglia rips academic feminists, puts down women's studies," _Princeton Packet_ , December 8, 1992. Account in town paper of the conference. Paglia says she is "sick and tired of the provincialism of feminist ideology on the question of beauty." Howard Gertler, "Women's Studies program responds to Paglia," _Daily Princetonian_ (Princeton University), December 8, 1992. Paglia says women's studies is "completely corrupt" and teachers in it are "third-rate." "Nor has she shied from naming names. This weekend, she particularly singled out English professor Elaine Showalter, who serves on the Women's Studies program committee. Paglia has also placed university administrations directly in her line of fire. She argues that many of them—especially Princeton's—put Women's Studies programs together to keep up with competitors and installed 'sycophants' in the newly created posts. 'The programs were put together to catch up fast,' she said." A female Princeton professor of history who teaches in women's studies "dismissed Paglia as 'an academic mediocrity who has found a way to make money out of marketing her own resentments.' " [Another feminist big lie: reduce opponents' motives to financial greed; ignore huge profits of Naomi Wolf, Susan Faludi, and Gloria Steinem, with their $600,000 and million-dollar book advances.] "Fireworks and Dazzle at Panel Talk on Beauty: An audience at Princeton is partly star-struck and partly hostile," _The New York Times_ , December 9, 1992. Report on the conference. "But if Cindy Crawford was the panel's bombshell, Camille Paglia was its Molotov cocktail, filling the room with fiery outbursts. Charles Allen, a Princeton junior, said Ms. Paglia had expressed 'a lot of men's and women's discontents with feminist rhetoric. Men at Ivy League schools are tied to feminist apron strings,' he said. 'They've been de-sexualized, and are terrorized about having any kind of romantic or emotional relations with women.' " "Cindy: Quiet, Camille," "Page Six," _New York Post_ , December 9, 1992. "When Camille Paglia starts talking, it's hard to get a word in edgewise. But supermodel Cindy Crawford managed to insert two beauts over coffee at her sister-in-law Joanne Gere-Rein's house over the weekend. As the gaggle of gals gabbed prior to attending a feminist forum at Princeton University, Paglia admitted that heretofore she'd had three 'major' relationships with women. When Paglia was asked what her partners had been like, Crawford quipped 'deaf mutes' before the fast-talking feminist could reply. Paglia insists it was in good fun, but later, as she shoved a [free-lance professional] photographer, raged: 'I said no flash, asshole. I'm not Cindy Crawford, I'm an academic talking ideas here,' the _Daily Princetonian_ reports." Roee Rozen, "Ha'isha she margiza et kulam" ["The woman who infuriates everyone"], _Yediot America_ , supplement of _Yediot Aharonot_ (Israel), December 11, 1992. Julia Phillips and Anne Thompson, "If Women Ran Hollywood," _Entertainment Weekly_ , December 18, 1992. 50 ways Hollywood would be different. Number 35: "Author Camille Paglia would get a development deal." "Best of 1992," _Entertainment Weekly_ , December 25, 1992. Asked for the three most memorable moments in entertainment in 1992, Paglia replies: "No. 1: Sharon Stone's fabulous performance in _Basic Instinct_. No. 2: the Deee-Lite album _Infinity Within_ with Lady Kier Kirby's brilliant vocals. No. 3: the En Vogue video 'Free Your Mind,' in which the group catches up to Madonna and surpasses her." Edney Silvestre, "Paglia faz 'terrorismo cultural,' " _O Globo_ (Brazil), December 27, 1992. Interview. Inset quote from Paglia: "Susan Sontag é uma intelectual vaidosa, preguiçosa, afetada e muito pretensiosa." "The 100 Worst People and Events of 1992," _Spy_ , January 1993. Number 89 is "Feminist Infighting." "Misdeeds: Paglia vs. Sontag; Faludi and Steinem vs. Quinn; Quinn vs. Graham; Holtzman vs. Ferraro; Greer vs. Sheehy; Madonna vs. Paglia; Madonna vs. Sinéad; Madonna vs. Lauper. Mitigating Factor: Nothing beats a good catfight." Robert S. Wieder, "Holiday Parties of the Rich and Famous," _Playboy_ , January 1993. Satiric invitations. "Susan Faludi requests the honor of your presence. Join Susan, Gloria Steinem, Susan Brownmiller and others for an evening of male-free jubilation." Party game: "Pin the Penis on Camille Paglia." Stewart Brand, "Paglia: Brash, Self-Promoting and Possibly the Next Marshall McLuhan," _Wired_ , Premiere Issue, 1993. Interview with Paglia on mass media and her admiration for Marshall McLuhan. She lauds her favorite soap opera, _The Young and the Restless_. "Like Andy Warhol, I have been in love with ads since my earliest childhood. That is the way I think." Photomontage of Paglia as enthroned Hindu goddess, with psychedelic orange and blue sun rays: "Scream of Consciousness." Michael Kilian, "Feminism's gadfly likes the limelight," _The Arizona Republic_ , January 5, 1993. Reprint from _The Chicago Tribune_. Paglia says, "There are many faces of feminism. You can be against the current feminist establishment and still be a feminist. All revolutions start well but go bad. This one has degenerated into ideology and dogma—groupthink. They're like the Kremlin: there's only one way to see things, especially any form of art. To them, art is the servant of political correctness." Gail Shister, "Radical feminist Camille Paglia is a Howard Stern fan—but a wary one," _The Philadelphia Inquirer_ , January 6, 1993. "Radical culture vulture Camille Paglia loves Howard Stern, but she'd do his show only 'if I could carry a bullwhip and a cattle prod.' She compares him to the old Marx Brothers. 'He is a true '60s spirit. He's completely anarchic, outside the establishment. He's bawdy, lewd, lustful. Constantly attacking sacred cows. He's also genuinely funny. He treats sex in a lustful manner. That's what we need.' " [Excerpts later appeared in Stern's autobiography, _Private Parts_ (1993).] Christina Hoff Sommers, "A genie strikes back: Correctness, subversion, and the risks of freedom," _The Times Literary Supplement_ , January 8, 1993. On cover: "Camille Paglia's revenge." Review of _Sex, Art_ by the philosopher-author of _Who Stole Feminism?_ "Diary," _The Times_ (London), January 9, 1993. Totally inaccurate reproduction of flawed dustjacket of Viking British edition of _Sex, Art_ , with factual misstatements about why it was withdrawn and publication delayed. Similar misstatements were repeated in the _Sunday Express_ on January 10 and _Times Higher Education Supplement_ on January 15. "Books: Diary," _The Sunday Times_ (London), January 10, 1993. Highly inaccurate account of dustjacket controversy. An unauthorized editorial note to Paglia's protest letter (Jan. 24) falsely claimed the article had been "checked with the BBC and [Paglia's] publisher." A letter (Jan. 31) from her publisher, Clare Alexander, refuted the note and article: "We have at all times accepted that the problems with the cover were Viking's responsibility and not of the author's making." [Paglia's British publicity tour, scheduled for the Jan. 1993 release of _Sex, Art_ , was postponed when the defective dustjackets were withdrawn. Because the new publication date fell during the spring academic semester, Paglia went to London for the paperback release in Jan. 1994 instead.] Sue Wilson, "Mouthing off: Sue Wilson talks to maverick American academic Camille Paglia," _The List_ (Edinburgh), January 15, 1993. "Rarely has a woman of letters been such a motormouth, so unashamedly upset so many people, been so unafraid to hold unfashionable views. 'Five foot three of New York Italian intellectual Semtex'... Her style is up-front, aggressive, funny, and infuriating, her views a bewildering mixture of the profound and the simply provocative." David Rossie, "Don't give Lucretia Borgia a bad rap," _The Binghamton Press_ (Binghamton, New York), January 15, 1993. Attorney Bruno Colapietro, Paglia's uncle, defends the honor of Lucretia Borgia, whom he declares "more interesting than Amy Fisher." Corinna Honan, "Men, manipulation, and my need to dominate," _Daily Mail_ (London), January 16, 1993. Interview with Paglia. Julie Burchill, "Women are wimps," _The Spectator_ (London), January 16, 1993. [The review that began an avalanche of falling dominos. The Burchill-Paglia wars broke out a month later, when editors of the Burchill-founded _Modern Review_ invited Paglia to write for them. Paglia declined because of Burchill's review, and Burchill responded with the first of the hostile faxes.] Zoë Heller, "Shooting from the hip: Camille Paglia sends feminists into a frenzy." _The Independent on Sunday_ (London), January 17, 1993. Profile. Paglia says, "Men are never free from women. First it's their mothers and then it's their wives. For years I've seen middle-aged women in shopping malls dragging their husbands around, saying, 'No! You can't have that hot dog!' This is the reality! Men are on the leash!" Charles A. Radin, "An ivory cower: Some say 'PC cops' making professors cringe," _The Boston Globe_ , January 20, 1993. On political correctness in academe. "[Paglia states] 'When people say the media has exaggerated the problem of PC, that's nonsense. The media hasn't begun to report the depth of the problem with PC' One of the most sought after and most vilified speakers on the campus lecture circuit, Paglia says she sees demoralized faculty everywhere she goes. 'Everyone is exhausted from the left-versus-right battles,' she said. 'People are afraid to speak out because they know they will be abused. They're walking on eggshells.' " Craig Lambert, "The Radical Conservative: Harvey Mansfield," _Harvard Magazine_ , January-February 1993. Profile of the Thomson Professor of Government. Account of Paglia's lecture, "What's Wrong with Harvard?," to a crowd of eight hundred at Harvard in March 1992, with excerpts from Mansfield's introduction: "Every once in a while, God, who is watching over our affairs, sends a messenger.... Professor Paglia is an enemy of the namby-pamby, the hoity-toity, and the artsy-fartsy. She fires back when fired upon—and sometimes even sooner. She restores the art of invective to the academy. There are places where angels fear to tread, but there is nowhere that Professor Paglia fears to tread." Susie Bright, "Camille Anonymous," _The San Francisco Review of Books_ , January-February 1993. Susie Bright, trimming facts at will, does a lot of complaining about why Paglia is mad at her. Paglia replied in a letter to the editor (March–April). Nicholas Lezard, "Masterclass: Camille Paglia," _The Modern Review_ (London), February 1993. Review of _Sex, Art, and American Culture_ that ends: "But the essays in the book, their wild claims, their rabble-rousing enthusiasms, her talent for making us stomp our feet to her beat, without exactly knowing why, the way she can say 'will-to-power' in one sentence and 'affectionate calico she-cat named Tea-bag' in the next, that's truly Dionysian. We salute her." "A wish list for Hillary," _Glamour_ , February 1993. Celebrities are asked about their wishes for the new First Lady. Paglia says, "I hope that she will speak for women without capitulating to the outmoded feminist establishment." Elsewhere in the magazine, Paglia says (re: _Newsweek's_ "Cultural Elite" list calling Gloria Steinem "the smartest, funniest, most influential feminist"): "Excuse me, okay? _I_ am the smart feminist. _She_ is the dope." James Servin, "An Intellectual Pinup: Camille Paglia says exactly what she thinks—and wears whatever she damn well pleases," _Allure_ , February 1993. Photo, captioned "two-fisted feminist," of Paglia doing a war dance in a Donna Karan/George Sand black suit. Ann Magnuson, "Russ Meyer: The king of B-movies on DD cups and XXX ratings," _Details_ , February 1993. Interview. Magnuson says Meyer's _Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!_ is "the ultimate postfeminist movie. Tura Satana is Camille Paglia's wet dream!" [Paglia, who saw Meyer's films in a grungy, outlying New Haven porn theater while she was in grad school, agrees.] Joseph A. Manero, editorial, _The University Review_ (Austin), February 1993. Discusses Paglia's lecture to "an overflow crowd of 1,200" at the LBJ Library at the University of Texas. Elaine Showalter, "The Divine Miss P.," _London Review of Books_ , February 11, 1993. Review of _Sex, Art, and American Culture_. [In her response (March 11, printed elsewhere in this volume) Paglia did not address Showalter's silly innuendo about the postponement of Paglia's British p.r. tour, which succinctly illustrates Showalter's propagandistic research methods when she leaves literature for history.] Letters, _New York Times_ , February 12, 1993. Paglia defends Barbra Streisand's slit-skirt inaugural gala suit against Anne Taylor Fleming's op-ed attack. Bethany Matz, "Paglia slams NOW, political correctness," _The Daily Texan_ (Austin), February 15, 1993. Account of Paglia's lecture at the University of Texas, with photo of the mob scene outside the packed auditorium. "Fernsehen ist wahr," _Der Spiegel_ (Germany), February 15, 1993. On Paglia. Unpublished picture from Paglia's prophetically pre-Bobbitt _People_ photos (April 1992) with a switchblade knife: here she stands in attack mode by the men's urinals at Swarthmore College. Geoff Henley, "Venus Envy: Academic celebrity Camille Paglia is lionized by some, demonized by others and ignored by nobody. That's just the way she likes it," _The Daily Texan_ (Austin), February 18, 1993. Interview with Paglia after University of Texas lecture. Texan caption to her podium photo: "Stick it to 'em." Nancy E. Roman, "Paglia's personae: Iconoclast is woman enough," _The Washington Times_ , February 25, 1993. Profile. Inside headline: "I Am Woman, Hear Me Roar," over quote from Paglia: "I came in like a Scud. I create total disorder. I just totally undermine authority." Gareth Grundy, "Sexual Intellectual: Three years ago, Camille Paglia was an unknown academic. Now, just two books later, she's motormouth of the moment," _London Student_ (London), February 25, 1993. "The Paglia Controversy," _Bay Windows_ , February 25, 1993. Two reviews in a Boston gay newspaper of _Sex, Art_ , one by a man, Reed Woodhouse, the other by a woman, who calls Paglia's book "drivel." [At a symposium on homosexuality at the Harvard Medical School on March 6, Paglia exclaimed on the enormous intellectual gap between these paired reviews.] Karen Heller, "The 'D' word, as in _Diva:_ Barbra! Madonna! Miss Piggy! They're goddesses and don't you dare forget it," _The Philadelphia Inquirer_ , February 28, 1993. Inside headline: "The '90s in America: The era of divas, or so the divas think." Paglia pictured with Coco Chanel, Madonna, Barbra Streisand, Diana Ross, Elizabeth Taylor, and Miss Piggy. "Divas are bold broads who don't just command respect, they earn it. They have big voices and dramatic features, large pocketbooks and even larger attitudes. They don't fish for compliments; they inhale them. They don't drown in misery or victimization or co-dependency or all that other maudlin garbage. They _say, yeah, my life's been tough but let's get on with it_. Divas are the overhead smash to the backlash, the better side of bitch.... A diva does not make conversation; she makes pronouncements. Consequently, she's a great talker, but not a good listener. She has no fear of what others think of her, and doesn't believe in good press; only in press—and herself." Sandra Bernhard, _Out_ , February/March 1993. "Camille Paglia called me a walking, talking bundle of neuroses in _Vanity Fair_ recently [Sept. 1992]. That's great publicity for my new coffeetable book, _Neurotica_. It's filled with shocking pictures of me obsessively rearranging knicknacks." [Paglia, carrying on about Madonna, had called Bernhard "a walking, talking neurotic." Horrified to see this in print, she spent ninety minutes in a hot summer phone booth tracking down Bernhard's agent to apologize.] Candida Brady, "Rebirth of Diana: Could this be what the feminist future holds for the Princess of Wales?," _Sunday Express_ (London), March 7, 1993. Cover story interview with Paglia. Corinna Honan, "Diana: A 20th Century Goddess. From the world's most controversial feminist writer, a remarkable tribute to our beleaguered princess," _Daily Mail_ (London), March 12, 1993. Interview with Paglia on Diana. Front-page teaser for Paglia's article ("Goddess Diana: An extraordinary verdict by the world's most controversial feminist") floats above giant headline about a rural crisis: "The First Victim of Mad Cow Disease?" Detlev Reinert, "Sex muss extremer werden," _Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin_ (Munich), March 12, 1993. Interview with Paglia. Reproduction of the _Vanity Fair_ photo. "Di Fury at TV Nude," _The Sun_ (London), March 12, 1993. Front-page story with screaming headline. "Princess Diana is outraged over a [not-yet-aired] TV show [presented by Paglia] which features cartoons of her naked." Paglia is blamed for the cartoons, about which she knew nothing. Tory Member of Parliament Geoffrey Dickens says, "The producers should get a clip round the ear." W. Speers, "Paglia's cartoons offend Princess Di," _The Philadelphia Inquirer_ , March 13, 1993. The American wire services pick up the _Sun_ story. "Princess Diana is said to be livid over a Camille Paglia-produced British TV show to air next Tuesday that features cartoons of her royal self in various states of undress. Two renderings ran yesterday in a tab, _The Sun_ , prompting cries of outrage from members of Parliament. One picture depicted Diana in a Union Jack G-string with royal crests on her breasts. The other was from a sequence showing Diana doing a striptease. Explained Channel 4 TV: 'The cartoons are to illustrate the way Ms. Paglia feels that the princess has become a kind of sex icon like Marilyn Monroe and Brigitte Bardot.' Barked Harry Greenway, a member of Parliament: 'This is piling anguish onto an already tortured person and far exceeds the realms of common decency.' His colleague Sir Nicholas Fairburn said Philadelphia's Paglia and her confederates should be 'manacled together naked on the green outside Parliament.' " Mike Capuzzo, "Paglia gets mad," Newsmakers, _The Philadelphia Inquirer_ , March 16, 1993. "Resident Philadelphia celebrity intellectual Camille Paglia is fighting back." Excerpts from Paglia's press release about the Diana cartoons, picked up by the wire services and reprinted nationwide. "Paglia's Nude 'Toons of Diana Get Zapped," New York _Newsday_ , March 16, 1993. "Cartoons depicting a nude Princess Diana have been dropped from a British television documentary after an outcry among royalists who said the drawings were an affront to public decency." [Snappy headline of the London _Sun_ article (March 13) from which this came: "Nude Di Spoof Axed."] David L. Wheeler, "Study of Lesbians Rekindles Debate Over Biological Basis for Homosexuality: At symposium, critics say researchers bring cultural biases to search for 'gay gene,' " _The Chronicle of Higher Education_ , March 17, 1993. Report on symposium on homosexuality and biology at Harvard Medical School. "Camille Paglia brought her perspective of looking at the role of sex in culture to the discussion. Ms. Paglia said she was disappointed with the high proportion of gay men and lesbians at the symposium and was concerned that a wide range of views was not represented. 'I don't like the feeling of a clubhouse,' Ms. Paglia said. 'That is not science.' At the same time, Ms. Paglia says, she wants researchers to keep up their search for the origins of homosexuality. 'There is something strange and wonderful about the gay male mind,' she said, 'and I hope scientists can find out what it is.' " Leslie Forbes, "Camille Paglia: The _bête noire_ of feminism talks to Leslie Forbes about her theories on food, sex and culture—and clams," _The Observer Magazine_ (London), March 21, 1993. Paglia hails raw clams and her grandmother's snails cooked in tomato sauce and eaten with hat pins: "I miss the decadent, rich smell of my grandfather's wine grapes starting to rot in the late summer sun, and my grandmother's coffee. I identify with all those Homeric warriors who were constantly eating meat. When I was growing up in New York state, my grandfather would slaughter a lamb in the garden on Sundays, then gut and roast it on a brazier he'd made of scrap metal. I remember the superb taste of the lamb fat every time I read descriptions in the _Iliad_ of men slaughtering and cooking animals in exactly that way. An early memory is of eating artichokes, a specialty of my mother's region near Rome. Not artichoke hearts but the actual hard, spiny leaves. People often ask where I get my dark view of Mother Nature. Look no further. If you're given spines to eat as a child, as a delicacy, you understand pretty quickly about the dark side of things." [These were not, as Forbes guesses, the "tiny purple-blushed variety" but large Jerusalem artichokes.] Maralyn Lois Polak, "Jaws: Talking nonstop, the ferocious philosopher attacks—usually Famous Living Feminists and Dead White Males," _The Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine_ , March 28, 1993. On cover: "The One-Woman SWAT Team of Academe." Two-part profile of Paglia, concluding April 4. Nancy Lamar, "Hurricane Camille," _Philadelphia Gay News_ , March 26, 1993. [Over three years after the release of _Sexual Personae_ , one of two local gay newspapers finally mentions Paglia, after she complained in national magazines about the political correctness and intolerance of the Philadelphia gay scene. A new editor, Al Patrick, inspired this change of direction, which led to representation of a wider range of gay views.] Stuart Wavell, "Feminist insults fly in battle of the bitches," _The Sunday Times_ (London), March 28, 1993. Amusing account of the hostilities-by-fax between Julie Burchill and Paglia. " 'This is a duel,' Paglia said [to the _Times_ ] last week. 'Boy, did she make a mistake. She is dealing with heavy, heavy artillery. I'm like a battleship. As an Italian, I believe in 10 eyes for an eye and 10 teeth for a tooth.' Burchill's [final] riposte on Friday was a blunt, two-lined salute: 'F* off you crazy old dyke.' Paglia believed yesterday that her opponent had effectively conceded. 'I feel I have my revenge,' she said. 'It's like judo; she came lunging at me, and I used her weight against her. I went over her like a tank, OK? I just drove her into the dust. How different it would have been if she had been more generous.' Germaine Greer, the feminist writer, said, 'You've got two very canny operators using the media and they are all making pay out of it. Female mud-wrestling has always been a spectator sport—we like watching men fight, so I'm told, so I suppose it's just a bit of a change if they've got tits.' " Anne Eaton, "The _Star_ Interview: Shy Di? Hell, She's an Angel of Sex—gushes America's most outrageous woman writer," _Star_ , March 30, 1993. Interview with Paglia about Diana. Photos of stars mentioned: Lana Turner, Jane Wyman, Marlene Dietrich, Liz Taylor, Madonna. [As a Sixties pop devotee, Paglia considers this tabloid article a highlight of her career: _The Star_ , in simple, uncensored language ("homoerotic," "pagan"), presents Paglia's ideas to a mass audience.] Richard Johnson column, _New York Daily News_ , March 30, 1993. The Burchill-Paglia fax wars hit the American wire services. "If it seems that this feud lacks intellectual underpinnings, it should be noted that almost no one can remember what Norman Mailer and Gore Vidal were fighting about either." Mimi Freed, "Interview with an Uzi: Camille Paglia Talks at Mimi Freed," _On Our Backs_ , March/April 1993. Paul Elie, "Et in Arcadia Bennington: A professorial fall from grace," _Lingua Franca_ , March/April 1993. Controversy over terminated teacher Maura Spiegel. Paglia describes the fisticuffs, administrative misdeeds, and legal negotiations that led to her own departure from Bennington. Donald P. Eckard, "Camille Paglia: The New Face of Post Modernism?," _Art Matters_ (Philadelphia), April 1993. Cover story. "Paglia, like Nietzsche, seeks a vitalism, a liberation of desire, a return of libidinal energy. She supports pornography, prostitution, suicide, life at the edge. She urges a libertarian micro-politics; life is dangerous—get out and feel it!" Jessica Pegis, "Sex, art and queer culture: Camille Paglia sounds off about the neurotic state of sexual politics," _Xtra_! (Toronto), April 1993. A rare gay-press article accurate about Paglia's radical views. Paglia says: "Once gay men stood for sophistication and insight into sexuality and a kind of breadth of culture. They were the most cultivated people in the world. Once, okay? But not now. Now the neurotics are in charge. There is an increased homosexuality on the college campus which is not of the positive kind. 'Positive' homosexuality is one that is revolutionary, that frees desire to go toward any direction it wants, but this homosexuality comes from people not knowing who they are. The young men are lost—they have no masculine charisma, no confidence, no energy. What is in these boys to want?" Kevin Sessums, "Stone Goddess," _Vanity Fair_ , April 1993. Cover story on actress Sharon Stone. Paglia denounces protests against _Basic Instinct_ by gay activists and feminists, who claimed the film portrays woman as "an evil, dangerous bitch." " 'Women _are_ bitches!' essayist Camille Paglia shouts at me when I run this argument by her. 'Woman is the bitch goddess of the universe! _Basic Instinct_ has to be seen as the return of the femme fatale, which points up woman's dominance of the sexual realm, and Sharon Stone's performance was one of the great performances by a woman in screen history. That interrogation scene in the police station immediately became one of the classic scenes in Hollywood cinema! There you see it: all those men around her, and a fully sexual woman turns them to jelly! The men are enslaved by their own sexuality!' " _Ciao!_ , April Fool's Day supplement, _The Guardian_ (London), April 1, 1993. "Camille Paglia: First exclusive pictures of Camille Paglia's adopted baby son, Adam," with fake photomontage of Paglia and her "son," with his "leatherette diapers." Hilarious spoof. Letters, _Times Literary Supplement_ , April 2, 1993. Paglia responds to columnist's misstatements (March 19) about production of _Diana Unclothed_. Gillian Glover, "The fine art of an insult: Gillian Glover eavesdrops on a literary slanging match," _The Scotsman_ (Edinburgh), April 2, 1993. "Oh what a show: Malice, Abuse, Rage, Racism, Vanity, Sexism, and Ageism, supported by a full array of attendant literary vices—all strutting their vitriol on a transatlantic stage. Mephistopheles couldn't have conjured a more alluring procession. This week's melodrama has been brought to your breakfast table courtesy of a collaboration between Camille Paglia and Julie Burchill. Each in her own style and country defines and decries modern mores with a joint lungpower that is truly awesome, all the more arresting now they are shouting at each other. They may be shouting in print, but this is print that strains the larynx." Paul Johnson, "The Potter calls the Digger black and the custard pies fly," _The Spectator_ , April 3, 1993. "We are cave-man bruisers under the skin. Thus we are all currently enjoying the brawl between Camille Paglia and Julie Burchill, two grotesquely overrated, overpaid and spectacularly aggressive and self-important women—an encounter which has been described by a third, Germaine Greer, as 'mud-wrestling with tits.' What the row is about is as much a mystery as the pie-fight." Bob Frost, "Camille Paglia," _West_ magazine, _San Jose Mercury News_ , April 11, 1993. Interview. Frost says, "Some people think you're a flash in the pan." Paglia replies, "Well, I'm not. One reason I know my work is going to last is because the _artists_ have heard me. When [ _Sexual Personae_ ] came out, contemporary artists almost immediately began writing to me—painters and sculptors and musicians and poets. The media has completely missed that—that the artists have heard me. It's very rare that you get an academic critic who is taken seriously by artists. Because most of the writing on art by academics is _stupid_." John J. O'Connor, "How the Smile of Comedy Has Turned Wolfish," _New York Times_ , April 15, 1993. Review of HBO comedy special starring Dennis Miller: "Peeling back an imaginary mask from his face, he announces, 'It's Camille Paglia.' " "Teenage Plastic Surgery," _People_ , April 26, 1993. Cover story. Asked what's wrong with the new fad for adolescent cosmetic surgery, Paglia replies, "Nothing, as long as there is a serious defect which plastic surgery can correct and help a young person feel more confident. But unfortunately the model that has evolved is the Barbie doll." Tracy Quan, "The Prostitute, the Comedian—and Me," _Puritan_ , Number 31, 1993. Interview with Paglia on prostitution and other issues. Quan is an intellectual working prostitute and activist with P.O.N.Y. (Prostitutes of New York). See her letter correcting Fran-cine du Plessix Gray about prostitution in _New York Review of Books_ , Nov. 5, 1992. "One Big Drag," _The Daily News_ , May 5, 1993. Announces video collaboration between drag queen Glenn Belverio and "gonzo feminist" Paglia, who says, "I'm awed by drags. They have a deeper insight into feminism, and they understand that women dominate men and that being glamorous doesn't make them passive." Camille Paglia, "Princess Diana—a goddess for our times," _San Francisco Examiner_ , May 9, 1993. Excerpts from Paglia's _Daily Mail_ interview on Diana and account of controversy over Channel 4 program. Also David Armstrong, " _Female Misbehavior:_ bad girls, good fun." Interview with director Monika Treut about her new film, which includes "bad-girl intellectual Camille Paglia, seen talking faster than any human being alive, male, female or in-between." Treut says, "I wanted to show [Paglia] as she really is. She is very entertaining, like a stand-up comedian. She is almost a female version of Joe Pesci. I've shown _Female Misbehavior_ at film festivals in Toronto, Sundance and Berlin. When people see the opening footage of Paglia, they hissed; by the end, they clapped." Lisa Sewards, "Why women really need supermodels: They are icons of the decade, says top feminist," _Daily Express_ (London), May 11, 1993. Paglia says: "I hate the way feminists say supermodels impose an image on women which makes them feel inadequate and suffer a low sense of self-esteem. This is utter b***, garbage. The ordinary homemaker loves these magazines. She wouldn't go out and spend £3 on one to end up feeling depressed. The Nineties cult of supermodels is a revival of the great system of Hollywood stars. I've never regarded Hollywood glamour as superficial—it's an art form." Of the Hollywood salary gap: "The reason all these female stars who are bitching and complaining are not getting the pay they want is because they've turned their backs on glamour. Who wants to go to the movies to see women who are not interested in glamour? Because of this they can't pull in the same audiences as men. It is the men who have retained their masculine glamour. It is the supermodels who are the heirs of Garbo and Dietrich." Marion Hume, "Just How Old Can You Get?" _The Independent on Sunday_ (London), May 30, 1993. Profile of Lauren Hutton, who says Paglia "has met her match in 'the only broad who is bossier than she is.... I'm looking for a man with balls for her. She's ready for a new experience.' " "Woman of the Year: A Talk with Susan Gubar," _The College_ magazine (University of Indiana), Spring 1993. Asked about Paglia, the feminist professor (Sandra Gilbert's collaborator) says: "Paglia is an interesting media phenomenon. This is a woman who has attained amazing renown in a very short time with a really crazy book, the basis of which is biological essentialism.... I suspect that Paglia's getting all this publicity because she's a bad girl who flaunts her badness, and because her political incorrectness plays into the backlash against feminism that Susan Faludi has described." [Note how Faludi is now a higher authority for professors of literature.] Ellen Willis, "Notes on Cam P.," _Dissent_ , Spring 1993. Review of _Sex, Art_ by a member of the old left that appropriates Paglia's points while ludicrously asserting that Paglia's "Sadeian cosmology" is proof of "conservatism." [For three years, as Paglia and her work were vilified by the alternative press—notably by Willis's career newspaper, _The Village Voice_ —Willis did not utter a single word to defend Paglia or acknowledge agreement on any issue with her. Nor did Willis, despite her claim that she is a "sexual libertarian" like Paglia, challenge the feminist establishment by taking a public stand against the date-rape and sexual-harassment hysteria that swept America. By the time Willis's review appeared, Paglia had already had two national best-sellers.] Kevin Jackson, "Camille the Barbarian: Camille Paglia is a hip academic and high-powered motormouth who thinks that men should be men and women should admit they like it that way. Kevin Jackson loads up and ships out to confront America's self-appointed sex warrior," _Arena_ (London), Spring 1993. Cover line calls Paglia "American cleverdick." Photo by Jay Nubile of Paglia in full diva makeup (by Nini Ginsberg) for the Philadelphia filming of Channel 4's programs on Diana and Lolita. Inset quotes from Paglia: "The feminist establishment refuses to credit it, but for God's sake, we're _instinctual beings_! There _is_ a hunting thing in male physiology. And it _is_ visually based. Men are like _elks_!" "I was driving and I saw this great-looking girl on a bicycle, and I went right into an intersection, and was hit by a taxi. I had this accident because I was gaping _lewdly_ at a girl." [This occurred in the mid-Seventies at Bleecker and Macdougal in Greenwich Village.] "The Price of Fame," _Lingua Franca_ , May/June 1993. "Speaking of Camille: If you thought it was hard to get top Hollywood agent Mike Ovitz on the phone, you haven't encountered Professor Paglia's answering machine." Transcript of Paglia's instruction-filled university phone message, "intoned in a crisp, male voice." Same issue: "Road Warriors," the "1992 rankings" of academics in NEXIS, the on-line "spreadsheet of contemporary celebrity." Houston Baker, president of the MLA, "netted a mere two citations" in the media in 1992. Stanley Fish "managed only twenty-four mentions," "compared with the robust 149 citations racked up" by Henry Louis Gates. "The fact is, though, that all these men are eating Camille Paglia's dust. With a stunning total of 297 citations, Paglia pretty much outdistanced all her colleagues, not to mention the MLA itself." Robin Morgan, "On the Road," _Ms._ , May/June 1993. Editor-in-chief Morgan reveals the kind of "silly questions" she was asked by reporters on her trip to Australia. One particularly surprised and annoyed her: "Q: What do you think of Camille Paglia? _A:_ I don't. Why should we waste energy on a publicity-obsessed, intellectually bereft, rather pathetic person trying to revive the lie that women want to be raped? (This—in the face of the atrocities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.) Ignore the irrelevant; it soon falls out of fashion." [Poor dear, she probably meant "intellectually bankrupt," but it's so hard to use English correctly when you don't read. Is it true there's an intern at _Ms_. permanently assigned to turning the clocks back?] Christine Hohwieler, "Paglia: Sie is die umstrittenste Sex-Theore-tikirin der Gegenwart," _Playboy_ (Germany), June 1993. Interview. George Kalogerakis, "Epistled off: pen pals Camille Paglia and Julie Burchill in epic battle of the (f)axes," _Vanity Fair_ , June 1993. On the Paglia-Burchill "transatlantic feud," as well as "a freestanding Paglia-House of Windsor flap over an impious TV show called _Diana Unclothed_." Kalogerakis quotes Paglia's fax to him, after his call for corroboration: "It was the hyper-tabloid _Sun_ that concocted Diana's anger over the sexy cartoons. Diana was in _Nepal_ and _Bosnia_ when all that was happening—it's _ridiculous_ to suppose she even _knew_ about it. I had to fax Buckingham Palace anyhow (they politely faxed back—with a royal crest on their fax!) to insist that I had _nothing_ to do with those damned cartoons." He concludes: "And what have we learned? Maybe just this: that Buckingham Palace has a fax." Ben Long, "Camiiiegate: An audience with Camille Paglia, America's self-appointed patron saint of visual culture, is guaranteed to shock." _Black and White_ (Australia), June 1993. "Such is the Grand Vision of Camille Paglia, rogue-feminist and self-styled leader of the second American revolution against the (intellectual) decadence of Europe." Paglia says about _Sex:_ "Madonna should have contacted me two years ago. I could have saved that damned book in three hours." And: "Susan Faludi and all those feminists are always complaining you never see middle-aged women on the covers of magazines; meanwhile they're attacking me. Well, when I was on the cover of _New York_ magazine [March 1991] I looked as Keith Richards-like as I could. That was revolutionary: there was a middle-aged woman looking fierce, unsmiling, and wrinkled." [In _Backlash_ Faludi uses Paglia's sudden rise and that cover story specifically as proof of the media's anti-feminism. She ignores the photo, just as she omits the many stridently feminist Fall 1990 major articles and cover stories, to which the _New York_ piece was a reaction. The treatment of media history in _Backlash_ is disturbingly biased, selective, and distorted.] Thomas Miessgang, "Viele Frauen hassen mich," _Profil_ (Vienna), June 7, 1993. Interview with Paglia. Hamilton Dos Santos, "Paglia: Comédia é meu modo de _vida," Jornal da Tarde_ (Sâo Paulo, Brazil), June 26, 1993. Big splashy spread. [Paglia is asked about Noam Chomsky, who had to admit to the same reporter that he had not attended Paglia's 1991 M.I.T. lecture, which drew thousands of real people, as opposed to trendy academics, to his university from metropolitan Boston and which is now known worldwide because of the transcript in _Sex, Art_. Explaining his absence from that populist extravaganza, Chomsky lamely told the reporter, "Paglia is a supporter of the establishment." A laughing Paglia responds in the article that if anyone is a symbol of the establishment, it is sanctimonious, nebbishy Chomsky, ensconced in a plush position at M.I.T. for thirty-eight years, while she could get no job at a major research institution—including M.I.T. itself, where she was interviewed in the Seventies. Which of the two, Chomsky or Paglia, offered the real threat to the established order?] "Fax off and die, you bitch: Earlier this year history was made when Julie Burchill and Camille Paglia engaged in the first recorded fax war. This is the complete, unexpurgated transcript of what the press dubbed 'The Battle of the Bitches,' " _The Modern Review_ (June-July 1993). The Burchill-Paglia letters (with some errors), interwoven with a narrative of events. Witchy caricatures of the two women glaring at each other with clenched fists and paper-airplane faxes stuck like arrows in their bodies. Nancy Lamar, "How it all started: Blame it on Camille Paglia," _Philadelphia Gay News_ , July 16, 1993. "The media's latest fascination with lesbians began in Philadelphia. 'It probably starts with Camille Paglia,' said Ed Kosner, editor and president _of New York_ magazine, whose May cover story 'Lesbian Chic' spawned stories on lesbians in _Vogue, Mademoiselle, Newsweek_ , and _Vanity Fair_. 'She changed the discussion. There began to be a cachet connected to the lesbian scene.' " George Rush, "Fame Can Be a Drag," _Daily News_ (New York), July 17, 1993. Announces first public appearance of "feminist firebrand" Paglia with her "gal pal," Alison Maddex, curator of the In Time Gallery in Washington, D.C., at a party at Club USA celebrating the video collaboration between Paglia and drag queen Glennda Orgasm. Joe Queenan, "What's New, Pussy-Whipped?," _GQ_ , August 1993. Account of real incident, suppressed by major American media, at _The Boston Globe:_ a male columnist used the term "pussy-whipped" to a male colleague and was reported by a female staffer to the editor, who fined him $1500 and forced him to apologize publicly. When news of this outrageous infringement of free speech spread outside Boston, the fine was rescinded. Queenan's hilarious fantasy-reconstruction includes grim speechifying by Dworkin and MacKinnon and a loud, furious phone call to the editor from Paglia, defending pussywhipping. Paglia's thank-you letter appeared in December. "Best of Philly 1993," _Philadelphia_ , August 1993. "Local Girl Made Good: Camille Paglia. Yeah, she's a pain in the ass. But she's _our_ pain in the ass." [When the surprise award plaque arrived in the mail, Paglia entertained the Italian fantasy of taking it right over and shoving it down the collective editorial throat, since a year earlier, just before release of her second best-seller, the magazine had cynically called for her to leave town.] Gina Bellafante, "The Brainy and Beautiful," _Time_ , August 2, 1993. Announces collaboration between Lauren Hutton and Paglia, "the incendiary academic" and "egghead, antifeminist, and bon vivant," who have made "a short documentary that, according to Paglia, deals with 'sex roles and the condition of humanity.' In the film, Hutton and a Gaultier-clad Camille tackle these lofty issues while seated at a banquet table, a snipe at feminists who, complains Paglia, are obsessed 'with food and anorexia.' " Maria Miro Johnson, "Why we care about the Lonis and Burts," _The Providence Journal Bulletin_ (Rhode Island), August 26, 1993. Interview with Paglia about divorce scandal of Burt Reynolds and Loni Anderson, with whose "kabuki"-like femininity Paglia says the mass audience, unlike the genteel academic and feminist establishment, identifies. Johnson describes her opening greeting to Paglia: "It's good to know she hasn't burned out, I said. Oh, not to worry, she replied. 'I'm Italian. We make other people burn out.' " "The Perils of Academic Celebrity," _Harper's_ , September 1993. Transcript of the long answering-machine message from Paglia's university office. The voice, identified as a staff member, is actually humanities professor Kent Christensen. Lucia Annunziata, "Tremate femministe, arriva la valanga Camille," _Corriere della Sera_ , (Milan) September 8, 1993. ["Tremble, feminists, the avalanche Camille has arrived."] Interview. David Ritz, "Janet Jackson: The Joy of Sex," _Rolling Stone_ , September 16, 1993. Cover story. Ritz says of Jackson: "She then tells me about something Camille Paglia, the sociosexual pop scholar, recently wrote about _janet.:_ 'Janet's unique persona combines bold, brash power with quiet sensitivity and womanly mystery. Her latest music is lightning and moonglow.' " [A longtime Janet Jackson fan who thinks "The Pleasure Principle" one of the best music videos ever made, Paglia had provided appreciative remarks when sent the new album by Jackson's manager. A month later, a large box of beautiful gifts arrived from Los Angeles, with an artistically handwritten thank-you note from Jackson herself] Robin Bernstein, "Getting a word in edgewise: Author Camille Paglia wants to put women back on their pedestal," _The Washington Blade_ (Washington, D.C.), September 17, 1993. Paglia and Alison Maddex, curator of "Walk the Goddess Walk: Power Inside Out," at the District of Columbia Arts Center, are interviewed about their new pro-sex, pro-art, pro-beauty, pro-fashion, pro-food feminism. It is also, Bernstein notes, the first time they had publicly discussed their five-month-old relationship. Photos. Kim France, "Becoming Juliana Hatfield," _Rolling Stone_ , September 30, 1993. "Indie-pop singer/songwriter Juliana Hatfield and rock star wanna-be Camille Paglia have a little something in common. They both believe that women are biologically destined to be inferior guitar players. 'How many girls other than Bonnie Raitt can play a guitar solo?' Hatfield argues. 'I can't, you know? I haven't seen any female guitar players that are really anything special.' She's said this before, and though she knows it makes a lot of people pretty angry, she'll probably say it again." [A lifelong rock fan, Paglia never said "biologically destined" but simply noted that while women have been brilliant vocalists, pianists, violinists, cellists, etc., they have done no major original work in hard-rock lead guitar. In Heart and the Pretenders, for example, superb bands run by highly talented women, the great lead parts have been played by men. Paglia suspects hard-rock solos require youthful male lust and aggression—two commodities currently under cultural attack. Her raising of this issue in _SPIN_ (September and October 1991) led to bitter attacks by the politically correct rock press.] Maximilian Barteau, "Camille Paglia Addresses Milton S. Eisenhower Symposium." Andrew Dunlap, "A Talk with Camille Paglia." _The Johns Hopkins News-Letter_ , October 1, 1993. Account of her lecture, "The Question of Sex," at Johns Hopkins University on September 28, which began with her tribute to Hopkins' John J. Money, one of the century's greatest sexologists. In the interview, Paglia scathingly attacks the theory-infested Hopkins literature departments and Judith Butler in particular, whose general learning she questions and whose work on sex she rejects. Michelle Chihara, "From decadence to date rape: Paglia takes aim," _Yale Herald_ , October 1, 1993. Account of Paglia's lecture at the Yale Political Union on September 30. Inset quote from Paglia: "So you had sex with someone and it didn't go well. Big deal." "In her speech, she characterized women's studies departments as 'ghettos of mediocrity.' Laura Wexler, Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Women's Studies program, would not comment on Paglia's writing." Danielle Neves, "Paglia Criticizes '90s Intellectualism: Self-Described 'Free Speech Militant' Calls 'Yuppies' Phonies," _Yale Daily News_ , October 4, 1993. Account of Paglia's lecture at the Yale Political Union. Calls her "infamous for her radically left-wing views." "A murmur of surprise rippled through the crowd" when Paglia attacked Yale's Whitney Humanities Center, taken over by theorists who " 'cast out all of the old-fashioned scholarly values.' " [This was Paglia's first lecture at Yale. She began by sarcastically noting that it was the students who had invited her to speak, not the English Department, even though it was where she had gotten her doctorate and even though _Sexual Personae_ , published nearly four years earlier by Yale University Press, had become a worldwide best-seller. But, she said, she loved reproducing the 1970 evening when leftist critic Leslie Fiedler lectured at Yale and was boycotted by the entire English Department.] "Fabio: Love for Sale," _People_ , October 4, 1993. Cover story on the romance-novel king. Paglia says: "Fabio is a skilled seducer who is very attentive to women in the courtly European way. He worships women, and he fulfills their dream of a man who has the physique of a hunk and the emotional sense of an artist or poet." Julie Hirschfeld, "Paglia Speaks on Feminism and Education," _Yale Daily News_ , October 15, 1993. Interview with Paglia. Attacks the "time-servers" and "yuppies" on the Yale literature faculty: "The people of my generation who are in the classroom now, there's not an original mind among them, because the whole system is geared to driving out originality, anything inflammatory, anything exciting, anything flamboyant. The kind of women who are hired now by Yale are women who fit into a certain system, women who are not intellectually challenging to anything, who are not going to challenge the 'patriarchy,' who haven't made a dent in the WASP hegemony at Yale. My self-education occurred in Sterling Library [at Yale]. I feel it is every student's responsibility: self-education." "Video: Rent Check: Camille Paglia," _Entertainment Weekly_ , October 22, 1993. A celebrity is asked what videos he or she has most recently rented. Paglia replies: " _The Women_ (1939). It explores the rituals of beauty—the compulsion to exercise, the glamour of fashion. It will raise the temperature of any feminist. _I've Heard the Mermaids Singing_ (1987). Here's a smaller product with no budget, and you get this wonderful realism and comedy. This girl's kind of aimless, yet plucky. It's the twentysomething problem with self-definition. Very minimalist." "Beyond 1993," _U.S. News and World Report_ , October 25, 1993. Social theorists are asked to project what the world will be like in the year 2053. Paglia replies: "The men's movement will spread as men are no longer able to just sit around and listen to what feminists want. The more men do, the less the women want them. Men will have to define themselves." Matt ffytche and John O'Reilly, "The Jacques Pack," _The Modern Review_ , October/November 1993. "In a special pull-out-and-keep wallchart, _The Modern Review_ profiles the stars of the postmodern catwalk." Satirical sketches and photos of Habermas, Kristeva, Foucault, Rorty, Benjamin, Derrida, Baudrillard, Lacan, Paglia, Barthes, de Beauvoir, Deleuze. Paglia, whose style is "butch femme, dominatrix," is "associated with an Elizabeth Taylor fertility cult." Her "chat-up line": "Wolf-whistle, animal cluck." [On seeing this chart, Paglia said, "How nice to have swept Hélène Cixous into the dustbin of history."] Two Paglia letters appear in this issue, with others in following issues. Kim Masters, "Sex, Lies, and an 8-Inch Carving Knife," _Vanity Fair_ , November 1993. Profile of Lorena Bobbitt, who cut off her husband's penis. "However controversial the ubiquitous critic Camille Paglia may otherwise be, she seems to speak for women across the country when she suggests that Lorena Bobbitt committed a rather thrilling act of revolution. 'It's kind of like the Boston Tea Party,' she says gleefully. 'It's a wake-up call. It has to send a chill through every man in the world.' " [Paglia also repeatedly said, as in a November 12 _CNN & Company_ debate with Susan Estrich and Annie Gottlieb, that she rejected Lorena Bobbitt's claim of victimization and that Lorena had committed a criminal act and should stand up in court and accept responsibility for it.] "Women of the Year," _Playgirl_ , November 1993. Paglia, declared "Most Daring," is chosen to inaugurate the magazine's "first women of the year salute." Among the others: Sandra Bernhard, Emma Thompson, Maya Angelou, Christie Hefner, Janet Jackson, Ann Richards, and Roseanne Arnold. Rick Marin, "What's the Problem? He Won't Say," _The New York Times_ , November 7, 1993. On the "inaction heroes" of recent films, "the new breed of man, the kind that sexual theorist Camille Paglia says she encounters when she lectures at Ivy League campuses. 'The totally P.C. male is so anxious about whether he's doing the right thing, he's afraid to do anything,' Ms. Paglia says. 'They're like "nowhere men," blank and affectless.' " Anthony Flint, "Camille Paglia riles them at Wellesley," November 7, 1993. Account of her lecture at Wellesley College on October 28. "The campus is still recovering from her intellectual flame-throwing routine." Gross inaccuracies about Paglia's speaking fee, described as "reportedly $16,000, though she agreed to come for closer to a quarter of that to Wellesley." [Paglia's speaking fee is $2000, which is what Wellesley paid her. The Women's Studies Department refused to make its usual financial contribution to the student Committee for Political and Legislative Action for the visit, which meant that the committee's annual budget was exhausted and the students penalized for wanting to hear ideas different than their teachers'. In his November 21 retraction, Flint made another error, producing an exasperated letter from Paglia printed November 28.] James Kaplan, "Lauren Hutton: A Model Life," _New York_ , November 8, 1993. Cover story. Hutton talks about her early interest in _Sexual Personae_ and her subsequent friendship with Paglia. Paglia says, "I had heard for years that she was a lesbian. People speak with absolute confidence about these things. But I said to everyone [after getting to know Hutton], 'That is absolute _nonsense!'_ Because—this is my big conceptual breakthrough—the most _dominant_ women are heterosexual. And Lauren Hutton really made it clear to me. Because she is _so_ butch you can't even _believe_ it! She dominates every single social occasion." Charlotte Hays, "Charlotte's Web," _Daily News_ (New York), November 12, 1993. Account of the _60 Minutes_ 25th Anniversary party on November 10 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Correspondent Steve Kroft "was the mastermind who insisted that Rush Limbaugh and Camille Paglia be seated side by side at dinner—just to see if a food fight might break out between the right-wing commentator and the maverick feminist. Alas, they got along like a house afire." [Congratulating Limbaugh for his courageous anti-establishment stands and defense of free speech, Paglia said, "The number one intellectual problem in America today is liberalism in its present decayed form. You are critiquing it from the right, and I'm critiquing it from the left."] Jeannie Williams, "Priceless moments at _60 Minutes_ gala," _USA Today_ , November 12, 1993. "Did Rush Limbaugh give a cigar to a renegade feminist? Limbaugh was seated with fiery feminist Camille Paglia, with Regis Philbin to moderate. Paglia admitted she watches Rush's show, and he gave her a Cuban stogie, which she said she would smoke." Richard Johnson, "Page Six," _New York Post_ , November 18, 1993. "That was Camille Paglia—in her continuing assault on politically correct feminism—posing with a dozen strippers the other day at Stringfellow's Presents Pure Platinum. The photo shoot was for _Penthouse_. Paglia appreciates the female form. She arrived at last week's _60 Minutes_ 25th anniversary party holding hands with an attractive brunette [Alison Maddex] she introduced as her 'significant other.' And she gladly assumed a somewhat 'butch' persona when Rush Limbaugh presented her with a cigar of Churchillian dimensions." [After dinner, Limbaugh said, "One cigar smoker always recognizes another," pulled out an alligator case, and gave Paglia a huge cigar, which he described as "the best smoke in the world." On his television show the next morning, the cigar incident was described by Regis Philbin, who had been seated with his wife at the same table and who quoted Paglia telling Limbaugh, "You have been demonized by the New York media." Limbaugh opened his own television show that day with a lively account of the exchange and flashed a _60 Minutes_ shot of Paglia with a cartoon cigar comically superimposed on her lips.] Patricia Edmonds, "Sex: News is making life a little sleazier," _USA Today_ , November 18, 1993. The recent flurry of sexual allegations involving John and Lorena Bobbitt, Heidi Fleiss, Joey Buttafuoco, Michael Jackson, [falsely accused] Joseph Cardinal Bernardin, and Sen. Robert Packwood. "While some flog the media for making sex hot news, Paglia says the media is only—finally—reporting reality. Before, she says, the [major] media's 'genteel power structure' sanitized sex. Now 'we have bursting out in the media the hard, savage reality of human sexuality that can never be fully controlled. People recoil; it's horrifying to them. But it's also fascinating, because on some level we recognize, 'There but for the grace of God go I." ' " Karen Burgess, "American feminist critic defends Yaqzan: Camille Paglia calls UNB administration's move 'fascist.' " _The Brunswickian_ (University of New Brunswick, Canada), November 19, 1993. Luke Peterson, interview with Paglia on suspension of male mathematics professor for writing a controversial article on date-rape. Paglia says: "In a democracy, free speech must be our paramount principle. It must supersede all questions of ideology. I believe that the more offensive the speech, the more it's in the best interests of a democracy. We're not going to get anywhere in the sex debate until there is total freedom for everyone to speak their minds. But people don't want the truth. No, no, no. They want sugar-coated pleasantries; they want a return to the Victorian period of propriety and decorum. The history of humanity is nothing but a history of censors trying to squash original ideas. My generation of the 1960s was all about being disrespectful. That's what the free speech movement was about at Berkeley. What is the point of going to university if not to learn how to be disrespectful, to break free of the authority figures who raised you? My God, this is absolutely pablum, pablum! Certainly, [Yaqzan's article] is occasionally coarsely phrased, but one does not punish someone in a democracy for coarse phrasing." Clare McHugh, "The Prophet of Power Feminism," _New York_ , November 29, 1993. On Naomi Wolf's new book. " _Fire with Fire_ echoes the work of several prominent feminist thinkers, including, most recently, the ideas advanced by Wendy Kaminer and Camille Paglia. Kaminer won't comment on Wolf's work, but Paglia, who has clashed with Wolf in the past, is typically outspoken on the subject. 'I don't think Naomi has any deep beliefs,' Paglia says. 'She's derivative, picks up on whichever way the wind is blowing, and uses that to advance herself.... I can't stand her airhead, totally parent-pleasing way of talking and writing.' " [To McHugh's question about the half-dozen of Paglia's ideas that run through Wolf's latest book, Paglia replied, "As a teacher, I am happy to be completing Naomi's education, which was so deficient at Yale." She also expressed satisfaction at the confirmation of her early portrait of Wolf's "yuppie feminism."] Richard Nalley, "The Naked and the Nude," _American Photo_ , special issue: "What _Is_ Erotic?," November/December 1993. Interview with Paglia about eroticism in photography. "Paglia is not your typical teacher. When she met Richard Avedon [at S.I. Newhouse's party celebrating Tina Brown's appointment as editor of _The New Yorker_ ], Paglia says, 'I screamed. I went down on one knee. I made this huge to-do and kissed his hand and said, " _You_ are a great artist!" ' " Expresses her admiration for Helmut Newton, Gosta Peterson, Robert Mapplethorpe, and Herb Ritts: "Helmut Newton is an enormous hero of mine. I regard him as the living continuity of the Dietrich era of old Berlin. What we get in his work is European sophistication from the prewar era that in turn was part of the heritage of the decaying Austro-Hungarian empire. So Newton is to me this sort of living flame. His influence has just pervaded the culture. Everywhere, in photography and fashion. Helmut Newton photographs are always 'artificial' to the point of decadence. Newton has the most incredible sense of archetype, and of how to manipulate the iconography of both nature and culture, always to decadent effect." [Newton's images directly influenced Paglia's thinking as she was writing _Sexual Personae_ in the mid-Seventies.] Woody Hochswender, "Tempest in a B-cup," _Esquire_ , December 1993. "Are men ready for women to go topless on the street? An article in _The Village Voice_ last summer reported that feminist and lesbian groups had been demonstrating around New York to affirm their right to go shirtless in public." Men are photographed reacting to topless fashion models on Fifth Avenue. "We asked Camille Paglia, the author and Darth Vader of postfeminism, to comment on the topfree phenomenon. 'I applaud confrontations of this kind,' Paglia says. T want to see more boobs myself. Unfortunately, the women who tend to do this, in gay parades and such, are big, fat dykes. Also, the ideology behind it is incoherent. These are the same women who would object to men staring at their breasts. I say, flaunt it, but be prepared to handle the sexual response.' " Richard Johnson, "Page Six," _New York Post_ , December 2, 1993. Announces "an art show devoted to the male organ" in Washington, D.C. "Curiously, the curator is Alison Maddex, the artist who is known for her photomontages as well as for her romance with renegade feminist writer Camille Paglia." Paul Richard, "Beneath the Fig Leaf: At Clark & Co., True Phallacy' Takes a Look at a Symbol of Power," _The Washington Post_ , December 4, 1993. Review of multimedia art show, "True Phallacy: The Myth of Male Power," curated by Alison A. Maddex at a Georgetown gallery. 150 images of the phallus from 36 East Coast artists. A project in the Neo-Sexism movement co-founded by Maddex and Paglia. Bill Zehme, "The Cindy Chronicles," _Rolling Stone_ , December 23, 1993. Cover story on supermodel Cindy Crawford. Paglia comments on Crawford's "dusky" multicultural quality, like "an Apache princess." Lindsey Lane, "Back at the Backlash," _The Austin Chronicle_ (Texas), December 3, 1993. Interview with Susan Faludi, who identifies Paglia with Phyllis Schlafly as "women who have discovered they can promote themselves by denigrating the women's movement." Faludi claims that Paglia did not get tenure [false] and that she "blames feminism" for it; that she is motivated by nothing but a "craving" for celebrity and has simply "figured out a line that will get her there"; that she says "the same thing over and over again"; and that she is not a real feminist—the media have simply "packaged" her as one. [These remarks demonstrate that Faludi, a Harvard graduate whose snobbish scorn for everything outside the Ivy League was clear in her negative and characteristically error-filled portrait of Paglia in _Backlash_ , has still not read _Sexual Personae_ , which may be too hard for her.] Daniel Radosh, "Beyond the Second Sex," _Planet Magazine_ (New Zealand), Summer [December] 1993. Interview with Paglia, "the raging belle of the new sexuality." Sandy Auriti, "Camille Paglia va alla guerra: sola contro tutte," _Marie Claire_ (Milan), December 1993. Subheading: "Eccessiva. Egocentrica. Scandalosa." Interview. Pythia S. Peay, "Wild Woman Within," _New Woman_ , December 1993. Clarissa Pinkola Estés ( _Women Who Run with the Wolves_ ) names five "modern wild women": Georgia O'Keeffe, Maya Angelou, Isabel Allende, Judy Chicago, and Paglia, who is "unfettered" and "says what she thinks." "Speech Marks: The things they say about Camille Paglia," _The Independent_ (London), January 4, 1994. Satiric list of epithets from the media. Marina Conti, "Tremate, le seduttrici son tornate!" _L'Espresso_ (Italy), January 7, 1994. Interview with Paglia on sexy female stars. Neil Lyndon, "Dear," _The Independent_ (London), January 7, 1994. Calls Paglia "the nearest thing to a complete adult that American feminism has produced." Linda Grant, "The fem fatale." _The Guardian_ (London), January 7, 1994. Interview with Paglia. In same issue: editorial about her, "Well heeled feminism," declaring, "There is a new tide in feminism, and it owes much to Paglia." Pauline Peters, "It's not my fault I'm a lesbian." _Evening Standard_ (London), January 7, 1994. Interview with Paglia. Nicci Gerard, " 'I'm a cartoon figure, an Italian opera,' " _The Observer_ (London), January 9, 1994. Interview with Paglia. "Maria Lexton meets Camille Paglia," _Time Out_ (London), January 12, 1994. Ita O'Kelly Browne, "The passion of Paglia," _The Irish Independent_ , January 12, 1994. Paglia says of her childhood, "My father taught me to put up my fists and defend myself like a man." Ruth Picardie, "Overheated, overhyped, and over here," _The Independent_ , January 13, 1994. Attack on "Hot American Feminists" in London: Roiphe, Wolf, Paglia. Peter Grosvenor, "Camille the firebrand is turning heat on feminism," _Daily Express_ (London), January 13, 1994. Eileen Battersby, "Exasperated voice of common sense," _The Irish Times_ , January 13, 1994. Interview with Paglia. James Barron, "Who Are You?" _The New York Times_ , February 13, 1994. Celebrities asked for a one-word self-portrait. Paglia: "Ambition, but that can be easily misunderstood. From the outside, people would probably say her mad egotism. My ambition was always the development of my talent." The Weasel, "Up & Down the City Road," _The Independent Magazine_ , January 15, 1994. Witty account of Paglia's lecture at the National Theatre in London. Chrissy Iley, "The Mouthtrap: Camille Paglia, the talker of the town," cover story, _The Sunday Times_ magazine (London), January 16, 1994. Calls Paglia "the love child of Quentin Crisp and Dame Edna Everage" and describes her as "ludicrous, heroic, and sweet." [In the stylish cover photo, Paglia, enthroned at the Basil Street Hotel, is secretly sitting on the London telephone book, a leg-flattering trick she learned from Mary Matalin and Jane Wallace, then co-hosts of CNBC's _Equal Time.]_ Irvine Hunter, "Rebel without a pause: Camille spreads the feminist message by word of mouth," _Today_ (England), January 19, 1994. Paglia says, "I'm a comedian. Sex is a comedy, not a tragedy. The problem with feminists is they want to turn it into this _melodrama."_ Anne Simpson, "Motormouth in overdrive," _The Herald_ (Glasgow), January 19, 1994. Interview with Paglia, who says of her teaching at an anti-establishment art school in Philadelphia for the past decade, "In Europe that would be proof of my intellectual authenticity." Tony Dunn, "Lip Service," _The Tribune_ (London), January 21, 1994. Interview with Paglia, about whom Dunn says, "She isn't sexy. She has pared off her eroticism with the knife of her energy and her will. But she is a star." Denis Scheck, " 'Ich bin eine Kriegerin,' " _Börsenblatt_ (Frankfurt), January 21, 1994. Interview with Paglia. Joel Achenbach and Rich Lieby. "We Find the Defendant," _The Washington Post_ , January 22, 1994. Reactions to Lorena Bobbitt's acquittal for sexually mutilating her husband. An Indiana waitress says, "Actually, I think they should have taken the penis off him and sewed it onto Camille Paglia." Simon Price, "Making Camille of It," _Melody Maker_ (London), January 22, 1994. After seeing her National Theatre lecture, Price calls Paglia "the Nineties' first intellectual-as-rock-star" and "the most exciting rock 'n' roll icon of the year." N.B., _Times Literary Supplement_ , January 28, 1994. "Camille Paglia has once more overcome her natural shyness," having achieved "near ubiquity" in London. James Servin, "Can Lipstick Change Your Life?" _Harper's Bazaar_ , February 1994. "Paglia rattles off her Lipstick Personae.... 'For my really grand appearances, for my theatrical persona, for La Paglia, as they call me in Italy, I put on Lancôme's Rouge Decor Creme. That's the perfect lipstick for her. Or should I say it.' " "You Go Away, Girl!" _GQ_ , February 1994. "Gals we've had enough of": RuPaul, Shannen Doherty, Susan Powter, Marianne Williamson, Demi Moore, Barbra Streisand, and Paglia. Mark Abernethy, "Feminist Fatale," Australian _Penthouse_ , February 1994. Quotes Robin Morgan on Australian TV saying about Paglia, "You have to understand that every year for the past 25 years, someone like this has sort of burped to the surface. If they didn't exist, the boys, the patriarchs, would have had to invent them. They make a bit of money. They say women really want to be raped." Paglia tells Abernethy that Morgan is a "dinosaur" and "philistine," with "no feeling for art" or culture. "She's withered up, she's cynical, she's bitter.... She's responsible for the fact that 85 percent of young women in this country don't identify with the word 'feminist.' " Marcus R. Wohlsen, "Paglia Criticizes Women's Studies: Calls for Elimination of These Programs in Favor of 'Sex Studies,' " _The Harvard Crimson_ , February 4, 1994. Account of Paglia's speech on education reform at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. Florence Graves, "There is no female Mozart because there is no female Jack the Ripper. They are monsters at the extremes of personality," _The Boston Globe_ , February 6, 1994. Interview with Paglia in Cambridge, the morning after her Harvard speech. Huge photo of her at lunch with the _Globe_ editors, as she protested the newspaper's recent political correctness. Paglia tells Graves: "I was a feminist long before Gloria Steinem. She had to be dragged into the movement by Betty Friedan. I am one of the leaders of the reform movement in feminism, which is trying to bring it back to its old principles of personal responsibility and concern for equal rights." Of her proposed "sex studies": "What is going to be the credential for someone to work in gay studies? That they are gay? That's a wonderful credential. That is absurd. For every assertion of gay pride, there should be the other counter-argument that the Bible condemns homosexuality. You've got to have the opposition. If you don't, that's not truth. You've got propaganda. And the elite colleges have totally given themselves over to propaganda." "Hurricane Camille Howls at Wolf," Intelligencer, _New York_ , February 7, 1994. Tipped off by a media mole that Naomi Wolf's publisher was falsely claiming Paglia's support of Wolf's latest book in an ad in _The New York Times Book Review_ , Paglia raises the roof and gets her name pulled at press deadline. [The ad foolishly trumpeted: "From Gloria to Camille—the word is _yes_!"] Marcus R. Wohlsen, "Paglia Attacks Faculty," _The Harvard Crimson_ , February 7, 1994. Interview with Paglia, who "blasted" three members of Harvard's Committee on Women Studies for gaining power by "playing the career game." Of the chair, Susan R. Suleiman, a professor of comparative literature, she asks, "Why is that woman in charge of women's studies? Has she ever studied science? Does she know anything about history? Does she know anything about anthropology? Does she know anything about the history of psychology?" "Paglia's thinking is rather incoherent," Suleiman tells the _Crimson_. "It's very difficult to be a serious thinker when you're giving TV interviews all the time." [Gosh, whatever happened to the chi-chi theorists' infatuation with the media as "text"?] Daniel H. Chol, "The Odd Couple?" _The Harvard Crimson_ , February 9, 1994. Sophisticated analysis of the political positions of Harvard's Harvey Mansfield, "a tenured, Fifties conservative," and Paglia, "a radical Sixties libertarian." Issues addressed: liberalism, idealism, human nature, tolerance, justice. Thomas C. Palmer, "Paglia offers prescription for higher ed," _The Boston Globe_ , February 13, 1994. On Paglia's proposals for education reform. Douglas Davis, "The Genders Are Ready to Kiss and Make Up," _Newsday_ , February 13, 1994. "For the first time, almost anyone can detect a counterrevolution within feminist ranks. The intrepid, isolated Camille Paglia, whose books scorch feminist puritanism, is now joined by a stream of reformers." Camille Paglia, "The Blank Page," _The Observer Magazine_ (London), February 13, 1994. Feature asking guests to fill two pages as they wish. Paglia chose 24 celebrity photos from _Observer_ files and gave them fake _Mad_ magazine captions. Cindy Crawford amid Israeli soldiers: "Today's well-dressed lady has a no-dust bust, a tote-a-tot marsupial pouch, and a knee for the groin." Zsa Zsa Gabor beating conga drums: "In an emergency landing, smart blows to the rump of the lady next to you will automatically inflate her approved flotation devices." Olivia De Havilland exclaiming in _Gone with the Wind:_ "Oh, God, it's Madonna flashing those tired old tits again." Lance Morrow, "Are Men Really that Bad?" Cover story, _Time_ , February 14, 1994. Calls Paglia "an intellectual gunslinger." Jean Marbella, "Catfight Fever," _The Baltimore Sun_ , February 19, 1994. Tonya Harding versus Nancy Kerrigan. Paglia, "currently involved in any number of what she freely calls catfights," says, "People love it when one woman goes after another. It's primitive and primeval. There's something tigress-like about women. The clawing. It's carnivorous." Ruth Picardie, "Why I adore the penis, by a radical lesbian feminist," _The Independent_ (London), February 28, 1994. Subheading: "Professor Camille Paglia, famous for her attacks on the politically correct school of feminism, has now made a film in praise of the male organ." "Camille Paglia Unleashed," _Playguy_ , March 1994. Splashy photo spread on _Glennda and Camille_ in a deliciously hardcore gay-male porn magazine. Claudia Steinberg, "Porträt: 'Ich bin ein Monster': Camille Paglias Loblied auf den Krieg der Geschlechter fasziniert Amerika und schockiert die Feministinnen," _Vogue_ (Germany), March 1994. Profile of Paglia. Melissa Benn, "Sex, power, and rock 'n' roll," _Everywoman_ (England), March 1994. Profile of Paglia. Of Paglia's lecture at the National Theatre, Benn says: "She is terribly funny in a high camp way. Her famous insults have a quite different resonance in performance than in the cold light of print. In this, she returns to a premodern standard of public life where rudeness, even abuse, is part of the acceptable cut and thrust of public debate and polemic." "The Two-Faced Phenomenon: Camille Paglia at the Kennedy School of Government," _Peninsula_ (Harvard University), March 1994. "In a written statement to this publication" about Paglia, Susan R. Suleiman, Harvard's Chair of Women's Studies, says, _"Sexual Personae_ is shoddy scholarship, I'm afraid. It would not earn its author tenure at Harvard." Camille Paglia, "Where Gay Boys Come From," _The Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review_ , Spring 1994. Excerpted transcript of Paglia's talk at a March 1993 symposium on homosexuality and biology at the Harvard Medical School. Jeremy J. Beadle, "Camille Paglia: Hot?" _Gay Times_ (London), March 1994. Lively profile. Calling Foucault a "fraud," Paglia says of poststructuralists, "What these people are doing has already been done in English. James Joyce's _Ulysses_ does what Foucault claims to be doing but never gets around to. The points Foucault makes about insanity and normality, my God, all these points have been raised from Blake on—it's part of Romanticism. The claims for Foucault that he's 'challenging the whole idea of the Enlightenment'—surprise, surprise, guess what, that's what Romanticism _is!_ Nothing Foucault did was original. Even when he shaved his head, he was just imitating Genet." Frank DiGiacomo, "Who's Redhanded?" _The New York Observer_ , March 14, 1994. On the banning of _Glennda and Camille Do Downtown_ by the New York Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, whose director tells Glenn Belverio that Paglia's "backlash politics were too problematic." Paglia says about the festival's entry committee, "These are very dangerous people because they think they have the truth. They think that my politics do not come up to theirs. They're grand inquisitors, they're not true leftists. I love it when we catch totalitarians redhanded." Marina Conti, "Nuovo Erotismo," _L'Espresso_ (Italy), March 18, 1994. Illustrated article on Paglia's _The Penis Unsheathed_ and Alison Maddex's _True Phallacy_ show. [Article on the latter: "The Penis as Art," _Penthouse_ , April 1994.] Anne Dempsey, " 'I expected fame!' Writer Camille Paglia seems to attract controversy wherever she goes," _Woman's Way_ (Ireland), March 18, 1994. "While she is famous, she is still shunned by the highest echelons of American academia, who feel she doesn't conform." Tim Campbell, "Docu-farce with Camille Paglia Causes Minor Riot," _Gaze_ magazine, March 18, 1994. _Glennda and Camille_ sparks a riot but wins "thunderous" applause at the Minneapolis/St. Paul Lesbian and Gay Film Festival. Robin Bernstein, "Women in Love: How Camille Paglia found love and pancakes in Baltimore," _10 Percent_ , March/April 1994. On Paglia's year-old relationship with Alison Maddex. Yvonne Roberts, "Is this the face of feminism?" British _Elle_ , April 1994. Attack on Paglia. Photo: Paglia in a motorcycle jacket. Lisa Levenson, "Paglia stimulates discussion," _The Daily Pennsylvanian_ (University of Pennsylvania), April 15, 1994. Paglia delivers the Philomathean Society's annual oration. "Paglia began by explaining that University students, not faculty members, had invited her. 'That speaks volumes for American intellectual life' she said. 'Your faculty would not invite me—they are not interested in ideas, debate, and dissent.' Paglia attacked American faculty members in general as 'inert, passive, and completely out of touch with reality—twerps whose knowledge would fill a thimble. I want the students to have a greater critical sense about the faculty. Students are in a malaise because what they get in the classroom bears no resemblance to the culture they see outside of it.' " Guy Walters, "A Childhood: Camille Paglia," _The Times Magazine_ (London), April 16, 1994. Scenes from Paglia's tomboyish Italian-American childhood. She says, "I got into constant fights. There's an endless series of people I've struck physically—I'm the only leading feminist right now who's done so." Letters, _The Modern Review_ , April–May 1994. In response to Paglia's article on revivals, a reader sends in a satirical graph, "Differences between Camille Paglia and G.W. Hegel." Boze Hadleigh, "Hollywoodland: The Stars Diss Each Other," _Los Angeles_ magazine, May 1994. Germaine Greer says, "Jodie Foster is the type of so-called feminist only Camille Paglia could love." [Wrong: Foster is pure Yale political correctness.] Colin Richardson, "Camille Paglia in 'censorship' storm," _Gay Times_ (London), May 1994. On the banning of _Glennda and Camille_ by the New York Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. "Paglia despises 'the dreary, Stalinist, white middle-class gay establishment' for 'turning against the drag queens' after Stonewall. 'I've modelled half my personality on drag queens, God knows. One of the truest things said about me was by a critic [Reed Woodhouse] who said. 'The voice _of Sexual Personae_ is the voice of Myra Breckinridge.' " Ricky Spears, "Cable Ready," _Paper_ , May 1994. On Manhattan public access television programs. Photo of Glennda Orgasm and Paglia from _Glennda and Camille Do Downtown_ , "now a classic." Al Patrick, "Camille claims her film was rejected for political reasons," _Philadelphia Gay News_ , May 6–12, 1994. On the banning of _Glennda and Camille_. Michael Logan, "Feminism's gadfly lauds _The Young and the Restless," TV Guide_ , May 7, 1994. Paglia talks about her favorite soap, which she has watched since its debut in 1973. In part two (May 14), she attacks the other soaps for their "high and mighty" preachiness and their abandonment of the great female "trash-and-sleaze" style of old Hollywood. Richard Johnson, "Paglia not good enough for gay film fest," "Page Six," _New York Post_ , May 9, 1994. "All lesbians are _not_ created equal in the politically correct eyes of the New York Lesbian and Gay Film Festival." Perry McMahon, "Cowgirls and Paglia Face the Gay Fascists," _New York Press_ , May 25, 1994. The lesbian _Even Cowgirls Get the Blues_ , by "avant-queer director" Gus Van Sant, is also rejected by the New York Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, which has "set many a downtown tongue wagging over the perceived political overtones behind their selection process." [This issue of blatant censorship was suppressed by the American gay and alternative as well as straight mainstream press, which now passively follows gay-establishment propaganda, despite long evidence, leading up to fractious Stonewall 25 (NYC, June 1994), of serious dissent in the gay movement.] Steve Sailer, "Why Lesbians Aren't Gay," _National Review_ , May 30, 1994. Hilarious graph contrasting gay men and lesbians, with Paglia the "exception proving these rules." Russell Davies, "Man of the People," _The Telegraph Magazine_ (London), June 4, 1994. Profile of artist R. B. Kitaj, who says: "I love it when Camille Paglia gets on the box and starts yelling at the feminists, saying she loves pornography. It's great stuff. She uses funny words, like 'You're neglecting a part of your _sensorium_ ' (he laughs uproariously). She's terrific! I love her!" Kristine McKenna, "Keanu's Eccentric Adventure," _Los Angeles Times_ , June 5, 1994. Profile of actor Keanu Reeves, "Asked in parting if movies create false expectations of life, Reeves laughs and says, 'Shouldn't you be asking Michel Foucault or Camille Paglia that question?' " Camille Paglia, "A Horse, a Flame, a Rose," _The Guardian_ (London), June 9, 1994. Reprint of Paglia's _New Republic_ article on Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Another reprint appeared in _The Australian_ on June 1. Nancy E. Roman, "Scales of justice weigh tiers of sexual assault," _The Washington Times_ , June 16, 1994. Paglia attacks feminist reasoning about a controversial rape case at Pennsylvania's East Stroudsburg University. Rachel Fisher, "Femme TV," _The Hollywood Reporter_ , June 17–19, 1994. Paglia rejects recent women-ogling-men commercials as a phony "nudge-in-the-ribs" male style. Matthew Flamm, "Page Turners," _New York_ , June 27, 1994. Celebrities' summer reading. Paglia says of A. J. Langguth's _A Noise of War: Caesar, Pompey, Octavian and the Struggle for Rome:_ "People who talk about 'negative politics' and 'negative ads' today, well, how ignorant. If you study Greek and Roman politics—human nature doesn't change. Women want to get into politics, then they complain, 'It isn't nice.' Politics is a hardball game. Cicero got his head sawed off." Thomas J. Ferraro, "An Interview with Camille Paglia," _South Atlantic Quarterly_ (Duke University), Summer 1994. Special issue on contemporary American Catholicism. Paglia talks about her Italian-American roots and her theories of religion. Lois Commondenominator, "High Noon, High Heels: Doing Downtown with Glennda and Camille," _Dragazine_ (West Hollywood), Summer 1994. Colin Richardson, "Famous names join pro-NAMBLA protest," _Gay Times_ (London), July 1994. Photos of Paglia, Allen Ginsberg, and others forming Spirit of Stonewall to protest the expulsion of NAMBLA from the International Lesbian and Gay Association. In same issue: letter from Glenn Belverio, with photo of Paglia and him (as Glennda Orgasm) at the Stonewall Inn. Letters, _The New York Times Book Review_ , July 3, 1994. Paglia writes: "Nina Auerbach's inept and shamefully biased review of Christina Hoff Sommers's amusing, invigorating, and superbly researched expose, _Who Stole Feminism?_ [June 12], beautifully demonstrates the moral and intellectual bankruptcy of the academic feminist establishment." _Articles by or about Paglia published too late for inclusion in this volume:_ Paglia, "The rise of theory: a symposium, _TLS_ , July 15, 1994. Paglia, a negative review of John Boswell, _Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe, The Washington Post Book World_ , July 17, 1994. Paglia, "My night with Streisand," _The New Republic_ , July 18, 1994. Paglia, "Questionnaire," _The Guardian_ (London), August 20, 1994. Interview with Suzanne Ramljak, _Sculpture_ , Sept.-Oct. 1994. Interview with Martha Frankel, _Movieline_ , October 1994. Melanie Wells, "Woman as Goddess," _Penthouse_ , October 1994. Interview with Paglia on a tour of New York strip clubs. John Gallagher, cover story on Paglia, _The Advocate_ , November 1, 1994. Paglia, interview with Raquel Welch, _Tatler_ (London), November 1994. Paglia, cover story on the Rolling Stones, _The Boston Phoenix_ , August 26, 1994. # A CKNOWLEDGMENTS** "The Penis Unsheathed" and "Lolita Unclothed" originally aired on Channel 4, London. Copyright © Channel 4. Reprinted by permission of Channel 4 and Rapido TV. "The Nursery-School Campus" originally appeared in the _Times Literary Supplement_. Reprinted by permission. "Gay Stalinism" (which originally appeared in Vox Populi as "Camille Paglia defends her rotten record") is reprinted by permission of _The Advocate_ , the national gay and lesbian newsmagazine. "The New Sexism" (Which originally appeared in the Outlook section of the _Washington Post_ as "My Case for the 'New Sexism' ") Copyright © 1993 by The Washington Post. Reprinted by permission. "Our Tabloid Princess" (which originally appeared as "The Female Heart of Darkness"), "The Female Lenny Bruce: Sandra Bernhard," and "Television and the Clintons" originally appeared in the _San Francisco Examiner_. Reprinted by permission "Kind of a Bitch: Hillary Clinton" originally appeared in _The London Sunday Times Style and Travel Magazine_. Reprinted by permission. "Hillary in the Crossfire," "Laying the Ghost of Anita Hill," and "Bobbitt Versus Bobbitt" Copyright © 1994 by Cable News Network, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission. "Diana Regina" (which originally appeared as "The Diana Cult") and "Mona Lisa in Motion" are reprinted by permission of _The New Republic_. "Female Misbehavior" is reprinted by permission of Monika Treut. "Sex War" is reprinted by permission of Luca Babini. "Glennda and Camille Do Downtown" is reprinted by permission of Glenn Belverio. "Gypsy Tigress: Carmen" (August, 1992) is reprinted by permission of _Stagebill_. "Love Poetry" originally appeared in the _Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics_ (1993). Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press. "Breviary of the Nude: Kenneth Clark's _The Nude"_ originally appeared in the London _Times Higher Education Supplement_. Reprinted by permission. "The Artistic Dynamics of Revival" originally appeared in _The Modern Review_ (London, vol. 1, iss. 13, February–March 1994). Reprinted by permission. "The Star as Sacred Monster: Judy Garland" originally appeared in _The New York Times Book Review_ (June 6, 1993) as a review of David Shipman's _Judy Garland: The Secret Life of an American Legend_. Copyright © 1993 by The New York Times Company. Reprinted by permission. "Madonna in the Shallows" originally appeared in _US_ magazine as a review of Madonna's _Sex_. Reprinted by permission of US Magazine Company, L.P. All rights reserved. "Madonna as Gauguin" is reprinted from _Notes:_ Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association, September 1993, by permission of the Music Library Association. "Tyranny of the Technocrats" originally appeared in the _Washington Post Book World_. Copyright © 1992 by The Washington Post Writers Group. Reprinted by permission. "Scholar, Aesthete, Activist: Edward Said," "Cry of the Invisible Men," and "I, the Jury" originally appeared in the _Washington Post Book World_. Copyright © 1993 by The Washington Post Writers Group. Reprinted by permission. "A Woman of the Century: Germaine Greer" is reprinted from the November 30, 1992, issue of PEOPLE Weekly Magazine by special permission; copyright © 1992, Time, Inc. "The Corpse of Fashion" originally appeared in the London _Times Literary Supplement_. Reprinted by permission. The headnote on _Frankenstein_ originally appeared in _The Essential Frankenstein_ , edited by Leonard Wolf, copyright © 1977, 1993 by Leonard Wolf. Artwork copyright © 1993 by Christopher Bing. Reprinted by permission of Dutton Signet, a division of Penguin Books USA Inc. "Critical Mass Media" originally appeared in the PEN American Center Newsletter. Excerpts from transcript of "Feminist Fatale" produced by David Cerniak and Sam Levene. Copyright © 1992 MAN ALIVE—"Feminist Fatale," Canadian Broadcast Corporation. Reprinted by permission. "Notes on Summer Camp" is reprinted from _The New York Observer_. The interview with Edie Magnus and Camille Paglia originally appeared on Connie Chung's _Eye to Eye_. Reprinted by permission. Paglia's contribution to "Symposium—In the Media, A Woman's Place" originally appeared in the _Media Studies Journal_ (Winter/Spring 1993), published by The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center. Copyright © 1993. "Whuffle" originally appeared in _In a Word: A Harper's Magazine Dictionary of Words That Don't Exist But Ought To_ , Jack Hilt, ed., 1992. The "Ask Camille Paglia" column originally appeared in _Spy_ magazine. "Diary of Sex, Art, and Selling" originally appeared in _The Guardian_ (London, January 21, 1994). "On Censorship" originally appeared as "Insanity and Desire" in the _Observer_ (London), April 10, 1994. "The Return of Carry Nation" originally appeared in _Playboy_ magazine. "A Gentleman Is..." originally appeared in _Esquire_ (Spring-Summer 1993), a division of The Hearst Organization. Drawing by Carole Cable is reprinted from _Cable on Academe_ by Carole Cable, Copyright © 1994, University of Texas Press. # ABOUT THE AUTHOR Camille Paglia is Professor of Humanities at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia. She is the author of _Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson_ and _Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays_.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaBook" }	1,190
Q: Filter out region names from a list of countries and regions A list contains all countries of the world plus names of regions, continents, etc. Is there a more elegant way of filtering out the non-country names other than manually? One solution is manually filtering the names, but that seems...overly manual? None Names such as Latin America & the Caribbean, Western Africa, and North America need to be in their own list. A: Hello and welcome to Stackoverflow. Let's assume your list is called my_list. Using pycountry package: import pycountry coutries = [] for country in list(pycountry.countries): countries.append(country) # Creates a list full of official country names # Print all the names which are not in countries but are un my_list print([country for country not in countries and country in my_list])	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange" }	3,045
