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Q: How to do incremental backup of .img files containing windows partition? On an OVS I have a few windows machines.
I want to create a full backup their .img disk files, thats done, .img.gz. Than I want to incrementally backup their C:/ partition, but thats not working.
The backup media is a tape drive installed on a remote windows machine accessible by FTP.
With help from my previous post I came up with the following commands for the first run:
cd /backup/win-vm-1/
losetup /dev/loop9 win-vm-1.img
kpartx -av /dev/loop9
mount /dev/mapper/loop9p2 drive-C/ -o ro
# Creates a 20Gb file
tar -cSmf drive-C.0.tar --no-check-device -g drive-C.0.snapshot drive-C/
umount -d drive-C/
kpartx -dv /dev/loop9
For the incremental backups I tried the same script but with this changes:
cp drive-C.0.snapshot drive-C.1.snapshot
tar -cSmf drive-C.1.tar --no-check-device -g drive-C.1.snapshot drive-C/
But doing this results in a 8.5GB file.
The changes made on the .img between the full and incremental backup were:
*
*Boot machine
*Create two .png files in one folder
*Delete one .png file in another folder
*Shutdown
What am I doing wrong? Is there a better solution?
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 3,299
|
{"url":"https:\/\/math.stackexchange.com\/questions\/3658940\/weak-law-for-dependent-sequence-with-bounded-variance","text":"# Weak Law for Dependent Sequence with bounded variance\n\nI was wondering if the Weak Law of Large Numbers also holds true for dependent identically distributed random variables with constant mean and bounded variance.\n\nLet $$X_1,X_2\\dots X_n$$ be a sequence of dependent but identically distributed random variables with $$E(X_i)=\\mu$$ and $$Var(X_i) \\le B_i$$. Then is it true that, $$n^{-1}\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^nX_i \\to \\mu, \\text{ in probability }$$\n\nIf we were to use the Chebyshev's inequality for some $$\\epsilon >0$$, $$P \\left( \\left | {n^{-1}\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^nX_i -\\mu } \\right | \\ge \\epsilon \\right) \\le \\frac{Var \\left(n^{-1}\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^nX_i \\right )}{\\epsilon^2}= \\frac{\\sum\\limits_{i,j}Cov(X_i,X_j)}{n^2\\epsilon^2}$$\n\nBut by Cauchy Schwarz, $$Cov(X_i,X_j)\\le \\sqrt{Var(X_i)}\\sqrt{Var(X_j)}\\le \\sqrt{B_iB_j}$$ and this ensures, $$0 \\le P \\left( \\left | {n^{-1}\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^nX_i -\\mu } \\right | \\ge \\epsilon \\right)\\le \\frac{\\sqrt{B_iB_j}}{n^2\\epsilon^2}$$ and hence by the Sandwich Theorem, we have convergence in probability.\n\nAre these arguments valid? Is my conclusion on assuming constant mean and bounded variance are all that is needed to ensure WLLN to be true for dependent sequence of random variables?\n\nThanks\n\n\u2022 There are $n^2$ covariance terms that you need to add up. Your argument doesn't bound by something that goes to zero May 4 '20 at 21:45\n\u2022 Ah I see. So bounded variance is no way sufficient for convergence. How could I possibly strengthen the hypothesis that guarantees convergence? May 4 '20 at 21:50\n\n## 1 Answer\n\nHere is a counterexample. Let $$X_1\\sim N(0,1)$$ and $$X_n=X_1$$ for all $$n\\in\\mathbb{N}$$. Then they are dependent and all identically distributed (standard normal) with the same finite mean and variance. However, the sample mean clearly does not converge in probability to $$0$$, because it is always equal to $$X_1$$, which is a.s. non-zero.\n\nThe problem in your proof is replacing the sum of covariances by a bound for a single covariance. If instead we have that $$Var (S_n)\\to 0$$, in probability, where $$S_n$$ denotes the sample mean, then your argument does hold.\n\nIntuitively, this means that the covariances must die out quickly enough. That is, we need some kind of fading memory property. Some examples are weak dependence, ergodicity, mixing and martingale difference sequences.","date":"2021-10-28 17:30:51","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 15, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.9557411670684814, \"perplexity\": 133.4376196626707}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 20, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": false}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2021-43\/segments\/1634323588398.42\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20211028162638-20211028192638-00229.warc.gz\"}"}
| null | null |
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License.
// Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.
package com.azure.resourcemanager.databricks.models;
import com.azure.core.annotation.Fluent;
import com.azure.core.util.logging.ClientLogger;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnore;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
import java.util.List;
/** The properties for a group information object. */
@Fluent
public final class GroupIdInformationProperties {
@JsonIgnore private final ClientLogger logger = new ClientLogger(GroupIdInformationProperties.class);
/*
* The group id
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "groupId")
private String groupId;
/*
* The required members for a specific group id
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "requiredMembers")
private List<String> requiredMembers;
/*
* The required DNS zones for a specific group id
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "requiredZoneNames")
private List<String> requiredZoneNames;
/**
* Get the groupId property: The group id.
*
* @return the groupId value.
*/
public String groupId() {
return this.groupId;
}
/**
* Set the groupId property: The group id.
*
* @param groupId the groupId value to set.
* @return the GroupIdInformationProperties object itself.
*/
public GroupIdInformationProperties withGroupId(String groupId) {
this.groupId = groupId;
return this;
}
/**
* Get the requiredMembers property: The required members for a specific group id.
*
* @return the requiredMembers value.
*/
public List<String> requiredMembers() {
return this.requiredMembers;
}
/**
* Set the requiredMembers property: The required members for a specific group id.
*
* @param requiredMembers the requiredMembers value to set.
* @return the GroupIdInformationProperties object itself.
*/
public GroupIdInformationProperties withRequiredMembers(List<String> requiredMembers) {
this.requiredMembers = requiredMembers;
return this;
}
/**
* Get the requiredZoneNames property: The required DNS zones for a specific group id.
*
* @return the requiredZoneNames value.
*/
public List<String> requiredZoneNames() {
return this.requiredZoneNames;
}
/**
* Set the requiredZoneNames property: The required DNS zones for a specific group id.
*
* @param requiredZoneNames the requiredZoneNames value to set.
* @return the GroupIdInformationProperties object itself.
*/
public GroupIdInformationProperties withRequiredZoneNames(List<String> requiredZoneNames) {
this.requiredZoneNames = requiredZoneNames;
return this;
}
/**
* Validates the instance.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException thrown if the instance is not valid.
*/
public void validate() {
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 6,118
|
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;
using FoxyEcomm.Orm.Attributes;
using FoxyEcomm.Orm.Extensions;
using FoxyEcomm.Orm.Helpers;
using FoxyEcomm.Orm.Interfaces;
using FoxyEcomm.Orm.Models;
namespace FoxyEcomm.Orm.SqlGenerator
{
public class SqlGenerator<TEntity> : ISqlGenerator<TEntity> where TEntity : class
{
public PropertyInfo[] AllProperties { get; protected set; }
public bool HasUpdatedAt => UpdatedAtProperty != null;
public PropertyInfo UpdatedAtProperty { get; protected set; }
public bool IsIdentity => IdentitySqlProperty != null;
public string TableName { get; protected set; }
public SqlPropertyMetadata IdentitySqlProperty { get; protected set; }
public SqlPropertyMetadata[] KeySqlProperties { get; protected set; }
public SqlPropertyMetadata[] SqlProperties { get; protected set; }
public SqlGeneratorConfig Config { get; protected set; }
#region Insert
public virtual SqlQuery GetInsert(TEntity entity)
{
var properties = (IsIdentity ? SqlProperties.Where(p => !p.PropertyName.Equals(IdentitySqlProperty.PropertyName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) : SqlProperties).ToList();
if (HasUpdatedAt)
UpdatedAtProperty.SetValue(entity, DateTime.UtcNow);
var query = new SqlQuery(entity);
query.SqlBuilder.Append(
"INSERT INTO " + TableName
+ "(" + string.Join(", ", properties.Select(p => p.ColumnName)) + ")"
+ " VALUES (" + string.Join(", ", properties.Select(p => "@" + p.PropertyName)) + ")");
if (IsIdentity)
switch (Config.SqlConnector)
{
case ESqlConnector.Mssql:
query.SqlBuilder.Append("SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS " + IdentitySqlProperty.ColumnName);
break;
case ESqlConnector.MySql:
query.SqlBuilder.Append("; SELECT CONVERT(LAST_INSERT_ID(), SIGNED INTEGER) AS " + IdentitySqlProperty.ColumnName);
break;
case ESqlConnector.PostgreSql:
query.SqlBuilder.Append("RETURNING " + IdentitySqlProperty.ColumnName);
break;
default:
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
}
return query;
}
#endregion Insert
#region Update
public virtual SqlQuery GetUpdate(TEntity entity)
{
var properties = SqlProperties.Where(p => !KeySqlProperties.Any(k => k.PropertyName.Equals(p.PropertyName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)));
if (HasUpdatedAt)
UpdatedAtProperty.SetValue(entity, DateTime.UtcNow);
var query = new SqlQuery(entity);
query.SqlBuilder.Append("UPDATE " + TableName + " SET " + string.Join(", ", properties.Select(p => p.ColumnName + " = @" + p.PropertyName)) + " WHERE " + string.Join(" AND ", KeySqlProperties.Select(p => p.ColumnName + " = @" + p.PropertyName)));
return query;
}
#endregion Update
#region Logic delete
public bool LogicalDelete { get; protected set; }
public string StatusPropertyName { get; protected set; }
public object LogicalDeleteValue { get; protected set; }
#endregion Logic delete
#region Init
public SqlGenerator()
: this(new SqlGeneratorConfig { SqlConnector = ESqlConnector.Mssql, UseQuotationMarks = false })
{
}
public SqlGenerator(ESqlConnector sqlConnector, bool useQuotationMarks = false)
: this(new SqlGeneratorConfig { SqlConnector = sqlConnector, UseQuotationMarks = useQuotationMarks })
{
}
public SqlGenerator(SqlGeneratorConfig sqlGeneratorConfig)
{
InitProperties();
InitConfig(sqlGeneratorConfig);
InitLogicalDeleted();
}
private void InitProperties()
{
var entityType = typeof(TEntity);
TableName = GetTableNameOrAlias(entityType);
AllProperties = entityType.GetProperties().Where(q => q.CanWrite).ToArray();
var props = AllProperties.Where(ExpressionHelper.GetPrimitivePropertiesPredicate()).ToArray();
SqlProperties = props.Where(p => !p.GetCustomAttributes<NotMappedAttribute>().Any()).Select(p => new SqlPropertyMetadata(p)).ToArray();
KeySqlProperties = props.Where(p => p.GetCustomAttributes<KeyAttribute>().Any()).Select(p => new SqlPropertyMetadata(p)).ToArray();
var identityProperty = props.FirstOrDefault(p => p.GetCustomAttributes<IdentityAttribute>().Any());
IdentitySqlProperty = identityProperty != null ? new SqlPropertyMetadata(identityProperty) : null;
var dateChangedProperty = props.FirstOrDefault(p => p.GetCustomAttributes<UpdatedAtAttribute>().Count() == 1);
if (dateChangedProperty != null && (dateChangedProperty.PropertyType == typeof(DateTime) || dateChangedProperty.PropertyType == typeof(DateTime?)))
UpdatedAtProperty = props.FirstOrDefault(p => p.GetCustomAttributes<UpdatedAtAttribute>().Any());
}
private void InitConfig(SqlGeneratorConfig sqlGeneratorConfig)
{
Config = sqlGeneratorConfig;
if (Config.UseQuotationMarks)
switch (Config.SqlConnector)
{
case ESqlConnector.Mssql:
TableName = "[" + TableName + "]";
foreach (var propertyMetadata in SqlProperties)
propertyMetadata.ColumnName = "[" + propertyMetadata.ColumnName + "]";
foreach (var propertyMetadata in KeySqlProperties)
propertyMetadata.ColumnName = "[" + propertyMetadata.ColumnName + "]";
break;
case ESqlConnector.MySql:
TableName = "`" + TableName + "`";
foreach (var propertyMetadata in SqlProperties)
propertyMetadata.ColumnName = "`" + propertyMetadata.ColumnName + "`";
foreach (var propertyMetadata in KeySqlProperties)
propertyMetadata.ColumnName = "`" + propertyMetadata.ColumnName + "`";
break;
case ESqlConnector.PostgreSql:
TableName = "\"" + TableName + "\"";
foreach (var propertyMetadata in SqlProperties)
propertyMetadata.ColumnName = "\"" + propertyMetadata.ColumnName + "\"";
foreach (var propertyMetadata in KeySqlProperties)
propertyMetadata.ColumnName = "\"" + propertyMetadata.ColumnName + "\"";
break;
default:
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(Config.SqlConnector));
}
}
private static string GetTableNameOrAlias(Type type)
{
var entityTypeInfo = type.GetTypeInfo();