Torre de Komtar, o Menara Komtar, es el edificio más alto de Penang y el sexto más alto de Malasia. Está situado en el centro de George Town, dominando el skyline de la ciudad. KOMTAR es un acrónimo de Kompleks Tun Abdul Razak. Cuando se coronó, era el segundo edificio más alto de Asia tras el Sunshine 60 de Tokio. Komtar fue el más alto de Malasia durante tres años hasta que fue superado por Menara Maybank en Kuala Lumpur en 1988. Komtar es un complejo multiusos que contiene comercios, estaciones de transporte y oficinas administrativas del Gobierno del Estado de Penang. Acrónimo de Kompleks Tun Abdul Razak, el nombre KOMTAR proviene de Tun Abdul Razak Hussein, segundo primer ministro de Malasia, quien ofició el pilotaje de la Fase 1 el 1 de enero de 1974. Tiene el mismo nombre que el Kompleks Tun Abdul Razak de Johor Bahru, construido en la misma época pero con una altura menor. El KOMTAR de Johor Bahru tiene solo 25 plantas. La torre tiene 232 m de altura y 65 plantas y es un prisma dodecagonal que se eleva por encima de un podio de cuatro plantas. El complejo contiene oficinas y comercios, así como instalaciones públicas y de ocio. Fue diseñado por Architects Team 3 (AT3) de Singapur. y construido con expertos locales. También contiene una cúpula geodésica diseñada por Buckminster Fuller. El arquitecto que diseñó la torre fue Lim Chong Keat, hermano menor de Dr Lim Chong Eu. La construcción de Menara KOMTAR comenzó en el año 1974, y, en el momento de su construcción, era considerado uno de los edificios más vanguardistas de Penang. KOMTAR fue idea del entonces Chief Minister de Penang Dr Lim Chong Eu para revitalizar el centro de George Town y estimular el desarrollo de Penang. KOMTAR ocupa una parcela de 11 hectáreas y es el proyecto de renovación urbana más ambicioso de la Corporación de Desarrollo de Penang, la rama de desarrollo del gobierno del estado de Penang. El plan maestro está dividido en cinco fases para su construcción. Historia Cronología de la construcción Fechas importantes en el planeamiento y construcción de KOMTAR: Proyecto de Revitalización de KOMTAR Se están debatiendo varias iniciativas como parte de la primera fase del Proyecto de Revitalización de KOMTAR: Convocatoria de un concurso para el aparcamiento de varias plantas después de que el operador existente lo entregara el estado en diciembre de 2009. Búsqueda de interesados en el desarrollo y alquiler de la zona comercial de la planta cuatro del podio, las plantas 59 y 60 de Menara KOMTAR, el centro de squash y la food court, ambos situados en la planta 5. Transformar el jardín y zona al aire libre en la azotea de la planta 5 en un parque de juegos extremos y un centro de actuaciones para jóvenes. En noviembre de 2012, se anunció que se iba a revitalizar KOMTAR con un presupuesto de RM 40 millones, mediante la mejora y reconstrucción de las plantas 5, 59, 60, 64 y 65. Este proyecto de renovación cubrirá un bulevar de 2800 m² que albergará bares y restaurantes, un salón de banquetes en la planta 5, un restaurante temático de clase internacional en las plantas 59 y 60, un sky restaurant en la planta 64 y un sky lounge en la planta 65. Aparte de esto, el proyecto también contempla construir dos ascensores panorámicos con un coste de RM 6 millones. Esta renovación es parte de la iniciativa del Gobierno del Estado de Penang para recuperar la gloria de KOMTAR. Todo el proyecto se completará en 30 meses. Fase 1 Torre de Komtar KOMTAR es un complejo de 65 plantas que alberga oficinas, tiendas, food courts y las oficinas del gobierno central de Penang. KOMTAR es un acrónimo de Kompleks Tun Abdul Razak (Complejo Tun Abdul Razak), en honor al segundo Primer Ministro de Malasia, el difunto Tun Abdul Razak bin Hussein Al-Haj. Desde 1985, ha sido el edificio más alto de Penang con 232 m de altura. Este famoso edificio, situado en el centro de George Town, fue el segundo más alto de Asia cuando se coronó. KOMTAR tenía una tienda libre de impuestos en la planta 57. El Centro Turístico de la Torre, en la planta 60, proporcionaba a los visitantes unas excelentes vistas panorámicas de la ciudad, la península (Butterworth) y el Puente de Penang. Se accedía a la plataforma de observación por la entrada principal de la torre mediante los ascensores de alta velocidad Mitsubishi. Esta plataforma de observación y tienda libre de impuestos están cerrados en la actualidad por renovación, y el Centro Turístico se ha trasladado a la planta 3. Cúpula Geodésica Dewan Tunku La Cúpula Geodésica Dewan Tunku, situada en la planta 5, es una estructura parcialmente esférica que se basa en un patrón de círculos llamados geodésicas que se intersecan formando elementos triangulares. Estos elementos triangulares reparten las cargas entre toda la estructura. Está basado en un concepto estudiado, desarrollado y popularizado por R. Buckminster Fuller. La primera cúpula que se llamaba geodésica se creó antes, por Walther Bauersfeld para la compañía óptica Carl Zeiss, y se construyó en Jena, Alemania, en 1922. La cúpula es una sala multiusos empleada para actuaciones, actos oficiales, conciertos y otros eventos. La entrada principal a la cúpula geodésica es por la planta del auditorio, y también se puede acceder por la planta 4 de KOMTAR. Trader's Hotel El Traders Hotel (antiguamente conocido como Shangri-La Hotel) tiene 443 habitaciones. ICT Digital Mall @ KOMTAR ICT Digital Mall @ Komtar, o simplemente ICT Mall, es un nuevo centro comercial gestionado por Venice Gateway Sdn. Bhd. en Komtar. Abrió en noviembre de 2010 en el local ocupado originalmente por los Grandes Almacenes Yaohan y posteriormente por Aktif Lifestyle Store. El nuevo centro comercial está centrado en productos eléctricos y electrónicos, incluidos hardware y software de ordenadores, productos de telecomunicaciones como teléfonos móviles, y cámaras y objetivos de fotografía. En la planta baja de ICT Digital Mall @ Komtar habrá una food court, que se conocerá como ICT Mall Food Court. Para garantizar la fluidez del tráfico cerca de ICT Mall, se ha construido un nuevo puente peatonal elevado para conectar la tercera planta del ICT Mall con el 1st Avenue Mall. Estación de autobuses KOMTAR La estación de autobuses KOMTAR es el nudo de la red de autobuses de George Town. Todas las rutas de autobuses de Penang irradian de esta terminal. Directorio de plantas Fase 2A Hipermercado y Grandes Almacenes Pacific El completamemente nuevo Pacific KOMTAR es el 74º establecimiento de la cadena The Store Corporation Berhad en Malasia. Pacific KOMTAR ocupa 4 plantas. KOMTAR Walk KOMTAR Walk, que cubre una longitud de 155 m paralela a Jalan Dr Lim Chwee Leong, es una zona de bares y restaurantes promovida por el Hipermercado y Grandes Almacenes Pacific. KOMTAR Walk contendrá 19 bares y restaurantes de alta gama al aire libre bajo una cubierta ligera. Cinco de estos 19 nuevos establecimientos, que tendrán una sola planta, estarán en una única estructura al pie del puente elevado, frente al aparcamiento exterior. Por su parte, siete más están conectados a Menara KOMTAR al lado del GeorgeTown White Coffee mientras que los siete establecimientos que quedan, que tienen dos plantas, se sitúan frente a KOMTAR. Estas dos filas están separadas por un paseo de 5 m, que también permite mesas al aire libre. Fase 2B La parcela de la fase 2B se vendió a una cadena de comercios locales para la construcción de tiendas. La construcción comenzó en 1997, aproximadamente al mismo tiempo que el Prangin Mall de la Fase 4 (véase más abajo). Sin embargo, el proyecto se paró tras la subsidencia del suelo que afecta a los alrededores, junto con la crisis financiera asiática. La construcción del Prangin Mall se identificó posteriormente como la causa más probable de la subsidencia. En la actualidad, la Fase 2B se usa como un aparcamiento de coches exterior. Fase 3: Prangin Mall El Prangin Mall es un centro comercial de George Town, Penang. Llamado en honor a Prangin Road, también conocida como Jalan Dr Lim Chwee Leong, Prangin Mall abrió en el año 2001. Está dirigido a un mercado de clase baja y media. El centro comercial comprende seis plantas incluidos un sótano, dos sótanos de aparcamiento y otras tres plantas de aparcamiento en las plantas más altas. Fase 4: 1st Avenue Situado en el centro de Georgetown en Jalan Magazine, 1st Avenue Shopping Mall tiene una superficie total de 61 000 m² distribuidos en siete plantas. Cines TGV Estos son los primeros Cines TGV de la Isla de Penang. Abrieron el 8 de enero de 2011 y tienen 8 salas de cine con una capacidad para 1310 personas. También contiene el primer Beanieplex de Malasia, que permite que los espectadores se relajen en pufs mientras disfrutan de las películas. Fase 5 Este solar abandonado está rodeado por cuatro calles llamadas McNair Road, Dr. Lim Chwee Leong Road, Magazine Road y Beach Street. Se le asignó un uso comercial, pero fue revisado en 2002 para incluir un centro de transportes. Plaza del Patrimonio de Penang En julio de 2012, la Fase 5, que comprende 18000 m², fue designada por el Gobierno del Estado de Penang y la Corporación de Desarrollo de Penang para que se desarrollara como el nuevo enclave patrimonial de Penang, conocido como Plaza del Patrimonio. Esto estaría en línea con la designación de George Town como Patrimonio de la Humanidad y los esfuerzos de renovación de Komtar como el centro socio-cívico y de negocios del Estado. Estos 18000 m² de terreno en el centro de George Town serán principalmente espacio público. El Centro y la Plaza del Patrimonio difundirán y restaurarán la cultura de George Town mediante la promoción del patrimonio conservado y la vida urbana en el centro de la ciudad, y harán la ciudad más ecológica, asegurando un desarrollo equilibrado de la zona. El proyecto está actualmente en fase de planeamiento, y tiene el objetivo de revitalizar la Fase 5 de Komtar y el valor del patrimonio creando espacios urbanos para una vida urbana saludable. El desarrollo de la Plaza del Patrimonio revitalizará el adyacente complejo Komtar, lo que está dirigido a recuperar la gloria de Komtar como centro neurálgico de Penang. Los componentes de la Plaza del Patrimonio de Penang son los siguientes: Restaurar y renovar el "Sia Boey" (Mercado Prangin) Esto revitalizará "Sia Boey" como una zona comercial y turística, que contendrá un centro de visitantes, tiendas de artesanía, recuerdos, flores y restaurantes. Para expandir el mercado "Sia Boey", se espera que la Corporación de Desarrollo construya un mercado adicional al lado para complementar al existente. Esta restauración marcaría la frontera de la zona de Georgetown designada Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO. Creación de espacios urbanos Como George Town necesita más espacios públicos para recreación, reuniones públicas, celebraciones y actuaciones culturales, se promoverá este espacio público urbano con algunas zonas verdes como el primero de su clase en Penang para una vida saludable. La plaza del patrimonio también proporcionará un centro de la cultura, artes y tradiciones de George Town, a su vez, promoviendo la cultura y el concepto de crisol de culturas en el centro de la ciudad. Creación de una Plaza del Patrimonio Para renovar y restaurar el ambiente urbano de la zona, las casas tradicionales a lo largo de Maxwell Road serán convertidas en cafeterías, casas de té, centros de artesanía, minimuseos, boutiques y hoteles paralelos al tema del matrimonio. También se peatonalizará Maxwell Road. Centro del Patrimonio de George Town (GHC) Este emblemático edificio de cinco plantas servirá como recinto para actuaciones, actividades artísticas, culturales, patrimoniales, comunitarias y juveniles. Estará elevado sobre el nivel de calle para proporcionar plazas al público. Restauración de Prangin Canal Para restaurar el Prangin Canal hay planes de una zona de restaurantes, vendedores callejeros y mobiliario urbano en medio de zonas ajardinadas. Referencias Rascacielos de Malasia Arquitectura de 1986 Rascacielos entre 200 y 249 metros Arquitectura de Malasia del siglo XX Rascacielos inaugurados en 1986	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	4,863
Longinos Navás Ferrer (* 7. März 1858 in Cabacés, Tarragona; † 31. Dezember 1938 in Girona, Girona) war ein spanischer Jesuit und Entomologe. Seine Spezialgebiete waren die Plecoptera und Neuropteroidea. Er beschrieb 105 neue Libellenarten; davon sind heute noch 48 anerkannt. Auch beschrieb er die vier neuen und noch heute benutzten Libellengattungen Neureclipa, Remartinia, Rialla und Daemhippus. Zu seinen Ehren wurde die Libellenart Trithetrum navasi benannt. Er war Mitgründer der Academia de Ciencias de Zaragoza, der Sociedad Entomológica de España, der Sociedad Ibérica de Ciencias Naturales und der Sociedad Aragonesa de Ciencias Naturales. Leben Longinos Navás Ferrer war das vierte Kind von insgesamt zwölf Geschwistern. Nach dem Abschluss der Piaristenschule in Reus im Alter von 14 Jahren studierte er Jura an der Universität Barcelona und geistliche Studien am Priesterseminar Barcelona. Im Jahr 1875 begann er sein Noviziat bei den Jesuiten in Château-Dussède, Frankreich. Dort studierte er nicht nur Latein und Altgriechisch, sondern begann auch sein Philosophiestudium, das er später in Tortosa abschloss. Er wirkte für vier Jahre am Colegio von Manresa, bevor er Ende 1890 zum Priester geweiht wurde. Spätestens mit Aufnahme seiner Lehrtätigkeit 1892 am Colegio in Salvador de Zaragoza, wo er für das Fach Naturgeschichte verantwortlich zeichnete, wandte er sich der Biologie zu. Vier Jahre später wurde er Mitglied der Sociedad Española de Historia Natural und wirkte auf den Gebieten der Entomologie, Botanik und Geologie. Den wissenschaftlichen Unterbau baute er mit einem zweijährigen Bachelorstudium der Naturwissenschaften im Jahr 1904 aus. Im folgenden Jahr, 1905, nahm er als einziger Spanier am internationalen botanischen Kongress in Wien teil. Literatur Weblinks Entomologe Odonatologe Spanier Geboren 1858 Gestorben 1938 Mann	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	6,562
{"url":"https:\/\/www.research.ed.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/from-oscillatory-integrals-to-complete-exponential-sums","text":"# From oscillatory integrals to complete exponential sums\n\nResearch output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review\n\n## Abstract\n\nIn \\cite{PS-I}, Phong and Stein establish a sharp and stable bound for (one dimensional) scalar oscillatory integrals with a polynomial phase $\\phi$ in terms of root clusters of the derivative $\\phi'$. In this note we prove an analogous result for complete exponential sums. When one considers only singleton clusters, the corresponding estimate for exponential sums was established by Loxton and Vaughan in \\cite{LV}. Considering all possible clusters containing a particular root allows one to obtain bounds for exponential sums which are stable under perturbations of the phase.\n\nOriginal language English 231-250 20 Mathematical research letters 18 2 Published - Mar 2011","date":"2021-07-30 01:27:31","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.6528796553611755, \"perplexity\": 894.6924658028602}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2021-31\/segments\/1627046153899.14\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20210729234313-20210730024313-00109.warc.gz\"}"}	null	null
La Masacre de Dístomo (; o Distomo-Massaker ) se refiere a un crimen de guerra Nazi perpetrado por miembros de las Waffen-SS en la aldea de Dístomo, Grecia, en 1944, durante la ocupación alemana de Grecia en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La masacre El 10 de junio de 1944, durante más de dos horas, las tropas Waffen-SS de la 4ª División Polizei Panzergrenadier SS, bajo el mando del Hauptsturmführer de las SS Fritz Lautenbach, fueron de puerta en puerta masacrando a civiles griegos, como parte de una "represalia salvaje" contra un ataque de los partisanos a un convoy de su unidad. Un total de 214 hombres, mujeres y niños fueron asesinados en Dístomo, un pequeño pueblo cerca de Delfos. Según los supervivientes, "las fuerzas de las SS pasaron por la bayoneta a los bebés en sus cunas, apuñalaron a mujeres embarazadas y decapitaron al sacerdote de la aldea". Tras la masacre, un miembro de la policía secreta militar (Geheime Feldpolizei), que acompañaba a las fuerzas alemanas, informó a las autoridades que, contrariamente al informe oficial de Lautenbach, las tropas alemanas habían sido atacadas a varias millas de Dístomo y no habían sido atacadas "con Morteros, ametralladoras y fusiles de la dirección de Dístomo". Se convocó una consulta. En ella Lautenbach admitió que había ido más allá de las órdenes vigentes, pero el tribunal falló a su favor, sosteniendo que la decisión había sido motivada, no por negligencia o ignorancia, sino por un sentido de responsabilidad hacia sus hombres. Procedimientos legales Cuatro familiares de las víctimas iniciaron acciones legales contra el gobierno alemán en Livadeia, Grecia, exigiendo reparaciones. El 30 de octubre de 1997, el tribunal griego falló a favor de los demandantes y otorgó una indemnización de 28 millones de euros. Finalmente, en mayo de 2000, el Tribunal Supremo Civil y Penal de Grecia confirmó esta decisión. Sin embargo, la sentencia no se pudo hacer cumplir en Grecia porque, según la ley griega, la ejecución de una sentencia contra un Estado soberano está sujeta al consentimiento previo del Ministro de Justicia, que no se dio. Los demandantes llevaron el caso a los tribunales en Alemania, exigiendo que se les paguen los daños antes mencionados. La demanda fue rechazada en todos los niveles de la corte alemana, citando el "acuerdo bilateral de 1961 relativo a la ejecución y el reconocimiento de sentencias" entre Alemania y Grecia, y la "Sección 328 del Código de Procedimiento Civil de Alemania". Según los principios fundamentales del derecho internacional, cada país es inmune a la jurisdicción de otro estado. En noviembre de 2008, un tribunal italiano dictaminó que los demandantes podían tomar propiedades alemanas en Italia como resultado de la compensación reconocida por los tribunales griegos. Los demandantes recibieron una villa en Menaggio, cerca del lago Como, que era propiedad de una organización estatal alemana sin fines de lucro, como parte de la compensación. En diciembre de 2008, el gobierno alemán presentó una demanda en la Corte Internacional de Justicia de La Haya defendiendo que los tribunales italianos deberían haber desestimado el caso, en virtud del derecho internacional de inmunidad soberana. En enero de 2011, el Primer Ministro de Grecia, George Papandreou, anunció que el Gobierno griego estaría representado en el Tribunal Internacional de Justicia en relación con la reclamación de reparaciones de familiares de las víctimas. En su sentencia definitiva de 2012, el tribunal dictaminó que Italia había violado la inmunidad estatal de Alemania y ordenó que se retirara la sentencia de los tribunales italianos. En 2014, el Tribunal Constitucional italiano dictaminó que la inmunidad soberana para delitos como Dístomo violaba los derechos fundamentales garantizados por la constitución italiana. Por lo tanto, la inmunidad soberana ya no sería una ley aplicable en Italia para los casos de crímenes de guerra en cuestión. Por lo tanto, las nuevas reclamaciones de compensación por la masacre de Dístomo podrían presentarse ante los tribunales italianos. En el cine A song for Argyris (en español, Canción para Argyris) es una película documental de 2006 que detalla la historia de la vida de Argyris Sfountouris, un sobreviviente de la masacre. Von Griechenland es otro documental experimental de 1966 de Peter Nestler. Véase también Masacre de Kontomari (02/06/1941) Masacre de Kandanos (03/06/1941) Masacres de Mesovouno (23/10/1941 y 22/04/1944) Masacre de Kommeno (16/08/1943) Masacre de Viannos (14/09/1943 a 16/09/1943) Masacres de Paramythia (19/09/1943 a 29/09/1943) Masacre de Ligkiades (03/10/1943) Masacre de Kalávrita (13/12/1943) Masacre de Drakeia (18/12/1943) Masacre de Kesariani (01/05/1944) Masacre de Dístomo (10/06/1944) Masacre de Kédros (22/08/1944) Masacre de Chortiatis (02/09/1944) Crímenes de guerra alemanes en Grecia, en la segunda guerra mundial Notas Enlaces externos Página web del municiio de Distomo Página web alemana que describe la masacre de Distomo Página web holandesa con referencia a la masacre de Distomo Una canción para Argyris: documental con Argyris Sfountouris, un sobreviviente de la masacre Revista "Life" de 1944: artículo sobre masacre (página 21) Masacres de la Segunda Guerra Mundial Masacres en Grecia 1944	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	513
Do so by opening the white Adobe Acrobat app with the stylized, red A icon. Scroll down and tap Files, then tap On My iPhone, select a folder, and tap Add in the top-right corner of the screen. There are a few reasons why you will want to convert the files. This article was co-authored by our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness. On Windows 8 however, by default Windows 8 will automatically open photos using the new Photo App and it will take you out of the desktop environment. Note that you will see the classic version of Print dialog if you opened the picture file with a classic desktop program such as. While Windows delivers with its operating system a default image viewer called Windows Picture and Fax Viewer, there are a lot of other image viewers that support printing, to name a few popular ones: Microsoft Office Picture Manager, Picasa and Irfanview. It does not matter if the files are large, they are still going to be converted at 300% more quickly than if another converter was used. You can do this using built-in software on both Windows and Mac computers. Using Adobe Acrobat, you can even automatically process text within the image so that it's easily searchable by anyone you send the image to. If you don't have it already, you're better off using one of the above methods. Mick Murphy - Microsoft Partner. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. Once that has been done, installation can begin. Files can be changed in several ways. Optionally you can select multiple images at once and print them using predefined layouts. This article was co-authored by our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness. This article was co-authored by our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness. The wikiHow Tech Team also followed the article's instructions and validated that they work. About the Author Steven Melendez is an independent journalist with a background in technology and business. They include: - Speed of conversion. . Adobe - Communities Adobe - Forums Hope Hope this helps. The wikiHow Tech Team also followed the article's instructions and validated that they work. If you do not, then download and install it from our page. You can also use Adobe Acrobat Pro if you have purchased it. There is not a lot that needs to be done. Step 1: Open up File Explorer. You cannot imagine how fast it does until you use it. Hi, You can paste a. Step 5: Finally, click Print button. As an alternative, the files can be dragged to their new location. Historically, the extension was used for documentation in, particularly of programs or computer hardware, on a wide range of. The app, called Adobe Scan, is available in the Google Play Store and iPhone App Store. He was awarded the Knight Foundation scholarship to Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism. Microsoft Edge, the default browser, is also the. Then click on File in the menu bar at the top of the window, click on Open. You can circumvent that by right clicking an image and selecting Open With and from the list of programs choose Windows Photo Viewer. This action will open Save Print Output As dialog. Step 3: Once the picture file is opened in an app or program, simultaneously press Ctrl and P keys Ctrl + P hotkey to open the Print dialog. Also there are a few on-line convertors. Step 2: Double-click on the image file to open it with the default Photos app, Windows Photo Viewer, or any other image viewer that you have set as default. It will run as soon as it has been installed. They are 2 different things. . . . .	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	9,809
000. I want to give a couple of years only to golf and see how it goes; not balancing anything currently. is compelled to spend his hard-earned meagerly monthly pension of Rs 1, risks losing the Jan. it is likely to push for progress on these three issues." Reisz says.Vineyard on the RangeBecky Reini and her husband.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	5,466
\section{Introduction} The first person to study the topic of wealth distributions in a quantitative manner, Pareto, was trained as an engineer \cite{Pareto_1896}. In recent years, it is the physics community who have made significant contributions to the topic, again by focusing not only on theoretical methodologies \cite{{Malcai_PRE66_031102_2002},{Chatterjee_PhysA335_155_2004},{Repetowicz_PhysA356_641_2005},{Coelho_PhysA353_515_2005},{Richmond_PhysA370_43_2006}} but also making comparisons of their results with empirical data \cite{{Souma_Fractals9_463_2001},{Dragulescu_EPJB20_585_2001},{Clementi_PhysA350_427_2005},{Sinha_PhysA359_555_2006},{Repetowicz_article}}. For a recent detailed review of the subject see \cite{Indian_Book}. What does seem clear from the mounting evidence is that income and wealth distributions across societies everywhere follow a robust pattern and that the application of ideas from statistical physics can provide understanding that complements the observed data. The distribution rises from very low values for low income earners to a peak before falling away again at high incomes. For very high incomes it takes the form of a power law as first noted by Pareto. The distribution is certainly not uniform. Many people are poor and few are rich. The cumulative probability corresponds to the probability of finding earners that have an income bigger or equal to a certain amount of income, $m$. For values of $m$ less than the average income it decreases slowly from its maximum value $1$. For values roughly high than the average it follows a power law: \begin{equation} P(_{>}m)=m^{-\alpha} \end{equation} where $\alpha$ is the Pareto exponent. Looking closely at results for income and wealth distributions around the world (Table 5.2 in reference \cite{Indian_Book}) we see that the values for the exponents for wealth/income data sets, and data that concerns only the top wealthiest people in society differ. Figure \ref{figure_1} shows the distribution of the Pareto exponents when we take these different origins of the data into account. The average Pareto exponent is approximately $2.0$ for the top earners in tax/inheritance statistics, and just below $1.0$ for the super-rich. \begin{figure}[H] \begin{center} \epsfysize=80mm \epsffile{CoelhoFig1.eps} \caption{Distribution of the Pareto exponents found by different authors in the last decade. The black curve is from data sets taken from tax/income databases. The grey curve is from super-rich lists, such as Forbes. The Pareto exponent for the top richest is around $1$ while for the ``normal'' rich people is around $2$ (data taken from Table 5.2 in reference \cite{Indian_Book}).} \label{figure_1} \end{center} \end{figure} We believe that the studies of wealth that are based on tax/income generally do not include the wealth of very rich people. A further indication of two power law regimes is the study of Souma \cite{Souma_Fractals9_463_2001}. In Figure $1$ of his paper \cite{Souma_Fractals9_463_2001}, Souma found a Pareto exponent of $2.06$ in the high end. However, we see an indication of a second power law for the top richest (higher than $3000$ million yen) which we estimate as an exponent below $1.0$ based on his figure. Yet a further indication of two power laws comes from our analysis of U.K. data. In Figure \ref{figure_2} we show data for the cumulative distribution of incomes in the UK for the year $1995$. The upper curve is calculated from survey data and tends to a power law which was confirmed by data obtained by Cranshaw \cite{Cranshaw} from the UK Revenue Commissioners. The lower curve is calculated using the U.K. New Income Survey data, which takes a $1\%$ sample of all employees in Great-Britain. The slight shift in the two curves is due to uncertainty in a normalisation factor but the power law is clearly seen and extends from weekly incomes of just under $\pounds 1000$ per week up to around $\pounds 30000$ per week. Over this region the Pareto exponent is $\sim 3.3$. This might be assumed to be the end of the story with the power law being associated with Pareto's law. However from data published by Sunday Times \cite{SundayTimes} for the wealth of billionaires in U.K. for $2006$, we can make an estimate of the income in $1995$ generated by the wealth. In order to move from $2006$ back to $1995$, we made some creative estimations. First, we said that probably the wealth of the top richest group had increased in proportion to the stock market over the period $1995$ to $2006$. This index has roughly doubled in that time, so in $1995$, the wealth is roughly $50\%$ of the $2006$ value. Then we assumed this wealth generated an income from being invested and the interest rate was around $4\%$ per annum. This yields a second power law with Pareto exponent $\sim 1.26$. This suggests what many people believe to be true, namely that the super wealthy pay less tax as a proportion of their income than the majority of earners in society! \begin{figure}[H] \begin{center} \epsfysize=90mm \epsffile{CoelhoFig2.eps} \caption{Distribution of the cumulative weekly income in U.K. for $1995$. The left side curves represent income for $1995$ from two different sources and a similar Pareto exponent is achieved for the high end of these curves, $\sim 3.2 - 3.3$. The right side curve represent an estimation of the income, in $1995$, for the top richest in U.K. In this case the Pareto exponent is lower and around $1.3$.} \label{figure_2} \end{center} \end{figure} \section{Wealth models} A number of models have been proposed to account for the distributions of wealth in society. One class that might be considered to constitute a {\it mesoscopic} approach is based on a generalised Lotka Volterra models \cite{{Malcai_PRE66_031102_2002},{Solomon_IJMP12_333_2001},{Solomon_EPJB27_257_2002}}. Other {\it microscopic} models invoke agents that exchange money via pairwise transactions according to a specific exchange rule. The results from these latter models depend critically on the nature of the exchange process. Two quite different exchange processes have been postulated. The first by Chakraborti and colleagues \cite{{Chakraborti_EPJB17_167_2000},{Patriarca_PRE70_016104_2004}} conserves money during the exchange and allows savings that can be a fixed and equal percentage of the initial money held by each agent. This yields the Boltzmann distribution. Allowing the saving percentage to take on a random character then introduces a power law character to the distribution for high incomes. The value of the power law exponent however can be shown to be exactly one \cite{Repetowicz_PhysA356_641_2005}. Only a slight variation of the exponent is achieved by attributing memory to the agents \cite{Repetowicz_article}. On the other hand, the model of Slanina \cite{Slanina_PRE69_046102_2004} assumes a different exchange rule. It also allows creation of money during each exchange process and the solution is not stationary. One must normalise the amount of money held by an agent with the mean value of money within the system at time $t$. In this way a stationary solution for the distribution of the normalised money can be obtained. Such a procedure must also be applied to obtain a solution from the Lotka Volterra approach and it is interesting to see that the final results for both methods yield distribution functions of the same form. Detailed numerical comparisons with the data suggest that this form gives a good fit to the data below the super rich region \cite{Indian_Book}. \section{Expansion of Slanina's model} Slanina's model \cite{Slanina_PRE69_046102_2004} involves the pairwise interaction of agents, which at every exchange process also receive some money from outside. The time evolution of trades is represented as: \begin{equation} \left( \begin{array}{c} v_i(t+1) \\ v_j(t+1) \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 + \epsilon - \beta & \beta \\ \beta & 1 + \epsilon - \beta \end{array} \right) \left( \begin{array}{c} v_i(t) \\ v_j(t) \end{array} \right) \end{equation} where $v_i(t)$ is the wealth of agent $i$ at time $t$ ($i=1,\dots,N$, where $N$ is the total number of agents), $\beta$ quantifies the percentage of wealth exchanged between agents and $\epsilon$ measures the quantity of wealth injected in the system at every exchange. In the simplest case, the values of $\beta$ and $\epsilon$ are kept constant for all trades. This results in a power law for the rich end at the normalised distribution of wealth, i.e. the distribution of $x_i(t)=v_i(t)/\bar{v}(t)$ where $\bar{v}(t)$ is the mean wealth at time $t$ ($\bar{v}(t) = \sum_{i=1}^N v_i(t)/N$). An approximation of the Pareto exponent is given by Slanina paper \cite{Slanina_PRE69_046102_2004} as: \begin{equation} \alpha \sim \frac{2 \beta}{\epsilon^2} + 1 \label{Slanina_exponent} \end{equation} apart from some correction in the $\epsilon$ term. To check the accuracy of this approximation, we ran some simulations for $10^4$ agents trading $10^3 \times N $ times and averaged over $10^3$ realisations. The percentage of wealth exchanged ($\beta$) was set to $0.005$ and the percentage of wealth injected in the system ($\epsilon$) to $0.1$. Fitting a power law to the high end of our distribution in Figure \ref{figure_3}, we find an exponent of $2.0$ in excellent agreement with the value of $2.0$ of equation \ref{Slanina_exponent} \begin{figure}[H] \begin{center} \epsfysize=100mm \epsffile{CoelhoFig3.eps} \caption{Cumulative distribution of wealth in a simple Slanina model, for $10^4$ agents trading $10^3 \times N $ times and averaged over $10^3$ realisations. The percentage of wealth exchanged ($\beta$) is equal $0.005$ and the percentage of wealth injected in the system ($\epsilon$) is $0.1$. The Pareto exponent for the higher end is $\sim 2.0$.} \label{figure_3} \end{center} \end{figure} Our expansion of Slanina's model is given by making $\beta$ a function of $v$, $\beta(v)$. The main conclusion that we can take from this wealth dynamic is that a double power law arrives from the difference between the percentage of money that agents put in the society for trade. This difference can be related with different levels of fear to risk or from some economical issues related with taxation. This results in the following update rule: \begin{equation} \left( \begin{array}{c} v_i(t+1) \\ v_j(t+1) \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 + \epsilon - \beta(v_i) & \beta(v_j) \\ \beta(v_i) & 1 + \epsilon - \beta(v_j) \end{array} \right) \left( \begin{array}{c} v_i(t) \\ v_j(t) \end{array} \right). \end{equation} Here we consider the simplest case, i.e.: \begin{equation} \begin{array}{c} \beta(v) \end{array} = \left\{ \begin{array}{cc} \beta_1, & v < n \bar{v}(t) \\ \beta_2, & v \geq n \bar{v}(t) \end{array} \right. \begin{array}{c} , \beta_1 > \beta_2 \end{array} \end{equation} If an agent has wealth higher than a threshold ($n$ times the average wealth, $\bar{v}(t)$), the second parameter ($\beta_2$) will be used. The threshold adopted in these simulations is $10 \bar{v}(t)$, so if agent $i$ or $j$ have a mean wealth higher than this threshold they will trade a different percentage as if they would have a smaller amount. To simulate a society like the U.K., where two Pareto exponents exist, one for the top earners around $3.0$ and another one for the super-rich around $1.5$, we have chosen the parameters $\beta$ and $\alpha$ according to equation \ref{Slanina_exponent}, i.e. $\beta_1=0.01$, $\beta_2=0.00125$ and $\epsilon=0.1$. Figure \ref{figure_4} shows the result of our simulations. Two distinct power laws are visible, one in the regime between $\bar{v}(t)$ and $10 \bar{v}(t)$ and another one for wealth larger than $10 \bar{v}(t)$. The Pareto exponents are $2.51$ and $1.29$, respectively, and thus differ from the prediction of equation \ref{Slanina_exponent}. However in our case, this prediction should only be taken as a first order approximation, since we are essentially dealing with two societies (each specified by its respective $\beta$ values) which are interacting. Agents switch between their interaction parameters according to their relative wealth. The main success of the modified Slanina model is thus the reproduction of two power laws regimes. Contrary to this, and to some surprise, calculations based on a similarly modified Lotka Volterra model did not result in such double power law distribution. \begin{figure}[H] \begin{center} \epsfysize=100mm \epsffile{CoelhoFig4.eps} \caption{Cumulative distribution of wealth in expanded Slanina model. The values for number of agents, time steps, realisations and percentage of wealth injected in the system ($\epsilon$) are the same as used in Figure \ref{figure_3}. The percentage of wealth exchanged ($\beta$) if the agent has wealth smaller than $10 \bar{v}(t)$ is $0.01$ $0.00125$ and if the agent has wealth higher or equal to $10 \bar{v}(t)$ is $0.00125$. Two different Pareto exponents appear in different parts of the distribution. One for what we call rich people is around $\sim 2.5$ and a second one for the top richest is around $\sim 1.3$. The vertical dashed line shows the threshold that we choose for different $\beta$'s values.} \label{figure_4} \end{center} \end{figure} A better accuracy of the theoretical results should be achieved in future work, where we intend to find the solution for the case of two Pareto exponents in the same wealth distribution. \section{Conclusion} As was discussed in \cite{Indian_Book}, progress in understanding the details of wealth distribution is invariably linked to obtaining data sets that encompass the entire population of a country. It appears that at present, this information is only available for a few countries, for example Japan (Souma \cite{Souma_Fractals9_463_2001}). Generally, the super-rich are not included in income data. Published wealth lists are estimates, but for the moment might well remain the only public source for the information on these top earners. We hope that analyses of the kind we have made in this paper encourages the release of more detailed income data over the entire income range. Only with more complete data sets will we be able to properly understand these complex economic systems. \begin{ack} R. Coelho acknowledges the support of the FCT/Portugal through the grant SFRH/BD/$27801/2006$. J. Barry is funded by IRCSET (Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology). The authors also acknowledge the help of COST (European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical research) Action P10. \end{ack}	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	360
The Liechtenstein rules on notional interest deduction breach the EEA rules on freedom of establishement and free movement of capital. That is the conclusion of a reasoned opinion delivered by the EFTA Surveillance Authority today. The Liechtenstein rules provide that a notional interest deduction is granted for Liechtenstein real estate and permanent establishments, while no such deduction is granted for net assets in real estate and permanent establishments in other EEA States. «The Authority considers that this is a restriction contrary to the EEA rules on the freedom of establishment and the free movement of capital. It discourages Liechtenstein companies from setting up permanent establishments in other EEA States, and it discourages residents in Liechtenstein from investing in other EEA States.» said Mr. Ólafur Einarsson, Director of the EFTA Surveillance Authority's Internal Market Affairs Directorate. A reasoned opinion is the second stage in infringement proceedings. The Authority may bring the matter before the EFTA Court if Liechtenstein fails to take the measures necessary to comply with the reasoned opinion within two months.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	4,453
package com.github.halab4dev.mongo2j.mapper; import org.bson.Document; import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import java.util.Date; import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals; /** * author halab */ public class DefaultMapperDateAttributeTests { Mapper mapper = new DefaultMapper(); @Test @DisplayName("Test serialize with date attribute") public void testSerializeDateAttribute() { Date date = new Date(); DateAttributeExample object = new DateAttributeExample("halab", date); Document document = mapper.toDocument(object); assertEquals(object.getName(), document.getString("name")); assertEquals(object.getBirthday(), document.getDate("birthday")); } @Test @DisplayName("Test deserialize with date attribute") public void testDeserializeDateAttribute() { Date date = new Date(); Document document = new Document("name", "halab").append("birthday", date); DateAttributeExample object = mapper.toObject(document, DateAttributeExample.class); assertEquals(document.getString("name"), object.getName()); assertEquals(document.getDate("birthday"), object.getBirthday()); } }	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	1,156
When purchasing a stand up paddle board be sure you're making the right choice by demoing each board first. Demo Day is the first Wednesday of every month, May-September. We offer financing and custom package deals on board purchases.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	1,688
Q: Need help getting Registry.GetValue to work correctly I have a simple setup project that is no longer working and it seems like a windows update is the cause. I am using Visual Studio 2010 on Windows 7. The project is 64bit. It still works on some computers but it does not work on any computers that have had updates recently. Here is the original code: Dim appPath As String = Registry.GetValue("HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Our Company Inc.\SoftwareName.exe", "Path", "Not Found") appPath &= "Colorbar.col" Dim sid : sid = "S-1-1-0" Dim objWMI : objWMI = GetObject("winmgmts://./root\cimv2") Dim objSID : objSID = objWMI.Get("Win32_SID='" & sid & "'") Dim userAccount As String = objSID.AccountName Dim fileInfo As IO.FileInfo = New IO.FileInfo(appPath) Dim fileAcl As New FileSecurity fileAcl.AddAccessRule(New FileSystemAccessRule(userAccount, FileSystemRights.FullControl, AccessControlType.Allow)) fileInfo.SetAccessControl(fileAcl) I have put the key value pair of "Path" and "[TARGETDIR]" in the registry editor and have the output from this installer class (the code above) in the Install and Commit custom actions. This code that used to work now returns "Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation -> C:\Windows\SYSWOW64\Colorbar.col" I have checked the registry when this message appears and the path is correct so I don't know where SYSWOW64 is coming from. I have tried to change getting the appPath using this code: Dim regKey As RegistryKey = RegistryKey.OpenBaseKey(RegistryHive.CurrentUser, RegistryView.Registry64) regKey = regKey.OpenSubKey("SOFTWARE\Our Company Inc.\SoftwareName.exe") Dim appPath As String = regKey.GetValue("Path").ToString This returns an "Object reference not set to an instance of an object" error. I have made a test Windows Form application and put both versions of code in a button event. Everything works as expected. Any ideas why the code does not work in a setup project anymore and what I can do to get it working again? Thanks in advance. A: Finally have it working again. I got around using the registry by using the custom action's CustomActionData and setting it to: /name="[TARGETDIR]\" I was then able to access it in my installer class by using this line of code: Dim appPath As String = Context.Parameters.Item("name") Once the path was set, everything else worked as expected. The final code looks like this: Public Overrides Sub Commit(ByVal stateSaver As System.Collections.IDictionary) MyBase.Commit(stateSaver) Dim appPath As String = Context.Parameters.Item("name") appPath = appPath.Remove(appPath.Length - 1) appPath &= "Colorbar.col" Dim sid : sid = "S-1-1-0" Dim objWMI : objWMI = GetObject("winmgmts://./root\cimv2") Dim objSID : objSID = objWMI.Get("Win32_SID='" & sid & "'") Dim userAccount As String = objSID.AccountName Dim fileInfo As IO.FileInfo = New IO.FileInfo(appPath) Dim fileAcl As New FileSecurity fileAcl.AddAccessRule(New FileSystemAccessRule(userAccount, FileSystemRights.FullControl, AccessControlType.Allow)) fileInfo.SetAccessControl(fileAcl) End Sub	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange" }	3,032
Treat yourself to a test drive in the 2019 Kia Sorento. It features all-wheel drive versatility, an automatic transmission, and a 2.4 liter 4 cylinder engine. Kia prioritized practicality, efficiency, and style by including: an automatic dimming rear-view mirror, a blind spot monitoring system, heated seats, fully automatic headlights, power door mirrors and heated door mirrors, cruise control, and much more. Third row seats provide an even greater maximum passenger capacity. Audio features include an AM/FM radio, steering wheel mounted audio controls, and 6 speakers, enhancing the audio experience throughout the interior. Kia ensures the safety and security of its passengers with equipment such as: dual front impact airbags, front side impact airbags, traction control, brake assist, a panic alarm, and 4 wheel disc brakes with ABS. Electronic stability control ensures solid grip atop the road surface, no matter how challenging the driving conditions. We pride ourselves on providing excellent customer service. Please don't hesitate to give us a call.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	265
BLACK STONE CHERRY Release 'My Last Breath' Video BLACK STONE CHERRY have released a music video for their song "My Last Breath". The track is taken from the band's latest album, "Family Tree", which came out in April 2018. As was the case on 2106's "Kentucky", the BLACK STONE CHERRY members opted to produce and track "Family Tree" at David Barrick's Barrick Recording in Glasgow, Kentucky, the same studio where the four-piece recorded its eponymous debut. BLACK STONE CHERRY said in a statement: "We're so pleased to share our new video 'My Last Breath' today. "This video is incredibly special and personal for not only ourselves, but to so many others around the world! The fact that so many people opened up their hearts and shared some of the most emotional and personal messages on camera is what makes this so touching, vulnerable, and in our opinion, one of a kind. "We truly hope this song will resound in your hearts and in your souls, and stir up that overwhelming, yet beautiful thought: 'If all I had left was my breath, here what I'd spend it on.'" #BLACKSTONECHERRY	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	1,372
\section{Introduction} Deep inelastic scattering (DIS) of electrons on protons or nuclei has been traditionally the best way to probe the inner structure of nucleon and nuclei. At high energies, in addition to the electromagnetic (photon) exchange, the electroweak bosons play important roles; the $\gamma/Z$ exchange induces neutral current (NC) DIS, while the $W$ exchange results in charged current (CC) DIS, in which the outgoing neutrino is undetected and leaves a missing energy signature. The scattering is described by two kinematic variables, $Q^2$, the squared momentum transfer between the lepton and hadron, and Bjorken $x$, the fraction of the nucleon momentum carried by the scattering parton. The HERA collider at DESY was the last and highest-energy $ep$ collider which had a center-of-mass (cms) energy of 318~GeV. It provided the PDF (parton distribution functions) of the proton up to the scale of $Q^2 \approx 10^4~\rm GeV^2$ and down to $x \approx 10^{-5}$, which are indispensable inputs to the physics at the LHC. It is natural to consider the possibilities of future colliders using the proton (or heavy-ion) beam of a hadron collider and let it collide with an electron beam (polarizable) from a newly built electron machine. Two ideas have been discussed; the LHeC\cite{CDR} collides a 60~GeV $e$-beam with the 7~TeV $p$-beam of the LHC, with a center-of-mass (cms) energy of 1.3~TeV, and FCC-eh collides a 60~GeV $e$-beam with the 50~TeV $p$-beam of the planned FCC (Future Circular Collider), with a cms energy of 3.5~TeV. Both ideas have an option to use a beam of nuclei in addition to the proton beam. Since such a facility uses a beam of the already built hadron collider, it can be realized at an affordable cost. It can run concurrently with hadron-hadron collision experiments, and provides much cleaner collision environment than $h$-$h$ experiments (negligible pile-up), while realizing higher cms energy than $e^+e^-$ colliders. \begin{figure}[htb] \vspace{-0.3cm} \centerline{\includegraphics[width=10cm]{figs/droppedImage-104.pdf}} \vspace{-0.1cm} \caption{Layout of Energy Recovery LINAC\protect\cite{fig1}.\label{f1}} \vspace{-0.6cm} \end{figure} \section{Machine and Detector} The proposed electron machine for LHeC/FCC-eh is an energy recovery LINAC (ERL), which is a horserace-track like ring with two 10~GeV LINACs. After three turns, the beam is accelerated to 60~GeV. The circumference of the ring is approximately 9~km (see Fig.~\ref{f1}). A unique characteristic of the ERL is that the beam after the collision runs in the same LINAC at an opposite phase to the accelerated beam and is thus {\it decelerated}, giving back the power for acceleration. In this way the RF power is {\it recycled} and a lot of wall-plug power consumption can be saved. The LINAC has a series of 802~MHz five-cell superconducting cavities with an accelerating gradient of 18~MV/m. With high current electron beam, the collider aims at an instantaneous luminosity of $10^{34}~ {\rm cm^{-2} s^{-1}}$, providing physics dataset of 100~$\rm fb^{-1}$ per year. A small-scale ERL demonstrator called PERLE\cite{PERLE} is proposed at LAL, Orsay. It will have two LINACs with four cavities each, which after three turns give $\approx$ 400~MeV beam of $\approx$ 15~mA. The main purpose of PERLE is to probe the ERL operation in multi-Megawatt regime and the multipass mode with a very high current, but also a low-energy, high-intensity $ep/eA (\gamma p/\gamma A)$ physics program can be envisaged. Also detector designs are ongoing in the LHeC/FCC-eh working group aiming at optimization of physics performance. Because of the large asymmetry of the beam energies, the detector is also asymmetric like the detectors at HERA. Very low-angle tagging of particles is important so the detector coverage extends to high repidity. Fig.~\ref{f2} shows a schematic of a detector design. \begin{figure}[htb] \vspace{-0.3cm} \centerline{\includegraphics[width=10cm]{figs/droppedImage-109.pdf}} \vspace{-0.4cm} \caption{Schematic of a future $ep$ detector\protect\cite{fig2}.\label{f2}} \vspace{0.0cm} \end{figure} \section{Physics Opportunities at Lepton-Hadron Colliders} A variety of physics programs are discussed for LHeC/FCC-eh, which are unique and complementary to hadron collider physics programs. Some highlights among them are briefly discussed in the following. \subsection{Ultimate precision measurements of PDF and $\alpha_S$} It is clear from LHC experience that precise knowledge of PDFs is vital information for searches and precision physics at hadron colliders. High-$x$ region is relevant for searches for new, very high mass particles. At very large collision energy like FCC (cms energy of 100~TeV), small-$x$ region below $10^{-5}$ becomes relevant even for {\it common} physics targets such as $W/Z$, Higgs or top quarks. Figure~\ref{f3} shows the uncertainty of gluino pair production cross section at the LHC (cms energy 14~TeV). Using the current PDF sets on the market, the uncertainty exceeds 100\% above gluino mass of 2~TeV. With the knowledge of precise PDF from LHeC measurements, this uncertainty squeezes to below 10\%. Also the uncertainty of Higgs production cross section from PDF shrinks enough using the LHeC PDF so that the cross section measurement at the LHC becomes sensitive to the Higgs mass value\cite{1305.2090}. \begin{figure}[htb] \begin{minipage}[t]{0.45\linewidth} \vspace{-0.5cm} \hspace{0.5cm} \centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{figs/droppedImage-117mod.pdf}} \vspace{-0.4cm} \caption{Uncertainty of gluino pair production cross section at LHC\protect\cite{1211.5102}} \label{f3} \end{minipage} \hspace{0.1\linewidth} \begin{minipage}[t]{0.35\linewidth} \vspace{-0.3cm} \hspace{8cm} \centerline{\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{figs/droppedImage-119moda.pdf}} \vspace{-0.55cm} \caption{Invariant mass of $H\to b \bar b$ signal on top of backgrounds\protect\cite{fig4}} \label{f4} \end{minipage} \end{figure} From the DIS measurements, also the strong coupling constant $\alpha_S$ can be extracted by a simultaneous fit with PDFs. A precision of 0.3\% is expected at the LHeC, which can further improve to 0.1\% when combined with HERA results\cite{Gwenlan}. \subsection{$ep$ collider as a Higgs factory} The production cross section of Higgs bosons in $ep$ collision lies at sub-picobarn range at LHeC and FCC-eh energies, which makes it very attracting for precise Higgs studies. The CC channel is particularly interesting due to suppression of NC DIS background and the possibility of increasing the cross section with electron polarization ($-80\%$ is assumed in the performance evaluation). Figure~\ref{f4} shows an invariant mass distribution for $H\to b \bar b$ reconstruction with a cut-based analysis assuming 10 years (1000~fb$^{-1}$) of data taking. In the signal mass window, 3600 signal events are observed on top of 1250 background events. This leads to a $Hbb$ coupling measurement of below 1\% precision (statistical error only). Using multivariate techniques, much developed in the LHC physics, one can further improve the precision and could even measure the $Hcc$ coupling which is deemed very difficult at hadron colliders. Table~\ref{ta1} summarizes the precision of the couplings anticipated at several configurations including the one using Double-energy LHC (proton beam energy of 14~TeV with stronger magnets in the existing LHC tunnel). \begin{table}[ph] \tbl{Higgs coupling precisions expected at future lepton-hadron colliders\protect\cite{Uta}. $E_e$=60~GeV is assumed.} {\begin{tabular}{@{}cccc@{}} \toprule & LHeC & $e$+DLHC & FCC-eh \\ & ($E_p$=7~TeV, & ($E_p$=14~TeV, & ($E_p$=50~TeV, \\ Coupling & $\sqrt{s}\approx$1.3~TeV) & $\sqrt{s}\approx$1.8~TeV) & $\sqrt{s}\approx$3.5~TeV) \\ \colrule $\kappa(Hbb)$ & 0.5\% & 0.3\% & 0.2\% \\ $\kappa(Hcc)$ & 4\%& 2.8\% & 1.8\% \\ \botrule \end{tabular} \label{ta1}} \vspace{-0.5cm} \end{table} \subsection{Top and electroweak physics} \begin{figure}[htb] \begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\linewidth} \vspace{-0.1cm} \hspace{0.2cm} \centerline{\includegraphics[width=4.2cm]{figs/DIS2017_105.pdf}} \vspace{-0.4cm} \caption{$W$ mass measurement accuracy at HERA and future $ep$ colliders\protect\cite{fig5}. As a reference, current accuracy from ATLAS\protect\cite{ATLASW} is 19~MeV, slightly larger than the PDG2016 band ($\pm 15$~MeV).} \label{f5} \end{minipage} \hspace{0.09\linewidth} \begin{minipage}[t]{0.35\linewidth} \vspace{0.3cm} \hspace{-0.1cm} \centerline{\includegraphics[width=8cm]{figs/droppedImage-128mod.pdf}} \vspace{-0.6cm} \caption{Anticipated improvement on nuclear PDF precision at LHeC (gluon distribution in lead)\protect\cite{fig6}} \label{f6} \end{minipage} \end{figure} The energy-frontier electron-hadron collider produces also a large number of top quarks and $W/Z$ bosons, with little background from hadronic {\it QCD} events and pileup events inherent to hadron colliders. Figure~\ref{f5} shows a prospect of $W$ mass measurements from CC DIS data from LHeC, FCC-eh and a combination of them. A very competitive measurement can be made in comparison with the current accuracy. The possibility of polarizing the electron beam (up to 80\% is expected) brings further opportunities in the electroweak measurements. A search for single-top production brings a competitive test of FCNC top couplings, especially with $u$ quarks which are abundant in the proton. \subsection{Beyond SM physics} It is fair to say that the highest-energy hadron collider is the front runner in the discovery of new heavy particles or states, but there are places where $ep$ collider can make a case. An example is a leptoquark (LQ), a hypothetical state that couples directly with a lepton and a quark. It is expected that LQs found in HL-LHC would be also found at $ep$ colliders. Then, $ep$ colliders can study thoroughly the characteristics of the new particle, by determining its quantum numbers such as lepton/baryon numbers, spin and generation indices, thanks to the ability to control the electron beam charge and polarization\cite{BSM}. Other topics of interest include compositeness, charged Higgs, sterile neutrinos, long-lived parties, or anomalous couplings. \subsection{Diffractive physics and nuclear PDF} Another interesting area to be probed is the low-$x$ and diffractive physics. Compared to HERA, the reachable kinematics is much enhanced. At very low-$x$ below $10^{-4}$, there is no data to constrain the gluon distribution, which is expected to saturate somewhere. Also a lot of diffractive measurements can be done, using rapidity gap events or installing roman-pot type forward proton spectrometers\cite{diff}. If a beam of nuclei is available in the hadron machine (like Pb in the LHC), the first measurement of nuclear PDFs using electon-hadron collider can be made (note that HERA circulated only protons as the hadron beam). Compared to the past measurements from fixed-target experiments, the gain of kinematics is {\it four} orders of magnitude in $x$ and $Q^2$. Figure~\ref{f6} shows an example of improvement in the accuracy of nuclear PDF measurement. \section{Conclusions} A new electron-hadron collider, using a hadron beam of existing or planned hadron colliders, is a cost-effective and attractive future program. A design of an ERL with 60~GeV electron beam is at an advanced state, and a demonstrator PERLE is proposed. An $ep/eA$ energy frontier machine, with 100 times $Q^2$ reach and 1000 times integrated luminosity compared to HERA, will bring a rich physics program which is complementary to, and strengthens, the discovery programs at HL-LHC and FCC-hh. It has a different physics objectives from the Electron Ion Collider\cite{EIC} (EIC) in US, which is a lower energy machine and focuses on spin and medium-$x$ structure of nucleon and nuclei.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	3,860
Q: Launch intent to specifically add Google account I am trying to start an activity specifically for adding a Google/Gmail account. I managed to figure out how to do it for API 18+ using the following. Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_ADD_ACCOUNT); intent.putExtra(Settings.EXTRA_ACCOUNT_TYPES, new String[]{ "com.google" }); activity.startActivity(intent); Prior to API 18, the only extra to filter accounts I found was: Settings.EXTRA_AUTHORITIES However, I can't find any documentation on the types of authorities to use that. What is the way to specifically launch an intent to add a Google account for earlier APIs?	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange" }	7,974
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} A two-user interference channel (IC) is a network consisting of two transmitter-receiver pairs, communicating over the same channel, and thus interfering each other. In certain communication scenarios, e.g., cognitive radio, one transmitter (the cognitive transmitter) is able to sense the environment and obtain side information about the incumbent transmitter (the primary transmitter). Such a communication channel is called interference channel with cognition or simply the {\it cognitive channel}. Motivated by cognitive radio's promise for increasing the spectral efficiency in wireless systems, the study of interference channel with cognitive users has been receiving increasing attention during the past years. Fundamental limits of the cognitive interference channel, in which the cognitive transmitter non-causally knows the the full message of the the primary user, has been studied in \cite{Devroye,Jovicic-Viswanath,Wu-Vishwanath,Maric1,Maric2,Maric3,Rini2,vaezi2011capacity,JiangZ,vaezi2011superposition,Rini3,liu2009bounds}. This channel was first introduced in \cite{Devroye} where the authors obtained achievable rates by applying Gel'fand-Pinsker coding \cite{Gel�fand-Pinsker} to the celebrated Han-Kobayashi encoding \cite{Han-Kobayashi} for the IC. The capacity of this channel remains unknown in general; however, it is known in several special cases, both in the discrete memoryless and Gaussian channels. Capacity of the Gaussian cognitive interference channel (GCIC) is known at low interference \cite{Jovicic-Viswanath} and \cite{Wu-Vishwanath}, as well as strong interference \cite{Maric1}. Besides, capacity of Gaussian cognitive Z-interference channel (GCZIC) in which the primary receiver is interfered by the cognitive transmitter is known for several ranges of interference gain \cite{vaezi2011capacity,JiangZ,vaezi2011superposition,Rini3}. While at low interference dirty paper coding \cite{Costa} is capacity-achieving scheme, at high interference superposition coding is the optimal technique. For the discrete memoryless channel, capacity is known for ``strong interference'' \cite{Maric1}, ``weak interference'' \cite{Wu-Vishwanath}, and ``better cognitive decoding'' \cite{Rini2} regimes. Effectively, superposition coding is the capacity-achieving technique in all above cases although several other techniques, including rate-splitting, simultaneous coding, and Gel'fand-Pinsker coding (binning) are used to find achievable rate regions. In this paper, we consider the {\it discrete memoryless} cognitive interference channel (DM-CIC). We first introduce the notion of {\it less noisy} DM-CIC and show that there are two different less noisy cognitive channels: the {\it primary-less-noisy} and {\it cognitive-less-noisy} DM-CIC. In the former, the primary receiver is less noisy than the secondary receiver, whereas it is the opposite in the latter. Afterward, we propose two inner bounds for the DM-CIC; one based on superposition coding, and another one using independent coding. Obviously, these inner bounds are also valid for less noisy DM-CIC; in fact, one of these inner bounds is more suitable for the primary-less-noisy DM-CIC whereas the other one is better for the cognitive-less-noisy DM-CIC. We also prove an outer bound on the capacity of this channel. Finally, we show that for the cognitive-less-noisy DM-CIC the inner and outer bounds coincide, and therefore we establish the capacity region for this class of DM-CIC. This proves that superposition coding is the capacity-achieving scheme in the less noisy DM-CIC, as it is in the less noisy BC. Although for the primary-less-noisy DM-CIC capacity remains unknown, corresponding inner bound simplifies to an achievable region that has already been proved to be capacity-achieving in the special case of GCZIC \cite{vaezi2011capacity}, \cite{vaezi2011superposition}. This paper is organized as follows. In Section \ref{sec:models}, we introduce the system model and define the less noisy DM-CIC. In Section \ref{sec:DM-CIC}, we propose an outer bound and two inner bounds for the DM-CIC. Then, in Section \ref{sec:cap}, we show that one of the inner bounds is tight for the cognitive-less-noisy channel, and thus provides capacity for this class of the DM-CIC. New capacity result is compared with the existing ones in Section~\ref{sec:dis}. \section{Problem Setup and Definitions} \label{sec:models} The two-user discrete memoryless cognitive interference channel (DM-CIC) is an interference channel \cite{Carleial} that consists of two transmitter-receiver pairs, in which one transmitter (the cognitive user) knows the message of the other transmitter (the primary one), in addition to its own message. In what follows, we formally define this channel and a special class of that. \subsection{Discrete Memoryless Cognitive Interference Channel} \begin{figure} \begin{center} \scalebox {.9}{ \begin{picture}(280,170) \put(0,50){ \begin{picture}(200,80) \put(20,20){\framebox(55,20){Encoder 2}} \put(-10,30){\vector(1,0){30}} \put(12,37){\makebox(0,0)[r]{$M_{2}$}} \put(75,30){\vector(1,0){30}} \put(96,37){\makebox(0,0)[r]{$X^n_{2}$}} \put(105,10){\framebox(40,90)} \put (117,25){\rotatebox{90}{$p(y_1,y_2\|x_1,x_2)$}} \put(145,30){\vector(1,0){30}} \put(165,37){\makebox(0,0)[r]{$Y^n_{2}$}} \put(175,20){\framebox(55,20){Decoder 2}} \put(230,30){\vector(1,0){30}} \put(250,38){\makebox(0,0)[r]{$\hat{M}_{2}$}} \end{picture} } \put(0,100){ \begin{picture}(200,80) \put(20,20){\framebox(55,20){Encoder 1}} \put(-10,30){\vector(1,0){30}} \put(12,37){\makebox(0,0)[r]{$M_{1}$}} \put(75,30){\vector(1,0){30}} \put(96,37){\makebox(0,0)[r]{$X^n_{1}$}} \put(145,30){\vector(1,0){30}} \put(165,37){\makebox(0,0)[r]{$Y^n_{1}$}} \put(175,20){\framebox(55,20){Decoder 1}} \put(230,30){\vector(1,0){30}} \put(250,37){\makebox(0,0)[r]{$\hat{M}_{1}$}} \put(5,30){\line(0,-1){25}} \put(5,5){\line(1,0){20}} \put(25,5){\vector(0,-1){15}} \end{picture} } \end{picture} } \end{center} \vspace{-35pt} \caption{The discrete memoryless cognitive interference channel (DM-CIC) with two transmitters and two receivers. $M_1, M_2$ are two messages, $X_1, X_2$ are inputs, $Y_1, Y_2$ are outputs, and $p(y_1,y_2\|x_1,x_2)$ is the transition probability of channel.} \label{fig:DM-CZIC} \end{figure} The discrete memoryless cognitive interference channel (DM-CIC) is depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:DM-CZIC}. Let $M_1$ and $M_2$ be two independent messages which are uniformly distributed on the set of all messages for the first and second users, respectively. Transmitter $i, i\in \{1,2\},$ wishes to transmit message $M_i$ to receiver $i$, in $n$ channel use at rate $R_i$. Message $M_2$ is available only at transmitter 2, while both transmitters know $M_1$. This channel is defined by a tuple $({\cal X}_1,{\cal X}_2;p(y_1,y_2\|x_1,x_2);{\cal Y}_1,{\cal Y}_2)$ where ${\cal X}_1,{\cal X}_2$ and ${\cal Y}_1,{\cal Y}_2$ are input and output alphabets, and $p(y_1,y_2\|x_1,x_2)$ is channel transition probability density functions. The capacity of the DM-CIC is known in ``strong interference'' \cite{Maric1}, ``weak interference'' \cite{Wu-Vishwanath}, and ``better cognitive decoding'' \cite{Rini2} regimes. These capacity results are listed in Table~\ref{table1}, and labeled $\mathcal C_1$, $\mathcal C_2$, and $\mathcal C_3$, respectively. In the first case, both receivers can decode both messages. In all above cases, the cognitive receiver has a better condition (more information) than the primary one, in some sense, as it is evident from corresponding conditions in Table~\ref{table1}. \subsection{Less Noisy DM-CIC} Since the second transmitter has complete and non-causal knowledge of both messages, it can act like a BC transmitter. Particularly, in the absence of the first transmitter this channel becomes the well-known DM-BC \cite{Cover}. In the presence of that, this channel is no longer a BC; however, one can define conditions, similar to that in the BC, showing that one receiver is in a ``better'' condition than the other to decode the messages, e.g., one receiver is {\it less noisy} or {\it more capable} than the other \cite{ElGamal}, \cite{ElGamalMoreCapable}. In \cite{vaezi2011capacity}, \cite{vaezi2011superposition}, the authors extended this notion to the DM-CIC, and studied the case where the primary receiver is more capable than the secondary receiver. This led to the capacity of the GCZIC at very strong interference. In what follows, we introduce the notion of less noisy cognitive interference channel, and show that two different less noisy DM-CIC arises, depending on which receiver is in a better condition. These are formally defined in the following. \begin{defn} The DM-CIC is said to be {\it primary-less-noisy} if \begin{align} I(U;Y_1) \geq I(U;Y_2) \label{eq:defn1} \end{align} \label{cond1} for all $p(u,x_1,x_2)$. \end{defn} \begin{defn} The DM-CIC is said to be {\it cognitive-less-noisy} if \begin{align} I(U;Y_2) \geq I(U;Y_1) \label{eq:defn2} \end{align} \label{cond2} for all $p(u,x_1,x_2)$. \end{defn} \noindent It is clear that in the first case the primary receiver is less noisy than the cognitive receiver whereas in the second case the cognitive receiver is less noisy than the primary receiver. Therefore, given the channel condition, a DM-CIC can be {\it primary-less-noisy}, {\it cognitive-less-noisy}, neither of them or both. \section{Inner and Outer Bounds for the DM-CIC } \label{sec:DM-CIC} In this section, we first introduce an outer bound on the capacity of the DM-CIC; we then derive two achievable rate regions for this channel. The first achievable region is based on superposition coding technique; it is inspired by the capacity-achieving superposition coding in the less noisy and more capable DM-BC, or the inner bound introduced for the more capable DM-CIC in \cite{vaezi2011superposition}. The idea of outer bound also comes from the capacity of the less noisy DM-BC. However, we combine two different bounds to find a unified one. \subsection{A Unified Outer Bound} Inspired by capacity of less noisy BC \cite{ElGamal}, and definitions \eqref{eq:defn1} and \eqref{eq:defn2} for less noisy cognitive interference channels, we present a simple outer bound on the capacity of the DM-CIC. This outer bound is in fact a combination of two simpler outer bounds as we describe later in this section. Each outer bound can be tight in specific cases of less noisy DM-CIC, as it will be shown later. The following provides an outer bound on the capacity of the DM-CIC. \begin{thm} The union of rate pairs $(R_{1},R_{2})$ such that \begin{align} R_1 &\leq I(U;Y_1), \label{eq:O-1} \\ R_2 &\leq I(V;Y_2), \label{eq:O-2} \\ R_1 + R_2 &\leq I(X_2;Y_2\|U) + I(U;Y_1), \label{eq:O-3} \\ R_1 + R_2 &\leq I(X_1;Y_1\|V) + I(V;Y_2), \label{eq:O-4} \end{align} for some joint distribution $p(u,v,x_1,x_2)$ gives an outer bound on the capacity region of the DM-CIC. \label{thm1} \end{thm} \begin{proof} The proof of the second and last inequalities follows the same line of argument as in the outer bound of the more capable DM-CIC \cite[Theorem 2]{vaezi2011superposition}, or similarly the converse of the more capable BC \cite{ElGamalMoreCapable}. The other two inequalities, by symmetry, follow the same line of proof. The essence of the proof in \eqref{eq:O-3} and \eqref{eq:O-4} is to use the Csiszar sum identity and the auxiliary random variables $U_i = (M_1, Y^{i-1}_2,Y^n_{1,i+1})$ and $V_i = (M_2, Y^{i-1}_{1}, Y^n_{2,i+1})$. The choice of $U_i, V_i$ indicates that they are correlated; hence, the outer bound is over the joint distribution $p(u,v)p(x_1,x_2\|u,v)p(y_1,y_2\|x_1,x_2)$. \end{proof} The symmetry of the outer bound indicates how it consists of two simpler outer bounds. One including \eqref{eq:O-1} and \eqref{eq:O-3}, and the other including \eqref{eq:O-2} and \eqref{eq:O-4}. Each outer bound is resembling the capacity of less noisy DM-BC \cite{ElGamal}. \subsection{New Achievable Rate Regions} \label{inner} We next provide two achievable rate regions for the DM-CIC. The first achievable region uses superposition encoding at the cognitive transmitter whereas the second one encodes independently. The decoding is based on the joint typicality in both cases. \begin{thm} The union of rate regions given by \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} R_1 &\leq I(W,X_1;Y_1), \\ R_2 &\leq I(X_2;Y_2\|W,X_1), \\ R_1 + R_2 &\leq I(X_1,X_2;Y_2), \label{eq:inner2} \end{aligned} \end{equation} is achievable for the DM-CIC, where the union is over all probability distributions $p(w,x_1, x_2)$. \label{thm2} \end{thm} \begin{proof} The proof of Theorem~\ref{thm2} uses the superposition coding idea in which $Y_1$ can only decode $M_1$ while $Y_2$ is intended to decode both $M_1$ and $M_2$. Considering the space of all codewords, one can view the $(W, X_1)$ as {\it cloud centers}, and the $X_2$ as {\it satellites} \cite{Kramer}. For completeness, the details of the proof are provided in Section~\ref{anx1}. \end{proof} In light of the above discussion, we expect the encoding scheme in Theorem~\ref{thm2} be more favorable when the second receiver is in a better situation than the first one, because it can decode both cloud centers and satellites. If the channel condition is the reverse, i.e., the first receiver has a better situation than the second receiver, it makes sense to reverse the order of encoding. However, at the first transmitter, we cannot do superposition encoding against the codeword of the secondary transmitter because the first transmitter does not know the massage of the cognitive user. As a result, the input distribution needs to be independent as proposed in the following theorem. \begin{thm} The union of rate regions given by \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} R_1 &\leq I(X_1;Y_1\|W,X_2), \\ R_2 &\leq I(W,X_2;Y_2), \\ R_1 + R_2 &\leq I(X_1,X_2;Y_1), \label{eq:inner1} \end{aligned} \end{equation} is achievable for the DM-CIC, where the union is over all probability distributions $p(w,x_1, x_2)$ that factors as $p(w,x_2)p(x_1)$. \label{thm3} \end{thm} \begin{proof} The proof of Theorem~\ref{thm3} uses independent encoding of $X_1$ and $(W, X_2)$; however, $Y_1$ is intended to decode both messages whereas $Y_2$ can only decode $M_2$. The proof of Theorem~\ref{thm3} follows a similar footsteps as Theorem~\ref{thm2}, but the input distributions are different. The details of the proof can be found in Section~\ref{anx2}. \end{proof} \section{The Capacity of Less Noisy DM-CIC} \label{sec:cap} In this section, we simplify the inner bounds in Theorem~\ref{thm2} and Theorem~\ref{thm3}, respectively for the cognitive-less-noisy and primary-less-noisy DM-CIC defined in \eqref{eq:defn1} and \eqref{eq:defn2}. Then, by comparing the fist inner bound with the outer bound in Theorem~\ref{thm1}, we establish capacity region for the cognitive-less-noisy DM-CIC. \subsection{The Cognitive-less-noisy DM-CIC} \label{sec:cap1} \begin{thm} For the cognitive-less-noisy DM-CIC, the capacity region is given by the set of all rate pairs $(R_1, R_2)$ such that \begin{align} R_1 &\leq I(U;Y_1),\\ R_2 &\leq I(X_2;Y_2\|U), \label{eq:cap1} \end{align} for some $p(u,x_2)$. \label{thm4} \end{thm} \begin{proof} Consider the achievable region in Theorem~\ref{thm2} and define $U=(W,X_1)$. From \eqref{eq:defn2} we know that, for the cognitive-less-noisy DM-CIC, $I(U;Y_1) \leq I(U;Y_2)$. Then, it can be simply verified that, the third inequality in Theorem~\ref{thm2} becomes redundant for this channel. Thus, the achievability of the rate region in Theorem~\ref{thm4} immediately follows. To prove the converse, we consider inequalities \eqref{eq:O-1} and \eqref{eq:O-3} from the outer bound in Theorem~\ref{thm1}, which are \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} R_1 &\leq I(U;Y_1), \\ R_1 + R_2 &\leq I(X_2;Y_2\|U) + I(U;Y_1). \label{eq:region1} \end{aligned} \end{equation} Clearly, these two inequalities make an outer bound on the capacity of any DM-CIC for some joint distributions $p(u,x_1,x_2)p(y_1,y_2\|x_1,x_2)$. An alternative representation of this outer bound is given by \cite{ElGamal}, \cite{ElGamalMoreCapable}, \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} R_1 &\leq I(U;Y_1), \\ R_2 &\leq I(X_2;Y_2\|U), \label{eq:region2} \end{aligned} \end{equation} which is equal to the achievable region given in Theorem~\ref{thm4}. Hence, the rate region in Theorem~\ref{thm4} is the capacity of the cognitive-less-noisy DM-CIC. Note that the regions characterized by \eqref{eq:region1} and \eqref{eq:region2} are not necessarily equal for fixed $U, X_1$; however, their convex hull over all $p(u,x_1)$ becomes the same. \end{proof} We further observe that the auxiliary random variable $U$ in the capacity region, can be replaced by $(W, X_1)$, which results in the following corollary. \begin{cor} The capacity region of the cognitive-less-noisy DM-CIC can be expressed as \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} R_1 &\leq I(W,X_1;Y_1), \\ R_2 &\leq I(X_2;Y_2\|W,X_1), \label{eq:cap2} \end{aligned} \end{equation} for some $p(w,x_1,x_2)$. \label{cor1} \end{cor} \begin{proof} The achievability of this region is obvious from Theorem~\ref{thm2} and the condition in \eqref{eq:defn2}. To prove the converse, we use the last two constraints of the outer bound in \cite[Theorem 3.2]{Wu-Vishwanath}, which are (note the reversal of indices), \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} R_1 &\leq I(W,X_1;Y_1), \\ R_1 + R_2 &\leq I(X_2;Y_2\|W,X_1) +I(W,X_1;Y_1), \label{eq:cap3} \end{aligned} \end{equation} for some $p(w,x_1,x_2)$. However, with a similar argument used in the proof of Theorem~\ref{thm4}, the outer bound in \eqref{eq:cap3} can be alternatively represented as the constraints in \eqref{eq:cap2}. \end{proof} The capacity-achieving technique in Theorem~\ref{thm4} is the well-known superposition coding, similar to that in the less noisy BC \cite{ElGamal}. Superposition coding has been proved to be optimal encoding in several other cases, both for the DM-CIC (see Table~\ref{table1}) and the GCZIC \cite{vaezi2011superposition}. \subsection{The Primary-less-noisy DM-CIC} \label{sec:cap2} One may expect a similar result for the primary-less-noisy DM-CIC, by applying the corresponding condition in \eqref{eq:defn1} to the rate region in Theorem~\ref{thm3}. However, since Theorem~\ref{thm3} holds only for independent $x_1$ and $x_2$, capacity region cannot be established in general. Instead, we can write \begin{cor} The union of all rate pairs $(R_1 , R_2 )$ satisfying \begin{align} R_1 &\leq I(X_1;Y_1\|V),\\ R_2 &\leq I(V;Y_2), \label{eq:cap1} \end{align} over all probability distributions $p(v,x_1,x_2,y_1,y_2)$ that factors as $p(v)p(x_2)p(y_1,y_2\|x_1,x_2)$ is achievable for the primary-less-noisy DM-CIC. \label{cor2} \end{cor} \begin{proof} By symmetry, the proof of this theorem follows the same line of argument as the proof of Theorem~\ref{thm4}. To prove the achievability, define $V=(W,X_2)$ and apply the condition of the primary-less-noisy DM-CIC in \eqref{eq:defn1} to Theorem~\ref{thm3}; this makes the third inequality of Theorem~\ref{thm3} redundant and completes the proof of the achievability. \end{proof} Note that, from \eqref{eq:O-2} and \eqref{eq:O-4} a outer bound that resembles the rate region in Corollary~\ref{cor2} can be built, but this outer bound is over $p(v,x_2)$ which is, in general, larger than the inner bound in Corollary~\ref{cor2}. Nevertheless, in the following section we discuss that this region can result in capacity region for a particular channel. \begin{table}[tb] \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \caption{Summary of the capacity results for the discrete memoryless cognitive interference channel} \label{table1} \centering \scalebox{.99}{ \begin{tabular}{\|c\|c\|c\|c\|c\|} \hline \bfseries Label & \bfseries Condition & \bfseries Capacity region & \bfseries Encoding & \bfseries Reference \\ \hline\hline\ $\mathcal C_1$ & $I(X_1,X_2;Y_1) \leq I(X_1,X_2;Y_2)$ & $ R_1 + R_2 \leq I(X_1,X_2;Y_1) $ & superposition coding & \cite{Maric1} \\ $ $ & $ I(X_2;Y_2\|X_1) \leq I(X_2;Y_1\|X_1) $ & $ R_2 \leq I(X_2;Y_2\|X_1) $ & & \\ \hline $\mathcal C_2$ & $ I(X_1;Y_1) \leq I(X_1;Y_2) $ & $ R_1 \leq I(U,X_1;Y_1) $ & superposition coding & \cite{Wu-Vishwanath} \\ $ $ &$ I(U;Y_1\|X_1) \leq I(U;Y_2\|X_1) $ & $ R_2 \leq I(X_2;Y_2\|U,X_1) $ & & \\ \hline $$ & $ $ & $ R_1 \leq I(U,X_1;Y_1) $ & rate-splitting,\rlap{\textsuperscript{}} & \\ $ \mathcal C_3$ & $ I(U,X_1;Y_1) \leq I(U,X_1;Y_2) $ & $ R_2 \leq I(X_2;Y_2\|X_1) $ & binning, and & \cite{Rini2} \\ $ $ & $ $ & $ R_1 + R_2 \leq I(U,X_1;Y_1) + I(X_2;Y_2\|U,X_1) $ & superposition coding & \\ \hline $\mathcal C_4$ & $ I(U;Y_1) \leq I(U;Y_2) $ & $ R_1 \leq I(U;Y_1) $ & superposition coding & Theorem~\ref{thm4} \\ $ $ & $(\mbox {cognitive-less-noisy DM-CIC})$ & $ R_2 \leq I(X_2;Y_2\|U) $ & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}} \begin{flushleft} \qquad \qquad \qquad \scriptsize\textsuperscript{} It should be emphasized that the technique used to achieve $\mathcal C_3$ effectively is superposition coding, although it is derived (simplified) from a scheme \\ \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad that uses rate-splitting, binning, and superposition coding. In fact, $\mathcal C_3$ is only a different representation $\mathcal C_2$, as shown in \cite{VaeziMoreCapable} \end{flushleft} \end{table} \section{Comparison and Discussion} \label{sec:dis} In this section we compare the capacity region obtained in Theorem~\ref{thm4} with the existing capacity results for the DM-CIC. Table I summarizes the capacity results for the DM-CIC in the chronological order. We show that the capacity of the cognitive-less-noisy DM-CIC is a subset of the capacity region derived in \cite{Wu-Vishwanath}, which is labeled as $\mathcal C_2$ in Table~\ref{table1}. To this end, we first show that the condition \eqref{eq:defn2} of the cognitive-less-noisy implies both conditions required for $\mathcal C_2$. First, since $ I(U;Y_1) \leq I(U;Y_2)$ holds for any $p(u,x_1,x_2)$, it will result in $ I(X_1;Y_1) \leq I(X_1;Y_2)$ for $U=X_1$. The other condition is also achieved by the following lemma. \begin{lem} If $ I(U;Y_1) \leq I(U;Y_2)$ holds for all joint distributions $p(u,x_1,x_2)$, then $ I(U;Y_1\|X_1) \leq I(U;Y_2\|X_1)$ for all $p(u,x_1,x_2)$. \label{lem1} \end{lem} \begin{proof} See Appendix~\ref{anx3}. \end{proof} Thus, the condition required for $\mathcal C_4$ is more demanding than that of $\mathcal C_2$. In other words, if the cognitive receiver, in a DM-CIC, is less noisy than the primary one, the DM-CIC will satisfy the ``weak interference'' conditions. Further, we observe that, for $U=(U,X_1)$ the capacity regions $\mathcal C_4$ becomes the same as $\mathcal C_2$. This is also evident from Corollary~\ref{cor1}. It is also worth mentioning that, for $U=X_1$, with further assumption that $ I(X_2;Y_2\|X_1) \leq I(X_2;Y_1\|X_1) $, $\mathcal C_4$ becomes equivalent to $\mathcal C_1$. This indicates that we can use superposition coding to achieve the capacity of the DM-CIC in the ``strong interference'' regime. Note that, the capacity region in the ``strong interference'' ($\mathcal C_1$ in Table~\ref{table1}), can be reexpressed as \begin{align} R_1 &\leq I(X_1;Y_1),\label{cap2:second}\\ R_2 &\leq I(X_2;Y_2\|X_1). \label{cap2:first} \end{align} In this setting, $X_1$ and $X_2$, respectively, can be viewed as cloud centers and satellites of superposition coding. Originally, the achievability of $\mathcal C_1$ is proved by using the capacity of compound multiple accesses channels \cite{Maric2} which is based on transmitting private and common messages. It should be highlighted that, the technique used to achieve $\mathcal C_3$ is also effectively superposition coding although it is derived (simplified) from a scheme that uses rate-splitting, binning, and superposition coding collectively. This can be verified by looking at the simplified encoding in the proof of the achievability in \cite{Rini2}. Therefore, we can see that all capacity results in Table~\ref{table1} ($\mathcal C_1 - \mathcal C_4$) can be achieved using superposition coding.\footnote{We should emphasis that $\mathcal C_3$ is just a different representation of $\mathcal C_2$; this is because the conditions required for these two capacity regions are equal. This is proved in \cite{VaeziMoreCapable}.} Finally, consider the primary-less-noisy DM-CIC. The condition required for this channel is rather different from that in all other cases that we know the capacity region, and listed in Table~\ref{table1}. To appreciate this, from Table~\ref{table1}, one can see that in all those cases ($\mathcal C_1 - \mathcal C_4$) the cognitive receiver has, in some sense, more information than the primary one. Nevertheless, in a primary-less-noisy DM-CIC, the primary receiver is assumed to have more information than the cognitive receiver, as \eqref{eq:defn1} implies. This condition could particularly arise in the cognitive Z-interference channel in which the link from the primary user to the cognitive receiver is absent. For example, one can verify that the capacity result for the GCZIC at very strong interference \cite[Corollary 4]{vaezi2011superposition} is the counterpart of Corollary~\ref{cor2}, for Gaussian inputs. This is also shown independently in \cite[Theorem V.2]{Rini3}. \section{Appendix} \label{anx} \subsection{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm2}} \label{anx1} \begin{proof} We prove this theorem by showing the code construction, encoding, decoding, and error analysis. \subsubsection{Code construction} Fix $p(w,x_1)$ and $p(x_2\|w,x_1)$. Randomly and independently generate $2^{nR_{1}}$ sequences $(w^n(m_1),x_1^n(m_1))$, $m_1 \in [1: 2^{nR_{1}}]$ {\textit{i.i.d.}} according to $\prod_{i=1}^np_{WX_1}(w_{i},x_{1i})$. Next, for each sequence $(w^n(m_1), x_1^n(m_1))$, randomly and conditionally independently generate $2^{nR_{2}}$ sequences $x_2^n(m_1, m_2)$, $m_2 \in [1: 2^{nR_{2}}]$, with {\textit{i.i.d.}} elements according to $\prod_{i=1}^np_{X_2\|WX_1}(x_{2i}\|w_{i}(m_1)x_{1i}(m_1))$. \subsubsection{Encoding} To send messages $(m_1,m_2)$, the primary transmitter sends the codeword $x_1^n(m_1)$ whereas the secondary transmitter sends the codeword $x_2^n(m_1,m_2)$. \subsubsection{Decoding} We use {\it joint typicality} for decoding. The cognitive receiver ($Y_2$) can decode both messages whereas the other receiver can only decode one of them, namely $m_1$. Decoder 1 declares that message $\hat{m}_{1}$ is sent if it is the unique message such that $(w^n(\hat{m}_1),x_{1}^n(\hat{m}_1), y^n_1) \in {\cal T}^{(n)}_\epsilon$. Likewise, decoder 2 declares that message $\hat{\hat{m}}_{2}$ is sent if it is the unique message such that $(w^n({m}_1), x_1^n({m}_1), x_2^n({m}_1, \hat{\hat{m}}_2), y^n_2) \in {\cal T}^{(n)}_\epsilon$, for some ${m}_1$. In other cases, as analyzed below, the decoders declare error. \subsubsection{Error Analysis} Without loss of generality, we assume that $(M_1,M_2)=(1,1)$ is sent in order to analyze the probability of error. To evaluate the average probability of error for decoder 1, we define the following error events \begin{align} E_{11} &= (W^n(1),X_1^n(1), Y^n_1) \notin {\cal T}^{(n)}_\epsilon, \nonumber \\ E_{12} &= (W^n(m_1),X_1^n(m_1), Y^n_1) \in {\cal T}^{(n)}_\epsilon \text { for } m_1 \neq 1. \label{eq:E1} \end{align} Then, by using union bound, the probability of error for decoder 1 is upper bounded by \begin{align} P(E_{1}) = P(E_{11} \cup E_{12} ) \leq P(E_{11}) + P(E_{12} ). \end{align} But, $ P(E_{11}) \rightarrow 0 \text { as } n \rightarrow \infty$, by the law of large numbers (LLN). Moreover, since for $ m_1 \neq 1 $, $(W^n(m_1),X_1^n(m_1))$ is independent of $(W^n(1),X_1^n(1), Y^n_1)$, by the {\it packing lemma} \cite{ElGamal}, $ P(E_{12}) \rightarrow 0 \text { as } n \rightarrow \infty \text { if } R_1 \leq I(W,X_1;Y_1)-\delta(\epsilon). $ To evaluate the average probability of error for decoder 2, we define the following error events \begin{align} E_{21} =& (W^n(1), X_1^n(1), X_2^n(1,1), Y^n_2) \notin {\cal T}^{(n)}_\epsilon, \nonumber \\ E_{22} =& (W^n(1), X_1^n(1), X_2^n(1,m_2), Y^n_2) \in {\cal T}^{(n)}_\epsilon \nonumber \\ &\text { for some } m_2 \neq 1, \nonumber \\ E_{23} =& (W^n( m_1), X_1^n( m_1),X_2^n(m_1,m_2), Y^n_2) \in {\cal T}^{(n)}_\epsilon \nonumber \\ &\text { for some } m_1 \neq 1, m_2 \neq 1. \label{eq:E2} \end{align} Using union bound, the probability of error for decoder 1 is bounded as \begin{align} P(E_{2}) &= P(E_{21} \cup E_{22} \cup E_{23} ) \nonumber \\ &\leq P(E_{21}) + P(E_{22}) +P(E_{23} ). \end{align} Now, we evaluate the terms in the right-hand side (RHS) of this inequality when $ n \rightarrow \infty$. First, by the LLN $ P(E_{21}) \rightarrow 0 \text { as } n \rightarrow \infty. $ Then, for $ m_2 \neq 1 $, $X_2^n(1,m_2)$ is conditionally independent of $Y^n_2$ given $(W^n(1),X^n_1(1))$. Thus, by the packing lemma $ P(E_{22}) \rightarrow 0 \text { as } n \rightarrow \infty \text { given } R_2 \leq I( X_2;Y_2\|W,X_1)-\delta(\epsilon)$. Finally consider $E_{23}$; for $ m_1 \neq 1 $ and $ m_2 \neq 1 $, $(W^n(m_1), X^n_1(m_1), X^n_2(m_1,m_2))$ is independent of $Y^n_2$. Again, by the packing lemma $ P(E_{23}) \rightarrow 0 \text { as } n \rightarrow \infty \text { if } R_1 + R_2 \leq I(W,X_1,X_2;Y_2)-\delta(\epsilon) = I(X_1,X_2;Y_2) -\delta(\epsilon)$; the equality follows since $W \rightarrow X_1,X_2 \rightarrow Y_2$ forms a Markov chain. The proof of achievability is completed by the above analysis. That is, if \eqref{eq:inner2} is satisfied, both receivers can decode corresponding messages with the total probability of error tending to zero. Therefore, there exists a sequence of good codes for which error probability goes to 0. \end{proof} \subsection{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm3}} \label{anx2} \begin{proof} We prove this theorem by showing the code construction, encoding, decoding, and error analysis. \subsubsection{Code construction} Fix $p(x_1)$ and $p(w,x_2)$. Randomly and independently generate $2^{nR_{1}}$ sequences $x_1^n(m_1)$, $m_1 \in [1: 2^{nR_{1}}]$ {\textit{i.i.d.}} according to $\prod_{i=1}^np_{X_1}x_{1i}$. Also, for each $x_1$, randomly and independently generate $2^{nR_{2}}$ sequences $w^n(m_1,m_2)x_2^n(m_1,m_2)$, $m_2 \in [1: 2^{nR_{2}}]$, with {\textit{i.i.d.}} elements according to $\prod_{i=1}^np_{WX_2}w_{i}(m_1,m_2)x_{2i}(m_1,m_2)$. \subsubsection{Encoding} To send messages $(m_1,m_2)$, the primary and cognitive transmitters, respectively, send the codewords $x_1^n(m_1)$ and $x_2^n(m_1,m_2)$. \subsubsection{Decoding} We use {\it joint typicality} for decoding, where the primary receiver can decode both messages whereas the cognitive receiver can only decode $m_2$. Decoder 2 declares that message $\hat{m}_{2}$ is sent if it is the unique message such that $(w^n({m}_1,\hat{m}_2),x_{2}^n({m}_1,\hat{m}_2), y^n_2) \in {\cal T}^{(n)}_\epsilon$, for some ${m}_1$. Similarly, decoder 1 declares that message $\hat{\hat{m}}_{1}$ is sent if it is the unique message such that $(w^n(\hat{\hat{m}}_1, {m}_2), x_2^n(\hat{\hat{m}}_1, {m}_2), x_1^n(\hat{\hat{m}}_1), y^n_2) \in {\cal T}^{(n)}_\epsilon$. In other cases, the decoders declare error. \subsubsection{Error Analysis} Error analysis is very similar to that of Theorem~\ref{thm2} and is omitted here. \end{proof} \subsection{Proof of Lemma \ref{lem1}} \label{anx3} \begin{proof} The Lemma is similar to \cite[Lemma 5]{Maric2}. We can write \begin{align} I(U;Y_1\|X_1) &= \sum_{x_1}p(x_1)I(U;Y_1\|X_1=x_1) \nonumber \\ & \leq \sum_{x_1}p(x_1)I(U;Y_2\|X_1=x_1) \nonumber \\ &= I(U;Y_2\|X_1) \end{align} the inequality follows because $ I(U;Y_1) \leq I(U;Y_2)$ holds for all joint distributions $p(u,x_1,x_2)$. \end{proof} \section*{Acknowledgement} The author would like to thank Fabrice Labeau for his invaluable support and comments.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	8,518
This is a warm and spicy oil beneficial for those with a nervous stomach and general shyness. Nutmeg is a good oil for sexual dysfunction and nervousness. Regulating of the circulatory system and enhancing mental focus, Nutmeg can support a gentle letting go of emotions.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	6,689
{"url":"https:\/\/bmsstudconf.github.io\/2018\/talks.html","text":"# Talks\n\nTalks displayed in this page are ordered by alphabetical order of the authors, with respect their surnames. The schedule can be consulted in the schedule page.\nThe talks will take place at the Gro\u00dfer H\u00f6rsaal in the Institut f\u00fcr Informatik of the Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, at Takustr. 9. More information about the location can be found in the venue page.\nAll talks will be recorded in video, but the video will be released publicly only upon permission of the speaker.\n\n## Plenary talks\n\n### Complex uniformization of Fermat curves\n\n#### Pilar Bayer (U Barcelona)\n\nThe ground-breaking research on the uniformization of complex algebraic curves was conducted in the early decades of the 19th century. Nevertheless, there are few examples in the literature of algebraic curves for which an explicit uniformization is known. Prototypes are the circle, the elliptic curves and the modular curves. In particular, the modular curves $$X_0(N)$$ are uniformized by the functions $$(j(z), j(Nz))$$, where $$j(z)$$ stands for a complex function which is invariant for the action of the modular group $$\\mathrm{PSL}(2, \\mathbb{Z})$$. Our purpose will be to obtain explicit uniformizations of the Fermat curves $$X^N+Y^N=Z^N$$ by making use of functions which are invariant under the action of discrete groups acting on the complex upper half-plane. The talk is based in joint work with Jordi Gu\u00e1rdia.\n\n#### Nicole Schweikardt (HU Berlin)\n\nQuery evaluation is one of the most fundamental tasks in databases, and a vast amount of literature is devoted to the complexity of this problem. This talk will focus on query evaluation in the \"dynamic setting\", where the database may be updated by inserting or deleting tuples. In this setting, an evaluation algorithm receives a query Q and an initial database D and starts with a preprocessing phase that computes a suitable data structure to represent the result of evaluating Q on D. After every database update, the data structure is updated so that it represents the result of evaluating Q on the updated database. The data structure shall be designed in such a way that it quickly provides the query result, preferably in constant time (i.e., independent of the database size). We focus on the following flavours of query evaluation.\n\n\u2022 (1) Testing: Decide whether a given tuple t is contained in Q(D).\n\u2022 (2) Counting: Compute the number of tuples that belong to Q(D).\n\u2022 (3) Enumeration: Enumerate Q(D) with a bounded delay between the output tuples.\n\nHere, as usual, Q(D) denotes the k-ary relation obtained by evaluating a k-ary query Q on a relational database D. For Boolean queries, all three tasks boil down to\n\n\u2022 (4) Answering: Decide if Q(D) is non-empty.\n\nCompared to the dynamic descriptive complexity framework introduced by Patnaik and Immerman (1997), which focuses on the expressive power of first-order logic on dynamic databases and has led to a rich body of literature, we are interested in the computational complexity of query evaluation. We say that a query evaluation algorithm is efficient if the update time is either constant or at most polylogarithmic in the size of the database.\n\nIn this talk I want to give an overview of recent results in this area.\n\n## Student talks\n\n### Dynamics on integrable circle patterns\n\n#### Niklas C. Affolter (TU Berlin)\n\nCircle patterns are just a set of circles in the plane, where we consider some of the intersecting circles as neighbours and therefore gain an additional graph structure. As an example, any triangulation of the plane or disc yields a circle pattern via the set of its circumcircles. The special class of integrable circle patterns admits factorizing intersection angles. In this talk we will also discover several geometric properties of these patterns, and how they allow us to define dynamics on the triangular, the hexagonal and the square lattice. It turns out that these dynamics do not only preserve the given integrable structure, but at the same time conserve the \"electric\" properties of the patterns. In fact, they represent a geometric way of doing the classical Y-$$\\Delta$$ move. This connects the patterns and the dynamics to statistical physics and to the modern notion of cluster algebras.\n\n### Touching Conics\n\n#### Alexander Fairley (FU Berlin)\n\nOn a theorem about conics. The theorem is useful for constructing images of touching conics. The construction can be described in terms of a point particle that is moving inside a conic. The particle moves in a straight line which is reflected when the particle hits the conic. Circles, inscribed in quadrilaterals, make an unexpected appearance when the particle's trajectory obeys a familiar law of geometric optics.\n\nThe talk is based on personal work. However, I benefitted from a discussion with Prof. Bobenko on [1].\n\n[1] A.V. Akopyan, A.I. Bobenko. Incircular nets and confocal conics, Trans. AMS, 2017.\n\n### Space-optimal collaborative exploration of undirected graphs\n\n#### Jan Hackfeld (HU Berlin)\n\nIn graph exploration, one or more so-called agents or robots have to deterministically visit all vertices of a given unknown graph. In this talk, we investigate the memory requirement for multiple cooperative agents to explore an undirected graph. We show that $$\\Theta(\\log \\log n)$$ agents with only constant memory are necessary and sufficient to explore any graph with at most $$n$$ vertices.\n\n### Orbit Closures of Homogeneous Forms\n\n#### Jesko H\u00fcttenhain\n\nThe $$\\mathbf{P}$$ versus $$\\mathbf{NP}$$ question is among the most prestigeous of modern mathematics, but deemed out of reach by many of the leading researches in the field. Less widely known is its algebraic analogue, the question of $$\\mathbf{VP}$$ versus $$\\mathbf{VNP}$$. We will present the problem and a recent approach to it known as Geometric Complexity Theory, which transitions from computational complexity to algebraic geometry and representation theory. If time permits, the speaker will present some results from his PhD thesis (at TU Berlin) in this context.\n\n### Changing Views on Curves and Surfaces\n\n#### Kathl\u00e9n Kohn (TU Berlin)\n\nOne of the major problems in computer vision is the detection of visual events. We study such events from the perspective of algebraic geometry. For this, we take pictures of a moving curve or surface, which means to consider its image or contour curve that arises by projecting from different viewpoints. Qualitative changes in that curve occur when the viewpoint crosses the visual event surface. We examine the components of this ruled surface, observe that these coincide with the iterated singular loci of the coisotropic hypersurfaces associated with the original curve or surface, and show how to compute exact representations for all visual event surfaces using algebraic methods.\n\n### Entangled Nets from Surface Drawings\n\n#### Benedikt Kolbe (TU Berlin)\n\nImagine drawing lines on a surface. Most of us are pretty lazy, so we most likely manage only a small doodle. However, what if the drawing for the rest of the surface can be filled in by invoking symmetries. If the surface we are drawing on is arbitrary, what are all the ways we can scribble such that this actually works? Is there a way to enumerate these different ways? If the goal was to find molecular structures by drawing them on surfaces, what surfaces would we start with and why?\n\nThe first and greater part of my talk will motivate and answer these questions, while focusing on a new technique to explicitly enumerate and construct all essentially different ways to decorate prominent examples of triply periodic minimal surfaces.\n\nThe second part will focus on what we can say about the kinds of structures that arise from this process and the kind of advantages this new approach offers. This is a rather controversial topic, as most chemists exclusively use crystallographic tables for the study of symmetries in 3D structures.\n\nThere will be tie-ins to geometry, braid theory, combinatorial group and tiling theory, physics, and even some chemistry.\n\n### Convexity and curvature\n\n#### Stephen Lynch (FU Berlin)\n\nOne need not distinguish between convexity and positive curvature in the case of compact hypersurfaces in Euclidean space - the two notions are equivalent. This freedom of perspective is useful not only because convexity is a completely extrinsic condition, and the curvature completely intrinsic. Moving from hypersurfaces to submanifolds of higher codimension, Jordan abandons us, and convexity no longer makes sense. In the talk, we will consider an extrinsic 'pinching' condition for submanifolds of Euclidean space which generalises convexity in at least two ways: firstly, it forces positivity of the curvature, and secondly, pinched solutions to the mean curvature flow behave exactly like convex solutions.\n\n### Cutting a part from many measures\n\n#### Nevena Pali\u0107 (FU Berlin)\n\nMeasure partitions are challenging problems in topological combinatorics. Given a collection of measures in a Euclidean space, the question is whether there exists a partition of the ambient space, such that it cuts the measures in a prescribed way. One of the best known measure partition results is the Ham Sandwich theorem proved by Banach in 1938, that states that any collection of $$d$$ measures in $$\\mathbb{R}^d$$ can be cut by a hyperplane, so that each measure gets partitioned into two equal parts.\n\nIn this talk a short survey of measure partition results will be presented and some methods from topological combinatorics will be explained on the example of the paper Cutting a part from many measures, arXiv:1710.05118.\n\nWe prove a continuous analogue of the conjecture of Holmsen, Kyn\u010dl and Valculescu about partitions of finite colored sets. Indeed, for integers $$m, c$$ and $$d$$ and a prime power $$n=p^k$$ such that $$d \\geq 2$$ and $$m \\geq n(c-d)+\\frac{dn}{p}-\\frac{n}{p}+1$$, and for $$m$$ positive finite absolutely continuous measures $$\\mu_1, \\dots, \\mu_m$$ on $$\\mathbb{R}^d$$, we prove that there exists a partition of $$\\mathbb{R}^d$$ into $$n$$ convex sets, such that every set has positive measure with respect to at least $$c$$ of the measures $$\\mu_1, \\dots, \\mu_m$$. Additionally, we obtain an equipartition of the measure $$\\mu_m$$.\n\nThe proof relies on a configuration space\/test map scheme that will be the main part of this talk. It translates the problem into a novel question from equivariant topology -- a non-existence of $$\\mathfrak{S}_n$$-equivariant maps from the ordered configuration space of $$n$$ points in $$\\mathbb{R}^d$$ into the union of an arrangement of affine subspaces of a Euclidean space.\n\nJoint with Pavle V. M. Blagojevi\u0107 and G\u00fcnter M. Ziegler.\n\n### KPZ Equation\n\n#### Tommaso Cornelis Rosati (HU Berlin)\n\nIn 1986, the three physicists Mehran Kardar, Giorgio Parisi, and Yi-Cheng Zhang derived a stochastic partial differential equation whose solution describes the fluctuations of the boundary separating two competing materials. This model found a wide range of applications, from describing the expansion of a forest fire to the interface separating water from ice. Recently there has been an increasing interest in the KPZ equation, since it partially motivated the development of the theory of regularity structures, which aims at tackling certain classes of ill-posed stochastic PDEs. Surprisingly, this solution theory dives deep in the field of stochastic analysis, providing new ways to understand the stochastic integral, a central object in probability theory. I will present one (or maybe two) ideas behind this theory, show some pictures referring to the KPZ equation and very briefly explain my work, namely the construction of a solution on the whole real line.\n\n### The Moving Least Squares Approach in Point Cloud Processing\n\n#### Martin Skrodzki (FU Berlin)\n\nThe Moving Least Squares (MLS) approach is a powerful means to operate on point clouds. It has been investigated in great detail by David Levin in several papers and was already put to use in geometry processing and shape modeling. The goal of this talk is to briefly give an introduction to the MLS procedure and to report on some recent developments and applications of the method in the field of Point Cloud Processing.\n\n### On the Hamilton-Jacobi-Equation\n\n#### Artur Stephan (HU Berlin)\n\nIn this talk, we derive the Hamilton-Jacobi-Equation \\begin{align} 0 &= \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t}S(x,t) + \\mathbf{H}\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}S(x,t), x \\right)\\\\ S(x,0) &= S_0(x), \\end{align} which describes the evolution of the action $$S$$ of a physical system governed by the Hamiltonian $$\\mathbf{H}$$. This nonlinear first-order partial differential equation is fundamental in classical physics and has many applications in calculus of variation and geometry. Using methods from convex analysis, we present the fascinating method of E. Hopf for solving the Hamilton-Jacobi-Equation in the potential free case.\n\n### A Gibbsian model for message routing in highly dense wireless networks\n\n#### Andr\u00e1s T\u00f3bi\u00e1s (TU Berlin)\n\nIn spatial telecommunication networks, it is a prominent question how to route many messages in the same time. We propose a random mechanism to choose the trajectories of messages in a network, where users are situated randomly in a compact subset of $$\\mathbb R^d$$, and each user sends one message to the single base station. Messages are transmitted either directly or via other users, with a given upper bound on the number of hops. We define a Gibbsian probability measure on the set of such trajectory families, which favours trajectories with little interference (measured in terms of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)) and trajectory families with little congestion (measured in terms of the number of pairs of incoming messages of the users).\n\nWe derive the behaviour of this system in the limit of a high spatial density of users using a large-deviation analysis, and provide a law of large numbers for the empirical measure of message trajectories. The limit of these empirical measures is given as the minimizer(s) of a characteristic variational formula. In the special case when congestion is not penalized, we analyze this minimizer and investigate the questions of the typical number of hops, the typical length of a hop and the typical shape of a trajectory in the highly dense telecommunication system.\n\nThe topic of this talk is joint work with my supervisor Wolfgang K\u00f6nig.\n\n### The Niyogi-Smale-Weinberger Approximation Theorem\n\n#### Josu\u00e9 Tonelli-Cueto (TU Berlin)\n\nAt the end of the 19th century, the artists Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the technique of pointillism, which is based in the idea that a continuous shape can be represented by a discrete cloud of points. This principle, which is the foundation of all screens, was incorporated almost a century later to what is known as Topological Data Analysis. However, how good can a cloud of points approximate a geometric object?\n\nIn this talk, we will review the Niyogi-Smale-Weinberger Approximation Theorem which relates how difficult is to approximate topologically a geometric object by a cloud of points to the geometric quantity known as reach.\n\n### Modified equations and $$\\displaystyle \\frac{\\pi^2}{6}$$\n\n#### Mats Vermeeren (TU Berlin)\n\nNumerical discretizations of differential equations are often studied through their modified equation. This is a differential equation, usually obtained as a power series, with solutions that exactly interpolate the discretization. By comparing the modified equation to the original equation, the error propagation of the numerical method can be studied.\n\nWhen we consider a very simple discrete dynamical system \u2014 one which we can solve exactly \u2014 we can reverse the direction of the argument and use the discrete dynamics to understand the power series defining the modified equation. We use this method to derive the series expansion $$\\left( \\arcsin \\frac{h}{2} \\right)^2 = \\frac{1}{2} \\sum_{k=1}^\\infty \\frac{(k-1)!^2}{(2k)!} h^{2k},$$ which can be used to prove the well-known identity $$\\sum_{k=1}^\\infty \\frac{1}{k^2}= \\frac{\\pi^2}{6} .$$","date":"2018-03-24 19:54:31","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 2, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.6550589799880981, \"perplexity\": 548.2909192652535}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2018-13\/segments\/1521257650993.91\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20180324190917-20180324210917-00380.warc.gz\"}"}	null	null
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations; using System.Linq; using System.Web; namespace Sabio.Web.Models.Requests { public class ItemsRequest<T> { [Required] public List<T> Items { get; set; } } }	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	6,073
\section{Introduction\label{sec:Introduction}} Recently, vehicles are rapidly becoming equipped with an increasing variety of sensors (e.g., RADARs, LiDARs, and cameras) whose quality varies widely \cite{WS1}. These sensors enable a wide range of applications that assist and enhance the driving experience, from simple forward collision and lane change warnings, to more advanced applications of fully automated driving such as those of Waymo\footnote{www.waymo.com}(Google's self-driving vehicles). Built-in sensors on these and other future self-driving vehicles play a crucial role in autonomous navigation and path planning. However, the reliability of these sensory information is susceptible to weather conditions, existence of many blind spots due to high density traffic or buildings, as well as sensors' manufacturing, deployment, and operating defects, all of which may jeopardize the success of these highly anticipated applications. In order to overcome this issue, recent advancements in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications (particularly as envisioned in future wireless systems) can be utilized. V2V communications are seen as a promising facilitator for intelligent transportation systems (ITS) \cite{extremeURLLC}. It can ease the exchange of sensory information between vehicles to enhance the perception of the surrounding environment beyond their sensing range; such process is called \emph{cooperative perception }\cite{etsi2019,MAVEN,machines5010006}. The advantages of cooperative perception are validated in \cite{Wang2018}, and \cite{DemonstrateCoperativePerception}, demonstrating its safety benefits and showing that it greatly improves the sensing performance. Motivated by its potential, several standardization bodies are currently focusing their efforts towards formally defining the cooperative perception message (CPM), its contents and generation rate \cite{3GPP,etsi2019,V2XStandardization}. In addition, a growing body of literature has explored the use of cooperative perception in various scenarios \cite{CPMGeneration,Gabb2019,WS3Zeng2019,Chen2019,3DObjectCooperativePerception,MLEnabledCooperativePerception}. In \cite{CPMGeneration}, the authors investigated which information should be included within the CPMs to enhance a vehicle's perception reliability. Cooperative perception from the sensor fusion point-of-view is studied in \cite{Gabb2019} and \cite{3DObjectCooperativePerception}. In \cite{Gabb2019}, a hybrid vehicular perception system that fuses both local onboard sensor data as well as global received sensor data is proposed. Meanwhile in \cite{3DObjectCooperativePerception}, two novel cooperative 3D object detection schemes are proposed, named late and early fusion, depending on whether the fusion happens after or before the object detection stage. Moreover, in \cite{WS3Zeng2019}, the authors study the role of perception in the design of control and communications for platoons. The authors of \cite{Chen2019} conducted a study on raw-data level cooperative perception for enhancing the detection ability of self-driving systems; whereby sensory data collected by every vehicle from different positions and angles of connected vehicles are fused. Finally, the authors in \cite{MLEnabledCooperativePerception} discuss the challenges and opportunities of a machine-learning-enabled cooperative perception approach. While interesting, none of these works performs an in-depth analysis of the impact of wireless connectivity. Cooperative perception over wireless networks cannot rely on exchanging raw sensory data or point clouds, due to the limited communication resources availability \cite{etsi2019}. For instance, a typical commercial LiDAR using $64$ laser diodes produces $2.8$ million data points per second with a horizontal and vertical field of views of $360^{\circ}$ and $26.8^{\circ}$ respectively, and a coverage range beyond $70\,\text{m}$. Sharing even a small fraction of this information requires massive data rates, which is why the use of millimeter wave (mmWave) communications has been investigated in \cite{CristinaBeyondWYSIWYG} and \cite{V2XmmWave}, to leverage their high data rates and, thus, deal with massive raw sensory data transmission. In order to relax the data rate requirements and, hence, circumvent the use of communications in the millimeter wave range, this raw sensory data should be efficiently compressed to save both storage and available communication resources. One possible technique that is useful for such spatial raw sensory data is referred to as \emph{region quadtree} \cite{QuadtreeHanan}. Region quadtree is a tree data structure used to efficiently store data on a two-dimensional space. A quadtree recursively decomposes the two-dimensional space into four equal sub-regions (blocks) until all the locations within a block have the same state or until reaching a maximum predefined resolution (tree-depth). Only a handful of previous works, such as \cite{CarSpeak} and \cite{VehicularQuadtree2}, have used the quadtree concept within the vehicular networks domain. In \cite{CarSpeak}, the authors introduced a communication system for autonomous driving where a vehicle can query and access sensory information captured by others. They used an octree, the 3D version of quadtree, to model the world in order to allow vehicles to find and query road regions easily. The authors in \cite{VehicularQuadtree2} used the quadtree decomposition to find the minimal cost to relay a message to a specific vehicle in a given geographical area. Within our work, the quadtree concept is utilized to model the sensory information in the cooperative perception scenario. By doing so, a quadtree block represents one of three states, either occupied, unoccupied or unknown, and as a result, a vehicle could transmit specific quadtree blocks covering a certain region instead of transmitting the corresponding huge point cloud. Nonetheless, tailoring the number and resolution of the transmitted quadtree blocks to bandwidth availability is a challenging problem. Moreover, simply broadcasting these sensory information (quadtree blocks) to all neighboring vehicles, as suggested by \cite{etsi2019}, would impose a significant load on the available communication resources, especially if the vehicular network is congested. Previous works have tackled this problem in two ways: by filtering the number of objects in the CPM to adjust the network load, as in \cite{CPMFiltering}, or by tweaking the generation rules of CPMs, as in \cite{CPMGeneration} and \cite{aoki2020cooperative}. However, all these works still broadcast the sensory information. Therefore, in order to mitigate the negative effect of broadcasting, a principled approach to select which vehicles should receive the relevant information, in which resolution and over which resource blocks (RBs) is desperately needed, however, complex. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has proved useful in similar complex situations within the vehicular and wireless communication domains \cite{aoki2020cooperative,RL1,RL2,RL3Xianfu,RL4}. To the best of our knowledge, only \cite{aoki2020cooperative} lies within the cooperative perception scenario, where the main objective of DRL in a vehicular agent is to mitigate the network load by deciding either to transmit the CPM or discard it, without the ability to change its content. Although interesting, a proper selection of the content of the CPMs exchanged between the vehicles is needed to maximize the satisfaction of the vehicles with the received sensory information while complying with the available communication resources. \subsection{Contributions} The main contribution of this paper is a novel framework for solving the joint problem of associating vehicles, allocating RBs, and selecting the content of the CPMs exchanged between the vehicles, with the objective of maximizing the mean satisfaction of all vehicles with the received sensory information. Solving such a problem using conventional mathematical tools is complex and intractable. As a result, we resort to using machine learning techniques, specifically DRL \cite{Mnih2015}. In particular, we split the main problem into two sub-problems: The first problem focuses on associating vehicles and allocating RBs, and solved at road-side unit (RSU) level, while the other sub-problem focuses on selecting the content of the CPMs, and is solved at the vehicle level. Both problems are formulated as a DRL problem where the objective of the RSU is to learn the association and RB allocation that yields a higher average vehicular satisfaction, while the objective of each vehicle is to learn which sensory information is useful and should be transmitted to its associated vehicle. Moreover, in order to enhance the training process, we propose the use of federated RL \cite{FRL,FLOpenProblems,EdgeML}. % \begin{comment} Within this approach, we utilize the federated learning (FL) algorithm, proposed in \cite{FLmcmahan17a}, within our RL environment. \end{comment} Specifically, at every time frame, each vehicle under the coverage of the RSU shares its latest model parameters with the RSU, the RSU then averages all the received model parameters and broadcasts the outcome back to the vehicles under its coverage. Simulation results show that the policies achieving higher vehicular satisfaction could be learned at both the RSU and vehicles level. Moreover, the results also show that federated RL improves the training process, where better policies can be achieved within the same amount of time compared to non-federated approach. Finally, it is shown that trained agents always outperform non-trained random agents in terms of the achieved vehicular satisfaction. In a nutshell, the main contributions of this work can be summarized as follows: \begin{itemize} \item We mathematically formulate the joint problem of vehicle association, RB allocation and content selection of the CPMs while taking into consideration the impact of the wireless communication bandwidth.\item We propose an RL problem formulation for vehicle association and RB allocation, as well as the RL problem of the content selection of the CPMs. Moreover, to overcome the huge action space inherent to the formulation of the RL problems, we apply the dueling and branching concepts proposed in \cite{ActionBranching}.\item We propose a federated RL approach to enhance the training process of all vehicles.\item We conduct simulations based on practical traffic data to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.\end{itemize} The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section \ref{sec:System-model}, the different parts of the system model are described, including the sensory, wireless communication, and quadtree models. The network-wide problem is formulated in Section \ref{sec:Problem-formulation}, followed by a brief introduction to RL and how it is utilized within our cooperative perception scenario, in Section \ref{sec:Reinforcement-learning}. In Section \ref{sec:Overcoming-the-huge}, the huge action space issue and how to overcome it, is presented. The federated RL approach is described in Section \ref{sec:Federated-RL}. Finally, in Section \ref{sec:Numerical-results}, simulation results are presented while conclusions are drawn in Section \ref{sec:Conclusion}. \section{System Model\label{sec:System-model}} \begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{Figures/JunctionWithRoIangles} \caption{Vehicles under the coverage of a single RSU, drive through a junction while dynamically exchanging sensory information.} \label{fig:1} \end{figure} Consider a road junction covered and serviced by a single RSU, as shown in Fig.\,\ref{fig:1}. We consider a time-slotted system with a slot index $t$ and a slot duration of $\tau$. Let $\mathcal{N}_t$ be the set of $N$ vehicles served by the RSU at time slot $t$, where $N$ is the maximum number of vehicles that could be served simultaneously by the RSU. We denote the location of each vehicle $n\in\mathcal{N}_t$ at time slot $t$ by $\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\left(t\right)$ and assume that each vehicle is equipped with a sensor having a fixed circular range of radius $r$. From a vehicle's perspective, the output of the sensor regarding any location can have one of three states: Occupied ($s_{+}$), unoccupied ($s_{-}$), or unknown ($s_{0}$). The occupied state $s_+$ corresponds to locations within the vehicle's sensing range where an obstacle is sensed. While, the unoccupied state $s_-$ corresponds to locations within the vehicle's sensing range that are sensed to be obstacle-free. Finally, the unknown state $s_0$ corresponds to the locations which cannot be sensed by the vehicle's sensor, either due to occlusions or because they are outside the vehicle's sensing range. Lets assume that the output of vehicle $n$'s sensor regarding location $\boldsymbol{x}$ at time slot $t$ is $s_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)\in\{s_+,s_-,s_0\}$. Moreover, here the ``ground-truth'' state of any location $\boldsymbol{x}$ is either occupied $s_{+}$, or unoccupied $s_{-}$, and is given by $G(\boldsymbol{x},t)\in\{s_+,s_-\}$. Since sensors are not perfectly reliable, then $s_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ will be correct, i.e., $s_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)=G(\boldsymbol{x},t)$, with a fixed probability of $\lambda_n$, where $\lambda_{n}\in(0.5,1]$ represents the sensor's reliability. Thus, the probability of occupancy at location $\boldsymbol{x}$ with respect to vehicle $n$, given its sensor output, is, \begin{equation} p_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)=\text{Pr}(G(\boldsymbol{x},t)=s_+\|s_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t))=\begin{cases} \lambda_{n} & \text{if~}s_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)=s_{+},\\ 1-\lambda_{n} & \text{if~}s_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)=s_{-},\\ 1/2 & \text{if~}s_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)=s_{0}, \end{cases}\label{eq:OccupancyProbabilityPoint} \end{equation} Note that, some locations are occluded by obstacles, or are outside the sensing range, which results in $s_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)=s_{0}$. In order to model the high uncertainty of this unknown state, it is mapped to $p_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)=\frac{1}{2}$ which represents the highest uncertainty in a probability distribution. Let $q_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ be the value (or quality) of the sensed information at location $\boldsymbol{x}$ at the beginning of time slot $t.$ $q_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ depends on the probability of occupancy $p_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ and the age of the information (AoI)\footnote{AoI is defined as the time elapsed since the generation instant of the sensory information.} $\Delta_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ \cite{AoI1,AoI2}, which is given by, \begin{equation} q_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)=\|2p_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)-1\|\mu^{\Delta_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)},\label{eq:InfoWorthinessPoint} \end{equation} \[ \Delta_{n}(\boldsymbol{x},t)=\tau t-\Gamma_{n}(\boldsymbol{x}), \] with a parameter $\mu\in(0,1)$ and $\Gamma_{n}(\boldsymbol{x})$ defining the instant when $\boldsymbol{x}$ was last sensed by vehicle $n$.\footnote{Hereafter, the dependence on $t$ will be omitted from the notations for the simplicity of presentation and brevity.} Here, we choose the AoI as a metric to emphasize the importance of fresh sensory information. Note that the value function $q_{n}(\boldsymbol{x})$ decreases as its AoI increases (\emph{outdated} information) or the probability of occupancy for location $\boldsymbol{x}$ approaches 1/2 (\emph{uncertain} information).\footnote{Note that, when location $\boldsymbol{x}$ is occupied, \eqref{eq:InfoWorthinessPoint} does not distinguish between the different kinds of objects. However, this can easily be mitigated by allowing $\mu$ to be inversely proportional to the speed of the detected object, e.g., $\mu_{\text{fast object}}<\mu_{\text{slow object}}<\mu_{\text{static object}}=1$.} Moreover, each vehicle $n$ is interested in extending its sensing range. The higher the vehicle's velocity is, the bigger this region of interest (RoI) should be. As a result, each vehicle is interested in $t_{\text{int}}$ seconds ahead along its direction of movement. The RoI of vehicle $n$, for simplicity, is captured by a circular region with a diameter of $v_{n}t_{\text{int}}$, where $v_{n}$ is the velocity of the vehicle. Within the RoI, the vehicle has higher interest in gaining sensory information regarding the locations closer to its current position as well as regarding locations closer to its direction of movement. Therefore, we formally define the interest of vehicle $n$ in location $\boldsymbol{x}$ as follows: \begin{equation} w_{n}(\boldsymbol{x})=\begin{cases} \frac{v_{n}t_{\text{int}}\cos\theta-d}{v_{n}t_{\text{int}}\cos\theta}, & d\leq v_{n}t_{\text{int}}\cos\theta,\\ 0, & \text{o.w.}, \end{cases}, \end{equation} where $d$ is the euclidean distance between the location $\boldsymbol{x}$ and the vehicle's position $\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\left(t\right)$, and $\theta$ is the angle between the vehicle's direction of motion and location $\boldsymbol{x}$, as illustrated in Fig.\,\ref{fig:1}. To capture the need of gathering new information, the interest $w_{n}(\boldsymbol{x})$ of vehicle $n$ needs to be weighted based on the lack of worthy information, i.e., $1-q_{n}(\boldsymbol{x})$. Hence, the modified interest of vehicle $n$ in location $\boldsymbol{x}$ is given by, \begin{equation} i_{n}(\boldsymbol{x})=w_{n}(\boldsymbol{x})[1-q_{n}(\boldsymbol{x})].\label{eq:RoIWeights} \end{equation} \begin{comment} we consider time-slotted communication over transmission slots of duration $\tau$ such that \end{comment} We assume that each vehicle can associate with at most one vehicle at each time slot to exchange sensory information. We define $E(t)=\left[e_{nn'}(t)\right]$ to be the global association matrix,where $e_{nn'}(t)=1$ if vehicle $n$ is associated (transmits) to vehicle $n'$ at time slot $t$, otherwise, $e_{nn'}(t)=0$. It is assumed that the association is bi-directional, i.e., $e_{nn'}(t)=e_{n'n}(t)$. Moreover, we assume that each associated pair can communicate simultaneously with each other, i.e. each vehicle is equipped with two radios, one for transmitting and the other is for receiving. Additionally, a set $\mathcal{K}$ of $K$ orthogonal resource blocks (RBs), with bandwidth $\omega$ per RB, is shared among the vehicles, where each transmitting radio is allocated with only one RB. We further define $\eta_{nn'}^{k}(t)\in\left\{ 0,1\right\} $, $\text{for all }k\in\mathcal{K}\text{ and }n,n'\in\mathcal{N}$, as the RB allocation. Here, $\eta_{nn'}^{k}(t)=1$ if vehicle $n$ transmits over RB $k$ to vehicle $n'$ at time slot $t$ and $\eta_{nn'}^{k}(t)=0$, otherwise. In order to avoid self-interference, the RBs allocated for each associated pair are orthogonal, i.e. $\eta_{nn'}^{k}(t)\ne\eta_{n'n}^{k}(t)$ given that $e_{nn'}(t)=1$. Let $h_{nn'}^{k}(t)$ be the instantaneous channel gain, including path loss and channel fading, from vehicle $n$ to vehicle $n'$ over RB $k$ in slot $t$. We consider the $5.9\text{ GHz}$ carrier frequency and adopt the realistic V2V channel model of \cite{ChannelModel} in which, depending on the location of the vehicles, the channel model is categorized into three types: line-of-sight, weak-line-of-sight, and non-line-of-sight. As a result, the data rate from vehicle $n$ to vehicle $n'$ at time slot $t$ (in packets per slot) is expressed as \begin{equation} R_{nn'}(t)=e_{nn'}(t)\cdot\frac{\tau}{M}\sum_{k\in\mathcal{K}}\eta_{nn'}^{k}(t)\omega\log_{2}\left(1+\frac{Ph_{nn'}^{k}(t)}{N_{0}\omega+I_{nn'}^{k}(t)}\right),\label{eq:rate} \end{equation} where $M$ is the packet length in bits, $P$ is the transmission power per RB, and $N_{0}$ is the power spectral density of the additive white Gaussian noise. Here, $I_{nn'}^{k}(t)=\sum_{i,j\in\mathcal{N}/n,n'}\eta_{i,j}^{k}(t)Ph_{in'}^{k}(t)$ indicates the received aggregate interference at the receiver $n'$ over RB $k$ from other vehicles transmitting over the same RB $k$. \subsection{Quadtree Representation} Storing and exchanging raw sensory information between vehicles, e.g., information about individual locations $\boldsymbol{x}$, requires significant memory and communication resources for cooperative perception to be deemed useful. To alleviate this challenge, a compression technique called \emph{region quadtree}, which efficiently store data on a two-dimensional space, can be used by each vehicle \cite{QuadtreeHanan}. In this technique, each vehicle converts its sensing range into a squared-block of side-length $2r$. This block is divided recursively into 4 blocks until \begin{itemize} \item reaching a maximum resolution level $L$, or \item the state of every location $\boldsymbol{x}$ within a block is the same. \end{itemize} Without loss of generality, we assume that each block can be represented using $M$ bits. Fig.\,\ref{fig:2} shows the quadtree representation of the sensing range of vehicle $k$ with $L=5$. \begin{figure}[t] \centering% \begin{tabular}{cc} \includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{Figures/JunctionWithQuadtreeBlocks-BordersColored} & \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{\string"Figures/QuadtreeRepresentationWithBoardersColoring\string".eps}\tabularnewline (a) & (b)\tabularnewline \end{tabular} \caption{Quadtree representation of the sensing range of vehicle $k$, with a maximum resolution level $L=5$. Green represents the unoccupied state $s_{-}$, red represents the occupied state $s_{+}$ and orange represents the unknown state $s_{0}$. (a) shows the block decomposition of the sensing range while (b) shows the equivalent tree diagram. The block with purple boarders represents the lowest resolution block that can be transmitted. Another two examples of different blocks are highlighted in the same way using pink and blue boarders.} \label{fig:2} \end{figure} The state of block $b$ within the quadtree of vehicle $n$ is either, \begin{itemize} \item Occupied: If the state of any location $\boldsymbol{x}$ within the block is occupied, \item Unoccupied: If every location within the block is unoccupied, \item Unknown: Otherwise. \end{itemize} In this view, the probability of occupancy of each block $p_{n}(b)$ can be defined in the same manner as \eqref{eq:OccupancyProbabilityPoint}: \begin{equation} p_{n}(b)=\begin{cases} \lambda_{n} & \text{if~}s_{n}(b)=s_{+},\\ 1-\lambda_{n} & \text{if~}s_{n}(b)=s_{-},\\ 1/2 & \text{if~}s_{n}(b)=s_{0}, \end{cases}\label{eq:OccupancyProbabilityBlock} \end{equation} and the worthiness of block $b$'s sensory information $q_{n}(b)$ is defined in the same manner as \eqref{eq:InfoWorthinessPoint}. Let $\mathcal{B}_{n}\left(t\right)$ represent the set of quadtree blocks available for transmission by vehicle $n$ at the beginning of time slot $t$. Assume that $\mathcal{B}_{n}\left(t\right)=\mathcal{B}_{n}^{\text{c}}\cup\mathcal{B}_{n}^{\text{p}}$, where $\mathcal{B}_{n}^{\text{c}}$ is the set of blocks available from its own current sensing range, while $\mathcal{B}_{n}^{\text{p}}$ is the set of blocks available from previous slots (either older own blocks or blocks received from other vehicles). Note that, due to the quadtree compression, the cardinality of $\mathcal{B}_{n}^{\text{c}}$ is upper bounded by: $\|\mathcal{B}_{n}^{\text{c}}\|\leq\sum_{l=0}^{L-1}4^{l}=\frac{1-4^{L}}{1-4}$. Also, in order to keep the exchanged sensory information fresh, an upper bound is applied on the cardinality of $\mathcal{B}_{n}^{\text{p}}$: $\|\mathcal{B}_{n}^{\text{p}}\|\leq B_{\text{max}}^{\text{p}}$, where blocks with higher AoI are discarded if the cardinality of $\mathcal{B}_{n}^{\text{p}}$ exceeded $B_{\text{max}}^{\text{p}}$. Determining what quadtree blocks needs to be shared, and with which vehicles, is not straightforward. In order to answer those questions, we first start by formulating the problem. \section{Problem Formulation \label{sec:Problem-formulation}} In our model, each vehicle $n$ is interested in associating (pairing) with another vehicle $n'$ where each pair exchanges sensory information in the form of quadtree blocks with the objective of maximizing the joint satisfaction of both vehicles. The satisfaction of vehicle $n$ with the sensory information received from vehicle $n'$ at time slot $t$ can be defined as follows: \begin{equation} f_{nn'}\left(t\right)=\sum_{b\in\mathcal{B}_{n'}\left(t\right)}\sigma_{n'}^{b}\left(t\right)\left(\frac{\sum_{\boldsymbol{x}\in b}i_{n}\left(\boldsymbol{x}\right)}{\Lambda\left(b\right)}.q_{n'}\left(b\right)\right),\label{eq:VehicularSatisfaction} \end{equation} where $\sigma_{n'}^{b}\left(t\right)=1$ if vehicle $n'$ transmitted block $b$ to vehicle $n$ at time slot $t$, and $\sigma_{n'}^{b}\left(t\right)=0$ otherwise, and $\Lambda\left(b\right)$ is the area covered by block $b$. Moreover, it should be noted that vehicle $n$ is more satisfied with receiving quadtree blocks with a resolution proportional to the weights of its RoI as per \eqref{eq:RoIWeights}, i.e., block $b$ with higher resolution (smaller coverage area $\Lambda\left(b\right)$) for the regions with higher $i_{n}\left(\boldsymbol{x}\right)$, which is captured by $\frac{\sum_{\boldsymbol{x}\in b}i_{n}\left(\boldsymbol{x}\right)}{\Lambda\left(b\right)}$. Furthermore, vehicle $n$ is more satisfied with receiving quadtree blocks having more worthy sensory information, which is captured by $q_{n'}\left(b\right)$. % \begin{comment} Relation between satisfaction f and rate R should be mentioned and emphasized. \end{comment} As a result, our cooperative perception network-wide problem can be formally posed as follows:\begin{subequations}\label{First_optimization_problem} \begin{align} \max_{\boldsymbol{\eta}(t),E(t),\boldsymbol{\sigma}\left(t\right)} & ~~\sum\limits _{n,n'\in\mathcal{N}}f_{nn'}\left(t\right)\cdot f_{n'n}\left(t\right)\nonumber \\ \text{s.t.} & ~~\sum_{b\in\mathcal{B}_{n}\left(t\right)}\sigma_{n}^{b}\left(t\right)\leq\sum_{n'\in\mathcal{N}}R_{nn'}(t),\ \forall n\in\mathcal{N},\,\forall t,\label{eq:TransmittedBlocksBound}\\ & ~~{\textstyle \sum\limits _{n'\in\mathcal{N}}}\sum_{k\in\mathcal{K}}\eta_{nn'}^{k}(t)\leq1,~\forall n\in\mathcal{N},\,\forall t,\label{eq:RBConstraint}\\ & ~~\sum_{n'\in\mathcal{N}}e_{nn'}\left(t\right)\leq1,\ \forall n\in\mathcal{N},\,\forall t,\label{eq:AssociationConst1}\\ & \ \ e_{nn'}\left(t\right)=e_{n'n}\left(t\right),\ \forall n,n'\in\mathcal{N},\,\forall t,\label{eq:AssociationConst2}\\ & ~~\eta_{nn'}^{k}(t)\in\{0,1\},e_{nn'}\left(t\right)\in\left\{ 0,1\right\} ,\sigma_{n}^{b}\left(t\right)=\left\{ 0,1\right\} ~\forall t,\,k\in\mathcal{K},\,n,n'\in\mathcal{N},\label{eq:OptVariables} \end{align} \end{subequations}where the objective is to associate vehicles $E\left(t\right)$, allocate RBs $\boldsymbol{\eta}\left(t\right)=[\eta_{nn'}^{k}(t)]^{k\in\mathcal{K}}_{n,n'\in\mathcal{N}}$, and select the contents of the transmitted messages (the quadtree blocks to be transmitted by each vehicle) $\boldsymbol{\sigma}\left(t\right)$, in order to maximize the sum of the joint satisfaction of the associated vehicular pairs. Note that \eqref{eq:TransmittedBlocksBound} is an upper bound on the number of transmitted quadtree blocks of each vehicle by its Shannon data rate, while \eqref{eq:RBConstraint} constrains the number of RBs allocated to each vehicle to 1. Note that, the RB allocation $\eta_{nn'}^{k}(t)$ and the vehicular association $E\left(t\right)$ directly determine the data rate $R_{nn'}(t)$ as per \eqref{eq:rate}, specifying the maximum number of quadtree blocks to be transmitted between the vehicles. Moreover, the selected quadtree blocks $\boldsymbol{\sigma}\left(t\right)$ along with $E\left(t\right)$ directly determines the vehicular satisfaction as per \eqref{eq:VehicularSatisfaction}. As a result finding the optimal solution (RB allocation, vehicular association and message content selection) of this problem is complex and not straightforward. From a centralized point of view where the RSU tries to solve this problem, the RSU needs to know the real-time wireless channels between the vehicles and the details of the sensed information of each vehicle, in order to optimally solve \eqref{First_optimization_problem}. Frequently exchanging such fast-varying information between the RSU and vehicles can yield a huge communication overhead which is impractical. From a decentralized point of view, in order to maximize \eqref{eq:VehicularSatisfaction}, vehicle $n'$ needs to know the exact interest of vehicle $n$ as per \eqref{eq:RoIWeights} in order to optimally select the quadtree blocks to be transmitted, which is impractical as well. Hence, to solve \eqref{First_optimization_problem} we leverage machine learning techniques which have proved to be useful in dealing with such complex situations, specifically DRL \cite{Mnih2015}. \section{Reinforcement Learning Based Cooperative Perception\label{sec:Reinforcement-learning}} \subsection{Background} RL is a computational approach to understanding goal-directed learning and decision-making \cite{sutton2018reinforcement}. RL is about learning from interactions how to behave in order to achieve a goal. The learner (or decision-maker) is called an \emph{agent }who interacts with the \emph{environment}, which is comprising everything outside the agent. Thus, any goal-directed learning problem can be reduced to three signals exchanged between an agent and its environment: one signal representing the choices made by the agent (\emph{actions}), one signal representing the basis on which the choices are made (\emph{states}), and one signal defining the agent's goal (\emph{rewards}). In a typical RL problem, the agent's goal is to maximize the total amount of reward it receives, which means maximizing not just the immediate reward, but a cumulative reward in the long run. RL problems are typically formalized using Markov decision processes\footnote{Even when the state signal is not Markovian, it is still appropriate to think of the state in reinforcement learning as an approximation to a Markov state. \cite{sutton2018reinforcement}} (MDPs) \cite{sutton2018reinforcement}, characterized as $\left\langle \mathcal{S},\mathcal{A},\mathcal{T},\mathcal{R},\gamma\right\rangle $. That is, at timestep $t$, the agent with state $s\in\mathcal{S}$ performs an action $a\in\mathcal{A}$ using a policy $\pi\left(a\|s\right)$, and receives a reward $r_{t}=\mathcal{R}\left(s,a\right)\in\mathbb{R}$, and transitions to state $s'\in\mathcal{S}$ with probability $p\left(s'\|s,a\right)=\mathcal{T}\left(s,a,s'\right)$. We define $R_{t}=\sum_{t'=t}^{H}\gamma^{t'-t}r_{t}$ as the discounted return over horizon $H$ and discount factor $\gamma\in\left[0,1\right)$, and we define $Q^{\pi}\left(s,a\right)=\mathbb{E}_{\pi}\left[R_{t}\|s_{t}=s,a_{t}=a\right]$ as the action-value (Q-value) of state $s$ and action $a$. Moreover, let $\pi^{}$ be the optimal policy that maximizes the Q-value function, $Q^{\pi^{}}\left(s,a\right)=\max_{\pi}Q^{\pi}\left(s,a\right)$. The ultimate goal of RL is to learn the optimal policy $\pi^{}$ by having agents interacting with the environment. Among the various techniques used to solve RL problems, in this work we will advocate for the use of Q-learning and deep Q-networks (DQNs)% \begin{comment} \footnote{DQN is selected for its simplicity, powerfulness, and off-policy algorithm.} \end{comment} . \subsubsection{Q-learning and DQNs} Q-learning iteratively estimates the optimal Q-value function, $Q\left(s,a\right)=Q\left(s,a\right)+\alpha\left[r+\gamma\max_{a'}Q\left(s',a'\right)-Q\left(s,a\right)\right]$, where $\alpha\in\left[0,1\right)$ is the learning rate and $\left[r+\gamma\max_{a'}Q\left(s',a'\right)-Q\left(s,a\right)\right]$ is the temporal-difference (TD) error. Convergence to $Q^{\pi^{}}$ is guaranteed in the tabular (no approximation) case provided that sufficient state/action space exploration is done; thus, tabulated learning is not suitable for problems with large state spaces. Practical TD methods use function approximators for the Q-value function such as neural networks, i.e., deep Q-learning which exploits Deep Q-Networks (DQNs) for Q-value approximation \cite{Mnih2015}. RL can be unstable or even diverge when a nonlinear function approximator such as a neural network is used to represent the Q-value function \cite{NIPS1996_1269TDFunctionAproximator}. In order to overcome this issue, DQNs rely on two key concepts, the \emph{experience replay }and an iterative update that adjusts the Q-values towards \emph{target values} that are only periodically updated. The approximate Q-value function is parameterized using a deep neural network, $Q\left(s,a;\phi\right)$, in which $\phi$ are the parameters (weights) of the Q-network. To use experience replay, the agent's experiences $\mu_{t}=\left(s_{t},a_{t},r_{t},s_{t+1}\right)$ are stored at each timestep $t$ in a data set $\mathcal{D}_{t}=\left\{ \mu_{1},\cdots,\mu_{t}\right\} $. During learning, Q-learning updates are applied on samples (minibatches) of experience $\left(s,a,r,s'\right)\sim U\left(\mathcal{D}\right)$, drawn uniformly at random from the pool of stored samples. The Q-learning update uses the following loss function: \[ L\left(\phi\right)=\mathbb{E}_{\left(s,a,r,s'\right)\sim U\left(\mathcal{D}\right)}\left[\left(r+\gamma\max_{a'}Q\left(s',a';\phi^{-}\right)-Q\left(s,a;\phi\right)\right)^{2}\right], \] where $\phi^{-}$ are the network parameters used to compute the target. The target network parameters $\phi^{-}$ are only updated with the Q-network parameters $\phi$ every $C$ steps and remain fixed across individual updates\footnote{Hereafter, for notation simplicity, $Q^{-}\left(s,a\right)$ and $Q\left(s,a\right)$ will be used instead of $Q\left(s,a;\phi^{-}\right)$ and $Q\left(s,a;\phi\right)$, respectively.} \cite{Mnih2015}. \subsection{Cooperative Perception Scenario} In order to solve \eqref{First_optimization_problem}, the timeline is splitted into two scales, a \emph{coarse scale} called time frames and a \emph{fine scale} called time slots. At the beginning of each time frame, the RSU associates vehicles into pairs and allocates RBs to those pairs. The association and RB allocation stays fixed during the whole frame which consists of $X$ time slots. At the beginning of each time slot $t$, each vehicle selects the quadtree blocks to be transmitted to its associated vehicle. By utilizing RL we can formulate two different but interrelated RL problems: Vehicular RL and RSU RL. \subsubsection{Vehicular RL} In this RL problem, for a given association $nn'$ and RB allocation, each vehicle $n$ acts as an RL-agent who wants to learn which quadtree blocks to transmit to its associated vehicle $n'$ in order to maximize the satisfaction of vehicle $n'$. Accordingly, the \emph{global state} of the RL environment is defined as $\left\langle \mathcal{B}_{n}\left(t\right),\mathcal{I}_{n'}(t),v_{n},v_{n'},\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\left(t\right),\boldsymbol{l}_{n'}\left(t\right)\right\rangle $, where $\mathcal{I}_{n'}\left(t\right)$ is the set of vehicle's $n'$ RoI weights, as per \eqref{eq:RoIWeights}, at time slot $t$. However, this global state cannot be observed by vehicle $n$, where instead, the\emph{ local observation} of vehicle $n$ is $\left\langle \mathcal{B}_{n}\left(t\right),v_{n},v_{n'},\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\left(t\right),\boldsymbol{l}_{n'}\left(t\right)\right\rangle $. At every time slot $t$ and by utilizing this local observation, vehicle $n$ takes an action $\boldsymbol{\sigma}_{n}\left(t\right)$, selecting which quadtree blocks to be transmitted to its associated vehicle $n'$, % \begin{comment} mention the relation between the blocks selected for transmission and the blocks successfully received by associated vehicle according to the transmission rate R. \end{comment} and accordingly receive a feedback (\emph{reward}) from vehicle $n'$ equal to $f_{n'n}\left(t\right)$. % \begin{comment} In order to enhance the collaboration between the two vehicles $n$ and $n'$, the \emph{reward} of the RL problem should be common for both vehicles \cite{omidshafiei17aMultiagentRL} and hence, it is selected to be equal to the joint satisfaction of both vehicles $f_{nn'}\left(t\right)\cdot f_{n'n}\left(t\right)$. Note that, $f_{n'n}\left(t\right)$ is fed back to vehicle $n$ from vehicle $n'$, while $f_{nn'}\left(t\right)$ can be calculated locally at vehicle $n$. \end{comment} In a nutshell, the elements of the RL problem at each vehicle $n$ can be described as follows: \begin{itemize} \item Global~state: $\left\langle \mathcal{B}_{n}\left(t\right),\mathcal{I}_{n'}(t),v_{n},v_{n'},\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\left(t\right),\boldsymbol{l}_{n'}\left(t\right)\right\rangle $. \item Local~observation: $\left\langle \mathcal{B}_{n}\left(t\right),v_{n},v_{n'},\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\left(t\right),\boldsymbol{l}_{n'}\left(t\right)\right\rangle $. \item Action: $\boldsymbol{\sigma}_{n}\left(t\right)$. \item Reward: $f_{n'n}\left(t\right)$. \end{itemize} \subsubsection{RSU RL} The RSU acts as an RL-agent where the \emph{state} of this RL environment is given by the location and velocity of all vehicles serviced by the RSU, $\left\langle v_{n},\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\,\forall n\in\mathcal{N}\right\rangle $. Based on this state at the beginning of each time frame, the RSU takes the \emph{action} of vehicles association $E(t)$, and RB allocation $\boldsymbol{\eta}(t)$. Then, once the time frame ends, each vehicle will report back its mean satisfaction during the whole frame and the RL \emph{reward }is computed as the mean of those feedbacks. In a nutshell, the elements of the RL problem at the RSU can be summarized as follows: \begin{itemize} \item State: $\left\langle v_{n},\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\,\forall n\in\mathcal{N}\right\rangle $. \item Action: $E(t)$ and $\boldsymbol{\eta}(t)$. \item Reward: $\frac{\sum_{n\in\mathcal{N}}\nicefrac{\left(\sum_{t=i}^{i+X}f_{n'n}\left(t\right)\right)}{X}}{\|\mathcal{N}\|}$. \end{itemize} \begin{comment} Explain this paragraph more clearly \end{comment} In order to solve these two RL problems, the DQN algorithm \cite{Mnih2015} can be used. However, despite its success in domains with high-dimensional state space such as our domain, its application to high dimensional, discrete action spaces is still arduous, because within DQN, the Q-value for each possible action should be estimated before deciding which action to take. Furthermore, the number of actions that need to be explicitly represented grows exponentially with increasing action dimensionality \cite{ActionBranching}. At this point, we note that our two RL problems suffer from the high dimensionality of action spaces. Specifically, within the RSU RL problem, the RSU needs to select $E(t)$ and $\boldsymbol{\eta}(t)$: The association matrix $E(t)$ is of size $N\times N$, and due to our one-to-one association assumption, the number of possible actions for the association problem would be $\Pi_{n=1}^{\left\lfloor \nicefrac{N}{2}\right\rfloor }\left(2n-1\right)$. Moreover, the RB allocation matrix $\boldsymbol{\eta}(t)$ is of size $N\times K$, as a result, the number of possible actions is $K^{N}$, assuming that each vehicle is allocated only 1 RB. Similarly, within the vehicular RL problem, each vehicle needs to select $\boldsymbol{\sigma}_{n}\left(t\right)$ whose dimension is $\|\mathcal{B}_{n}\|_{\text{max}}\times1$, yielding a total number of possible actions equal to $2^{\|\mathcal{B}_{n}\|_{\text{max}}}$. This large number of actions can seriously affect the learning behavior of the available discrete-action reinforcement learning algorithms such as DQN, because large action spaces are difficult to explore efficiently and thus successful training of the neural networks becomes intractable \cite{Lillicrap2015}. \section{Overcoming the Large Action Space Problem\label{sec:Overcoming-the-huge}} Recently, the authors in \cite{ActionBranching} have introduced a new agent called branching dueling Q-network (BDQ). The resulting neural network architecture allows to distribute the representation of the action dimensions across individual network branches while maintaining a shared module that encodes a latent representation of the input state and helps to coordinate the branches. This architecture is represented in Fig.\,\ref{fig:NN}. Remarkably, this neural network architecture exhibits a linear growth of the network outputs with increasing action space as opposed to the combinatorial growth experienced in traditional DQN network architectures. \begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{Figures/NeuralNetwork} \caption{The BDQ neural network architecture utilized for both RSU and vehicular RL agents.} \label{fig:NN} \end{figure} Here, we adopt these BDQ agents from \cite{ActionBranching} within our RL problems. As a result, the neural network at the RSU agent will have $N$ branches\footnote{$N-1$ branches if $N$ is odd.} constructed as follows: \begin{itemize} \item $\left\lfloor \nicefrac{N}{2}\right\rfloor $ branches corresponding to the association action with each branch having $j_{i}=N-2i+1$ sub-actions, where $i$ is the branch ID. For example, let us consider a simplified scenario with $N=6$, then $\left\lfloor \nicefrac{N}{2}\right\rfloor =3$ vehicular pairs could be formed: the first branch representing the first vehicle would have $N-2\cdot(1)+1=5$ candidate vehicles to pair with, while for the second branch the candidates are reduced to 3 and so on. This leads to a unique vehicular association for any combination of sub-actions selected at each of the branches. For instance, an action of $(1,1,1)$ implies that $E=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}\right],$ and an action of $(3,2,1)$ would mean that $E=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right]$. \item $\left\lfloor \nicefrac{N}{2}\right\rfloor $ branches corresponding to the RB allocation with each branch having ${K \choose 2}$ sub-actions, knowing that each associated pair is allocated 2 orthogonal RBs (one for each vehicle). \end{itemize} The aftermath of using the BDQ agent is that, in order to select an association action $E(t)$, the Q-value needs to be estimated for $\sum_{n=1}^{\left\lfloor \nicefrac{N}{2}\right\rfloor }\left(2n-1\right)$ actions instead of for $\Pi_{n=1}^{\left\lfloor \nicefrac{N}{2}\right\rfloor }\left(2n-1\right)$ with a non-branching network architecture. Similarly, selecting an RB allocation $\boldsymbol{\eta}(t)$, requires the Q-value estimation of $\frac{N}{2}\times{K \choose 2}$ actions instead of the ${K \choose 2}^{\nicefrac{N}{2}}$values involved in a traditional DQN architecture. Equivalently, by utilizing the BDQ agent within our vehicular RL problem, for the message content selection $\boldsymbol{\sigma}_{n}\left(t\right)$, the Q-value needs to be estimated for $2\times\|\mathcal{B}_{n}\|_{\text{max}}$ actions only instead of for $2^{\|\mathcal{B}_{n}\|_{\text{max}}}$ actions. \subsection{Training a BDQ Agent within The Cooperative Perception Scenario} For training the RSU and vehicular agents, DQN is selected as the algorithmic basis. Thus, at the beginning of each RSU episode, a random starting point of an arbitrary trajectory of vehicles is selected, resulting in a an indiscriminate state $\left\langle v_{n},\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\,\forall n\in\mathcal{N}\right\rangle $ observed by the RSU. Here, this state is the input to the BDQ agent (neural network) available at the RSU. Then, with probability $\epsilon$, this BDQ agent randomly selects the association $E\left(t\right)$ and RB allocation $\boldsymbol{\eta}(t)$ actions, and with probability $1-\epsilon$, it will select the action having the maximum Q-value\footnote{The value of $\epsilon$ is reduced as the learning proceeds till it reaches $0$, in order to ensure an efficient exploration-exploitation balance.} (as determined by the output of the neural network). For any action dimension $i\in\left\{ 1,\dots,J\right\} $ with $\left\|\mathcal{A}_{i}\right\|=j_{i}$ discrete sub-actions, the Q-value of each individual branch at state $s\in\mathcal{S}$ and sub-action $a_{i}\in\mathcal{A}_{i}$ is expressed in terms of the common state value $V\left(s\right)$ and the corresponding state-dependent sub-action advantage $A_{i}\left(s,a_{i}\right)$ by \cite{ActionBranching}: \begin{equation} Q_{i}\left(s,a_{i}\right)=V\left(s\right)+\left(A_{i}\left(s,a_{i}\right)-\frac{1}{j_{i}}\sum_{a'_{i}\in\mathcal{A}_{i}}A_{i}\left(s,a'_{i}\right)\right). \end{equation} After the action is determined, the RSU forwards the association and RB allocation decision to the corresponding vehicles. This association and RB allocation decision will hold for the upcoming $X$ time slots. Once the RSU decision has been conveyed to the vehicles, each vehicle $n$ can compute its local observation $\left\langle \mathcal{B}_{n}\left(t\right),v_{n},v_{n'},\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\left(t\right),\boldsymbol{l}_{n'}\left(t\right)\right\rangle $. Note here that, this local observation constitutes the input for the BDQ agent running at vehicle $n$. Furthermore, an $\epsilon-$greedy policy is also employed at each vehicle, thus random sensory blocks will be selected for transmission with probability $\epsilon$, and the sensory blocks which maximizes the Q-value with probability $1-\epsilon$. Then, the resulting sensory blocks will be scheduled for transmitted over the allocated RB to the associated vehicle. Notice that, the associated vehicle might only receive a random subset of these blocks depending on the data rate $R_{nn'}\left(t\right)$ as per \eqref{eq:rate}. It will then calculate its own satisfaction $f_{n'n}\left(t\right)$ with the received blocks according to \eqref{eq:VehicularSatisfaction} and feed this value back as a reward to vehicle $n$. Vehicle $n$ receives the reward, observes the next local observation and stores this experience $\mu_{t}^{n}=\left(s_{t},a_{t},r_{t},s_{t+1}\right)$ in a data set $\mathcal{D}_{t}^{n}=\left\{ \mu_{1}^{n},\cdots,\mu_{t}^{n}\right\} $. After $X$ time slots, each vehicle will feedback its average received reward during the whole frame to the RSU that will calculate the mean of all the received feedbacks and use the result as its own reward for the association and RB allocation action. The RSU stores its own experience, $\mu_{m}^{\text{RSU}}=\left(s_{m},a_{m},r_{m},s_{m+1}\right)$, in a data set $\mathcal{D}_{m}^{\text{RSU}}=\left\{ \mu_{1}^{\text{RSU}},\cdots,\mu_{m}^{\text{RSU}}\right\} $, where $m$ is the frame index. A new RSU episode begins every $Z$ frames. Once an agent has collected a sufficient amount of experience, the training process of its own neural network starts. First, samples of experience (mini-batch) are drawn uniformly at random from the pool of stored samples, $\left(s,a,r,s'\right)\sim U\left(\mathcal{D}\right)$ \footnote{Super/subscript is omitted here for notation simplicity.}. Using these samples, the loss function within the branched neural network architecture of the BDQ agent is calculated as follows \cite{ActionBranching}: \begin{equation} L\left(\phi\right)=\mathbb{E}_{\left(s,a,r,s'\right)\sim U\left(\mathcal{D}\right)}\left[\frac{1}{J}\sum_{i}\left(y_{i}-Q_{i}\left(s,a_{i}\right)\right)^{2}\right],\label{eq:LossFunction} \end{equation} where $i$ is the branch ID, $J$ is the total number of branches, and $a$ denotes the joint-action tuple $\left(a_{1},\cdots,a_{i},\cdots,a_{J}\right)$. Moreover, $y_{i}=r+\gamma\frac{1}{J}\sum_{i}Q_{i}^{-}\left(s',\text{arg max}_{a'_{i}\in\mathcal{A}_{i}}Q_{i}\left(s',a'_{i}\right)\right)$ in \eqref{eq:LossFunction} represents the temporal difference targets\footnote{For a complete discussion on the choice of the loss function and its components, please refer to \cite{ActionBranching}.}. Finally, a gradient descent step is performed on $L\left(\phi\right)$ with respect to the network parameters $\phi$. The training process of the BDQ agents is summarized in Algorithm\,\ref{alg:Training BDQ}. \begin{algorithm}[t] \begin{algorithmic}[1]\footnotesize \STATE \textbf{Initialize }the replay memory of each agent to a fixed buffer size. \STATE \textbf{Initialize }each agent's neural network with random weights $\phi$. \STATE \textbf{Initialize }each agent's target neural network with weights $\phi^{-}=\phi$. \STATE \textbf{foreach} RSU episode \textbf{do} \begin{ALC@g} \STATE Reset the RSU environment by selecting random trajectories for all vehicles within the junction scenario. \STATE The RSU observes its current state $\left\langle v_{n},\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\,\forall n\in\mathcal{N}\right\rangle $. \STATE \textbf{foreach }$Z$ frames \textbf{do} \begin{ALC@g} \STATE With probability $\epsilon$, the RSU agent selects a random association and RB allocation action, otherwise the action with maximum Q-value is selected. \STATE This action (decision) is forwarded to the corresponding vehicles. \STATE \textbf{foreach }$X$ slots at each vehicle\textbf{ do} \begin{ALC@g} \STATE Vehicle $n$ computes its local observation $\left\langle \mathcal{B}_{n}\left(t\right),v_{n},v_{n'},\boldsymbol{l}_{n}\left(t\right),\boldsymbol{l}_{n'}\left(t\right)\right\rangle $. \STATE With probability $\epsilon$, it selects random sensory blocks to be transmitted to its associated vehicle, otherwise the sensory blocks with maximum Q-value are selected. \STATE Transmit over the allocated RB to the associated vehicle; As per rate $R_{nn'}\left(t\right)$ in \eqref{eq:rate} only a random subset of these blocks will be received. \STATE It calculates its own satisfaction $f_{nn'}\left(t\right)$ as per \eqref{eq:VehicularSatisfaction} and feeds it back as a reward to the associated vehicle. \STATE Receive the reward, observe the next local observation and store this experience $\left(s_{t},a_{t},r_{t},s_{t+1}\right)$ in its replay memory. \STATE \textbf{if }vehicle $n$ has collected a sufficient amount of experiences \textbf{do} \begin{ALC@g} \STATE Vehicle $n$ samples uniformly a random mini-batch of experiences $\mu^{n}$ from its replay memory. \STATE It performs a gradient decent step on $L\left(\phi\right)$ w.r.t. $\phi$, using the samples. \end{ALC@g}\STATE \textbf{end} \textbf{if} \end{ALC@g}\STATE \textbf{end} \textbf{for} \STATE Each vehicle feeds back its average received reward during the whole frame to the RSU. \STATE The RSU calculates the mean of all the received feedbacks and use the result as its own reward. \STATE The RSU stores its own experience, $\left(s_{i},a_{i},r_{i},s_{i+1}\right)$, in its replay memory. \STATE \textbf{if }the RSU collected a sufficient amount of experiences \textbf{do} \begin{ALC@g} \STATE Sample uniformly a random mini-batch of experiences from its replay memory. \STATE Using these samples, a gradient decent step is performed on $L\left(\phi\right)$ w.r.t. $\phi$. \end{ALC@g}\STATE \textbf{end} \textbf{if} \end{ALC@g}\STATE \textbf{end for} \end{ALC@g}\STATE \textbf{end for} \end{algorithmic} \caption{\label{alg:Training BDQ} Training a BDQ agent for cooperative perception} \end{algorithm} \section{Federated RL\label{sec:Federated-RL}} We now observe that, so far, each vehicle $n$ has only leveraged its own experience to train its BDQ agent independently. Therefore, in order to have a resilient agent that performs well in different situations, the training process should run for a sufficient amount of time for the vehicle to gain a broad experience. Alternatively, vehicles could periodically share their trained models with each other to enhance the training process and obtain a better model in a shorter amount of time. For that purpose, we investigate the role of federated RL \cite{FRL} where different agents (vehicles) collaboratively train a global model under the orchestration of a central entity (RSU), while keeping the training data (experiences) decentralized \cite{FLmcmahan17a,FLSumudu}. \begin{comment} Maybe discuss some related federated work here \end{comment} Instead of applying federated learning (FL) within a supervised learning task, in this work, we investigate the use of FL for reinforcement learning within our cooperative perception vehicular RL problem. In particular, at the end of every time frame $m$, each vehicle $n$, under the service of the RSU, updates (trains) its local model (neural network weights) $\phi_{m}^{n}$ based on its local experiences, by performing a gradient descent step on $L\left(\phi_{m}^{n}\right)$ as per \eqref{eq:LossFunction}. Next, each vehicle shares this updated model with the RSU which computes a global model by aggregating all the received models as follows: \[ \phi_{m}^{}=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n}\phi_{m}^{n}, \] where $\phi_{m}^{}$ is the global model computed by the RSU at time frame $m$. After computing the global model, the RSU broadcasts $\phi_{m}^{}$ back to the vehicles under its service, where each vehicle replaces its local model with $\phi_{m}^{}$. Algorithm\,\ref{alg:FRLAlgo} summarizes the entire FRL process within our cooperative perception scenario. \begin{algorithm}[t] \begin{algorithmic}[1]\footnotesize \STATE \textbf{foreach} frame $m$ \textbf{do} \begin{ALC@g} \STATE \textbf{At each vehicle $n$ served by the RSU} \begin{ALC@g} \STATE Perform a gradient descent step on $L\left(\phi_{m}^{n}\right)$ as per \eqref{eq:LossFunction}. \STATE Update the local model $\phi_{m}^{n}$. \STATE Share $\phi_{m}^{n}$ with the RSU. \end{ALC@g}\STATE \textbf{At the RSU} \begin{ALC@g} \STATE Aggregate the received models according to $\phi_{m}^{}=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n}\phi_{m}^{n}$. \STATE Broadcast $\phi_{m}^{}$ back to the vehicles. \end{ALC@g} \end{ALC@g} \STATE \textbf{end} \textbf{for} \end{algorithmic} \caption{\label{alg:FRLAlgo} FRL for vehicular cooperative perception} \end{algorithm} \section{Simulation Results and Analysis\label{sec:Numerical-results}} Simulations are conducted based on practical traffic data to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. A traffic light regulated junction scenario is considered. Several junction scenes of random vehicles' mobility traces were generated using the Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) framework \cite{SUMO}. Each scene spans a $30000$ time slots and consists of a total of 30 vehicles entering and exiting the coverage area of a single RSU. The vehicles are of different dimensions to mimic assorted cars, buses, and trucks. Unless stated otherwise, the simulation parameters are listed in Table~\ref{tab:sim_par}\footnote{Simulations show the benefits of our method even for vehicles with error-free sensors.}. \begin{table}[t] \caption{Simulation parameters. \label{tab:sim_par}} \centering{}% \begin{tabular}{\|c\|c\|\|c\|c\|} \hline \textbf{Parameter} & \textbf{Value} & \textbf{Parameter} & \textbf{Value}\tabularnewline \hline \hline $K$ & $10$ & $N_{0}$ & $-174$ dBm/Hz\tabularnewline \hline $\omega$ & $180$ kHz & $P$ & $10$ dBm\tabularnewline \hline $\tau$ & $2$ ms & $t_{\text{int}}$ & $2$ sec\tabularnewline \hline $M$ & $100$ bytes & $L$ & 5\tabularnewline \hline $\lambda_{n}$ & 1 & $r$ & 20\tabularnewline \hline $X$ & $5$ slots & $Z$ & $10$ frames\tabularnewline \hline \end{tabular} \end{table} Moreover, the hyperparameters used for training the RSU and vehicular agents are discussed next. Common to all agents, training always starts after the first $1000$ simulation steps; subsequently, for each simulation time step a training step will be run. Adam optimizer is used with a learning rate of $10^{-4}$. Training is performed with a minibatch size of $64$ and a discount factor $\gamma=0.99$. In addition, the target network is updated every $1000$ time steps. A rectified non-linearity (ReLU) is used for all hidden layers and a linear activation is used on the output layers, for all neural networks. Each neural network is comprised of two hidden layers with $512$ and $256$ units in the shared network module and of one hidden layer per branch with $128$ units. Finally, a buffer size of $10^{6}$ is set for the replay memory of each agent. \begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{Figures/OldScenario-Baselines} \caption{Learning curves for the vehicular RL environment. The solid lines represent the average over all the vehicles, where the learning curve of each vehicle is smoothed by the moving average over a window size of 1000 episodes, while the shaded areas show the 90\% confidence interval over the vehicles.} \label{fig:Baslines} \end{figure} First of all, we verify whether the BDQ agent is able to deal with the huge action space problem without experiencing any notable performance degradation when compared to a classical DQN agent. For this purpose, we alter the size of the action space of the vehicular RL problem by increasing the maximum quadtree resolution $L$. Note that, when $L=2,$ the maximum number of blocks available is $\frac{1-4^{L}}{1-4}=5$, resulting in a total number of actions of $2^{5}=32$, whereas when $L=3$, the maximum number of blocks available is $21$, leading to a total number of $2^{21}\thickapprox2\times10^{6}$ actions, assuming that each vehicle $n$ only transmits blocks within its $\mathcal{B}_{n}^{\text{c}}$. Fig.\,\ref{fig:Baslines} shows the learning curve of both BDQ and DQN agents, for each case of $L$. When $L=2$ (small action space), the learning curves of both BDQ and DQN agents are comparable and they learn with the same rate. However, when $L$ increases to $3$ (large action space), the training process of the DQN agent could not be completed because it was computationally expensive. This is due to the large number of actions that need to be explicitly represented by the DQN network and hence, the extreme number of network parameters that must be trained at every iteration. The BDQ agent, however, performs well and shows robustness against huge action spaces, which demonstrates its suitability to overcome the scalability problems faced by other forms of RL. \begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{\string"Figures/UpdatedOldNorm,4Vs6Vs12,TrainingandEval,Journal\string".eps} \caption{Training and evaluation curves of the non-Federated scenario for the RSU agent for different $N$. Each line is smoothed by the moving average over a window size of 500 episodes.} \label{fig:NonFederatedRSUTraining} \end{figure} Next, in Fig.\,\ref{fig:NonFederatedRSUTraining}, we study the training progress of the RSU agent within the non-federated scenario for different values of $N$, where $N$ is the maximum number of vehicles that could be served by the RSU. Fig.\,\ref{fig:NonFederatedRSUTraining} demonstrates how the RSU reward increases gradually with the number of training episodes, i.e., the RSU and vehicles learn a better association, RB allocation and message content selection over the training period. However, it can be noted that the rate of increase of the RSU reward decreases as the number of served vehicles $N$ increases and, hence, more episodes are required to reach the same performance. The latter is motivated by the inflation in the state space of the RSU agent, which would require more episodes to be explored. Moreover, evaluations were conducted every 100 episodes of training for 10 episodes with a greedy policy. Fig.\,\ref{fig:NonFederatedRSUTraining} shows the progress of the evaluation process during training and verifies that agents learn better policies along the training duration. In Fig.\,\ref{fig:FedVsNon}, we compare the evolution of the training process both for the federated and non-federated scenarios, and for different values of $N$. From this figure, we observe that for the same training period, if compared to the non-federated scenario, the federated scenario achieves better rewards, and, hence, better policies over all vehicles. This result corroborates that FL algorithms are instrumental in enhancing and boosting the RL training process. \begin{figure}[t] \centering % \begin{tabular}{cc} \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{Figures/Old-FedVsNorm-4VehUpdated} & \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{Figures/Old-FedVsNorm-6Veh}\tabularnewline (a) & (b)\tabularnewline \multicolumn{2}{c}{\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{Figures/Old-FedVsNorm-12Veh}}\tabularnewline \multicolumn{2}{c}{(c)}\tabularnewline \end{tabular}\caption{Learning curves for the federated vs non-federated scenarios of vehicular cooperative perception environment with $L=5$. The solid lines represent the average over all the vehicles, where the learning curve of each vehicle is smoothed by the moving average over a window size of 1000 episodes, while the shaded areas show the 90\% confidence interval over the vehicles.} \label{fig:FedVsNon} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{Figures/RandomVsTrained,RewardCCDF4_6} \caption{The CCDF of the vehicular reward achieved by trained and non-trained agents for different $N$.} \label{fig:TrainedvsNonTrainedAgent} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[t] \centering % \begin{tabular}{cc} \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{Figures/RewardvsRate,N=4,Sumudu} & \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{Figures/RewardvsRate,N=6,Sumudu}\tabularnewline (a) & (b)\tabularnewline \end{tabular}\caption{The average transmission rate vs the average vehicular reward achieved by trained and non-trained agents for different $N$. The solid lines represents the mean of the vehicular reward within each range of the transmission rate, while the shaded areas show its standard deviation.} \label{fig:RateVsReward} \end{figure} Once the trained RSU and vehicular agents have been obtained, those agents are deployed within a newly generated vehicular mobility trajectory scenario that runs for $20000$ slots. Fig.\,\ref{fig:TrainedvsNonTrainedAgent} shows the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the vehicular rewards of all the vehicles and different $N$ values under two scenarios: using trained vs. non-trained agents that select their actions randomly. We can see by simple inspection, that the vehicular reward distribution achieved by trained agents is superior to the non-trained cases. This result holds both for $N=4$ and $N=6$. Moreover, Fig.\,\ref{fig:RateVsReward} shows the average achieved vehicular reward versus the average transmission rate. Note that, for a given range of transmission rates, a trained agent achieves a better vehicular reward than a non-trained agent both for $N=4$ and $N=6$, e.g., trained agent can achieve on average about $60\%$ and $40\%$ more reward for a given range of transmission rates when $N=4$ and $N=6$ respectively. Also, the trained agent can achieve the same vehicular reward with a lower transmission rate compared to the non-trained agent. In summary, leveraging RL, the RSU and vehicular agents learned how to take better actions for association, RB allocation and message content selection, so as to maximize the achieved vehicular satisfaction with the received sensory information. \begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{Figures/TrainedVsOracle,RewardCCDF2} \caption{The CCDF of the vehicular reward achieved by trained agents and oracle for $N=2$.} \label{fig:TrainedvsOracle} \end{figure} Finally, and in order to assess the quality of the learned cooperative perception policy, we consider a network of only $N=2$ vehicles\footnote{$N=2$ is selected to mitigate the effects of vehicular association and RB allocation, and to ensure the performance benefits are solely due to the aspects of cooperative perception.}, with a maximum quadtree resolution level $L=2$. We compare our trained agent to an oracle, which knows exactly the RoI's weights of each vehicle and selects the quadtree blocks that maximizes the vehicular satisfaction of both vehicles. Fig.\,\ref{fig:TrainedvsOracle} plots the CCDF of the achieved vehicular rewards of all the vehicles in both cases. It can be observed that the performance gap between the trained agent and the oracle is small, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method in learning which quadtree blocks to transmit in order to enhance the cooperative perception. \section{Conclusion \label{sec:Conclusion}} In this paper, we have studied the problem of associating vehicles, allocating RBs and selecting the contents of CPMs in order to maximize the vehicles' satisfaction in terms of the received sensory information while considering the impact of the wireless communication. To solve this problem, we have resorted to the DRL techniques where two RL problems have been modeled. In order to overcome the huge action space inherent to the formulation of our RL problems, we applied the dueling and branching concepts. Moreover, we have proposed a federated RL approach to enhance and accelerate the training process of the vehicles. Simulation results show that policies achieving higher vehicular satisfaction could be learned at both the RSU and vehicular sides leading to a higher vehicular satisfaction. \bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	7,429
package org.zalando.logbook.servlet; import java.util.Optional; import javax.servlet.AsyncContext; import javax.servlet.AsyncListener; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException; import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals; import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows; import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock; import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify; import static org.mockito.Mockito.when; class RemoteRequestTest { private final HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest = mock(HttpServletRequest.class); private final HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse = mock(HttpServletResponse.class); private final AsyncContext asyncContext = mock(AsyncContext.class); private final AsyncListener asyncListener = mock(AsyncListener.class); private final RemoteRequest remoteRequest = new RemoteRequest(httpServletRequest, FormRequestMode.OFF); @BeforeEach void setUp() { remoteRequest.setAsyncListener(Optional.of(asyncListener)); } @Test void startAsync_noargs() { when(httpServletRequest.startAsync()).thenReturn(asyncContext); assertEquals(asyncContext, remoteRequest.startAsync()); verify(asyncContext).addListener(asyncListener); } @Test void startAsync_twoargs() { when(httpServletRequest.startAsync(httpServletRequest, httpServletResponse)).thenReturn(asyncContext); assertEquals(asyncContext, remoteRequest.startAsync(httpServletRequest, httpServletResponse)); verify(asyncContext).addListener(asyncListener); } @Test void shouldThrow() { assertThrows(UnsupportedEncodingException.class, () -> RemoteRequest.encode("", "FOO")); } }	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	6,730
Ray Ross may refer to: Ray Ross (ice hockey) (born 1932), Canadian ice hockey player Ray Ross (footballer, born 1900) (1900–?), Australian rules footballer for Essendon Ray Ross (footballer, born 1903) (1903–1981), Australian rules footballer for Richmond and St Kilda See also Ray Rossi, New Jersey radio personality Ray Rosso (1916–2012), Italian-born American football coach	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	6,104
Guild Tacoma Branch will be spotlighting one employee every month to talk about their position, passions, and hobbies. This month's spotlight employee is Shelan Maxey. Interviewer: How does it feel to have your MLS license? Shelan Maxey: It feels great! I did over 20 hours of pre-requisites before taking the exam. There are 125 questions on the exam and you have to get at least 75% of them correct to pass. If you don't hit that mark you have to start the process all over again. The questions include factual, behavioral, and regulatory questions. It was a lot of work, but it all payed off in the end! I: That's so exciting, congrats! What did you do to celebrate after passing? SM: My family has a cabin in Cle Elem, so we all went out there and celebrated together! It was awesome being able to celebrate with the people who continually support me. I: What is your position now? SM: I am now a loan officer assistant on The Fornerette Team! On our team there are two types of loan officer's. I work on the front end of the loan process, known as loan processor 1's, and I take applications and set up loan programs for buyers. Once buyers go under contract they are shifted to the loan processor 2's where they complete the loan process. I: What position did you hold before? SM: My position before was a business development coordinator at Guild Mortgage. I worked with inside sales, analyzed databases we share with our agents, make appointments with realtors, etc. I was in charge of keeping good relationships with the people we work with. I: How did you get into the lending business? SM: In high school I job shadowed a Guild Mortgage loan officer in Puyallup who introduced me to the company and the different positions within the company. For a year I came in after school and learned what went into this business. My favorite thing I learned was how the processes were organized and structured. I: Who inspires you from the office? SM: Everyone inspires me in different ways. Michael Fornerette is a real leader, and I enjoy watching him help anyone and everyone with whatever they need. The team entire team is willing to give advice at any time. Everyone understands that if we all succeed then Guild as a company succeeds which is a great mentality to work with. I: What advice do you have for young professionals? SM: It doesn't matter what route you take, always go for what you want. It's going to take hard work and determination, but as long as you keep striving for your goals, you will get there. It's easy to get wrapped up in what other people think you should do… just remember to do what's right for you! I: What do you like to do outside of work? SM: On the weekends I enjoy going to concerts, seeing movies, and trying new things with my friends! When it's warm outside, I like to spend the day in the sun. I'm looking forward to more sunny days coming up this spring and summer! Take a look at what Shelan has to say!	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	8,574
La Dürkopp Adler AG è un costruttore di macchine da cucire. La produzione di impianti per movimentazione dei materiali è sotto la Dürkopp Fördertechnik GmbH per l'ambito tessile e automobilistico, dal 2010 all'austriaca Knapp AG. Il fondatore fu Nikolaus Dürkopp. La marca Adler fu usata originariamente per indicare i modelli di macchine da cucire prodotte dalla Dürkopp su licenza della statunitense Wheeler & Wilson. Storia L'officina meccanica Carl Baer e Heinrich Koch fondata nel 1860 fu l'origine della prima fabbrica di macchine per cucire a Bielefeld. Sotto la società Koch & Co., dal 1865, lavorò il meccanico Nikolaus Dürkopp e il maestro Carl Schmidt. Dürkopp nel 1861 costruì la sua prima macchina da cucire e fondò il 22 ottobre 1867, con Schmidt, la Dürkopp & Schmidt. Dal 1876 divenne socio Ferdinand Kaselowsky, direttore dei filatoi di lino Ravensberger Spinnerei e uno degli uomini più ricchi di Bielefeld. Carl Schmidt si separò dalla società e fondò la Anker-Werke. Nel 1880 vi furono 19 aziende a Bielefeld nel ramo delle macchine da cucire, tra le più importanti della Germania. Biciclette Dopo la separazione del socio Schmidt nel 1876, viene creata la Dürkopp & Co. Negli anni ottanta la crisi del porta Nikolaus Dürkopp a cercare nuovi sbocchi commerciali. Nel 1885 Dürkopp inizia la prima produzione serie di biciclette della Germania. Nell'anno 1930 la Dürkopp-Radrennstall (squadra ciclistica) per la prima volta partecipa alla corsa sull'. La lista delle biciclette Dürkopp aumentò, con mezzi di serie che parteciparono al primo giro di Germania in più tappe, come la Dürkopp "Diana 215". Per la squadra Dürkopp parteciparono: Unger, Arndt, Nitzschke, Renold, Günther, Hertwig, Geyer, Bulla, Gottwald, Sieronski, Klass, Buse, Korge, M.Kohl e Dobbrack come dirigente. Lo slogan della squadra Dürkopp recitava "Dove Dürkopp c'è, la vittoria è certa" Biciclette sotto il nome Dürkopp furono vendute fino al 2006 dalla Biria AG. Automobili Dal 1897 l'azienda produsse automobili, sull'esempio delle Panhard & Levassor. Vennero costruite auto con motore a due, tre, quattro cilindri. Poi a sei, otto cilindri, alcune rimasero allo stadio prototipale. Anche motociclette vennero costruite. Due volte i modelli Dürkopp raggiunsero il secondo posto al Rally di Monte Carlo 1911-1912 con il pilota . Dürkopp costruì una delle prime auto con trasmissione cardanica. La produzione serie dal 1908 fu: . I veicoli portavano 3–5 tonnellate. Il settore autoveicoli non fu più redditizio dagli anni venti. Nel 1927 per le auto e nel 1929 per gli autocarri ci fu la cessazione della produzione. Dopo la morte del fondatore nel 1918 l'azienda divenne Dürkoppwerke AG. Sotto questo nome svilupparono la prima macchina per movimentazione dei materiali per l'industria tessile. Produzione militare sotto il Nazionalsocialismo . Negli anni trenta la Dürkoppwerke supera i 2.000 dipendenti. Produrranno armamenti per la Wehrmacht, come baionette, cuscinetti a rullini e cuscinetti a sfere per panzer, armi e granate, artiglieria controcarri, bordlafetten per velivoli e spolette. Nel 1933 venne aperta una fabbrica a Künsebeck, con oltre 2.000 dipendenti. La famiglia Barthel compra la società nel 1934. Nel 1944 Dürkopp è il più grande produttore di cuscinetti a sfere per carri armati della Germania. La Dürkopp diventa parte della Wehrwirtschaftsführer. Nel 1941 il Deutsche Arbeitsfront nomina la Dürkoppwerke Nationalsozialistischen Musterbetrieb; Nel 1943 diventa Kriegsmusterbetrieb. vengono impiegati alla Dürkopp oltre 3.000 prigionieri di guerra, anche dell'Unione Sovietica, anche donne. Dopo un pesante bombardamento di Bielefeld del 1944 l'azienda fu distrutta e il 31 marzo 1945 chiusa. Dopo la guerra viene ricostruita ad opera di Wilhelm Barthel. Motociclette e Motorroller La Dürkoppwerke AG dopo la seconda guerra mondiale produsse tra le altre cose motociclette, dal 1949 al 1961. I modelli di maggior successo furono la Dürkopp MF 100, MF 125, i modelli Fratz e Dianette così come gli scooter Diana, Diana Sport, Diana TS e TSE. . Il modello di successo fu dal 1952 la MD 150, con motore di 150 cm³ e cambio a tre marce. La potenza di 5,5 kW (7,5 HP) a 5300 g/min e una velocità massima di 90 km/h. Alcune caratteristiche furono l'avviamento a pedivella, la trasmissione automatica e la protezione per le gambe. Ammortizzatori telescopici idraulici con 14 cm di corsa. Anche i freni erano origine Dürkopp con diametro 150 mm e custodia alettata in alluminio. Parallelamente il modello MD 200 fu sviluppato, con cilindrata 200 cm³ 7,5 kW (10,2 HP) a 5500 g/min e velocità 96 km/h. In diverse caratteristiche assomigliava al prototipo M 12 del 1938. Diverse gare vennero disputate dalle MD150/200. Le pubblicità dell'epoca dicevano "schnellste Maschinen ihrer Klassen", le più veloci della loro classe. Willi Danowski, Horst Esdar, Bastl Fischer, Hiller, Junker, Peisert, Kleinegees e molti altri vinsero con tali modelli. Alla fine del 1954 Dürkopp cessò la produzione della MD. Del modello MD 150 vennero prodotte tra il 1952 e il 1954, 17.890 esemplari, e del modello MD 200 circa 10.000. Dal 1955 fece parte del gruppo la Ardie di Norimberga; la collaborazione produsse modelli come la Fratz e dal 1956 la Dianette e anche la MD200 marchiata BD 175 dalla Ardie. Ardie negli anni successivi costruì la due cilindri BZ 350 la monocilindrica Ardie BD 176 e Ardie BD 201. Dürkopp commercializzò gli stessi modelli dal 1955 con propri motori e chiamò i veicoli MD 176 e MD 201, prodotti fino alla fine del 1960. Nel 1953 alla esposizione IFMA viene presentato il Dürkopp-Roller Diana, dal 1954 prodotto in 17.800 esemplari, la versione TS in 888 esemplari, la Sport in 5.000. La versione TSE fu prodotta in piccola serie dal 1959, la maggior parte in versione Standard. Il nome Diana si associava alla dea della caccia. Il soggetto caccia era presente nelle pubblicità. Nel 1961 iniziò la discesa delle vendite dovuta alla maggior richiesta di automobili. Vi sono almeno 110 esemplari di Diana in Germania. Acquisizione FAG Nel 1962 la Dürkoppwerke Aktiengesellschaft (1889 - 1967) viene acquisita dalla FAG Kugelfischer AG del gruppo Schaeffler Gruppe. Nel 1967 – nel centenario della società – diventa una GmbH. Nel 1987 la FAG compra le azioni di maggioranza della Kochs Adler AG. La fusione nel 1990 crea l'odierna Dürkopp Adler AG con sede a Bielefeld-Oldentrup. Nel 2002 la FAG viene acquisita dalla INA-Holding. La Dürkopp Adler viene ceduta. Acquisizione SGSB A metà della 2005 la SGSB-Gruppe (già "ShangGong") compra la FAG con il 94,98% delle azioni. Nel 2010 viene ceduta la Dürkopp Fördertechnik GmbH all'austriaca Knapp AG. Note Bibliografia Robert Cohen: Autos aus Bielefeld. Die Entwicklung der Firma Dürkopp 1897-1930, 86. Jahresbericht des historischen Vereins für die Grafschaft Ravensberg, Jahrgang 2000 Altri progetti Collegamenti esterni Aziende metalmeccaniche tedesche	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	4,091
Every MoB sailing session is supervised by a Royal Yachting Association Qualified Senior Sailing Instructor and a dedicated safety boat is always in attendance. Our fleet of dinghies caters for a range of physical needs and sailing abilities. Our sailing sessions are fun, friendly and relaxed and all members play an active part in the club. Come and see us in action! We sail from 10 am to 1 pm on Saturday mornings from the beginning of April to the end of October. You can contact us via our website: www.mariners-of-bewl.org.uk.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	6,649
{"url":"http:\/\/mathhelpforum.com\/calculus\/275922-finding-finite-area-between-curves.html","text":"# Thread: Finding the finite area between curves\n\n1. ## Finding the finite area between curves\n\ny=1-x^2 ,y=9x-21\n\nI understand the integral formula is\n\n$$\\int_{a}^{b} [f(x)-g(x)] dx$$\n\nto find the a and b values what should I do ?\n\nI understand the 1 - x^2 is a parabola that goes downwards and the 9x-21 is a line\n\nThanks\n\n2. ## Re: Finding the finite area between curves\n\nOriginally Posted by bee77\ny=1-x^2 ,y=9x-21\nI understand the integral formula is\n$$\\int_{a}^{b} [f(x)-g(x)] dx$$to find the a and b values what should I do ?\nI understand the 1 - x^2 is a parabola that goes downwards and the 9x-21 is a line\nSet $1-x^2=9x-21$ and solve. See HERE\n\n3. ## Re: Finding the finite area between curves\n\nThanks Plato I had a look at some youtube videos and I just got lost ...the solutions state x = 2 and x = -11 so those values would be the b = 2 and a = -11 respectively then I just simply integrate ...cheers\n\n4. ## Re: Finding the finite area between curves\n\nThe final answer is A =2197\/6 units^2\nin the work sheet ...I seem to get different\n\n5. ## Re: Finding the finite area between curves\n\nOriginally Posted by bee77\nThe final answer is A =2197\/6 units^2\nin the work sheet ...I seem to get different\nSEE HERE\n\n6. ## Re: Finding the finite area between curves\n\nThnaks Plato ,I can see I made a simple algebra mistake with the 21 becoming 22 in the integration part ...cheers","date":"2018-07-16 08:59:09","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.9348577260971069, \"perplexity\": 1993.2085866895986}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2018-30\/segments\/1531676589237.16\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20180716080356-20180716100356-00630.warc.gz\"}"}	null	null
Q: Is it possible to allow a member to start/stop only a specific GCloud instance? I'd like to grant a specific gcloud user (a member) a role (a right) to start/stop a specific gcloud instance through gcloud console? Or do I have to make some scripting envelope to do so as the only option? A: As far as I understand and according to the documentation: If your project is enabled for Google Compute Engine, then the team members get access to all Google Compute Engine resources in that project as described by their roles, for example: viewer, writer or owner. If team members have edit permission, then they can modify instances and also access the instances using ssh. So if that particular user has edit permission, that user would also be able to start/stop the other instances in the same project. However: If you just want to give a user the ability to connect to a virtual machine instance as an SSH user, but don't want to grant them the ability to manage your Compute Engine resources, add a user's public key to the project, or add a user's public key to a specific instance. So unless you only have that particular instance in a separate project, I don't think there is an option in the IAM & Admin section to do that.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange" }	5,180