var tableAliasAttribute = entityTypeInfo.GetCustomAttribute<TableAttribute>();
return tableAliasAttribute != null ? tableAliasAttribute.Name : entityTypeInfo.Name;
}
private void InitLogicalDeleted()
{
var statusProperty =
SqlProperties.FirstOrDefault(x => x.PropertyInfo.GetCustomAttributes<StatusAttribute>().Any());
if (statusProperty == null) return;
StatusPropertyName = statusProperty.ColumnName;
if (statusProperty.PropertyInfo.PropertyType.IsBool())
{
var deleteProperty = AllProperties.FirstOrDefault(p => p.GetCustomAttributes<DeletedAttribute>().Any());
if (deleteProperty == null) return;
LogicalDelete = true;
LogicalDeleteValue = 1;
}
else if (statusProperty.PropertyInfo.PropertyType.IsEnum())
{
var deleteOption = statusProperty.PropertyInfo.PropertyType.GetFields().FirstOrDefault(f => f.GetCustomAttribute<DeletedAttribute>() != null);
if (deleteOption == null) return;
var enumValue = Enum.Parse(statusProperty.PropertyInfo.PropertyType, deleteOption.Name);
if (enumValue != null)
LogicalDeleteValue = Convert.ChangeType(enumValue, Enum.GetUnderlyingType(statusProperty.PropertyInfo.PropertyType));
LogicalDelete = true;
}
}
#endregion Init
#region Select
private SqlQuery InitBuilderSelect(bool firstOnly)
{
var query = new SqlQuery();
query.SqlBuilder.Append("SELECT " + (firstOnly && Config.SqlConnector == ESqlConnector.Mssql ? "TOP 1 " : "") + GetFieldsSelect(TableName, SqlProperties));
return query;
}
public virtual SqlQuery GetSelectFirst(Expression<Func<TEntity, bool>> predicate, params Expression<Func<TEntity, object>>[] includes)
{
return GetSelect(predicate, true, includes);
}
public virtual SqlQuery GetSelectAll(Expression<Func<TEntity, bool>> predicate, params Expression<Func<TEntity, object>>[] includes)
{
return GetSelect(predicate, false, includes);
}
private string AppendJoinToSelect(SqlQuery originalBuilder, params Expression<Func<TEntity, object>>[] includes)
{
var joinBuilder = new StringBuilder();
var joinedProperties = new List<PropertyInfo>();
foreach (var include in includes)
{
var propertyName = ExpressionHelper.GetFullPropertyName(include);
var joinProperty = AllProperties.Concat(joinedProperties).First(x =>
{
if (x.DeclaringType != null)
return x.DeclaringType.FullName + "." + x.Name == propertyName;
return false;
});
var tableName = GetTableNameOrAlias(joinProperty.DeclaringType);
var attrJoin = joinProperty.GetCustomAttribute<JoinAttributeBase>();
if (attrJoin == null) continue;
var joinString = "";
if (attrJoin is LeftJoinAttribute)
joinString = "LEFT JOIN";
else if (attrJoin is InnerJoinAttribute)
joinString = "INNER JOIN";
else if (attrJoin is RightJoinAttribute)
joinString = "RIGHT JOIN";
var joinType = joinProperty.PropertyType.IsGenericType() ? joinProperty.PropertyType.GenericTypeArguments[0] : joinProperty.PropertyType;
joinedProperties.AddRange(joinType.GetProperties().Where(p => !p.GetCustomAttributes<NotMappedAttribute>().Any()));
var properties = joinType.GetProperties().Where(ExpressionHelper.GetPrimitivePropertiesPredicate());
var props = properties.Where(p => !p.GetCustomAttributes<NotMappedAttribute>().Any()).Select(p => new SqlPropertyMetadata(p)).ToArray();
if (Config.UseQuotationMarks)
switch (Config.SqlConnector)
{
case ESqlConnector.Mssql:
tableName = "[" + tableName + "]";
attrJoin.TableName = "[" + attrJoin.TableName + "]";
attrJoin.Key = "[" + attrJoin.Key + "]";
attrJoin.ExternalKey = "[" + attrJoin.ExternalKey + "]";
foreach (var prop in props)
prop.ColumnName = "[" + prop.ColumnName + "]";
break;
case ESqlConnector.MySql:
tableName = "`" + tableName + "`";
attrJoin.TableName = "`" + attrJoin.TableName + "`";
attrJoin.Key = "`" + attrJoin.Key + "`";
attrJoin.ExternalKey = "`" + attrJoin.ExternalKey + "`";
foreach (var prop in props)
prop.ColumnName = "`" + prop.ColumnName + "`";
break;
case ESqlConnector.PostgreSql:
tableName = "\"" + tableName + "\"";
attrJoin.TableName = "\"" + attrJoin.TableName + "\"";
attrJoin.Key = "\"" + attrJoin.Key + "\"";
attrJoin.ExternalKey = "\"" + attrJoin.ExternalKey + "\"";
foreach (var prop in props)
prop.ColumnName = "\"" + prop.ColumnName + "\"";
break;
default:
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(Config.SqlConnector));
}