'US, Israel trying to fan flames of Syrian war' Sun 12:12 pm +00:00, 11 Feb 2018 Saturday's downing of an Israeli F-16 fighter jet in northern Israel by Syrian forces has led to the two sides exchanging claims and counterclaims. Following is a synopsis of an interview Press TV has conducted with Richard Becker, with the ANSWER Coalition, and William Morris, the secretary general of Next Century Foundation, about the incident. William Morris described the incident as a great achievement for the Syrian government, stressing that it would definitely affect Israel's approach towards Damascus. The incident happened while at least two Israeli jets – some reports suggest as many as eight aircraft — were returning home from a bombing raid on an army base in central Syria. Israel claimed that the fighter jets had attacked positions inside the Syrian territory after its army intercepted a drone launched from Syria. "It is distressing from the point of view of Israel and the point is that Israel has overreacted," Morris noted. Even assuming there has been a drone — despite the fact that Syria has rejected the claim – responding to the incident with eight F-16 fighter jets is definitely an overreaction, he continued. "This kind of provocation is not good. We want to see a calming down of the situation because the world has many problems. We don't need additional tensions and additional violence between Syria and Israel," the analyst underlined. The image grab shows Richard Becker (L), with the ANSWER Coalition, and William Morris, the secretary general of the Next Century Foundation, on Press TV's 'The Debate' on February 10, 2018. Meanwhile, Richard Becker, the other panelist on the show, opined that the United States and Israel are overtly trying to keep the flames of the Syrian war burning following the defeat of terrorist groups in the country. "They really don't want the calming down of the situation. What they are really working toward, and so is the United States and Saudi Arabia, is to continue the war inside Syria and to continue to divide Syria," Becker said. He expressed amazement at the idea of Israel talking about sovereignty, while it is constantly violating the airspace of Lebanon and Syria. "The idea that one drone allegedly touched Israel's airspace and that resulted in the deployment of at least eight fighter bombers to attack Syria shows the kind of extreme double standards that exists in the US that Israel can claim that its airspace is pristine and must never be violated and then on a regular basis violates the airspace and sovereignty of other countries," Becker concluded. Sun Feb 11, 2018 10:27AM www.presstv.com	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	5,284
Finding my identity through the pandemic Image used with permission from Su Kim Jaimie Chun (left) and her 7-year-old brother make gimbap, a Korean dish with cooked rice, eggs, spam, spinach and pickled radish. During the coronavirus pandemic, the two shared this meal last summer. Jaimie Chun A few weeks into the pandemic in May 2020, I woke up to a scent that drifted its way up to my room. It was different from the bland whiff of a peanut butter and jelly sandwich I had on my walks to school. Instead, it was the wafting smell of savory and wholesome miyeok-guk, a traditional Korean soup. It was the aroma of my cuisine and culture that I had neglected for quite some time. From this moment, I wondered, Did any good come from the pandemic? Holistically, I don't think so. But one thing I learned through the coronavirus pandemic is to appreciate the little things. The events fueled by COVID-19, specifically social distancing, made me realize how much I took family time for granted and, more importantly, I began to explore more of my identity as a Korean American. Although Korean was the first language I learned, the growing gap between me and my culture was inevitable as I tried to keep up with mainstream American lifestyle — at least until the pandemic. Quarantining with my Korean immigrant parents woke me up to a lifestyle that I had unconsciously avoided. Before the stay-at-home orders, my opportunities to speak Korean were limited to when I came back from school and even then, I did not have a lot of time for long conversations. Thus, through the span of the pandemic, I realized that swapping to and from English and Korean had formed a disconnect with the Korean culture. For the first few weeks California was in a lockdown, I felt as if every other sentence I spoke to my parents was a tongue twister in which English words in my head got coiled with the Korean that was coming out of my mouth. I started using much more Kakao Talk, the most popular messaging platform in South Korea, because my parents were more comfortable using it than iMessages. Moreover, the increased time I spent conversing with my parents refined my Korean speaking and writing skills. Of course, it was frustrating at first because I was not as accustomed to the Korean keyboard and always pondered over the complex spelling. Nonetheless, it brings about good memories during the pandemic in which my parents, brother and I laughed at my absurd, yet hilarious mistakes. More importantly, I felt a growing sense of pride as I communicated with my family more coherently. I cultivated a better awareness of Korean trends and customs as I spent more time watching Korean variety shows and films. Instead of rewatching the "Gilmore Girls" series on my iPad by myself after school while my parents are still at work, I was more drawn to watching Korean shows like "2 Days & 1 Night" that my family was watching on the TV screen, taking a break from their jobs because of the pandemic. Eventually, I transitioned into watching Korean cinema on my own as well to try to make up for the years I had missed out on Korean entertainment. As a result, I developed an interest in Korean humor (like "dad jokes," which combine nonsense and humor in a witty way, or the almost cruel but hilarious games like bok bul bok, which means chance) that I previously had to look at subtitles to understand. My movie partner during the pandemic — my mom — would explain what the implied meaning was, and together we would burst into laughter at the joke. Furthermore, these reality TV show episodes opened new doors in which the camera took me through the beautiful landscape where skyscrapers co-exist with ancient Buddhist temples, and members of the show like Kim Seonho and Kim Jongmin soon became my favorite comedians alongside NBC's Jimmy Fallon. All in all, the pandemic was a getaway in which I had the time and opportunity to explore a part of my identity that I was not familiar with. Hopefully, I do not start mixing my English with Korean when I return to school though. Jaimie Chun, Copy Editor After taking the Journalism 1 program as a freshman, sophomore Jaimie Chun joins The Accolade with high hopes to contribute as one of the copy editors by strengthening reporters' stories. As a cub reporter, Chun has experience writing multiple articles, particularly columns and sports stories. Above all, she anticipates actively helping the program with her passion for writing and covering more stories. Alongside writing for The Accolade, Chun is part of the softball team and several school clubs around the campus. She can frequently be found playing with her eight years younger brother, listening to music and reading. Staff Editorial: Increasing the availability of mental wellness resources for students and teachers remains a necessity to combat rising rates of depression and anxiety Boy Scouts is more than just an extracurricular activity; it's a lifestyle Head to Head: Real Deal or Fake Stake? Mickey Mouse or Harry Potter? I choose the Happiest Place on Earth to have more impressive COVID-19 regulations Staff Editorial: New Ethnic Studies course signals important step toward a fairer history curriculum No more snoozing out on sleep I'll choose to collect treats with a mask Autocorrect may spell out disaster for post-pandemic students	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	2,973
Nintendo Research & Development 1 (Nintendo Investigación y Desarrollo 1 en español, y también conocido como Nintendo R&D1) fue el primer y más antiguo equipo de desarrollo de Nintendo. Historia Nintendo R&D1 fue creado cuando Nintendo se introdujo en el mundo del videojuego a mediados de los años 70, y su director hasta su marcha fue Gunpei Yokoi. La época dorada La época dorada de este equipo fue durante la década de los 80 y principios de los 90, cuando desarrolló sus grandes ideas para videojuegos y consolas, y contribuyó a sentar las bases del videojuego moderno. En 1980 aparecen las famosas máquinas Game & Watch. Estos juegos electrónicos son responsabilidad directa de este grupo de desarrollo y están ideados por su director, Yokoi. Fue uno de los éxitos más relevantes para este equipo y para la propia Nintendo. Llegaron a lanzar, aproximadamente, unas 59 Game & Watch entre 1980 y 1991. Antes de que Nintendo lanzara su primera consola doméstica, R&D1 ya desarrollaba videojuegos para máquinas recreativas. De esta breve época datan juegos como Donkey Kong, Mario Bros. y Ice Climber. Esta etapa finalizó con la salida al mercado de la videoconsola doméstica Nintendo Entertainment System. La consola NES recibió una gran cantidad de títulos desarrollados por este equipo (algunos meras reediciones de máquinas recreativas), que más tarde se convertirían en grandes clásicos del videojuego: Metroid, Kid Icarus, Excitebike, Ice Climber, Duck Hunt, Balloon Fight, Mario Bros., Tetris, etc. En 1986, muchos de los integrantes del R&D1 dejaron el equipo para formar Intelligent Systems, que poco después pasó a ser otra desarrolladora first-party de Nintendo y a retomar las relaciones con R&D1, provocando la confusión en la autoría de ciertos juegos de Nintendo. 1989 es el año del lanzamiento de la portátil Game Boy, otra idea de Gunpei Yokoi desarrollada por Nintendo R&D1. Este equipo es el encargado de desarrollar la gran mayoría de videojuegos Nintendo para Game Boy. Crearon algunos de los juegos más míticos de esta consola, como la serie Super Mario Land, Tetris, Wario Land, Metroid II: Return of Samus, Alleyway, Solar Striker, etc. El final de un ciclo Tras grandes ideas llevadas con éxito a la práctica, en 1995 se lanza Virtual Boy, un proyecto dirigido por Gunpei Yokoi, desarrollado por Nintendo R&D1 y Reflection Technology. Virtual Boy sería uno de los fracasos más sonados de Nintendo. Al año siguiente, en 1996, Yokoi presenta su dimisión, y el grupo pasa a estar dirigido por Takehiro Izushi. Desde entonces, Nintendo R&D1 disminuye sus éxitos en comparación a los años 80, y pasa al desarrollo de secuelas (Wario Land y Metroid). Su último éxito fue la saga Wario Ware desarrollada junto a Intelligent Systems. R&D1 siguió siendo un grupo de desarrollo de Nintendo hasta 2005, cuando el presidente Satoru Iwata reestructuró todos los equipos internos bajo la tutela de Nintendo EAD(Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development). Lista de videojuegos Los '80 1981 Donkey Kong (Arcade, 2600, 7800, ColecoVision, Intellivision, Atari 8-bit, Dragón 32/64 o 200 8-bit, Apple II, Commodore VIC-20, C64, TI-99/4A, Amstrad, ZX Spectrum, PC:DOS, MSX, NES, FDiskS) 1982 Donkey Kong Jr. (Arcade, NES, FDS, 2600, 7800, ColecoVision, Commodore VIC-20, Dragón 32/64 o 200 8-bit, Intellivision) Popeye (Arcade, NES) 1983 Baseball (NES, FDS, GB) Donkey Kong 3 (Arcade, NES, PC-88) Donkey Kong Jr. Math (NES) Gomoku Narabe (NES) Mahjong (NES) Mario Bros. (Arcade, 2600, 5200, NES, Apple II, C64, PC-88, 7800, XEGS) Popeye no Eigo Asobi (NES) 1984 Balloon Fight (Arcade, MSX, NES, PC-88, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo GameCube) Clu Clu Land (Arcade, NES) Devil World (NES) Duck Hunt (NES) Excitebike (NES, FDS) F-1 Race (NES) Family BASIC (NES) Hogan's Alley (Arcade, NES) Ice Climber (Arcade, NES) Pinball (NES) Tennis (NES, FDS, GB, PC-88) Urban Champion (NES) 1985 Gyromite (NES) Mach Rider (NES) Soccer (NES) Stack-Up (NES) Wrecking Crew (NES, FDS) 1986 Gumshoe (NES) Kid Icarus (FDS, NES) Metroid (FDS, NES) 1987 Famicom Grand Prix: F-1 Race (NES) Ginga no Sannin (NES) Golf Japan Course (FDS) Golf U.S. Course (FDS) Nakayama Miho no Tokimeki Highschool (NES) Shin Oni Ga Shima (NES) 1988 Donkey Kong Classics (NES) Famicom Grand Prix II: 3D Hot Rally (NES) Famicom Tantei Club: Kieta Koukeisha (FDS) 1989 Alleyway (GB) Famicom Tantei Club Part II: Ushiro ni Tatsu Shoujo (FDS) Game Boy: hardware Golf (GB) Short Order + Eggsplode! (NES) Super Mario Land (GB) Tetris (NES, GB) To The Earth (NES) Yakuman (GB) Yuu Yuu Ki (FDS) Los '90 1990 Balloon Kid (GB) Barker Bill's Trick Shooting (NES) Dr. Mario (NES, GB) F-1 Race (GB) Qix (GB) Radar Mission (GB) Solar Striker (GB) 1991 Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters (GB) NES Open Tournament Golf (NES) Metroid II: Return of Samus (GB) Time Twist: Rekishi no Katasume de... (NES) 1992 Battle Clash (SNES) Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins (GB) Super Scope 6 (SNES) 1993 Metal Combat: Falcon's Revenge (SNES) Joy Mecha Fight (NES) Tetris 2 (NES, GB) Top Rank Tennis (GB) 1994 Super Metroid (SNES) Tetris & Dr. Mario (SNES) Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3 (GB) Wario's Woods (NES, SNES) 1995 Game Boy Gallery (GB) Mario Clash (VB) Mario's Tennis (VB) Virtual Boy: hardware Virtual Boy Wario Land (VB) 1997 Game & Watch Gallery (GB) Game & Watch Gallery 2 (GB, GBC) Heisei Shin Oni Ga Shima (SNES) 1998 Dr. Mario (SNES) Famicom Tantei Club Part II: Ushiro ni Tatsu Shoujo (SNES) Tetris DX (GBC) The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening DX (GBC) Wario Land II (GB, GBC) Wrecking Crew '98 (SNES) Zootto Mahjong! (SNES) 1999 Game & Watch Gallery 3 (GBC) Hajimari no Mori (SNES) Los '00 2000 Balloon Fight GB (GBC) Phantom Zona (GBC) Wario Land 3 (GBC) 2001 F-Zero: Maximum Velocity (GBA) Wario Land 4 (GBA) 2002 Game & Watch Gallery Advance (GBA) Metroid Fusion (GBA) 2003 F-Zero: GP Legend (GBA) WarioWare, inc.: Mega Party Games (NGC) Warioware, inc.: Minigame Mania (GBA) 2004 Metroid: Zero Mission (GBA) Wario Ware: Touched! (NDS) WarioWare: Twisted! (GBA) 2005 Sennen Kazoku (GBA) 2006 Rhythm Tengoku (GBA) Véase también Game Boy Gunpei Yokoi Intelligent Systems Metroid Nintendo Virtual Boy Wario Enlaces externos Página oficial de Nintendo (inglés) Desarrolladoras de Nintendo	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	2,870
Q: Как увеличить размер динамического масива типа char? Например у меня есть масив типа char И вводят текст и если длина текста больше за размер масива видает ошибку как мне увеличить размер етого масива? int main(){ char k=new char[5]; cin>>k; cout<<k; } И когда я ввожу слово больше чем размер масива видает ошибку heap A: Автор, вопрос только в том, что именно вам можно использовать. Вот решение на довольно низком уровне. Считывание будет происходить по одному символу из консоли, до получения символа \n. Но это всё можно не городить, а сразу читать в строку. int cap = 5; char k = new char[cap](); char tmp; int cur; int i = -1; while ((cur = std::cin.get()) != 10) { k[++i] = static_cast<char>(cur); if (i == cap - 1) { tmp = new char[cap 2](); memcpy(tmp, k, cap); cap *= 2; delete[] k; k = tmp; } } std::cout << k; delete[] k;	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange" }	416
#import "UIView.h" @interface PLUIView : UIView { _Bool _disableViewInPopoverRule; } @property(nonatomic) _Bool disableViewInPopoverRule; // @synthesize disableViewInPopoverRule=_disableViewInPopoverRule; - (void)didMoveToWindow; @end	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	252
Catch Notes Updated To V5.0 For Phones, Introduces Updated UI, Checklists, And Other New Features 2012/09/06 4:48am PDT Sep 6, 2012 Catch Notes, the popular note taking app, has been updated to v5.0, with a number of improvements that make it easier to quickly take notes and collaborate with other users. The most obvious addition in this latest update, which is only available for phones at the moment, is the introduction of the Catch capture wheel. The capture wheel is accessible from the bottom of the screen and allows you to create new voice, photo, and text notes with one tap. In addition to this, you can also use checklists in the new version, to help keep track of things that need to be done for certain projects. These checklists can be shared with other Catch Notes users to help you collaborate on ideas. Location tagging has also been added, to help you remember important places. Existing users can download the update from the Play Store now. If you haven't used Catch Notes yet, you can download it for free. The app was not found in the store. :-( Go to store Google websearch Thanks, @punyweakling capture wheel catch notes Hands On With The New DROID RAZR Family [Updated] AT&T Rolls Out 4G LTE In 7 Cities, Bringing It To 45 More By The End Of 2012	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	9,471
The New Yorker: Obama for reasons of character Of course the New Yorker favors Obama over McCain. It's remarkable, though, how long their list of Obama's advantages is. It's piling on, really. At last they get to character ... The Choice: Comment: The New Yorker .... What most distinguishes the candidates, however, is character—and here, contrary to conventional wisdom, Obama is clearly the stronger of the two. Not long ago, Rick Davis, McCain's campaign manager, said, "This election is not about issues. This election is about a composite view of what people take away from these candidates." The view that this election is about personalities leaves out policy, complexity, and accountability. Even so, there's some truth in what Davis said––but it hardly points to the conclusion that he intended. Echoing Obama, McCain has made "change" one of his campaign mantras. But the change he has actually provided has been in himself, and it is not just a matter of altering his positions. A willingness to pander and even lie has come to define his Presidential campaign and its televised advertisements. A contemptuous duplicity, a meanness, has entered his talk on the stump—so much so that it seems obvious that, in the drive for victory, he is willing to replicate some of the same underhanded methods that defeated him eight years ago in South Carolina. Perhaps nothing revealed McCain's cynicism more than his choice of Sarah Palin ... The longer the campaign goes on, the more the issues of personality and character have reflected badly on McCain. Unless appearances are very deceiving, he is impulsive, impatient, self-dramatizing, erratic, and a compulsive risk-taker. These qualities may have contributed to his usefulness as a "maverick" senator. But in a President they would be a menace. By contrast, Obama's transformative message is accompanied by a sense of pragmatic calm. A tropism for unity is an essential part of his character and of his campaign. It is part of what allowed him to overcome a Democratic opponent who entered the race with tremendous advantages. It is what helped him forge a political career relying both on the liberals of Hyde Park and on the political regulars of downtown Chicago. His policy preferences are distinctly liberal, but he is determined to speak to a broad range of Americans who do not necessarily share his every value or opinion. For some who oppose him, his equanimity even under the ugliest attack seems like hauteur; for some who support him, his reluctance to counterattack in the same vein seems like self-defeating detachment. Yet it is Obama's temperament—and not McCain's—that seems appropriate for the office both men seek and for the volatile and dangerous era in which we live. Those who dismiss his centeredness as self-centeredness or his composure as indifference are as wrong as those who mistook Eisenhower's stolidity for denseness or Lincoln's humor for lack of seriousness... McCain is half way to frothing loon. Ok, 75% of the way. Palin is showing a pretty nasty lying streak of her own, one that fits what we've read of her political rise. The resemblance to Cheney is pretty creepy. And yet, I still think America will elect McCain and Palin... Donate to Obama. Great post, as are most. The fact that Bush was elected for a second time, I was truly shocked, might make your prediction possible. If that becomes the case, all thoughts of betterment are going to be eclipsed by a downward slope to a state of affairs that would bring to mind the year of 476! 10/8/08, 8:13 AM	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	2,406
static const std::string OUTPUT_TYPE_STRING_LEGACY = "legacy"; static const std::string OUTPUT_TYPE_STRING_P2SH_SEGWIT = "p2sh-segwit"; static const std::string OUTPUT_TYPE_STRING_BECH32 = "bech32"; bool ParseOutputType(const std::string& type, OutputType& output_type) { if (type == OUTPUT_TYPE_STRING_LEGACY) { output_type = OutputType::LEGACY; return true; } else if (type == OUTPUT_TYPE_STRING_P2SH_SEGWIT) { output_type = OutputType::P2SH_SEGWIT; return true; } else if (type == OUTPUT_TYPE_STRING_BECH32) { output_type = OutputType::BECH32; return true; } return false; } const std::string& FormatOutputType(OutputType type) { switch (type) { case OutputType::LEGACY: return OUTPUT_TYPE_STRING_LEGACY; case OutputType::P2SH_SEGWIT: return OUTPUT_TYPE_STRING_P2SH_SEGWIT; case OutputType::BECH32: return OUTPUT_TYPE_STRING_BECH32; default: assert(false); } } CTxDestination GetDestinationForKey(const CPubKey& key, OutputType type) { switch (type) { case OutputType::LEGACY: return key.GetID(); case OutputType::P2SH_SEGWIT: case OutputType::BECH32: { if (!key.IsCompressed()) return key.GetID(); CTxDestination witdest = WitnessV0KeyHash(key.GetID()); CScript witprog = GetScriptForDestination(witdest); if (type == OutputType::P2SH_SEGWIT) { return CScriptID(witprog); } else { return witdest; } } default: assert(false); } } std::vector<CTxDestination> GetAllDestinationsForKey(const CPubKey& key) { CKeyID keyid = key.GetID(); if (key.IsCompressed()) { CTxDestination segwit = WitnessV0KeyHash(keyid); CTxDestination p2sh = CScriptID(GetScriptForDestination(segwit)); return std::vector<CTxDestination>{std::move(keyid), std::move(p2sh), std::move(segwit)}; } else { return std::vector<CTxDestination>{std::move(keyid)}; } } CTxDestination AddAndGetDestinationForScript(CKeyStore& keystore, const CScript& script, OutputType type) { // Add script to keystore keystore.AddCScript(script); // Note that scripts over 520 bytes are not yet supported. switch (type) { case OutputType::LEGACY: return CScriptID(script); case OutputType::P2SH_SEGWIT: case OutputType::BECH32: { CTxDestination witdest = WitnessV0ScriptHash(script); CScript witprog = GetScriptForDestination(witdest); // Check if the resulting program is solvable (i.e. doesn't use an uncompressed key) if (!IsSolvable(keystore, witprog)) return CScriptID(script); // Add the redeemscript, so that P2WSH and P2SH-P2WSH outputs are recognized as ours. keystore.AddCScript(witprog); if (type == OutputType::BECH32) { return witdest; } else { return CScriptID(witprog); } } default: assert(false); } }	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	7,452
{"url":"https:\/\/www.physicsforums.com\/threads\/what-time-of-year-observations-of-crab-pulsar-were-made.563913\/","text":"# What time of year observations of crab pulsar were made\n\n1. Dec 30, 2011\n\n### SUDOnym\n\nHi There\n\nI left a related post to the problem I am having with the crab pulsar a little while ago but would like to repost in a much more coherent manner than was done the last time - I would like first to state the problem and then state my approach to solving it. hopefully then any incorrect assumptions I am making will be noticed and pointed out to me. here goes:\n\nThe problem is, given data of the crab pulsar recorded (from which the observed frequency of the crab can be extracted) in the Canary islands, find out what time of year the data was recorded..\n\nMy attempt at solution: First thing is to take a fourier transform of the recorded data of the crab (this data contains several thousand periods, I think). Then from this FFT, can then figure out the observed frequency of the crab, it will simply be equal to the fundamental frequency as revealed by the FFT...\nNote, the FFT was done using a Matlab script that was kindly provided to me...\n\nAnyway, the FFT showed that the observed frequency f_o was 29.8501253128Hz.. Also provided to me was the intrinsic frequency of the crab, f_i=29.8480959009Hz ... .\n\nThe reason for the difference between the observed and intrinsic frequency is that there is a radial velocity between the observer and crab ( predominantly due to motion of the Earth). So using values stated for f_i and f_o, can now find the radial velocity between the observer and crab by simply using the electromagnetic doppler shift equation:\n\n$$f_{o}=\\sqrt{\\frac{c-v}{c+v}}f_{i}$$\n\nwhere c is the speed of light. By plugging in the values of f_o and f_i into the doppler equation, I found that the radial velocity between observer and crab was equal to approximately 20.4km\/s. I have made the simplifying assumption that this radial velocity is due purely to the Earth's orbital motion (ie. the Earth's rotational motion was not considered). Also note, I assumed that the Earth's orbit is a perfect circle of radius 1AU and so this implies that its tangential velocity at any given instant is given by (2pi)\/(3652460)1AU which is approximately equal to 30km\/s. By doing a similar calculation of the tangential velocity due to the Earth's rotation at the latitude of the Canary islands, it is found that this velocity component is approximately 400m\/s. So in consideration that 400m\/s<<30km\/s, I think that I am justified for a first rough calculation at least to neglect the velocity due to the Earth's rotation.\n\nTo summarise the story so far: I have calculated that the radial velocity between the observer and Crab pulsar at the time this data was recorded was approximately 20.4km\/s. Further, I am considering that this velocity is due only to Earth's orbital motion (ie. have rejected rotational motion). So the next step is to figure out what time of year it would have to have been in order for the radial component of the velocity to be equal to 20.4km\/s.. . And I will explain how I approached this part of the problem now:\n\nThis is where a decent understanding of RA and declination comes in (unfortunately I lack this understanding!). The first thing I reasoned (somewhat dubiously) is that the crab pulsar lies on the same plane as the ecliptic lies at all times during the year. I reasoned this becuase the ecliptic makes an angle of 23.5 degrees to celestial equator and because the crab is at a declination of 22degrees, then the ecliptic and the crab lie on approximately the same plane (ie they are only out by 1.5degrees). Can someone please confirm that this reasoning is correct? and if it is not correct please explain clearly how to think about this problem... .\n\nThe next thing I reasoned was that at the Vernal Equinox, when the sun is at 0hrs of RA, then the Earth is moving with its full tangential velocity towards objects that are at an RA of 6hrs. More generally, if the sun lies at Xhrs of RA (where X is an arbitrary number), then the Earth moves towards objects at an angle of (X+6)hrs RA with its full tangential velocity. Is this reasoning correct? and if it is not correct, why not?\n\nI then applied this reasoning to the specific problem of the Crab, which has an RA of 5hrs 34mins and with the radial velocity of 20.4km\/s that I stated above - so I used all this info to calculate the time of year that the data must have been taken by the following line of math shown below:\n\n$$30\\sin\\theta=20.4\\implies\\theta=\\sin^{-1}(\\frac{20.4}{30})=42.8$$\n\n(Note, the value 20.4 corresponds to radial velocity between observer and crab and the value 30 corresponds to tangential velocity of the Earth as it orbits the sun)\n\nso this angle of theta=42.8degrees corresponds to the difference in angle between the crab and the sun.. So convert this from degrees to hrs and mins by 6*(42.8\/90)=2hrs50mins and so this implies (if my reasoning is correct of course!) that the sun was 2hrs50mins of right ascension behind the crab, that is, it was at an RA of 5hrs34mins-2hrs50mins=2hrs44mins when this data was taken. If the sun were indeed at this RA at the time of these observations, then the time of year must have been sometime in early May...\n\nI would be very very grateful if anyone could read carefully through my post and either confirm that my reasonings are correct or explain why they are not.... . I am happy that I have done everything correctly as far as calculating the radial velocity is 20.4km\/s.\nSo it is, my assumption that the Crab lies on the same plane as the eccliptic and also my assumption that the Earth moves with full tangential velocity towards objects of RA (X+6)hrs when the sun is at an RA of Xhrs that I am doubtful of... .\n\nI have been struggling with this problem for quite a long time now (fully understanding the coordinates of RA and declination are what I am having trouble with really) and so it would be great if anyone would like to provide advice on my approach to solving it!\n\nThanks\n\nLast edited: Dec 30, 2011\n2. Dec 31, 2011\n\n### SUDOnym\n\njust an update.. I have decided to add a correction to what I said in my last post, quote below:\n\nIn fact, now I think the opposite, I think that when the sun as at 0hrs RA (vernal equinox), then the Earth must be moving towards objects with its full tangential velocity that have an RA of 18hrs...\nAgain can any1 confirm this?!!\n\n........ I must say I rather surprised - my post has recieved over 170 views and apparantly not one person has known the answer to any of my questions.... .\n\n3. Jan 10, 2012\n\n### davenn\n\nI havent really figured out the purpose of all this, maybe thats why others also havent responded.\nOK so you have come to the conclusion that it was observed some time early May ( maybe late April). Have you consulted a star almanac to see if the Crab Nebula is even above the horizon during that period of time ?\nI'm at work and dont have my planetarium software on this puter but having so it wouold be very easy to check and see if the nebula was above the horizon at that time\n\nDave\n\n4. Jan 10, 2012\n\n### alexg\n\nI'm not really sure what the purpose of this is, but if you look at the raw data, each datum should have a date\/timestamp.","date":"2018-09-19 10:40:56","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.8251844644546509, \"perplexity\": 536.8340248614811}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2018-39\/segments\/1537267156192.24\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20180919102700-20180919122700-00117.warc.gz\"}"}	null	null
{"url":"https:\/\/cran.rediris.es\/web\/packages\/QCAcluster\/vignettes\/Diversity-of-partitions.html","text":"# Diversity of partitions\n\n#### 2021-10-26\n\nlibrary(QCAcluster)\nlibrary(knitr) # nicer html tables\n\nFor illustration, we use data from Schwarz 2016. The data structure is an unbalanced panel with eight countries, ten years and 74 observations in total. partition_div() requires as input only parameters for the calculation of the pooled solution plus identifiers for the units (units) and periods (time).\n\n# load data (see data description for details)\ndata(Schwarz2016)\nSchwarz_div <- partition_div(Schwarz2016,\nunits = \"country\", time = \"year\",\ncond = c(\"poltrans\", \"ecotrans\", \"reform\", \"conflict\", \"attention\"),\nout = \"enlarge\", 1, 0.8)\nkable(Schwarz_div)\ntype partition diversity diversity_1 diversity_0 diversity_per diversity_per_1 diversity_per_0\npooled - 11 5 6 1.0000000 0.4545455 0.5454545\nbetween 04 3 0 3 0.2727273 0.0000000 0.2727273\nbetween 05 3 0 3 0.2727273 0.0000000 0.2727273\nbetween 06 3 0 3 0.2727273 0.0000000 0.2727273\nbetween 07 5 1 4 0.4545455 0.0909091 0.3636364\nbetween 08 4 0 4 0.3636364 0.0000000 0.3636364\nbetween 09 2 2 0 0.1818182 0.1818182 0.0000000\nbetween 10 4 3 1 0.3636364 0.2727273 0.0909091\nbetween 11 5 4 1 0.4545455 0.3636364 0.0909091\nbetween 12 5 4 1 0.4545455 0.3636364 0.0909091\nbetween 13 1 1 0 0.0909091 0.0909091 0.0000000\nwithin AL 4 1 3 0.3636364 0.0909091 0.2727273\nwithin BA 3 0 3 0.2727273 0.0000000 0.2727273\nwithin HR 2 2 0 0.1818182 0.1818182 0.0000000\nwithin KS 2 0 2 0.1818182 0.0000000 0.1818182\nwithin ME 3 3 0 0.2727273 0.2727273 0.0000000\nwithin MK 5 5 0 0.4545455 0.4545455 0.0000000\nwithin RS 4 0 4 0.3636364 0.0000000 0.3636364\nwithin TR 4 4 0 0.3636364 0.3636364 0.0000000\n\nThe dataframe shows how the cases are distributed across truth table rows. The information is presented in absolute numbers and relative terms and for all truth table rows and the subset of consistent and inconsistent rows.\n\nThe table shows that while the pooled data covers 11 truth table rows, the maximum number of rows that a partition covers is 5, which equals about 45% of all rows. The minimum number of diversity is represented by the partition for the year 2013 because it covers only one row.\n\nThe output of the function can also be used to see whether all cases of a partition fall into consistent or inconsistent rows. Whenever the value for diversity_1 or diversity_0 is 0, there is no variation in the type of row for the partition. In this example, this concerns 13 partitions.\n\n### Other packages used in this vignette\n\nYihui Xie (2021): knitr: A General-Purpose Package for Dynamic Report Generation in R. R package version 1.33.\n\nYihui Xie (2015): Dynamic Documents with R and knitr. 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall\/CRC. ISBN 978-1498716963\n\nYihui Xie (2014): knitr: A Comprehensive Tool for Reproducible Research in R. In Victoria Stodden, Friedrich Leisch and Roger D. Peng, editors, Implementing Reproducible Computational Research. Chapman and Hall\/CRC. ISBN 978-1466561595","date":"2022-06-25 11:28:27","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 1, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.35442331433296204, \"perplexity\": 2646.8085770119656}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": false}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2022-27\/segments\/1656103034930.3\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20220625095705-20220625125705-00662.warc.gz\"}"}	null	null
The proposed Project would legalize and permit the Bentley School's existing day-to-day operations, which are currently in violation of the Major Conditional Use Permit (CUP) granted by the Oakland City Council in 1969. The new Major CUP would reflect existing (or current) conditions by permitting a maximum enrollment of 360 students (approximately eight more students than enrolled during the 2007/2008 school year), expanded hours of operation for a variety of school activities, and a limited number of weekend, evening and summer events. The new Major CUP would also permit a maximum of 62 employees at the school, which also reflects existing conditions. In addition, the Project includes a comprehensive busing, carpooling, parking, traffic, and circulation plan, and emergency evacuation program, which have been implemented at Bentley School. The new CUP would not permit any construction or physical alteration to the campus and would not result in any physical impacts.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	3,288
#pragma once #ifndef _DEFERRED_RENDERING_H #define _DEFERRED_RENDERING_H /********************** * System Includes * *********************/ #include <string> /************************* * Game Engine Includes * **************************/ #include "DeferredRenderingDefs.h" /****************************** * Using * *******************************/ /****************** * Forward Decls * *******************/ struct TimerParams; class GameApp; class RenderTarget; class DeferredRenderingMaterial; /*************** * Class Decl * ****************/ class DeferredRendering : public DrawableGameComponent { protected: /************************** * Protected Variables * ***************************/ #pragma region Protected Variables ///<summary> ///Deferred Rendering Name ///</summary> const std::string m_ServiceName; ///<summary> ///Deferred Rendering Diffuse Render Target ///</summary> RenderTarget m_DiffuseRT; ///<summary> ///Deferred Rendering Normal Render Target ///</summary> RenderTarget* m_NormalRT; ///<summary> ///Deferred Rendering Depth Render Target ///</summary> RenderTarget* m_DepthRT; ///<summary> ///Deferred Rendering Settings ///</summary> DeferredRenderingSettings m_Settings; ///<summary> ///Deferred Rendering Material ///</summary> DeferredRenderingMaterial* m_DREffect; #pragma endregion /************************************ * Protected Framework Methods * ***********************************/ #pragma region Protected Framework Methods ///<summary> ///Initialize Constant Effect Params ///</summary> ///<returns>AEResult::Ok if Initialize Constant Effect Params succeeded</returns> AEResult InitEffectParams(); #pragma endregion public: //Constructor Destructor. DeferredRendering(GameApp gameApp, const DeferredRenderingSettings& settings, uint32_t callOrder = 0, const std::string serviceName = "DeferredRendering", const std::string& gameComponentName = "Deferred Rendering"); virtual ~DeferredRendering(); //Gets RenderTarget* GetDiffuseRT () { return m_DiffuseRT; } RenderTarget* GetNormalRT () { return m_NormalRT; } RenderTarget* GetDepthRT () { return m_DepthRT; } //Framework Methods //Drawable Game Component Override methods void Initialize (); void LoadContent (); void Update (const TimerParams& timerParams); void Render (const TimerParams& timerParams); void OnLostDevice (); void OnResetDevice (); }; #endif	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	7,372
CC = gcc CFLAGS = -g -std=gnu99 -Wall CUNIT = -L/home/ff/cs61c/cunit/install/lib -I/home/ff/cs61c/cunit/install/include -lcunit ASSEMBLER_FILES = src/utils.c src/tables.c src/translate_utils.c src/translate.c all: assembler check: test-assembler assembler: clean $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o assembler assembler.c $(ASSEMBLER_FILES) test-assembler: clean $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -DTESTING -o test-assembler test_assembler.c $(ASSEMBLER_FILES) $(CUNIT) ./test-assembler clean: rm -f *.o assembler test-assembler core	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	8,724
Hartford Seminary Receives $1 Million Grant from Lilly Endowment October 8th, 2018 @ 11:50am Hartford Seminary has received a grant of $999,790 to help establish a program called Thriving in Poor Soil: Creating a Pastoral Innovation Network of New England Clergy. It is part of Lilly Endowment Inc.'s Thriving in Ministry, an initiative that supports a variety of religious organizations across the nation as they create or strengthen programs that help pastors build relationships with experienced clergy who can serve as mentors and guide them through key leadership challenges in congregational ministry. Lilly Endowment is making nearly $70 million in grants through the Thriving in Ministry initiative. Hartford Seminary's program directly addresses the increasingly barren and infertile soil for congregations in New England by building a network of highly creative and entrepreneurial clergy nominated from across the region's Mainline judicatories. The grant will bring these clergy together for regular gatherings, mentoring sessions and virtual communications. The first cohort will meet for 2 ½ years and then serve as mentors for the second cohort. The ultimate goal is to develop an ongoing initiative that will foster and sustain clergy innovation and creativity as well as developing mentors for other regional clergy. Hartford Seminary Professor Scott Thumma, who made the proposal, said: "New England's congregations need original approaches tailored to the region's unique challenges in order to thrive. We hope these innovation incubator gatherings not only help clergy thrive in their ministries but also create new strategies for revitalization that will spread out to all New England religious leaders and their congregations." Hartford Seminary is one of 78 organizations located in 29 states that is taking part in the initiative. The organizations reflect diverse Christian traditions: mainline and evangelical Protestant, Roman Catholic and Orthodox. Thriving in Ministry is part of Lilly Endowment's grantmaking to strengthen pastoral leadership in Christian congregations in the United States. This has been a grantmaking priority at Lilly Endowment for nearly 25 years. "Leading a congregation today is multi-faceted and exceptionally demanding," said Christopher L. Coble, Lilly Endowment's vice president for religion. "When pastors have opportunities to build meaningful relationships with experienced colleagues, they are able to negotiate the challenges of ministry and their leadership thrives. These promising programs, including Hartford Seminary's Thriving in Poor Soil program, will help pastors develop these kinds of relationships, especially when they are in the midst of significant professional transitions." Lilly Endowment Inc. is an Indianapolis-based private philanthropic foundation created in 1937 by three members of the Lilly family – J.K. Lilly Sr. and sons Eli and J.K. Jr. – through gifts of stock in their pharmaceutical business, Eli Lilly & Company. While those gifts remain the financial bedrock of the Endowment, the Endowment is a separate entity from the company, with a distinct governing board, staff and location. In keeping with the founders' wishes, the Endowment supports the causes of community development, education and religion. The Endowment maintains a special commitment to its hometown, Indianapolis, and its home state Indiana. Its grantmaking in religion focuses on supporting efforts to strengthen the leadership and vitality of Christian congregations throughout the country and to increase the public's understanding of the role of religion in public life.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	8,840
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} The formation of quark-gluon plasma (QGP), produced in the early stages of the high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions both at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), offers a new possibility to test Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) under such extreme hot and dense de-confined state of nuclear matter. The high-$p_T$ partons~(quarks and gluons) produced in the initial hard scattering will strongly interact with the QGP and dissipate their energy to the medium, referred as the jet quenching effect~\cite{Wang:1991xy,Gyulassy:2003mc,Qin:2015srf,Vitev:2008rz,Vitev:2009rd}. Consequently, the 'quenched jet' observables are used to quantify the properties~\cite{Burke:2013yra} of the hot and dense QCD matter by investigating their medium modifications in heavy-ion collisions (HIC) relative to their p+p baselines. Recently the associated production of vector boson ( photon $\gamma$ or electroweak boson such as $Z^0$ and $W^{+/-}$) and jets~($V+$jet) has been extensively studied both in theory~\citep{ Catani:2002ny,Boughezal:2015ded,Ridder:2015dxa} and experiment~\citep{Aad:2013ysa,Aad:2013zba,Aaboud:2016sdm,Chatrchyan:2013mwa,Chatrchyan:2013oda,Khachatryan:2014zya} to test the fundamental properties of QCD and improve the constraints on the parton distribution function~(PDF) in proton. More importantly, due to the fact that vector boson would not involve the strong interaction with the medium and gauge the initial energy of the tagged jets, V+jet are recognized ideal probe to the properties of the quark-gluon plasma(QGP)~\citep{Neufeld:2010fj,Wang:1996yh,Dai:2012am,Luo:2018pto,Zhang:2018urd,Chen:2018fqu,Kang:2017xnc,Casalderrey-Solana:2015vaa,KunnawalkamElayavalli:2016ttl, Zhang:2018urd}. In particular, new measurements on associated production of $Z^0$ boson and b-jet (denoted as $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet) in p+p collisions at the LHC have been performed by ATLAS and CMS~\cite{Aad:2011jn,Chatrchyan:2012vr,Chatrchyan:2013zja,Chatrchyan:2013zna,Aad:2014dvb,Chatrchyan:2014dha,Khachatryan:2016iob}, since the final state b-jet associated with $Z^0$ boson is the dominant background of the associated production of Higgs and $Z^0$ bosons ($Z^0+H\rightarrow Z+b\bar{b}$) within the standard model(SM)~\cite{Chatrchyan:2012ww} and can test many physics scenarios beyond the SM which predict new generation mechanism of b quarks and $Z^0$ bosons~\cite{Chatrchyan:2013zja}. It is noted that in heavy-ion collisions, on one hand, the $Z^0$ boson tagged b-jet, since the initial energy of b quark is well gauged by the vector boson and then its energy loss can be directly obtained, better suits to explore quenching of heavy flavor jet than the inclusive b-jet. On the other hand, the dead cone effect of heavy flavor quarks has attracted intense investigations~\cite{Dokshitzer:2001zm,Zhang:2003wk,Armesto:2003jh,Sharma:2009hn}, though by comparing the $R_{AA}$ of inclusive jet with b-jet as well as the $p_T$ imbalance ($x_J$) of inclusive di-jet with $b\bar{b}$ di-jet, experimental measurements have not found direct evidence~\cite{Chatrchyan:2013exa,Khachatryan:2016jfl,Sirunyan:2018jju}, except some indication that B mesons, via $B\rightarrow J/\Psi$ channel, might undergo smaller suppression than D-mesons and light hadrons in A+A collisions~\cite{Khachatryan:2016ypw}. The possible reasons for this puzzle can be manifold, while the large contribution of gluon-initiated b-parton processes may contaminate many attempts of solving the puzzle. Previous studies in Ref.~\cite{Kartvelishvili:1995fr,Neufeld:2010fj} have shown that the dominant contribution of $Z^0$ tagged jet is quark-initiated jet, and the study of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet in HIC, especially their different medium modifications from that of $Z^0\,+\,$jet provide a very useful tool to directly address the mass effect between light-quark jet and massive bottom jet. Nevertheless, so far studies on the associated production of b-jet and $Z^0$ boson in nucleus-nucleus collisions are still lacking. With this in mind, in this work, we present a Monte Carlo transport simulation including elastic (collisional) and inelastic (radiative) interaction of the energetic parton in the hot/dense QCD medium, while taking the next-to-leading order (NLO) plus parton shower (PS) generated initial hard parton spectrum as input, to study the in-medium modification of the vector boson $Z^0$ tagged b-jets. This framework has been employed to describe the heavy-flavor jet production of high-energy nuclear collisions in our previous studies~\cite{Dai:2018mhw,Wang:2019xey,Wang:2020bqz,Yan:2020zrz}. We will first show our numerical results of $Z^0\,+\,$jet and compare them to the available experimental data to test the application of our model. Then we proceed to calculate the angular correlations of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet in A+A collisions , and demonstrate the modifications on these correlations are sensitive to the initial b-jet $p_T$ distribution instead of the azimuthal angle. Unlike the case in $Z^0\,+\,$jet, the requirement of b-tagging excludes the contribution from multiple jets so that the azimuthal angular correlations of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet show distinct pattern modifications. With the high purity of light-quark jet in $Z^0\,+\,$jet events, we expect to address the mass dependence of the jet quenching effects between $Z^0\,+\,$jet and $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet. The rest of our paper is organized as follows: in Sec.~\ref{sec:ppbaseline} we present the productions of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet in p+p collisions calculated by Monte Carlo event generator and their comparisons with the experimental data. In Sec.~\ref{sec:eloss} we discuss our treatments of the jet in-medium evolution in A+A collisions. In Sec.~\ref{sec:results} we give the simulated results and discussions of azimuthal angular correlation, transverse momentum imbalance, and nuclear modification factor of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet in HIC. Finally, Sec.~\ref{sec:summary} summarizes our study. \section{The Associated Production of $Z^0$ Boson and b-jet in p+p Collisions} \label{sec:ppbaseline} Before we move into the study on $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet production in heavy-ion collisions, we should address its production in p+p collisions. Fig.~\ref{fig:process} shows a few processes~\cite{Aad:2011jn} contributing to the associated production of a $Z^0$ boson and b-jet . In the Fig.~\ref{fig:process}(a) and (b), an initial bottom quark from the parton distribution function(PDF) derived from the gluon distribution of one beam particle evolves the hard scattering and then turn into a b-jet and a $Z^0$ boson in the finial-state. In the bottom two diagrams, the $b\bar{b}$ pairs originate from the hard scattering and then turn into two b-jets associated with a emitted $Z^0$ boson in the final-state. \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \subfigure[]{\label{fig:process1} \epsfig{file=process1.pdf, width=0.2\textwidth, clip=}} \vspace{0.2in} \hspace{.1in} \subfigure[]{\label{fig:process2} \epsfig{file=process2.pdf, width=0.2\textwidth, clip=}} \vspace{0.2in} \hspace{.1in} \subfigure[]{\label{fig:process3} \epsfig{file=process3.pdf, width=0.2\textwidth, clip=}} \vspace{0.2in} \hspace{.1in} \subfigure[]{\label{fig:process4} \epsfig{file=process4.pdf, width=0.2\textwidth, clip=}} \caption{Feynman diagrams contributing to the associated production of b-jet with $Z^0$ boson.} \label{fig:process} \end{center} \end{figure} In this work, we use the MC@NLO event generator SHERPA~\citep{Gleisberg:2008ta} to obtain the initial $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet production in p+p collision. The tree-level matrix elements are calculated by the internal module Amegic~\citep{Krauss:2001iv}and Comix~\citep{Gleisberg:2008fv}, while one-loop virtual correction calculated by the external program BlackHat. The parton shower based on Catani-Seymour~\citep{Schumann:2007mg} subtraction method is matched with NLO QCD matrix elements by MC@NLO method~\citep{Frixione:2002ik}. The NLO PDF from NNPDF3.0~\citep{Ball:2014uwa} with 5-flavour scheme has been chosen in the calculations. FASTJET~\citep{Cacciari:2011ma} with anti-$k_{\rm T}$ algorithm is used in the event selection and the final state jet reconstruction. \par To confront our calculated results by SHERPA with the unfolded experimental data in p+p collisions, the same configurations as the selection of ATLAS collaboration~\citep{Khachatryan:2016iob} have been set up in our simulations. The $Z^0$ boson is reconstructed based on its decay channels $Z^0\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ and $Z^0\rightarrow \mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ . The transverse momentum of the electron and muon candidate are required to be lager than 20~GeV. To exclude the barrel-endcap transition region, the electrons are selected within the pseudorapidity region $\|\eta\|<1.44$ or $1.57<\|\eta\|<2.4$ while muons within $\|\eta\|<2.4$. And according to the requirement of experiment, the events are considered only when the invariant mass of the electron or muon pairs lie in the mass region $70<M_{ll}<111$~GeV. The jets associated with the $Z^0$ boson are reconstructed by FASTJET using anti-$k_T$ algorithm with cone size $\Delta R=0.5$. To reduce the contribution from the underlying event, the reconstructed jets must be in the pseudorapidity region $\|\eta^{\rm jet}\|<2.4$ and have $p_{T,\rm jet}>30$~GeV. The contribution from the underlying event is less than $5\%$ estimated by ATLAS~\citep{Khachatryan:2016iob} because the production of softer jets is greatly suppressed by this requirement. \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \includegraphics[width=3in,height=2.8in,angle=0]{pt1b-pp.pdf} \includegraphics[width=3in,height=2.8in,angle=0]{ptz-pp.pdf} \vspace{.1in} \caption{Differential cross section of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet simulated by SHERPA(blue line) in p+p collision at $\sqrt{s}=8$~TeV as a function of transverse momentum of the highest-$p_T$ b-jet~(up panel) and transverse momentum of $Z^0$ boson~(bottom panel) compared to the ATLAS data~\citep{Khachatryan:2016iob}.} \label{fig:ptzb} \end{center} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \includegraphics[width=3in,height=2.8in,angle=0]{phizb-pp.pdf} \includegraphics[width=3in,height=2.8in,angle=0]{phibb-pp.pdf} \vspace{.1in} \caption{Differential cross section of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet simulated by SHERPA(blue line) in p+p collision at $\sqrt{s}=8$~TeV as a function of azimuthal angular difference $\Delta\phi_{bZ}=\|\phi_{b}-\phi_{Z}\|$ of $Z^0$ boson and b-jet~(up panel), and azimuthal angular difference $\Delta\phi_{bb}=\|\phi_{b1}-\phi_{b2}\|$ of the two b-jets~(bottom panel) compared to the ATLAS data~\citep{Khachatryan:2016iob}.} \label{fig:phizb} \end{center} \end{figure} For events with at least one b-jet, we show the differential cross sections simulated by SHERPA as a function of leading b-jet $p_T$ and $Z^0$ boson $p_T$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:ptzb}. In the up panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:phizb}, the azimuthal angle correlation between the leading b-jet and $Z^0$ boson~($\Delta\phi_{bZ}=\|\phi_{b}-\phi_{Z}\|$) is also calculated to compare with ATLAS data. In addition, for events with two b-jets~(henceforth $Z^0\,+\,2\,$b-jets), we also plot the differential cross sections as a function of the azimuthal angle between the two b-jets~($\Delta\phi_{bb}=\|\phi_{b1}-\phi_{b2}\|$). We find that our calculations simulated by SHERPA are in nice agreement with the experimental measurements. \section{In-medium jet evolution} \label{sec:eloss} In high energy nuclear collisions, a droplet of an exotic state of nuclear matter, the QGP is expected to be formed. The high $p_T$ partons produced in the hard scattering propagating in the QGP would suffer both collisional and radiative energy loss as a result of the in-medium interaction. A complete treatment of the heavy-flavored jets propagating in the QGP needs a simultaneous description of space-time evolution for both light and heavy partons~\citep{Rapp:2018qla,Djordjevic:2013xoa,Kang:2016ofv,Sharma:2009hn}. The Boltzmann and Langevin transport equations had been generally employed to describe the parton evolution in the expanding QCD medium~\citep{Svetitsky:1987gq,Nahrgang:2013saa,Scardina:2017ipo,Cao:2013ita,Cao:2016gvr,He:2011zx,Dai:2018mhw,Wang:2019xey}. Due to the lack of unified theoretical approach, there are usually two methods to combine the vacuum parton shower with the medium-induced radiation in heavy-ion collisions. The first one is to introduce a medium modified splitting function for the in-medium parton shower, like Q-PYTHIA~\cite{Armesto:2009fj} and JEWEL~\cite{Zapp:2013vla}. Here we employ the alternative treatment, Arnold-Moore-Yaffe~(AMY) scheme~\cite{Arnold:2002ja}, as implemented in LBT~\cite{He:2015pra} and MARTINI~\cite{Schenke:2009gb}. We take the p+p events produced by SHERPA with full vacuum parton shower as the input, sample their initial spatial positions by a MC-Glauber model~\cite{Miller:2007ri}, and then simulate the subsequent in-medium evolution. \subsection{Collisional energy loss} The movement of a heavy quark with large mass~($M\gg T$) propagating in the hot and dense nuclear matter and suffering a large number of random kicks from the medium, can be modelled as a Brown motion~\citep{Svetitsky:1987gq}. Hence a discrete Langevin equation could be utilized to describe the propagating of heavy quarks in the QCD medium~\citep{Moore:2004tg, Cao:2013ita,Dai:2018mhw,Wang:2019xey} \begin{eqnarray} &&\vec{x}(t+\Delta t)=\vec{x}(t)+\frac{\vec{p}(t)}{E}\Delta t\\ &&\vec{p}(t+\Delta t)=\vec{p}(t)-\Gamma(p)\vec{p} \Delta t+\vec{\xi}(t)-\vec{p}_g \, , \label{eq:lang2} \end{eqnarray} where $\Delta t$ is the time step in the Monte Carlo simulation, and $\Gamma(p) $ is drag coefficient representing the dissipation effect and control the strength of quasi-elastic scattering. $\vec{\xi}(t)$ is the stochastic term which obeys a Gaussian-form possibility distribution: \begin{eqnarray} W[\vec{\xi}(t)]=N\exp[\frac{\vec{\xi}(t)^2}{2\kappa \Delta t}] \, , \end{eqnarray} and leads to: \begin{eqnarray} &\left\langle \xi_i(t) \right\rangle&=0\\ &\left\langle \xi_i(t)\xi_j(t') \right\rangle&=\kappa \Delta t \delta_{ij}(t-t')\, , \end{eqnarray} The diffusion coefficient $\kappa$ is relative to the drag coefficient $\Gamma$ by the fluctuation-dissipation relation~\cite{Kubo}: \begin{eqnarray} \kappa=2\Gamma ET=\frac{2T^2}{D_s} \, , \end{eqnarray} where $D_s$ is the spacial diffusion coefficient which fixed at $2\pi TD_s=4$ in this work based on the Lattice calculation~\cite{Rapp:2018qla,Banerjee:2011ra}. The last term $-\vec{p}_g$ is the recoil momentum due to the medium induced gluon radiation which will be discussed in the following section. At each time step, we boost partons to the local rest frame of the expanding medium to update the four-momentum and then boost them back to the laboratory frame to update the spatial position until the local temperature bellow $T_c=165$~MeV. The space-time evolution profile of the bulk medium in Pb+Pb collision is provided by the VISHNEW~\cite{Shen:2014vra} code. \par Meanwhile, the calculation to leading logarithmic accuracy at Hard-Thermal-Loop approximation~\cite{Neufeld:2010xi,Huang:2013vaa} is employed in our framework to describe the collisional energy loss of light quarks and gluon: \begin{eqnarray} \frac{dE}{dz}=-\frac{\alpha_{s}C_{s}\mu_{D}^{2}}{2}ln{\frac{\sqrt{ET}}{\mu_D}} \end{eqnarray} where $z$ is the transport path of the partons along to the propagating direction. Instead of considering the exact probability of the elastic scattering, the mean effect of the elastic energy loss is implemented in our simulation. \subsection{Medium induced gluon radiation} \par The inelastic scattering also plays an important role in the in-medium energy loss of energetic partons~\cite{Zakharov:2007pj,Qin:2007rn}. In our work, the Higher-Twist radiated gluon spectra~\cite{Guo:2000nz,Zhang:2003yn,Zhang:2004qm,Majumder:2009ge} has been implemented to simulate the medium-induced gluon radiation when parton propagate in the dense and hot QCD matter: \begin{eqnarray} \frac{dN}{dxdk^{2}_{\perp}dt}=\frac{2\alpha_{s}C_sP(x)\hat{q}}{\pi k^{4}_{\perp}}\sin^2(\frac{t-t_i}{2\tau_f})(\frac{k^2_{\perp}}{k^2_{\perp}+x^2m^2})^4\nonumber\\ \label{eq:spec} \end{eqnarray} where $x$ and $k_\perp$ are the energy fraction and the transverse momentum of the radiative gluon. $\alpha_s$ is the strong coupling constant which fixed at $\alpha_s=0.3$ in our calculation, $C_s$ is the quadratic Casimir in color representation, and $P(x)$ is splitting function~\cite{Wang:2009qb} for the splitting processes $q\rightarrow q+g$ and $g\rightarrow g+g$ respectively($g\rightarrow q+\bar{q}$ process is negligible due to its low possibility~\cite{He:2011zx}), \begin{eqnarray} P_{q\rightarrow qg}(x)=&\frac{(1-x)(1+(1-x)^2)}{x}\\ P_{g\rightarrow gg}(x)=&\frac{2(1-x+x^2)^3}{x(1-x)} \end{eqnarray} $\tau_f$ is the radiated gluon formation time defined as $\tau_f=2Ex(1-x)/(k^2_\perp+x^2m^2)$, and $t-t_i$ is the time interval between two inelastic scattering. And $\hat{q}$ is the jet transport coefficient~\cite{Chen:2010te}: \begin{eqnarray} \hat{q}(\tau,r)=\hat{q}_0\frac{\rho^{QGP}(\tau,r)}{\rho^{QGP}(\tau_0,0)}\frac{p^{\mu}u_{\mu}}{p^0} \end{eqnarray} where $\hat{q}_{0}$ denotes the value of $\hat{q}$ at the center of the bulk medium at the initial time $\tau_0=0.6~\rm fm/c$, with $\hat{q}_{0}=1.2$~GeV$^2$/fm at $T~(\tau_{0}=0.6~\rm fm/c)$ extracted from the identified hadron suppression~\citep{Ma:2018swx}, and $\rho^{QGP}(\tau,r)$ is the parton number density where the parton probed. To take into account of the radial flow effect~\cite{Baier:2006pt}, the four momentum of parton $p^{\mu}$ and the four flow velocity of medium in the collision frame $u^{\mu}$ act as a modification for $\hat{q}$ in a expanding nuclear medium. The last term represents the dead-cone effect~\cite{Armesto:2003jh,Zhang:2004qm} which suppresses the gluon radiation of heavy quarks at small angle owing to their large mass. An imposed cut-off of radiated gluon energy fraction $x_{min}=\frac{\mu_{D}}{E}$ has been taken to avoid the divergence near $x\rightarrow 0$, where $\mu_D^2=4\pi\alpha_s(1+\frac{n_f}{6}) T^2$ is the Debye screening mass induced by the GQP medium. Therefore, following the method introduced in~\citep{Cao:2016gvr}, one could estimate the mean number of radiated gluon$\left\langle N(t,\Delta t)\right\rangle$ during a time step $\Delta t$ by integrating the phase space of $x$, $k_{\perp}$ and $t$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:spec}) : \begin{eqnarray} \left\langle N(t,\Delta t)\right\rangle =\int_{t}^{t+\Delta t} dt\int_{x_{\rm min}}^{1} dx\int_{0}^{(xE)^2} dk^2_{\perp}\frac{dN}{dxdk^2_{\perp}dt}\nonumber\\ \end{eqnarray} By assuming that the multiple gluon radiation is a Possion process, we obtain the probability distribution of the radiation number $P(n,t,\Delta t)$ during a time step, as well as the total inelastic scattering probability $P_{rad}(t,\Delta t)$: \begin{eqnarray} &P(n,t,\Delta t)=\frac{{\left\langle N(t,\Delta t)\right\rangle}^n}{n!}e^{-\left\langle N(t,\Delta t)\right\rangle}\\ &P_{rad}(t,\Delta t)=1-e^{-\left\langle N(t,\Delta t)\right\rangle} \end{eqnarray} \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \includegraphics[width=3in,height=2.8in,angle=0]{rad-mc-anl.pdf} \vspace{0.1in} \caption{Radiative energy loss of partons with initial energy $E_0=50~$GeV in a static medium with temperature $T=400~$MeV: Comparison of Monte Carlo simulation and semi-analytical calculation.} \label{fig:rad-mc-anl} \end{center} \end{figure} In our Monte Carlo simulation, during every time step, the $P_{rad}(t,\Delta t)$ would be firstly evaluated to decide whether the radiation occurs. If accepted ,and the Possion distribution function $P(n,t,\Delta t)$ would be used for the sampling of the radiated gluon number. At last, the four momentum of the radiated gluon could be sampled based on the spectrum $dN/dxdk_{\perp}^{2}$ expressed in Eq.~\ref{eq:spec}. In Fig.~\ref{fig:rad-mc-anl}, for a consistent comparison between our Monte Carlo simulation and the analytical calculation based on Eq.~\ref{eq:spec}, we estimate the radiative energy loss of gluon, light quark, charm and bottom in a static medium ~($T=400$~MeV). Here we fix the parton energy~(50 GeV) at each evolution time step and also restore the initial time $t_i$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:spec}) to be 0 same as the treatment in Ref.~\cite{Cao:2017hhk}, since their variations during the Monte Carlo simulation are not automatically included in the analytical calculation. We find MC results agree well with the analytical calculations and show a clear mass hierarchy for different parton species. \section{Numerical results and discussions} \label{sec:results} In this section, to estimate the medium modification of jet observables in nucleus-nucleus collisions, we use the p+p events provided by SHERPA as input of our simulation within the hydrodynamic background to study the in-medium jet evolution. Before proceed to $Z^0$ tagged b-jet, we firstly calculate the azimuthal angular correlation ~($\Delta\phi_{jZ}=\|\phi_{\rm jet}-\phi_Z\|$) and transverse momentum balance~($x_{jZ}=p_T^{\rm jet}/p_T^Z$) of $Z^0\,+\,$jet, as well as the nuclear modification factor $R_{AA}$ of inclusive b-jet, and compare our theoretical results with the available experimental data. Then we calculate the $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet observables, including azimuthal angle correlation between $Z^0$ boson and b-jet~($\Delta\phi_{bZ}=\|\phi_{\textit{\rm b-jet}}-\phi_Z\|$), angle separation between the Z-tagged two b-jets~($\Delta\phi_{bb}=\|\phi_{b1}-\phi_{b2}\|$), transverse momentum~($x_{jZ}=p_T^{\textit{\rm b-jet}}/p_T^Z$), and nuclear modification factor $I_{AA}$, which defined as: \begin{eqnarray} I_{AA}=\frac{1}{\left\langle N_{coll}^{AA} \right\rangle}\frac{\frac{dN^{AA}}{dp^{\rm jet}_{T}}\|_{p_T^{\rm min}<p_T^Z<p_T^{\rm max}}}{\frac{dN^{AA}}{dp^{\rm jet}_{T}}\|_{p_T^{\rm min}<p_T^Z<p_T^{\rm max}}} . \label{eq:iaa} \end{eqnarray} Here $\left\langle N_{coll}^{AA} \right\rangle$ denotes the averaged number of the binary nucleon-nucleon collision in A+A collisions calculated in Glauber model~\cite{Miller:2007ri}. \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \includegraphics[width=3in,height=3in,angle=0]{CMS-phi.pdf} \vspace{0.1in} \caption{Distributions of the azimuthal angle difference $\Delta\phi_{jZ}$ between the $Z^0$ boson and the jet both in p+p and $0-30\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02~TeV compared with CMS data~\cite{Sirunyan:2017jic}. The distributions are scaled by the $Z^0$ events number $N$ in p+p collisions.} \label{fig:CMSphi} \end{center} \end{figure} In Fig.~\ref{fig:CMSphi}, we show our calculated $\Delta\phi_{jZ}$ distributions both in p+p and $0-30\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02~TeV compared with the CMS experimental data~\cite{Sirunyan:2017jic} . The same configurations in the jet reconstruction are used as that of the CMS. All final state jets are reconstructed by FASTJET using anti-$k_T$ algorithm with $R=0.3$ and required $p_T^{\rm jet}>30$~GeV, the selected $Z^0$ boson are reconstructed by the electron or muon pairs based on its decay channels~($Z^0\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}$ and $Z^0\rightarrow \mu^{+}\mu^{-}$), and required $p_T^{Z}>60$~GeV. Note that these distributions are normalized by the number of $Z^0$ events, and the jet transverse momentum are smeared by Gaussian form~\cite{Sirunyan:2017jic} to take into account the detector resolution effects. It is shown that the distribution of azimuthal angle correlation in Pb+Pb collisions suffers a suppression at small $\Delta\phi_{jZ}$ region relative to the p+p baseline, which is consistent with CMS measurement. However, at large angle region~($\Delta\phi_{jZ}\sim \pi$, where $Z^0$ boson and jet are almost back-to-back), this suppression is not very apparent. The underlying reason for this behavior has been discussed in detailed in~\cite{Chen:2018fqu,Luo:2018pto}, namely small $\Delta\phi_{jZ}$ region is dominated by the multiple jets processes and large $\Delta\phi_{jZ}$ region by soft/collinear radiation. Usually, the jet energy of multiple-jet processes is relatively low and easier to be shifted below the jet selection threshold ~($p_T^{\rm jet}>30$~GeV) because of parton energy loss~\cite{Zhang:2018urd}. \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \includegraphics[width=3in,height=2.8in,angle=0]{CMS-xj.pdf} \vspace{0.1in} \caption{Distributions of the transverse momentum balance $x_{jZ}$ of $Z^0\,+\,$jet both in p+p and $0-30\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02~TeV compared with CMS data~\cite{Sirunyan:2017jic}. The distribution is normalized by the $Z^0$ events number and $Z^0\,+\,$jet pairs are required with $\Delta\phi_{jZ}>7\pi/8$.} \label{fig:CMSxj} \end{center} \end{figure} In Fig.~\ref{fig:CMSxj}, we compute $x_{jZ}$ distribution for $Z^0\,+\,$jet both in p+p and $0-30\%$ Pb+Pb collisions and find that our calculations can give quiet decent description of the CMS data. Note here that selected $Z^0\,+\,$jet pairs are required to be almost back-to-back~($\Delta\phi_{jZ}>7\pi/8$). Relative to the p+p baseline, in Pb+Pb collisions, we find that $x_{jZ}$ distribution is shifted toward smaller value, which shows an enhancement at $0<x_{jZ}<0.7$ and suppression at $0.7<x_{jZ}<2$. It's understood that $x_{jZ}$ represents the transverse momentum imbalance of $Z^0$ and jet, for each $Z^0\,+\,$jet pair, the values of $x_{jZ}$ decrease by the jet energy loss, and thus are shifted to smaller $x_{jZ}$ observed in the final-state. Besides, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:bjetraa}, we investigate the nuclear modification factor $R_{AA}$ of inclusive b-jet in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$~TeV comparing with the CMS measurements~\cite{Chatrchyan:2013exa} to test our model calculations. And we find that, both in central and peripheral Pb+Pb collisions, our theoretical calculations give fairly well description on the nuclear modification of b-jet yield. \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \includegraphics[width=2.8in,height=4in,angle=0]{raab2760cms.pdf} \vspace{0.2in} \caption{The nuclear modification factor $R_{AA}$ of b-jet. The p+p baseline is provided by SHERPA and theoretical calculations are comparing with CMS data~\cite{Chatrchyan:2013exa} at centralities of $0-10\%$, $10-30\%$, $30-50\%$, $50-100\%$.} \label{fig:bjetraa} \end{center} \end{figure} The nice agreement between our model calculations and the data of $Z^0\,+\,$jet and inclusive b-jet facilitates our studies on the medium modification of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet in nuclear-nuclear collisions. In Fig.~\ref{fig:phizbaa}, we calculate the azimuthal angular correlation of $Z^0$ boson and b-jet in p+p and $0-10\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02~TeV. The b-jets associated with the $Z^0$ boson are reconstructed by FASTJET using anti-$k_T$ algorithm with cone size $\Delta R=0.5$, $\|\eta^{\rm jet}\|<2.4$ and $p_T^{\rm jet}>30$~GeV both in p+p and Pb+Pb collisions. Note that these distributions are normalized by initial $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet event number~(in p+p collision) to address the medium modification. We observe an overall suppression in Pb+Pb collisions relative to the p+p baseline. We show their ratio PbPb/pp in the middle panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:phizbaa}, and find that the suppression for $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet has a much weaker dependence on $\Delta\phi_{bZ}$, as compared to that for $Z^0\,+\,$jet which shows stronger suppression at small $\Delta\phi_{jZ}$ region where multiple jets dominate. Obviously, all selected jet must first be b quark tagged, this requirement significantly reduces the contribution from multiple jets processes when we consider the azimuthal angular~($\Delta\phi_{bZ}$) distribution. To address the key factor which leads the flat suppression on $\Delta\phi_{bZ}$ distribution, we estimate the averaged b-jet transverse momentum $\left\langle p_{T} \right\rangle$ as a function of $\Delta\phi_{bZ}$, which can be calculated by : \begin{eqnarray} \left\langle p_{T} \right\rangle (\Delta \phi) = \frac{\int \frac{d\sigma}{dp_Td\Delta\phi}p_Tdp_T}{\int \frac{d\sigma}{dp_Td\Delta\phi}dp_T} \, . \end{eqnarray} The decreasing of the selected event number in A+A collisions results from the in-medium energy loss, which shifts lower $p_T$ jet below kinematic selection cut. The initial $\left\langle p_{T} \right\rangle$ distribution actually reflect the $\Delta\phi_{bZ}$ dependence of this shift. It turns out that the distribution of $\left\langle p_{T} \right\rangle$ versus $\Delta\phi_{bZ}$ is nearly a constant value at 55~GeV as shown in the bottom panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:phizbaa}, which leads to the rather flat suppression on $\Delta\phi_{bZ}$ distribution. \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \includegraphics[width=3in,height=3.5in,angle=0]{phizb-aa.pdf} \vspace{0.2in} \caption{Distributions of the azimuthal angle correlation of $Z^0$ boson and b-jet both in p+p and $0-10\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02~TeV. The distributions are scaled by the $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet event number $N$ in p+p collisions. } \label{fig:phizbaa} \end{center} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \includegraphics[width=3in,height=3.5in,angle=0]{phibb-aa.pdf} \vspace{0.2in} \caption{Distributions of the azimuthal angular separation $\Delta\phi_{bb}$ of the two b-jets tagged by $Z^0$ boson both in p+p and $0-10\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02~TeV. The distributions are scaled by the $Z^0\,+\,2\,$b-jets event number $N$ in p+p collisions.} \label{fig:phibbaa} \end{center} \end{figure} As we mentioned in Sec.~\ref{sec:ppbaseline}, the azimuthal angular separation $\Delta\phi_{bb}$ of the two b-jets tagged by $Z^0$ boson is also a useful observable to distinguish the contribution from subprocesses where $Z^0$ boson is emitted from one of the final state b quark or gluon splitting~($g\rightarrow b\bar{b}$)~\cite{Chatrchyan:2013zja}, as shown in diagrams (c) and (d) of Fig.~\ref{fig:process}. Note that these two categories of contributions correspond to the regions where the two b-jets are almost back-to-back~($\Delta\phi_{bb}\sim\pi$) or collinear~($\Delta\phi_{bb}\sim 0$). What interests us is how the $\Delta\phi_{bb}$ distribution of these two categories of $Z^0\,+\,2\,$b-jets would be modified in the QGP. As shown in the top panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:phibbaa}, we plot these two $\Delta\phi_{bb}$ distribution both in p+p and $0-10\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02~TeV, and also plot the ratio PbPb/pp in the middle panel. We observe an upward trend of the ratio from 0.5 to 0.7 as $\Delta\phi_{bb}$ increasing. To figure out the distribution dependence on $\Delta\phi_{bb}$, we estimate the $\left\langle p_{T} \right\rangle$ of the leading and sub-leading b-jet shown in the bottom panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:phibbaa}. We find that, for both leading and subleading b-jets, $\left\langle p_{T} \right\rangle$ is increasing with $\Delta\phi_{bb}$, which then results in the increasing of the distribution ratio with $\Delta\phi_{bb}$. \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \includegraphics[width=3.2in,height=3.2in,angle=0]{gjet-frac.pdf} \vspace{0.2in} \caption{Gluon initiated jet fraction as a function of transverse momentum of inclusive jet~(red dash), inclusive b-jet~(blue dash), $Z^0\,+\,$jet~(red solid), $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet~(blue solid).} \label{fig:frac} \end{center} \end{figure} The associated production of $Z^0\,+\,$jet may shed new light on the mass dependence of the jet quenching effect in the nuclear matter, owing to its high purity sample of light-quark-initiated jets. In Ref.~\cite{Kartvelishvili:1995fr}, the contributions from light-quark-jet and gluon-jet in the $Z^0\,+\,$jet production is $\approx 70\%$ and $\approx 30\%$. To verify this point, in Fig.~\ref{fig:frac}, we estimate the gluon-jet fraction in four categories of jets in p+p collisions at 5.02~TeV: inclusive jet, inclusive b-jet, $Z^0$ tagged jet and $Z^0$ tagged b-jet. We find that at $p_T^{\rm jet}\sim 50$~GeV the gluon-jet fraction is $\approx 50\%$ in inclusive jet and $\approx 30\%$ in $Z^0$ tagged jet. The Z-tagging requirement considerably decreases the gluon jet contribution by $40\%$ especially at lower $p_T$. More importantly, for inclusive b-jet and Z tagged b-jet, the contributions from gluon-jet are greatly suppressed due to the requirement of b-quark tagging and show almost equal values. \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \includegraphics[width=2.8in,height=3.4in,angle=0]{xj-jz.pdf} \includegraphics[width=2.8in,height=3.4in,angle=0]{xj-bz.pdf} \vspace{0.2in} \caption{Distributions of $x_{jZ}$~($x_{bZ}$) of $Z^0\,+\,$jet and $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet both in p+p and $0-10\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02~TeV. } \label{fig:xjib} \end{center} \end{figure} \begin{table} \begin{center} \vspace{0.2in} \hspace{0in} \begin{tabular}{p{4.0cm}<{\centering}\|p{2.0cm}<{\centering}\|p{2.0cm}<{\centering}} \hline \hline \hspace{0.1in} & $Z^0$+ jet & $Z^0+$ b-jet \\ \hline ${\left\langle x_{J} \right\rangle }_{pp}$ & 0.987 & 0.941 \\ \hline ${\left\langle x_{J} \right\rangle }_{PbPb}$ & 0.851 & 0.849 \\ \hline $\Delta x_{J}$ & 0.136 & 0.092 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \caption{The comparison of mean value of momentum imbalance $x_J$ of $Z^0$ + jet and $Z^0$ + b-jet both in p+p and $0-10\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$~TeV, as well as the shifting of mean value of momentum imbalance $\Delta x_{J}={\left\langle x_{J} \right\rangle }_{pp}-{\left\langle x_{J} \right\rangle }_{PbPb}$.} \end{center} \label{tab:axjz} \end{table} In Fig.~\ref{fig:xjib}, we plot the scaled $x_{jZ}$~($x_{bZ}$) distribution of $Z^0\,+\,$jet and $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet in both p+p and $0-10\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02~TeV. Note all selected jets~(b-jets) must be in the region $\Delta\phi_{jZ}>7\pi/8$~($\Delta\phi_{bZ}>7\pi/8$) to guarantee they are mostly back-to-back with the $Z^0$ boson. We observe the distributions of $x_J$ shift towards smaller value both in $Z^0\,+\,$jet and $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet in Pb+Pb collisions relative their p+p baseline, due to the energy loss of the tagged jets. To make a more intuitive comparison between $Z^0\,+\,$jet and $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet, we show the ratio of $x_J$ distribution in Pb+Pb to that in p+p (see the bottom panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:xjib}), which have positive values at $0.2<x_{J}<0.8$ and negative values at $0.8<x_{J}<1.6$. And then we find the absolute value of the ratio~(PbPb-pp) of $Z^0\,+\,$jet is larger than that of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet. Furthermore, we estimate the shifting of mean value of momentum imbalance $\Delta {\left\langle x_{jZ} \right\rangle } ={\left\langle x_{jZ} \right\rangle }_{pp}-{\left\langle x_{jZ} \right\rangle }_{PbPb}$ for $Z^0\,+\,$jet, and $\Delta {\left\langle x_{bZ} \right\rangle }={\left\langle x_{bZ} \right\rangle }_{pp}-{\left\langle x_{bZ} \right\rangle }_{PbPb}$ for $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet shown in Tab.~I \begin{equation} \left\langle x_{J} \right\rangle = \frac{1}{\sigma}\int\frac{d\sigma}{dx_{J}}x_{J}dx_{J}\, , \end{equation} with $J$ denotes different processes. It reads that $\Delta x_{jZ}$ ($\sim 0.136$) for $Z^0\,+\,$jet is significantly larger than $\Delta x_{bZ}$ ($\sim 0.092$) for $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet, which clearly indicates a stronger modification on light-quark jet than b-jet. The nuclear modification factors of tagged jet cross section $I_{AA}$ is practically another good observable to address the mass hierarchy and flavor dependence of jet quenching effects. The comparison of $I_{AA}$ between $Z^0\,+\,$jet and $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet would provide more reliable evidence to the mass effect of jet quenching. For this purpose, we present the calculations of $I_{AA}$ of $Z^0\,+\,$jet and $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet in $0-10\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02~TeV as a function of jet $p_T$ within three $p^Z_T$ windows shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:IAA}. The shapes of $I_{AA}$ are sensitive to the kinematical $p^Z_T$ cut both for $Z^0$ + jet and $Z^0$ + b-jet due to the fact that $p^Z_T$ region gauges the initial jet energy. Especially, comparing $I_{AA}$ of tagged b-jet and light jet in $0-10\%$ Pb+Pb collisions for each $p^Z_T$ cut, one observes a visible stronger suppression for $Z^0$ + jet relative to that of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet. This indicates that the in-medium energy loss of $Z^0$ tagged b-jet is smaller than that of $Z^0$ tagged light-quark jet. \section{Summary} \label{sec:summary} Vector boson-tagged heavy quark jets are potentially new promising tools to study the jet quenching effect. In this work, we presented a Monte Carlo transport simulation, which takes into account the elastic and inelastic jet interactions within a hydrodynamic background, to study the in-medium modification of the vector boson tagged b-jets. The NLO+PS event generator SHERPA has been used to provide the p+p baseline of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet production, which shows a nice agreement with the ATLAS measurements. This framework has been proven to give nice descriptions of medium modifications on $\Delta\phi_{jZ}$ and $x_{jZ}$ of $Z^0\,+\,$jet, as well as the $R_{AA}$ of inclusive b-jet, measured in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC. The angular correlation between the vector boson and heavy quark tagged jets may be a new promising observable to study the in-medium jet interaction. We presented the first calculations of the azimuthal angular correlation $\Delta\phi_{bZ}$ of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet both in p+p and $0-10\%$ Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$~5.02~TeV. We observed a flat suppression factor versus $\Delta\phi_{bZ}$, unlike the case in $Z^0\,+\,$jet, since the requirement of b-tagging excludes the contribution from multiple-jet processes. In addition, for $Z^0\,+\,2\,$b-jets ,we also calculated another interesting observable, the azimuthal angle $\Delta\phi_{bZ}$ distribution between the two b-jets in p+p and Pb+Pb collisions, and observed stronger suppression at small $\Delta\phi_{bb}$ where dominated by gluon splitting processes relative to at large $\Delta\phi_{bb}$. We estimated the $\left\langle p_T \right\rangle$ distribution and demonstrate the modification patterns on these azimuthal angle are sensitive to the initial b-jets $p_T$ distribution versus $\Delta\phi_{bZ}$~(or $\Delta\phi_{bb}$). These investigates may help us to understand the experimental measurements on jet angular correlations a the LHC in recent years. Furthermore, with the high purity of quark jet in $Z^0\,+\,$(b-)jet events, we addressed the mass dependence of $Z^0$ tagged (b-)jet productions. We calculate $x_{jZ}$ of $Z^0\,+\,$jet and $x_{bZ}$ of $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet, and show the ordering of the shift of the mean momentum imbalance for $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet and $Z^0\,+\,$jet in heavy-ion collisions to be $\Delta\left\langle x_{bZ} \right\rangle < \Delta\left\langle x_{jZ} \right\rangle$. We also calculate another observable, the nuclear modification factors of tagged jet cross section $I_{AA}$ for $Z^0\,+\,$jet and $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet, and observe stronger suppression of $I_{AA}$ for $Z^0\,+\,$jet relative to those for $Z^0\,+\,$b-jet. In general, these comparisons can be validated at the LHC with the current experimental technologies, and may provide a key to unlock the puzzle of mass hierarchy of jet quenching. \begin{widetext} \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \vspace{-0.2in} \hspace{-.1in} \includegraphics[width=6.5in,height=2.5in,angle=0]{IAA.pdf} \vspace{0.1in} \caption{The nuclear modification factor as a function of transverse momentum of the tagged jet within three $p_T^Z$ ranges: $40-60$~GeV, $60-80$~GeV, $80-120$~GeV in $0-10\%$ centrality Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$~TeV.} \label{fig:IAA} \end{center} \end{figure} \end{widetext} \acknowledgments This research is supported by the NSFC of China with Project Nos. 11935007, 11805167, and partly supported by China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (No. 162301182691).	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	4,374
Elizabeth Cailo, (née le ) est une joueuse angolaise de handball qui évolue au poste d'ailière gauche dans le club Primeiro de Agosto et elle est membre de l'équipe d'Angola de handball féminin. Elle a représenté l'Angola aux Jeux olympiques 2008 et au Championnat du monde de handball féminin 2015 au Danemark. Palmarès En équipe nationale Jeux olympiques aux Jeux olympiques 2008 Championnats du monde au Championnat du monde 2015 Championnats d'Afrique Médaille d'or aux Jeux africains 2015. Références Liens externes Naissance en juillet 1987 Handballeuse internationale angolaise Handballeuse angolaise aux Jeux olympiques Handballeuse aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2008 Handballeuse médaillée d'or aux Jeux africains	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	3,265
{"url":"https:\/\/ncertmcq.com\/mcq-questions-for-class-9-maths-chapter-1\/","text":"Check the below NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 1 Number Systems with Answers Pdf free download. MCQ Questions for Class 9 Maths with Answers were prepared based on the latest exam pattern. We have provided Number Systems Class 10 Maths MCQs Questions with Answers to help students understand the concept very well.\n\nStudents can also refer NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 1 Number System for better exam preparation and score more marks.\n\n## Number Systems Class 9 MCQs Questions with Answers\n\nQuestion 1.\nThe value of $$\\sqrt[4]{\\sqrt[3]{2^{2}}}$$ is equal to\n(a) 2\u2013$$\\frac{1}{6}$$\n(b) 2-6\n(c) 2$$\\frac{1}{6}$$\n(d) 26\n\nAnswer: (c) 2$$\\frac{1}{6}$$\n\nQuestion 2.\nFind the value of $$\\sqrt[3]{\\frac{54}{250}}$$\n(a) $$\\frac{9}{25}$$\n(b) $$\\frac{3}{5}$$\n(c) $$\\frac{27}{125}$$\n(d) $$\\frac{\\sqrt[3]2}{5}$$\n\nAnswer: (b) $$\\frac{3}{5}$$\n\nQuestion 3.\nSimplified value of (16)\u2013$$\\frac{1}{4}$$ \u00d7 $$\\sqrt[4]{16}$$ is\n(a) 16\n(b) 4\n(c) 1\n(d) 0\n\nQuestion 4.\nFind the value of $$\\sqrt[4]{64^{-2}}$$.\n(a) $$\\frac{1}{8}$$\n(b) $$\\frac{1}{2}$$\n(c) 8\n(d) $$\\frac{1}{64}$$\n\nAnswer: (a) $$\\frac{1}{8}$$\n\nQuestion 5.\nFind the value of $$\\sqrt[3]{216}$$ \u2013 $$\\sqrt[3]{125}$$\n(a) 1\n(b) -1\n(c) $$\\sqrt[3]{91}$$\n(d) $$\\frac{6}{5}$$\n\nQuestion 6.\nWhen 15$$\\sqrt{15}$$ is divided by 3\u221a3 find the quotient.\n(a) 5\u221a3\n(b) 3\u221a5\n(c) 5\u221a5\n(d) 3\u221a3\n\nQuestion 7.\nIf \u221a3 = 1.732 and \u221a2 = 1.414, find the value of $$\\frac{1}{\u221a3-\u221a2}$$\n(a) 0.318\n(b) 3.146\n(c) $$\\frac{1}{3.146}$$\n(d) $$\\sqrt{1.732}$$ \u2013 $$\\sqrt{1.414}$$\n\nQuestion 8.\nWhich of the following numbers is an irrational number?\n(a) $$\\sqrt{16}$$ \u2013 4\n(b) (3 \u2013 \u221a3) (3 + \u221a3)\n(c) \u221a5 + 3\n(d) \u2013$$\\sqrt{25}$$\n\nQuestion 9.\nThe decimal expansion of \u221a2 is\n(\u0430) finite decimal\n(b) 1.4121\n(c) non-terminating recurring\n(d) non-terminating non-recurring\n\nQuestion 10.\nIf x = $$\\frac{\u221a7}{5}$$ and $$\\frac{5}{x}$$ = p\u221a7, then the value of p is\n(\u0430) $$\\frac{5}{\u221a7}$$\n(b) $$\\frac{25}{7}$$\n(c) $$\\frac{7}{25}$$\n(d) $$\\frac{\u221a7}{5}$$\n\nAnswer: (b) $$\\frac{25}{7}$$\n\nQuestion 11.\nThe sum of 0.$$\\bar{3}$$ and 0.$$\\bar{2}$$ is\n(\u0430) $$\\frac{5}{99}$$\n(b) $$\\frac{5}{9}$$\n(c) $$\\frac{5}{10}$$\n(d) $$\\frac{5}{100}$$\n\nAnswer: (b) $$\\frac{5}{9}$$\n\nQuestion 12.\n(\u221aa + \u221ab) (\u221aa \u2013 \u221ab) is\n(a) a + b\n(b) a \u2013 b\n(c) 2\u221aa\n(d) 2\u221ab\n\nQuestion 13.\n$$\\sqrt{12}$$ \u00d7 \u221a8 is equal to\n(a) 2\u221a6\n(b) 3\u221a6\n(c) 4\u221a6\n(d) 6\u221a6\n\nQuestion 14.\nFind the value of $$\\frac{2^0+7^0}{5^0}$$\n(a) 2\n(b) 0\n(c) $$\\frac{9}{5}$$\n(d) $$\\frac{1}{5}$$\n\nQuestion 15.\nA rational number lying between \u221a2 and \u221a3 is\n(a) $$\\frac{\u221a2+\u221a3}{2}$$\n(b) \u221a6\n(c) 1.6\n(d) 1.9\n\nQuestion 16.\nThe rational number between \u2013$$\\frac{1}{5}$$ and \u2013$$\\frac{2}{5}$$ is\n(a) 4\n(b) \u2013$$\\frac{1}{4}$$\n(c) \u2013$$\\frac{3}{10}$$\n(d) \u2013$$\\frac{7}{25}$$\n\nAnswer: (c) \u2013$$\\frac{3}{10}$$\n\nQuestion 17.\nIf 8x = $$\\frac{64}{2^x}$$ then find the value of x.\n(a) 4\n(b) 2\n(c) $$\\frac{1}{2}$$\n(d) $$\\frac{3}{2}$$\n\nAnswer: (d) $$\\frac{3}{2}$$\n\nQuestion 18.\nThe simplified value of (81)\u2013$$\\frac{1}{4}$$ \u00d7 $$\\sqrt[4]{81}$$ \u00d7 (81)0.2 is\n(a) 9\n(b) 3\n(c) 1\n(d) 0\n\nQuestion 19.\nValue of [(81-1\/2)-1\/4]\u00b2 is\n(a) 3\n(b) $$\\frac{1}{3}$$\n(c) 9\n(d) $$\\frac{1}{9}$$\n\nQuestion 20.\nIf x1\/12 = 491\/24 then find the value of x.\n(a) 49\n(b) 2\n(c) 12\n(d) 7","date":"2021-10-16 12:56:52","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.7666324377059937, \"perplexity\": 8556.065099295838}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2021-43\/segments\/1634323584567.81\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20211016105157-20211016135157-00226.warc.gz\"}"}	null	null
St. Rimbert Archbishop of Bremen - Hamburg, died at Bremen 11 June, 888. It is uncertain whether he was a Fleming or a Norman. He was educated at the monastery of Turholt near Brügge in Flanders. There St. Ansgar, first Archbishop of Hamburg, became acquainted with him, and later made him his constant companion. When Ansgar died on 2 February, 865, Rimbert was chosen his successor. Pope Nicholas I sent him the pallium in December, 865. As Ansgar's missionary system was based on a connection with the Benedictine Order, Rimbert became, shortly after his consecration, a monk at Corvey, and subsequently made missionary journeys to West Friesland, Denmark, and Sweden, but concerning these unfortunately we have no detailed information. In 884 he succeeded in putting to flight the Norman marauders on the coast of Friesland; in remembrance of this incident he was later held in special veneration in Friesland. Among his episcopal achievements the foundation of a monastery in Bücken near Bremen and his care for the poor and sick are especially emphasized. Historians are indebted to him for a biography of St. Ansgar, which is distinguished by valuable historical information and a faithful character sketch. On the other hand, the biography of Rimbert himself, written by a monk of Corvey, is, while very edifying, poor in actual information; hence we know so little of his life. Blue Freshwater Oval Pearl Sterling Silver Rosary @ $149.97 $127.47 SAVE 15% 4mm Zircon Swarovski Sterling Silver Rosary Bracelet Saint of the Day for Wednesday, Jan 22nd, 2020 Saint of the Day for ... Female / Women Saints Saint Feast Days in Jan Abraham and Isaac (4th Grade) Classes From Noah to the Tower of Babel (4th Grade) Classes	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	4,193
Бульва́р Ва́цлава Гаве́ла — бульвар у Солом'янському районі міста Києва, місцевість Відрадний. Пролягає від Гарматної вулиці до Відрадного проспекту. Прилучаються вулиці Миколи Василенка, Героїв Севастополя, Метробудівська, Волноваська, Авторемонтна, Василя Чумака, Віталія Скакуна, проспект Любомира Гузара, вулиці Академіка Стражеска, Академіка Білецького, Володимира Качали, Добруська та Михайла Донця. Історія Бульвар виник наприкінці 50-х років XX століття, мав назви Бульварна вулиця, Високовольтний бульвар. Початковий відрізок (до вулиці Миколи Василенка) був частиною Ізмаїльської вулиці. З 1963 року набув назву бульвар Івана Лепсе, на честь радянського партійного і профспілкового діяча Івана Лепсе. У 2015 році пропонувалося перейменувати бульвар на честь Валентина Згурського, голови виконкому Київської міської ради депутатів трудящих у 1979–1990 роках. Сучасна назва на честь першого президента Чехії Вацлава Гавела — з 2016 року. Забудова Остаточно сформувався на межі 1950–60-х років. У 1960–70-ті роки парний бік було забудовано переважно промисловими підприємствами. 1961 року бульваром прокладено трамвайну лінію. Вздовж усього бульвару міститься бульварна зона. Установи та заклади № 1 — Солом'янський РАЦС; № 3 - Адвокат Мельник В В. № 4 — ЗАТ «Росток»; № 6 — ВАТ «Київський завод реле та автоматики»; № 8 — ВАТ «Меридіан — Завод ім. С. П. Корольова»; № 8а — Київська міська митниця ДФС; № 10 — 6-й Київський авторемонтний завод; № 15а — дитячий садок № 432, ДЮСШ № 12, Центр соціальної реабілітації молоді з функціональними вадами; № 20 — ринок Відрадний; № 31 — аптека № 97 КП «Фармація»; № 34 — бібліотека ім. Є. Гуцала для дітей; № 40а — Онкологічний центр «Добрый прогноз»; № 41а — Політехнічний ліцей НТУУ «КПІ»; № 46 — Київський спортивний ліцей-інтернат; № 69 — дитяча музична школа ім. Кабалевського; № 75 — аптека № 38 КП «Фармація»; № 77а — школа № 310 «Творчість»; № 87 — відділення зв'язку № 126; Зображення Примітки Джерела Вулиці Солом'янського району Києва Вулиці Києва, названі на честь людей	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	4,031
Dodgers @ Nationals July 17, 2015: Buehler TJ, Funkhouser unsigned Dustin Nosler 07/17/2015 2015 MLB Draft, Game Threads, Walker Buehler 1,091 Comments Happy second half! OK, I'm tired of starting posts that way. Tonight is the official-unofficial start of the second half, and the Dodgers (51-39) are in Washington to take on the Nationals (48-39). Pederson Grandal Ethier Bolsinger (R) Zimmermann (R) Mike Bolsinger is getting the start, with Clayton Kershaw and Zack Greinke to follow. That's fun. OK, onto the draft stuff. It was a pretty active and interesting draft signing deadline day for the Dodgers. Let's get the easy signing out of the way first. 6th-rder Edwin Rios signs w/@Dodgers for $225k (slot 192 = $234,800). Florida International 1B, power is best tool. @MLBDraft — Jim Callis (@jimcallisMLB) July 17, 2015 Not sure why it took so long, but I'm guessing it had something to do with the unsigned 1st-rounders. So, the Dodgers saved $9,800 on Edwin Rios' signing. That'll work. Now, onto the "fun" stuff. This was actually the first news of the day: Wanted to be the first to announce tht I will not be signing, and will return to the University of Louisville for my senior season #L1C4 #⚾️ — Kyle Funkhouser (@k_funk16) July 17, 2015 This had been rumored for quite some time. I thought the Dodgers would find a way to get it done, but I'm guessing opposition to signing came from Kyle Funkhouser's camp, as the Dodgers offered him about $2 million. While Funkhouser was a Top 10-15 prospect entering draft season, a slow finish to his year knocked him down the draft board. He was really good value for the Dodgers at No. 35, but I was never particularly high on the pick. — Dustin Nosler (@DustinNosler) June 9, 2015 I'm priceless. Because Funkhouser didn't sign, the Dodgers lost his $1,756,100 toward their bonus pool. It went from $7,781,700 to $6,025,600. Also because of this, the Dodgers do in fact get the No. 36 pick in next year's draft. It was confirmed by Jim Callis on Twitter, along with many others afterward. This definitely helps, but it still hurts to not sign a 1st-rounder. It's really hard to see Funkhouser doing a lot better next year. The draft class is considerably deeper, he's going to be a senior and he'll have to be flat-out dominant to move into the Top 10 range. LRT: Big loss for the Dodgers there, but not sure how much Funkhouser can improve his '16 stock in deeper class. — Mike Ferrin (@Mike_Ferrin) July 17, 2015 External factors impacting Funkhouser next year: He's a senior with less leverage & is competing with a better pool of talent than in 2015. — Eric Longenhagen (@longenhagen) July 17, 2015 Best of luck to Funkhouser. I'm not sure why you'd risk a guaranteed $2 million for a (not-great) chance at $6 million, but that's just me. If you thought that was bad, it gets a little worse. walker buehler, vandy pitcher, said to agree to dodgers deal. pick No. 24. it'll be under the $2,094,400 slot. — Jon Heyman (@JonHeyman) July 17, 2015 Good! Interesting it's less than slot, but it's good the Dodgers are going to sign Walker Buehler. walker buehler, dodgers top pick, is said to have elbow issue. Oh, OK. Well, his last start of the College World Series wasn't great, but hopefully it isn't anything too serious. Walker buehler, dodgers No. W pick, needs tommy john surgery, sources say. That escalated quickly. It seems a little hypocritical that a guy near the top of my draft board already had Tommy John surgery (Michael Matuella), but man, this is a blow. They really should have just popped Matuella instead, but hindsight is always 20/20. Buehler had a great final season at Vanderbilt University and a great first outing of the CWS. I'm guessing the front office/scouting department didn't know about this injury until after that start. Otherwise, I doubt they would have selected him at No. 24. This doesn't look good. At all. The Dodgers' 1st-round pick needs TJ and they didn't sign their supplemental 1st-rounder. Andrew Friedman's draft history (mind you, not all on him) was less than stellar when picking outside the Top 10. This is his first draft with the Dodgers, and things didn't go according to plan (or maybe they did — you never know with these nerds). Round Player Slot Bonus Savings 1 Walker Buehler $2,094,400 $1,780,000 $314,400 1s Kyle Funkhouser $1,756,100 unsigned unsigned 2 Mitchell Hansen $921,100 $997,500 ($76,400) 2c Josh Sborz $827,000 $722,500 $104,500 3 Philip Pfeifer $564,700 $222,500 $342,200 4 Willie Calhoun $418,800 $347,500 $71,300 5 Brendon Davis $313,600 $918,600 ($605,000) 6 Edwin Rios $234,800 $225,000 $9,800 7 Andrew Sopko $178,600 $147,500 $31,100 8 Tommy Bergjans $167,00 $17,500 $149,500 9 Kevin Brown $155,900 $2,500 $153,400 10 Logan Landon $149,700 $2,500 $147,200 11 Imani Abdullah $100,000 $647,500 ($547,500) 30 Logan Crouse $100,000 ? ? Total — $6,025,600 $5,931,100 $94,500 Since the Dodgers saved $314,400 on the signing, some of which was used to land 30th-rounder Logan Crouse. Here's what I wrote about him in my draft recap. "Crouse was No. 199 on FanGraphs' Top 202 board, but the prep right-hander might not ever make it to Los Angeles. He's a large human being at 6'6, 225 pounds with an 88-92 MPH fastball. He also has a low-80s slider and a developing changeup. Seeing as he's a 30th-rounder and didn't have much fanfare, he's probably going to Florida State. It would be a coup if the Dodgers could sign him, though." Coup! Hooray! No word on Crouse's bonus, but it definitely won't be enough to put them in any draft pick penalty territory (and it won't be just $100,00, either). Unless Crouse got a $194,500 bonus, the Dodgers also won't have to pay a 75 percent tax on their draft spending — something that hasn't happened since the new bonus pools were introduced in 2012. Update: Scratch that. With Buehler savings, @Dodgers found $500k to sign 30th-rder Logan Crouse. @MLBDraft That just about closes the book on the 2015 draft. It was interesting, to say the least. We shall see what happens, but it doesn't look nearly as bad as some will make it out to be. The Dodgers still landed some premium talent in a draft that didn't have a ton of it. They signed an 11th-rounder to a big bonus. The last time they did that, it turned out to be Joc Pederson (so it's totally gonna happen again). This isn't an ideal outcome, but it's far from the worst-case scenario. Throws Reliever Sat 10/15 Sun 10/16 Mon 10/17 Tue 10/18 Wed 10/19 Thur 10/20 Fri 10/21 L Avilan - - OFF - 24 21 OFF R Baez 34 - OFF - 27 27 OFF R Blanton 28 - OFF 13 - 19 OFF L Dayton 3 - OFF 16 - 12 OFF R Fields - - OFF - 9 10 OFF R Jansen - 18 OFF 21 - - OFF R Stripling 10 - OFF - 20 18 OFF L Wood - - OFF - 32 - OFF About Dustin Nosler Dustin Nosler began writing about the Dodgers in July 2009 at his blog, Feelin' Kinda Blue. He co-hosts a weekly podcast with Jared Massey called Dugout Blues. He is a contributor/editor at The Hardball Times. He graduated from California State University, Sacramento, with his bachelor's degree in journalism and a minor in digital media. While at CSUS, he worked for the student-run newspaper The State Hornet for three years, culminating with a 1-year term as editor-in-chief. He resides in Stockton, Calif. @DustinNosler Previous MLB Draft deadline day: Buehler, Funkhouser, Rios still unsigned Next Nationals 3, Dodgers 2: Not Final Because Nationals Park Is A POS	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	3,933
// Copyright 2000-2020 JetBrains s.r.o. Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file. package com.intellij.execution.filters; import com.intellij.openapi.application.Application; import com.intellij.openapi.application.ApplicationManager; import com.intellij.openapi.editor.colors.CodeInsightColors; import com.intellij.openapi.editor.colors.EditorColorsManager; import com.intellij.openapi.editor.colors.EditorColorsScheme; import com.intellij.openapi.editor.colors.TextAttributesKey; import com.intellij.openapi.editor.markup.HighlighterLayer; import com.intellij.openapi.editor.markup.TextAttributes; import com.intellij.openapi.util.TextRange; import com.intellij.util.ui.UIUtil; import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull; import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap; public interface Filter { Filter[] EMPTY_ARRAY = new Filter[0]; class Result extends ResultItem { private NextAction myNextAction = NextAction.EXIT; private final List<? extends ResultItem> myResultItems; public Result(final int highlightStartOffset, final int highlightEndOffset, final @Nullable HyperlinkInfo hyperlinkInfo) { this(highlightStartOffset, highlightEndOffset, hyperlinkInfo, null); } public Result(final int highlightStartOffset, final int highlightEndOffset, final @Nullable HyperlinkInfo hyperlinkInfo, final @Nullable TextAttributes highlightAttributes) { super(highlightStartOffset, highlightEndOffset, hyperlinkInfo, highlightAttributes, null); myResultItems = null; } public Result(final int highlightStartOffset, final int highlightEndOffset, final @Nullable HyperlinkInfo hyperlinkInfo, final @Nullable TextAttributes highlightAttributes, final @Nullable TextAttributes followedHyperlinkAttributes) { super(highlightStartOffset, highlightEndOffset, hyperlinkInfo, highlightAttributes, followedHyperlinkAttributes); myResultItems = null; } public Result(final int highlightStartOffset, final int highlightEndOffset, final @Nullable HyperlinkInfo hyperlinkInfo, final boolean grayedHyperlink) { super(highlightStartOffset, highlightEndOffset, hyperlinkInfo, grayedHyperlink); myResultItems = null; } public Result(@NotNull List<? extends ResultItem> resultItems) { super(0, 0, null, null, null); myResultItems = resultItems; } public @NotNull List<ResultItem> getResultItems() { List<? extends ResultItem> resultItems = myResultItems; if (resultItems == null) { resultItems = Collections.singletonList(this); } return Collections.unmodifiableList(resultItems); } /** * @deprecated This method will be removed. Result may be constructed using ResultItems, in that case this method will return incorrect value. Use {@link #getResultItems()} instead. / @Deprecated @Override public int getHighlightStartOffset() { return super.getHighlightStartOffset(); } /* * @deprecated This method will be removed. Result may be constructed using ResultItems, in that case this method will return incorrect value. Use {@link #getResultItems()} instead. / @Deprecated @Override public int getHighlightEndOffset() { return super.getHighlightEndOffset(); } /* * @deprecated This method will be removed. Result may be constructed using ResultItems, in that case this method will return incorrect value. Use {@link #getResultItems()} instead. / @Deprecated @Override public @Nullable TextAttributes getHighlightAttributes() { return super.getHighlightAttributes(); } /* * @deprecated This method will be removed. Result may be constructed using ResultItems, in that case this method will return incorrect value. Use {@link #getResultItems()} or {@link #getFirstHyperlinkInfo()} instead. / @Deprecated @Override public @Nullable HyperlinkInfo getHyperlinkInfo() { return super.getHyperlinkInfo(); } public @Nullable HyperlinkInfo getFirstHyperlinkInfo() { HyperlinkInfo info = super.getHyperlinkInfo(); if (info == null && myResultItems != null) { //noinspection ForLoopReplaceableByForEach for (int i = 0; i < myResultItems.size(); i++) { ResultItem resultItem = myResultItems.get(i); if (resultItem.getHyperlinkInfo() != null) { return resultItem.getHyperlinkInfo(); } } } return info; } public NextAction getNextAction() { return myNextAction; } public void setNextAction(NextAction nextAction) { myNextAction = nextAction; } } enum NextAction { EXIT, CONTINUE_FILTERING, } class ResultItem { private static final Map<TextAttributesKey, TextAttributes> GRAYED_BY_NORMAL_CACHE = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(2); static { Application application = ApplicationManager.getApplication(); if (application != null) { application.getMessageBus().connect().subscribe(EditorColorsManager.TOPIC, __ -> { // invalidate cache on Appearance Theme/Editor Scheme change GRAYED_BY_NORMAL_CACHE.clear(); }); } } private final int highlightStartOffset; private final int highlightEndOffset; private final @Nullable TextAttributes highlightAttributes; private final @Nullable HyperlinkInfo hyperlinkInfo; private final TextAttributes myFollowedHyperlinkAttributes; public ResultItem(final int highlightStartOffset, final int highlightEndOffset, final @Nullable HyperlinkInfo hyperlinkInfo) { this(highlightStartOffset, highlightEndOffset, hyperlinkInfo, null, null); } public ResultItem(final int highlightStartOffset, final int highlightEndOffset, final @Nullable HyperlinkInfo hyperlinkInfo, final @Nullable TextAttributes highlightAttributes) { this(highlightStartOffset, highlightEndOffset, hyperlinkInfo, highlightAttributes, null); } public ResultItem(int highlightStartOffset, int highlightEndOffset, @Nullable HyperlinkInfo hyperlinkInfo, boolean grayedHyperlink) { this(highlightStartOffset, highlightEndOffset, hyperlinkInfo, grayedHyperlink ? getGrayedHyperlinkAttributes(CodeInsightColors.HYPERLINK_ATTRIBUTES) : null, grayedHyperlink ? getGrayedHyperlinkAttributes(CodeInsightColors.FOLLOWED_HYPERLINK_ATTRIBUTES) : null); } public ResultItem(final int highlightStartOffset, final int highlightEndOffset, final @Nullable HyperlinkInfo hyperlinkInfo, final @Nullable TextAttributes highlightAttributes, final @Nullable TextAttributes followedHyperlinkAttributes) { this.highlightStartOffset = highlightStartOffset; this.highlightEndOffset = highlightEndOffset; TextRange.assertProperRange(highlightStartOffset, highlightEndOffset, ""); this.hyperlinkInfo = hyperlinkInfo; this.highlightAttributes = highlightAttributes; myFollowedHyperlinkAttributes = followedHyperlinkAttributes; } public int getHighlightStartOffset() { return highlightStartOffset; } public int getHighlightEndOffset() { return highlightEndOffset; } public @Nullable TextAttributes getHighlightAttributes() { return highlightAttributes; } public @Nullable TextAttributes getFollowedHyperlinkAttributes() { return myFollowedHyperlinkAttributes; } public @Nullable HyperlinkInfo getHyperlinkInfo() { return hyperlinkInfo; } /* * See {@link HighlighterLayer} for available predefined layers. / public int getHighlighterLayer() { return getHyperlinkInfo() != null ? HighlighterLayer.HYPERLINK : HighlighterLayer.CONSOLE_FILTER; } private static @Nullable TextAttributes getGrayedHyperlinkAttributes(@NotNull TextAttributesKey normalHyperlinkAttrsKey) { TextAttributes grayedHyperlinkAttrs = GRAYED_BY_NORMAL_CACHE.get(normalHyperlinkAttrsKey); if (grayedHyperlinkAttrs == null) { EditorColorsScheme globalScheme = EditorColorsManager.getInstance().getGlobalScheme(); TextAttributes normalHyperlinkAttrs = globalScheme.getAttributes(normalHyperlinkAttrsKey); if (normalHyperlinkAttrs != null) { grayedHyperlinkAttrs = normalHyperlinkAttrs.clone(); grayedHyperlinkAttrs.setForegroundColor(UIUtil.getInactiveTextColor()); grayedHyperlinkAttrs.setEffectColor(UIUtil.getInactiveTextColor()); GRAYED_BY_NORMAL_CACHE.put(normalHyperlinkAttrsKey, grayedHyperlinkAttrs); } } return grayedHyperlinkAttrs; } } /* * Filters line by creating an instance of {@link Result}. * * @param line The line to be filtered. Note that the line must contain a line * separator at the end. * @param entireLength The length of the entire text including the line passed for filtration. * @return {@code null} if there was no match. Otherwise, an instance of {@link Result} */ @Nullable Result applyFilter(@NotNull String line, int entireLength); }	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	7,662
Since talking openly about suffering from acne a few years ago, I have been asked multiple times a week to do a blog post about how I managed to clear up my acne, and how I deal with the dreaded scarring that many people are left with. Today, I am going yo tackle my acne story and will follow up with more skincare posts about my scarring and how I am treating that. The photo above is make up vs bare face…something I could never have posted a few years ago. I had pretty normal skin as a young teenager, getting the odd breakout here and there from hormones or bad eating, but generally my skin was fine. It was only in my late teens that I began to suffer badly from acne. What began as a hormonal breakout evolved into full blown acne in a matter of weeks. It was only ever on my face, never spreading to my neck or body, but as a young girl, it bothered me terribly. Luckily, I was a makeup fan from a young age so was able to begin covering up my acne, but that wasn't helping the situation, and it began to get worse and worse over time. My skin used to be aching, feeling bruised and sensitive to touch. I went to my GP who firstly put me on Dianette, the hormonal contraceptive pill which was meant to be good for clearing up bad skin. Although this did help temporarily, it sent my moods into a crazy spin. I was angry, short tempered and very emotional all the time and knew I couldn't continue the treatment as it just wasn't agreeing with me. I went back to my GP and was prescribed Minocin tablets to treat my skin. I stayed on them for about a year and I did see an improvement, but like before, it didn't clear it completely. Eventually they stopped working altogether. In the mean time I had been trying every topical treatment recommended, including Zyneryt and many other cleansers and creams, all of which did nothing but irritate my skin further. I got to the point where I felt like nothing was every going to work for me, and that I would just have to live with itnand learn to cover it as best I could. And thats what I did for a few months. I mastered the art of disguise and spent hours carefully applying camouflaging make up, in hopes of the problem just going away. It was actually my mum who eventually sat me down and said enough was enough, and that I needed to see a skin specialist. My GP referred me to an amazing Dermatologist who was based in the Beacon Clinic, Dr. Sharareh Ahmadi. I was given an appointment to see Dr. Ahmadi and went along hoping she had the answer. When I met her, my confidence was on the floor. I was fine when I had my 'mask' on, but once she asked me to remove my make up I broke down in tears. I felt so vulnerable, so ashamed that anyone had to look at my skin that way, and so down. We had a chat about what I had already tried and what treatments were left. She then spoke to me about Roacutane. I heard so many horror stories about this drug and initially said no to ever trying it. The link to depression and suicide was all too much for me, and I just felt that it wasn't worth the risk just to get my skin clear. However, after going home and researching everything there was to know about the drug and talking it through with my family, I decided that as long as I was in the safe care of Dr. Ahmadi, I would give it a go. There are so many criteria that your doctor has to consider before they will prescribe you with Roacutane, but luckily I was the right candidate for it so we began the course of treatment. I had to return to my Dermatologist every 4 weeks to do a pregnancy test, have my bloods taken and to have an assessment on how I was feeling mentally. The reason or the pregnancy test was because if you were to fall pregnant while taking the drug, it would cause severe and life threatening complications for the baby. It was drilled into my head from my Dermatologist and also from the chemist every time I went to pick up my medicine. The blood tests were to determine wether your liver was being affected or damaged as Roacutane is such a strong drug. Also, you are not allowed to drink alcohol whilst taking this drug for the same reason. I was on a dose of 10mg for 6 months and by the end of the 3rd month I started to see a huge improvement to my skin. By the end of the sixth month I had totally clear skin or the first time in years.. I couldn't believe I was looking in the mirror at my bare face and not totally disgusted or horrified. My skin was flawless, bar the odd scar left on my cheeks. People talk a lot about the side effects of talking Roacutane, but I am lucky to say I didn't experience any. The only thing I noticed was my skin was a lot drier which was totally expected, and I was given lots of Image Skincare products to help me out. Everyone's skin is different, and what has worked for me may not work for others. If you are suffering from acne right now, please talk to your GP before trying anything that I have mentioned above. I have had clear skin ever since my treatment finished, and only every get the odd breakout from alcohol, bad food or hormones. These tend to last 2/3 days and are not painful at all. I was not sponsored to talk about any products or services mentioned in this post, but if it helps even one person who is suffering then it was worth sharing my story. Great post Rosie!! Love reading all your reviews and blog entries and seeing baby Harry on Snapchat! (He is beautiful!). Have you any tips on products? I suffered terrible as a teen etc. I am now 30 and 4 months pregnant and have teenage skin again lol. I use image products but feel there not cutting it now I'm pregnant as my skin has completely changed! Thanks for this. I had the same struggle a few years ago. For me the problem was dairy. I do not think I am lactose intolerant but I think my body just does not love it. I do not know why I decided to try to go on a dairy fast but I did and it worked wonders for me.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	733
Erakor Island is a small island in the Pacific Ocean on the outskirts of Port-Vila, belonging to the Shefa Province of Vanuatu. The island is home to the Erakor Island Resort and Spa, and is a popular destination for western tourists. Geography The island lies 5 km south of Port-Vila, a few hundred metres off the coast of Efate in the entrance of Erakor Lagoon. The island is about 600 metres in length and is very flat. History Erakor Island was originally inhabited by local Ni-Vanuatu people. In the 19th century the island became the site of a Presbyterian missionary station. The foundations of the early church are still visible on the island. In 1959 the local islanders relocated to Erakor Village, located across the lagoon on Efate. The island's resort first opened in 1980. References Islands of Vanuatu Shefa Province	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	7,535
The text adheres to the stylistic and bibliographic requirements outlined in the Author Guidelines. Ife Journal of Agriculture (IJA) (ISSN 0331-6351) deals primarily with original scientific papers in all fields of Agriculture written in English Language with track record of over 3 decades of publishing high profile journal articles in all field of agriculture. It also publishes commissioned reviews and theoretical papers in agricultural development in the tropical world. Occasionally, special issues dealing with particular themes are also published. GENERAL: Manuscripts (MS) should be written in English Language and the manuscript must not have been offered for prior or simultaneous publication elsewhere. The article should be a minimum of 14 and maximum of 20 pages of A4, double-line spacing, Times New Roman font size 12, including tables, figures and references are acceptable. TEXT: Manuscripts should be typewritten, double-spaced throughout (including abstracts, footnote and references), on each side of the paper with at least 2.5cm margins at the left side, top and bottom. Every page should be numbered in the lower right-hand corner, including title page, references, tables etc. Text figures should be cited as "Fig. 1" or "Fig 5-7' etc. Citation of references in the text should be chronological and in the form, "Adebayo (2017) reported…. "Or "This was reported to be the opinion of (Adebayo, 2017; 2017) or (Adebayo, 2016; Aina, 2017). If the authors are more than three, et al. in italics should be used after the name of the first author. Footnotes should be minimized, typed at the bottom of the page to which they refer, and separated from the text by a line. Organization of the text should be in the following order. Title Page- Title of paper should be in capital letters and in font size 14. No abbreviation of authorities, and must be brief but reflective of all important aspects of the manuscripts. Names of authors written as Surnames first, followed by initials and asterisk before the name of corresponding author. Authors affiliations with E-mail address(es) and Telephone Number(s) of the Corresponding Author should be in italics and not in bold letters. Abstract (in italics) should not be more than 250 words and follow this pattern (Introduction, Objectives, Materials and Methods, Results, and Conclusion. Recommendation is optional. Authors should provide 3-5 keywords at the end of the abstract arranged in alphabetical order, which can be used for indexing purposes. Introduction: This section should provide information on the background of the study, scope and limitation, a brief review of pertinent literature leading to justification and statement of the research problem, and research hypothesis(ses). Statement(s) of objective(s) of the work should also be included under this section. Materials and Methods: This should be sufficiently detailed with references where possible. This section should provide a detailed description of the location/site of the study (providing coordinates i.e., latitude and longitude) where necessary. The materials used for the research and methods to achieve each objective should be described stating experimental design (where necessary) and statistical analysis carried out. For enumeration and measurements, use numerals whenever a number is followed by a standard unit of measurement e.g. 1g, 9 days; otherwise, use words for one through nine and numerals for larger numbers. Report all data in metric unit and provide at least a measure of variability (e.g. standard error or standard deviation) when reporting quantitative data. Abbreviations of commonly used terms should follow the CBE style manual. Other terms may be spelled out with the abbreviated form first mentioned. The complete scientific name with the appropriate authority should be given at the time first mention for organisms, but this is not required for common species of domestic animals, pesticides (including antibiotics etc.) should be referred to by their approved common name throughout the text but the proprietary information should be provided as a footnote on first mention. Underlining: Words to be italicized such as scientific names of Latin phrases, certain headings as well as names of series and periodical, should be underlined once. Words that will be printed in capital (e.g. authors' names beneath titles and certain headings), should have a wavy line beneath them. Formulae should be typewritten, if possible. Leave ample space around the formulae. Giving the meanings of all symbols immediately after the equation in which they are first used. Levels of statistical significance which can be mentioned without further explanation are * = p. 0.05, = p, 0.01 and * = 0.001. In the chemical formulae, valency of ions should be given as, w.g. Ca2+ and CO e.g Ca2+ and CO2-3- not as Ca++ or CO3- Isotope numbers should precede the symbol. e.g. 14C Results: These must be clear and concise with the help of well laid out tables, figures and illustrations. Tables should be as simple and as few as feasible for the presentation of the essential data. Large tables should be avoided. d. Drawn Tables, from which blocks need to be made, should be folded. Tables should be numbered according to their sequence in the text. The text should include references to all Tables. Vertical lines should not be used to separate columns. Leave adequate space between the columns instead. Each Table should stand alone with a brief but self-explanatory title and table/column headings must be in bold letters. Column headings should be brief, but sufficiently explanatory. Unit of measurements should be added in parentheses. Asterisks or letters next to values indicating statistical significance should appear in the same cell as the value, not an adjacent cell (i.e., they should not have their own column). Use the following symbols for footnotes in the order shown: †, ‡, §, ¶, #, ††, ‡‡, etc. The symbols , , and ** are always used to show 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively, and are not used for other footnotes. Footnote symbols should not be set in superscript type, and all footnotes should be set on separate lines. Illustrations and Figures Illustrations and figures should be numbered according to their sequences in the text. References should be made in the text to each figure. Each illustration should be accompanied by caption. Explanation should be given in a typewritten legend. Photographs are only acceptable if they have good contrast and intensity. Sharp and glossy copies are required. Reproduction of photographs already printed is not acceptable. Discussion: This section should relate the findings with existing relevant studies. It should cover the implication of findings. Discussion section should not be a repetition of the Result, but should relay the implications in the light of relevant literatures. Ife Journal of Agriculture prefers that the Results and Discussion section be written separately. However, Results and Discussion section can be written together for certain cases. References: All literature citations should be presented in a list of references following the text of the MS. The list should be arranged alphabetically on authors' names, and chronologically per author. Where an author is also cited with co-authors, the following order should be adopted in the reference list; publication of the single author arranged, chronologically, publications of the same author with a single co-author, publications of the author with more than one co-author. Publications by the same author(s) in the same year should be listed as 2016a.etc. The full title for each reference must be given, as well as the complete paging for all items. Abbreviations of serial periodicals must follow the world list of scientific periodicals or the union list of serials. Examples of citations are as followed: WHICH FORMAT Article in Periodical Ogunyemi, E.A. (1979). The effect of plant population on sunflower (helianthus annus L.) seed yield in south western Nigeria. Ife. J. Agric., (I): 51-58 Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H. (1960). Principle and Procedures in Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York, 481 pp. Contribution to a book Burkholder. W.E. (1970). Pheromone research with stored-product (Coleoptera., pp 1-20. In D.L. Wood, R.M. Silver and M. Nakajims (Eds). Control of insect behavior by natural products. Academic press New York, and London. 345pp. Croft, B.A. and McGroaty, D.L. (1977). The role of Amblyseius fallacis (Acarina: Phytoselldae) in Michigan apple Orchards. Michigan State. Univ. Res. Rept. 333. 24pp Submission of manuscript Papers for consideration should be submitted to ifejournalagric@yahoo.com with evidence of the payment (scanned copy of teller) of ₦2000 as handling fee for the review process. A typewritten, A4, double line spacing, font size 12 paper page attracts a page charge of N1,500. 00 only. Account Name : Ife-journal of Agric. Account Number: 2000431767. Bank Name : First Bank PLC.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	3,772
Untitled (Rape Scene) Sorry, no image available Ana Mendieta 1948–1985 Photograph, colour on paper Support: 254 x 203 mm Presented by the American Patrons of Tate, courtesy of the Latin American Acquisitions Committee 2010 This is a colour photograph of a woman stripped from the waist down and bent over a table. Blood is smeared over and drips down her buttocks, thighs and calves and a pool of it is partially visible on the dark floor beside her feet. The scene is dramatically lit, highlighting her legs, the side of her body and the table, and casting strong shadows onto the wall behind her. Her head and her arms, which are tied to the table, are not visible in the darkness; broken crockery and bloodied clothes disappear into the shadows on the floor to her right. Untitled (Rape Scene) is the documentation of an action that the artist performed in her apartment in Iowa City, while she was a student at the University of Iowa on the innovative Intermedia art course run by the German artist Hans Breder (born 1935). It was created in response to a brutal and highly publicised rape and murder of a nursing student, Sara Ann Otten, by another student in March 1973. The following month Mendieta invited her fellow students to her apartment where, through a door left purposefully ajar, they found her in the position recorded in this photograph, which recreated the scene as reported in the press. Some time later, Mendieta recalled that her audience 'all sat down, and started talking about it. I didn't move. I stayed in position about an hour. It really jolted them.' (Quoted in Ana Mendieta, p.127, note 11.) In 1980, she commented that the rape had 'moved and frightened' her, elaborating: 'I think all my work has been like that – a personal response to a situation ... I can't see being theoretical about an issue like that.' (Quoted in Ana Mendieta, p.90.) On another occasion she explained that she had created this work 'as a reaction against the idea of violence against women' (quoted in Viso 2004, p.256, note 58). Untitled (Rape Scene) is the first and most significant of three works Mendieta created in response to the murder incident. In two further actions she was photographed lying semi-naked and spattered with blood in various outdoor locations on the perimeters of the University campus (Rape Performance, reproduced Viso 2004, p.184). In the same year she created several other tableaux using blood. In a work entitled Clinton Piece, Dead on Street, the artist lay motionless in a pool of blood as though she were an accident or a crime victim, while a fellow student stood over her taking pictures with a flash camera as though recording the accident for the press or the police. Untitled (People Looking at Blood, Moffitt) (reproduced Ana Mendieta, pp.40–3) is a series of slides and a Super-8 film documenting the reactions of passers-by to a heap of deep red animal viscera lying in a pool of blood on the sidewalk outside her apartment. Finally, in an abandoned farmhouse she created a scene of chaos with ripped mattresses and other domestic debris over which she poured red paint, to imply a brutal struggle between a victim and his or her attacker – Untitled (Bloody Mattresses) (reproduced Viso 2004, p.157). As the People Looking at Blood series implies, the purpose of these works was to stimulate a response from the audience, a strategy being explored concurrently in an entirely different way by another student on the Intermedia course, Charles Ray (born 1953). Mendieta's first use of blood to make art dates from the previous year, when she performed Untitled (Death of a Chicken) 1972 for the Intermedia class. For this work, she stood naked in front of a white wall holding a freshly decapitated chicken by its feet as its blood spattered her naked body. Influenced by the works of the Viennese Actionists – Herman Nitsch (born 1938), Günter Brus (born 1938) and Rudolf Schwarzkogler (1940–69) – whom Breder had introduced to his students through a book, Mendieta created her own version of their ritualistic and cathartic actions. Created in the same year as Untitled (Rape Scene), Untitled (Self-Portrait with Blood) (L02833) is a photograph of the artist's face, dripping blood, that recalls the imagery of martyrdom central to Roman Catholic iconography. A film created the following year, Untitled (Blood and Feathers #2) (T12916), shows Mendieta pouring blood over herself naked body before rolling in down and feathers to become a human bird, a female version of the male rooster sacrificed in the Afro-Caribbean Santería rituals of her native Cuba. Her identification with the sacrificial victim staged in many of these works, and to which Untitled (Rape Scene) relates, stems in part from her sense of loss as a result of having been dislocated from her family and home in Cuba and sent into exile in the US with her sister in 1961 as a result of the political upheavals there. Untitled (Rape Scene) also relates to a performance Mendieta did for the Intermedia workshop in 1973 without blood – Tied-Up Woman (reproduced Ana Mendieta, p.34) – in which, naked with her hands and feet bound and tied to one another, she struggled on the floor in a series of poses. Several similar photographs of the rape scene in Mendieta's apartment exist (reproduced Ana Mendieta, pp. 36–8 and Viso 2004, pp.55–9). Each, like Tate's image, is a unique print created from a 35mm slide. Ana Mendieta, exhibition catalogue, Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea, Santiago de Compostela, Kunsthalle Düsseldorf and Fundació Antoni Tàpies, Barcelona 1996, pp.36–8, 90 and 92, reproduced p.36. Olga M Viso, Ana Mendieta: Earth Body, Sculpture and Performance 1972–1985, exhibition catalogue, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 2004, pp.152, 155 and 160, reproduced p.154. Olga Viso, Unseen Mendieta: The Unpublished Works of Ana Mendieta, Munich, Berlin, London and New York 2008, pp.55–9. Elizabeth Manchester Body art Performance art violence(335) horror(181) victim(47) history(5,845) politics and society(2,393) crime and punishment: Sara Ann Otten, rape and muder, March 1973(1) interior - non-specific(851) bending forward(356) body(4,960) blood(57) nudes(2,563) female(1,670) Mendieta, Ana(3) self-portraits(759) countries and continents(17,994) USA, Iowa(3) crime and punishment(449) bound(46) murder(84) rape(19) social comment(6,604) domestic violence(7) gender(1,689) Ana Mendieta Blood + Feathers Ana Mendieta Untitled (Silueta Series, Mexico) Ana Mendieta Untitled (Self-Portrait with Blood) Helen Chadwick The Labours VII Francesca Woodman Untitled, New York Francesca Woodman Untitled, Providence, Rhode Island Robert Mapplethorpe Patti Smith Cindy Sherman Untitled #126 Robert Mapplethorpe Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter Helen Chadwick The Labours VI Helen Chadwick The Labours IX	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	4,906
Pobiel – dawna gromada, czyli najmniejsza jednostka podziału terytorialnego Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej w latach 1954–1972. Gromady, z gromadzkimi radami narodowymi (GRN) jako organami władzy najniższego stopnia na wsi, funkcjonowały od reformy reorganizującej administrację wiejską przeprowadzonej jesienią 1954 do momentu ich zniesienia z dniem 1 stycznia 1973, tym samym wypierając organizację gminną w latach 1954–1972. Gromadę Pobiel z siedzibą GRN w Pobielu utworzono – jako jedną z 8759 gromad na obszarze Polski – w powiecie górowskim w woj. wrocławskim, na mocy uchwały nr 13/54 WRN we Wrocławiu z dnia 2 października 1954. W skład jednostki weszły obszary dotychczasowych gromad Pobiel, Bartków, Kąkolno, Ługi, Świniary i Wodniki ze zniesionej gminy Wąsosz w tymże powiecie. Dla gromady ustalono 14 członków gromadzkiej rady narodowej. 1 stycznia 1960 gromadę zniesiono, a jej obszar włączono do gromady Wąsosz w tymże powiecie. Przypisy Pobiel	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	4,262
<resources> <dimen name="nav_header_vertical_spacing">16dp</dimen> <dimen name="nav_header_height">160dp</dimen> <!-- Default screen margins, per the Android Design guidelines. --> <dimen name="activity_horizontal_margin">16dp</dimen> <dimen name="activity_vertical_margin">16dp</dimen> <dimen name="fab_margin">16dp</dimen> <dimen name="font_title_size">40sp</dimen> <dimen name="font_top_bar_size">20sp</dimen> <dimen name="font_small">15sp</dimen> <dimen name="activity_margin">20dp</dimen> <dimen name="paddingGlobal">10dp</dimen> <dimen name="paddingSmall">5dp</dimen> <dimen name="paddingMedium">10dp</dimen> <dimen name="paddingLarge">20dp</dimen> <dimen name="marginSmall">5dp</dimen> <dimen name="marginMedium">10dp</dimen> <dimen name="marginLarge">20dp</dimen> <dimen name="fontSmall">10sp</dimen> <dimen name="fontMedium">14sp</dimen> <dimen name="fontLarge">18sp</dimen> <dimen name="fontExtra">24sp</dimen> </resources>	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	4,891
// snippet-start:[ses.JavaScript.filters.listReceiptFiltersV3] import { ListReceiptFiltersCommand } from "@aws-sdk/client-ses"; import { sesClient } from "./libs/sesClient.js"; const createListReceiptFiltersCommand = () => new ListReceiptFiltersCommand({}); const run = async () => { const listReceiptFiltersCommand = createListReceiptFiltersCommand(); try { return await sesClient.send(listReceiptFiltersCommand); } catch (err) { console.log("Failed to list receipt filters.", err); return err; } }; // snippet-end:[ses.JavaScript.filters.listReceiptFiltersV3] export { run };	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	1,658
Q: MT5 machine learning model for paraphrasing I'm trying to create a machine learning model to paraphrase given Persian text. I was introduced to mt5 as a multilingual text-to-text model. However, I can't figure out how to implement this. I have gathered the data. Here's a sample of the data: Data sample ---UPDATE--- I have tried to paraphrase using the T5 model, and it works well for English. However, I can't get logical results from the MT5 model. Here is the T5 version code: from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("Vamsi/T5_Paraphrase_Paws") model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained("Vamsi/T5_Paraphrase_Paws") sentence = sentence_1 text = "paraphrase: " + sentence + " </s>" encoding = tokenizer.encode_plus(text,pad_to_max_length=True, return_tensors="pt") input_ids, attention_masks = encoding["input_ids"], encoding["attention_mask"] outputs = model.generate( input_ids=input_ids, attention_mask=attention_masks, max_length=256, do_sample=True, top_k=120, top_p=0.95, early_stopping=False, num_return_sequences=5 ) print ("\n") print("Origianl sentence:") print(sentence) print ("\n") print("Paraphrasing:") for output in outputs: line = tokenizer.decode(output, skip_special_tokens=True,clean_up_tokenization_spaces=True) print(line) When I give the following sentence to the model, it returns the following results: Original sentence: * Washing your hands Properly will keep you away from COVID-19. Paraphrasing: By properly washing your hands, you will keep away from COVID-19. Washing your hands correctly will keep you away from COVID-19. Washing your hands correctly will keep you away from COVID-19. Washing your hands correctly will keep you from COVID-19. Washing your hands properly will keep you away from COVID-19. But when I change the model to the MT5-base, the results are absurd. Here is an example: from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("google/mt5-base") model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained("google/mt5-base") Original sentence: Washing your hands Properly will keep you away from COVID-19. Paraphrasing: <extra_id_0>, left. <extra_id_0>, also. <extra_id_0>. Comment <extra_id_0>. *<extra_id_0>o. A: IMHO mT5 can't be used for paraphrase generation out-of-the-box, just like the T5 can. You can find fine-tuned versions of the T5 model intended for paraphrase generation on the HuggingFace Hub, such as this one. There's a paper associated with the model and you may find the solution there. As far as I understand it, you need a labeled dataset with which you will fine-tune the T5 model to generate paraphrases in your language.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange" }	2,210
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using Elasticsearch.Net; using Foundatio.Parsers.ElasticQueries.Extensions; using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging; using Nest; using Newtonsoft.Json; using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq; using LogLevel = Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.LogLevel; namespace Foundatio.Repositories.Elasticsearch.Extensions { public static class LoggerExtensions { public static void LogTraceRequest(this ILogger logger, IResponse response, bool normalize = false) { LogTraceRequest(logger, response?.ApiCall, normalize); } public static void LogTraceRequest(this ILogger logger, IApiCallDetails response, bool normalize = false) { if (response == null \|\| !logger.IsEnabled(LogLevel.Trace)) return; if (response.RequestBodyInBytes != null) { string body = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(response.RequestBodyInBytes); if (normalize) body = JsonUtility.NormalizeJsonString(body); logger.LogTrace("[{HttpStatusCode}] {HttpMethod} {HttpPathAndQuery}\r\n{HttpBody}", response.HttpStatusCode, response.HttpMethod, response.Uri.PathAndQuery, body); } else { logger.LogTrace("[{HttpStatusCode}] {HttpMethod} {HttpPathAndQuery}", response.HttpStatusCode, response.HttpMethod, response.Uri.PathAndQuery); } } public static void LogErrorRequest(this ILogger logger, IResponse response, string message, params object[] args) { LogErrorRequest(logger, null, response?.ApiCall, message, args); } public static void LogErrorRequest(this ILogger logger, IApiCallDetails response, string message, params object[] args) { LogErrorRequest(logger, null, response, message, args); } public static void LogErrorRequest(this ILogger logger, Exception ex, IResponse response, string message, params object[] args) { LogErrorRequest(logger, ex, response?.ApiCall, message, args); } public static void LogErrorRequest(this ILogger logger, Exception ex, IApiCallDetails response, string message, params object[] args) { if (response == null \|\| !logger.IsEnabled(LogLevel.Error)) return; var sb = new StringBuilder(); var messageArguments = new List<object>(args); if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(message)) sb.AppendLine(message); if (response.OriginalException != null) { sb.AppendLine("Original: [OriginalExceptionType] {OriginalExceptionMessage}"); messageArguments.Add(response.OriginalException.GetType().Name); messageArguments.Add(response.OriginalException.Message); } if (response.ServerError?.Error != null) { sb.AppendLine("Server Error (Index={ErrorIndex} Type={ErrorType}): {ErrorReason}"); messageArguments.Add(response.ServerError.Error.Index); messageArguments.Add(response.ServerError.Error.Type); messageArguments.Add(response.ServerError.Error.Reason); } if (response is IBulkResponse bulkResponse) { sb.AppendLine("Bulk: {BulkErrors}"); messageArguments.Add(String.Join("\r\n", bulkResponse.ItemsWithErrors.Select(i => i.Error))); } sb.AppendLine("[{HttpStatusCode}] {HttpMethod} {HttpPathAndQuery}"); messageArguments.Add(response.HttpStatusCode); messageArguments.Add(response.HttpMethod); messageArguments.Add(response.Uri.PathAndQuery); if (response.RequestBodyInBytes != null) { string body = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(response.RequestBodyInBytes); sb.AppendLine("{HttpBody}"); messageArguments.Add(body); } AggregateException aggEx = null; if (ex != null && response.OriginalException != null) aggEx = new AggregateException(ex, response.OriginalException); logger.LogError(aggEx ?? response.OriginalException, sb.ToString(), messageArguments.ToArray()); } } internal class JsonUtility { public static string NormalizeJsonString(string json) { var parsedObject = JObject.Parse(json); var normalizedObject = SortPropertiesAlphabetically(parsedObject); return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(normalizedObject, Formatting.Indented); } private static JObject SortPropertiesAlphabetically(JObject original) { var result = new JObject(); foreach (var property in original.Properties().ToList().OrderBy(p => p.Name)) { if (property.Value is JObject value) { value = SortPropertiesAlphabetically(value); result.Add(property.Name, value); } else if (property.Value is JArray array) { array = SortArrayAlphabetically(array); result.Add(property.Name, array); } else { result.Add(property.Name, property.Value); } } return result; } private static JArray SortArrayAlphabetically(JArray original) { var result = new JArray(); foreach (var item in original) { if (item is JObject value) result.Add(SortPropertiesAlphabetically(value)); else if (item is JArray array) result.Add(SortArrayAlphabetically(array)); else result.Add(item); } return result; } } }	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	7,465
{"url":"https:\/\/mathoverflow.net\/questions\/224143\/can-a-stochastic-turing-machine-output-a-consistent-extension-of-pa-with-positiv","text":"# Can a stochastic Turing machine output a consistent extension of PA with positive probability?\n\nSuppose that we interpret the output tape of a Turing machine as an assignment of true or false to all sentences of PA, taking the $n$th output bit as the truth value of the sentence with Goedel number $n$. (We can ignore bits when no sentence has number $n$, or we can choose an encoding which is an onto function; it doesn't matter.) By the first incompleteness theorem, it is not possible for any Turing machine given finite input to output a complete and consistent assignment in this way. On the other hand, it's quite possible for a Turing machine given infinite input to do so, since this allows an oracle to be constructed.\n\nSupposing that we give a Turing machine random input, is it possible for the machine's output to be complete and consistent with nonzero probability? While this seems implausible, I haven't been able to disprove it yet.\n\nTo be precise, suppose that we take some machine $T$ and feed it fair coin-flips whenever it asks for additional input. The outcomes of the process are the states of the output tape, which will be either finite or infinite binary strings depending on whether the machine ever stops producing output. To define the probabilities, consider the $\\sigma$-algebra generated by finite input-sets: for each finite binary string $b$, there is a set of possible outputs which could result from the first random bits being $b$. Each of these sets is measurable. The remaining measurable sets are generated from these by closure under countable union and complement.\n\nUsing this $\\sigma$-algebra, the set of complete and consistent extensions to $PA$ is measurable, as follows. Each possible contradiction with $PA$ is a finite truth-value combination, which is measurable as the countable union of all inputs to $T$ which lead to that particular combination of truth-values. (This may be the empty set.) The set of all such contradictions is also countable, and therefore measurable. We can also measure the finite bit-strings, since these possibilities are countable. The union of these two measurable sets are the possibilities which are either inconsistent with $PA$ or finite; by closure under compliment, we can measure those which are both infinite and consistent with $PA$.\n\nCan that measure be nonzero?\n\n\u2022 \"While this seems implausible\" feels like understatement of the year... \u2013\u00a0Per Alexandersson Nov 21 '15 at 3:07\n\u2022 Is it obvious that the answer is independent of the G\u00f6del coding? \u2013\u00a0Andrej Bauer Nov 21 '15 at 16:45\n\u2022 @Andrej Bauer The OP's two questions are not quite the same. The first one (roughly speaking) asks whether the class of sets that compute a completion of PA has measure 0. The second asks whether the set of completions of PA itself has measure 0. The answer to the second question could in principle depend on the coding. It turns out not to because the answer to the first question is positive. \u2013\u00a0Denis Hirschfeldt Nov 21 '15 at 23:30\n\nThe answer is no, but it's almost yes. A stochastic Turing machine can find a diagonally non-computable ($\\textsf{DNC}$) function ($f$ with $f(x)\\ne\\varphi_x(x)$ for all $x$) and finding a complete extension of PA is equivalent to finding a $\\textsf{DNC}$ function with $f(x)\\in\\{0,1\\}$ for all $x$.\n\nAntonin Kucera, in Measure, $\\Pi^0_1$ classes, and complete extensions of PA, in Recursion Theory Week, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1141, 245-259, showed that a stochastic TM cannot find any completion of PA. (The fact that it cannot find any given one, as in Carl Mummert's answer, was known earlier.)\n\n\u2022 Thanks! Which Frank Stephan paper should I be looking at? \u2013\u00a0Abram Demski Nov 21 '15 at 21:43\n\u2022 Actually, the fact that the class of sets that can compute a completion of PA has measure 0 was first proved by Antonin Kucera in Measure, $\\Pi^0_1$ classes, and complete extensions of PA, in Recursion Theory Week, volume 1141 of Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 245-259. \u2013\u00a0Denis Hirschfeldt Nov 21 '15 at 23:04\n\nSupposing that we give a Turing machine random input, is it possible for the machine's output to be complete and consistent with nonzero probability?\n\nThe answer is no. By a theorem due to de Leeuw, Moore, Shannon, and Shapiro (1956), which was later stated in this terminology by Sacks, if a real $x \\in 2^\\omega$ is computable from every real $y\\in 2^\\omega$ in a set of positive measure, then $x$ is already computable. (For references and background, see section 8.12 of Algorithmic Randomness and Complexity by Downey and Hirschfeldt).\n\nHere the measure on $2^\\omega$ is the standard fair-coin measure I will call $m$. No completion of PA is computable, so no completion of PA is computable from a set of oracles of positive measure.\n\nThe idea of the proof is that if $x$ is computable from a set of positive measure then there is an open subset $Z$ such that $x$ is uniformly computable from a subset $W$ of $Z$ such that $m(W) \/ m(Z) > 1\/2$. But then we can compute $x$ up to any given precision by just enumerating computations from various elements of $Z$ until enough of them all give the same result (enough meaning more than $m(Z)\/2$ of them).\n\nThe set of completions of PA is closed in $2^\\omega$, so it has to be measurable. It is easy to see that the set of completions of PA has measure zero in $2^\\omega$, because we can list a sequence of sentences $(\\phi_n)$ such that $\\text{PA} \\vdash \\phi_n$ for each $n$. Each condition of the form $\\text{PA} \\vdash \\phi$ divides the measure of the set of completions by $2$, so the overall measure must be zero.\n\n\u2022 The fact that, if a real is computable from every real in a set of positive measure, then it's computable is, as far as I know, proved, though with rather different teminology, in the paper (citation opied from MathSciNet): de Leeuw, K.; Moore, E. F.; Shannon, C. E.; Shapiro, N. Computability by probabilistic machines. Automata studies, pp. 183\u2013212. Annals of mathematics studies, no. 34. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1956. \u2013\u00a0Andreas Blass Nov 21 '15 at 11:13\n\u2022 Thanks, Andreas. I had somehow learned the theorem as just due to Sacks. Fortunately Downey and Hirschfeldt state both versions. \u2013\u00a0Carl Mummert Nov 21 '15 at 15:06\n\u2022 @Andreas Blass I think this is a slightly tricky theorem to credit. The paper you cite proves that if a set is c.e. relative to every real in a class of positive measure, then it is c.e. Of course, the analogous result for computable in place of c.e. is a one-line corollary, but I believe it was never stated in that paper. Later Sacks stated it explicitly and proved it, with essentially the same argument, though as far as I know without knowledge of the earlier paper. \u2013\u00a0Denis Hirschfeldt Nov 21 '15 at 19:19","date":"2021-05-19 03:47:35","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.9130165576934814, \"perplexity\": 299.50949182973795}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2021-21\/segments\/1620243991562.85\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20210519012635-20210519042635-00238.warc.gz\"}"}	null	null
Q: Julia Running External Programs How would I translate the following into Julia's run/readstring/pipeline() framework? home/bin/julia /home/elite_script.jl &>> /home/beckman/elite_log.log & A: This would correspond to: spawn(pipeline(`home/bin/julia /home/elite_script.jl`, stdout="/home/beckman/elite_log.log", append=true))	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange" }	9,591
…and I've been treated for depression. It's part of my family history. Depression is certainly no friend of mine, but God has used those dark times to teach me about Himself and to draw me deeper into a relationship with him. Shaun Groves is not a personal friend of mine. I've downloaded his music on iTunes but I really didn't know anything more about him. I started reading his blog when he led a group of bloggers on a trip to India sponsored by Compassion International. I like the way he writes, but like the authors of most of the blogs I read, he has no idea who I am. I haven't read enough of his writings to even know if we agree or disagree on many matters of theology. I don't know if he has a favorite baseball team or even how old his children are. Yet as I've read Shaun's blog over the last couple of weeks, I feel like he's become a personal friend. A few weeks ago, Shaun started a series of posts about how he recently experienced a time of severe, clinical depression. Unless you've "been there," depression can be hard to describe to someone who's never experienced it. Shaun has chronicled his experience so well that when I read his descriptions I'm almost overwhelmed by two simultaneous events: First, my heart cries out in recognition, "Yes! That's exactly what it's like!" I can't wait to read ahead, because to know someone else has felt the same is like a validation of my own experience somehow. But second, I don't want to read ahead because I can remember in vivid detail what it feels like to be where he was. I not only read his words, I can actually feel them. These posts were timely for me, because depression has been knocking on my door lately. My life has given it the perfect setup: plenty of stressors, not enough sleep, disappointment over changed plans, loss of control over many areas in my life (Ultimately I know God is in control, but lately I haven't even had the opportunity to pray that God would show me the right decisions because the decisions have been made for me.), chaos in my physical world in the form of a move…even good events can have stress attached to them. Since I've struggled with depression before, I'm more in tune to cues that I might be headed toward a bad time. I've seen this storm brewing for awhile now. Shaun's words have been an encouragement to me. They've also been like a lighthouse warning me not to sail too close to those rocks again. Today's post especially made it clear to me that no matter how busy and hectic the next few days are going to be, the wisest thing I could do is to pull away from the noise and spend some quiet time listening to only what my Savior has to say. Instead of reading more words from my jumbled thoughts, your time would probably best be spent reading Shaun's series of posts about his depression. If you want, we can come back and talk about this again some time soon. I've linked to Shaun's posts below. He has one more post (Part 9) that had not been posted when I published this entry so you'll have to check back with Shaun's blog to read the conclusion of this series. It seems like a lot to read, but I promise it will be worth your while. I appreciate Shaun's bravery and transparency in sharing such a personal and painful part of his life with us. Those articles are incredible. Just incredible. Thank you for sharing… will be praying that depression stays far away from your door. Wow…what a brave post to write, really! Not that many people would admit to being treated w/ depression. I'm glad you found his blog and that it brought validation and comfort to you. But, I'm also glad that you know that Gods Word is the ultimate comforter and that He can give you His perfect peace!! I'm going to check out his blog! We've got to keep laughing. Thank you for bringing me sunshine from the first moment I saw your face! (Hey, I feel a song coming – No, stop, don't enter my mind! You'll stay there all day…. ) I told you I had issues!!! And , by the way, there are sweet potatoes at the Johnson's. Now, don't you feel better? If you get tired, pull over and if you get hungry, eat! Praying that your sails stay strong in this storm, friend. Yes, your name is Whimzie. And you are honest. Vulnerable. Courageous. Most of all. You are loved. So loved. And our sweet, sweet Savior. I will read those links soon. I'm a little scared too because I know depression too well, also. You are so right about those things….lack of sleep, too much "noise" etc. When things are hard, it seems only natural for depression to set in. The truly hard time is when things are good…and the enemy tries to attack and kill that joy. I understand what you wrote my friend! "I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me!". I loved his posts too – I felt the same way you did 🙂 and I still struggle with depression too – just wanted you to know for some reason . . . Oh Whimzie! My heart hurts so much for people who struggle with depression. My sister . . . who is as much apart of me as my arms and legs are. . . struggles hugely with depression. Don't get me wrong I have "down" days, but nothing that is remotely close to depression . . . i've seen the hell on earth she has been through with her battle. I will be praying for you my sweet friend! I'm also going to encourage her to pop over here and click onto these links you've posted. Thank you for sharing. Thanks for sharing your story and the links.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	4,043
\section{Introduction} For many years, personal data is being collected by the government, hospitals, companies for different purposes, which sometimes help them in decision making to set or achieve their organizational goals. However, this data might be shared or sold to other organizations for further analysis. This data sharing helps researchers and companies to analyze data again for potential applications, but due to the presence of sensitive information in the dataset, it is crucial to preserve the privacy of an individual. The problem is how to analyze and share statistical data without compromising an individual's privacy. In a setting where the curator owns a database containing specific information, a privacy breach occurs when an adversary infers this information. An adversary can use different techniques or preys on the background knowledge, even when the released data is anonymized. While querying the database, there is a possibility that data analysts get knowledge about someone whose data is present in the database. This leakage of user privacy is undesirable. That is why there is a need for a system that can protect an individual's privacy while sharing useful statistics. Many techniques are developed to achieve this goal, but we have seen privacy protection failures that lead to the re-identification of individuals e.g., Insurance Commission (GIS), and Netflix Award. Some privacy-preserving mechanisms like Data Anonymization \cite{anony} and Data Encryption \cite{li} were proposed earlier, but later on, research shows that these methods could not stand some well-known attacks like Homogeneity Attack \cite{homo}, Background Knowledge Attack \cite{knowledge}, and Inference Attack \cite{infer}. Our contributions in this paper are as follows: \begin{itemize} \item Summarizing all the basic points of Differential Privacy. \item Simplified DP-framework where user can compare the results of three python-based Differential Privacy Libraries. \item GRAM-DP: simple differential privacy library with minimum parameter requirement. \end{itemize} This paper provides a basic understanding to the people who are new in the field of Differential Privacy $(DP)$. In the next section, we discuss the privacy failures in past to understand the importance of Differential Privacy. In Section 3 and 4, we introduce Differential Privacy along with its formal definitions. Section 5 is about some important differential privacy mechanisms. In Section 6, we present our DP-framework. In Section 7, we present GRAM-DP and its usage. Section 8 is about use cases and discussions on results we got. \section{Privacy Failures in Past} Every day a tremendous amount of data is collected and shared in multiple ways, which led to an increase in privacy concerns. Many studies in the recent past showed that most of the US population could be uniquely distinguished by joining their date of birth, gender, and zip code sweeny, golli]. If the individual is identified in the released data, their private data will be disclosed. The disclosure of personal information can be harmful to the user and it is also against GDPR. It is tough to protect the dataset from background knowledge attack. It is impossible to predict what background information the adversary has, which makes privacy preservation models vulnerable. This section will discuss some famous privacy failures, which started a big debate regarding these issues. \subsection{AOL Privacy Debacle} In 2006, AOL disclosed anonymized data of over 650,000 users. The disclosure was done without users' consent because the AOL team thought they anonymized data well enough not to threaten anybody's Privacy. But, the New York Times demonstrated \cite{aol} that individuals can be identified based on these search queries. After this story was released, AOL removed that data from the site and apologized for its release. But copies of these records continue to circulate online, risking the Privacy of many Americans. \subsection{Insurance Commission (GIS)} The MIT graduate student Latanya Sweeny has shown that an individual's privacy can be compromised even when the released data is anonymized. She demonstrated this by revealing the medical records of Massachusetts' Governor. She accomplished this task by using some background knowledge and then linking the anonymized data released by the hospital with the publicly available data (e.g., voter registration list). \subsection{Netflix Prize} In 2006, one of the most extensive online DVD rental services, NETFLIX, released an anonymized dataset containing 100 million movie ratings provided by 500,000 of its subscribers. They started a competition called NETFLIX Prize to develop a better movie recommendation system. NETFLIX claimed that they secured Privacy by removing all the personal information and only kept information like unique user ID, ratings and dates the subscriber rated the movie. This time students from the University of Texas, Narayanan and Shmatikov, demonstrated that with very little background knowledge about the subscriber and linking the data with publicly available data, an individual's privacy could be compromised. They used IMDB (The Internet Movie Database) as a source of background knowledge. By linking this database with the NETFLIX database, they were able to re-identify many subscribers. After this research was published, NETFLIX canceled its second competition \cite{netflix}. S.Ezzini et al. \cite{wheel} showed that it is possible to re-identify the users from her vehicle sensor data in the automotive industry. Another research by S.Lastyan et al. \cite{can} showed that extracting vehicle sensor signals from can logs can lead to users' re-identification. All mentioned privacy failures are proof that even when the released data is anonymized, there is still the possibility of a privacy breach. This privacy breach can be harmful to the users participating in the study. To motivate maximum users for participating in any particular study, there was a need for better techniques to give the participants confidence that their privacy will not be compromised whatsoever. All the above-mentioned privacy attacks can be neutralized and all these privacy failures could be prevented with Differential Privacy. \section{Differential Privacy} The first formal definition of statistical data privacy covering all essential aspects was given by Dalenius in 1977 \cite{cynthia}. According to him, anything that can be learned from the statistics about an individual should be determined with or without access to the database \cite{cynthia}. In other words, the difference between learning something new when someone is in the dataset and when someone is not in the dataset should be very tiny. This is precisely a definition of semantic security \cite{semantic}. Practically, it is impossible to achieve this tiny difference because here, the advisory and legitimate recipient is the same person (data analyst). He/ She might have good reasons to get the results, or they could also have bad motivations. To solve this issue and to limit the harm to the teachings of the database instead of somebodies participation in it, Cyntia Dwork came up with a new definition of Privacy: the risk of an individual's privacy (e.g., risk of being denied automobile insurance) should not substantially increase due to participating in a database \cite{promise}. The method through which the privacy preserved statistical analysis is released is known as Differential Privacy. Differential Privacy gives a firm definition for data privacy. It is based on the idea that the outcome of the statistical analysis is equally likely independent of whether an individual joins or refrains from joining the dataset. This statement covers all the requirements for data privacy. An adversary can bring harm or good to any individual or group regardless of their presence in the dataset. Due to this property of Differential Privacy, it is considered a promising privacy-preserving method. Since the birth of Differential Privacy, researchers have explored many corner cases in the theoretical world. For practical cases, there is still a vast area to explore. Usually, it is done by adding noise to the query results. This section will discuss the importance of Differential Privacy, its formal definition, properties, mechanisms, and some common statistical operations. Differential Privacy encourages users to share their data for statistical analysis by promising them that the adversary will not be able to re-identify them irrespective of the auxiliary information he/she has. Differential Privacy claims that nothing could be learned about an individual while learning useful information about a population. Compared to other privacy-preserving models we discussed in the previous section, the Differential Privacy definition covers all aspects of data privacy and provides strong theoretical guarantees for statistical analysis. With the passage of time, The General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) are getting tough because sensitive data is becoming more vulnerable. That is why modern research on statistics is focusing on Differential Privacy. \section{Definitions of Differential Privacy} In this section, we will discuss the formal definitions of Differential Privacy. But before that, we must understand the critical parameters used in Differential Privacy. \begin{itemize} \item $\varepsilon$ - The privacy parameter which can be controlled by the data analyst to maintain the trade-off between privacy and accuracy. $\varepsilon$-differential privacy is known as \emph{pure differential privacy}. \item $\delta$ - The parameter which tells the probability of privacy leak ($\varepsilon$, $\delta$)-differential privacy is known as \emph{approximate differential privacy}. \item D1 and D2 - Neighboring dataset (differ by only one element). \end{itemize} Let's have a look at two formal definitions of Differential Privacy. The first definition is $\varepsilon$-Differential Privacy also known as pure Differential privacy. Here the $\delta$ is considered to be zero and $\varepsilon$ is the only privacy parameter. The second definition is ($\varepsilon$, $\delta$)-Differential Privacy also known as approximate Differential Privacy. Here the $\delta$ value is not equal to zero and it tells the probability of privacy breach. So, for approximate Differential Privacy, we have two ($\varepsilon, \delta$) privacy parameters. \subsection{$\varepsilon$ - Differential Privacy} Let $\varepsilon >0$. \emph{Define a randomized function M to be ($\varepsilon$)-differentially private if for all neighboring input datasets D1 and D2 differing on at most one element and $\forall$S $\subseteq$ Range(M), we have}\cite{cynthia}. $$\frac{Pr[M(D1) \in S]} {Pr[M(D2) \in S]} \leq e^\varepsilon$$ \emph{where the probability is taken over the coin tosses of M} \cite{dwork}. The above equation can also be written as: \begin{center} Pr[M(D1) $\in$ S] $\geq$ $e^\varepsilon$ .Pr[M(D2) $\in$ S] \end{center} The probability of output in S on a D1 dataset is at least $e^\varepsilon$ times to the probability of output in S on a D2 datasets. \subsection{($\varepsilon$, $\delta$) - Differential Privacy} \emph{Define a randomized function M to be ($\varepsilon$, $\delta$)-differentially private if for all neighboring input datasets D1 and D2 differing on at most one element and $\forall$S $\subseteq$ Range(M), we have}\cite{hardt}. \begin{center} Pr[M(D1) $\in$ S] $\geq$ $exp(\varepsilon)$ $\times$ Pr[M(D2) $\in$ S] + $\delta$ \end{center} In the above equation, we have two privacy parameters. Epsilon ($\varepsilon$) and delta ($\delta$). Where delta ($\delta$) is the probability of privacy leakage. For instance, suppose \emph{J} is an output that possibly discloses \emph{K's} identity or data, where that parallel dataset D2 does not contain \emph{K's} data, so we can say Pr[M(D2) $\in$ S] = 0. In such case $\varepsilon$-differential privacy, \emph{M} can never output \emph{K} on any dataset, while ($\varepsilon$, $\delta$) - differential privacy may output \emph{K} with probability up to $\delta$. From these definitions, we can conclude that information acquired regarding the participant by the output of some algorithm should be the same or no more than the information acquired regarding the participant without accessing the output. In a later section, we will see the practical use of these definitions. \section{Differential Privacy Mechanisms} Now we will discuss some famous mechanisms of Differential Privacy. They are used according to the use case. \subsection{Randomized Response Mechanism} The randomized response is a case of non-interactive schemes, where each user data is perturbed individually based on the decision of coin flips This procedure provides 'plausible deniability' to the respondent \cite{random}. \subsection{Laplace Mechanism} Laplace mechanism is one of the most widely used mechanisms in differential privacy. In this mechanism, the random noise that adjusts to Laplace distribution with mean 0 and sensitivity GS(f)/$\varepsilon$ is added to the response of each query to make it perturbed appropriately \cite{secure}. Usually, in $\varepsilon$-differential privacy, the Laplace mechanism is used because $\varepsilon$ is the only concerned parameter when computing noise with l1 sensitivity. GRAM-DP also uses the bounded Laplace mechanism to add noise to the query answer. \subsection{Gaussian Mechanism} Another mechanism that has received much attention in the recent past is the Gaussian mechanism \cite{gaussian} to achieve ($\varepsilon, \delta$)-differential privacy. Here a certain amount of zero-mean Gaussian noise is added to the query result. The amount of noise added to the result scales with l2 sensitivity. Another factor that plays an important role here, along with $\varepsilon$, is $\delta$, which determines the probability of privacy leakage. Liu et al \cite{gaussian} proved a generalized Gaussian mechanism for differential privacy. \subsection{Exponential Mechanism} Not all queries return numerical values to their output. Hence, McSherry and Talwar \cite{design} came up with a method that can be applied to make non-numeric queries differentially private. After using the Exponential mechanism for non-numeric queries, the final output would be close to ideal answers since the mechanism appoints exponentially higher probabilities of being selected to the higher outcomes. \section{Simplified Differential Privacy (DP) Framework} Practical work in the field of Differential Privacy is comparatively less than theoretical work. So far there are seven libraries (IBM-diffprivlib \cite{ibm}, OpenDP-Smartnoise \cite{smartnoise}, Openmined-PyDP \cite{pydp}, diffpriv \cite{diffpriv}, Pinq \cite{pinq}, TensorFlow-Privacy \cite{tensorNew}, Opacus-PyTorch \cite{pytorch}) which claim to confirm (global) Differential Privacy for a given dataset. In order to use the mentioned libraries, users need a proper understanding of Differential Privacy, its parameters and the working mechanism of the library. The library will return the differentially private results according to the specified parameters. For the new users, it would be hard to understand all these factors. We developed a basic DP-framework of three differential privacy libraries (\emph{IBM-diffprivlib, OpenDP-Smartnoise, OpenMined-PyDp}). These libraries use different methods to return the DP results. In our framework we ask the user to provide only the necessary parameters and the framework will automatically arrange them according to the methods required by each library. \subsubsection{Using DP-Framework} As the target is make it as simple as possible for new users or people with DP backgrounds, we kept the DP-framework straightforward. To use the DP-framework one has to do the following steps: \begin{itemize} \item Download the Git repository \cite{mypaper} \item Open desired analysis.py \item Specify the dataset path and the column \item Provide the value of $\varepsilon$ \item Provide the value for upper bound and lower bound. \end{itemize} Here $\varepsilon$ is the privacy parameter. High value of $\varepsilon$ will result in low privacy and high utility and vice versa. The user has to specify this value according to the use case. Bounds are also important parameters and users can guess these values according to the general information of data $\emph{e.g.}$ if the data is $'age'$ of people participating in the study then bounds could be 90 as upper-bound and 18 as lower-bound. We also tried to minimize the parameters user has to provide. e.g. if the user has no idea about the bounds then he/she can put 'None' instead of a numeric value and DP-framework will identify them according to the maximum and minimum value in the dataset column. \section{GRAM-DP} The GRAM-DP, is written in Python 3, a popular programming language for data analysis. GRAM-DP leverages the functionality and familiarity of the NumPy package, meaning functions are instantly recognizable, with default parameters ensuring accessibility for all. Released under the MIT Open Source license, GRAM-DP is free to use and modify, and the contributions of its users are welcomed to help expand the functionality and features of the library. It provides a collection of basic queries needed for statistical analysis and the fundamental building blocks of differential privacy that handle the addition of noise. The purpose of this library is to make differential privacy accessible for people who are investigating it for the first time. In its first release, it only contains basic queries but we are planning to add more functionalities in upcoming releases while maintaining the simplicity of the library. \section{Basic Queries} Let's have a look at some common statistical operations supported by GRAM-DP and their sensitivity calculation formulas that will be used to add noise to the query result. The major work to find out the equation for sensitivity calculation is done under the Harvard Open Differential Privacy project \cite{sense}. \subsection{Count Query} One of the most commonly used queries is the counting query. It helps to determine the total number of times a specific event happened. To make the counting query differentially private, noise is added to the outcome. As the presence or absence of any user in one particular cell can change the outcome maximum by 1, so $l1$ and $l2$ sensitivity of counting query is always 1. The Laplace mechanism amount of noise added to the correct outcome is calculated by $\frac{1}{\varepsilon}$. In counting query, for query $q$, dataset $D$ with size $n$. We use, $$ q(D)=\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} q\left(x_{i}\right) $$ to evaluate counting queries on datasets. \subsection{Sum Query} It is an aggregate function that calculates the sum of desired events. It is widely used for answering statistical questions. For dataset $x$ with $n$ number of rows, Sum query will be: $$ s(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i} $$ The $l_{1}$ and $l_{2}$ sensitivity for sum query is proved in \emph{Open Differential Privacy}(openDP) white paper. According to that \emph{"Say the space of data points X is bounded above by M (maximum) and bounded below by m (minimum). Then s over $X^n$ has $l_{1}$, $l_{2}$-sensitivity in the change-one model bounded above by:"} $$M - m$$ \subsection{Mean Query} Another important query in data analysis is the mean query. It is an aggregate function that calculates the mean of a numerical dataset. For dataset $x$ with $n$ number of rows, Mean query will be: $$ f(X)=\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i} $$ The maximum difference between two possible answers of the mean query is known as sensitivity of mean query. Formally it is defined as \emph{"Say the space of data points X is bounded above by M and bounded below by m. Then $f(.)$ has $l1$, $l2$-sensitivity in the change-one model bounded above by:} \begin{center} $$\frac{M-m}{n}$$ \end{center} Where $n$ is the total number of rows in dataset. \subsection{Variance Query} In statistics, the measurement of the spread between numbers in a dataset is known as Variance. It helps to measure how far each number in the dataset is from the mean. $$ s^{2}(x)=\frac{1}{n-1} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(x_{i}-\bar{x}\right)^{2} $$ \emph{where $\bar{x}$ refers to the sample mean of $x$} The $l1$, $l2$-sensitivity of the Variance query is calculated by the following equation: \emph{For $X$ bounded between m and M, $f(.)$ has $l1$, $l2$-sensitivity in the change one model bounded above by} \begin{center} $$\frac{n - 1}{n^2} (M - m)^2$$ \end{center} \section{How GRAM-DP Works} The goal of this library is to make use of Differential Privacy easy so absolute beginners or people from a different fields but concerned about the individual privacy of their users can get something out of it. In order to use GRAM-DP, the user has to clone the Github repository \cite{mypaper}. Then users can open the \emph{gram-main.py}, add the path to Comma Separated Value (csv) file and specify the column. Then all he/she has to do is to provide the level of desired privacy from \emph{very high} to \emph{very low}. The \emph{gram-analysis.py} file looks like this: \begin{verbatim} #by user array = [xxx] query = 'xxx' desired_privacy = 'xxx' def gram_dp_analysis(query, array, desired_privacy): dp_result = eval('gramdp_'+ query) (array=array, desired_privacy=desired_privacy) return dp_result \end{verbatim} User has to select one of the following privacy level. \begin{verbatim} desired_privacy = 'very_high' 'high' 'moderate' 'low' 'very_low' \end{verbatim} The following table shows the available queries and mechanism in first release of GRAM-DP, in next release we are planning to introduce more mechanisms and differential privacy features: \begin{tabular}{ \|p{3cm}\|\|p{3cm}\|} \hline \multicolumn{2}{\|c\|}{GRAM-DP} \\ \hline \textbf{Mechanism} & \textbf{Queries}\\ \hline Laplace & Count \\ & Sum \\ & Mean \\ & Variance \\ \hline \end{tabular} \section{Use Cases} In this section, we use our DP-framework and GRAM-DP for two real-world dataset. The selected dataset is $Adult Dataset$. It is open-source and available on the UCI machine learning repository \cite{uci}. This dataset contains enough information to compromise the privacy of the participants in the dataset. We selected two columns (age and working hours) from this dataset. See Fig.1. \begin{figure}[!htbp] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{adult_dataset_plot.pdf} \caption{Frequency plot of Age and Total working hours from Adults Dataset} \end{figure} \subsection{DP-Framework Experiments} To understand the differentially private results by each library we consider three types of errors, 1. Mean Scaled Error, 2. Mean Squared Error (MSE), 3. Root Mean Squared Percentage Error (RMSPE). The $\varepsilon$ value is from 0.01 to 0.5 with step size of 0.02. For each epsilon ($\varepsilon$), we ran the code for 100 iterations. Each plot in this section shows four subplots. The first one is the Average DP result, second plot shows the Mean scaled Error, third one is for MSE and last one for RMSPE. \begin{figure}[!htbp] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{plots/count_query.pdf} \caption{Count Query results for $hrs-per-week$ column in Adult dataset. The unusual behavior of diffprivlib is due to its mechanism for count query. It consider only non-zero cells in column.} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{plots/sum_query_hrs.pdf} \caption{Sum Query results for $hrs-per-week$ column in Adult dataset. As we can see the Smartnoise performance is worst as compared to diffprivlib and PyDP.} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{plots/mean_query.pdf} \caption{Mean Query results for $age$ column in Adult dataset. Results are as per our expectations for this query. With the increase in $\varepsilon$, error is decreasing for all three libraries.} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{plots/var_query.pdf} \caption{Variance Query results for $age$ column in Adult dataset. Mean Scaled Error, Mean Squared Error and RMSPE shows that error for PyDP is slightly higher.} \end{figure} \subsection{GRAM-DP Experiments} For $age$ column in Adult dataset we executed query (count, mean, var) for 500 iterations to 10000 iterations for every \emph{desired privacy} level. All three errors for every privacy level are plotted. The results depict how the GRAM-DP behave for every level of privacy. Here we are only discussing the interesting plots. Visit Git repository \cite{mypaper} for more plots to try out our code. \begin{figure}[!htbp] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{plots/gram_var_age.pdf} \caption{GRAM-DP result of Variance Query results for $age$ column in Adult dataset. Each step in all plots represents the different privacy level. Mean Scaled Error slightly increase at the end of every privacy level.} \end{figure} Overall results of GRAM-DP for all queries are according to our expectations. The benefit of GRAM-DP over all other Differential Privacy libraries is that it's very easy to use and users has to provide a few attributes to get the DP results. \section{Future Work} This paper is an effort to make Differential Privacy easy for its new users or for the people who want to use DP in their companies but don't know where to start from. A lot of work can be done to improve this project. For this project, we considered only the Laplace mechanism for both DP-framework and GRAM-DP. In the future more mechanisms like Gaussian, Exponential can be introduced to diversify this project. Another thing that can be improved is that for this project we used bounded sensitivity. One of the future tasks could be to introduce an option for unbounded sensitivity. It will help users to understand which type of sensitivity is better for their project. One of the future work could be to create more queries for GRAM-DP, so far we added all basic queries, but the addition of more queries will give strength to this project. In our DP-framework we included Python based DP libraries but we are planning to include DP libraries of different programming languages in this project. We are also planning to add very specific options for each library, e.g. some libraries support 'floating point protection'. Such options will help users to tune the parameters according to the use case. \section{Conclusion} This paper aims to make differential privacy easy for new people in this field. We discussed all basic points related to differential privacy along with its formal definitions. For the practical implementation, we introduced DP-framework which compare three Python based differential privacy libraries and plot the outcomes for the desired value of privacy parameter ($\varepsilon$). We also published our DP library with the name GRAM-DP. GRAM-DP returns are deferentially private results for your data without asking much parameters. The experimental results for both of the contributions are according to our expectations which are shown in our Use Cases section. \section{Git Repository} After cloning the repository \cite{mypaper} you will see two folders. \begin{itemize} \item DP-framework \item GRAM-DP \end{itemize} Open $gramdp-main.py$ / $gramdp-analysis.py$ for GRAM-DP and $DP-main.py$ / $main-DP-analysis.py$ for DP-framework, and provide the path to your dataset along with other required parameters. Make sure that your data is pre-processed (does not contain NaN or empty cells). \printbibliography \end{document}	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	2,020
New Laws In Nation of Gabon Make Gay Sex Illegal, Violators Face Up To 6 Months In Jail Gabon has made gay sex illegal, an official has confirmed, making it the 70th country in the world to criminalize consensual same-sex sexual relations. The central African country banned "sexual relations between people of the same sex" in a new penal code earlier this year, according to copies of the law online. The penalty for gay sex in Gabon is up to six months in prison. A government official who declined to be named confirmed the ban, which happened in July but was not widely reported. The minister of justice declined to comment. Davis Mac-Iyalla, an activist who monitors LGBT+ rights in West Africa, said he had spoken to two Gabonese men arrested under the new law who had to bribe police to be released. "It has further sent the LGBT community underground and has created harassment," said Mac-Iyalla of the Ghana-based Interfaith Diversity Network of West Africa. "The corrupt police now use that, arrest people and then people have to bribe their way out." These reports could not be independently confirmed. Hopes for more reforms were raised last year when India's Supreme Court decriminalized gay sex, overturning a colonial-era law and spurring campaigners to press for similar reforms in other former British colonies. When Botswana decriminalized gay sex in June, the number of countries outlawing same-sex relations fell to 69, according to LGBT+ advocacy group ILGA World - the lowest figure since it started monitoring such laws in 2006. But large populations of religious conservatives, including growing numbers of Evangelical Christians, are opposed to LGBT+ rights in African countries including Uganda, Kenya and Nigeria. "Globally...we're seeing polarising tensions," said Lucas Ramon Mendos, a researcher at ILGA World. "Where things are getting better, there is a momentum for even more improvement, and where things are bad now we're seeing things are worsening." In Africa, 33 out of 54 countries criminalize consensual same-sex relations. Six African countries have scrapped their bans since 2012, marking a positive trend overall, said Neela Ghoshal, a researcher with Human Rights Watch. "It's unfortunate that a lot of African countries have claimed and owned those homophobic, colonial values, but others haven't," she said. "In general, across the continent, things are moving more in the right direction than in the wrong direction," she said. "I'm guessing you'll see a lot of change in the next 10 years or so." Officer Who Arrested El Chapo's Son Found Executed After Being Shot 155 Times Arizona Lawmaker Resigns After Investigation Shows He Allegedly Paid Underage Boys $10 For Sex Beyoncé Demands Swift Justice For Breonna Taylor In Open Letter To Kentucky's Attorney General Singapore's High Court Strikes Down Measure That Would Decriminalize Gay Sex	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	8,365
Q: Looping Through Setting Inner HTML I can only use JavaScript to resolve the issue. I tried writing a for loop, but am getting undefined when hovering. I basically have a dynamically generated submenu. When a li is hovered over on the submenu, the inner HTML is suppose to change for the content area to the right of the lis. sideCol.getElementsByTagName('li')[0].addEventListener('mouseover', function(){ document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[0].children[2].innerHTML = document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[0].children[1].innerHTML; }); sideCol.getElementsByTagName('li')[1].addEventListener('mouseover', function(){ document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[0].children[2].innerHTML = document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[1].children[1].innerHTML; }); sideCol.getElementsByTagName('li')[2].addEventListener('mouseover', function(){ document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[0].children[2].innerHTML = document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[2].children[1].innerHTML; }); sideCol.getElementsByTagName('li')[3].addEventListener('mouseover', function(){ document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[0].children[2].innerHTML = document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[3].children[1].innerHTML; }); sideCol.getElementsByTagName('li')[4].addEventListener('mouseover', function(){ document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[0].children[2].innerHTML = document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[4].children[1].innerHTML; }); A: The looping is very simple, just use local variable (ix). var count = sideCol.getElementsByTagName('li').length; for(var i=0;i<count;i++) { (function(ix) { sideCol.getElementsByTagName('li')[ix] .addEventListener('mouseover', function() { document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[0] .children[2].innerHTML = document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content')[ix] .children[1].innerHTML; }); })(i); } A: Use forEach() to loop over the elements and bind the event listeners. This will then give you the index as a closure variable, which you can use in the handler function to access the appropriate element. [].forEach.call(sideCol.getElementsByTagName('li'), function(el, i) { el.addEventListener('mouseover', function() { var explorers = document.getElementsByClassName('categoryExplorer-content'); explorers[0].children[2].innerHTML = explorers[i].children[1].innerHTML; }); });	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange" }	381
% % LaTeX template for prepartion of submissions to PLDI'16 % % Requires temporary version of sigplanconf style file provided on % PLDI'16 web site. % \documentclass[pldi]{sigplanconf-pldi16} % \documentclass[pldi-cameraready]{sigplanconf-pldi16} % % the following standard packages may be helpful, but are not required % \usepackage{SIunits} % typset units correctly \usepackage{courier} % standard fixed width font \usepackage[scaled]{helvet} % see www.ctan.org/get/macros/latex/required/psnfss/psnfss2e.pdf \usepackage{url} % format URLs \usepackage{listings} % format code \usepackage{enumitem} % adjust spacing in enums \usepackage[colorlinks=true,allcolors=blue,breaklinks,draft=false]{hyperref} % hyperlinks, including DOIs and URLs in bibliography % known bug: http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/1522/pdfendlink-ended-up-in-different-nesting-level-than-pdfstartlink \newcommand{\doi}[1]{doi:~\href{http://dx.doi.org/#1}{\Hurl{#1}}} % print a hyperlinked DOI \usepackage{array,multirow,graphicx} \usepackage[usenames,dvipsnames]{color} \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{shapes,arrows} \input{defs} \usepackage{comment} \usepackage{graphicx} \definecolor{identifierColor}{rgb}{0.65,0.16,0.16} \definecolor{comment_color}{rgb}{0.40,0.46,0.3} \definecolor{num_color}{gray}{0.55} \lstset{ basicstyle=\footnotesize, breaklines=true, frame=bottomline, language=haskell, %identifierstyle=\color{identifierColor}, morecomment=[l][\color{comment_color}\ttfamily]{--}, backgroundcolor=\color{white}, % choose the background color; you must add \usepackage{color} or \usepackage{xcolor} breakatwhitespace=false, % sets if automatic breaks should only happen at whitespace %captionpos=b, % sets the caption-position to bottom %commentstyle=\color{mygreen}, % comment style %frame=single, % adds a frame around the code keepspaces=true, % keeps spaces in text, useful for keeping indentation of code (possibly needs columns=flexible) keywordstyle=\color{blue}, % keyword style otherkeywords={,let, Server, Replication, FaultGraph, rankRCG, print, fialProb, goal, ...}, % if you want to add more keywords to the set numbers=left, % where to put the line-numbers; possible values are (none, left, right) numbersep=5pt, % how far the line-numbers are from the code numberstyle=\tiny\color{num_color}, % the style that is used for the line-numbers rulecolor=\color{black}, % if not set, the frame-color may be changed on line-breaks within not-black text (e.g. comments (green here)) showtabs=false, % show tabs within strings adding particular underscores stepnumber=1, % the step between two line-numbers. If it's 1, each line will be numbered stringstyle=\color{mymauve}, % string literal style %title=\lstname % show the filename of files included with \lstinputlisting; also try caption instead of title mathescape=true, tabsize=3, literate={->}{{\textcolor{blue}{$\to$}}}{1} {<-}{{\textcolor{blue}{$\leftarrow$}}}{1} } %\usepackage{minted} %\usepackage{tcolorbox} %\usepackage{etoolbox} %\BeforeBeginEnvironment{minted}{\begin{tcolorbox}}% %\AfterEndEnvironment{minted}{\end{tcolorbox}}% \begin{document} \title{Natural Program Synthesis from Examples in Haskell} % % any author declaration will be ignored when using 'pldi' option (for double blind review) % \authorinfo{Person 1 \and Person 2} {\makebox{Department of Computer Science} \\ \makebox{Yale University} \\ \makebox{A Place, AS 12345}} {\{person1,person2\}@cs.auniv.edu} \maketitle \begin{abstract} We present a new programming-by-example technique that efficiently synthesizes natural, readable fitting functions that combine user-defined higher-order functions with standard and third-party library code. The search works by \textit{dismantling} higher-order functions in order to deduce suitable refinement types. These refinement types are then used to prune the search space of possible higher-order functions for a given example set. Since refinement type under-approximate, we can apply Liquid Haskell to arbitrary syntax extensions while still preserving soundness. We evaluate an implementation of our tool against a large set of synthesis examples including lists, trees, maps, and specialized musical score data structures. This evaluation demonstrates the scalability and versatility of this approach. \end{abstract} \input{intro} \input{examples} \input{problem} \input{overview} \input{offline} \input{online0} \section{Evaluation}\label{evaluation} \input{eval} \input{related} \input{conclusion} \bibliographystyle{abbrvnat} \bibliography{myBib} \end{document}	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub" }	8,033
How Britain can tackle economic uncertainty Economics Finance Government Professor Andrew Scott on shoring up the UK economy during negotiations with the EU Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to LinkedInShare to More Striking deals with big businesses to stay in the UK is one measure that the British government can take to overcome any economic uncertainty arising from Brexit talks. Andrew Scott, Professor of Economics at London Business School (LBS), said that Britain could secure deals similar to the agreement it has with car manufacturer Nissan. "Over the next two years, we're likely to see more and more deals as we saw with Nissan where [the government] tries to provide encouragement for firms to stay put," he said in a video interview for LBS . In 2016, the government gave Nissan chiefs assurances that the company would not lose out from Brexit. Professor Scott said that providing highly-skilled workers easy access is another step the UK can take while negotiating its exit from the EU. Talks between the UK and the 27 union members will run until 29 March 2019. But the LBS academic added that Britain and the EU will struggle to agree a trade deal in that period. "I just don't think there is enough time in two years to get a deal done. The best we can do is some form of transitional arrangement." Another measure would see the Bank of England increasing interest rates to offset the threat of rising inflation as the British pound declines. "The bank will have to raise rates to make sure that sterling decline doesn't feed through to inflationary pressure," Professor Scott said.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	500
George Glendon (born 3 May 1995) is an English professional footballer who plays for Chester as a midfielder. Early and personal life He is the son of former professional footballer Kevin Glendon. Club career Manchester City He began his career at Manchester City, where he was captain of their Elite Development Squad. Fleetwood Town He signed on loan for Fleetwood Town in August 2016, with the deal becoming permanent in January 2017. Glendon was released by Fleetwood at the end of the 2017–18 season. Carlisle United Glendon joined Carlisle United in July 2018 after signing a one-year contract. He scored his first professional goal in a 3-2 EFL Trophy win over Morecambe on 4 September 2018. He was released by Carlisle at the end of the 2018–19 season. Chester In August 2019 he joined Chester on a short-term deal. On 8 February 2021, Glendon was awarded the Player of the Month award for the league for January 2021. International career He represented England at youth international level, and he was called up to the Wales under-21 team in March 2015. Honours National League North Player of the Month: January 2021 Career statistics References 1995 births Living people English footballers English people of Welsh descent Footballers from Manchester Manchester City F.C. players Fleetwood Town F.C. players Carlisle United F.C. players Chester F.C. players Association football midfielders English Football League players National League (English football) players England youth international footballers	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	9,351
In MWC2015, various companies, including Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, Huawei, and Asus, exhibited smart watch. Since 2014, Samsung Elec. and LG Elec. began to sell smart watch, Asus and Huawei are shipping smart watch equipped with rigid AMOLED panel. Apple, a latecomer but also strongest rival, is planning to actively sell smart watch, with LG Display's plastic OLED, from April. From the outside, all 5 companies have smart watch with AMOLED, but other than Apple which uses iOS, and Samsung Elec. that uses Tizen, the insides of the other 3 companies are the same. This is because they use Google OS. Hence the software of these 3 companies' products are similar, and without the smart watch exterior the functions are almost identical. The only differentiations are due to smart watch design. Huawei's smart watch face design is similar to LG Elec.'s, and the back design practically cannot be distinguished from LG Elec.'s products. In MWC2015, Google sector showed how difficult it would be for any company to conquer the market.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	623
\section{Introduction} Progress in particle physic is often guided by symmetry. From isospin to the eightfoldway, from the Standard Model (SM) to GUT, SUSY and superstrings, symmetry always plays a central role. It is therefore natural to expect that symmetry may open the door to the generation problem as well. For that reason, a plethora of horizontal symmetry groups have been proposed, including $Z_m$, $Z_m\times Z_n,\ D_n,\ S_3,\ S_4,\ A_4,\ A_5,\ T',\ \Delta(27), SO(3), SU(3)$, and others. The reason why so many diverse groups can all claim to be reasonable candidates is the presence of many adjustable Yukawa coupling constants and Higgs expectation values in these models. By suitably tuning these parameters one can arrive at many attractive results. If there is indeed a horizontal symmetry in nature, it must be unique, and we need a criterion to determine what it is. I subscribe to the view that a true symmetry would reveal itself without any tuning of the dynamical parameters, and I shall use that as the criterion to determine the horizontal symmetry. I argue that neutrino mixing, rather than quark mixing or the fermion masses, is the proper vehicle to fix such a symmetry. This latter assertion may be contrary to the instinct built up from atomic physics, where approximate symmetry is reflected by proximity of energy levels. In particle physics, symmetries are often broken spontaneously by a large extent, rendering mass spectra useless for recovering the unbroken symmetry. For example, in SM, the bottom and the top quarks belong to the same isodoublet, but their masses are so vastly different that no trace is left of the isospin symmetry. Similarly, the masses of the quarks and charged leptons in different generations are also very different, suggesting that horizontal symmetry is also broken spontaneously and fermion masses are useless in its recovery. I also think that quark mixing, being small, may result from a complicated dynamical perturbation of the unmixed state, whereas neutrino mixing, being large and regular, can best be used to find out the unperturbed and the unbroken horizontal symmetry. The regularity of tri-bimaximal mixing \cite{HPS} of neutrinos is analogous to the regularity of the Balmer series for hydrogen atom. The latter led to the discovery of the Bohr atom, with its rotational and dynamical symmetry of a Coulomb potential, but it cannot predict fine structures and hyperfine structures of the spectra brought on by additional dynamical perturbations. Similarly, the tri-bimaximal mixing may also be subject to a small perturbation which future experiments will reveal, but that does not invalidate the horizontal symmetry established by its use. I shall show in this letter and a subsequent detailed paper \cite{LAM2} that $S_4$, the permutation group of four objects and the symmetry group of the octahedron and the cube, is the only finite group capable of giving rise to tri-bimaximal mixing without tuning parameters. This symmetry is {\it unique} up to the obvious generalization, that any group containing $S_4$ is a possible horizontal group as well. To avoid repetition, when we say $S_4$ is unique from now on, we always mean to include this possible extension. Since we like to uncover the symmetry without resorting to specific dynamics, the method employed is largely group theoretical, but we will discuss the implementation of some dynamical schemes at the end. In that case, $S_4$ is broken by the introduction of Yukawa couplings and non-SM Higgs bosons. The Higgs expectation values are uniquely determined by the group structure, up to unknown scales that will be absorbed into the Yukawa coupling constants to form `effective coupling constants', to be used to fit the leptonic masses. Since there are now additional Higgs present to share the burden of fermion masses, the coupling of the SM Higgs to leptons are {\it no longer} proportional to their masses. Much has been written about the $S_4$ subgroup $A_4$ as a horizontal group \cite{A4}. However, $A_4$ gives rise naturally only to trimaximal mixing but not bimaximal mixing \cite{LAM}. It requires either a tuning of the Yukawa couplings \cite{MA}, or the additional symmetries contained in $S_4$ to get the bimaximal mixing. The group $S_4$ had been previously studied \cite{S4}, but with a different motivation and a different conclusion. \section{From tri-bimaximal mixing to $S_4$} After reviewing \cite{LAM} how $S_4$ comes about, the argument for its uniqueness will be outlined. Let $c=(e_L,\mu_L,\tau_L)^T$ be the left-handed charged leptons and $\nu=(\nu_e,\nu_\mu,\nu_\tau)^T$ the left-handed Majorana neutrinos. Instead of their mass matrices $M_c$ and $M_\nu$, we study the combination $\bar M_c=\sqrt{M_cM_c^\dagger}$ and $M_\nu$, because they connect left-handed to left-handed fermions, thereby avoiding the involvement of the right-handed fermions in this symmetry analysis. $\bar M_c$ is hermitean and $M_\nu$ symmetric; they can be diagonalized by unitary matrices $U_c$ and $U_\nu$, so that $U_c^\dagger \bar M_c U_c$ is the diagonal matrix of charge-lepton masses, and $U_\nu^TM_\nu U_\nu$ is the diagonal matrix of neutrino masses. The PMNS mixing matrix is given by $U=U_c^\dagger U_\nu$. If $F$ is a symmetry operation of $c$ and $G$ a symmetry operation of $\nu$, both unitary, then under the transformations $c\to Fc$ and $\nu\to G\nu$, symmetry demands $F^\dagger\bar M_cF=\bar M_c$ and $G^TM_\nu G=M_\nu$. As shown in \cite{LAM}, this means that the eigenvectors of $F$ are the columns of $U_c$, with eigenvalues of unit modulus, and the eigenvectors of $G$ are the columns of $U_\nu$, with eigenvalues $\pm 1$. We shall choose the sign of $G$ so that it has one $+1$ eigenvalue and two $-1$'s.. It follows \cite{LAM} that if $F=G$, then $U_c=U_\nu$ and $U={\bf 1}$. This is false, hence the horizontal symmetry must be broken to enable $F\not= G$, and we assume the breaking to be spontaneous. In the basis where $M_c$ is diagonal, which we adopt from now on, $F$ is diagonal and $U=U_\nu$. Hence the neutrino symmetry operator $G$ can be read off from the tri-bimaximal mixing matrix $U$. There are three of them, with the eigenvector of $G_i\ (i=1,2,3)$ of eigenvalue $+1$ taken from the $i$th column of $U$, and the other two eigenvectors of eigenvalues $-1$ taken from the other two columns. See \cite{LAM} for details and formulas. These three matrices commute, with $G_1=G_2G_3$, so the group containing $G_2$ and $G_3$ must also automatically contain $G_1$. The minimal horizontal group appropriate to tri-bimaximal mixing is therefore the finite group ${\cal G}=\{F,G_2,G_3\}$ generated by $F, G_2$, and $G_3$. This group is not a priori unique because $F$ is not. However, since ${\cal G}$ is assumed to be finite, there must be an integer $n$ such that $F^n={\bf 1}$. Conversely, given a finite group ${\cal G}$, it can be spontaneously broken to reveal the tri-bimaximal mixing without tuning only when three of its members, $F,G_2,G_3$, can be found to have these properties when $\bar M_c$ is diagonal. Since $\bar M_c$ is not known from ${\cal G}$, the only way to guarantee its diagonality is to go to the basis where $F$ is diagonal. Since $F$ commutes with $\bar M_c$, the diagonality of $\bar M_c$ is guaranteed if the three eigenvalues of $F$ are different, so we shall demand that of $F$ from now on. In particular, this requires $n\ge 3$. For $n=3$, the three entries of $F$ must be 1, $\omega=\exp(2\pi i/3)$, and $\omega^2$. There are $3!=6$ possible $F$'s obtained from different positioning of these three eigenvalues, but they only generate two different groups, ${\cal G}= S_4$, and $3.S_4$ \cite{FN}. The latter is obtained by adjoining $S_4$ with $\omega S_4$ and $\omega^2 S_4$, and it contains $S_4$ as a subgroup. So for $n=3$, the minimum horizontal group is $S_4$. To prove the uniqueness of $S_4$, we must show that no other finite group (except those containing $S_4$) can be so generated for $n>3$. A direct proof is difficult because there are an infinite number of cases to consider, so we shall resort to a different strategy. Since an overall scalar factor multiplying a matrix does not alter its eigenvectors, which are all that we care in order to get the correct $U$, we may confine ourselves to finite subgroups of $SU(3)$ and $SO(3)$, or their central extensions. We must show that unless the finite group contains $S_4$, otherwise it is impossible to find three members $F,G_2,G_3$ in it so that in the basis where $F$ is diagonal, the invariant eigenvectors of $G_2$ and $G_3$ are given by the second and third columns of the tri-bimaximal matrix $U$. This strategy is more viable than a direct approach because all the finite subgroups of $SO(3)$ (or $SU(2)$) and $SU(3)$ are known. For $SO(3)$ (or $SU(2)$) \cite{SU2}, they are given by the two infinite series, $Z_n$ (cyclic groups) and $D_n$ (dihedral groups), and three isolated ones: $A_4$, the alternating group of 4 objects, which is also the symmetry group of the tetrahedron; $S_4$, the symmetric group of four objects, which is also the symmetry group of the octahedron and the cube; and $A_5$, the symmetry group of the icosahedron and the dodecahedron. For $SU(3)$ \cite{SU2, SU3}, there are again two infinite series, $\Delta(3n^2)$ and $\Delta(6n^2)$, and six isolated ones, $\Sigma(36), \Sigma(60), \Sigma(72), \Sigma(168), \Sigma(216)$, and $\Sigma(360)$; the number in each case indicates the order of the group. The detailed argument to reject all of them except $S_4$ is somewhat lengthy, and will be postponed to another publication \cite{LAM2}. However, it is easy to state on what basis each of them is rejected. First of all, it has been shown in \cite{LAM} that the group must possess a three-dimensional irreducible representation, or else we cannot get the tri-bimaximal mixing pattern without tuning parameters. On that basis the groups $Z_n, D_n, \Sigma(36), \Sigma(72), \Sigma(360)$ can be rejected because they do not possess three-dimensional irreducible representations. As mentioned before, the group $A_4$ is rejected because it leads to trimaximal but not bimaximal mixing \cite{LAM}. The groups $\Delta(3n^2)$ and $\Delta(6n^2)$ are rejected because their explicitly-known three-dimensional irreducible representations all have a special form, so special that tri-bimaximal mixing cannot occur unless they contain $S_4$ as a subgroup. The rest of the groups are rejected by using their character tables to pick out the order $n$ of $F$ and its eigenvalues. If $n=3$, then either the group contains $S_4$ or else it cannot accommodate the tri-bimaximal mixing. For $n>3$, we can use its eigenvalues to construct all possible $F$. With $G_2, G_3$ determined from the columns of the tri-bimaximal matrix, we can compute the orders of $FG_2$ and $FG_3$, and in each case one or the other would have an order larger than the order of the whole finite group. Hence at least one of these $G_2$ and $G_3$ cannot be in the group and tri-bimaximal mixing cannot occur. \section{Spontaneous breaking} The discussion so far is purely group theoretical. To implement a dynamical scheme complementary to the discussion we have to write down the mass term of an effective Hamiltonian. After integrating over the right-handed fermions, it can be symbolically written as \begin{eqnarray} H=\sum_A$\lambda_A c^\dagger c \phi^A+\mu_A \nu^T\nu\psi^A$+h.c.,\label{H} \end{eqnarray} where $\lambda_A$ and $\mu_A$ are the Yukawa coupling constants to the Higgs fields $\phi^A$ and $\psi^A$. For later convenience, an energy scale is incorporated into the couplings so that the Higgs fields become dimensionless, with vacuum expectation values given later. The Higgs fields in \eq{H} may be composite, and the spacetime structure is implicit, may even be non-local, but all that we care is the $S_4$ behavior. Before the Higgs bosons develop an expectation value, $H$ must be invariant under every $S_4$ transformation. Afterwards, the horizontal symmetry is broken, $\bk{H}$ is no longer invariant under every $S_4$, but it must still be invariant under the residual symmetries of $F$ on $c$, and $G_2, G_3$ on $\nu$, in order to recover the tri-bimaximal mixing. To achieve that, we must have \begin{eqnarray} F\bk{\phi^A}=\bk{\phi^A},\ G_{2,3}\bk{\psi^A}=\bk{\psi^A}.\label{FG} \end{eqnarray} These equations determine the structure of the vacuum expectation value for every Higgs boson up to an unknown scale which has been incorporated into the Yukawa couplings. $S_4$ has five irreducible representations, ${\bf 1, 1', 2, 3, 3'}$, and by definition the left-handed fermions belong to ${\bf 3}$. If we use a boldface superscript to denote an irreducible representation, then the representations of $F$ and $G_i\ (i=2,3)$ are: $F^{\bf 1}= F^{\bf 1'}=G_i^{\bf 1}=G_2^{\bf 1'}=-G_3^{\bf 1'}=1,\ F^{\bf 2}={\rm diag}(\omega,\omega^2),\ F^{\bf 3}=F^{\bf 3'}={\rm diag}(1,\omega,\omega^2),\ G_2^{\bf 2}={\rm diag}(1,1)$, and \begin{eqnarray} G_3^{\bf 2}=\pmatrix{0&1\cr 1&0\cr},\ G_2^{\bf 3}=G_2^{\bf 3'}={1\over 3}\pmatrix{-1&2&2\cr 2&-1&2\cr 2&2&-1},\ G_3^{\bf 3}=-G_3^{\bf 3'}=-\pmatrix{1&0&0\cr 0&0&1\cr 0&1&0\cr}.\end{eqnarray} Applying this to \eq{FG}, we deduce that $\bk{\phi^{\bf 1}}=\bk{\phi^{\bf 1'}}=\bk{\psi^{\bf 1}}=1$, $\bk{\psi^{\bf 1'}}=\bk{\psi^{\bf 3}}=\bk{\phi^{\bf 2}}=0$, $\bk{\phi^{\bf 3}}=\bk{\phi^{\bf 3'}}=(1,0,0)^T$, $\bk{\psi^{\bf 2}}=(1,1)^T$, and $\bk{\psi^{\bf 3'}}=(1,1,1)^T$. Since ${\bf 3}\times {\bf 3}$ produces ${\bf 1}+{\bf 2}+{\bf 3}+{\bf 3'}$, neither $\phi^{\bf 1'}$ nor $\psi^{\bf 1'}$ is present in \eq{H}. With $\bk{\phi^{\bf 2}}=\bk{\psi^{\bf 3}}=0$, there remain exactly three Yukawa coupling constants each for the charged leptons and neutrinos in $\bk{H}$, just enough to fit the three charged lepton masses and the three neutrino masses. With appropriate Clebsch-Gordan coefficients inserted, the mass matrices can be read off from \eq{H} to be $\bar M_c={\rm diag}(a-2b,a+b-c,a+b+c)$, where $a=\lambda^{\bf 1}/\sqrt{3}, b=\lambda^{\bf 3'}/\sqrt{6}, c=\lambda^{\bf 3}/\sqrt{2}$, and \begin{eqnarray} M_\nu=\pmatrix{c-2e&d+e&d+e\cr d+e&d-2e&c+e\cr d+e&c+e&d-2e\cr},\end{eqnarray} where $d=\mu^{\bf 1}/\sqrt{3}, d=\mu^{\bf 2}/\sqrt{3}, e=\mu^{\bf 3'}/\sqrt{6}$. Since $M_\nu$ is 2-3 symmetric and magic, the tri-bimaximal mixing pattern is guaranteed \cite{LAM0}. So far we have ignored the right-handed leptons. They must be introduced to implement a local dynamics, but there is more than one way to do so. For example, if the right-handed charged leptons, denoted by $c_R$, belongs to {\bf 3}, then the Hamiltonian is once again given by \eq{H}, with $c^\dagger$ replaced by $c_R^\dagger$. The subsequent $S_4$ analyzes are identical, so we have three isodoublet Higgs coupled to the charged leptons, in representations ${\bf 1, 3, 3'}$, with the $S_4$-singlet identified with the SM Higgs, and in addition, three isotriplet Higgs in ${\bf 1,2,3'}$ coupled to the Majorana neutrinos. Other dynamical schemes and the allowed Yukawa potentials will be discussed in a separate publication later. In conclusion, we have shown that $S_4$, and groups containing it, are the only finite horizontal symmetries capable of reproducing tri-bimaximal mixing of neutrinos without tuning the Yukawa coupling constants. These constants are used exclusively to fit the fermionic masses. I am grateful to James Bjorken, Ernest Ma, John McKay, and Maxim Pospelov for helpful discussions.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	6,481
THIBODAUX — A task force to expand the state's online programs at colleges and universities could boost growing programs at local schools, officials say. Online classes are a way for students to gain college credit without entering the classroom. Lectures, homework, discussions and sometimes testing are all handled through the Internet. Nicholls State University and L.E. Fletcher Technical and Community College offer online classes, though many are basic courses such as low-level English and math. But Andy Simoncelli, electronic-learning coordinator at Nicholls, said online classes are gaining popularity among students and instructors. The university offers 87 classes online reaching 2,186 students, though that number counts the same student multiple times if he or she is enrolled in more than one online class. "Whatever classes we offer at Nicholls, they quickly fill up," he said. Online classes appeal to students for a variety of reasons. Some live in rural areas and can avoid a long commute. Some hold down jobs and or work offshore and can learn on their own schedules. At Fletcher, 123 students are enrolled in online courses, said William Tulak, vice chancellor of instruction. Bruce Chaloux, an online-learning expert who works at the Southern Educational Review Board, said national enrollment in online courses is growing at about 17 percent per year compared to 1.2 percent annual growth for traditional college classes. But Chaloux said there is still a lot of room to improve. These issues are being addressed by Darlene Williams, vice president of Technology, Research and Economic Development at Northwestern State University, who was selected by the Board of Regents to lead the new task force. Williams said she wants to create a "road map for the future" by standardizing online courses across the state while improving the offerings of individual schools. Simoncelli said that kind of planning can help ensure that Nicholls and other schools are offering high-quality classes online rather than "just throwing courses out there" that may not be valid.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	9,491
{"url":"http:\/\/mathhelpforum.com\/calculus\/19171-topology-2-a.html","text":"1. Topology (2)\n\nShow that the metrics d(f,g) = intergral 0 to 1 abs (f(t) - g(t) dt and\nd'(f,g) = max {abs f(t) - g(t) : t in [0,1] on the set C[0,1] of continuous real valued functions on [0,1] are not topologically equivalent.\n\nHint: If d' is topologically equivalent to d, then a sequence {Xn} converges to X in one metric iff it converges to X in the other metric.\n\nThanks.\n\n2. Originally Posted by taypez\nShow that the metrics d(f,g) = intergral 0 to 1 abs (f(t) - g(t) dt and\nd'(f,g) = max {abs f(t) - g(t) : t in [0,1] on the set C[0,1] of continuous real valued functions on [0,1] are not topologically equivalent.\n\nHint: If d' is topologically equivalent to d, then a sequence {Xn} converges to X in one metric iff it converges to X in the other metric.\n\nThanks.\nI never learned topology so I might be way off.\n\nConsider the sequence $x_n = \\{ x^n \\}$, i.e. $x_1=x,x_2=x^2,x_3=x^3,...$. I claim that the limit of this sequence is $0$. Meaning we need to show $d(x^n,0)<\\epsilon$ for sufficiently large $n$. Meaning, $\\int_0^1 \|x^n - 0 \| dx =\\int_0^1 x^n dx$ be made sufficiently small. This integral is $\\frac{1}{n+1}$ which can be made smaller than any $\\epsilon >0$. We have shown this sequence converges to $0$ in the first topology.\n\nConsider the same sequence in the second topology. I claim the limit is $1$. We need to show $d'(x^n,1)<\\epsilon$ when $n$ is sufficiently large. But this means $\\max_{x\\in [0,1]} \\{ \|x^n - 1\| \\} = \\max_{x\\in [0,1]} \\{ x^n - 1\\}$. But the maximum value is $0$ because $0\\leq x^n \\leq 1$ on $[0,1]$. This (0) is certainly less than any epsilon thus thus it converges to 1 in the second topology.\n\nThue, the two fields are not equivalent.","date":"2017-08-21 07:01:17","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 16, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.9740707278251648, \"perplexity\": 305.22936110406323}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": false, \"markdown_code\": false, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2017-34\/segments\/1502886107720.63\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20170821060924-20170821080924-00375.warc.gz\"}"}	null	null
Q: Modifying ObservableCollection while it is being displayed I have a tree view in which the ItemsSource is an ObservableCollection. I am dynamically loading the children contents every time the user expands the subtree by using a background worker and modifying the underlying ObservableCollection that corresponds to the children nodes. However, when I try to modify this ObservableCollection inside that thread, it will fail IF AND ONLY IF the tree is already expanded (meaning that if the number of children is small, then it will correctly populate). What I am hoping to achieve is once I expand the tree, I can see children being dynamically populated as they get processed. How can I achieve that behavior using ObservableCollection? A: How can I achieve that behavior using ObservableCollection? The problem is that you aren't allowed to update a collection on a background thread in WPF. The binding system will automatically marshal most simple bindings to the UI thread, but not collections. You have two options. * You can marshal the call to add the data back onto the UI thread using Dispatcher.Invoke or Dispatcher.BeginInvoke. This will allow the data to be added, but not cause a cross thread exception when WPF updates the binding. (If you're using .NET 4.5) You can use the new EnableCollectionSynchronization on the binding to allow cross-thread access to the collection.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange" }	683
\section{Preliminaries} \subsection{Introduction} Let $F$ be a $p$-adic field, with ring of integers $\mathcal{O}$ and residue field $\mathbb F$. Let $\alg{G}$ be a connected reductive group over $F$, and let $G = \alg{G}(F)$. We are interested in a class of ``tame'' central extensions of $G$ by $\mathbb F^\times$: $$1 \rightarrow \mathbb F^\times \rightarrow \tilde G \rightarrow G \rightarrow 1.$$ Some authors study all such central extensions in the category of locally compact topological groups; while this is certainly possible, we are compelled to work with a different (and effectively narrower) category of central extensions arising from a construction of Brylinski and Deligne \cite{B-D}. They begin with a central extension in the category of sheaves of groups on the big Zariski site (a category which includes the category of algebraic groups as a full subcategory) over $F$: $$1 \rightarrow \alg{K}_2 \rightarrow \alg{G}' \rightarrow \alg{G} \rightarrow 1.$$ From such a central extension, one may take $F$-points to get an exact sequence of groups $\alg{K}_2(F) \rightarrow \alg{G}'(F) \rightarrow G$, and push forward using the tame symbol in K-theory: $$\tame: \alg{K}_2(F) \rightarrow \mathbb F^\times.$$ This yields an extension of locally compact topological groups: $$1 \rightarrow \mathbb F^\times \rightarrow \tilde G \rightarrow G \rightarrow 1.$$ There are many reasons for considering only extensions arising through this construction of Brylinski and Deligne, rather than a more general class of topological central extensions. We list some reasons below: \begin{enumerate} \item When considering Brylinski-Deligne central extensions globally, the central extension of the adelic group splits canonically over the rational points of the group, leading to a reasonable definition of automorphic forms and representations. Here it must be mentioned that Prasad-Raghunathan \cite{PRag} and Prasad-Rapinchuk \cite{PRap} have determined the ``metaplectic kernel,'' which in turn describes all central extensions of $\alg{G}(\mathbb A_F)$ by finite abelian groups which split canonically over $\alg{G}(F)$, when $F$ is a global field and $\alg{G}$ is absolutely simple and simply connected over $F$. Thus central extensions constructed by Brylinski-Deligne (over a global field and its adeles) fit into a class of metaplectic groups studied by Prasad, Raghunathan, Rapinchuk, and others. \item Brylinski and Deligne have classified their central extensions by essentially combinatorial data related to the root datum. If one hopes for a Langlands-style conjecture for central extensions, then one must have such a combinatorial classification to speculate about an analogue of the ``Langlands dual group''. \item The work of Brylinski and Deligne does not rely on choosing specific cocycles; their work describes a {\em category} of central extensions, not only the isomorphism classes thereof. This is crucial, since any putative parameterization of representations of $\tilde G$ would depend on the choice of cocycle. This arises in practice, where parameterizations of representations of metaplectic groups and descriptions of Hecke algebras of metaplectic groups depend on initial choices (usually a choice of signs (choosing $i$ or $-i$) or cocycles). \item Brylinski and Deligne demonstrate a remarkable connection between central extensions of reductive groups by $\alg{K}_2$, over $F$, and central extensions of related (by Bruhat-Tits theory) reductive groups by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$, over $\mathbb F$. Thus ultimately (from the standpoint of K-types) the representation theory of $\tilde G$ boils down to representation theory of finite groups of Lie type. \end{enumerate} It is this last point which is the focus of this article. When $\tilde G$ is a central extension of $G$ by $\mathbb F^\times$, obtained from the construction of Brylinski and Deligne, and $x$ is a point in the Bruhat-Tits building of $G$, one may restrict the central extension to the parahoric subgroup $G_x$ to obtain: \begin{equation} \label{ParahoricExtension} 1 \rightarrow \mathbb F^\times \rightarrow \tilde G_x \rightarrow G_x \rightarrow 1. \end{equation} By Bruhat-Tits theory, the quotient $\bar M_x = G_x / G_x^+$ of the parahoric $G_x$ by a pro-$p$ subgroup $G_x^+$ coincides with the $\mathbb F$ points of a connected reductive group $\alg{\bar M}_x$ over $\mathbb F$. The central extension $\tilde G_x$ splits canonically over $G_x^+$, leading to a central extension of finite groups: $$1 \rightarrow \mathbb F^\times \rightarrow \bar M_x' \rightarrow \bar M_x \rightarrow 1.$$ In Construction 12.11 of \cite{B-D}, it is shown that this central extension of finite groups arises from a central extension of algebraic groups over $\mathbb F$: \begin{equation} \label{ResidualExtension} 1 \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar M}_x' \rightarrow \alg{\bar M}_x \rightarrow 1. \end{equation} The central extension (\ref{ParahoricExtension}) is uniquely determined by the central extension (\ref{ResidualExtension}) of the reductive group $\alg{\bar M}_x$ by $\alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$ over the residue field. Deligne and Brylinski ask a natural question, listed as Question 12.13(i) of \cite{B-D}, and directly quoted below: \begin{quote} Suppose that $G$ is reductive, and that $E$ is given as in 7.2, for $T$ a maximally split maximal torus of $G$. Suppose that $G_V$ is given as in Bruhat-Tits (1984) 4.6. It would be interesting to compute the central extension $G_s^\sim$ in that case, especially for $G_V(V)$ a maximal bounded subgroup of $G(K)$, given by a vertex of the building of $G$. \end{quote} Rephrased in our notation, Deligne and Brylinski ask: \begin{question} \label{Q2} What is the central extension $\alg{\bar M}_x'$ of $\alg{\bar M}_x$ by $\alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$? \end{question} For better or worse, answering this question requires an answer to a general question about reductive groups over fields: \begin{question} \label{Q3} Given a connected reductive group $\alg{G}$ over a field $F$, describe the category of central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ over $F$. \end{question} If we wish to describe the central extension $\alg{\bar M}_x'$ of $\alg{\bar M}_x$ by $\alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$ (Question \ref{Q2}), we require a general method of describing such central extensions (Question \ref{Q3}). One may describe $\alg{\bar M}_x'$ up to isomorphism, by describing the root datum of $\alg{\bar M}_x'$ along with maps of cocharacter lattices $\mathbb Z \rightarrow Y' \rightarrow Y$ corresponding to the central extension $\alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar M}_x' \rightarrow \alg{M}_x$. But, for reasons of descent and non-ambiguous parameterization of representations, this is insufficient. One must go further and describe $\alg{\bar M}_x'$ up to {\em unique} isomorphism. This description is new, and is given by our Theorem \ref{CEByGm}. It should be said that our Theorem \ref{CEByGm} is analogous to (but does not follow from) the Main Theorem of \cite{B-D} -- essentially we consider central extensions of reductive groups by $\alg{K}_1$ while Brylinski and Deligne consider central extensions of reductive groups by $\alg{K}_2$. After we answer Question \ref{Q3} with Theorem \ref{CEByGm}, we are able to answer Question \ref{Q2} to a large extent. Without providing a general answer to Question \ref{Q2}, we provide the necessary tools, and illustrate this with some examples. Our examples include the simplest case $\alg{G} = \alg{SL}_2$ to illustrate some basic principles, $\alg{SU}_3$ to illustrate the non-split case, and $\alg{G} = \alg{G}_2$ to demonstrate how our methods generalize. Many of our calculations, in the quasisplit case, have been carried out by Deodhar \cite{Deo}, in a somewhat different framework, and with different goals in mind. By answering Question \ref{Q2}, we are able to describe covers of parahoric subgroups in tame central extensions of $p$-adic groups. This complements earlier work \cite{We2} (joint with T. Howard) on depth zero representations of these central extensions. Indeed an answer to Question \ref{Q2} seems crucial, if one wishes to find an appropriate generalization of the (local) Langlands conjectures to nonlinear covering groups. Beyond answering Questions \ref{Q2} and \ref{Q3}, we hope that this article serves as a guide for others who wish to use Brylinski and Deligne's framework when studying metaplectic groups and more general nonlinear covers of $p$-adic groups. At the very least, we hope to demonstrate the strength and elegance of \cite{B-D}, by surveying and expanding upon their results. \subsection{Notation} $F$ will always denote a field, with a separable closure $F^{\sep}$. We use a boldface font, like $\alg{J}$ for an algebraic variety over $F$, or more generally for any functor from the category of finitely-generated $F$-algebras to the category of sets. When $A$ is a finitely-generated $F$-algebra, we write $\alg{J}(A)$ for the $A$-points of $\alg{J}$; more generally, for any $F$-algebra $A$, we write $\alg{J}(A)$ for the direct limit of the $A_i$-points of $\alg{J}$, as $A_i$ ranges over the directed set of finitely-generated sub-$F$-algebras of $A$. We use an ordinary font for the $F$-points: $J = \alg{J}(F)$. Similarly, we use a boldface font, like $\alg{j}: \alg{J} \rightarrow \alg{K}$ for a morphism of algebraic varieties over $F$, or more generally for a natural transformation of set-valued functors on the category of finitely-generated $F$-algebras. We use an ordinary font for the resulting function on $F$-points, as in $j: J \rightarrow K$. When defining a morphism $\alg{j}$, we often just describe the function $j$ on $F$-points, leaving it to the reader to infer its algebraic origin. When $\alg{p}: \alg{G}' \rightarrow \alg{G}$ is a surjective homomorphism of groups over $F$, a {\em section} of $\alg{p}$ means an algebraic map $\alg{j}: \alg{G} \rightarrow \alg{G}'$ satisfying $\alg{p} \circ \alg{j} = \alg{\Id}$. A {\em splitting} of $\alg{p}$ is a section which is also a homomorphism. If $\alg{\Ker}(\alg{p})$ is central in $\alg{G}'$, and $\alg{\chi}: \alg{G} \rightarrow \alg{\Ker}(\alg{p})$ is a homomorphism, then we may {\em twist} a section or splitting $\alg{j}$ by $\alg{\chi}$: $\alg{j} \cdot \alg{\chi}$ is also a section or splitting, accordingly. We use similar terminology, for surjective homomorphisms of abstract groups (using abstract maps and homomorphisms), and group-valued functors (using natural transformations of set-valued functors, and natural transformations of group-valued functors). Eventually, we will assume that $F$ is a field with nontrivial discrete valuation $\val: F^\times \rightarrow \mathbb R$. In this circumstance we let $\mathcal{O}$ be the valuation ring of $F$, and $\ideal{p}$ the maximal ideal of $\mathcal{O}$. The residue field $\mathbb F = \mathcal{O} / \ideal{p}$ will always be assumed perfect. We use an overline when working over $\mathbb F$; thus $\alg{\bar J}$ might denote an algebraic variety over $\mathbb F$, and $\bar J$ its $\mathbb F$-points. We use an underline when working over $\mathcal{O}$; thus $\alg{\underline J}$ might denote a scheme over $\mathcal{O}$; in this situation, we would write $\alg{J}$ for its generic fibre -- a scheme over $F$ -- and $\alg{\bar J}$ for its special fibre -- a scheme over $\mathbb F$. We follow this convention also for morphisms: $\alg{\underline j}$ might denote a morphism of schemes over $\mathcal{O}$, and $\alg{\bar j}$ a morphism of schemes over $\mathbb F$. The letter $\alg{G}$ will always denote an affine algebraic group over a field $F$. We always write $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ for the multiplicative group over $F$, and $\alg{G}_{\add}$ for the additive group over $F$. When $\alg{S}$ is a torus over a field $F$, we define $X(\alg{S}) = \Hom(\alg{S}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$ and $Y(\alg{S}) = \Hom(\alg{G}_{\mult}, \alg{S})$. These are viewed as \'etale sheaves over $F$, or simply as abelian groups with an action of $\Gal(F^{\sep} / F)$. \subsection{K-groups} For $n \geq 0$, we write $\alg{K}_n$ for the K-theory functor, from the category of finitely-generated $F$-algebras to the category of abelian groups. We will thankfully only require reference to $\alg{K}_0$, $\alg{K}_1$, and $\alg{K}_2$ in this article. We also will only require calculations of these groups for very simple classes of $F$-algebras. Later we will view $\alg{K}_n$ as sheaves on the big Zariski site of schemes of finite type over $F$. Whenever $A$ is a ring, $\alg{K}_0(A)$ is the Grothendieck group of finitely-generated projective $A$-modules. In particular, whenever $L$ is a field, $\alg{K}_0(L)$ is naturally isomorphic to $\mathbb Z$, sending a finite-dimensional $L$-vector space to its dimension. Whenever $A$ is a Euclidean domain, $\alg{K}_1(A) = \alg{G}_{\mult}(A) = A^\times$. In particular, when $L$ is a field, $\alg{K}_1(L) = L^\times$. It is somewhat difficult to define $\alg{K}_2(A)$ when $A$ is not a field. However, for fields $L$ we have the following description: $$\alg{K}_2(L) = \frac{ L^\times \otimes_\mathbb Z L^\times }{ \langle x \otimes (1-x) \rangle_{1 \neq x \in L^\times} }.$$ When $x,y \in L^\times$, we write $\{ x, y \}$ for the image of $x \otimes y$ in $\alg{K}_2(L)$. This {\em Steinberg symbol} satsfies the following relations: \begin{description} \item[Bilinearity] $\{ x x', y \} = \{ x,y \} \{ x', y \}$ and $\{ x,yy' \} = \{ x,y \} \{ x, y' \}$ for all $x,x',y,y' \in L^\times$. \item[Steinberg relation] $\{x, 1-x \} = 1$ for all $1 \neq x \in L^\times$. \item[Skew-symmetry] $\{ x,y \} \{y, x \} = 1$ for all $x,y \in L^\times$. \end{description} In fact, skew-symmetry follows from the previous two properties. Steinberg symbols are often not alternating, but they do satisfy the properties: $\{ x, -x \} = 1$ and $\{x, x \} = \{ x, -1 \}$, for all $x \in L^\times$. The group $\alg{K}_2(L)$ can be viewed as the abelian group generated by all formal symbols $\{x,y \}$ for $x,y \in L^\times$, modulo the relations above. \subsection{Acknowledgments} We thank Brian Conrad and Mikhail Borovoi for providing some helpful references about algebraic groups and algebraic geometry. In addition, we thank the anonymous referee for providing corrections and excellent suggestions to strengthen the exposition. We thank the organizers, Loren Spice, Robert Doran, and Paul J. Sally, Jr., for inviting this paper. \section{Central extensions by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$} In this section, we let $F$ be a perfect field. Let $\alg{G}$ be a connected reductive group over $F$. \begin{definition} A {\em central extension} of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ is a triple $(\alg{G}', \alg{p}, \alg{\iota})$ where $\alg{G}'$ is an algebraic group over $F$, and $\alg{p},\alg{\iota}$ are morphisms of groups over $F$ fitting into a short exact sequence: $$\xymatrix{ 1 \ar[r] & \alg{G}_{\mult} \ar[r]^{\alg{\iota}} & \alg{G}' \ar[r]^{\alg{p}} & \alg{G} \ar[r] & 1,}$$ such that $\alg{\iota}$ is a closed embedding of $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ into the center of $\alg{G}'$, and $\alg{p}$ identifies $\alg{G}$ with the quotient group $\alg{G}' / \alg{\iota}(\alg{G}_{\mult})$. \end{definition} Given a central extension $(\alg{G}',\alg{p},\alg{\iota})$ of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$, and any field $L$ containing $F$, Hilbert's Theorem 90 gives a short exact sequence of groups: $$1 \rightarrow L^\times \rightarrow \alg{G}'(L) \rightarrow \alg{G}(L) \rightarrow 1.$$ When we write $g'$ for an element of $\alg{G}'(L)$, we always write $g$ for the projection, $g = p(g')$, in $\alg{G}(L)$. \subsection{The category of central extensions} \begin{definition} Let $(\alg{G}_1', \alg{p}_1, \alg{\iota}_1)$ and $(\alg{G}_2', \alg{p}_2, \alg{\iota}_2)$ be two central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$. A {\em morphism} from $(\alg{G}_1', \alg{p}_1, \alg{\iota}_1)$ to $(\alg{G}_2', \alg{p}_2, \alg{\iota}_2)$ is a morphism of groups over $F$, $\alg{\phi}: \alg{G}_1' \rightarrow \alg{G}_2'$ making the following diagram commute: $$\xymatrix{ 1 \ar[r] & \alg{G}_{\mult} \ar[r]^{\alg{\iota}_1} \ar[d]^{=} & \alg{G}_1' \ar[r]^{\alg{p}_1} \ar[d]^{\alg{\phi}} & \alg{G} \ar[r] \ar[d]^{=} & 1 \\ 1 \ar[r] & \alg{G}_{\mult} \ar[r]^{\alg{\iota}_2} & \alg{G}_2' \ar[r]^{\alg{p}_2} & \alg{G} \ar[r] & 1 }$$ This defines a category $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$ of central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$. (Occasionally we might write $\Cat{CExt}_F(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$ to acknowledge the field of definition). \end{definition} \begin{proposition} The category $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$ is a {\em groupoid}; every morphism in this category is an isomorphism. The automorphism group of any object in this category is naturally isomorphic to the abelian group $X_F(\alg{G}) = \Hom_F(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$. \end{proposition} \proof The fact that $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$ is a groupoid follows from a quick diagram chase. As in Brylisnki-Deligne \cite{B-D}, and following Grothendieck \cite{SGA7}, the category of central extenions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ is equivalent to the category of multiplicative $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ torsors on $\alg{G}$. The automorphisms of such torsors are the global multiplicative sections of the sheaf $(U \mapsto \alg{G}_{m,U})$ (for $U$ Zariski open in $\alg{G}$) over $\alg{G}$, i.e., regular functions from $\alg{G}$ to $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ which are multiplicative, i.e., the elements of $\Hom_F(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$. \qed Central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ can be ``added'' via the Baer sum. \begin{definition} Let $(\alg{G}_1', \alg{p}_1, \alg{\iota}_1)$ and $(\alg{G}_2', \alg{p}_2, \alg{\iota}_2)$ be two central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$. Let $\alg{\Delta}$ and $\alg{\nabla}$ denote the diagonal and antidiagonal embeddings of $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ into the center of the fibre product $\alg{G}_1' \times_{\alg{G}} \alg{G}_2'$. The Baer sum $\alg{G}' = \alg{G}_1' + \alg{G}_2'$ is the quotient group: $$\alg{G}' = \frac{\alg{G}_1' \times_{\alg{G}} \alg{G}_2'}{\alg{\nabla}(\alg{G}_{\mult})}.$$ The Baer sum is naturally a central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$, with projection $\alg{p} = \alg{p}_1 + \alg{p}_2$ given by $\alg{p}_1$ on the first factor or equivalently $\alg{p}_2$ on the second factor, and with inclusion $\alg{\iota} = \alg{\iota}_1 + \alg{\iota}_2$ given by the diagonal embedding $\alg{\Delta}$. \end{definition} We refer to SGAIII, Expo.22, Section 4.3 \cite{SGA3III} for more on quotients of reductive groups by central tori, as used in the above construction. The Baer sum $\alg{G}'$ is a reductive group over $F$ whose $L$-points (for a field $L$ containing $F$) are given by: $$\alg{G}'(L) = [\alg{G}_1' + \alg{G}_2'](L) = \frac{ \{ (g_1', g_2') \in \alg{G}_1'(L) \times \alg{G}_2'(L) : g_1 = g_2 \} }{ \{ (z,z^{-1}) : z \in L^\times \} }.$$ This sum (defined above on objects of $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G},\alg{G}_{\mult})$) extends to a functor: $$+: \Cat{CExt}(\alg{G},\alg{G}_{\mult}) \times \Cat{CExt}(\alg{G},\alg{G}_{\mult}) \rightarrow \Cat{CExt}(\alg{G},\alg{G}_{\mult}).$$ There are natural isomorphisms of functors which express the commutativity and associativity of the Baer sum. A thorough way of describing the resulting structure on $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G},\alg{G}_{\mult})$ is: \begin{proposition} The category $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G},\alg{G}_{\mult})$, endowed with the Baer sum and natural commutativity and associativity isomorphisms, is a strictly commutative Picard groupoid (see Deligne, SGA IV \cite{SGA4}). \end{proposition} \subsection{Compatibilities} Fix a central extension $(\alg{G}', \alg{p}, \alg{\iota})$ of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$. The results of Section 4.3 of SGA III, Expo.22 \cite{SGA3III}, quickly imply the following: \begin{proposition} \label{ToriBijection} If $\alg{T}$ is a maximal $F$-torus in $\alg{G}$, then its preimage $\alg{T}' = \alg{p}^{-1}(\alg{T})$ is a maximal torus in $\alg{G}'$. This determines a bijection between the maximal $F$-tori in $\alg{G}$ and the maximal $F$-tori in $\alg{G}'$. \end{proposition} A crucial structural property of these central extensions is that they uniquely split over smooth unipotent subgroups: \begin{theorem} Let $\alg{U}$ be a smooth unipotent subgroup of $\alg{G}$ over $F$. Then there exists a unique morphism of groups over $F$, $\alg{s}: \alg{U} \rightarrow \alg{G}'$, such that $\alg{p} \circ \alg{s} = \alg{\Id}_{\alg{U}}$. This morphism embeds $\alg{U}$ as a closed subgroup of $\alg{G}'$. \label{UnipotentlyTrivialGm} \end{theorem} \proof This directly follows from SGA III, Expo.17, Theorem 6.1.1 \cite{SGA3II}, since we assume $F$ is perfect. \qed This theorem is applicable to the most important examples of unipotent subgroups: \begin{proposition} Let $\alg{P_1}$ and $\alg{P_2}$ be parabolic subgroups of $\alg{G}$ over $F$. Let $\alg{U_1}$ and $\alg{U_2}$ be the unipotent radicals of $\alg{P_1}$ and $\alg{P_2}$, respectively. Then $\alg{U_1}$, $\alg{U_2}$, and $\alg{U_1} \cap \alg{U_2}$ are smooth unipotent subgroups of $\alg{G}$. \end{proposition} \proof The smoothness of $\alg{U_1}$ and $\alg{U_2}$ follows from SGA III, Expo.26, Proposition 2.1 \cite{SGA3III}. It is proven by identifying each of these unipotent groups (as a variety) with a product of smooth closed subgroups -- root subgroups -- of $\alg{G}$. The two parabolic subgroups $\alg{P_1}$ and $\alg{P_2}$ contain a common maximal torus $\alg{T}$ (SGA III, Expo. 26, Lemma 4.1.1 \cite{SGA3III}); the intersection $\alg{U_1} \cap \alg{U_2}$ is a product of smooth closed root subgroups, with respect to this common torus. \qed Since $\alg{G}'$ is a central extension of $\alg{G}$, it follows that the conjugation action of $\alg{G}'$ on itself factors uniquely through the quotient $\alg{G}$: $$\alg{\Int}: \alg{G} \times \alg{G}' \rightarrow \alg{G}'.$$ At the level of points, we write $[\Int(g)](x) = g' x (g')^{-1}$, where $g'$ is any lift of $g$. In this way, $\alg{G}$ acts by conjugation on the variety of maximal tori in $\alg{G}'$, the variety of Borel subgroups in $\alg{G}'$, etc.. \begin{proposition} The projection map $\alg{p}$ yields $\alg{G}$-equivariant isomorphisms over $F$ from: \begin{enumerate} \item the variety $\alg{\Tor}(\alg{G}')$ of maximal tori in $\alg{G}'$ to the variety $\alg{\Tor}(\alg{G})$ of maximal tori in $\alg{G}$. \item the variety $\alg{\Bor}(\alg{G}')$ of Borel subgroups in $\alg{G}'$ to the variety $\alg{Bor}(\alg{G})$ of Borel subgroups in $\alg{G}$. \item the variety $\alg{\BorTor}(\alg{G}')$ of pairs $(\alg{B'}, \alg{T}')$ consisting of a Borel subgroup $\alg{B}'$ in $\alg{G}'$ and a maximal torus $\alg{T}'$ contained in $\alg{B}'$ to the corresponding variety $\alg{\BorTor}(\alg{G})$ of pairs in $\alg{G}$. \item the Springer variety $\alg{\Spr}(\alg{G}')$ of pairs $(\alg{B}', u)$ consisting of a Borel subgroup $\alg{B}'$ in $\alg{G}'$ and an element of its unipotent radical, to the corresponding Springer variety $\alg{\Spr}(\alg{G})$ of pairs in $\alg{G}$. \end{enumerate} \end{proposition} \proof Proposition \ref{ToriBijection} implies (1). The varieties of Borel subgroups can be identified, as $\alg{G}$-varieties over $F$, with $\alg{G} / \alg{B}$ and $\alg{G}' / \alg{B}'$ (after a choice of base point), which are isomorphic via $\alg{p}$. This demonstrates (2), and (3) is similar. Theorem \ref{UnipotentlyTrivialGm} (or a version thereof, valid over a more general base variety) and (2) leads to a proof of (4). \qed The map $\alg{p}$ induces an isomorphism of Weyl groups, in every way possible: first, if $\alg{T}$ is a maximal torus in $\alg{G}$, and $\alg{T'} = \alg{p}^{-1}(\alg{T})$, then $\alg{p}$ induces an isomorphism of finite \'etale groups over $F$: $$\alg{W}(\alg{G}', \alg{T}') = \alg{\mathsf N}_{\alg{G}'}(\alg{T}') / \alg{T}' \rightarrow \alg{W}(\alg{G}, \alg{T}) = \alg{\mathsf N}_\alg{G}(\alg{T}) / \alg{T}.$$ This isomorphism is compatible with conjugation of tori, leading to an isomorphism from ``{\em the}'' Weyl group $\alg{W}$ of $\alg{G}'$ to ``{\em the}'' Weyl group of $\alg{G}$, in the sense of Section 1.1 of Deligne-Lusztig \cite{DeL}. Since $\alg{p}$ induces a $\alg{G}$-equivariant isomorphism of varieties from $\alg{\Bor}(\alg{G}')$ to $\alg{\Bor}(\alg{G})$, it also induces a bijection from the $\alg{G}$-orbits on $\alg{\Bor}(\alg{G}') \times \alg{\Bor}(\alg{G}')$ to the $\alg{G}$-orbits on $\alg{\Bor}(\alg{G}) \times \alg{\Bor}(\alg{G})$. In this way, $\alg{p}$ induces a bijection of Weyl groups, compatible with the Bruhat decomposition. In particular, the bijection between the Borel subgroups of $\alg{G}'$ and those of $\alg{G}$ preserves the relation of ``being in relative position $w$'' for any $w$ in the Weyl group. \subsection{Classification} Let $F^{\sep}$ denote a separable closure of $F$ (which is an algebraic closure, since $F$ is perfect), and let $\Gamma = \Gal(F^{\sep} / F)$. Let $\alg{T}$ be a maximal torus in $\alg{G}$, defined over $F$. Let $(X,\Phi,Y,\Phi^\vee)$ denote the resulting (absolute) root system. Thus $X$ and $Y$ are naturally $\mathbb Z[\Gamma]$-modules. For a central extension $(\alg{G}', \alg{p}, \alg{\iota})$ of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ as before, let $\alg{T}' = \alg{p}^{-1}(\alg{T})$, and $Y' = Y(\alg{T}')$. This gives an extension of $\mathbb Z[\Gamma]$-modules that depends functorially on the central extension $(\alg{G}', \alg{p}, \alg{\iota})$: \begin{equation} 0 \rightarrow \mathbb Z \rightarrow Y' \rightarrow Y \rightarrow 0. \label{CentExtYZ} \end{equation} Somewhat more precisely, \begin{proposition} The above construction yields an additive functor (see \cite{SGA4}, Definition 1.4.5) of strictly commutative Picard groupoids: $$\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G},\alg{G}_{\mult}) \rightarrow \Cat{Ext}_\Gamma(Y, \mathbb Z).$$ Here, $\Cat{Ext}_\Gamma(Y,\mathbb Z)$ denotes the category of extensions of $Y$ by $\mathbb Z$ in the abelian category of $\mathbb Z[\Gamma]$-modules. \end{proposition} \proof The functoriality of this construction is clear. Furthermore, the cocharacter lattice of the Baer sum is precisely the Baer sum of the cocharacter lattices, so this functor respects the Picard category structure. \qed We may refine this functor to obtain an equivalence of Picard groupoids. The following theorem is analogous to the Main Theorem of Brylinski-Deligne \cite{B-D}. The following theorem classifies central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$, while Brylinski and Deligne classify central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. The classifications are very similar in spirit, but the result below does not follow from \cite{B-D}, and the proof is quite different (and easier in our case). \begin{theorem} \label{CEByGm} The category of central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ is equivalent to the category of quadruples $(Y', p, \iota, \phi)$ as follows: $(Y',p, \iota)$ is a $\mathbb Z[\Gamma]$-module extension of $Y$ by $\mathbb Z$: $$\xymatrix{0 \ar[r] & \mathbb Z \ar[r]^\iota & Y' \ar[r]^{p} & Y \ar[r] & 0.}$$ Let $\alg{f}: \alg{G}_{\sconn} \rightarrow \alg{G}$ be the simply-connected cover of the derived group of $\alg{G}$, $\alg{T}_{\sconn} = \alg{f}^{-1}(\alg{T})$, and $Y_{\sconn}$ the cocharacter group of $\alg{T}_{\sconn}$. The last part of the quadruple, $\phi$, is a Galois-equivariant morphism from $Y_{\sconn} \times \mathbb Z$ to $Y_{\sconn}$, making the following diagram commute: $$\xymatrix{ 0 \ar[r] & \mathbb Z \ar[r] \ar[d]^= & Y_{\sconn} \times \mathbb Z \ar[r] \ar[d]^{\phi} & Y_{\sconn} \ar[r] \ar[d]^{f_\ast} & 0 \\ 0 \ar[r] & \mathbb Z \ar[r]^{\iota} & Y' \ar[r]^p & Y \ar[r] & 0. }$$ Morphisms from a quadruple $(Y_1', p_1, \iota_1, \phi_1)$ to a quadruple $(Y_2', p_2, \iota_2, \phi_2)$ are morphisms of $\mathbb Z[\Gamma]$-modules from $Y_1'$ to $Y_2'$ making the large but obvious diagram of $\mathbb Z[\Gamma]$-modules commute. \end{theorem} \proof If $(\alg{G}', \alg{p}, \alg{\iota})$ is a central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$, then the cocharacter lattices yield an extension of $\mathbb Z[\Gamma]$-modules $(Y', p, \iota)$ as above. Furthermore, the pullback of the central extension yields a central extension $\alg{G}_{\sconn}'$ of $\alg{G}_{\sconn}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$, which splits uniquely (since $\alg{G}_{\sconn}$ is simply-connected). Letting $Y_{\sconn}'$ be the cocharacter lattice of the maximal torus $\alg{T}_{\sconn}'$ in $\alg{G}_{\sconn}'$ (the pullback of $\alg{T}'$, from $\alg{G}'$ to $\alg{G}_{\sconn}'$), we find that $Y_{\sconn}'$ is canonically identified with $Y_{\sconn} \times \mathbb Z$. The covering map from $\alg{G}_{\sconn}'$ to $\alg{G}'$ yields the requisite map $\phi$ from $Y_{\sconn} \times \mathbb Z$ to $Y'$. This describes the functor from $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$ to the category of quadruples. It is compatible with the Baer sum as well. To prove that this functor is an equivalence, we prove first that it is bijective on automorphism groups; this implies that the functor is fully faithful, since both categories are groupoids. The automorphism group of a central extension $(\alg{G}', \alg{p}, \alg{\iota})$ of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ can be identified with $\Hom_F(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$. This group of $F$-rational characters of $\alg{G}$ embeds (by restriction, naturally) as a subgroup of $X_F(\alg{T}) = \Hom_F(\alg{T}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$. The image of this embedding is given by: $$\Hom_F(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult}) \cong \Ker(X_F(\alg{T}) \rightarrow X_F(\alg{T}_{\sconn})) \cong \Hom_{\Gamma} (Y / f_\ast Y_{\sconn}, \mathbb Z).$$ On the other hand, the automorphisms of a quadruple $(Y', p, \iota, \phi)$ are precisely the automorphisms of an extension $\mathbb Z \rightarrow Y' \rightarrow Y$ of $\mathbb Z[\Gamma]$-modules which pull back to the trivial automorphism of an extension $\mathbb Z \rightarrow Y_{\sconn} \times \mathbb Z \rightarrow Y_{\sconn}$. Such automorphisms are naturally identified with elements of $\Hom_{\Gamma}(Y, \mathbb Z)$ which pull back to trivial elements of $\Hom_{\Gamma}(Y_{\sconn}, \mathbb Z)$. Hence this automorphism group is naturally identified with $\Hom_{\Gamma}(Y / f_\ast Y_{\sconn}, \mathbb Z)$. Hence our functor is bijective on automorphism groups (leaving the reader to check that a diagram of isomorphisms commutes). Now to prove essential surjectivity of this functor, we may assume $\alg{G}$ is split by \'etale descent, since we have verified compatibility with automorphism groups. In Section 2.4 of \cite{Kot}, Kottwitz demonstrates an isomorphism, functorial for ``normal'' (Section 1.8 of \cite{Kot}) homomorphisms, $$\Pic(\alg{G}) \cong \pi_0 Z(\alg{G}^\vee).$$ By Hilbert's Theorem 90, line bundles on $\alg{G}$ can be rigidified at the identity element. Since the projection and multiplication maps $$\pr_1, \pr_2, m: \alg{G} \times \alg{G} \rightarrow \alg{G}$$ are normal in the sense of \cite{Kot}, the Kottwitz isomorphisms are compatible: $$\xymatrix{ \Pic(\alg{G}) \ar[d]^{\pr_1^\ast, \pr_2^\ast, m^\ast} \ar[rr]^{\Kott} & & \pi_0 Z(\alg{G}^\vee) \ar[d]^{\pr_1^\vee, \pr_2^\vee, m^\vee} \\ \Pic(\alg{G} \times \alg{G}) \ar[rr]^{\Kott} & & \pi_0 Z(\alg{G}^\vee \times \alg{G}^\vee). }$$ On the right side, we find easily that $\pr_1^\vee(z) \cdot \pr_2^\vee(z) = m^\vee(z)$; on the left side, therefore, we find the same equality in Picard groups; $\pr_1^\ast(L) \cdot \pr_2^\ast(L) = m^\ast(L)$, for an invertible sheaf $L$ on $\alg{G}$. It follows from Proposition 4.2 of SGA 7, Expo.VIII \cite{SGA7}, that the line bundles classified by $\Pic(\alg{G})$ define extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$. In other words, $\Pic(\alg{G})$ is naturally isomorphic to the group $\CExt(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$ of isomorphism classes in $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$. Thus it remains to prove that this group of isomorphism classes $\Pic(\alg{G})$ -- naturally isomorphic to $\pi_0 Z(\alg{G}^\vee)$ on one hand -- is isomorphic to the group of isomorphism classes of quadruples $(Y', p, \iota, \phi)$ discussed above. The isomorphism classes of quadruples $(Y', p, \iota, \phi)$ are classified by the hypercohomology of the two-term complex $f_\ast: Y_{\sconn} \rightarrow Y$, with coefficients in $\mathbb Z$: $$\mathbb H^2(Y_{\sconn} \rightarrow Y, \mathbb Z) \cong \Ext^1(Y / f_\ast Y_{\sconn}, \mathbb Z).$$ (Compare to (6.3.1) of \cite{B-D}). This is isomorphic, by Proposition 1.10 of \cite{Bor} and Lemma 2.2 of \cite{Kot}, to $\pi_0 Z(\alg{G}^\vee)$ as required. Again we leave it to the reader to verify that this isomorphism agrees with the one given by our functor. This is not as much of a ``cop out'' as it might seem -- the maps occurring in the Kottwitz isomorphism, and in the work of Borovoi, are also given by considering maps of cocharacter lattices, and so agreement is inevitable. \qed \begin{remark} The identification of $\Pic(\alg{G})$ with $\CExt(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$ is also proven, without recourse to the dual group, by Colliot-Th\`el\'ene in Theorem 5.6 of \cite{C-T}. This statement was almost certainly known decades ago to the experts; there are similarities to Chapter VII of Raynaud's thesis \cite{Ray}. It also appears in an unpublished communication of O. Gabber. We thank Mikhail Borovoi and Brian Conrad for providing these references. \end{remark} This theorem describes, up to equivalence, the category of central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$. Such a description is useful for purposes of descent, and for tracing how an automorphism of central extensions (as would be induced by changing a cocycle within a cohomology class) affects other parameters. \begin{corollary} If $\alg{G}$ is a semisimple group over $F$, then every central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ is rigid, i.e., has no nontrivial automorphisms. \end{corollary} \proof Let $(\alg{G}', \alg{p}, \alg{\iota})$ be a central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$. Its automorphism group is isomorphic to $\Hom_F(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$, which is trivial when $\alg{G}$ is semisimple (recall we always assume $\alg{G}$ to be connected). \qed \begin{example} Let $\alg{G} = \alg{PGL}_2$. Then all central extensions of $\alg{G}$ are rigid. The isomorphism classes of such central extensions are in natural bijection with $\pi_0 Z(\alg{SL}_2) \cong \mu_2$. These two isomorphism classes of central extensions are represented by the two familiar extensions: $$1 \rightarrow \alg{G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{G}_{\mult} \times \alg{PGL}_2 \rightarrow \alg{PGL}_2 \rightarrow 1,$$ $$1 \rightarrow \alg{G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{GL}_2 \rightarrow \alg{PGL}_2 \rightarrow 1.$$ \end{example} \section{Unipotently split extensions} In this section, we consider another kind of central extension which is a convenient compromise between ``abstract'' (in the terminology of \cite{Ti1}) group theory and algebraic group theory. This compromise avoids the potential trouble of having too many central extensions in abstract group theory, and avoids the hard work (as in \cite{Moo}) in classifying central extensions in a topological category. This compromise -- our class of unipotently split extensions -- arises naturally from the central extensions of reductive groups by $\alg{K}_2$ -- the class of extensions studied by Brylinski and Deligne \cite{B-D}. In this section, we allow $F$ to be any field (perfect or not). We briefly allow $\alg{G}$ to be any algebraic group over $F$, and $G = \alg{G}(F)$ the group of points. We fix an abelian group $\mu$, and study a class of central extensions $(\tilde G, p, \iota)$ of $G$ by $\mu$: $$\xymatrix{ 1 \ar[r] & \mu \ar[r]^{\iota} & {\tilde G} \ar[r]^{p} & G \ar[r] &1}.$$ In this section, we consider such central extensions endowed with a ``unipotent splitting'': \begin{definition} \label{UnipotentSplitting} Let $(\tilde G, p, \iota)$ be a central extension of $G$ by $\mu$. A {\em unipotent splitting} of $(\tilde G, p, \iota)$ is a family of homomorphisms $\{ \tilde \eta: U \rightarrow \tilde G \}$ indexed by all homomorphisms $\alg{\eta}: \alg{U} \rightarrow \alg{G}$ from split unipotent groups to $\alg{G}$, defined over $F$, satisfying the following conditions: \begin{enumerate} \item For each $\alg{\eta}: \alg{U} \rightarrow \alg{G}$, $p \circ \tilde \eta = \eta$ as homomorphisms from $U$ to $G$: $$\xymatrix{U \ar@/_/[rr]_{\eta} \ar[r]^{\tilde \eta} & \tilde G \ar[r]^p & G.}$$ \item For every pair $\alg{U}_1$, $\alg{U}_2$ of split unipotent groups, and commutative diagram of groups over $F$: $$\xymatrix{ \alg{U_1} \ar@/_/[rr]_{\alg{\eta}_1} \ar[r]^{\alg{f}} & \alg{U}_2 \ar[r]^{\alg{\eta}_2} & \alg{G},}$$ the homomorphisms $\tilde \eta_2$ and $\tilde \eta_1$ satisfy $\tilde \eta_2 \circ f = \tilde \eta_1$: $$\xymatrix{ U_1 \ar@/_/[rr]_{\tilde \eta_1} \ar[r]^f & U_2 \ar[r]^{\tilde \eta_2} & \tilde G,}$$ \item For each homomorphism from a split unipotent group, $\alg{\eta}: \alg{U} \hookrightarrow \alg{G}$, and each element $g \in G$, the following diagram commutes: $$\xymatrix{ U \ar[r]^{\tilde \eta} \ar[dr]_{ [\Int(g) \circ \eta]^{\sim}} & \tilde G \ar[d]^{\Int(g)} \\ & \tilde G }.$$ \end{enumerate} \end{definition} \begin{remark} There may be a set-theoretic subtlety in defining a ``family'' of homomorphisms indexed by the ``set'' of homomorphisms from split unipotent groups into $\alg{G}$. This is easily resolved by restricting to a sufficient set of split unipotent groups. \end{remark} \subsection{Chevalley groups} Assume for now that $\alg{G}$ is a split, semisimple, simply-connected group over $F$, and $\alg{S}$ is an $F$-split maximal torus in $\alg{G}$. Let $\Phi = \Phi(\alg{G}, \alg{S})$ denote the resulting set of roots, and $(X, \Phi, Y, \Phi^\vee)$ the root datum. For $\alpha \in \Phi$, the associated reflections of $X$ and $Y$ are defined by: $$s_\alpha(x) = x - \langle \alpha^\vee, x \rangle \alpha, \quad s_{\alpha^\vee}(y) = y - \langle y, \alpha \rangle \alpha^\vee,$$ for all $x \in X, y \in Y$. Since $\alg{G}$ is simply-connected, the cocharacter lattice $Y$ is generated as a $\mathbb Z$-module by $\Phi^\vee$. Even more, Brylinski and Deligne prove (Lemma 11.5 of \cite{B-D}) that $Y$ can be presented as the quotient of the free abelian group $\mathbb Z \langle \alpha^\vee \rangle_{\alpha \in \Phi}$ modulo the relations arising from root reflections: $$s_\alpha(\beta)^\vee = \beta^\vee - \langle \beta^\vee, \alpha \rangle \alpha^\vee.$$ By SGA 3, Expo. 23, Proposition 6.2 \cite{SGA3III}, we may choose a {\em Chevalley system} (see Definition 6.1, loc.~cit.) on $\alg{G}$. Such a system yields a set $\{ \alg{e}_\alpha: \alg{G}_{\add} \rightarrow \alg{U}_\alpha \}$ of isomorphisms from the additive group $\alg{G}_{\add}$ onto the $\alpha$ root subgroup $\alg{U}_\alpha$ for each root $\alpha \in \Phi$. Define a map (not a homomorphism) $\alg{n}_\alpha: \alg{G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{G}$, for $\alpha \in \Phi$, by $$n_\alpha(z) = e_\alpha(z) e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) e_\alpha(z).$$ From the definition of Chevalley system, the following identity holds for all $\alpha, \beta \in \Phi$, and all $u \in F$: $$n_\alpha(1) e_\beta(u) n_\alpha(1)^{-1} = e_{s_\alpha(\beta)}(\pm u),$$ where the sign depends only on $\alpha$ and $\beta$. Choose also a system of positive roots, yielding a partition $\Phi = \Phi^+ \cup \Phi^-$ and a set of simple roots $\Delta \subset \Phi^+$. For each positive root $\alpha$, the Chevalley system yields a central isogeny $\alg{\phi}_\alpha: \alg{SL}_2 \rightarrow \alg{G}_\alpha$, where $\alg{G}_\alpha$ is a closed subgroup of $\alg{G}$ containing $\alg{U}_\alpha$ and $\alg{U}_{-\alpha}$, and for which $$\phi_\alpha \Matrix{1}{u}{0}{1} = e_\alpha(u).$$ Since it is convenient, and we have our choice of signs, we require the Chevalley system to satisfy the identity: $$\phi_{\alpha} \Matrix{1}{0}{u}{1} = e_{-\alpha}(u), \mbox{ for all } \alpha \in \Phi^+, u \in F.$$ It follows that $$\phi_\alpha \Matrix{0}{z}{-z^{-1}}{0} = n_\alpha(z), \mbox{ for all } z \in F^\times.$$ The following ``Chevalley-Steinberg'' relations hold: \begin{proposition} Relations (B) and (B') from Section 6 of \cite{Ste}, hold in the group $G$: \begin{enumerate} \item[(B)] For all roots $\alpha, \beta \in \Phi$, such that $\alpha \neq \pm \beta$, there is an ordering of the set of roots of the form $\{ i \alpha + j \beta \}_{0 < i,j \in \mathbb Z}$, and integers $c_{ij}(\alpha, \beta)$, such that: $$[e_\alpha(u), e_\beta(v)] = \prod_{i \alpha + j \beta} e_{i \alpha + j \beta}(c_{ij}(\alpha, \beta) u^i v^j ).$$ \item[(B')] For all roots $\alpha \in \Phi$, all $z \in F^\times$, $u \in F$, $$[\Int(n_\alpha(z))] \left( e_\alpha(u) \right) = n_\alpha(z) e_\alpha(u) n_\alpha(-z) = e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-2} u).$$ \end{enumerate} \end{proposition} \proof For the relation (B) (and more precise information about it), we refer to Proposition 6.4 of SGA 3, Expo.23 \cite{SGA3III}. The relation (B') follows directly from our sign convention, and the corresponding relation in $\alg{SL}_2(F)$. \qed Now we consider a central extension $(\tilde G, p, \iota)$ of $G$ by an abelian group $\mu$. We moreover suppose that this central extension is endowed with a unipotent splitting $\{ \tilde \eta: U \rightarrow \tilde G \}$. The homomorphisms $\alg{e}_\alpha: \alg{G}_{\add} \rightarrow \alg{G}$ then lift to homomorphisms $\tilde e_\alpha: F \rightarrow \tilde G$. Define, for $z \in F^\times$, $$\tilde n_\alpha(z) = \tilde e_\alpha(z) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) \tilde e_\alpha(z).$$ \begin{theorem} \label{ChevalleySteinberg} The Chevalley-Steinberg relations of the previous proposition hold, with $G$ replaced by $\tilde G$, $e_\alpha$ replaced by $\tilde e_\alpha$ and $n_\alpha$ replaced by $\tilde n_\alpha$. \end{theorem} \proof For the relation (B), consider the split unipotent subgroup $\alg{U} \subset \alg{G}$ spanned by the root spaces $\alg{U}_{i \alpha + j \beta}$ for non-negative integers $i,j$. The maps $\alg{e}_{i \alpha + j \beta}: \alg{G}_{\add} \rightarrow \alg{G}$ factor through $\alg{U}$, and we define $\alg{f}_{i \alpha + j \beta}: \alg{G}_{\add} \rightarrow \alg{U}$ and $\alg{\eta}: \alg{U} \hookrightarrow \alg{G}$ so that $\alg{e}_{i \alpha + j \beta} = \alg{\eta} \circ \alg{f}_{i \alpha + j \beta}$. It follows from (2) in Definition \ref{UnipotentSplitting} that for all $u,v \in F$, \begin{eqnarray} [\tilde e_\alpha(u), \tilde e_\beta(v)] & = & [\tilde \eta \circ f_\alpha(u), \tilde \eta \circ f_\beta(v)] \\ & = & \tilde \eta \left( [f_\alpha(u), f_\beta(v)] \right) \\ & = & \tilde \eta \left( \prod_{i \alpha + j \beta} f_{i \alpha + j \beta}(c_{ij} u^i v^j ) \right) \\ & = & \prod_{i \alpha + j \beta} \left( \tilde \eta \circ f_{i \alpha + j \beta}(c_{ij} u^i v^j ) \right) \\ & = & \prod_{i \alpha + j \beta} \tilde e_{i \alpha + j \beta}(c_{ij} u^i v^j ). \end{eqnarray} By relation (B') in the group $G$, the following diagram of groups and homomorphisms over $F$ commutes (for any $z \in F^\times$): $$\xymatrix{ \alg{G}_{\add} \ar[r]^{\alg{e}_\alpha} \ar[d]_{\alg{\Mult}(-z^{-2})} & \alg{G} \ar[d]^{\alg{\Int}(n_\alpha(z))} \\ \alg{G}_{\add} \ar[r]^{\alg{e}_{-\alpha}} & \alg{G}. }$$ It follows from (2) and (3) in Definition \ref{UnipotentSplitting} that: \begin{eqnarray} [\Int(n_\alpha(z))] \circ \tilde e_\alpha & = & \left( \Int(n_\alpha(z)) \circ e_\alpha \right)^{\sim} \\ & = & \left( e_{-\alpha} \circ \Mult(-z^{-2}) \right)^{\sim} \\ & = & \tilde e_{-\alpha} \circ \Mult(-z^{-2}). \end{eqnarray} This demonstrates that relation (B') holds in $\tilde G$ as well. \qed We carry on to derive relations in the central extension $\tilde G$. The central extension $\tilde G$ restricts to a central extension of the $F$-points of the split torus $\alg{S}$: $$1 \rightarrow \mu \rightarrow \tilde S \rightarrow S \rightarrow 1.$$ Define elements of $\tilde S$ by $$\tilde h_\alpha(z) = \tilde n_\alpha(z) \tilde n_\alpha(-1), \mbox{ for all } \alpha \in \Phi, z \in F^\times.$$ These elements project onto $h_\alpha(z) = \alpha^\vee(z) \in S$, for every root $\alpha \in \Phi$. The maps $\tilde h_\alpha$ are not necessarily homomorphisms, and the deviation is measured by a 2-cocycle for every root: $$\sigma_\alpha(z_1, z_2) = \tilde h_\alpha(z_1) \tilde h_\alpha(z_2) \tilde h_\alpha(z_1 z_2)^{-1}.$$ Note that $\sigma_\alpha \in Z^2(F^\times, \mu)$, and $\sigma_\alpha(1, z) = \sigma_\alpha(z,1) = 1$ for all $z \in F^\times$. \begin{corollary} Choose two roots $\alpha, \beta \in \Phi$, and any elements $u \in F$, $z,v \in F^\times$. Let $\gamma = s_\alpha(\beta) = \beta - \langle \alpha^\vee, \beta \rangle \alpha$. Then for some constant $\epsilon = \epsilon(\alpha, \beta) = \pm 1$ (independent of $z,v$), the following relations hold: \begin{eqnarray} \tilde n_\alpha(z) \tilde e_\beta(u) \tilde n_\alpha(z)^{-1} & = & \tilde e_{\gamma}(\epsilon z^{-\langle \alpha^\vee, \beta \rangle} u), \\ \tilde n_\alpha(z) \tilde h_\beta(v) \tilde n_\alpha(z)^{-1} & = & \tilde h_\gamma(v) \sigma_\gamma(v,\epsilon z^{-\langle \alpha^\vee, \beta \rangle})^{-1}, \\ \tilde h_\alpha(z) \tilde e_\beta(u) \tilde h_\alpha(z)^{-1} & = & \tilde e_\beta ( z^{\langle \alpha^\vee, \beta \rangle} u ), \\ \tilde h_\alpha(z) \tilde h_\beta(v) \tilde h_\alpha(z)^{-1} & = & \tilde h_\beta( v ) \sigma_\beta(v, z^{\langle \alpha^\vee, \beta \rangle} )^{-1}. \end{eqnarray} \end{corollary} \proof This follows immediately from our earlier Theorem \ref{ChevalleySteinberg}, and Lemma 37 in Steinberg's Yale lectures \cite{Ste}. \qed \subsection{Simply-connected semisimple groups} Suppose that $\alg{G}$ is a simply-connected quasi-split semisimple group over $F$. Then $\alg{G}$ is a direct product of simply-connected, quasi-split, $F$-almost-simple $F$-subgroups. Each of these $F$-almost-simple factors is $F$-isomorphic to $\alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{H}$ (Weil restriction of scalars), for some finite separable extension $L/F$, and for some simply-connected, quasi-split, {\em absolutely} almost-simple group $\alg{H}$ over $L$. This follows from \cite{BoT}, Section 6.21 (ii). Since a central extension of a direct product of perfect groups is determined by a collection of central extensions of factor groups, we assume in this section that $\alg{G} = \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{H}$, with $\alg{H}$ simply-connected, quasi-split, and absolutely almost-simple over $L$, as described above. Thus $\alg{H}$ belongs to one of the following types: $$\Type{A}_n, {}^2 \Type{A}_n, \Type{B}_n, \Type{C}_n, \Type{D}_n, {}^2 \Type{D}_n, {}^3 \Type{D}_4, {}^6 \Type{D}_4, \Type{E}_6, {}^2 \Type{E}_6, \Type{E}_7, \Type{E}_8, \Type{F}_4, \Type{G}_2.$$ Let $\alg{S}$ be a maximal $F$-split torus in $\alg{G}$, and $\Phi$ the resulting set of {\em relative} roots. Let $\alg{W} = \alg{W}(\alg{G}, \alg{S})$ denote the resulting relative Weyl group. Fix a system of positive roots, so that $\Phi = \Phi^+ \sqcup \Phi^-$. Since we do not assume $\alg{G}$ to be split, it is possible that $\Phi$ is not reduced and the root spaces in $\Lie{g}$ may have dimension greater than $1$. Define $$\Phi_1 = \{ \alpha \in \Phi : \alpha/2 \not \in \Phi \}, \quad \Phi_2 = \{ \alpha \in \Phi : 2 \alpha \not \in \Phi \}.$$ Thus $\Phi_1$ is the set of {\em indivisible roots}, and $\Phi_2$ the set of {\em undoublable roots}. For any root $\alpha$, we write $\alg{U}_\alpha$ for the unique unipotent subgroup of $\alg{G}$ whose Lie algebra is the sum of root spaces, for roots which are positive integer multiples of $\alpha$: $$\Lie{u}_\alpha = \bigoplus_{k > 0 } \Lie{g}_{k \alpha}.$$ By Corollary 3.18 of \cite{BoT}, it is known that $\alg{U}_\alpha$ is a unipotent subgroup of $\alg{G}$, split over $F$. When $\alpha \in \Phi_1^+$, let $\alg{G}_\alpha$ be the smallest closed subgroup of $\alg{G}$ containing $\alg{U}_\alpha$ and $\alg{U}_{-\alpha}$. Then $\alg{G}_\alpha$ is a quasi-split, almost-simple (over $F$) group, of $F$-rank $1$. We consider two cases: \subsubsection{When $\alpha \in \Phi_2$} When $\alpha \in \Phi$ and $2 \alpha \not \in \Phi$, there is a central isogeny over $F$: $$\alg{\phi}_\alpha: \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{SL}_{2,E} \rightarrow \alg{G}_\alpha,$$ where $E$ is a finite separable extension of $L$. We choose this central isogeny so that the ``diagonal torus'' lands in $\alg{S}$, and an isomorphism $\alg{e}_\alpha: \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{\add} \rightarrow \alg{U}_\alpha$ is given by: $$\phi_\alpha \Matrix{1}{u}{0}{1} = e_\alpha(u), \mbox{ for all } u \in \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{\add}(F) = E.$$ An isomorphism $\alg{e}_{-\alpha}: \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{\add} \rightarrow \alg{U}_{-\alpha}$ is given by $$\phi_\alpha \Matrix{1}{0}{u}{1} = e_{-\alpha}(u).$$ Define a map (not a homomorphism) of varieties over $F$, $\alg{n_\alpha}: \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{G}$ by $$n_\alpha(z) = e_\alpha(z) e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) e_\alpha(z) = \phi_\alpha \Matrix{0}{z}{-z^{-1}}{0},$$ for all $z \in E^\times$. Such elements represent the relative Weyl group reflection $s_\alpha$ in $\mathsf N_G(S)$. A short calculuation gives: \begin{equation} \label{NErelation1} n_\alpha(z) e_\alpha(u) n_\alpha(z)^{-1} = e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-2} u). \end{equation} Define a homomorphism $\alg{h}_\alpha: \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{G}$ by $h_\alpha(z) = n_\alpha(z) n_\alpha(-1)$, for $z \in E^\times$. Then $$h_\alpha(z) = \phi_\alpha \Matrix{z}{0}{0}{z^{-1}}.$$ When restricted to $F^\times \subset E^\times$, $h_\alpha$ coincides with a cocharacter $\alpha^\vee$ of $\alg{S}$. \subsubsection{When $\alpha \not \in \Phi_2$} When $\alpha \in \Phi^+$ and $2 \alpha$ is also a root, there is a central isogeny over $F$: $$\alg{\phi}_\alpha: \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{SU}_{3, E/L} \rightarrow \alg{G}_\alpha,$$ where $E$ is a separable quadratic extension of $L$. We write $\sigma$ for the nontrivial element of $\Gal(E/L)$. Here the quasisplit group $\alg{SU}_{3, E/L}$ is given by: $$\alg{SU}_{3,E/L}(L) = \{ g \in \alg{SL}_3(E) : g \Xi (g^\sigma)^t = \Xi \}, \mbox{ where } \Xi = \TMatrix{0}{0}{1}{0}{1}{0}{1}{0}{0}.$$ We chose $\alg{\phi}_\alpha$ so that the ``diagonal torus'' gets mapped into $\alg{S}$, and the upper-triangular (resp. lower-triangular) unipotent subgroups of $\alg{SU}_{3, E/L}$ get mapped to the unipotent subgroups $\alg{U}_\alpha$ (resp. $\alg{U}_{-\alpha}$). Define a split unipotent group over $L$ by: $$\alg{J}_{E/L}(L) = \{ (p, \ell) \in E^2 \mbox{ such that } \ell + \ell^\sigma + p p^\sigma = 0 \},$$ where the group law is given by: $$(p_1, \ell_1) \cdot (p_2, \ell_2) = (p_1 + p_2, \ell_1 + \ell_2 - p_1^\sigma p_2).$$ Of course, this only defines the $L$-points of this group, but it is easy to extend the above to the points over any $L$-algebra. We define homomorphisms of groups over $F$, $\alg{e}_{\pm \alpha}: \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{J}_{E/L} \rightarrow \alg{U}_{\pm \alpha}$ (following Deodhar \cite{Deo} but with choices made by Tits \cite{Tit}): $$e_\alpha(p, \ell) = \phi_\alpha \TMatrix{1}{-p^\sigma}{\ell}{0}{1}{p}{0}{0}{1}, \quad e_{-\alpha}(p, \ell) = \phi_\alpha \TMatrix{1}{0}{0}{p}{1}{0}{\ell}{-p^\sigma}{1}.$$ Let $\alg{J}_{E/L}^\ast = \alg{J}_{E/L} - \{ (0,0) \}$ denote the complement of the identity -- a subvariety of $\alg{J}_{E/L}$ defined over $L$. Define a map of varieties over $F$, $\alg{n}_\alpha: \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{J}_{E/L}^\ast \rightarrow \alg{G}$ by: $$n_\alpha(c, d) = e_{-\alpha}(-c d^{-1}, d^{-\sigma}) e_\alpha(c,d) e_{-\alpha}(-c d^{-\sigma}, d^{-\sigma}).$$ Here, we note that $(0,0) \neq (c,d) \in E^2$ satisfies $c + c^\sigma + d d^\sigma = 0$, which implies that $d \neq 0$, and we write $d^{-\sigma}$ for $(d^{-1})^\sigma = (d^\sigma)^{-1}$. A short computation demonstrates that $$n_\alpha(c, d) = \phi_\alpha \TMatrix{0}{0}{d}{0}{-d^\sigma / d}{0}{d^{-\sigma}}{0}{0}.$$ Such elements represent the relative Weyl group reflection $s_\alpha$ in $\mathsf N_G(S)$. A computation gives, for all $(c,d) \in \alg{J}_{E/L}^\ast(L)$ and all $(p, \ell) \in \alg{J}_{E/L}(L)$: \begin{eqnarray} n_\alpha(c, d) e_\alpha(p,\ell) n_\alpha(c,d)^{-1} & = & e_{-\alpha} \left( -\frac{d^\sigma p}{ d^2}, \frac{\ell}{d d^\sigma} \right), \\ n_\alpha(c,d) e_{-\alpha}(p,\ell) n_\alpha(c,d)^{-1} & = & e_\alpha \left( \frac{d^2 p^\sigma}{d^\sigma}, \ell d d^\sigma \right). \end{eqnarray} We now follow the work of Deodhar, Section 2.11 of \cite{Deo}, for guidance. If $\characteristic(L) \neq 2$, then there exists $\theta$ such that $E = L(\theta)$ and $\theta + \theta^\sigma = 0$. Such a $\theta$ is unique up to scaling by $L^\times$, and we choose such a $\theta$ for what follows. If $\characteristic(L) = 2$, then note that for every $\ell \in L$, $\ell + \ell^\sigma = 2 \ell = 0$. Thus if $\characteristic(L) = 2$, we choose $\theta = 1$. Define a homomorphism of groups over $F$, $\alg{e}_{2 \alpha}: \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{G}_{\add} \rightarrow \alg{G}$ by $$e_{2 \alpha}(\ell) = e_\alpha(0, \ell \theta) = \phi_\alpha \TMatrix{1}{0}{\ell \theta}{0}{1}{0}{0}{0}{1}.$$ Define $\alg{e}_{-2 \alpha}$ similarly by $e_{- 2 \alpha}(\ell) = e_{-\alpha}(0, \ell \theta)$. Define a map of varieties over $F$, $\alg{n}_{2 \alpha}: \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{G}$ by: $$n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) = n_\alpha(0, \ell \theta).$$ Note that \begin{eqnarray} n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) & = & e_{-\alpha}(0, \ell^{-\sigma} \theta^{-\sigma}) e_\alpha(0, \ell \theta) e_{-\alpha}(0, \ell^{-\sigma} \theta^{-\sigma}) \\ & = & e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-\sigma}}{\theta \theta^{\sigma}} \right) e_{2 \alpha}(\ell) e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-\sigma}}{ \theta \theta^{\sigma}} \right). \end{eqnarray} Finally, define an algebraic homomorphism $\alg{h}_{2 \alpha}: \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{G}$ by: $$h_{2 \alpha}(\ell) = n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) n_{2 \alpha}(-1).$$ A computation yields $$h_{2 \alpha}(\ell) = \phi_\alpha \TMatrix{\ell}{0}{0}{0}{1}{0}{0}{0}{\ell^{-1}}.$$ \subsubsection{Covers} Now, at last, we consider a central extension $\tilde G$ of $G = \alg{G}(F)$ by $\mu$, endowed with a {\em unipotent splitting}, where $\alg{G} = \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{H}$, and $\alg{H}$ is a quasisplit, simply-connected, semisimple, and absolutely almost simple group, defined over $L$. Let $\alg{S}$ be a maximal $F$-split torus in $\alg{G}$, and $\alpha \in \Phi(\alg{G}, \alg{S})$ an indivisible (relative) root. Since $\alg{e}_\alpha$ is a homomorphism from a split unipotent group into $\alg{G}$, it lifts to a homomorphism: $$\tilde e_\alpha: \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{\add}(F) = E \rightarrow \tilde G, \mbox{ or } \tilde e_\alpha : \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{J}_{E/L}(F) = \alg{J}_{E/L}(L) \rightarrow \tilde G.$$ Depending on whether $2 \alpha$ is not a root or $2 \alpha$ is a root, we find elements: $$\tilde e_\alpha(u) \in \tilde G, \mbox{ for } u \in E, \mbox{ or } \tilde e_\alpha(p, \ell), \mbox{ for } (p, \ell) \in E^2, \ell+ \ell^\sigma + p p^\sigma = 0.$$ In the latter case, choose $\theta \in E$ as before, and define $\tilde e_{2 \alpha}(\ell) = \tilde e_\alpha(0, \ell \theta)$. Then $\tilde e_{2 \alpha}$ coincides with the homomorphism obtained from the unipotent splitting applied to $\alg{e}_{2 \alpha}: \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{G}_{a, L} \rightarrow \alg{G}$. Define lifts of $n_\alpha$, for $z \in E^\times$ or for $(c,d) \in \alg{J}_{E/L}^\ast(L)$ by: \begin{eqnarray} \tilde n_\alpha(z) & = & \tilde e_\alpha(z) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) \tilde e_\alpha(z), \mbox{ or } \\ \tilde n_\alpha(c,d) & = & \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-c d^{-1}, d^{-\sigma}) \tilde e_\alpha(c,d) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-c d^{-\sigma}, d^{-\sigma}). \end{eqnarray} In the latter case, define also $\tilde n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) = \tilde n_\alpha(0, \ell \theta)$. In other terms, $$\tilde n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) = \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1}}{\theta \theta^{\sigma}} \right) \tilde e_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1}}{ \theta \theta^{\sigma}} \right).$$ Finally, define $\tilde h_\alpha(z)$ for $z \in E^\times$ or $\tilde h_{2 \alpha}(\ell)$ for $\ell \in L^\times$ by $$\tilde h_\alpha(z) = \tilde n_\alpha(z) \tilde n_\alpha(-1), \mbox{ or } \tilde h_{2 \alpha}(\ell) = \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(-1).$$ \begin{theorem} If $2 \alpha$ is not a root, then \begin{eqnarray} \tilde n_\alpha(z) \tilde e_\alpha(u) \tilde n_\alpha(z)^{-1} & = & \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-2} u), \\ \tilde n_\alpha(z) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(u) \tilde n_\alpha(z)^{-1} & = & \tilde e_\alpha(- z^2 u). \end{eqnarray} If $2 \alpha$ is a root, then \begin{eqnarray} \tilde n_\alpha(c, d) \tilde e_\alpha(p,\ell) \tilde n_\alpha(c,d)^{-1} & = & \tilde e_{-\alpha} \left( -\frac{d^\sigma p}{ d^2}, \frac{\ell}{d d^\sigma} \right), \\ \tilde n_\alpha(c,d) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(p,\ell) \tilde n_\alpha(c,d)^{-1} & = & \tilde e_\alpha \left( \frac{d^2 p^\sigma}{d^\sigma}, \ell d d^\sigma \right). \end{eqnarray} In particular, if $2 \alpha$ is a root, then \begin{eqnarray} \tilde n_\alpha(c, d) \tilde e_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde n_\alpha(c,d)^{-1} & = & \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left(\frac{\ell}{d d^\sigma} \right), \\ \tilde n_\alpha(c,d) \tilde e_{-2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde n_\alpha(c,d)^{-1} & = & \tilde e_{2 \alpha} \left(\ell d d^\sigma \right). \end{eqnarray} \end{theorem} \proof The proof is essentially the same as the proof of Theorem \ref{ChevalleySteinberg} in the split case. If $2 \alpha$ is not a root, we consider (for any $z \in E^\times$) the commutative diagram of groups and homomorphisms over $F$: $$\xymatrix{ \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{\add} \ar[rr]^{\alg{e}_\alpha} \ar[d]_{\alg{\Mult}(-z^{-2})} & & \alg{G} \ar[d]^{\alg{\Int}(n_\alpha(z))} \\ \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{\add} \ar[rr]^{\alg{e}_{-\alpha}} & & \alg{G}. }$$ If $2 \alpha$ is a root, we consider (for any $(c,d) \in \alg{J}_{E/L}^\ast(L)$) the commutative diagram of groups and homomorphisms over $F$: $$\xymatrix{ \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{J}_{E/L} \ar[rr]^{\alg{e}_\alpha} \ar[d]_{\alg{f}_{c,d}} & & \alg{G} \ar[d]^{\alg{\Int}(n_\alpha(c,d))} \\ \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{J}_{E/L} \ar[rr]^{\alg{e}_{-\alpha}} & & \alg{G}, }$$ where $\alg{f}_{c,d}$ is the $L$-automorphism of $\alg{J}_{E/L}$ (or $F$-automorphism of $\alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{J}_{E/L}$) given by: $$f_{c,d}(p, \ell) = \left( -\frac{d^\sigma p}{ d^2}, \frac{\ell}{d d^\sigma} \right).$$ Since $\tilde G$ is a unipotently split central extension of $G$, the above diagrams lift to give the desired relations in $\tilde G$. \qed From this and previous definitions, we find \begin{corollary} If $2 \alpha$ is not a root, then $$\tilde n_\alpha(z) = \tilde e_\alpha(z) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) \tilde e_\alpha(z) = \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) \tilde e_\alpha(z) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}).$$ If $2 \alpha$ is a root, then \begin{eqnarray} \tilde n_\alpha(c,d) & = & \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-c d^{-1}, d^{-\sigma}) \tilde e_\alpha(c,d) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-c d^{-\sigma}, d^{-\sigma}) \\ & = & \tilde e_\alpha(- c^\sigma d^2 d^{-2 \sigma}, d) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-c d^\sigma d^{-2}, d^{-\sigma}) \tilde e_\alpha(- c^\sigma d d^{-\sigma}, d). \end{eqnarray} In particular, if $2 \alpha$ is a root, then \begin{eqnarray} \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) & = & \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1}}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right) \tilde e_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1}}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right) \\ & = & \tilde e_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1}}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right) \tilde e_{2 \alpha}(\ell). \end{eqnarray} \end{corollary} \proof The first case is discussed in Section 11.1 of \cite{B-D}, and the second is essentially contained in \cite{Deo}. We follow the observation of \cite{B-D}, using the fact that $\tilde n_\alpha(z)$ is invariant under $\Int(n_\alpha(z))$, and $\tilde n_\alpha(c,d)$ is invariant under $\Int(n_\alpha(c,d))$. In the first case, \begin{eqnarray} \tilde e_\alpha(z) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) \tilde e_\alpha(z) & = & \Int(n_\alpha(z)) \left( \tilde e_\alpha(z) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) \tilde e_\alpha(z) \right) \\ & = & \Int(n_\alpha(z)) \tilde e_\alpha(z) \cdot \Int(n_\alpha(z)) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) \cdot \Int(n_\alpha(z)) \tilde e_\alpha(z) \\ & = & \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) \tilde e_\alpha(z) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}). \end{eqnarray} The last step follows from the previous theorem. In the second case, \begin{eqnarray} & & \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-c d^{-1}, d^{-\sigma}) \tilde e_\alpha(c,d) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-c d^{-\sigma}, d^{-\sigma}) \\ & = & \Int(n_\alpha(c,d)) \left( \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-c d^{-1}, d^{-\sigma}) \tilde e_\alpha(c,d) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-c d^{-\sigma}, d^{-\sigma}) \right), \\ & = & \tilde e_\alpha(- c^\sigma d^2 d^{-2 \sigma}, d) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-c d^\sigma d^{-2}, d^{-\sigma}) \tilde e_\alpha(- c^\sigma d d^{-\sigma}, d). \end{eqnarray} \qed \begin{corollary} If $2 \alpha$ is not a root, then $\tilde n_\alpha(z) \cdot \tilde n_\alpha(-z) = 1$. If $2 \alpha$ is a root, then $\tilde n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(-\ell) = 1$. \end{corollary} \proof In the first case, we compute: \begin{eqnarray} \tilde n_\alpha(z) \tilde n_\alpha(-z) & = & \tilde e_\alpha(z) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) \tilde e_\alpha(z) \cdot \tilde e_\alpha(-z) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-1}) \tilde e_\alpha(-z) \\ & = & 1, \end{eqnarray} where the last equality follows from the fact that $\alg{e}_\alpha$ is a homomorphism from $\alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{G}_{a,L}$ to $\alg{G}$, and so $\tilde e_\alpha$ is a homomorphism from $L$ to $\tilde G$. In the second case, we compute: \begin{eqnarray} \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(-\ell) & = & \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1}}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right) \tilde e_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1}}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right) \\ & & \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{-\ell^{-1}}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right) \tilde e_{2 \alpha}(-\ell) \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{-\ell^{-1}}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right) \\ & = & 1. \end{eqnarray} The last equality follows from the fact that $\alg{e}_{2 \alpha}$ is a homomorphism from $\alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{G}_{a,L}$ to $\alg{G}$, and its lift $\tilde e_{2 \alpha}$ is a homomorphism from $L$ to $\tilde G$. \qed \begin{corollary} If $2 \alpha$ is not a root, then $$\tilde n_\alpha(z) \tilde n_\alpha(v) \tilde n_\alpha(z)^{-1} = \tilde n_\alpha(z^2 v^{-1}).$$ If $2 \alpha$ is a root, then $$\tilde n_\alpha(c,d) \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde n_\alpha(c,d)^{-1} = \tilde n_{2 \alpha} \left( \frac{d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \ell^{-1} \right).$$ \end{corollary} \proof In the first case, we compute: \begin{eqnarray} \Int(n_\alpha(z)) \tilde n_\alpha(v) & = & \Int(n_\alpha(z)) \left( \tilde e_\alpha(v) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-v^{-1}) \tilde e_\alpha(v) \right), \\ & = & \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-2} v) \tilde e_\alpha(z^2 v^{-1}) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-2} v), \\ & = & \tilde e_\alpha(z^2 v^{-1}) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(-z^{-2} v) \tilde e_\alpha(z^2 v^{-1}), \\ & = & \tilde n_\alpha(z^2 v^{-1}). \end{eqnarray} In the second case, we compute: \begin{eqnarray} \Int(n_\alpha(c,d)) \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) & = & \Int(n_\alpha(c,d)) \left( \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1}}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right) \tilde e_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1}}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right) \right), \\ & = & \tilde e_{2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1} d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right) \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell}{d d^\sigma} \right) \tilde e_{2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1} d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right), \\ & = & \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell}{d d^\sigma} \right) \tilde e_{2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell^{-1} d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right) \tilde e_{-2 \alpha} \left( \frac{\ell}{d d^\sigma} \right), \\ & = & \tilde n_{2 \alpha} \left( \frac{d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \ell^{-1} \right). \end{eqnarray} \qed Note that the functions $\tilde h_\alpha: E^\times \rightarrow \tilde G$ or $\tilde h_{2 \alpha}: L^\times \rightarrow \tilde G$ (when $\alpha \in \Phi_2$ or $\alpha \not \in \Phi_2$, respectively) are not necessarily homomorphisms. Rather, as in the split case, there is a 2-cocycle $\sigma_\alpha \in Z^2(E^\times, \mu)$ or $\sigma_{2 \alpha} \in Z^2(L^\times, \mu)$: \begin{eqnarray} \sigma_\alpha(v_1, v_2) & = & \tilde h_\alpha(v_1) \tilde h_\alpha(v_2) \tilde h_\alpha(v_1 v_2)^{-1}, \mbox{ or } \\ \sigma_{2 \alpha}(\ell_1, \ell_2) & = & \tilde h_{2 \alpha}(\ell_1) \tilde h_{2 \alpha}(\ell_2) \tilde h_{2 \alpha}(\ell_1 \ell_2)^{-1}. \end{eqnarray} A simple computation demonstrates that \begin{eqnarray} \sigma_\alpha(E^\times, 1) = \sigma_\alpha(1, E^\times) = \{ 1 \}, \\ \sigma_{2 \alpha}(L^\times, 1) = \sigma_{2 \alpha}(1, L^\times) = \{ 1 \}. \end{eqnarray} \begin{corollary} \label{WeylCover} If $2 \alpha$ is not a root, then $$\tilde n_\alpha(z) \tilde h_\alpha(v) \tilde n_\alpha(z)^{-1} = \tilde h_\alpha(v^{-1}) \cdot \sigma_\alpha(v^{-1}, z^2)^{-1}.$$ If $2 \alpha$ is a root, then $$\tilde n_\alpha(c,d) \tilde h_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde n_\alpha(c,d)^{-1} = \tilde h_{2 \alpha}(\ell^{-1}) \cdot \sigma_{2 \alpha} \left( \ell^{-1}, \frac{d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right)^{-1}.$$ \end{corollary} \proof In the first case, we compute: \begin{eqnarray} \Int(n_\alpha(z)) \tilde h_\alpha(v) & = & \Int(n_\alpha(z)) \left( \tilde n_\alpha(v) \tilde n_\alpha(-1) \right), \\ & = & \Int(n_\alpha(z)) \tilde n_\alpha(v) \cdot \Int(n_\alpha(z)) \tilde n_\alpha(-1), \\ & = & \tilde n_\alpha(z^2 v^{-1}) \tilde n_\alpha(- z^2), \\ & = & \tilde n_\alpha(z^2 v^{-1}) \tilde n_\alpha(-1) \tilde n_\alpha(-1)^{-1} \tilde n_\alpha(z^2)^{-1}, \\ & = & \tilde h_\alpha(z^2 v^{-1}) \tilde h_\alpha(z^2)^{-1}, \\ & = & \tilde h_\alpha(v^{-1}) \cdot \sigma_\alpha(v^{-1}, z^2)^{-1}. \end{eqnarray} In the second case, we compute: \begin{eqnarray} \Int(n_\alpha(c,d)) \tilde h_{2 \alpha}(\ell) & = & \Int(n_\alpha(c,d)) \left( \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(-1) \right) \\ & = & \Int(n_\alpha(c,d)) \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(\ell) \cdot \Int(n_\alpha(c,d)) \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(-1) \\ & = & \tilde n_{2 \alpha} \left( \frac{d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \ell^{-1} \right) \tilde n_{2 \alpha} \left( - \frac{d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right), \\ & = & \tilde n_{2 \alpha} \left( \frac{d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \ell^{-1} \right) \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(-1) \tilde n_{2 \alpha}(-1)^{-1} \tilde n_{2 \alpha} \left(\frac{d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right)^{-1}, \\ & = & \tilde h_{2 \alpha} \left( \frac{d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \ell^{-1} \right) \tilde h_{2 \alpha} \left(\frac{d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right)^{-1} \\ & = & \tilde h_{2 \alpha}(\ell^{-1}) \cdot \sigma_{2 \alpha} \left( \ell^{-1}, \frac{d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma} \right)^{-1}. \end{eqnarray} \qed \begin{remark} Later, we will work in a situation where it is guaranteed that $\sigma_\alpha$ and $\sigma_{2 \alpha}$ are {\em bimultiplicative}, which simplifies the above proposition. This bimultiplicativity might already follow from relations proven above (cf.~Steinberg \cite{Ste} and Deodhar \cite{Deo}). \end{remark} \section{Brylinski-Deligne Extensions} Let $\alg{G}$ be an affine algebraic group over a field $F$. In \cite{B-D}, Brylinski and Deligne study a class of central extensions of $\alg{G}$, which are not algebraic groups, but still have algebraic origin. This entire section can be seen as a review of the results of \cite{B-D}; the few original results in this section are immediate consequences of the deep and beautiful results of Brylinski and Deligne. \begin{definition} A central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ (over $F$) is a central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$, in the category of sheaves of groups on the big Zariski site (of schemes of finite type) over $F$. Such an extension $\alg{G}'$ is written in a short exact sequence (of sheaves of groups): $$1 \rightarrow \alg{K}_2 \rightarrow \alg{G}' \rightarrow \alg{G} \rightarrow 1.$$ We write $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{K}_2)$ for the category of central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. \end{definition} \begin{remark} We could be more careful, and refer to a central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ as a triple $(\alg{G}', \alg{p}, \alg{\iota})$, as in the first section. But we sacrifice this care in favor of abbreviated notation in this section. \end{remark} \begin{remark} One could also work with central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_1$ over $F$, in the category of sheaves of groups on the big Zariski site over $F$. If one works in the big Zariski site, whose objects are {\em smooth} schemes of finite type over $F$, such central extensions are precisely the central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$, studied in the first section. \end{remark} A central extension $\alg{G}'$ of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ yields, for any finitely-generated $F$-algebra $A$, a left-exact sequence of groups: $$0 \rightarrow \alg{K}_2(A) \rightarrow \alg{G}'(A) \rightarrow \alg{G}(A),$$ in which $\alg{K}_2(A)$ is a subgroup of the center of $\alg{G}'(A)$. When $A \rightarrow B$ is a morphism of $F$-algebras, there is an obvious commutative diagram, whose rows are left-exact sequences as above; this defines a functor from the category of $F$-algebras to the category of left-exact sequences of groups. When $L$ is a {\em field} containing $F$, the resulting left-exact sequence is also right exact: $$0 \rightarrow \alg{K}_2(L) \rightarrow \alg{G}'(L) \rightarrow \alg{G}(L) \rightarrow 0.$$ This arises from the vanishing of $H_{\Zar}^1(L, \alg{K}_2)$ -- a Zariski topology version of Hilbert's Theorem 90 for $\alg{K}_2$. When $L$ is a Galois extension of $F$, the above short exact sequence is Galois-equivariant. However, beware that the set of $\Gal(L/F)$-fixed points of $\alg{K}_2(L)$ is often not equal to $\alg{K}_2(F)$. The category $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{K}_2)$ is a strictly commutative Picard groupoid, whose structure (at least when $\alg{G}$ is a connected reductive group or parabolic subgroup thereof) is the focus of \cite{B-D}. \subsection{Central extensions of split unipotent groups by $\alg{K}_2$} We begin by recalling some of the more basic results of the article \cite{B-D} and their consequences. The first result provides unipotent splittings: \begin{proposition}[Prop. 3.2 of \cite{B-D}] If $\alg{U}$ is a split unipotent group over $F$, then every central extension $1 \rightarrow \alg{K}_2 \rightarrow \alg{U}' \rightarrow \alg{U} \rightarrow 1$ splits uniquely. \end{proposition} In other words, the groupoid $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{U}, \alg{K}_2)$ is equivalent to the groupoid with one object and one morphism. \begin{corollary} Let $\alg{G}'$ be a central extension of a group scheme $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$, over $F$. Let $G' = \alg{G}'(F)$ and $K_2 = \alg{K}_2(F)$. Then the previous proposition endows the central extension $G'$ of $G$ by $K_2$ with a unipotent splitting. \end{corollary} \proof Let $\alg{p}: \alg{G}' \rightarrow \alg{G}$ denote the projection homomorphism. The existence and uniqueness of splitting in the previous proposition yields the following: \begin{enumerate} \item For each $\alg{\eta}: \alg{U} \hookrightarrow \alg{G}$, an embedding of a split unipotent subgroup, the previous proposition yields a unique $\alg{\eta}': \alg{U} \rightarrow \alg{G}'$, satisfying $\alg{p} \circ \alg{\eta}' = \alg{\eta}$: $$\xymatrix{\alg{U} \ar@/_/[rr]_{\alg{\eta}} \ar[r]^{\alg{\eta}'} & \alg{G}' \ar[r]^{\alg{p}} & \alg{G}.}$$ \item For every pair $\alg{U}_1$, $\alg{U}_2$ of split unipotent groups, and commutative diagram of closed embeddings: $$\xymatrix{ \alg{U_1} \ar@/_/[rr]_{\alg{\eta}_1} \ar[r]^{\alg{f}} & \alg{U}_2 \ar[r]^{\alg{\eta}_2} & \alg{G},}$$ the uniqueness in the previous proposition gives a commutative diagram: $$\xymatrix{ \alg{U}_1 \ar@/_/[rr]_{\alg{\eta}_1'} \ar[r]^{\alg{f}} & \alg{U}_2 \ar[r]^{\alg{\eta}_2'} & \alg{G}', }$$ \item For each closed embedding of a split unipotent group, $\eta: \alg{U} \hookrightarrow \alg{G}$, and each element $g \in G$, the previous proposition implies that the following diagram commutes: $$\xymatrix{ \alg{U} \ar[r]^{\alg{\eta}'} \ar[dr]_{ [\alg{\Int}(g) \circ \alg{\eta}]'} & \alg{G}' \ar[d]^{\alg{\Int}(g)} \\ & \alg{G}' }.$$ \end{enumerate} Taking $F$-points in each of the three commutative diagrams yields the unipotent splitting. \qed \subsection{Central extensions of tori by $\alg{K}_2$} When $\alg{T}$ is a split torus over $F$, with characters $X = X(\alg{T})$ and cocharacters $Y = Y(\alg{T})$, the category of central extensions of $\alg{T}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ is described in Section 3 of \cite{B-D}. We describe their result and construction below. \begin{proposition}[Prop. 3.11 of \cite{B-D}] Let $\alg{T}$ be a split torus over $F$. The category of central extensions of $\alg{T}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ is equivalent to the category of pairs $(Q, E)$, where $Q \in \Sym^2 (X)$ is a $\mathbb Z$-valued quadratic form on the cocharacter lattice $Y$ of $\alg{T}$, and $E$ is a central extension of $Y$ by $F^\times$ (as groups), whose commutator pairing $\Comm: \bigwedge^2 Y \rightarrow F^\times$ is given by: $$\Comm(y_1, y_2) = (-1)^{B_Q(y_1, y_2)}, \mbox{ where }$$ $$B_Q(y_1, y_2) = Q(y_1 + y_2) - \left( Q(y_1) + Q(y_2) \right)$$ is the symmetric bilinear form associated to $Q$. When $\alg{T}$ is split over a finite Galois extension $L/F$, the category of central extensiosn of $\alg{T}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ (over $F$) is equivalent to the category of pairs $(Q, E)$ where $Q \in \Sym^2(X)$ as before and $E$ is a $\Gal(L/F)$-equivariant central extension of $Y$ by $L^\times$, satisfying the conditions above. \end{proposition} To clarify, consider an extension $E$ of $Y$ by $F^\times$: $$1 \rightarrow F^\times \rightarrow E \rightarrow Y \rightarrow 1.$$ First, note that $F^\times = \alg{K}_1(F)$, and $\mathbb Z = \alg{K}_0(F)$ -- this central extension is very much like the extension of $Y$ by $\mathbb Z$ considered in Theorem \ref{CEByGm}, but with $\alg{G}_{\mult} = \alg{K}_1$ (over a field) replaced by $\alg{K}_2$, and $\alg{K}_0$ replaced by $\alg{K}_1$. Second, note that such a central extension yields a commutator pairing by defining: $$\Comm(y_1, y_2) = e_1 e_2 e_1^{-1} e_2^{-1},$$ for any $e_1, e_2 \in E$ projecting to $y_1$ and $y_2$ respectively. The previous proposition implies that for a split torus $\alg{T}$, $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{T},\alg{K}_2$) is a groupoid whose isomorphism classes are parameterized by $\Sym^2(X)$, and all of whose automorphism groups are isomorphic to $\Hom(Y, F^\times) = \alg{T}^\vee(F)$, where $\alg{T}^\vee = Spec(F[Y])$ is the dual torus to $\alg{T}$. Since it would otherwise be completely mysterious, we describe the functor from $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{T}, \alg{K}_2)$ to $\Cat{CExt}(Y, F^\times)$ (the latter being central extensions in the category of groups) explicitly, in three steps. Begin with a central extension $\alg{T}'$ of $\alg{T}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. \begin{enumerate} \item Taking points over the Laurent series field $F((\tau))$, one gets a central extension of groups: $$1 \rightarrow \alg{K}_2(F((\tau))) \rightarrow \alg{T}'(F((\tau))) \rightarrow \alg{T}(F((\tau))) \rightarrow 1.$$ \item Sending a cocharacter $y \in Y$ to $y(\tau) \in \alg{T}(F((\tau)))$ gives us an embedding of groups $Y \hookrightarrow \alg{T}(F((\tau)))$, and allows us to pull back this central extension: $$1 \rightarrow \alg{K}_2(F((\tau))) \rightarrow Y' \rightarrow Y \rightarrow 1.$$ \item Pushing forward via the tame symbol (see Definition \ref{TameSymbol}) $\tame_{F((\tau))}: \alg{K}_2(F((\tau))) \rightarrow \alg{K}_1(F) = F^\times$ yields a central extension $$1 \rightarrow F^\times \rightarrow E \rightarrow Y \rightarrow 1.$$ \end{enumerate} This construction is described in Section 3.10 and Remark 3.12 of \cite{B-D}. It generalizes naturally to the nonsplit case. All central extensions of a split torus $\alg{T}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ are ``incarnated'' by a 2-cocycle of algebraic origin. The following construction is described in Sections 3.9-10 of \cite{B-D}: begin with a quadratic form $Q \in \Sym^2(X)$. Choose any representative bilinear form $$D = \sum_i (x_1^i \otimes x_2^i) \in X \otimes_\mathbb Z X,$$ projecting to $Q$, i.e., $Q(y) = D(y,y)$ for all $y \in Y$. Then, one may define a central extension $\alg{T}'$ of $\alg{T}$ by $\alg{K}_2$, endowed with a trivialization of the $\alg{K}_2$-torsor $\alg{T}'$ over $\alg{T}$, whose 2-cocycle is given by a finite product $$\sigma(t_1, t_2) = \prod_i \{ x_1^i(t_1), x_2^i (t_2) \}.$$ In other words, if $L$ is a field containing $F$, then we may identify $\alg{T}'(L)$ as a set with $\alg{T}(L) \times \alg{K}_2(L)$; the group law on $\alg{T}'(L)$ is given by the usual group law on the central subgroup $\alg{K}_2(L)$ (written multiplicatively), and the following ``twisted'' multiplication: $$(t_1,1) \cdot (t_2,1) = (t_1 t_2, \sigma(t_1, t_2)) = \left( t_1 t_2, \prod_i \{ x_1^i(t_1), x_2^i(t_2) \}_L \right).$$ Here, we write $\{ \cdot, \cdot \}_L$ for the symbol from $L^\times \times L^\times$ to $\alg{K}_2(L)$. This construction yields a central extension whose isomorphism class has parameter $Q$. Conversely, if one is given a central extension $\alg{T}'$ of a split torus $\alg{T}$ by $\alg{K}_2$, then there exists a section $\alg{j}: \alg{T} \rightarrow \alg{T}'$ of the underlying $\alg{K}_2$-torsor, which satisfies $\alg{j}(1) = 1$. Such a section gives an algebraic cocycle $\alg{\sigma}: \alg{T} \times \alg{T} \rightarrow \alg{K}_2$ (a section of the Zariski sheaf $\alg{K}_2$ over $\alg{T} \times \alg{T}$), given at the level of points by $$\sigma(t_1, t_2) = j(t_1) j(t_2) j(t_1 t_2)^{-1}.$$ Since $\alg{\sigma}$ is trivial on $\{ 1 \} \times \alg{T}$ and $\alg{T} \times \{ 1 \}$, Corollary 3.7 of \cite{B-D} ensures that the section $\alg{\sigma}$ is bimultiplicative. This result is the $\alg{K}_2$-analogue of the $\alg{G}_{\mult}$-result proven at the end of Theorem \ref{CEByGm} and discussed in the subsequent remark. Any such bimultiplicative section has the form $$\sigma(t_1, t_2) = \prod_i \{ x_1^i(t_1), x_2^i (t_2) \},$$ for some element $\sum_i (x_1^i \otimes x_2^i) \in X \otimes_\mathbb Z X$ as above. While this element of $X \otimes_\mathbb Z X$ is not uniquely determined by $\alg{\sigma}$, it is uniquely determined up to the subgroup $\bigwedge^2 X \subset X \otimes_\mathbb Z X$; this yields a well-defined element $Q \in \Sym^2 X$, from any central extension $\alg{T}'$ of $\alg{T}$. It will be important to understand the central extensions of tori by $\alg{K}_2$, in one nonsplit situation. \begin{example} \label{RSExamp} Consider a separable extension $L/F$, and the Weil restriction of scalars $\alg{T} = \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{G}_{\mult}$. Let $E$ be a normal closure of $L$, $\Gamma = \Gal(E/F)$, and $I$ the set of $F$-algebra embeddings from $L$ into $E$. Thus $I$ is identified as a $\Gamma$-set with $\Gamma / \Gal(E/L)$. The characters and cocharacters of $\alg{T}$ can be identified as $X = \mathbb Z^I$, $Y = \mathbb Z^I$. Any central extension of $\alg{T}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ is obtained via descent from a central extension of $\alg{G}_{\mult}^I$ by $\alg{K}_2$ over $E$; its isomorphism class depends on a quadratic form $Q: Y = \mathbb Z^I \rightarrow \mathbb Z$, which is $\Gamma$-invariant. Such a quadratic form can be represented by a $\Gamma$-invariant bilinear form $D: Y \otimes Y \rightarrow \mathbb Z$, in the sense that $$Q(y) = D(y,y), \quad D(y_1, y_2) = D(\gamma y_1, \gamma y_2),$$ for all $y, y_1, y_2 \in Y$ and $\gamma \in \Gamma$. This can be seen by direct construction, or by a cohomological argument since $\bigwedge^2 Y$ is a sum of induced modules over $\mathbb Z[\Gamma]$. Now consider the canonically embedded $\alg{G}_{\mult} \hookrightarrow \alg{T}$ over $F$. It corresponds to the diagonal embedding $\Delta: \mathbb Z \hookrightarrow Y = \mathbb Z^I$. We find that $$D(\Delta(m), \Delta(n)) = (\# I) \cdot D( (m,0, \ldots, 0), \Delta(n)) \in (\# I) \cdot \mathbb Z.$$ If $\alg{G}_{\mult}'$ is the central extension of $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ by $\alg{K}_2$, obtained by pulling back $\alg{T}'$ via $\Delta$, then we find that $\alg{G}_{\mult}'$ is incarnated by a cocycle of the form: $$\sigma(\Delta(z_1), \Delta(z_2)) = \{ z_1, z_2 \}^{\# I \cdot d},$$ where $d = D((1,0,\ldots, 0), (1,\ldots, 1)) \in \mathbb Z$. The central extension $\alg{T}'$ is incarnated by some $\Gamma$-invariant bimultiplicative cocycle $\alg{\sigma}: \alg{T} \times \alg{T} \rightarrow \alg{K}_2$ (This follows from Theorem 2.1 of \cite{B-D}), defined over $F$, extending the above cocycle on $\Delta(\alg{G}_{\mult})$. Furthermore, we can compute: $$\sigma(t_1, \Delta(z_2) )^{\# I} = \sigma( N_{L/F}(t_1), \Delta(z_2) ) = \{ N_{L/F} t_1, z_2 \}^{\# I \cdot d }.$$ Since the group of bimultiplicative sections of $\alg{K}_2$ over $\alg{T} \times \alg{G}_{\mult}$ is torsion-free (via Corollary 3.7 of \cite{B-D} and descent), this implies that $$\sigma(t_1, \Delta(z_2)) = \{ N_{L/F} t_1, z_2 \}^d.$$ \end{example} \subsection{Central extensions of Chevalley groups by $\alg{K}_2$} Let $\alg{G}$ be a split semisimple simply-connected group over $F$, with $F$-split maximal torus $\alg{T}$. From Brylinski and Deligne, we recall the following \begin{theorem}[Special case 7.3(i) of \cite{B-D}] The isomorphism classes in the category of central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ are in bijection with the $W$-invariant $\mathbb Z$-valued quadratic forms $Q: Y \rightarrow \mathbb Z$, i.e. the elements $Q \in \Sym^2(X)^W$. There are no nontrivial automorphisms in the category of central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. \end{theorem} \begin{remark} This parameterization is compatible (Compatibility 4.9 of \cite{B-D}) with the parameterization for split tori -- when $\alg{T}$ is a split torus in $\alg{G}$, and $\alg{G}'$ is a central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$, one may pull back $\alg{G}'$ to get a central extension $\alg{T}'$ of $\alg{T}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. The invariant $Q \in \Sym^2(X)^W$ associated to $\alg{G}'$ is equal to the invariant $Q \in \Sym^2(X)$ associated in the previous section to $\alg{T}'$. \end{remark} For comparison, recall that when $\alg{G}$ is a simply-connected split semisimple group over the perfect field $\mathbb F$, there is exactly one isomorphism class of central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ -- the class of the split extension $\alg{G} \times \alg{G}_{\mult}$ -- and the split extension has no nontrivial automorphisms. Brylinski and Deligne prove that central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ are slightly more complicated, in that there are numerous isomorphism classes, but the category is still ``rigid'' -- objects have no non-identity automorphisms. When $\alg{G}$ is simply-connected, split, and {\em almost simple}, the set $\Sym^2(X)^W$ can be identified with $\mathbb Z$. This follows from an observation about root systems: \begin{proposition} \label{UniqueQuadratic} For a simple root datum $(X, \Phi, Y, \Phi^\vee)$, there is a unique integer-valued Weyl-invariant quadratic form $Q_1: Y \rightarrow \mathbb Z$ satisfying the identity $Q_1(\alpha^\vee) = 1$ for all short coroots (those coroots associated to long roots) $\alpha^\vee \in \Phi^\vee$. Moreover $Sym^2(X)^W = \mathbb Z \cdot Q_1$. \end{proposition} \proof There is a unique, up to scaling, $\mathbb Q$-valued quadratic invariant polynomial for the reflection representation of a finite irreducible Coxeter group. Hence if $Q, Q'$ are two integer-valued, Weyl-invariant quadratic forms on $Y$, then $Q' = q \cdot Q$ for some rational number $q$. Checking case-by-case (see the following example), we find that if $Q$ is a $\mathbb Q$-valued Weyl-invariant quadratic form on $Y$, and $Q(\alpha^\vee) = 1$ for any short coroot $\alpha^\vee$, then $Q$ is $\mathbb Z$-valued. The result follows immediately. \qed \begin{example} In a simply-laced simple root system, every coroot is short, and $Q_1$ takes the value $1$ on every coroot. In types $\Type{B}$, $\Type{C}$, and $\Type{F}_4$, $Q_1$ takes the value $1$ on short coroots and $2$ on long coroots. In type $\Type{G}_2$, $Q_1$ takes the value $1$ on short coroots and $3$ on long coroots. \end{example} By Proposition 4.15 of \cite{B-D}, when $\alg{G}$ is an almost-simple simply-connected split Chevalley group, the central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ corresponding to $Q_1$ coincides (upon taking $F$-points) with the universal central extension (outside of type $\Type{C}$) studied by Steinberg \cite{Ste} and Matsumoto \cite{Mats}. \begin{Notation} \label{CExtFromQ} Let $\alg{G}$ be a simply-connected split semisimple group over $F$, and $Q \in \Sym^2(X)^W$ a quadratic form on $Y$. Let $\alg{T}$ be a $F$-split maximal torus in $\alg{G}$. Let $\alg{G}_Q'$ be the associated (unique up to unique isomorphism) central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. Let $\alg{T}_Q'$ be the resulting central extension of $\alg{T}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. Define $E_Q$ to be the resulting central extension of $Y$ by $F^\times$ (from the previous section). \end{Notation} In other words, the data of a Weyl-invariant quadratic form on $Y$ -- for a split simply-connected semisimple group -- yields a central extension of $Y$ by $F^\times$. This object of $\Cat{CExt}(Y, F^\times)$ is characterized up to unique isomorphism, in Section 11 of \cite{B-D}. \subsection{Simply-connected semisimple groups} Let $\alg{G}$ be a simply-connected semisimple group over $F$ (no longer necessarily split). Let $\alg{T}$ be a maximal torus in $\alg{G}$, defined over $F$, and $Y = Y(\alg{T})$ its cocharacter lattice. Let $F^{\sep}$ be a separable closure of $F$, and $\Gamma = \Gal(F^{\sep} / F)$, so that $Y$ is naturally a $\mathbb Z[\Gamma]$-module. Let $\alg{W} = \alg{W}(\alg{G}, \alg{T})$ denote the Weyl group, a finite \'etale group over $F$. Let $W$ be the geometric points of $\alg{W}$, viewed as a group with action of $\Gamma$. We mention a number of results here, which are straightforward consequences of the main result of \cite{B-D}. \begin{theorem}[Theorem 7.2 and Special case 7.3(i) of \cite{B-D}] Let $\alg{G}$ be simply-connected and semisimple. Then $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{K}_2)$ is a rigid groupoid -- between any two objects there is at most one morphism. The isomorphism classes of $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{K}_2)$ are in natural bijection with the set of $\Gamma$ and $W$ invariant quadratic forms on $Y$, i.e., the central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ are classified up to unique isomorphism by elements of $(\Sym^2 X)^{\Gamma \ltimes W}$. \end{theorem} \begin{corollary} Let $\alg{G} = \alg{G}_1 \times \alg{G}_2$ be a product of simply-connected and semisimple groups over $F$. Then, there is a natural equivalence of rigid groupoids $$\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{K}_2) \cong \Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}_1, \alg{K}_2) \times \Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}_2, \alg{K}_2).$$ \end{corollary} \proof Choosing $F$-tori $\alg{T}_1$ and $\alg{T}_2$ in $\alg{G}_1$ and $\alg{G}_2$ respectively, with resulting Weyl groups $W_1, W_2$, the central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ are classified up to unique isomorphism by elements of $(\Sym^2 (X_1 \oplus X_2))^{\Gamma \ltimes (W_1 \times W_2)}$. Such a quadratic form decomposes as a sum of elements of $\Sym^2(X_1)^{\Gamma \ltimes W_1}$, $\Sym^2(X_2)^{\Gamma \ltimes W_2}$, and $(X_1 \otimes X_2)^{\Gamma \ltimes (W_1 \times W_2)}$. The latter ``cross-terms'' must vanish, since for every coroot $\alpha_1^\vee \in Y_1$ (and $Y_1$ is generated by coroots for $\alg{G}_1$ with respect to $\alg{T}_1$), the reflection $w = s_{\alpha_1^\vee}$ satisfies $w \alpha_1^\vee = - \alpha_1^\vee$ and $w \alpha_2^\vee = \alpha_2^\vee$ for all $\alpha_2^\vee \in \Phi_2^\vee$. No nonzero element of $X_1 \otimes X_2$ (viewed as a bilinear form on $Y_1 \times Y_2$) can be invariant under all such reflections. Hence we find the decomposition $$(\Sym^2 (X_1 \oplus X_2))^{\Gamma \ltimes (W_1 \times W_2)} = \Sym^2(X_1)^{\Gamma \ltimes W_1} \oplus \Sym^2(X_2)^{\Gamma \ltimes W_2}.$$ \qed The classification of central extensions of absolutely almost simple groups by $\alg{K}_2$ follows from Proposition \ref{UniqueQuadratic}: \begin{proposition} Suppose that $\alg{G}$ is absolutely almost simple, and simply-connected, semisimple as before. Then the central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ are classified up to unique isomorphism by elements of $\mathbb Z$. Namely, there is a unique $W$-invariant quadratic form $Q$ on $Y$, such that $Q(\alpha^\vee) = 1$ for every short coroot $\alpha^\vee \in Y$, and every integer multiple of this quadratic form is $\Gamma$-invariant. \end{proposition} \proof In the split case, we have already mentioned the uniqueness of such a quadratic form. Since the action of $\Gamma$ on $Y$ must send short roots to short roots, it follows that this quadratic form and its integer multiples are $\Gamma$-invariant. \qed The almost simple over $F$ case follows from the previous two: \begin{corollary} Suppose that $\alg{G}$ is simply-connected, semisimple, and almost simple over $F$ (not necessarily absolutely almost simple). Then the central extensions of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ are classified up to unique isomorphism by elements of $\mathbb Z$. \end{corollary} \proof Such a group $\alg{G}$ is isomorphic to $\alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{H}$, for some absolutely simple, simply-connected, semisimple group $\alg{H}$ over $L$, with $L$ a finite separable extension of $F$. An object of $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{K}_2)$ is determined by an object of $\Cat{CExt}_L(\alg{H}^I, \alg{K}_2)$, endowed with descent data, where $I$ is the set of embeddings of $L$ into a fixed separable closure $F^{\sep}$ of $F$. An object of $\Cat{CExt}_L(\alg{H}^I, \alg{K}_2)$ is determined by an indexed family of integers $(q_i)_{i \in I}$, by the previous proposition. For there to exist descent data down to $F$, these integers must be equal; the rigidity of the groupoid $\Cat{CExt}_L(\alg{H}, \alg{K}_2)$ implies the existence (when these integers are equal) and uniqueness of descent data. \qed \subsection{Reductive groups} The main theorem of \cite{B-D} describes, completely and practically, the category $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{K}_2)$, in the same way that our (easier) Theorem \ref{CEByGm} describes $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$. Here is the main theorem of Brylinski and Deligne, given with a bit more detail filled in for the reader: \begin{theorem}[Theorem 7.2 and the Introduction of \cite{B-D}] Let $\alg{G}$ be a connected reductive group over a field $F$. Let $\alg{T}$ be a maximal torus of $\alg{G}$ defined over $F$, with character group $X$ and cocharacter group $Y$. Let $L$ be a (finite) Galois extension of $F$ which splits $\alg{T}$. The category $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{K}_2)$ is equivalent to the following category of quintuples $(Q,E,p,\iota,\phi)$: the first entry is a quadratic form $Q \in \Sym^2(X)^{\Gamma \ltimes W}$, and $(E, p, \iota)$ is a $\Gamma$-equivariant central extension of $Y$ by $L^\times$: $$\xymatrix{ 1 \ar[r] & L^\times \ar[r]^{\iota} & E \ar[r]^p & Y \ar[r] & 1,}$$ whose commutator pairing $\Comm: \bigwedge^2 Y \rightarrow L^\times$ is required to satisfy $\Comm(y_1, y_2) = (-1)^{B_Q(y_1, y_2)}$. Let $\alg{f}: \alg{G}_{\sconn} \rightarrow \alg{G}$ be the composition of $\alg{G}_{\sconn} \rightarrow \alg{G}_{der} \rightarrow \alg{G}$, i.e., the simply-connected cover of the derived subgroup of $\alg{G}$, $\alg{T}_{\sconn} = \alg{f}^{-1}(\alg{T})$, and $Y_{\sconn}$ the cocharacter group of $\alg{T}_{\sconn}$. Let $E_Q$ be the ($\Gamma$-equivariant) central extension of $Y_{\sconn}$ by $L^\times$, associated to the quadratic form $Q$ restricted to $Y_{\sconn}$ by Definition \ref{CExtFromQ}. The last part of the quintuple, $\phi$, is a $\Gamma$-equivariant morphism from $E_Q$ to $E$ making the following diagram commute: $$\xymatrix{ 0 \ar[r] & L^\times \ar[r] \ar[d]^= & E_Q \ar[r] \ar[d]^{\phi} & Y_{\sconn} \ar[r] \ar[d]^{f_\ast} & 0 \\ 0 \ar[r] & L^\times \ar[r]^{\iota} & E \ar[r]^{p} & Y \ar[r] & 0. }$$ Morphisms of from a quintuple $(Q_1,E_1, p_1, \iota_1, \phi_1)$ to a quintuple $(Q_2, E_2, p_2, \iota_2, \phi_2)$ exist only when $Q_1 = Q_2$, and in this case are $\Gamma$-equivariant homomorphisms from $E_1$ to $E_2$, making the large but obvious $\Gamma$-equivariant diagram of groups commute. \end{theorem} The above classification is compatible with passage to (standard) Levi subgroups. Namely, if $\alg{L}$ is a Levi factor of an $F$-parabolic subgroup $\alg{P} \subset \alg{G}$, and $\alg{L}$ contains $\alg{T}$, then one may restrict an object $\alg{G}'$ of $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{G}, \alg{K}_2)$ to obtain an object $\alg{L}'$ of $\Cat{CExt}(\alg{L}, \alg{K}_2)$. Since $\alg{T}$ is a maximal torus in $\alg{L}$, the data $(Q, E, p, \iota)$ associated to $\alg{G}'$ is also the data associated to $\alg{L}'$. The last part $\phi$ of the data is slightly more difficult to describe, and is different for $\alg{G}$ and $\alg{L}$. \section{Tame covers} In this section, we finally specialize to the case when $F$ is a complete, discretely-valued field with valuation ring $\mathcal{O}$ and perfect residue field $\mathbb F$. When convenient, we use a uniformizing element $\varpi$ for $F$, and we normalize the valuation so that $\val(F^\times) = \mathbb Z$ and $\val(\varpi) = 1$. When $u \in \mathcal{O}$, we write $\bar u$ for its reduction in $\mathbb F$. \begin{definition} \label{TameSymbol} The {\em tame symbol} is the homomorphism $\tame_F: \alg{K}_2(F) \rightarrow \mathbb F^\times$ given by: $$\tame_F( \{x,y \} ) = (-1)^{\val(x) \cdot \val(y)} \cdot \overline{ \left( \frac{y^{\val(x)}}{x^{\val(y)}} \right) },$$ We also write: $$\{ x,y \}_{\tame} = \tame_F( \{x,y \} ),$$ when the field $F$ is clear from context. \end{definition} \begin{definition} Let $\alg{G}'$ be a central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. Consider the central extension $\tilde G$ of $G$ by $\mathbb F^\times$, given as the pushforward in the following diagram: $$\xymatrix{ 1 \ar[r] & \alg{K}_2(F) \ar[d]^{\tame_F} \ar[r] & \alg{G}'(F) \ar[r] \ar[d] & \alg{G}(F) \ar[r] \ar[d]^{=} & 1 \\ 1 \ar[r] & \mathbb F^\times \ar[r] & \tilde G \ar[r] & G \ar[r] & 1. }.$$ In this setting, we say that $\tilde G$ is the {\em tame extension} of $G$ by $\mathbb F^\times$ arising from $\alg{G}'$. \end{definition} When $F$ is a nonarchimedean local field, $\tilde G$ is naturally a locally compact group, whose quotient by the finite central subgroup $\mathbb F^\times$ is topologically isomorphic to the locally compact group $G$ (See Construction 10.3 of \cite{B-D}). \subsection{Tame behavior} The following properties of the tame symbol are quite useful for computations. While they can be found in many texts on K-theory, we find Chapter 7.1 of \cite{G-S} (and other chapters) an outstanding reference on the subject. All facts we use about the tame symbol can be found there. \begin{proposition} For all $x,y \in \mathcal{O}^\times$, $\{x,y \}_{\tame} = 1$. If $\varpi$ is a uniformizing element of $F$, and $x \in \mathcal{O}^\times$, then $\{ \varpi, x \}_{\tame} = \bar x$, where $\bar x$ denotes the reduction of $x$ in $\mathbb F^\times$. Also, $\{ \varpi, \varpi \}_{\tame} = \{ \varpi, -1 \}_{\tame} = \overline{-1}$. \end{proposition} \proof All three claims follow from the definition of the tame symbol. \qed \begin{remark} Often, one works with ``metaplectic groups'' which are obtained (in odd residue characteristic) by pushing the tame cover $\tilde G$ forward further via the local Legendre symbol $\Leg_2: \mathbb F^\times \rightarrow \mu_2$. Since $\Leg_2(-1)$ (the pushforward of $\{ \varpi, \varpi \}_{\tame}$) depends on the congruence class of $q = \# \mathbb F$ modulo $4$, one finds this sort of arithmetic naturally when working with metaplectic groups. Quadratic reciprocity arises in the global theory of the metaplectic group. \end{remark} The following describes the behavior of the tame symbol when passing to a finite separable field extension. \begin{proposition}[Chapter 7 of \cite{G-S}] Let $L$ be a finite separable extension of $F$, of ramification index $e$, with residue field $\mathbb L$. Then the following diagram commutes, where the map from $\alg{K}_2(F)$ to $\alg{K}_2(L)$ is the homomorphism functorially associated to the inclusion $F \hookrightarrow L$: $$\xymatrix{ K_2(F) \ar[rr]^{\tame_F} \ar[d] & & \mathbb F^\times \ar[d]^{z \mapsto z^e} \\ K_2(L) \ar[rr]^{\tame_L} & & \mathbb L^\times }.$$ \end{proposition} A consequence for tame extensions is the following observation of Brylinski and Deligne: \begin{corollary}[Proposition 12.9 of \cite{B-D}] Let $\alg{G}'$ be a central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. Let $L$ be an unramified Galois extension of $F$. Then there is a natural commutative diagram: $$\xymatrix{ 1 \ar[r] & \mathbb F^\times \ar[d] \ar[r] & \tilde G_F \ar[d] \ar[r] & G_F \ar[r] \ar[d] & 1 \\ 1 \ar[r] & \mathbb L^\times \ar[r] & \tilde G_L \ar[r] & G_L \ar[r] & 1, }$$ in which $G_F = \alg{G}(F)$, $G_L = \alg{G}(L)$, and $\tilde G_F$ and $\tilde G_L$ are the tame extensions arising from pushing forward $\alg{G}'(F)$ and $\alg{G}'(L)$ via $\tame_F$ and $\tame_L$. Moreover, the top row in this diagram is precisely equal to the $\Gal(L/F)$-fixed points of the bottom row. \end{corollary} Finally, we mention the following crucial result of Brylinski and Deligne, on which we elaborate later in this section. \begin{theorem}[Construction 12.11 of \cite{B-D}] Let $\alg{\underline G}$ be a smooth group scheme over $\mathcal{O}$, with generic fibre $\alg{G}$ and special fibre $\alg{\bar G}$. Let $\alg{G}'$ be a central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. Let $\tilde G$ be the resulting tame extension of $G$ by $\mathbb F^\times$. Let $G^\circ = \alg{\underline{G}}(\mathcal{O})$ and let $\tilde G^\circ$ denote the preimage of $G^\circ$ in $\tilde G$. Then there exists a central extension $\alg{\bar G}'$ of $\alg{\bar G}$ by $\alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$ over $\mathbb F$, and a commutative diagram with exact rows: $$\xymatrix{ 1 \ar[r] & \mathbb F^\times \ar[r] \ar[d]^{=} & \tilde G^\circ \ar[r] \ar[d] & G^\circ \ar[d] \ar[r] & 1 \\ 1 \ar[r] & \alg{\bar G}_{\mult}(\mathbb F) \ar[r] & \alg{\bar G}'(\mathbb F) \ar[r] & \alg{\bar G}(\mathbb F) \ar[r] & 1 }$$ such that the $\tilde G^\circ$ is obtained via pullback from the central extension in the bottom row. \end{theorem} Now that we have recalled the essential results of \cite{B-D}, we will approach Question 12.13 of \cite{B-D} and describe the central extensions $\alg{\bar G}'$ that arise when $\alg{\underline G}$ comes from Bruhat-Tits theory. Such a description is crucial for the understanding of the depth-zero representations of $\tilde G$, discussed in work of T. Howard and the author \cite{We2}. \subsection{Tame extensions of split tori} Let $\alg{S}$ be a split torus over $F$. Let $\alg{S}'$ be a central extension of $\alg{S}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. Let $\tilde S$ be the resulting tame extension of $S$ by $\mathbb F^\times$. Such groups $\tilde S$ and their representation theory were studied in the author's earlier paper \cite{We1}. Let $X$ be the character group, and $Y$ the cocharacter group of $\alg{S}$. As a split torus, we may identify $\alg{S}$ with $Spec(F[X])$. We write $\alg{\underline{S}} = Spec(\mathcal{O}[X])$ for the canonical model of $\alg{S}$ over $\mathcal{O}$. Let $S^\circ = \alg{\underline{S}}(\mathcal{O})$ be the resulting subgroup of $S$, and $\tilde S^\circ$ its preimage in the tame extension: $$\xymatrix{ 1 \ar[r] & \mathbb F^\times \ar[r] \ar[d]^{=} & \tilde S^\circ \ar[r] \ar[d] & S^\circ \ar[r] \ar[d] & 1 \\ 1 \ar[r] & \mathbb F^\times \ar[r] & \tilde S \ar[r] & S \ar[r] & 1.}$$ Following Corollary 3.7 of \cite{B-D}, there exists a section $\alg{j}$ of the $\alg{K}_2$-torsor $\alg{S}' \rightarrow \alg{S}$ (pointed at the identity). By Lemma 12.12 of \cite{B-D}, the $\alg{K}_2$-torsor $\alg{S}' \rightarrow \alg{S}$ yields, via the residue map in K-theory, a $\alg{G}_{\mult}$-torsor $\alg{\bar S}' \rightarrow \alg{S}$; this construction yields a functor: $$Res: \Cat{CExt}(\alg{S}, \alg{K}_2) \rightarrow \Cat{CExt}(\alg{\bar S}, \alg{\bar G}_{\mult}).$$ Of course, every central extension of $\alg{\bar S}$ by $\alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$ is again a torus -- central extensions are abelian extensions in this situation, but we maintain the notation of the first section here. \begin{remark} It seems likely that this functor can also be seen through the classifications of central extensions (Theorem \ref{CEByGm} and the Main Theorem of \cite{B-D}), sending a central extension $F^\times \rightarrow E \rightarrow Y$ to an extension $\mathbb Z \rightarrow Y' \rightarrow Y$, by pushing forward via $\val: F^\times \rightarrow \mathbb Z$. We have not checked this, however. \end{remark} This construction yields, for any section $\alg{j}$ of the pointed $\alg{K}_2$-torsor, a section $\alg{\bar j}$ of the corresponding $\alg{G}_{\mult}$-torsor. If $\alg{\sigma}: \alg{S} \times \alg{S} \rightarrow \alg{K}_2$ is the 2-cocycle associated to $\alg{j}$: $$\sigma(s_1, s_2) = j(s_1) j(s_2) j(s_1 s_2)^{-1},$$ then $\alg{\sigma}$ is bimultiplicative, and subject to the classification of Corollary 3.7 of \cite{B-D}. Moreover $\alg{\bar \sigma}$ is the 2-cocycle associated to $\alg{\bar j}$, and is given for all $s_1, s_2 \in S^\circ$ by: $$\bar \sigma(\bar s_1, \bar s_2) = \bar j(s_1) \bar j(s_2) \bar j(s_1 s_2)^{-1} = \tame(\sigma(s_1, s_2)).$$ Since the tame symbol is trivial on $\mathcal{O}^\times \times \mathcal{O}^\times$, we find that $\bar \sigma$ is trivial; therefore $\alg{\bar j}$ is not just a section, but is a {\em splitting} of the cover $\alg{\bar S}' \rightarrow \alg{\bar S}$. We find that \begin{proposition} Every section $\alg{j}$ of the pointed $\alg{K}_2$-torsor $\alg{S}'$ over $\alg{S}$ yields a splitting $\alg{\bar j}$ of the extension $$1 \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar S}' \rightarrow \alg{\bar S} \rightarrow 1.$$ By pullback it yields a splitting $j^\circ$ of the tame extension, $$1 \rightarrow \mathbb F^\times \rightarrow \tilde S^\circ \rightarrow S^\circ \rightarrow 1.$$ The set of splittings $\alg{\bar j}$, as $\alg{j}$ is allowed to vary, forms a torsor for $X = \Hom(\alg{S}, \alg{G}_{\mult}) = \Hom(\alg{\bar S}, \alg{\bar G}_{\mult})$. \end{proposition} \proof It only remains to check the final claim. The set of all splittings of $\alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar S}' \rightarrow \alg{\bar S}$ forms a torsor for $X$, so it must be checked that all such splittings arise as reductions from sections $\alg{j}$ of the $\alg{K}_2$ torsor. For this, observe that for all $x \in X$, and all sections $\alg{j}$ of $\alg{S}' \rightarrow \alg{S}$, one may construct a new section ${}^x \alg{j}$ by: $${}^x j(s) = j(s) \cdot \{ \varpi, x(s) \}.$$ The reduction of this section is the twist of $\alg{\bar j}$ by $x$, as desired. \qed \begin{corollary} \label{SplitWish} Let $\{y_1, \ldots, y_n \}$ be a basis of the free $\mathbb Z$-module $Y$, and $\alg{\bar y}_i: \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar S}$ the cocharacter over $\mathbb F$ corresponding to $y_i$. Let $\alg{\bar y}_i': \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar S}'$ be any cocharacters of $\alg{\bar S}'$ lifting the cocharacters $\alg{\bar y}_i$. Then, there exists a section $\alg{j}$ of the pointed $\alg{K}_2$-torsor, whose reduction $\alg{\bar j}$ satisfies $$\alg{\bar y}_i' = \alg{\bar j} \circ \alg{\bar y}_i, \mbox{ for all } 1 \leq i \leq n.$$ \end{corollary} \proof For every $1 \leq i \leq n$, there exists an integer $\lambda_i$ such that $$\alg{\bar y}_i' = [\alg{\bar j} \circ \alg{\bar y}_i] \cdot \alg{\lambda}_i,$$ where $\alg{\lambda}_i$ denotes the element of $\Hom(\alg{G}_{\mult}, \alg{G}_{\mult})$ corresponding to the integer $\lambda_i$. The collection of integers $\lambda_i$ may be assembled into an element $\lambda$ of $X = \Hom(Y, \mathbb Z)$ satisfying $\lambda(y_i) = \lambda_i$, since $\{ y_1, \ldots, y_n \}$ is a basis of the free $\mathbb Z$-module $Y$. By twisting $\alg{\bar j}$ by $-\lambda$, as in the previous proposition, the corollary is proven. \qed \subsection{Parahorics} Assume now that the residue field $\mathbb F = \mathcal{O} / \varpi \mathcal{O}$ is algebraically closed (and $F$ is discretely valued as before). The case of a (quasi-)finite residue field will follow later from \'etale descent. Let $\alg{G}$ be a connected reductive group over $F$; thus $\alg{G}$ is quasisplit over $F$. Let $G = \alg{G}(F)$, and let ${\mathcal B}$ be the (enlarged) building of $G$ over $F$. For $x \in {\mathcal B}$, we write $G_x$ for the parahoric subgroup, which is contained in the isotropy group of $G$ fixing $x$. From Bruhat-Tits (Theorem 3.8.3, see also Section 4.6.2 of \cite{BT2}), there is a smooth group scheme $\alg{\underline{G}}_x$ over $\mathcal{O}$, uniquely determined up to unique isomorphism with the following properties: \begin{itemize} \item The generic fibre of $\underline{\alg{G}}_x$ is equal to $\alg{G}$ as group schemes over $F$. \item The $\mathcal{O}$-points $\underline{\alg{G}}_x(\mathcal{O})$ are equal to $G_x$ as a subset of $G = \alg{\underline{G}}_x(F) = \alg{G}(F)$. \end{itemize} \item We follow the ``connected special fibre'' convention for parahoric subgroups: the special fibre $\alg{\bar G}_x$ is a connected group scheme over $\mathbb F$. Let $\alg{G}'$ be a central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. Let $\tilde G$ be the resulting tame extension of $G$ by $\mathbb F^\times$. From Construction 12.11 of \cite{B-D}, described earlier, there exists a central extension $({\alg{\bar G}_x'}, \alg{\bar p}, \alg{\bar \iota})$ of $\alg{\bar G}_x$ by $\alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$ over $\mathbb F$, and a commutative diagram with exact rows: $$\xymatrix{ 1 \ar[r] & \mathbb F^\times \ar[r] \ar[d]^{=} & \tilde G_x \ar[r] \ar[d] & G_x \ar[d] \ar[r] & 1 \\ 1 \ar[r] & \alg{\bar G}_{\mult}(\mathbb F) \ar[r]^{\bar \iota} & \alg{\bar G}_x'(\mathbb F) \ar[r]^{\bar p} & \alg{\bar G}_x(\mathbb F) \ar[r] & 1 }$$ such that the $\tilde G_x$ is obtained via pullback from the central extension in the bottom row. Let $\alg{S}$ be a maximal $F$-split torus in $\alg{G}$, with canonical model $\alg{\underline{S}}$ over $\mathcal{O}$. Let $\alg{S}'$ be the resulting central extension of $\alg{S}$ by $\alg{K}_2$. Suppose that $x$ is contained in the apartment ${\mathcal A}(S)$ of ${\mathcal B}$ associated to $S$. Then the special fibre $\alg{\bar S}$ is a maximal torus in the group $\alg{\bar G}_x$. Letting $\alg{\bar S}' = \alg{p}^{-1}(\alg{\bar S})$, we have an extension of tori: $$1 \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar S}' \rightarrow \alg{\bar S} \rightarrow 1.$$ The above sequence of tori corresponds to a sequence of $\mathbb Z$-modules: $$0 \rightarrow \mathbb Z \rightarrow Y' \rightarrow Y \rightarrow 0,$$ where $Y$ coincides with the cocharacter lattice of $\alg{S}$ or of $\alg{\bar S}$. The connected group $\alg{\bar G}_x$ has a unique Levi subgroup $\alg{\bar M}_x$ containing $\alg{\bar S}$, and the connected group $\alg{\bar G}_x'$ has a unique Levi subgroup $\alg{\bar M}_x'$ containing $\alg{\bar S}'$. In this way, we have a central extension of a reductive group by $\alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$, defined over $\mathbb F$: $$1 \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar M}_x' \rightarrow \alg{\bar M}_x \rightarrow 1.$$ To understand this central extension of $\alg{\bar M}_x$ by $\alg{G}_{\mult}$, we apply Theorem \ref{CEByGm}, and study the resulting diagram of cocharacter lattices: $$\xymatrix{ 0 \ar[r] & \mathbb Z \ar[r] \ar[d]^= & Y_{x,\sconn} \times \mathbb Z \ar[r] \ar[d]^{\phi} & Y_{x,\sconn} \ar[r] \ar[d]^{f_\ast} & 0 \\ 0 \ar[r] & \mathbb Z \ar[r] & Y' \ar[r] & Y \ar[r] & 0. }$$ Here $\alg{\bar f}: (\alg{\bar M}_x)_{\sconn} \rightarrow \alg{\bar M}_x$ is the homomorphism from the universal cover of the derived subgroup of $\alg{\bar M}_x$. Choosing a section $\alg{j}$ of the $\alg{K}_2$-torsor $\alg{S}' \rightarrow \alg{S}$, we get a splitting $\alg{\bar j}$ of the multiplicative $\alg{G}_{\mult}$-torsor $\alg{\bar S}' \rightarrow \alg{\bar S}$. This, in turn, splits the sequence of cocharacter groups: $$\xymatrix{ 0 \ar[r] & \mathbb Z \ar[r] & Y' \ar[r] & Y \ar[r] \ar@/_/[l]_{\bar j_\ast} & 0.}$$ Choosing a different section $\alg{j}$, as we saw before, will twist the splitting by an element of $X = \Hom(Y, \mathbb Z)$. Such a section $\alg{j}$ yields an isomorphism $Y' \cong Y \times \mathbb Z$; thus it is left to determine the homomorphism $\phi_x$ fitting into the commutative diagram with exact rows: $$\xymatrix{ 0 \ar[r] & \mathbb Z \ar[r] \ar[d]^= & Y_{x,\sconn} \times \mathbb Z \ar[r] \ar[d]^{\phi_x} & Y_{x,\sconn} \ar[r] \ar[d]^{\bar f_\ast} & 0 \\ 0 \ar[r] & \mathbb Z \ar[r] & Y \times \mathbb Z \ar[r] & Y \ar[r] & 0. }$$ \begin{remark} The $\mathbb Z$-modules $Y$ and $Y'$ depend only on the torus $\alg{S}$, and not on the point $x$ in the apartment associated to $\alg{S}$. Similarly $\alg{j}$ is chosen without regard to the point $x$, and so the splitting $\alg{\bar j}$ is also independent of the point $x$. However, the reductive group $\alg{\bar M}_x$ and $\alg{\bar M}_{x,\sconn}$ depend on the point $x$; thus the $\mathbb Z$-module $Y_{x, \sconn}$ depends on the point $x$ in the apartment, hence the subscript. \end{remark} Let $(X, \Phi_x, Y, \Phi_x^\vee)$ denote the root datum associated to the split group $\alg{\bar M}_x$ and torus $\alg{\bar S}$ over the algebraically closed field $\mathbb F$. Thus $Y_{x, \sconn}$ is the $\mathbb Z$-submodule of $Y$ spanned by the coroots $\Phi_x^\vee$, and the map $\bar f_\ast$ can be viewed as the inclusion. Recall from Section 3.5.1 of \cite{Tit} the following description of this root datum: \begin{proposition} Let $\Phi_{\Aff, x}$ denote the set of affine roots which vanish at the point $x$. Then $\Phi_x$ is the set of ``vector parts'' of $\Phi_{\Aff, x}$ -- the set of vector parts of affine roots vanishing at $x$. If $\alpha \in \Phi_x$, then the coroot associated to $\alpha$ in $\Phi_x^\vee$ is equal to the coroot associated to $\alpha$ in $\Phi^\vee$, unambiguously called $\alpha^\vee$. \end{proposition} Let $(X', \Phi_x', Y', (\Phi_x')^\vee)$ denote the root datum associated to the group $\alg{\bar M}_x'$ and the torus $\alg{\bar S}' $. Let $\zeta$ denote the image of $1 \in \mathbb Z$, under the inclusion $\mathbb Z \rightarrow Y'$. The splitting $Y' = Y \times \mathbb Z$ (depending on $\alg{j}$, chosen independently of $x$) means that every element of $Y'$ can be written as $y + k \zeta$ for some integer $k$. Explicitly, $\zeta$ is the inclusion $\alg{\bar \iota}$ of $\alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$ into the center of $\alg{\bar M}_x'$. The roots for $\alg{\bar M}_x'$ are the pullbacks of the roots of $\alg{\bar M}_x$, under the canonical homomorphism $X \rightarrow X'$. If $\alpha \in \Phi_x$, we write $\alpha'$ for its image in $\Phi_x'$. The coroots carry more significant information; namely, for each coroot $\alpha^\vee \in \Phi_x^\vee$, there exists a unique integer $\kappa_x(\alpha^\vee)$ satisfying $$(\alpha')^\vee = \alpha^\vee + \kappa_x(\alpha^\vee) \cdot \zeta.$$ The integers $\kappa_x(\alpha^\vee)$ determine the homomorphism $\phi_x$, since $\phi_x(\alpha^\vee, 0) = \alpha^\vee + \kappa_x(\alpha^\vee) \cdot \zeta$ and $Y_{x,\sconn}$ is generated by the coroots $\alpha^\vee \in \Phi_x^\vee$. Thus by Theorem \ref{CEByGm}, these integers $\kappa_x(\alpha^\vee)$ determine the central extension $\alg{\bar M}_x'$ of $\alg{\bar M}_x$ by $\alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$, up to unique isomorphism. Finally, we observe that if $\Delta_x = \{ \alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_n \}$ is a system of simple roots in $\Phi_x$, then the function $\kappa_x$ is uniquely determined by its values on $\Delta_x$. Indeed, to know a root datum, it suffices to know the character and cocharacter lattices, the roots, and the coroots associated to a system of simple roots. The other coroots can be obtained by Weyl group reflections. Below we summarize our approach, step-by-step: \begin{enumerate} \item We wish to understand the central extension of a parahoric subgroup: $$1 \rightarrow \mathbb F^\times \rightarrow \tilde G_x \rightarrow G_x \rightarrow 1.$$ \item This extension arises as the pullback of the points of a central extension of groups over the residue field: $$1 \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_x' \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_x \rightarrow 1.$$ \item This extension arises canonically from a central extension of a Levi factor of $\alg{\bar G}_x$: $$1 \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar M}_x' \rightarrow \alg{\bar M}_x \rightarrow 1.$$ \item Such a central extension is classified up to unique isomorphism by Theorem \ref{CEByGm}, and after choice of section $\alg{j}$ of $\alg{S}' \rightarrow \alg{S}$, is determined a single homomorphism $$\phi_x: Y_{x, \sconn} \rightarrow Y \times \mathbb Z.$$ \item To determine this homomorphism, it suffices to determine the integers $\kappa_x(\alpha^\vee)$ satisfying $$\phi_x(\alpha^\vee) = \alpha^\vee + \kappa_x(\alpha^\vee) \cdot \zeta,$$ for the coroots $\alpha^\vee \in Y_{x, \sconn}$. It even suffices to know $\kappa_x$ for the coroots of a system of simple roots in $\Phi_x$. \end{enumerate} \subsection{The case $\alg{SL}_2$} Suppose that $\alpha \in \Phi_x$, $\alpha$ is indivisible in $\Phi$, and $2 \alpha \not \in \Phi$. Then there is a finite separable extension $E / F$, and a homomorphism with finite kernel $$\alg{\phi}_\alpha: \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{SL}_{2, E} \rightarrow \alg{G},$$ with $\alg{e}_{\pm \alpha}: \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{a,E} \rightarrow \alg{U}_{\pm \alpha} \subset \alg{G}$ as before. These factor through the simply connected group $\alg{G}_{\sconn}$. Define $\alg{e}_\alpha': \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{a,E} \rightarrow \alg{G}'$ to be the canonical lift of $\alg{e}_\alpha$. Define $\alg{n}_\alpha'$ and $\alg{h}_\alpha'$ via $\alg{e}_\alpha'$, using the same formulae used to define $\tilde n_\alpha$ and $\tilde h_\alpha$ via $\tilde e_\alpha$, so that $\alg{h}_\alpha'$ is an algebraic map (of Zariski sheaves) from $\alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{\mult}$ to $\alg{S}'$, which lifts the homomorphism $\alg{h}_\alpha: \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{S}$. This restricts to a map from $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ to $\alg{S}'$, via the natural embedding $\alg{G}_{\mult} \subset \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{\mult}$. This homomorphism reduces, using the residue map in K-theory, to a {\em homomorphism} which lifts the coroot $\alpha^\vee$: $$\alg{\bar h}_\alpha': \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar S}'.$$ We find that, for all $z \in \mathbb F^\times$, $$\bar h_\alpha'(z) = \alpha^\vee(z) \cdot \zeta(z)^{\lambda(\alpha^\vee)},$$ for some integer $\lambda(\alpha^\vee)$ depending on $\alpha$ as well as the splitting $\alg{j}$ chosen earlier. In other words, $$\bar h_\alpha' = \alpha^\vee + \lambda(\alpha^\vee) \cdot \zeta \in Y \times \mathbb Z.$$ Let $\pm a$ denote the affine roots vanishing at $x$, with vector parts $\pm \alpha$. The affine roots $\pm a$ determine (see 1.4 of \cite{Tit} and Bruhat-Tits \cite{BT2}) subgroups $U_{\pm a}$ of the root subgroups $\alg{U}_{\pm \alpha}$, such that $U_{\pm a} \subset G_x$. These determine an integer $m = m(a,x)$ such that: $$U_{\add} = e_\alpha( \varpi_E^m \mathcal{O}_E), \quad U_{-a} = e_{-\alpha}( \varpi_E^{-m} \mathcal{O}_E),$$ where $\varpi_E$ is a uniformizing element of $E$, and $\mathcal{O}_E$ the valuation ring of $E$. Define an element of the parahoric subgroup $G_x$ by: $$n(a,x) = e_\alpha(\varpi_E^m) e_{-\alpha}(- \varpi_E^{-m}) e_\alpha(\varpi_E^m).$$ Then the reduction of $n(a,x)$ in $\bar G_x$ represents the Weyl reflection associated to the coroot $\alpha^\vee \in \Phi_x^\vee$. Similarly, if we define an element of $\tilde G_x$ by: $$\tilde n(a,x) = \tilde e_\alpha(\varpi_E^m) \tilde e_{-\alpha}(- \varpi_E^{-m}) \tilde e_\alpha(\varpi_E^m),$$ using our unipotent splitting, then $\tilde n(a,x) \in \tilde G_x$ projects onto a representative $\bar n'(a,x) \in \bar G_x'$ for the Weyl reflection associated to the root $\alpha'$. The formulas of Corollary \ref{WeylCover} and Example \ref{RSExamp} imply that, for all $z \in \mathcal{O}_F^\times$, \begin{eqnarray} \Int(\tilde n(a,x)) \tilde h_\alpha(z) & = & \tilde h_\alpha(z^{-1}) \cdot \sigma_\alpha(z^{-1}, \varpi_E^{2m}), \\ & = & \tilde h(z)^{-1} \cdot \sigma(\varpi_E^m, z)^2 \\ & = & \tilde h(z)^{-1} \cdot \{ N_{E/F} \varpi_E, z \}_{\tame}^{2qm} \\ & = & \tilde h(z)^{-1} \cdot \{ \varpi, z \}_{\tame}^{2 q m}. \end{eqnarray} Here the integer $q = Q(\alpha^\vee) / [E : F]$, where $Q$ is the quadratic form associated to the central extension $\alg{G}'$ of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$, and $\alpha^\vee$ is viewed as a cocharacter of a maximal torus of $\alg{G}$ containing $\alg{S}$. We also use the fact that $E/F$ is totally ramified (since $\mathbb F$ is assumed algebraically closed), so $N_{E/F} \varpi_E$ is a uniformizing element $\varpi$ of $F$. Reducing implies that $$\Int(\bar n) [\alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta](\bar z) = [-\alpha^\vee + (2mq - \lambda) \zeta](\bar z),$$ where $\lambda = \lambda(\alpha^\vee) \in \mathbb Z$. On the other hand, \begin{eqnarray} \Int(\bar n) [\alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta](\bar z) & = & [s_{(\alpha')^\vee}(\alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta)] (\bar z), \\ & = & [\alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta - \langle \alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta, \alpha \rangle \cdot (\alpha^\vee + \kappa_x \zeta)](\bar z), \\ & = & [\alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta - 2 \alpha^\vee - 2 \kappa_x \zeta](\bar z), \\ & = & [- \alpha^\vee + (\lambda - 2 \kappa_x) \zeta](\bar z). \end{eqnarray} It follows that $$(2mq - \lambda) = (\lambda - 2 \kappa_x).$$ We arrive at a fundamental relationship between integers: \begin{equation} \label{FormSL2} \kappa_x(\alpha^\vee) = \lambda(\alpha^\vee) - q \cdot m(a,x). \end{equation} The constant $\lambda(\alpha^\vee)$ depends only on the splitting $\alg{j}$, and not on the point $x \in {\mathcal A}(S)$. Hence the integers $\kappa_x(\alpha^\vee)$ can be computed, as $x$ varies within the apartment, from the integers $m(a,x)$ determined by the valuations on root subgroups at $x$. \subsection{The case $\alg{SU}_3$} Suppose that $\alpha \in \Phi_x$, $\alpha$ is indivisible in $\Phi$, and $2 \alpha \in \Phi$. Then there is a finite separable extension $L / F$, a quadratic separable extension $E/L$, and a homomorphism with finite kernel $$\alg{\phi}_\alpha: \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{SU}_{3, E/L} \rightarrow \alg{G},$$ with $\alg{e}_{\pm \alpha}: \alg{R}_{E/F} \alg{G}_{a,E} \rightarrow \alg{U}_{\pm \alpha} \subset \alg{G}$ as before. Let $\varpi_E$ denote a uniformizing element of $E$, and let $\varpi_L = N_{E/L} \varpi_E$ and $\varpi = N_{L/F} \varpi_L$. Write $\alg{e}_{\pm 2 \alpha}: \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{G}_{a,L} \rightarrow \alg{G}$ also as before. This requires us to choose a nonzero $\theta \in E$ such that $\theta + \theta^\sigma = 0$. These homomorphisms $\alg{e}_{\pm \alpha}$, $\alg{e}_{\pm 2 \alpha}$ factor through the simply connected group $\alg{G}_{\sconn}$. Define $\alg{e}_\alpha': \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{J}_{E/L} \rightarrow \alg{G}'$ to be the canonical lift of $\alg{e}_\alpha$. Define $\alg{e}_{2 \alpha}'$ to be the canonical lift of $\alg{e}_{2 \alpha}$ in the same way. Define $\alg{n}_\alpha'$, $\alg{n}_{2 \alpha}'$, and $\alg{h}_{2 \alpha}'$ via $\alg{e}_\alpha'$ and $\alg{e}_{2 \alpha}'$, using the same formulae used to define $\tilde n_\alpha$, $\tilde n_{2 \alpha}$, and $\tilde h_{2 \alpha}$ via $\tilde e_\alpha$ and $\tilde e_{2 \alpha}$. Thus $\alg{h}_{2 \alpha}'$ is an algebraic map (of Zariski sheaves) from $\alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{G}_{m,L}$ to $\alg{S}'$, which lifts the homomorphism $\alg{h}_{2 \alpha}: \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{S}$. This restricts to a map from $\alg{G}_{\mult}$ to $\alg{S}'$, via the natural embedding $\alg{G}_{\mult} \subset \alg{R}_{L/F} \alg{G}_{m,L}$. This homomorphism reduces, using the residue map in K-theory, to a {\em homomorphism} which lifts the coroot $\alpha^\vee$: $$\alg{\bar h}_\alpha': \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar S}'.$$ We find that, for all $z \in \mathbb F^\times$, $$\bar h_\alpha'(z) = \alpha^\vee(z) \cdot \zeta(z)^{\lambda(\alpha^\vee)},$$ for some integer $\lambda(\alpha^\vee)$ depending on $\alpha$ as well as the splitting $\alg{j}$ chosen earlier. In other words, $$\bar h_\alpha' = \alpha^\vee + \lambda(\alpha^\vee) \cdot \zeta \in Y \oplus \mathbb Z = Y + \mathbb Z \zeta.$$ Let $\pm a$ denote the affine roots vanishing at $x$, with vector parts $\pm \alpha$ or $\pm 2 \alpha$. We recall from Example 1.15 of \cite{Tit} that in this situation (related to a ramified special unitary group in three variables), such vertices $x$ belong to two (mutually exclusive) types: \begin{description} \item[Type 1] We say that $x$ has Type 1, if there exists an affine root $a$ vanishing at $x$, with vector part $\alpha$. In this case, $\pm a$ determines a filtration of the root subgroup $\alg{U}_{\pm \alpha}$ of the form $$U_{\add} = \{ e_\alpha(c,d) : \val(d) \geq \mu \},$$ where $\mu \in \val(L^\times) + \delta$. Here, we note that $d \in E$ and $\val(E^\times) = \frac{1}{2} \val(L^\times)$, and $\delta$ is the constant: $$\delta = \supremum \{ \val(d) : d \in E \mbox{ and } d + d^\sigma + 1 = 0 \}.$$ In odd residue characteristic, $\delta = 0$, and in even residue characteristic, $\delta < 0$. \item[Type 2] We say that $x$ has Type 2, if there exists an affine root $a$ vanishing at $x$, with vector part $2 \alpha$. In this case, $\pm a$ determines a filtration of the root subgroup $\alg{U}_{\pm 2 \alpha}$ of the fom $$U_{\add} = \{ e_{2 \alpha}(\ell) : \val(\ell \theta) \geq \mu \}.$$ \end{description} Note that in both cases, we find a rational number $\mu = \mu(a,x) \in \val(E^\times)$. There is an integer $m = m(a,x)$ such that $\mu = m \cdot \val(\varpi_E)$. Let $x$ be a vertex in ${\mathcal A}$ at which $\pm a$ vanishes. The reduction of the parahoric $\alg{\bar G}_x$ has $\pm \alpha$ as roots in Type 1 and $\pm 2 \alpha$ as roots in Type 2, with respect to the maximal torus $\alg{\bar S}$. We may define elements of the parahoric $G_x$ by: $$n(a,x) = n_\alpha(c,d) \mbox{ or } n(a,x) = n_{2 \alpha}(d \theta^{-1}) = n_\alpha(0, d),$$ in Type 1 or Type 2 respectively, requiring $\val(d) = \mu = \mu(a,x)$. Similarly, we define $\tilde n(a,x) = \tilde n_\alpha(c,d)$ or $\tilde n(a,x) = \tilde n_\alpha(0, d)$; these are elements of $\tilde G_x$, projecting onto a representative $\bar n'(a,x) \in \bar G_x'$ for the Weyl reflection associated to the root $\alpha'$. Define $t = \val(\theta) \cdot [E:F]$. The formulas of Corollary \ref{WeylCover} and Example \ref{RSExamp} imply that, for all $z \in \mathcal{O}_F^\times$, \begin{eqnarray} \Int(\tilde n(a,x)) \tilde h_{2 \alpha}(z) & = & \tilde h_{2 \alpha}(z^{-1}) \cdot \sigma_{2 \alpha}(z^{-1}, \frac{d d^\sigma}{\theta \theta^\sigma}), \\ & = & \tilde h(z)^{-1} \cdot \sigma_{2 \alpha}(N_{E/L}(d \theta^{-1}), z) \\ & = & \tilde h(z)^{-1} \cdot \{ N_{E/F}(d \theta^{-1}), z \}_{\tame}^{q} \\ & = & \tilde h(z)^{-1} \cdot \{ \varpi, z \}_{\tame}^{2 q(m-t)}. \end{eqnarray} Here the integer $q = Q(\alpha^\vee) / [L : F]$, where $Q$ is the quadratic form associated to the central extension $\alg{G}'$ of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$, and $\alpha^\vee$ is viewed as a cocharacter of a maximal torus of $\alg{G}$ containing $\alg{S}$. Reducing implies that $$\Int(\bar n) [\alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta](\bar z) = [-\alpha^\vee + (2(m-t)q - \lambda) \zeta](\bar z),$$ where $\lambda = \lambda(\alpha^\vee) \in \mathbb Z$. On the other hand, as in the $\alg{SL}_2$ case, \begin{eqnarray} \Int(\bar n) [\alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta](\bar z) & = & [s_{(\alpha')^\vee}(\alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta)] (\bar z), \\ & = & [\alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta - \langle \alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta, \alpha \rangle \cdot (\alpha^\vee + \kappa_x \zeta)](\bar z), \\ & = & [\alpha^\vee + \lambda \zeta - 2 \alpha^\vee - 2 \kappa_x \zeta](\bar z), \\ & = & [- \alpha^\vee + (\lambda - 2 \kappa_x) \zeta](\bar z). \end{eqnarray} It follows that $$(2(m-t)q - \lambda) = (\lambda - 2 \kappa_x).$$ We arrive at a fundamental relationship: \begin{equation} \label{FormSU3} \kappa_x(\alpha^\vee) = \lambda(\alpha^\vee) - q \cdot (m(a,x) - t). \end{equation} The constant $\lambda(\alpha^\vee)$ depends only on the splitting $\alg{j}$, and not on the point $x \in {\mathcal A}(S)$. The constant $t = \val(\theta) \cdot [E:F]$ can often be chosen to be $0$ or $1$, in in any case does not depend on the point $x$. Hence the integers $\kappa_x(\alpha^\vee)$ can be computed, as $x$ varies within the apartment, from the integers $m(a,x)$ determined by the valuations on root subgroups at $x$. \subsection{The simplest example} Consider the simplest example, $\alg{G} = \alg{SL}_2$, and $\alg{G}'$ the central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ associated to the quadratic form $Q = Q_1$. Let $\pm \alpha$ denote the roots of $\alg{G}$ with respect to the usual torus $\alg{S}$ of diagonal matrices. Thus $Q(\alpha^\vee) = 1$. Fix the usual Chevalley system on $\alg{G}$, yielding a base point $x_0$ in the apartment ${\mathcal A} = {\mathcal A}(S)$ in the building ${\mathcal B} = {\mathcal B}(G)$. Let $x$ be a vertex in ${\mathcal A}$; thus $x = x_0 - \frac{m}{2} \alpha^\vee$ for some integer $m$. The parahoric subgroup at $x$ looks like: $$G_x = \Matrix{\mathcal{O}}{\ideal{p}^m}{\ideal{p}^{-m}}{\mathcal{O}} \cap SL_2(F).$$ The reduction $\alg{\bar G}_x$ is isomorphic to $\alg{\overline{SL}}_2$ over $\mathbb F$, with maximal torus $\alg{\bar S}$. A representative for the nontrivial Weyl element in $\alg{\bar G}_x$ is obtained from the reduction of $$n = \Matrix{0}{\varpi^m}{\varpi^{-m}}{0}.$$ At each such point $x$, the construction of Brylinski and Deligne yields a central extension: $$1 \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_x' \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_x \rightarrow 1.$$ Choose a splitting $\alg{j}$ of the resulting central extension of tori: $$1 \rightarrow \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} \rightarrow \alg{\bar S}' \rightarrow \alg{\bar S} \rightarrow 1.$$ Let $(X', \Phi_x', Y', (\Phi_x')^\vee)$ denote the root datum of $\alg{\bar G}_x'$ with respect to $\alg{\bar S}'$. Our splitting $\alg{j}$ identifies: $$X' = X \oplus \mathbb Z = \mathbb Z \oplus \mathbb Z, \quad Y' = Y \oplus \mathbb Z = \mathbb Z \oplus \mathbb Z.$$ This is independent of the choice of point $x \in {\mathcal A}$. As $x = x_0 - \frac{m}{2}$ varies within the apartment -- as $m$ varies over integers -- the roots stay constant and the coroots for $\alg{\bar G}_x'$ vary as follows: \begin{eqnarray} \Phi_x' & = & \{ \alpha + 0, -\alpha + 0 \} = \{ (2,0), (-2,0) \}, \\ (\Phi_x')^\vee & = & \{ \alpha^\vee - m, -\alpha^\vee + m \} = \{ (1,-m), (-1,+m) \}. \end{eqnarray*} All the groups $\alg{\bar G}_x'$ are uniquely isomorphic to $\alg{\overline{SL}}_2 \times \alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$, but the root datum changes, with respect to their common maximal torus. Of course, this description depends on a choice of base point $x_0$, and splitting $\alg{j}$ among other things. But any change in these choices simply shifts $m$ by an integer. Using a central extension $\alg{G}'$ arising from the quadratic form $Q = d \cdot Q_1$ would replace $m$ by $dm$ in the above description. \subsection{The split group $\alg{G}_2$} Consider $\alg{G} = \alg{G}_2$, the split Chevalley group of type $\Type{G}_2$ over $F$, with split maximal torus $\alg{S}$. Let $\alg{G}'$ be the central extension of $\alg{G}$ by $\alg{K}_2$ associated to the quadratic form $Q = Q_1$. Let $\alpha$ and $\beta$ be simple positive roots, with $\alpha$ short and $\beta$ long, so that the positive roots are: $$\Phi^+ = \{ \alpha, \beta, \beta + \alpha, \beta + 2 \alpha, \beta + 3 \alpha, 2 \beta + 3 \alpha \}.$$ Note that $\alpha^\vee$ is long and $\beta^\vee$ is short, so $Q(\alpha^\vee) = 3$ and $Q(\beta^\vee) = 1$. Note also that $$\langle \alpha^\vee, \beta \rangle = -3, \quad \langle \beta^\vee, \alpha \rangle = -1.$$ There are three types of vertices in the building ${\mathcal B}$ of $G$, with local spherical buildings of type $\Type{G}_2$ (hyperspecial vertices), $\Type{A}_2$, and $\Type{A}_1 \times \Type{A}_1$. At each type of vertex, we find a different group $\alg{\bar G}_x$, and we describe the central extensions arising from $\alg{G}'$ here. We fix a section $\alg{j}$ of $\alg{S}' \rightarrow \alg{S}$ in such a way that $\lambda(\alpha^\vee) = \lambda(\beta^\vee) = 0$, since these coroots form a basis for the $\mathbb Z$-module $Y$ (see Corollary \ref{SplitWish}). Thus we we identify $$X' = X \oplus \mathbb Z = \mathbb Z \alpha + \mathbb Z \beta + \mathbb Z, \quad Y' = Y \oplus \mathbb Z = \mathbb Z \alpha^\vee + \mathbb Z \beta^\vee + \mathbb Z \zeta.$$ At the hyperspecial point $x_0$ corresponding to our initial Chevalley system, we have $\alg{\bar G}_{x_0}' = \alg{\bar G}_{x_0} \times \alg{\bar G}_{\mult} = \alg{\bar G}_2 \times \alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$. The root datum at this base point is given by $$\Phi_{x_0}' = \{ (\gamma,0) \}_{\gamma \in \Phi}, \quad (\Phi_{x_0}')^\vee = \{ (\gamma^\vee,0) \}_{\gamma^\vee \in \Phi^\vee}.$$ A nearby hyperspecial point lies at $x = x_0 + \alpha^\vee + \beta^\vee$, at the intersection of two affine root hyperplanes: $$[\alpha + \beta](x - x_0) = [\beta](x - x_0) + 1 = 0.$$ Observe that: $$\alpha(x - x_0) = 1, \quad \beta(x - x_0) = -1.$$ Letting $a = \alpha - 1$ and $b = \beta + 1$ be the resulting affine roots, we find root subgroups of the parahoric $G_x$ $$U_{\add} = e_\alpha(\ideal{p}), \quad U_b = e_\beta(\ideal{p}^{-1}).$$ It follows that in the root datum of $\alg{\bar G}_x'$ we find roots $\alpha' = (\alpha,0)$ and $\beta' = (\beta,0)$ in $X' = X \oplus \mathbb Z$. The associated coroots in $Y'$ are computed with Equation \ref{FormSL2}: $$(\alpha')^\vee = (\alpha^\vee, -3), \quad (\beta')^\vee = (\beta^\vee, 1).$$ Since the coroots are coplanar in the vector space $Y' \otimes_\mathbb Z \mathbb Q \cong \mathbb Q^3$, we can find all the coroots in $(\Phi_x')^\vee$ from these two. \begin{figure} \begin{tikzpicture}[x={(2cm,0cm)},y={(-0.7cm,0.3cm)},z={(0cm,1cm)}, scale=0.6] \filldraw [black!20] (-2,-6,0) -- (2,0,0) -- (2,6,0) -- (-2,0,0) -- (-2,-6,0); \foreach \x/\y in {1/0, 0/1, 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 2/3} { \draw (0,0) -- (\x, \y, 0); \draw (0,0) -- (-\x, -\y, 0); \fill (\x, \y) circle (2pt); \fill (-\x, -\y) circle (2pt); } \draw[black!50] (1,0) -- (1,3) -- (-2,-3) -- (1,0); \draw[black!50] (2,3) -- (-1,0) -- (-1,-3) -- (2,3); \draw (1,0) node[right] {$\alpha^\vee$}; \draw (0,1) node[above] {$\beta^\vee$}; \foreach \z/\c in {-3/30,-2/30,-1/30, 0/80, 1/30, 2/30,3/30} \draw[black!\c] (-2,-6,\z) -- (2,0,\z) -- (2,6,\z) -- (-2,0,\z) -- (-2,-6,\z); \draw[->] (2.5,0,0) -- (2.5,0,1) node[right] {$\zeta$}; \end{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}[x={(2cm,-3cm)},y={(-0.7cm,1.3cm)},z={(0cm,1cm)}, scale=0.6] \foreach \x/\y in {1/0, 0/1, 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 2/3} { \draw (0,0) -- (\x, \y, 0); \draw (0,0) -- (-\x, -\y, 0); \fill (\x, \y) circle (2pt); \fill (-\x, -\y) circle (2pt); } \draw[black!50] (1,0) -- (1,3) -- (-2,-3) -- (1,0); \draw[black!50] (2,3) -- (-1,0) -- (-1,-3) -- (2,3); \draw (1,0) node[right] {$(\alpha')^\vee$}; \draw (0,1) node[right] {$(\beta')^\vee$}; \foreach \z/\c in {-3/30,-2/30,-1/30, 0/80, 1/30, 2/30,3/30} \draw[black!\c, x={(2cm,0cm)},y={(-0.7cm,0.3cm)},z={(0cm,1cm)}] (-2,-6,\z) -- (2,0,\z) -- (2,6,\z) -- (-2,0,\z) -- (-2,-6,\z); \draw[->] (2.5,0,7.5) -- (2.5,0,8.5) node[right] {$\zeta$}; \end{tikzpicture} \caption{The coroots $(\Phi_{x_0}')^\vee$ on the left, and the coroots $(\Phi_x')^\vee$ on the right. Both are embedded in the same $\mathbb Z$-module $Y' = Y + \zeta \mathbb Z$. The shaded plane containing the coroots has been skewed, sending $\alpha^\vee$ to $\alpha^\vee - 3 \zeta$ and $\beta^\vee$ to $\beta^\vee + \zeta$.} \end{figure} Now consider a point $y \in {\mathcal A}$ at which the local Dynkin diagram has type $\Type{A}_1 \times \Type{A}_1$. Such a point occurs at the midpoint of the segment from $x_0$ to $x$; this midpoint is $y = x_0 + \frac{1}{2}(\alpha^\vee + \beta^\vee)$. Then $\alg{\bar G}_y$ is a group isomorphic to $\alg{\overline{SO}}_4$, which is neither simply-connected nor adjoint. The only roots at $y$ (the vector parts of affine roots vanishing at $y$) are the following: $$\Phi_y = \{ \pm (\alpha + \beta), \pm (3 \alpha + \beta) \}.$$ Let $\gamma = \alpha + \beta$ and $\delta = 3 \alpha + \beta$, so $\Phi_y = \{ \pm \gamma, \pm \delta \}$. The associated coroots are: $$\gamma^\vee = \alpha^\vee + 3 \beta^\vee, \quad \delta^\vee = \alpha^\vee + \beta^\vee.$$ Then we find that $$\gamma(y - x_0) = 0, \quad \delta(y - x_0) = 1.$$ Let $c = \gamma + 0$ and $d = \delta = d - 1$ be the associated affine roots vanishing at $y$. There are corresponding subgroups of the parahoric $G_y$: $$U_c = e_\gamma(\mathcal{O}), \quad U_d = e_\delta(\ideal{p}).$$ The associated coroots are $$(\gamma')^\vee = (\gamma^\vee, 0), \quad (\delta')^\vee = (\delta^\vee, -1),$$ using the fact that $\delta^\vee$ is a short coroot and so $Q(\delta^\vee) = 1$. \begin{figure} \begin{tikzpicture}[x={(2cm,0cm)},y={(-0.7cm,0.3cm)},z={(0cm,1cm)}, scale=0.6] \filldraw [black!20] (-2,-6,0) -- (2,0,0) -- (2,6,0) -- (-2,0,0) -- (-2,-6,0); \foreach \x/\y in {1/3, 1/1} { \draw (0,0) -- (\x, \y, 0); \draw (0,0) -- (-\x, -\y, 0); \fill (\x, \y) circle (2pt); \fill (-\x, -\y) circle (2pt); } \fill (1,3) circle(2pt); \fill (1,1) circle(2pt); \draw[black!50] (1,0) -- (1,3) -- (-2,-3) -- (1,0); \draw[black!50] (2,3) -- (-1,0) -- (-1,-3) -- (2,3); \draw (1,3) node[above] {$\gamma^\vee$}; \draw (1,1) node[above] {$\delta^\vee$}; \foreach \z/\c in {-3/30,-2/30,-1/30, 0/80, 1/30, 2/30,3/30} \draw[black!\c] (-2,-6,\z) -- (2,0,\z) -- (2,6,\z) -- (-2,0,\z) -- (-2,-6,\z); \draw[->] (2.5,0,0) -- (2.5,0,1) node[right] {$\zeta$}; \end{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}[x={(2cm,-1.5cm)},y={(-0.7cm,0.8cm)},z={(0cm,1cm)}, scale=0.6] \filldraw [black!20] (-2,-6,0) -- (2,0,0) -- (2,6,0) -- (-2,0,0) -- (-2,-6,0); \foreach \x/\y in {1/3, 1/1} { \draw (0,0) -- (\x, \y, 0); \draw (0,0) -- (-\x, -\y, 0); \fill (\x, \y) circle (2pt); \fill (-\x, -\y) circle (2pt); } \draw[black!50] (1,0) -- (1,3) -- (-2,-3) -- (1,0); \draw[black!50] (2,3) -- (-1,0) -- (-1,-3) -- (2,3); \draw (1,3) node[above] {$(\gamma')^\vee$}; \draw (1,1) node[above] {$(\delta')^\vee$}; \foreach \z/\c in {-3/30,-2/30,-1/30, 0/80, 1/30, 2/30,3/30} \draw[black!\c, x={(2cm,0cm)},y={(-0.7cm,0.3cm)},z={(0cm,1cm)}] (-2,-6,\z) -- (2,0,\z) -- (2,6,\z) -- (-2,0,\z) -- (-2,-6,\z); \draw[->, x={(2cm,0cm)},y={(-0.7cm,0.3cm)},z={(0cm,1cm)}] (2.5,0,0) -- (2.5,0,1) node[right] {$\zeta$}; \end{tikzpicture} \caption{The coroots $(\Phi_{x_0}')^\vee$ on the left (with $\gamma^\vee + 0 \zeta$ and $\delta^\vee + 0 \zeta$ highlighted), and the coroots $(\Phi_y')^\vee$ on the right. Both are embedded in the same $\mathbb Z$-module $Y' = Y + \zeta \mathbb Z$. The planes containing the coroots are shaded.} \end{figure} At the point $y$, with $\alg{\bar G}_y \cong \alg{\overline{SO}}_4$, we have computed the root datum of the central extension $\alg{\bar G}_y'$ -- the central extension splits and $\alg{\bar G}_y'$ is isomorphic to $\alg{\overline{SO}}_4 \times \alg{\bar G}_{\mult}$. \bibliographystyle{plain}	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	2,273
European-based African Team of the Season 2013-2014 Posted on June 8, 2014 by SFG in African Football // 0 Comments Maher Mezahi and Salim Masoud Said cherry-pick some of the outstanding African players in Europe this season. To the business at hand: Vincent Enyeama (Lille) Coming in at just 5'11", the Nigerian is short for a goalkeeper. When when you see him earn his dollars in the penalty area, though, you realise his size is not an issue. Aged 19, he kept a clean sheet against England at the 2002 World Cup. Over the last few years, he has hit the sweet-spot of his career, with his form for Lille this season the zenith in terms of club form. His flypaper palms and, unique for an African goalkeeper, command of his area, saw him go an incredible 1062 minutes without conceding a goal for Les Dogues. Stephane Mbia (Sevilla) Having endured an atrocious spell at QPR last season, which flushed away with relegation, the season-long loan move to Sevilla was meant to be nothing more than respite from the blood and thunder of the Championship. Yet, after a bit-part start, he has ended up being a regular starter and useful addition to Sevilla, returning to London with a Europa League winner's medal as a souvenir. Described by Sevilla team-mates as someone who can head the ball farther than most of them can kick it, scoring the the goal that sealed the path to the final, a header in the dying minutes of injury time after Sevilla had squandered a 2-goal, first-leg lead, will give him a place in Sevilla's history. Serge Aurier (Toulouse) Enough has been written about the Toulouse defender. His all-action season, where he has played at right back, centre-back, left back (for the national team) and right midfield , as well as scoring and assisting six times, has seen five stars imprinted next to his name on scout's notebooks. A move to a bigger club seems imminent. Mehdi Benatia (Roma) When Roma cashed in on the French-born Moroccan at an apparently hefty fee of €13.5m, the figure, in some quarters, was inflationary enough to inflate cheeks with it. In truth, accounting Benatia's completeness as a defender and excellent consistency over the last few years, it was, even before he had set foot on the greenery where one justifies themselves, the best value for money signing this season. And he has gone on to prove that, delivering the world-class, season-after-season consistency he had shown at hidden Udinese. The Champions League awaits. Henri Bedimo (Olympique Lyonnais) His glittering 2011-2012 season with Montpellier had appeared to be insurmountable, but the Cameroonian has, after falling out with the larger-than-life Montpellier chairman Lou Nicollin, had an even better debut season with Lyon. In a side brimming with young talent, the peripatetic left back has had to shoulder the burden of being one of the most experienced players in the team. Being a standard-bearer has not been a problem. He has proved to be one of the most devastating left backs in Europe in the opponent's half, as his 10 assists show. The red-hot form has seen him, correctly, force his way into Cameroon's starting XI. Ogenyi Onazi (Lazio) Ogenyi Onazi has had a very solid 2013/14. Carrying on from his success with the Nigerian national team, the SS Lazio midfielder has been an all-action dynamo for the Roman outfit in midfield. Onazi brings a generous level of energy to his side. His ubiquitous presence on the pitch lends his teammates time and space so that they can better operate in the final third. This year, he has played 29 fixtures and scored a goal from his customary deep-lying position. Still only 21 years old, Onazi might figure on this list for many years to come. Yaya Toure (Man City) The pettiness and ulterior motives of birthdaygate have tarnished the squeaky-clean image of the Ivorian forever. On the pitch, he has had another excellent season. Under the management of Manuel Pellegrini, Toure has been the nucleus of a Man City team that has produced some sumptuous football, adding lethality from free-kicks, dummies and the subtleness that had diluted slightly in the latter stages of Roberto Mancini's tenure. Sofiane Feghouli (Valencia) Year after year, Sofiane Feghouli has ameliorated parts of his game. In 2011/12 he increased his defensive contribution, in 12/13, he began making runs into open space. This year, the Algerian ace has perfected his crossing notching, notching a career-high 10 assists. Now 23 years of age, the Valencia midfielder is an elite midfielder. If he is to establish himself at one of the top clubs in the world, there is one last part of his game he must regulate: consistency. To be fair to Feghouli, it hasn't been easy at a club like Valencia where managerial changes have been the norm. But he cannot continue to have off-patches like he did during the beginning of the season. Gervinho (Roma) Er Tendine (The Curtain), as Roma fans have affectionately dubbed him, has had a reversal in fortunes. A disastrous spell for Arsenal had plummeted his value and, with it, his confidence; his time at Lille completely overwritten. Reunited at Roma with Rudi Garcia, his manager at Lille, a paternal figure and a mentor, the pacey and tricky Gervinho that was one of the most coveted wingers in the world in the summer of 2011 has been restored. His flaws remain but they have been flaws that have been embraced, allowing his confidence never to waver. Wilfried Bony (Swansea) Due to scoring the majority of the initial 25 goals this season in games that were all but decided, it's taken the Ivorian a while to receive public prominence. But after a more decisive second half of the season he has received the adulation he deseves. His 12 goals in 2014 elevate him onto a podium with Liverpool's deadly duo, Dean Sturridge and Luis Suarez. No one scored more goals than the trio from the turn of the year to the end of the season. And it's not just his goal tally in a struggling side that has been impressive. His all-round play has also ignited the predatory instincts in the transfer market of bigger clubs. Seydou Doumbia (CSKA Moscow) The CSKA Moscow striker's last 18 months have been hampered by a problematic back injury, but his 18 goals in 22 games show that when he's on the pitch there are no diminishing returns. Without him, CSKA were languishing in fifth. Once he returned, though, they went on a winning rampage that ultimately saw them crowned Russian champions. Humility and hardwork have been the cornerstones of their triumph and in Doumbia, with that serene smile and unobtrusiveness, they have a snapshot of those virtues. Surprisingly, despite making the provisional Ivory Coast World Cup squad, he failed to enter the final 23. Coach Sabri Lamouchi cited his back problems, but given his form at club level, no wonder he has subsequently chosen to retire from international football. Kossi Agassa Allan Nyom Joel Matip Papa Gueye Kwadwo Asamoah Charles Kabore Serey Die Yacine Brahimi Vincent Aboubakar Ike Uche Hamdi Harbaoui Henri Bedimo Ogenyi Onazi Vincent Enyeama Wilfried Bony	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl" }	5,459
{"url":"https:\/\/www.imrpress.com\/journal\/FBL\/27\/8\/10.31083\/j.fbl2708245\/htm","text":"NULL\nCountries \| Regions\nCountries \| Regions\nArticle Types\nArticle Types\nYear\nVolume\nIssue\nPages\nIMR Press \/ FBL \/ Volume 27 \/ Issue 8 \/ DOI: 10.31083\/j.fbl2708245\nOpen Access Original Research\nPotential New Therapeutic Approaches for Cisplatin-Resistant Testicular Germ Cell Tumors\nShow Less\n1 Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, 14784400 Barretos, Sao Paulo,\u00a0Brazil\n2 Brazilian Childhood Germ Cell Tumor Study Group, from the Brazilian Pediatric Oncology Society (SOBOPE), 14784400 Barretos, S\u00e3o Paulo,\u00a0Brazil\n3 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710057 Braga,\u00a0Portugal\n4 ICVS\/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806909 Braga\/Guimaraes,\u00a0Portugal\n5 Barretos Children\u2019s Cancer Hospital from Hospital de Amor, 14784400 Barretos, S\u00e3o Paulo,\u00a0Brazil\nCorrespondence: ahlengert@gmail.com (Andr\u00e9 van Helvoort Lengert); lf.lopes@yahoo.com (Luiz Fernando Lopes)\nAcademic Editors: Simona Daniele and Rebecca Piccarducci\nFront. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 2022, 27(8), 245; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.fbl2708245\nSubmitted: 19 April 2022 \| Revised: 9 June 2022 \| Accepted: 13 June 2022 \| Published: 16 August 2022\n\nThis is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.\n\nAbstract\n\nBackground: Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), a group of heterogeneous neoplasms, are the most frequent tumors of teenagers and young men, with the incidence rising worldwide. High cure rates can be achieved through cisplatin (CDDP)-based treatment, but approximately 10% of patients present refractory disease and virtually no treatment alternatives. Here, we explored new strategies to treat CDDP-resistant. Methods: In vitro TGCT CDDP-resistance model was established and differential mRNA expression profiles were evaluated using NanoString technology. Then, TGCT cell lines were treated with four potential drugs (PCNA-I1, ML323, T2AA, and MG-132) to overcome CDDP-resistance. Results: We found several differentially expressed genes related to DNA repair and cell cycle regulation on CDDP-resistant cell line (NTERA-2R) compared to parental cell line (NTERA-2P), and the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 demonstrated cytotoxic activity in all cell lines evaluated, even at a nanomolar range. MG-132 also enhanced cell lines\u2019 sensitivity to CDDP, increasing apoptosis in both NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R. Conclusions: MG-132 emerges as a potential new drug to treat CDDP-resistant TGCT. Targeted therapy based on molecular mechanism insights may contribute to overcome acquired chemotherapy CDDP-resistance.\n\nKeywords\ntesticular germ-cell tumor\ncisplatin resistance\nMG-132\n1. Introduction\n\nTesticular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are a group of heterogeneous neoplasms resulting from a defective primordial germ cell development and are currently considered the most common tumors of teenagers and young men (15\u201340 years), representing 0.4% of new cases from all sites, with increasing incidence rates worldwide [1, 2, 3, 4].\n\nTGCTs are classified into two main histological subtypes, including seminoma and non-seminoma germ cell tumors (NSGCT), representing 60% and 40% of the cases, respectively [5, 6]. NSGCTs are subdivided into several histologies, such as embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumors (YST), teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and mixed NSGCT [5, 6]. Thus, TGCTs are frequently heterogeneous tumors identified by their specific histology.\n\nPlatinum-based treatment is frequently used as first-line therapy for pediatric and adult TGCTs, and international guidelines have established a consensus for its application [7, 8]. Indeed, TGCTs are highly curable, exhibiting one of the highest sensitivity levels to platinum-derived compounds, and present an overall disease-free survival rate of approximately 80% for metastatic disease [9]. Even patients with advanced metastatic disease can achieve complete remission through systemic treatment and secondary resection of residual masses [10]. Its unique sensitivity is likely multi-factorial and associated with the germ cell origins of these tumors. Additional factors are known that may help explain this feature: TGCTs present a hypersensitive apoptotic response to DNA damage agents; show a decrease in the repair capacity of platinum-induced damage; only around 1% of TGCTs have TP53 mutations [11, 12]. Notably, however, about 10\u201320% of TGCT patients with advanced disease are refractory to platinum-based chemotherapy and have a less favorable prognosis with relapses, and treatment options for this group are extremely limited [13]. Studies have shown that late relapses occur more frequently in non-seminomas (3.2%) compared to seminomas (1.4%), in which the most often histological components are teratomas (60%) and YST (47%) [13, 14, 15]. Recent encouraging advances have been published in this area [16, 17, 18], but still, approximately 3\u20135% of all TGCT patients will eventually die of their disease [19, 20, 21].\n\nSeveral reports have described molecular mechanisms related to cisplatin (CDDP) resistance of TGCTs, including TP53 and MDM2 alterations [22], induction of differentiation [23], global and specific DNA methylation alterations [24], deregulation of the PDGFR$\\beta$\/AKT pathway [25], inactivation of REV7 [26]. However, none of these was determinant, so far, to develop new approaches to overcome the acquired resistance or to stratify the patient\u2019s risk. An alternative pathway of CDDP-resistance is based on the cell\u2019s tolerance to damage caused by CDDP, merely replicating the damaged DNA through a mechanism known as translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) [27]. This mechanism has been connected to CDDP-resistance in several tumors, although it has still been little examined in TGCTs [28, 29, 30, 31].\n\nTGCT is a complex disease with various histological and clinical characteristics, so identifying specific molecular features critical for CDDP response will likely be necessary to effectively use this drug and\/or find new treatment strategies [19].\n\nHere, we established a TGCT model of resistance to CDDP, created after CDDP long-term exposure of parental NTERA-2 cell line, to identify mechanisms that are central for acquired CDDP-resistance in TGCTs. We performed an extensive phenotypic and molecular characterization of NTERA-2R and found that several genes related to DNA repair and cell cycle regulation are differentially expressed on resistant cells in response to CDDP. Moreover, the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 demonstrated cytotoxic activity in all TGCT cell lines evaluated, even at a low nanomolar range. MG-132 also enhanced cell lines\u2019 sensitivity to CDDP in both, NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R, indicating that it could be a potential new strategy to overcome TGCTs treatment failure.\n\n2. Materials and Methods\n2.1 Cell Culture and Drugs\n\nTwo TGCT cell lines obtained from the European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC) were used. NTERA-2 clone D1 (ECACC Cat# 01071221, RRID:CVCL_3407) is a cell line derived from a human testicular embryonal carcinoma and was first described in 1984 [32]. 577MF (ECACC Cat# 06011802, RRID:CVCL_2290) is a cell line derived from a human testicular teratocarcinoma and was first described in 1980 [33]. Both were cultured following ECACC recommended conditions and incubated in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO${}_{2}$ at 37 \u00b0C. CDDP-resistance model was developed by growing the sensitive cell line NTERA-2 in increasing sub-lethal concentrations of CDDP in the growth medium. The starting dose was approximately the IC${}_{25}$ (inhibitory concentration, 25%) of the cell line for 72 hours. The medium was then replaced to let the cells recover for a further 72 hours. This development phase was conducted for approximately 8 months, after which the IC${}_{50}$ concentrations were re-assessed. The resistant cell line obtained (NTERA-2R) was cultivated in the same conditions of the parental cell line. Cell lines were negative for mycoplasm contamination (MycoAlert Mycoplasma Detection Kit, Lonza; tested monthly) and were authenticated by short tandem-repeat analysis at the Barretos Cancer Hospital facilities as reported [34].\n\nCisplatin (CDDP) (PHR1624; Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared at 5 mM in 0.9% NaCl. PCNA-I1 (SML0730; Sigma-Aldrich), ML323 (SML1177; Sigma-Aldrich), T2AA (SML0794; Sigma-Aldrich) and MG-132 (M7449; Sigma-Aldrich) were prepared at 10 mM in DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich). All drugs were aliquoted and stored at \u201320 \u00b0C until use.\n\n2.2 Measurement of Cell Viability\n\nExponentially growing cells were seeded at a density of 5 $\\times$ 10${}^{3}$ cells per well in 96-well plates. After leaving cells to adhere overnight, the drugs were added at zero (vehicle only) and seven increasing concentrations (0.0625, 0.125, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 15.0, 30.0, 50.0 $\\mu$M). Cells were then incubated for a further 72 hours before measuring viability using CellTiter 96\u00ae Aqueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega). The optical density at 570 nm (OD570) was measured with a Varioskan Flash plate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and expressed as a percentage of the value obtained from control cells. The assays were performed in both technical and biological triplicate.\n\nIC${}_{50}$ concentrations were obtained in GraphPad Prism version 5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA), through the equation: log(inhibitor) vs. normalized response, using a Variable slope model.\n\nThe NTERA-2R IC${}_{50}$ was also verified after four months straightly in CDDP-free media culture to confirm the resistance phenotype stability.\n\nEvaluation of combination treatment was performed using CDDP IC${}_{50}$ and a range of MG-132 concentrations from 0 to 5 $\\mu$M.\n\n2.3 Colony-Forming Assay\n\nCells were seeded in triplicate in a 12-well plate at a density of 5 $\\times$ 10${}^{2}$ cells\/well. After 14 days, cells were fixed and stained with 1 mL of staining solution (0.5% crystal violet; 20% methanol) for 20 minutes. The plate was washed four times with distilled water, inverted on filter paper to remove the remaining water, and then air-dried for 24 hours at room temperature. The colonies were unstained using 1 mL of 100% methanol for 20 minutes, and the plates were read with a Varioskan Flash plate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 570 nm (OD570). The means and standard deviation of three independent experiments were analyzed.\n\n2.4 Cell Migration Assay\n\nTo evaluate cell migration capacity, the monolayer wound-healing assay was performed. Briefly, a confluent monolayer of cells was seeded in a 6-well plate, and a \u201cscratch\u201d with a p1000 pipet tip was made through the cell layer. After washing several times with PBS, a medium containing 10% FBS was added to each well. Two fields of each wound were photographed in regular periods, from 0 to 64 hours. The wound areas were measured using TScratch software [35]. The experiments were performed in biological and technical triplicate.\n\n2.5 Flow Cytometry (Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Analysis)\n\nFlow cytometry analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle were performed with FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Biosciences) and BD Cycletest Plus DNA Kit (BD Biosciences), respectively. Cells were seeded in T25 flasks and treated 24 hours later. After 72 hours, the culture supernatant and the cells were collected, washed twice with 1X PBS, and the specific protocols were followed as recommended by the manufacturer. Cell data was collected using BD Accuri Cytometer. Unstained and single-stained controls were used for color compensation, and at least 10,000 events were collected for each sample. The analysis was performed after two independent experiments, using FCS Express 7 software (De Novo Software, Pasadena, CA, USA).\n\n2.6 Expression Profile of CDDP-Resistance in Vitro Model\n\nExpression profile of NTERA-2R and NTERA-2P was performed using nCounter Vantage 3D DNA Damage and Repair panel (Nanostring, USA) as previously reported [36], to evaluate features related to CDDP-resistance. This panel includes 180 genes involved in major DNA damage repair pathways, including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, TLS, and other repair processes (available at: http:\/\/nanostring.com).\n\nTotal RNA from NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R was isolated in biological triplicate, using TRIzol reagent, according to the manufacturer\u2019s protocol. Probe pools, hybridization buffer, TagSet, and 100 ng total RNA (quantified by Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer) were hybridized for 21 hours at 67 \u00b0C, followed by purification and RNA\/probe complexes immobilization in nCounter PrepStation (Nanostring, USA) and cartridge scanning in Digital Analyzer (Nanostring, USA), according to the manufacturer\u2019s protocol.\n\nThe nSolver Analysis Software version 4.0 (NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA) was used for quality control assessment, and further steps were carried out in the R statistical environment, version 3.6.3. Gene expression levels and sample distribution were evaluated with quantro package, version 1.18.0 [37]. Data normalization and differential expression were performed in the NanoStringNorm package, version 1.2.1.1 [38]. Data were quantile normalized, and log2 transformed. Differentially expressed genes were defined by the thresholds of fold change $\\geq$1.5 and p $\\leq$ 0.05. Heatmaps of differentially expressed genes were built with the ComplexHeatmap package, version 2.0.0 [39].\n\n2.7 Online Analysis Tools\n\nVenn diagram was created utilizing Venny 2.1 (RRID:SCR_016561, available at: https:\/\/bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es\/tools\/venny\/). The STRING database was used to predict interaction networks from gene expression analysis. Clustering was performed using the K-means clustering method (RRID:SCR_005223, available at: https:\/\/string-db.org) [40]. Functional annotation analysis was performed using DAVID (RRID:SCR_001881, available at: https:\/\/david.ncifcrf.gov\/home.jsp) [41, 42, 43].\n\n2.8 Western Blot Analysis\n\nTotal proteins were extracted after 24 hours of treatment using RIPA buffer, including 10% protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Sigma-Aldrich). After 15 min on ice, samples were centrifuged at 13,000 g for 30 min at 4 \u00b0C, and the supernatant was collected. Protein concentration was determined using the Bio-Rad Protein assay, based on Bradford method (Bio-Rad) according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions. Twenty micrograms of protein were denatured at 95 \u00b0C for 5 min in 4X Laemmli buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific), separated on NUPAGE 10 or 15% bis\u2013tris gels at 90 V and transferred to 0.2 $\\mu$m polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (GE Biosciences). Ponceau S solution (Sigma-Aldrich; 0.5% in 5% acetic acid) staining confirmed a correct membrane transfer. Membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat milk in TBS with 0.1% Tween (TBS-T, pH = 7.6) for 1 h and then incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 \u00b0C. Secondary horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antibodies were incubated for 1 h at room temperature (RT). Bands were visualized using the ECL detection system (Cell Signaling), and the ImageQuant LAS 4000 (GE Biosciences) was used for imaging. Primary antibody probing was performed with PARP (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 5625, RRID:AB_10699459\/1:1000), and p-$\\gamma$H2A.X (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 2577, RRID:AB_2118010\/1:1000). Anti-$\\beta$-actin was used as a loading control (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 8457, RRID:AB_10950489). Quantification was performed using band densitometry analysis from ImageJ software (version 1.6.1), by comparing the band intensity with the loading control $\\beta$-actin. Experiments were performed in biological duplicate.\n\n2.9 Statistical Analysis\n\nData are presented as means $\\pm{}$ the standard deviation of the means. Statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism 5.0 software. Unpaired Student\u2019s t-test and non-parametric (Mann\u2013Whitney) two-tailed tests were used among all assays, as necessary. A p-value $\\leq$ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\n\n3. Results\n3.1 The Effect of CDDP in TGCT Cell Lines\n\nWe first performed a cell viability assay to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC${}_{50}$) value of CDDP in two TGCT cell lines. Fig. 1 presents the two cell lines evaluated and their respective cell viability after treatment with increasing CDDP concentrations, ranging from 0.0625 $\\mu$M to 50 $\\mu$M. IC${}_{50}$ for NTERA-2 was 0.524 $\\mu$M and for 577MF was 2.911 $\\mu$M.\n\nFig. 1.\n\nCDDP viability effect on NTERA-2 and 577MF TGCT cell lines. (A) Representative images of the cell lines (Objective: 20x). (B) CDDP at increasing concentrations was used to treat cells for 72 hours, and cell viability was evaluated. IC${}_{50}$ values are indicated on the graph.\n\n3.2 Characterization of TGCT with Acquired Resistance to CDDP\n\nTo better understand CDDP-resistance mechanisms, we chose the most sensitive cell line in our previous analysis (NTERA-2) and established a CDDP-resistance model (NTERA-2R). After eight months of CDDP treatment with incremental doses, IC${}_{50}$ values were re-evaluated. A significant increase (p $<$ 0.01) was observed in the concentration of CDDP required to inhibit 50% of NTERA-2R cells (3.812 $\\mu$M), compared to NTERA-2P (0.524 $\\mu$M) after 72 hours treatment (Fig. 2A). Subsequently, cells were maintained in culture for four months in CDDP-free media, and the IC${}_{50}$ was re-assessed. The IC${}_{50}$ fold-increase in NTERA-2R (6.3 fold-increase) was similar to the IC${}_{50}$ previously found (7.2 fold-increase), confirming the CDDP-resistance phenotype stability, even without CDDP continuous exposure. We then performed a phenotypical characterization of NTERA-2R and found that it exhibited a higher aggressive phenotype when compared to NTERA-2P, demonstrating a significant increase in cell proliferation capacity (Fig. 2B), increased clonogenic survival (Fig. 2C,D), and higher migration rates (Fig. 2E,F).\n\nFig. 2.\n\nDevelopment and phenotypic characterization of TGCT CDDP-resistance model. (A) Cell viability of NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R after 72 hours of CDDP treatment. IC${}_{50}$ values are indicated on the graph. (B) Comparison of cell proliferation capacity, (C,D) cell survival, and (E,F) migration ability in both cell lines. Images are representative of the assays. p $<$ 0.01; p $<$ 0.001; * p $<$ 0.0001.\n\nLevels of CDDP-induced apoptosis were assessed after 0.6 $\\mu$M CDDP treatment for 72 hours. As expected, a significant increase in the apoptotic response to CDDP was seen in NTERA-2P (Annexin +\/7AAD - and Annexin +\/7AAD +), while almost no change was observed in NTERA-2R (Fig. 3A). Furthermore, cell cycle changes in response to 0.6 $\\mu$M CDDP treatment for 72 hours were more prominent in NTERA-2P, presenting a markedly decrease of cells in G1 and an increase in S-phase and G2 (Fig. 3B). This data suggests the essential role of cell cycle control mechanisms in TGCT CDDP-resistance. Next, we treated both cells with their respective CDDP IC${}_{50}$ for 24 hours and performed an immunoblotting assay to verify $\\gamma$-H2AX expression levels. We observed no difference in protein levels (Fig. 3C), indicating that the NTERA-2R resistance phenotype was not due to pre-target mechanisms, such as decreased CDDP intracellular accumulation caused by alterations in transporters or increased drug efflux.\n\nFig. 3.\n\nFlow-cytometry analysis of CDDP effect on apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. (A) apoptosis and (B) cell cycle distribution in NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R, after 0.6 $\\mu$M treatment for 72 hours. Differences are given in percentage. (C) Measurement of $\\gamma$-H2AX protein expression in NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R, after CDDP IC${}_{50}$ treatment for 24 hours. The image represents one immunoblotting assay.\n\nTo elucidate the molecular changes associated with CDDP-resistance, we performed an analysis of both NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R 72 hours after CDDP (IC${}_{50}$) or vehicle (0.9% NaCl) treatment using the nCounter Vantage 3D DNA Damage and Repair panel from NanoString. Gene expression analysis comparing NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R treated with vehicle, revealed five differentially expressed genes (Supplementary Fig. 1). Among them, three genes were upregulated in NTERA-2R, two of which were related to DNA repair (MGMT and XPC), and one was responsible for a small subunit of DNA polymerase delta (POLD4). One of the genes downregulated in NTERA-2R encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE). Interestingly, high MGMT expression levels significantly correlated with a worst disease-free survival in TGCT cohort from the TCGA database (p = 0.0066), when considering the 15% patients with higher MGMT expression and the 15% patients with lower MGMT expression (Supplementary Fig. 2). We then performed a differential expression analysis of CDDP induced genes in parental (Fig. 4A) and resistant (Fig. 4B) cell lines, and found three genes that were exclusively altered in NTERA-2P and 21 genes exclusively altered in NTERA-2R. In the following analyses, we considered these 24 exclusively altered genes as the most important to explain our in vitro model\u2019s resistant phenotype. In addition, we determined which genes were altered in common between NTERA-2P vs. NTERA-2PT (NTERA-2P treated with CDDP) and NTERA-2R vs. NTERA-2RT (NTERA-2R treated with CDDP) analyzes and nine genes were observed (Fig. 4C), suggesting that the regulation of these genes are independent of cisplatin resistance status.\n\nFig. 4.\n\nDifferential expression analysis of CDDP-induced gene expression. Nanostring DNA Damage and Repair panel revealed genes related to CDDP-resistance in (A) NTERA-2P and (B) NTERA-2R. Only genes with fold change $\\geq$1.5 and p $\\leq$ 0.05 were included. (C) Venn diagram comparing all the genes differentially expressed in the analyses performed in A and B revealed 24 genes exclusively altered in P or R. P, NTERA-2P; R, NTERA-2R; PT, NTERA-2P treated with CDDP; RT, NTERA-2R treated with CDDP.\n\nA list with all genes differentially expressed (fold change $\\geq$1.5 and p $\\leq$ 0.05) and their respective fold change is presented in Supplementary Tables 1,2.\n\nWe used the STRING database to predict the interactions between the 24 genes. We also used DAVID gene ontology (GO) to find the main regulated processes for these genes. These analyses revealed two clusters mainly related to DNA repair mechanisms and a cluster consisting of genes that regulate cell cycle, apoptosis, and cellular signaling (Fig. 5A). DAVID Functional GO-Analysis identified nine pathways significantly associated with the analyzed genes (p $\\leq$ 0.05), and DNA repair was the most significant (Fig. 5B). Interestingly, among the genes exclusively altered in NTERA-2P after CDDP treatment, none were related to DNA repair, while in NTERA-2R a set of DNA repair genes was differentially expressed. Another interesting finding was that after CDDP treatment, the antiapoptotic gene BCL2 was downregulated in NTERA-2P, while the antiapoptotic gene BCL2L1 was upregulated in NTERA-2R. These results suggest the idea that the main change in NTERA-2R is an increased DNA repair capacity and specific changes in cell cycle control, which may trigger apoptosis evasion and allow cells to proliferate, even in the presence of CDDP adducts.\n\nFig. 5.\n\nNetwork and functional predictions of CDDP-induced gene expression. Network and functional predictions indicate the main clusters and pathways of the 24 genes exclusively altered in NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R cells after CDDP treatment. (A) STRING interaction prediction considering the altered genes. Genes primary function was identified, tabulated, and colors are according to STRING clusters. (B) DAVID Functional GO-Analysis identified nine pathways significantly associated with the analyzed genes (p $\\leq$ 0.05).\n\n3.3 The Effect of a Panel of New Therapeutic Approaches in TGCT CDDP-Resistance\n\nConsidering the central role of cell cycle regulation and DNA repair mechanisms in our CDDP-resistance model, we hypothesized whether a panel of drugs containing three TLS inhibitors and one proteasome inhibitor, which was previously described as targeting TLS, could be an alternative to overcome GCT resistance. We performed a cell viability assay to determine the IC${}_{50}$ value of PCNA-I1, MG-132, ML-323 and T2AA, and found that all inhibitors induced some degree of cytotoxicity in both NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R (Fig. 6A). These results indicate that these inhibitors may be part of a new strategy to treat TGCTs, and more importantly, they could overcome CDDP-resistance in TGCTs. MG-132 demonstrated the more significant responses among the four inhibitors, showing strong cytotoxic activity in both NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R (IC${}_{50}$: 78.55 nM and 77.52 nM, respectively). Additionally, to confirm this drug\u2019s potential, we verified its effect on the 577MF cell line, which is also a TGCT and presents an intermediate sensitivity to CDDP compared to NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R. The 577MF IC${}_{50}$ found after the cell viability assay was 88.39 nM (Fig. 6B). These data show that MG-132 effectively reduced cell viability at low nanomolar concentrations in all cell lines analyzed.\n\nFig. 6.\n\nEffect of a panel of drugs in TGCT cell lines viability. (A) IC${}_{50}$ doses of the inhibitors based on MTS data in NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R cells. (B) IC${}_{50}$ dose of MG-132 based on MTS data in 577MF cell line.\n\n3.4 MG-132 and CDDP Combination Treatment\n\nIn light of these data, we tested the potential of MG-132 and CDDP as a combinatory treatment. We first assessed cell viability treating NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R with a range of MG-132 concentrations combined with CDDP (IC${}_{50}$) for 72 hours. A remarkable enhancement of cytotoxicity was observed in the combinatory treatment for both cell lines. Interestingly, NTERA-2R was more responsive than NTERA-2P to the combinatory treatment (Fig. 7A). We then found that the treatment using the combination of CDDP (IC${}_{50}$) and MG-132 (25 nM \u2013 non-toxic concentration), for 72 hours, increased apoptosis when compared to CDDP alone in both cell lines (Fig. 7B). This result agreed with increased cleaved PARP levels found after the treatment with CDDP and MG-132 combination in both cell lines (Fig. 7C). Finally, we performed flow cytometry to compare the cell cycle distribution after treatment with CDDP (IC${}_{50}$) alone and in combination with MG-132 (25 nM) for 72 hours. As presented in Fig. 7D, CDDP alone increased the G2 population in both cell lines. When combining both drugs, we observed an increase in S population and a remarkable increase in the Sub-G0 population compared to CDDP alone in both cell lines. These results indicate that MG-132 treatment in non-toxic doses restores CDDP sensitivity of the resistant cell line.\n\nFig. 7.\n\nMG-132 and CDDP combination indicate great therapeutic potential in both NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R. (A) Cell viability assay after MG-132 or CDDP (IC${}_{50}$) + MG-132 for 72 hours treatment. IC${}_{50}$ values are indicated on the graph. (B) Apoptosis assay after CDDP (IC${}_{50}$) or CDDP (IC${}_{50}$) + MG-132 (25 nM) for 72 hours treatment. (C) Western blot evaluation of PARP protein levels (total and cleaved) in cells treated for 24 hours with CDDP (IC${}_{50}$), MG-132 (25 nM), or the combination. $\\beta$-Actin was used for data normalization. The image is representative of one immunoblotting assay. (D) Changes in cell cycle distribution after 72 hours of treatment with CDDP (IC${}_{50}$) or CDDP (IC${}_{50}$) + MG-132 (25 nM) were statiscally significant for both NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R (p $<$ 0.01).\n\n4. Discussion\n\nCDDP has a significant role in TGCTs treatment, yet a small subset of patients exhibit CDDP-resistance, constituting a critical clinical challenge [44]. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in CDDP-resistance of TGCTs and use this information to identify novel treatment alternatives for these patients is considered a major goal.\n\nTo address this objective, we first established and characterized an in vitro model of TGCT CDDP-resistance (NTERA-2R). NTERA-2R cell line was established using incremental CDDP doses (NTERA-2P: IC${}_{50}$ of 0.524 $\\mu$M; NTERA-2R: IC${}_{50}$ of 3.812 $\\mu$M) and the resistant phenotype\u2019s stability was confirmed by cultivating the cell in a CDDP-free media for four months and reassessing its IC${}_{50}$. Previous reports show similar results to ours, while the IC${}_{50}$ values of NTERA-2P cell lines were 0.45 $\\mu$M, the resistant to cisplatin exhibited IC${}_{50}$ values of 5.1 $\\mu$M [45]. NTERA-2R demonstrated a more aggressive phenotype, with a significant increase in proliferation, clonogenic survival, and migration ability. Differences in response to CDDP were also observed, with NTERA-2R presenting almost no apoptosis when compared to NTERA-2P. Moreover, we explored the changes induced by CDDP in cell cycle phase distribution in both cell lines, since it is well known the relation between DNA damage and cell cycle regulation. Depending on the cell\u2019s ability to detect the damage, it can activate the DNA damage response (DDR) and respond by undergoing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair, which may be related to CDDP-resistance. TGCT presents a decreased DNA repair capacity due to low DNA repair protein expression levels, making these tumors typically sensitive to damaging agents as CDDP. Generally, following CDDP exposure, TGCT cells undergo G2 arrest, and apoptosis is induced in this phase of the cell cycle [45]. NTERA-2P exhibited this exact behavior in our study, demonstrating a higher accumulation of cells in S and G2 arrest, and a corresponding decrease of cells in G1, after CDDP treatment. On the other hand, NTERA-2R treated with the same CDDP doses displayed few cell cycle changes, indicating that it probably has an increased and effective capacity to repair DNA damage as a mechanism of CDDP-resistance.\n\nCDDP-resistance mechanisms have been categorized, for organizational purposes, as pre-target, on-target, and post-target, based on the following events after the cell\u2019s exposition to the drug [46]. We verified that NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R expressed comparable amounts of the DNA damage sensor $\\gamma$-H2AX, indicating that CDDP was causing similar DNA damage levels in both. Based on this result, we considered that pre-target mechanisms were not the main ones responsible for NTERA-2R resistance. There is some controversy in the literature about pre-target mechanisms and TGCT CDDP-resistance, but it is conceivable that pre-target mechanisms could contribute to the resistance, but additional studies dedicated to TGCTs are needed [31].\n\nOn the other hand, on-target mechanisms have been extensively studied on TGCTs and connected to CDDP-resistance. These mechanisms are related to alterations that implicate DNA adducts formed upon CDDP binding, as DNA repair systems, or alternatively, the bypass of DNA adducts through a system known as translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) [47]. Here, we profiled the gene expression changes in both NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R using the NanoString DNA damage and repair panel. Among the five genes differentially expressed between NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R, we observed an increase in MGMT and XPC expression in NTERA-2R, which were already described to be involved in CDDP-resistance [48, 49, 50]. Moreover, MGMT expression levels also significantly correlated with a worst disease-free survival in TGCT cohort from the TCGA database, demonstrating it may be a promising biomarker of CDDP-resistance or even a therapeutic target for TGCT CDDP-resistance. Changes in the expression of POLD4 and POLE genes may indicate the involvement of mechanisms of TLS in our CDDP-resistance model. We also observed that the six genes more upregulated in NTERA-2R after CDDP treatment were also significantly upregulated in NTERA-2P CDDP treated. However, the most downregulated gene in NTERA-2R after CDDP treatment (ALKBH2) was exclusively observed in this cell line and may indicate a new mechanism of TGCT CDDP acquired resistance, as previously demonstrated in lung cancer cells [51]. In the analysis using STRING database and DAVID gene ontology we observed two clusters associated with DNA repair mechanisms and cell cycle, apoptosis, and cellular signaling. Besides, we found several strongly connected genes related to DNA repair and cell cycle regulation, which led us to hypothesize whether TLS could be related to TGCT CDDP-resistance. TLS has been associated with CDDP-resistance in other tumors with basically a dual role, suggesting that TLS inhibition may sensitize tumors to therapy as well as prevent the emergence of tumor chemoresistance [27, 52]. Besides, it has recently been acknowledged that the TLS is an important mechanism that presents a rationale to be further explored in TGCT CDDP-resistance [31].\n\nTLS inhibitors may be an alternative to overcome CDDP-resistance, and the targets can be diverse. The most obvious target though, is the replication sliding clamp Proliferative Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), which is considered the primary regulator of TLS and one of the critical non-oncogenic mediators supporting cancer development [53, 54]. In this study, we have chosen three putative TLS inhibitors and one proteasome inhibitor, to evaluate their capacity to inhibit cell proliferation of TGCT cells. (1) PCNA-I1 binds to PCNA and has been shown to reduce the chromatin-associated PCNA in cells, and inhibits the growth of many types of tumors [55]. (2) T2AA is an inhibitor of the PCNA\/PIP-box interaction [35] and can inhibit the growth of cancer cells through the induction of early apoptosis [56]. (3) ML-323 is an effective inhibitor of the USP1-UAF1 deubiquitinase complex, responsible for deubiquitinating PCNA [57, 58]. ML-323 has been shown to potentiate CDDP cytotoxicity in non-small cell lung cancer and osteosarcoma cells and may be an alternative for overcoming CDDP-resistance [57]. (4) MG-132 is a peptide aldehyde, which effectively blocks the proteolytic activity of the 26S proteasome complex and has been demonstrated to prevent TLS in human cancer cells but not in normal cells [59]. However, the exact mechanism by which MG-132 inhibits TLS remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that the four TLS inhibitors\u2019 present the capacity to reduce TGCT proliferation, even of NTERA-2R cell line. MG-132 exhibited the highest cytotoxic potential, with IC${}_{50}$ values for two different embryonal carcinoma cell lines (NTERA-2P and NTERA-2R) and one teratocarcinoma cell line (577MF) in the low nanomolar range.\n\nWe further explored the MG-132 potential by testing a combination treatment with CDDP to evaluate its capacity to improve CDDP-based therapy. We found that MG-132 enhanced CDDP activity in TGCT, triggering changes in cell cycle distribution and increased cell death through apoptosis, corroborating studies in ovarian carcinoma and osteosarcoma [60, 61].\n\nThis is the first pre-clinical study reporting the effectiveness of MG-132 in TGCT treatment, focusing on its potential to overcome CDDP-resistance alone or in combination with CDDP. It is worth mentioning that most of our results were obtained in the NTERA-2 cell line, which is a major limitation in our research. TGCTs are classified into two histological groups, including seminoma and NSGCTs, which includes embryonal carcinoma [5, 6]. It has been known that seminomas are highly sensitive to DNA-damaging agents, whereas non-seminomas including embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumor, often appear in the metastatic setting resistant to cisplatin, which reflects differences in cell biology [62, 63]. Thus, because NTERA-2 cell line is an embryonal carcinoma, the results reported here represent only this histological subtype. Another drawback of our study is that we did not develop other TGCT CDDP-resistant cell lines, which may limit our conclusions of MG-132 effectivity in TGCT CDDP resistance. In order to overcome this limitation, we evaluated the effects of MG-132 on the 577MF TGCT cell line, which was 5.5-fold more resistant to CDDP than NTERA-2P. Besides, 577MF has a different histology (teratocarcinoma), indicating MG-132 potential in histologies other than embryonal carcinoma. Even so, given the complexity and variability of TGCT, the role of MG-132 as a potential new drug to treat CDDP-resistant TGCT should be further evaluated in other cell lines to confirm our findings.\n\nIn future studies, we plan to explore in more detail whether and how these drugs may be involved in TGCT CDDP-resistance, assess its potential in TGCT cell lines from different histologies to broadly cover TGCT complexity, and use an in vivo TGCT model to evaluate their effectiveness and assess their toxicity profile. These may reveal the most appropriate approach to clinical applications and whether a specific biomarker will be necessary for this new therapy.\n\n5. Conclusions\n\nIn this study, we demonstrated for the first time the potential of MG-132 used alone or in combination with CDDP to treat CDDP-resistant TGCTs. We developed a CDDP-resistance in vitro model and profiled the differentially expressed genes that may be related to the resistance phenotype. We showed the possibility of using new drugs to overcome TGCT CDDP-resistance and found that MG-132 displayed a potent cytotoxic activity against TGCT cells. Moreover, when used in combination with CDDP, MG-132 reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis and changes in cell cycle phases distribution. These results indicate that MG-132 is a potential treatment strategy to overcome TGCT treatment failure.\n\nAuthor Contributions\n\nAvHL\u2014Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing \u2013 original draft. DOV\u2014Conceptualization, Resources, Writing \u2013 review & editing. MTP\u2014Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Writing \u2013 review & editing. RMR\u2014Conceptualization, Resources, Writing \u2013 review & editing. LSdS\u2014Formal analysis, Writing \u2013 review & editing. LdNBP\u2014Methodology, Writing \u2013 review & editing. ERMC\u2014Methodology, Validation, Writing \u2013 review & editing. INFG\u2014Methodology, Validation, Writing \u2013 review & editing. LMdJ\u2014Methodology, Writing \u2013 review & editing. MFSG\u2014Methodology, Writing \u2013 review & editing. AOdR\u2014Methodology, Writing \u2013 review & editing. TAT\u2014Methodology, Writing \u2013 review & editing. ACL\u2014Methodology, Writing \u2013 review & editing. LFL\u2014Supervision, Writing \u2013 review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\n\nEthics Approval and Consent to Participate\n\nNot applicable.\n\nAcknowledgment\n\nThe authors would like to thank Andr\u00e9 Lopes Carvalho and Matias Eliseo Melendez for gently providing TLS inhibitors.\n\nFunding\n\nThis study was partially supported by the Public Ministry of Labor Campinas (Research, Prevention, and Education of Occupational Cancer) and Barretos Cancer Hospital. L.S.S. is the recipient of a grant from the Public Ministry of Labor Campinas (Research, Prevention and Education of Occupational Cancer). R.M.R. and L.F.L. are recipients of CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) Productivity Grants. I.N.F.G. is recipient of a FAPESP (Sao Paulo Research Foundation) grant (2017\/22305-9).\n\nConflict of Interest\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\n\nPublisher\u2019s Note: IMR Press stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\n\nPublisher\u2019s Note: IMR Press stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\nShare","date":"2022-09-30 08:33:31","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 83, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.3582609295845032, \"perplexity\": 11443.430313608158}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2022-40\/segments\/1664030335448.34\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20220930082656-20220930112656-00723.warc.gz\"}"}	null	null
ChinaCache partners with industry-leading technology companies. Together we provide the best-in-class global Internet experience for enterprises. ChinaCache is a leading provider of internet solutions in China, and we work with many of the world's leading technology partners to provide a complete internet ecosystem. For technology providers looking to expand into China, we provide you with our expertise and support across the complex internet landscape so that you can better serve your customers, build loyalty and create new revenue opportunities. For companies that already use the services offered by our partners, we make it easy for you to reach the 800 million Chinese internet users through our extensive network and 20 years of experience in managing CDN, data centers, and Internet Exchange. Together with our partners, we strive to deliver a constantly improving internet experience that is always fast, reliable and secure.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	2,260
\section{Introduction} $U(N)_k$ Chern-Simons (CS) theories coupled to a single scalar or fermion in the fundamental representation have a very simple planar limit ($N,k\to\infty$ with fixed $\lambda=N/k$). In particular, they flow to non-trivial infrared fixed-points, which were shown in \cite{Aharony:2011jz,Giombi:2011kc} to have a higher-spin symmetry at large $N$. This symmetry is generated by an infinite tower of single-trace currents $J_s$ ($s=1,2,\ldots$) of approximately minimal twist $\tau_s=\Delta-s=1+O(1/N)$. Abstract large $N$ conformal field theories (CFTs) with such a spectrum of single-trace currents were classified in \cite{Maldacena:2012sf}, and are distinguished by the dimension $\Delta_0$ of their single-trace scalar operator $J_0$. They are given by\footnote{There are other related examples of interacting theories with large $N$ higher-spin symmetry. E.g., the theory of $N$ scalars $\vec{\phi}$ with a $(\vec{\phi}\cdot \vec{\phi})^3$ interaction, or generalizations of the above $U(N)_k$ gauge theories to ones with multiple flavors or different gauge groups.} \begin{itemize} \item Regular-Boson/Critical-Fermion: these CFTs have $\Delta_0=1+O(1/N)$ and an interaction $\lambda_6 J_0^3/ N^2$, which is exactly marginal in the planar limit. They can be realized in the $U(N)_k$ scalar theory by tuning its renormalized mass and quartic coupling to zero in the infrared, or by reaching the Gross-Neveu fixed-point in the fermion theory. \item Critical-Boson/Regular-Fermion: these CFTs have $\Delta_0=2+O(1/N)$. They can be realized by flowing to a Wilson-Fisher infrared fixed point in the scalar theory, or in the fermionic theory by tuning the renormalized fermion mass to zero in the infrared. \end{itemize} The (slightly-broken) higher-spin symmetry is very powerful, leading to constraints that fix the planar three-point functions of all the single-trace operators of the above CFTs in closed form \cite{Maldacena:2012sf}. The analysis of \cite{Maldacena:2012sf} depends only on the single-trace spectrum, which is identical in the bosonic and femrionic CFTs in each of the cases listed above. It follows that the bosonic and fermoinic CFTs in each of those cases also have identical three-point functions, for some mapping of their parameters ($N$, $\lambda$, and $\lambda_6$ in the regular-boson/critical-fermion case). The duality map was then found in \cite{Aharony:2012nh,GurAri:2012is} through explicit field theory computations to all orders in $\lambda$. This is the well known example of large $N$ 3d bosonization duality. The success of \cite{Maldacena:2012sf} suggests that the higher-spin symmetry would also enable fixing all the planar $n\geq 4$-point correlators, in terms of the same parameters used to determine the three-point functions. Such a result would prove the 3d bosonization duality at large $N$. Nevertheless, achieving this goal using the current methods appears to be difficult. In particular, it is not yet known how to calculate any $n\geq 4$-point function using the approximate higher-spin symmetry constraints, nor is it known whether they are sufficient in order to uniquely fix those correlators. Recently, \cite{Turiaci:2018nua,Aharony:2018npf} used different principles, such as crossing symmetry and boundedness of correlators in the Regge limit, to constrain the planar four-point function $\langle J_0 J_0 J_0 J_0 \rangle$. It was found to be completely fixed up to three crossing-invariant terms that only involve exchanges of operators with spins $\leq 2$ in the $J_0\times J_0$ OPE; such truncated solutions to crossing were first constructed in \cite{Heemskerk:2009pn}, and correspond to contact interactions in an $AdS_4$ gravity dual. Furthermore, in the fermionic theories, \cite{Bedhotiya:2015uga,Turiaci:2018nua} calculated the scalar four-point function explicitly, by summing over all planar diagrams in a special kinematic regime in which two of the external momenta are set to zero.\footnote{ The more recent computation of \cite{Turiaci:2018nua} fixes an apparent mistake in the earlier calculation of \cite{Bedhotiya:2015uga}.} The explicit results show that none of the truncated solutions contribute and fixes the four-point function in the fermionic CS theories entirely. In this paper we will preform a similar explicit computation in the bosonic theories, finding an agreement with the results of \cite{Turiaci:2018nua}; this provides a new test of 3d bosonization. In fact, we will obtain a much stronger result for the bosonic theories, and fix all planar $n$-point functions of $J_0(q_i)$ analytically when all the momenta $q_i$ are collinear (but otherwise general).\footnote{This is more general than the kinematic configuration used in \cite{Turiaci:2018nua} for the four-point function in the fermionic theories, but not general enough to deduce the full momenta dependence without more information.} As in previous work \cite{Giombi:2011kc,Aharony:2012nh,GurAri:2012is}, our strategy is to sum the perturbative series in light-cone gauge. First, in Section \ref{CSVM} we argue that in this gauge, when $\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2$ in the regular-boson theory, only rainbow Feynman diagrams contribute to $J_0$ correlators in the collinear momentum frame.\footnote{We are gratefull to G.~Gur-Ari for providing the proof of this fact.} In Section \ref{recurrence}, the sum over those rainbow diagrams is expressed through Dyson-Schwinger equations for certain 1PI vertices, from which the correlators in the regular-boson theory can be extracted. It is then shown that these equations are solved by an algebraic recurrence relation that expresses an $n$-point function in terms of lower-point ones. This recurrence relation is our final result, and it is summarized in Section \ref{examples}. The generalization to arbitrary values of $\lambda_6$ is straightforward, as its contribution to a planar $n$-point function is also determined by products of lower-point functions in momentum space. Finally, the results for the critical-boson theory can be obtained by a Legendre transform, which is, again, a simple algebraic operation in momentum space. As examples, in Section \ref{examples} we extract the $n\leq 4$-point functions using the recurrence relation. The resulting $n\leq 3$-point functions agree with the known expressions derived by \cite{Aharony:2012nh}, and the four-point function matches the one derived in \cite{Turiaci:2018nua} in the fermionic theories, through the 3d bosonization map. Let us now briefly discuss some possible future applications of our results. The correlators that we computed may shed light on the space of fixed-points of the regular-boson/critical-fermion theories at large $N$. Specifically, at order $1/N$, these theories have a non-trivial beta-function $\beta_{\lambda_6}$ that was shown in \cite{AJM} to lead to either one or three fixed-points. The values of the planar $n\leq 5$-point functions of $J_0$ and its $1/N$ anomalous dimension $\gamma_0$, are required to determine which of those scenarios is realized. Now that we have fixed the relevant correlators, it would be interesting to understand the constraints on (the yet unknown) $\gamma_0$ in each of the scenarios. Another possible application is related to Vasiliev higher-spin gravity in $AdS_4$ \cite{Vasiliev:1992av}, which was conjectured in \cite{Giombi:2011kc,Klebanov:2002ja,Sezgin:2003pt,Giombi:2009wh,Chang:2012kt} to be holographically dual to our theories. The formulation of the bulk theory seems to allow for an infinite number of parity violating couplings, all consistent with the higher-spin symmetry. However, only the first of those was related to the `t~Hooft coupling $\lambda$ of the dual CS-matter CFTs \cite{Chang:2012kt}. Of course, these CFTs have no extra parameters, so the possibility of turning on additional independent couplings in Vasiliev theory is puzzling. It is believed that those additional bulk interactions could only contribute to five-point functions and higher, and our results could therefore shed light on their interpretation.\footnote{See also \cite{Vasiliev:2015mka} for a discussion of singularities caused by the extra parity-violating bulk couplings.} To have a full picture, however, would also require calculating the same higher-point functions in Vasiliev theory, which would be quite a formidable task. Finally, the main future challenge that motivated this work is to construct a complete solution of CS-vector models in the planar limit, at least at the level of correlators. Our results show that it is indeed possible to fix an infinite family of such correlators for collinear external momenta. It would be interesting to generalize our approach to correlators of the currents $J_s$, and also to ones in the fermionic theories. Ultimately, however, obtaining a full solution of large $N$ CS-vector models would probably require non-Lagrangian CFT methods, such as higher-spin symmetry, crossing, and boundedness in the Regge limit. One insight that can be drawn from our result is that, somewhat surprisingly, the scalar correlators have no logarithmic dependence on the collinear momenta. We expect that this remains true for general momenta. For example, the four-point function is now known exactly and is rational in momentum space, even though it generally contains logarithms in position space in the regular-boson CFT.\footnote{These logarithms correspond to anomalous dimensions of double-trace operators due to the single-trace exchange $J_0\times J_0\sim J_0$, that can appear with an arbitrary coefficient in the regular-boson CFT \cite{Aharony:2018npf}. } This suggests that the higher-spin symmetry constraints might simplify drastically in momentum space (as also emphasized in \cite{Turiaci:2018nua}). Indeed, while in position space these constraints are integro-differential equations in the correlators, they become algebraic in momentum space, which could explain the absence of logarithms. It would be fascinating to study those constraints in momentum space in detail. \section{Bosonic Chern-Simons Vector Models} \label{CSVM} Let us start with a brief review of bosonic CS vector models; for more details, the reader is referred to \cite{Aharony:2012nh}. The Euclidean action for the $U(N)_k$ regular-boson theory is\footnote{Our conventions are the same as in \cite{Aharony:2012nh}. The covariant derivative is $D_{\mu} = \partial_{\mu}+A_{\mu}$, where the gauge field $A_{\mu}=T^aA^a_{\mu}$ is defined with anti-hermitian $U(N)$ generators $T^a$, normalized such that $\trace T^a T^b = -\frac{1}{2}\delta^{ab}$. } \begin{align} S_{\mathrm{RB}}[A_{\mu},\phi] &= -\frac{ik}{4\pi}\int d^3x\varepsilon^{\mu\nu\rho}\trace\left(A_{\mu}\partial_{\nu}A_{\rho} - \frac{2i}{3}A_{\mu}A_{\nu}A_{\rho}\right)\notag\\ &+ D_{\mu}\bar{\phi}D^{\mu}\phi +\frac{\lambda_6}{6N^2}(\bar{\phi}\phi)^3 \,, \label{SRB} \end{align} where we implicitly assume a renormalization scheme that fixes the mass and quartic scalar couplings to zero. We will be interested in connected planar correlators of $J_0=\bar{\phi}\phi$, whose generating functional $W_{\mathrm{RB}}[\sigma]$ is defined by \begin{align} e^{-W_{\mathrm{RB}}[\sigma]} = \int \ensuremath{\mathcal{D}} A \ensuremath{\mathcal{D}}\phi e^{-S_{\mathrm{RB}}[A_{\mu},\phi] - \int d^3x \sigma J_0}\biggr\|_{\mathrm{planar}} \,. \label{WRB} \end{align} As is well known, planar correlators of the critical-boson theory can be obtained from \eqref{WRB} by making $\sigma$ dynamical. In particular, the generating functional $W_{CB}[\zeta]$ of connected planar correlators of $\sigma$ in the critical model is given by a Legendre transform: \begin{align} e^{-W_{CB}[\zeta]} = \int D\sigma e^{-W_{RB}[\sigma] + \int d^3x \zeta \sigma} \,.\label{WCB} \end{align} In a canonical normalization, both $W_{RB}$ and $W_{CB}$ are proportional to $N$. Therefore, when $N$ is large, $W_{RB}$ ($W_{CB}$) can be interpreted as the generator of 1PI scalar correlators of the critical (regular) model. In the planar limit the two models are therefore simply related, and we will mostly focus on the regular-boson theory until Section \ref{examples}. As in \cite{Giombi:2011kc,Aharony:2012nh}, we work in light-cone gauge $A_- = 0$ in which the $A^3$ interaction in \eqref{SRB} vanishes.\footnote{The light-cone plane is taken to be the $x^1$--$x^2$ plane. In particular, a momentum vector $\vec{k}=(k^+,k^-,k^3)$ in the light-cone frame is defined as $k^{\pm}=k_{\mp} = \frac{k^1\pm i k^2}{\sqrt{2}}$.} Moreover, in this gauge the propagators of $A_{\mu}$ and $\phi$ are tree-level exact up to $1/N$ corrections, and are given by \begin{align} \langle A_{3}^a(-p) A_{+}^b(q)\rangle &= - \langle A_{+}^a(-p) A_{3}^b(q)\rangle =(2\pi)^3\delta^3(q-p) \frac{4\pi i}{k}\frac{1}{p^+} \,, \\ \langle \bar{\phi}_i(-p) \phi^j(q)\rangle &= (2\pi)^3\delta^3(q-p) \frac{\delta_i^j}{p^2} \,, \end{align} where $a,b = 1,\ldots, N^2$ are $U(N)$ adjoint indices, while $i,j=1,\ldots,N$ label its fundamental irrep. \subsection{Reduction to Rainbow Diagrams} In light-cone gauge, the perturbative expansion of $J_0$ correlators simplifies if one ignores the contributions of the $\lambda_6$ and the seagull ($\bar{\phi}A^{\mu}A_{\mu}\phi$) interactions. In particular, it becomes a sum over rainbow Feynman diagrams. In this section, we will see that those interactions can be easily accounted for a posteriori, after calculating the correlator by first ignoring their contributions. \subsubsection{Contributions of $\lambda_6$} The contribution of the $\lambda_6$ interaction to scalar correlators is very simple in the planar limit. First, recall that $\lambda_6$ is not a parameter of the critical-boson CFT, because the $J_0^3$ interaction is irrelevant in that theory. More technically, for the critical theory, \eqref{WRB} and \eqref{WCB} imply that \begin{align} e^{-W_{CB}[\zeta]} = \int D\sigma e^{-W_{RB}^{\lambda_6=0}[\sigma] + \int d^3x \zeta\sigma - \frac{\lambda_6}{6N^2}\int d^3x \zeta^3}\,,\label{WCB2} \end{align} because the path-integral over $\sigma$ imposes $\zeta = J_0$. It follows that $\lambda_6$ may only contributes to contact-terms in correlators of $\sigma$ in the critical theory. To understand the contributions in the regular theory, recall that the 1PI action of the regular-boson is \begin{align} S_{\mathrm{RB}}^{\mathrm{1PI}}[\zeta] = W_{\mathrm{CB}}[\zeta] \equiv W_{\mathrm{CB}}^{\lambda_6=0}[\zeta] + \frac{\lambda_6}{6N^2}\int d^3x\zeta^3\,. \label{S1PI} \end{align} The functional $W_{\mathrm{CB}}^{\lambda_6=0}$, defined in \eqref{S1PI}, generates the 1PI scalar correlators in the regular-boson theory at $\lambda_6=0$, as can be seen by plugging \eqref{S1PI} on the LHS of \eqref{WCB2}. The connected planar correlators of $J_0$ in the regular theory, are given by tree-level diagrams of $\zeta$ that are constructed using the vertices in $S_{\mathrm{RB}}^{\mathrm{1PI}}[\zeta]$. The important point is that at tree-level (equivalently, large $N$), each additional insertion of the cubic $\lambda_6$ interaction increases the number of external legs by at least $1$. Therefore, the contribution of $\lambda_6$ to a tree-level $n$-point function of $\zeta$ in the theory \eqref{S1PI}, only involves vertices in $S^{\mathrm{1PI}}_{\mathrm{RB}}$ that are at most $O(\zeta^{n-1})$. These contributions are simply products of $m<n$-point functions in momentum space. We conclude that the $\lambda_6$--dependent piece of the $n$-point function is simply constructible from the $m<n$-point functions. In Section \ref{1PIvertices}, our strategy will be to find a recurrence relation that fixes each $n$-point function at a particular value of $\lambda_6$ from the full lower-point ones. There is then no real loss of generality in fixing $\lambda_6$, because, as we have just argued, the full dependence on it is anyway accounted for by lower-point correlators. \subsubsection{Eliminating the Seagull Interaction} Above, we argued that the dependence of planar correlators of $J_0$ on $\lambda_6$ is easily accounted for. Now, let us argue that, for special kinematics, the contributions of the seagull vertex are equivalent to turning on a non-zero $\lambda_6$. Specifically, we will prove that \begin{align} \langle J_0(-q_1)\cdots J_0(-q_n) \rangle_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2} = \langle J_0(-q_1)\cdots J_0(-q_n) \rangle_{\lambda_6=0\,, \mathrm{seagull}=0} \,, \label{noseagull} \end{align} if all $q_i^{\pm}=0$. The notation on the RHS of \eqref{noseagull} means that the correlator there is calculated with the action \begin{align} S'_{\mathrm{RB}}[A_{\mu},\phi] &=\int d^3 x\left[\frac{k}{4\pi}A_+^a\partial_-A_3^a + \partial_{\mu}\phi^{\dagger}\partial^{\mu}\phi - A_{\mu}^aJ^{a\mu}\right]\,,\label{SRBp}\\ J_{\mu}^a &\equiv \bar{\phi}T^a\partial_{\mu}\phi - \partial_{\mu}\bar{\phi}T^a\phi \,, \end{align} with $A_-=0$. In light-cone gauge, the component $A_+$ of the gauge field appears linearly in the action \eqref{SRB}. It can therefore be integrated out, resulting in some non-local action for the scalars (see \cite{Jain:2012qi}). That action contains a sextic coupling, which can be written in momentum space as \begin{align} \delta S_6 = \int \left(\prod_{i=1}^3\frac{d^3 P_i}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{d^3 k_i}{(2\pi)^3}\right)(2\pi)^3\delta^3(P_1+P_2+P_3)C_2(P_1,P_2,k_1,k_2,k_3) \chi(P_1,k_1)\chi(P_2,k_2)\chi(P_3,k_3)\,, \label{S6} \end{align} where $\chi(P,k)\equiv \bar{\phi}(\frac{P}{2}-k)\phi(\frac{P}{2}+k)$, and \begin{align} C_2(P_1,P_2,k_1,k_2,k_3) \equiv \frac{4\pi^2\lambda^2}{N^2}\frac{(P_1-P_2+2k_1+2k_2)_-(P_1+2P_2+2k_2+2k_3)_-}{(P_1+P_2+2k_1-2k_2)_-(P_1-2k_2+2k_3)_-} + \frac{\lambda_6}{6N^2} \,. \label{C2} \end{align} The $\lambda$--dependent term in \eqref{C2} arises from the seagull vertex. In planar diagrams of $J_0$, each of the bi-local fields $\chi(P_i,k_i)$ in \eqref{S6} is connected to a distinct scalar loop. Momentum conservation then implies that the $P_i$ is always constrained to be a linear combination of the external momenta (note that $J_0(P) = \int \frac{d^3 k}{(2\pi)^3} \chi(P,k)$). It follows that if all external momenta are collinear, i.e., $q_i^{\pm}=0$, then we can also set $P_i^{\pm}=0$ in the coefficient $C_2(P_1,P_2,k_1,k_2,k_3)$ of the interaction \eqref{S6}: \begin{align} \delta S_6 &\to \int \left(\prod_{i=1}^3\frac{d^3 P_i}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{d^3 k_i}{(2\pi)^3}\right)(2\pi)^3\delta^3(P_1+P_2+P_3)\notag\\ &\times\left(\frac{4\pi^2\lambda^2}{N^2}\frac{(k_1+k_2)_-(k_2+k_3)_-}{(k_1-k_2)_-(k_3-k_2)_-} + \frac{\lambda_6}{6N^2}\right) \chi(P_1,k_1)\chi(P_2,k_2)\chi(P_3,k_3)\notag\\ &= \int \left(\prod_{i=1}^3\frac{d^3 P_i}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{d^3 k_i}{(2\pi)^3}\right)(2\pi)^3\delta^3(P_1+P_2+P_3)\left(\frac{8\pi^2\lambda^2+\lambda_6}{6N^2}\right) \chi(P_1,k_1)\chi(P_2,k_2)\chi(P_3,k_3)\,, \label{simplecubic} \end{align} where on the last step we symmetrized under permutations of $(P_i,k_i)$. Remarkably, in the planar limit and collinear frame, the non-local sextic interaction \eqref{S6} arising from the seagull term is equivalent to the local $J_0^3(x)$ interaction \eqref{simplecubic}! Moreover, $\delta S_6\|_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2} = 0$, which proves \eqref{noseagull}.\footnote{In the above derivation we assumed there are no insertions of $A_+$ in the path-integral when integrating it out. This is the case for $J_0$ correlators. When single-trace currents $J_{+\mu_2\cdots\mu_s}$ with a component in the $+$ direction are inserted, one has to be more careful.} The fact that the seagull interaction is equivalent to $\lambda_6$ under those circumstances can be seen in the explicit computations of \cite{Aharony:2012nh}. \section{Recurrence Relation for Scalar Correlators} \label{recurrence} In this section we will derive our main result for scalar correlators. Our strategy will be to consider first the non-gauge invariant 1PI correlation functions \begin{align} \langle J_0(-q_1)\cdots J_0(-q_n) \phi_i(-k)\bar{\phi}^j(r)\rangle^{\mathrm{1PI}}_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2} \equiv \delta_i^j(2\pi)^3\delta^3(\sum_i q_i+k-r)\cdot V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k) \,. \label{V1PIdef} \end{align} The $V_n$ are $n$-point 1PI vertices, which can be used as building blocks for the gauge invariant correlators of $J_0$. We work in light-cone gauge and in the frame $q_i^{\pm}=0$, but $k$ in \eqref{V1PIdef} can be general. Moreover, as indicated in \eqref{V1PIdef}, the $V_n$ will be determined for $\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2$, which, as argued in the previous section, is equivalent to summing the perturbative expansion with the simplified action \eqref{SRBp}.\footnote{This was proven in Section \ref{CSVM} for gauge-invariant correlators of $J_0$, but it is easy to see that the same argument holds for the 1PI vertices \eqref{V1PIdef}.} Under these conditions, $V_1$ was found in \cite{Aharony:2012nh} and is given by\footnote{Throughout the paper, we use $q$ to denote the third component $q^3$ of an external momentum vector $\vec{q}$. If not indicated otherwise, the external momenta always point in the $3$-direction, so there should be no confusion.} \begin{align} V_1(\{q\};k)\equiv\frac{2 e^{-2 i \lambda \arctan\left(\frac{2 k_s}{q}\right)}}{1+ e^{-2 i \lambda \arctan\left(\frac{2 \Lambda }{q}\right)}} \,,\label{V1} \end{align} where $k_s^2\equiv 2k^+k^- = k_1^2+k_2^2$. In \eqref{V1}, $\Lambda$ is a sharp UV cutoff on the momentum in the radial direction of the light-cone plane. In this section, $\Lambda$ will be kept finite for completeness, even though the scalar correlators we are ultimately interested in have no UV divergences in our scheme. Note also that $\langle J_0(-q)\phi_i(-k)\bar{\phi}^j\rangle$ is independent of the sextic coupling, so \eqref{V1} is actually valid for any value of $\lambda_6$. In what follows we will derive a recurrence relation for the $V_n$ defined in \eqref{V1PIdef}, which fixes them in terms of the known $V_1$ given in \eqref{V1}. We will then show that the gauge-invariant correlators of $J_0$ can be very simply inferred from the 1PI vertices \eqref{V1PIdef}. \subsection{1PI-Vertices} \label{1PIvertices} The perturbative expansion of $V_n$ in \eqref{V1PIdef} can be organized efficiently with the aid of Dyson-Schwinger (DS) equations. To construct those equations, we need to set up some notation. Let $\ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(n)\equiv \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}\left(\left\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\right\}\right)$ be the set of all ordered partitions of $\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\}$.\footnote{By ordered partitions we mean all the ways to place brackets on the ordered sequence $\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\}$ such that no bracket is contained in another; i.e., the brackets have the form $(X)(Y)\cdots$, but not $(X(Y)Z)\cdots$. This is a subset of what is usually referred to as non-crossing partitions.} For example, \begin{align} \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(3) = \{ \{ \{q_1\}\,,\{q_2\}\,,\{q_3\} \} \,, \{ \{q_1\,, q_2\}\,,\{q_3\}\} \,, \{ \{q_1\} \,, \{q_2\,, q_3\} \} \,, \{ \{q_1\,, q_2\,, q_3\}\}\} \,. \end{align} It is convenient to treat such partitions as arrays and use index notation. For example, $p_i$ denotes the $i$-th set within $p$, and $p_{ij}$ the $j$-th element of the $i$-th set. For $p\in \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(n)$ we define $\bar{p}_i\equiv \sum_{j=1}^{\|p_i\|} p_{ij}$, and $\hat{p}_i\equiv \bar{p}_1+\cdots+\bar{p}_i$, where $\|X\|$ is the number of elements of the set $X$. For example, if $p = \{ \{q_1\,, q_2\}\,,\{q_3\}\} \in \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(3)$, then \begin{gather} \bar{p} = \{ q_1+q_2 \,, q_3 \} \ec\quad \hat{p} = \{ q_1+q_2 \,, q_1+q_2+q_3 \} \,, \\ \|p\| = \|\bar{p}\|=\|\hat{p}\|=\|p_1\|=2\ec\quad \|p_2\| = 1\,. \end{gather} In what follows these definitions will be used extensively, and the letter $p$ will always be reserved to denote such partitions, which depend on the external momenta $q_i$. Let us now construct the DS equations. We first implicitly only consider contributions to $V_n$ from planar diagrams in which the $J_0(-q_i)$ insertions in \eqref{V1PIdef} are ordered as $(q_1,\ldots,q_n)$ along the (single) scalar line. At the end one has to sum over permutations of $q_i$ to obtain the full answer. Up to those permutations, the DS equations for the vertices \eqref{V1PIdef} can be written as \begin{align} V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k) &= \delta_{n,1} + 4\pi i \lambda (q_1+\cdots+q_n) \!\! \sum_{p\in \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(n)} \int \!\frac{d^3\ell}{(2\pi)^3} \frac{(\ell+k)_+}{(\ell-k)_+} \frac{1}{\ell^2} \prod_{i=1}^{\|p\|} \frac{V_{\|p_i\|}(p_i;\ell)}{(\ell+\hat{p}_i)^2}\,. \label{DS} \end{align} Each of the terms in the sum in \eqref{DS} represents one diagram in the DS equation. The $\frac{(\ell+k)_+}{(\ell-k)_+}$ factor comes from the gauge field line that encloses a product of lower vertices. See Figure \ref{fig:DSV2} for an example. \begin{figure}[t!] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{V2DS.pdf} \caption{The DS equations of the planar 1PI vertex $V_2$. The solid and wiggly lines are scalar and gluong propagators, respectively.} \label{fig:DSV2} \end{figure} The first important observation is that the RHS of \eqref{DS} is independent of $k^3$, and therefore, so is $V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k)$ on the LHS. Furthermore, because our gauge preserves rotational invariance in the light-cone plane, $V_n$ can only depend on $k_s^2 = 2k^+k^- = k_1^2+k_2^2$; i.e., $V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k)=V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k_s)$. It follows that when all the $q_i$ (and therefore $\hat{p}_i$) point in the $3$-direction, the only dependence on the polar angle in the light-cone $\ell$-plane is through the $\frac{(\ell+k)_+}{(\ell-k)_+}$ factor in the integrand on the RHS of \eqref{DS}. Integrating over this angular variable results in\footnote{We used $\int_0^{2\pi} d\theta_{\ell}\frac{(\ell+k)_+}{(\ell-k)_+} = 2\pi(2\Theta(\ell_s-k_s)-1)$, and $d^3\ell = \ell_s d\ell_s d\theta_{\ell}d\ell_3$, where $\ell^{\pm} = \frac{\ell_s}{\sqrt{2}} e^{\pm\theta_{\ell}}$.} \begin{align} V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k_s) &= \delta_{n,1} + 2 i \lambda \left(\sum_{i=1}^n q_i\right) \!\!\! \sum_{p\in \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(n)}\! \int_0^{\Lambda} \!\!\!d\ell_s \left( 2\Theta\left(\ell_s-k_s\right) - 1 \right) \!\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\! \frac{d\ell_3}{2\pi}\frac{\ell_s}{\ell_3^2+\ell_s^2} \prod_{i=1}^{\|p\|} \frac{V_{\|p_i\|}(p_i;\ell_s)}{(\ell_3+\hat{p}_i)^2+\ell_s^2}\,, \label{intDS} \end{align} where $\Theta$ is the Heaviside step function. By taking a derivative with respect to $k_s$ in \eqref{intDS}, one obtains the differential DS equation \begin{align} \frac{dV_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k_s)}{dk_s} = -4 i \lambda \left(\sum_{i=1}^nq_i\right) \!\! \sum_{p\in \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(n)} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\! \frac{d\ell_3}{2\pi}\frac{k_s}{\ell_3^2+k_s^2} \prod_{i=1}^{\|p\|} \frac{V_{\|p_i\|}(p_i;k_s)}{(\ell_3+\hat{p}_i)^2+k_s^2}\,. \label{diffDS} \end{align} The RHS of this expression contains terms that are of the same form as ones which already appear in DS equations of $V_{m<n}$. For instance, isolating the contribution of the single partition of length $1$ gives \begin{align} \frac{dV_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k_s)}{dk_s}\subset -4 i \lambda \left(\sum_{i=1}^nq_i\right)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{d\ell_3}{2\pi} \frac{k_s V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k_s)}{(\ell_3^2+k_s^2)((\ell_3+q_1+\ldots +q_n)^2+k_s^2)} \,. \label{onepartition} \end{align} The RHS of \eqref{onepartition} is of the same form as the one in the DS equation of $V_1$, if we identify $V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k_s)\to b_n V_1(\{q_1+\cdots +q_n\};k_s)$. We therefore expect that $V_n = b_n V_1 + \cdots$. More generally, the structure of \eqref{diffDS} suggests that $V_n$ could be expressed in terms of lower-point vertices. After some experimentation with low $n$'s one is led to the following ansatz, \begin{align} V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k_s) &= a_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\}) V_1(\{q_1\};k_s)\cdots V_1(\{q_n\};k_s) + \notag\\ &~ \sum_{p\in \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}'(n)} \left[(-1)^{\|p\|+1}\left( \prod_{i=1}^{\|p\|}b_{\|p_i\|}(p_i)\right)V_{\|p\|}(\bar{p};k_s)\right] \,, \label{ansatz} \end{align} where $\ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}'(n) = \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(n) - \{\{q_1\},\ldots,\{q_n\}\}$, is the set of ordered partitions of length $<n$, and the coefficients $a_n$ and $b_n$ are some functions of the $q_i$ (and independent of $k_s$). Let us now discuss how to determine the coefficients in \eqref{ansatz}. The $a_i$ are determined by the differential equation recursively. To see this we plug the ansatz \eqref{ansatz} into \eqref{diffDS} and equate the terms proportional to $V_1(\{q_1\};k_s)\cdots V_1(\{q_n\};k_s)$: \begin{gather} a_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\}) \frac{d}{dk_s}\left(V_1(\{q_1\};k_s)\cdots V_1(\{q_n\};k_s)\right) \notag\\ =-4 i \lambda (q_1+\cdots+q_n) V_1(\{q_1\};k_s)\cdots V_1(\{q_n\};k_s) \!\! \sum_{p\in \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(n)} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\! \frac{d\ell_3}{2\pi}\frac{k_s}{\ell_3^2+k_s^2} \prod_{i=1}^{\|p\|} \frac{a_{\|p_i\|}(p_i)}{(l_3+\hat{p}_i)^2+k_s^2} \,. \end{gather} Plugging in $V_1$, which was defined in \eqref{V1}, leads to \begin{gather} a_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\})\left[\frac{q_1}{q_1^2+4k_s^2}+\cdots+\frac{q_n}{q_n^2+4k_s^2}\right] \notag \\ =(q_1+\cdots+q_n) \!\! \sum_{p\in \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(n)} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\! \frac{d\ell_3}{2\pi}\frac{k_s}{\ell_3^2+k_s^2} \prod_{i=1}^{\|p\|} \frac{a_{\|p_i\|}(p_i)}{(\ell_3+\hat{p}_i)^2+k_s^2}\label{aEq} \end{gather} The integrals appearing in \eqref{aEq} can be solved using contour integration: \begin{align} \ensuremath{\mathcal{I}}(p;k_s) \equiv \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{k_s\, d\ell_3}{2\pi} \prod_{i=0}^{\|p\|}\frac{1}{(\ell_3+\hat{p}_i)^2+k_s^2} = \sum_{\substack{i,j=0\\i<j}}^{\|p\|}\left[\left(\prod_{\substack{m=0\\m\neq i,j}}^{\|p\|} \frac{1}{\hat{p}_{mi}\hat{p}_{mj}}\right)\frac{1}{\hat{p}_{ij}^2+4k_s^2}\right]\,, \label{int} \end{align} where $\hat{p}_{ij}\equiv \hat{p}_i-\hat{p}_j$, and $\hat{p}_0\equiv 0$. Plugging \eqref{int} into \eqref{aEq}, one can determine $a_n$ recursively, resulting in \begin{align} a_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\}) = \frac{q_1+\cdots+q_n}{q_1q_2\cdots q_n (q_1+q_2)(q_2+q_3)\cdots(q_{n-1}+q_n)} \,. \label{aSol} \end{align} Note that $a_1=1$. The coefficients $b_n$ in \eqref{ansatz} are determined from the integral equation \eqref{intDS} in the following way. Plugging the differential DS equation \eqref{diffDS} into the integral one \eqref{intDS} we obtain the relation \begin{gather} V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k_s) = \delta_{n,1} -\frac{1}{2}\int_0^{\Lambda}\left(2\Theta(\ell_s-k_s)-1\right) \frac{dV_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};\ell_s)}{d\ell_s}\notag\\ \Downarrow\notag\\ V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};0) + V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};\Lambda)= 2\delta_{n,1} \,. \label{intCond} \end{gather} Assuming by induction that \eqref{intCond} is satisfied by $V_{i<n}$, and plugging this condition in the recurrence relation \eqref{ansatz}, leads to \begin{align} b_n &= -\frac{a_n}{2} \left(V_1(\{q_1\};\Lambda)\cdots V_1(\{q_n\};\Lambda)+V_1(\{q_1\};0)\cdots V_1(\{q_n\};0)\right) \notag\\ &= -\,2^{n-1}\,a_n\left(\prod_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{1+e^{-2i\lambda\arctan\left(2\frac{\Lambda}{q_i}\right)}}\right) \left(1 + e^{-2i\lambda\sum_{i=1}^{n}\arctan\left(2\frac{\Lambda}{q_i}\right)}\right) \,. \label{bSol} \end{align} Note that $b_1=-a_1=-1$. In Appendix \ref{proof} we will prove that \eqref{ansatz} indeed solves the DS equation \eqref{DS}, with $a_n$ and $b_n$ given in \eqref{aSol} and \eqref{bSol}, respectively. \subsection{Gauge-Invariant Correlators} \begin{figure}[t!] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{G3ord.pdf} \caption{The connected scalar three-point function in terms of the connected $V^{(c)}_2$ vertex, and the 1PI vertices $V_{1,2}$, up to permutations} \label{fig:G3ord} \end{figure} Let us now discuss how the connected planar $n$-point function \begin{align} \langle J_0(-q_1)\cdots J_0(-q_n)\rangle_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2}^{\mathrm{conn.}} \equiv (2\pi)^3\delta^3(\sum_iq_i) \cdot G^{(n)}_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2}(q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1})\,, \label{npnt} \end{align} can be extracted from the 1PI vertices \eqref{V1PIdef}. Consider first the contributions $G^{(n)}_{\mathrm{ord.}}$ to \eqref{npnt}, that come from diagrams in which the insertions are ordered along the scalar loop. These contributions can be constructed from the connected and amputated vertex function $V_n^{(c)}$ with ordered insertions: \begin{align} \langle J_0(-q_1)\cdots J_0(-q_n) \phi_i(-k)\bar{\phi}^j(r)\rangle^{\mathrm{conn.-amp.- ord.}}_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2} \equiv \delta_i^j(2\pi)^3\delta^3(\sum_i q_i+k-r)\cdot V_n^{(c)}(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k) \,.\label{Vnc} \end{align} The $V_n^{(c)}$ can be written in terms of the 1PI vertices as \begin{align} V_n^{(c)}(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k) = \sum_{p\in \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(n)} V_{\|p_{\|p\|}\|}(p_{\|p\|};k_s) \prod_{i=1}^{\|p\|-1}\frac{V_{\|p_i\|}(p_i;k_s)}{(k+\hat{p}_i)^2} \,. \end{align} The correlator $G^{(n)}_{\mathrm{ord.}}$ is obtained from $V_{n-1}^{(c)}$ by closing the scalar line on a new $J_0$ insertion (see Figure \ref{fig:G3ord} for an example). This gives \begin{align} G^{(n)}_{\mathrm{ord.}}(q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}) = N\int \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3} \frac{V_{n-1}^{(c)}(\{q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}\};k)}{k^2(k+q_1+\cdots+q_{n-1})^2}= N\sum_{p\in \ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}(n-1)} \int \frac{k_s dk_s dk^3}{(2\pi)^2} \frac{1}{k^2}\prod_{i=1}^{\|p\|} \frac{V_{\|p_i\|}(p_i;k_s)}{(k+\hat{p}_i)^2}\,, \label{Gnint} \end{align} where on the second equality we preformed the trivial integral over the angular direction in the light-cone $k$-plane. Comparing \eqref{Gnint} to \eqref{diffDS} we find \begin{align} G^{(n)}_{\mathrm{ord.}}(q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}) &= \frac{N i}{8\pi\lambda}\frac{1}{q_1+\cdots+q_{n-1}} \int_0^{\Lambda} d_{k_s}V_{n-1}(\{q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}\};k_s)\notag\\ &= \frac{N i}{8\pi\lambda}\frac{1}{q_1+\cdots+q_{n-1}}\left(V_{n-1}(\{q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}\};\Lambda)-V_{n-1}(\{q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}\};0)\right) \,. \end{align} Finally, using \eqref{intCond} we arrive at the following simple solution, for the correlators of $J_0$ in terms of the 1PI vertices: \begin{align} G^{(n)}_{\mathrm{ord.}}(q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}) = -\frac{N i}{4\pi\lambda}\frac{1}{q_1+\cdots+q_{n-1}} (V_{n-1}(\{q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}\}; k_s=0)-\delta_{n,2}) \,. \end{align} The full correlator \eqref{npnt} is obtained by summing over permutations: \begin{align} G^{(n)}_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2}(q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}) \equiv \sum_{\sigma\in S_{n-1}} G^{(n)}_{\mathrm{ord.}}(q_{\sigma(1)},\ldots,q_{\sigma(n-1)})\,. \end{align} Until now we have fixed the sextic scalar coupling to $\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2$. To get the final answer we have to add the contributions from more general values of $\lambda_6$. As discussed in Section \ref{CSVM}, this can also be done recursively, as will be seen in examples bellow. \section{Examples} \label{examples} In this section we will use our recurrence relation \eqref{ansatz} to derive the planar $n\leq 4$-point functions of $J_0$ in the regular and critical bosonic CS theories. Let us first summarize our prescription. Up to permutations of the external momenta, the 1PI vertices are given by the recurrence relation \begin{align} V_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\};k_s) &= a_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\}) V_1(\{q_1\};k_s)\cdots V_1(\{q_n\};k_s) + \notag\\ &~ \sum_{p\in P'(n)} \left[(-1)^{\|p\|+1}\left( \prod_{i=1}^{\|p\|}b_{\|p_i\|}(p_i)\right)V_{\|p\|}(\bar{p};k_s)\right] \,, \label{V1PI} \end{align} where \begin{align} a_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\}) &= \frac{q_1+\cdots+q_n}{q_1q_2\cdots q_n (q_1+q_2)(q_2+q_3)\cdots(q_{n-1}+q_n)} \,, \label{asol}\\ b_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\}) &= -\,2^{n-1}\,a_n(\{q_1,\ldots,q_n\})\left(\prod_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{1+e^{-\pi i \lambda\sgn(q_i)}}\right) \left(1 + e^{-\pi i\lambda\sum_{i=1}^{n}\sgn(q_i)}\right)\,. \label{bsol} \end{align} The initial condition for the recurrence relation \eqref{V1PI} is provided by the 1-point vertex \eqref{V1}, \begin{align} V_1(\{q\};k_s) = \frac{2e^{-2 i \lambda \arctan\left(2\frac{k_s}{q}\right)}}{1+e^{-\pi i \lambda\sgn(q)}} \,. \label{V1nocut} \end{align} Equations \eqref{bsol} and \eqref{V1nocut} were obtained by taking $\Lambda\to\infty$ in \eqref{bSol} and \eqref{V1}. There is no obstruction to remove the cutoff in our calculations. With the above definitions, the connected $n$-point functions of $J_0$ at $\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2$ are given by \begin{align} G^{(n)}_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2}(q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}) = \sum_{\sigma\in S_{n-1}} G^{(n)}_{\mathrm{ord.}}(q_{\sigma(1)},\ldots,q_{\sigma(n-1)})\,,\label{Gfull} \end{align} where \begin{align} G^{(n)}_{\mathrm{ord.}}(q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}) = -N\frac{i}{4\pi\lambda}\frac{1}{q_1+\cdots+q_{n-1}} (V_{n-1}(\{q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}\}; k_s=0)-\delta_{n,2}) \,.\label{Gord} \end{align} To get the full answer for any $\lambda_6$, let $G^{(n)}_6$ denote the full $\lambda_6$--dependent contributions to the $n$-point function. Then \begin{align} G^{(n)}(q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}) = G^{(n)}_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2}(q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}) - G^{(n)}_6(q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1})\bigr\|_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2} + G^{(n)}_6(q_1,\ldots,q_{n-1}) \,. \label{Ggeneral} \end{align} As discussed above, $G^{(n)}_6$ is determined from the $G^{(i)}$ with $i<n$. Let us now proceed with a few examples. \subsection{Two-Point} In the two-point function, there are no contributions from $\lambda_6$. We find \begin{align} G^{(2)}(q) = -\frac{Ni}{4\pi\lambda}\frac{1}{q}(V_1(\{q\};0)-1) = N\frac{\tan\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)}{4\pi\lambda}\frac{1}{\|q\|}\,, \label{2pnt} \end{align} which is indeed the answer derived in \cite{Aharony:2012nh}. The result in the critical theory, obtained by a Legendre transform of \eqref{2pnt}, is simply minus the inverse of \eqref{2pnt}. \subsection{Three-Point} \begin{figure}[t!] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{threepoint6.pdf} \caption{Contribution of the $(\bar{\phi}\phi)^3$ interaction to the planar three-point function of $J_0=\bar{\phi}\phi$. The sum over planar gauge interactions within each of the scalar loops is suppressed.} \label{fig:threepoint6} \end{figure} For the three-point function there is an $O(\lambda_6)$ contribution (see Figure \ref{fig:threepoint6}). It can be expressed as a product of the two-point functions, which were already determined in \eqref{2pnt}: \begin{align} G^{(3)}_{6}(q_1,q_2) &= -\frac{\lambda_6}{N^2}G^{(2)}(q_1)G^{(2)}(q_2)G^{(2)}(-q_1-q_2)\notag\\ &=- N \lambda_6 \left(\frac{\tan\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)}{4\pi\lambda}\right)^3\frac{1}{\|q_1\|\|q_2\|\|q_1+q_2\|} \,.\label{3pntLam6} \end{align} Moreover, using our recurrence relation we find \begin{align} G^{(n)}_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2}(q_1,q_2) &= -N\frac{i}{4\pi\lambda} \frac{1}{q_1+q_2}\left(V_2(\{q_1,q_2\};0) + V_2(\{q_2,q_1\};0)\right) \notag\\ &= \frac{N}{2\pi\lambda}\frac{\tan\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)}{\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)} \frac{1}{\|q_1\|\|q_2\|\|q_1+q_2\|} \,.\label{G3specific} \end{align} The correlator for general values of $\lambda_6$ can be obtained by plugging \eqref{3pntLam6} and \eqref{G3specific} into \eqref{Ggeneral}, resulting in \begin{align} G^{(3)}(q_1,q_2) = \frac{N}{2\pi\lambda}\left[\frac{\tan\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)}{\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)} - \frac{1}{4} \tan^3\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)\left(1+\frac{\lambda_6}{8\pi^2\lambda^2}\right)\right]\frac{1}{\|q_1\|\|q_2\|\|q_1+q_2\|} \,. \label{3pnt} \end{align} The result \eqref{3pnt} is precisely the three-point function found in \cite{Aharony:2012nh}. The Legendre transform of \eqref{3pnt} is a pure contact-term, so the three-point function in the critical-boson theory vanishes at separated points. \subsection{Four-Point} \begin{figure}[t!] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{fourpoint6.pdf} \caption{Contribution of the $(\bar{\phi}\phi)^3$ interaction to the planar four-point function of $J_0=\bar{\phi}\phi$ (up to permutations). The sum over planar gauge interactions within each of the scalar loops is suppressed.} \label{fig:fourpoint6} \end{figure} The four-point function can be simply expressed using the one of the free scalar theory, which, in turn, can be written in terms of the massless box integral\footnote{See \cite{Anninos:2017eib} for a recent calculation of the integral \eqref{box}.} \begin{gather} I_4(q_1,q_2,q_3) = \int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{1}{k^2(k+q_1)^2(k+q_1+q_2)^2(k+q_1+q_2+q_3)^2} \notag\\ =\frac{\|q_3\|\left(\|q_2\| \| q_2+q_3\| + \| q_1+q_2\| \| q_1+q_2+q_3\| \right)+ \| q_1\| \left(\| q_2\| \| q_1+q_2\| + \| q_2+q_3\| \| q_1+q_2+q_3\| \right)}{8 \| q_1\| \| q_2\| \| q_1+q_2\| \| q_3\| \| q_2+q_3\| \| q_1+q_2+q_3\| \left(\| q_1\| \| q_3\| +\| q_1+q_2\| \| q_2+q_3\| +\| q_2\| \| q_1+q_2+q_3\| \right)} \,. \label{box} \end{gather} Note that \eqref{box} is true for general momenta $q_i$, and not just in the collinear frame. For a single free complex scalar we have \begin{align} G^{(4)}_{\text{complex-bos.}}(q_1,q_2,q_3) = 2(I_4(q_1,q_2,q_3) + (q_1\leftrightarrow q_3) + (q_2\leftrightarrow q_3)) \,. \label{G4free} \end{align} In the regular-boson CS theory, the four-point function has $O(\lambda_6)$ and $O(\lambda_6^2)$ contributions (see Figure \ref{fig:fourpoint6}). These contributions can be written as products of the two-point and three-point functions that we have already determined in \eqref{2pnt} and \eqref{3pnt}, and are given by \begin{align} G^{(4)}_6(q_1,q_2,q_3) &=-N\frac{\lambda_6}{\pi\lambda}\left(\frac{\tan\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)}{4\pi\lambda}\right)^2\left(\frac{\tan\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)}{\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)}-\frac{1}{4}\tan^3\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)\left(1+\frac{\lambda_6}{16\pi^2\lambda^2}\right) \right)\notag\\ &\times \left(\frac{1}{\|q_1\|\|q_2\|\|q_3\|\|q_1+q_2\|\|q_1+q_2+q_3\|} + (q_1\leftrightarrow q_3) + (q_2\leftrightarrow q_3)\right)\,. \label{4pntLam6} \end{align} The result of the recurrence relation can be written in terms of the free scalar four-point function \eqref{G4free} as \begin{gather} G^{(4)}_{\lambda_6=-8\pi^2\lambda^2}(q_1,q_2,q_3) = -N \frac{i}{4\pi\lambda}\frac{1}{q_1+q_2+q_3}\sum_{\sigma\in S_3}V_3(\{q_{\sigma(1)},q_{\sigma(2)},q_{\sigma(3)}\};0) \notag\\ = N\frac{2}{\pi\lambda}\frac{\tan\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}}{\cos^2\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}}G^{(4)}_{\text{complex-bos.}} + N\frac{1}{\pi\lambda}\frac{\tan^3\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}}{\cos^2\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}}\left(\frac{1}{\|q_1\|\|q_2\|\|q_3\|\|q_1+q_2\|\|q_1+q_2+q_3\|}+(q_1\leftrightarrow q_2)+ (q_2\leftrightarrow q_3)\right) \,. \label{4pntrec} \end{gather} Plugging \eqref{4pntLam6} and \eqref{4pntrec} into \eqref{Ggeneral}, the full four-point function in the regular theory is found to be \begin{align} G^{(4)}(q_1,q_2,q_3) &= N\frac{2}{\pi\lambda}\frac{\tan\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)}{\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)} G^{(4)}_{\text{complex-bos.}}(q_1,q_2,q_3) +G^{(4)}_{\lambda_6}(q_1,q_2,q_3) \notag\\ &+ \frac{N(17-\cos\pi\lambda)\tan^3\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}}{32\pi\lambda\cos^2\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}}\left(\frac{1}{\|q_1\|\|q_2\|\|q_3\|\|q_1+q_2\|\|q_1+q_2+q_3\|}+(q_1\leftrightarrow q_3)+(q_2\leftrightarrow q_3)\right)\,.\label{4pnt} \end{align} Let us now analyze \eqref{4pnt}. One consistency check is that in the $\lambda\to 0$ limit, \eqref{4pnt} correctly reproduces the answer for $N$ complex scalars with a $(\bar{\phi}\phi)^3$ interaction. Moreover, normalizing $J_0$ such that its two-point function matches the free scalar one, we find that the $\lambda$-dependent pre-factor of the first term on the RHS of \eqref{4pnt} becomes \begin{align} N\frac{2}{\pi\lambda}\frac{\tan\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)}{\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)}\left(2N\frac{\tan\left(\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}\right)}{\pi\lambda}\right)^{-2} = \frac{\pi\lambda}{N\sin\pi\lambda} = \frac{2}{c_T(\lambda)} \,. \end{align} Above, $c_T$ is the coefficient of the two-point function of the stress tensor, which was determined in \cite{Aharony:2012nh}. As argued in \cite{Turiaci:2018nua,Aharony:2018npf}, this is the expected $\lambda$--dependence of the free field theory term in \eqref{4pnt}. The last two terms in \eqref{4pnt} correspond to tree-level four-point Witten diagrams in $AdS_4$ constructed with a $\Phi^3$ interaction, where $\Phi$ is the bulk field dual to $J_0$.\footnote{In position space $G^{(4)}_{\lambda_6}$ can be written in terms of $\bar{D}$-functions.} These two terms cancel upon setting \begin{align} \lambda_6 = -\frac{4 \pi ^2 \lambda ^2}{\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi \lambda }{4}\right)} \left(\cos \left(\frac{\pi \lambda }{2}\right)-3\right) \,. \label{lam6free} \end{align} This is as expected. Indeed, from the analysis \cite{Maldacena:2012sf} of Maldacena and Zhiboedov we have (below, $s\neq 0$ and $\langle\cdot\rangle_{\mathrm{bos.}}$ is the correlator of a free real scalar): \begin{gather} \langle J_s J_s\rangle = \tilde{N}\langle\cdot\rangle_{\mathrm{bos.}} \ec\quad \langle J_0 J_0 \rangle = \frac{\tilde{N}}{1+\tilde{\lambda}^2}\langle\cdot\rangle_{\mathrm{bos.}} \,,\\ \langle J_0 J_0 J_s \rangle = \tilde{N}\frac{1}{1+\tilde{\lambda}^2}\langle\cdot \rangle_{\mathrm{bos.}} \ec\quad \langle J_0 J_0 J_0 \rangle = \tilde{N}\frac{1}{(1+\tilde{\lambda}^2)^2}\left(1 + \frac{\tilde{a}_3}{1+\tilde{\lambda}^2}\right)\langle\cdot \rangle_{\mathrm{bos.}} \,, \end{gather} where $\tilde{N}= \frac{2N\sin\pi\lambda}{\pi\lambda}$ and $\tilde{\lambda}=\tan\frac{\pi\lambda}{2}$. The normalized three-point functions \begin{align} \langle \ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_1\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_2\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_3\rangle^{\mathrm{norm.}}\equiv \frac{\langle \ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_1\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_2\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_3\rangle}{\sqrt{\langle \ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_1\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_1\rangle \langle \ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_2\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_2\rangle \langle \ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_3\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}_3\rangle}}\,, \end{align} are given by \begin{align} \langle J_0 J_0 J_s \rangle^{\mathrm{norm.}} = \tilde{N}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\langle\cdot\rangle^{\mathrm{norm.}}_{\mathrm{bos.}} \ec\quad \langle J_0 J_0 J_0 \rangle^{\mathrm{norm.}} = \tilde{N}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\frac{1 +\tilde{\lambda}^2 + \tilde{a}_3}{(1+\tilde{\lambda}^2)^{3/2}} \langle\cdot\rangle_{\mathrm{bos.}}^{\mathrm{norm.}}\,. \label{3pntnorm} \end{align} If we set $\tilde{a}_3 = (1+\tilde{\lambda}^2)(\sqrt{1+\tilde{\lambda}^2}-1)$ in \eqref{3pntnorm}, then all the 3-point functions $\langle J_0 J_0 J_s\rangle^{\mathrm{norm.}}$ for $s\geq 0$ differ from the free theory result by the same overall constant $\tilde{N}^{-1/2}$. In that case, the four-point function in the regular-boson theory was shown in \cite{Turiaci:2018nua,Aharony:2018npf} to be proportional to the free theory answer, up to a possible addition of three independent truncated solutions to crossing\cite{Heemskerk:2009pn}. The relation between $\tilde{a}_3$ and $\lambda_6$ can be found from the known three-point function \eqref{3pnt}, and is given by \begin{align} \tilde{a}_3 = \frac{1}{4}\tilde{\lambda}^2(1+\tilde{\lambda}^2)\left(3-\frac{\lambda_6}{8\pi^2\lambda^2}\right) \,. \end{align} In particular, we have $\tilde{a}_3 = (1+\tilde{\lambda}^2)(\sqrt{1+\tilde{\lambda}^2}-1)$ precisely when $\lambda_6$ is given by \eqref{lam6free}. This proves that the truncated solutions do not contribute in the regular-boson theory, in agreement with the results of \cite{Turiaci:2018nua} for the critical-fermion CFT. Finally, it is easy to see that the Legendre transform of \eqref{4pnt} turns $G^{(4)}_6$ into contact-terms. The remaining non-trivial piece is proportional to the four-point function of $\bar{\psi}\psi$ in the theory of a free fermion. Again, this is in complete agreement with the results of \cite{Turiaci:2018nua} in the regular-fermion CS vector models, as expected from 3d bosonization duality. \section*{Acknowledgements} I would like to thank Ofer Aharony and Guy Gur-Ari for useful discussions. This work was supported in part by the I-CORE program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee and the Israel Science Foundation (grant number 1937/12), by an Israel Science Foundation center for excellence grant, and by the Minerva foundation with funding from the Federal German Ministry for Education and Research.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv" }	8,455
Маргарита Миколаївна Толоконникова ( 12 березня 1925, Алмати — 1976) — українська радянська художниця; член Спілки радянських художників України. Дружина художника Григорія Домненка, мати художниці Галини і скульпторки Катерини Домненків. Біографія Народилася 12 березня 1925 в місті Алмати (нині Казахстан). 1956 року закінчила Харківський художній інститут. Її вчителями були Абрам Черкаський, Сергій Бесєдін. Жила у Ворошиловграді, в будинку на кварталі Шевченка № 35, квартира № 35. Померла у 1976 році. Творчість Працювала в галузі станкового живопису. Серед робіт: «Ранок» (1956); «В дитячому садку» (1957); «Бригада комуністичної праці» (1964); «Відпочинок» (1966). Брала участь у всесоюзних виставках з 1956 року. Примітки Література Толоконникова Маргарита Миколаївна // Українські художниці Радянські художниці Українські живописці Художники Луганська Члени Національної спілки художників України	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	6,883
For every technique that Wing Tsun has, there is a Wing Tsun counter-technique. Of course Wing Tsun also has counter techniques for non-Wing Tsun techniques. The style does not matter – only the energy and the trajectory. No matter how fast or how sudden and deceptive, the counter to the technique exists, tailor made to the energy of the attack because of 'sticky hands.' Responses to close range attacks are triggered by pressure against our arms or legs by touch (not by sight) so that the defense is in real time. Wing Tsun trainees learn to yield to the pressure like a spring and when the pressure is relieved, the spring returns in another form. Tan sau becomes bong sau which becomes man sau which becomes jut sau, etc. Wing Tsun does not simply counter a strong technique with yet another strong technique that is just faster or more exact. Instead, Wing Tsun uses the tendencies that exist in an attacker against them. These tendencies exist in all people. A Wing Tsun trainee becomes familiar with them and trains to reduce or eliminate these tendencies through one-on-one chi sau practice and repetition. The majority of attacks on people are irrational or emotional acts which can result in physical and psychological damage to the victim. Wing Tsun uses this irrational, emotional state against the attacker. Regardless of whether the attack is emotional or irrational or for another reason, an attacker normally would not attack another person without believing that they had some type of advantage. That pumped up attitude can be used against them as well. 1) A person's untrained reactive response to an attack aimed at their face is usually to throw their hands up to cover their face. 2) A person's ego or wish to be stronger than another person might cause them to push (resist) against a greater force. The greater strength of their opponent is an 'affront' to their dignity. Instead, we can borrow their force. 3) A person is often embarrassed at being perceived as 'weak' whether it is true or not. Their fear of being weak can cause a person to 'shrink away' and their Wing Tsun body structure would break down during an attack. This is tendency can be reduced or eliminated through training so that the trainee can become a competent self defense practitioner. Whether the practitioner is weak or not is not relevant. What is relevant is the person's ability to move well so that effective self-defense can be achieved. In self defense, a perceived win is not the main objective (like sports). Success is when the defender escapes harm. The above individual may react in a different way but we will leave that to the sociologists and psychologists. 4) A person's anger might cause them to attack a person without due caution. A person is always more vulnerable in the course of attacking. This is a weak point that can be taken advantage of. 5) A person's mind locks up when confronted or attacked and they cannot think of a way to defend or counter attack. Then their body also 'locks' up and they cannot free themselves from their own 'prison.' This can be used against them. 6) Let us say a person has never really learned how to fight; how to punch, how to kick, how to throw or grapple and so on and so they compensate by using a knife, gun or other weapon in attacking another person. They are completely dependent on the weapon. This dependency can be used against them in a self-defense situation. From this, we can conclude one interesting fact. It is best to keep one's emotions under control in practice and if attacked. After-all, your attacker does not care if you are happy or sad, but only if you are afraid. Control of your emotions is a counter to his game plan. The Wing Tsun system knows the human tendencies and resulting weaknesses and how to protect the defender and take advantage of the same thing in the aggressor. These tendencies, emotional roadblocks and hindrances can be gotten rid of through Wing Tsun training so that the body can move freely and without self-judgment. In order to create a system that had substantial advantages over other very effective martial arts of the time such as the Shaolin arts, the developers of Wing Tsun had to dig deep into the physical and psychological aspects of defending oneself. In this process, training the whole person was the result. Empty handed martial arts of self defense exist out of the recognition that the best self-defense weapon is one that is available and one's body weapons are more available than a knife or other weapon in one's pocket or purse. Self-discipline exists in other fighting forms as well and sadly, we see the lack of such training sometimes in the news of the day. © Copyright 2011- 2014 Keith Sonnenberg. No reproduction without permission.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	8,216
Q: Having problems logging into instagram using request module Python import requests as s url='https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/' data={'username':'**', 'password':'****'} p=s.post(url, data=data, allow_redirects=True) to_check= p.text if('Sorry, your password was incorrect. Please double-check your password.' in > print('Password incorrect.') elif("The username you entered doesn't belong to an account. Please check your > print('Username incorrect.') else: print('Unknown error.') Output(For even the right usernames): Username incorrect. I am heavily confused can anyone help? A: I would use the python-instagram module to log into instagram instead.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange" }	8,113
Today we targeted Torrington, Wyoming. As we drove towards it, the SSE wind increased to 25mph+. The visiblity dropped to a mile or so. We drove to the top of Scott's Bluff, but couldn't see a thing. When we got to Torrington, a storm came over (and went severe) but all we saw was one lightning bolt - due to the poor visiblity. We also met up with Matt and Betsy. Things looked better for the next day in north central Kansas, so we went to Ogallala for the night.	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4" }	1,408
Oedera capensis is a prickly shrublet belonging to the family Asteraceae. It has stems that branch only at the foot and are densely set over their entire length with narrowly triangular leathery leaves with a sharp tip at approximately right angles to the stem. At their tip are what at first sight appears to be a single flowerhead with yellow ray florets and yellow disc florets. In fact, these are mostly nine densely cropped heads, as is suggested by the nine domes of the "disc" of the composite head, the untidy arrangement of the ray florets, and becomes very clear when cutting through the composite head. It is an endemic of the south of the Western Cape province in South Africa. Description Oedera capensis is a prickly, sprawling shrublet of about high, that produces between two and six branches below the flower heads of the previous season. Stems are densely and alternately set with mostly hairless, erect to recurved, flat, leathery, narrow triangular leaves long and , with glands and silky hairs along the edges. Usually nine (rarely ten or eleven) flower heads are cropped at the tip of the branches in what seems at first sight a single flower head of mostly in diameter. The central head consists of yolk yellow disc florets only, while the remainder has disc florets and in addition a row of yolk yellow ray florets, burgundy on the reverse, where they do not touch the other heads. A cluster of cropped heads usually has 30 to 40 ray florets. A few shorter ray florets sometimes occur where the heads touch. The involucre that surrounds the cropped heads consist of several whorls of green, leaf-like bracts of usually wide, lanceolate, widest at midlength and with a prominent rib along the midline. The inner row of bracts surrounding the cropped heads have dense, silky hair in the lower part of their edges. The involucral bracts between the individual heads are thin and papery. The pappus consists of a circle of scales around the tip of the cypselas. Flowering usually appears from June to September, rarely extending to December. This species has seven sets of homologue chromosomes (2n=14). Differences with other species Oedera imbricata has bright yellow flower heads, not yolk yellow. Taxonomy Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist famous for his introduction of the binominal nomenclature, first described the plant in 1759 as Buphthalmum capense. His son, Carl Linnaeus the Younger later described Oedera prolifera. In 1914, George Claridge Druce reassigned the species, creating the new combination Oedera capensis. South African botanist Margaret Levyns thought Oedera should be split up and she reassigned the species in 1948 to her new genus Eroeda, creating the new combination E. capensis. All of these names are now considered synonymous. The species name capensis refers to the Cape of Good Hope. Distribution and habitat Oedera capensis grows on dry stony slopes and flats, roadsides and sandy areas from Albertinia to the Cape Peninsula. Ecology In an experiment, 20% of the cypselas germinated after exposure to smoke, while without smoke only 5% sprouted. References Plants described in 1759 Endemic flora of South Africa capensis	{ "redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia" }	9,198

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.