originalBuilder.SqlBuilder.Append(", " + GetFieldsSelect(attrJoin.TableName, props));
joinBuilder.Append(joinString + " " + attrJoin.TableName + " ON " + tableName + "." + attrJoin.Key + " = " + attrJoin.TableName + "." + attrJoin.ExternalKey + " ");
}
return joinBuilder.ToString();
}
private static string GetFieldsSelect(string tableName, IEnumerable<SqlPropertyMetadata> properties)
{
Func<SqlPropertyMetadata, string> projectionFunction = p => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(p.Alias)
? tableName + "." + p.ColumnName + " AS " + p.PropertyName
: tableName + "." + p.ColumnName;
return string.Join(", ", properties.Select(projectionFunction));
}
private SqlQuery GetSelect(Expression<Func<TEntity, bool>> predicate, bool firstOnly, params Expression<Func<TEntity, object>>[] includes)
{
var sqlQuery = InitBuilderSelect(firstOnly);
if (includes.Any())
{
var joinsBuilder = AppendJoinToSelect(sqlQuery, includes);
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append(" FROM " + TableName + " ");
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append(joinsBuilder);
}
else
{
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append(" FROM " + TableName + " ");
}
IDictionary<string, object> dictionary = new Dictionary<string, object>();
if (predicate != null)
{
var queryProperties = new List<QueryParameter>();
FillQueryProperties(ExpressionHelper.GetBinaryExpression(predicate.Body), ExpressionType.Default, ref queryProperties);
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append("WHERE ");
for (var i = 0; i < queryProperties.Count; i++)
{
var item = queryProperties[i];
var columnName = SqlProperties.First(x => x.PropertyName == item.PropertyName).ColumnName;
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(item.LinkingOperator) && i > 0)
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append(item.LinkingOperator + " ");
if (item.PropertyValue == null)
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append(TableName + "." + columnName + " " + (item.QueryOperator == "=" ? "IS" : "IS NOT") + " NULL ");
else
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append(TableName + "." + columnName + " " + item.QueryOperator + " @" + item.PropertyName + " ");
dictionary[item.PropertyName] = item.PropertyValue;
}
if (LogicalDelete)
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append("AND " + TableName + "." + StatusPropertyName + " != " + LogicalDeleteValue + " ");
}
else
{
if (LogicalDelete)
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append("WHERE " + TableName + "." + StatusPropertyName + " != " + LogicalDeleteValue + " ");
}
if (firstOnly && (Config.SqlConnector == ESqlConnector.MySql || Config.SqlConnector == ESqlConnector.PostgreSql))
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append("LIMIT 1");
sqlQuery.SetParam(dictionary);
return sqlQuery;
}
public virtual SqlQuery GetSelectBetween(object from, object to, Expression<Func<TEntity, object>> btwField, Expression<Func<TEntity, bool>> expression = null)
{
var fieldName = ExpressionHelper.GetPropertyName(btwField);
var columnName = SqlProperties.First(x => x.PropertyName == fieldName).ColumnName;
var query = GetSelectAll(expression);
query.SqlBuilder.Append((expression == null && !LogicalDelete ? "WHERE" : "AND") + " " + TableName + "." + columnName + " BETWEEN '" + from + "' AND '" + to + "'");
return query;
}
public virtual SqlQuery GetDelete(TEntity entity)
{
var sqlQuery = new SqlQuery(entity);
var whereSql = " WHERE " + string.Join(" AND ", KeySqlProperties.Select(p => p.ColumnName + " = @" + p.PropertyName));
if (!LogicalDelete)
{
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append("DELETE FROM " + TableName + whereSql);
}
else
{
if (HasUpdatedAt)
UpdatedAtProperty.SetValue(entity, DateTime.UtcNow);
sqlQuery.SqlBuilder.Append("UPDATE " + TableName + " SET " + StatusPropertyName + " = " + LogicalDeleteValue + whereSql);
}
return sqlQuery;
}
private void FillQueryProperties(BinaryExpression body, ExpressionType linkingType, ref List<QueryParameter> queryProperties)
{
if (body.NodeType != ExpressionType.AndAlso && body.NodeType != ExpressionType.OrElse)
{
var propertyName = ExpressionHelper.GetPropertyName(body);
if (!SqlProperties.Select(x => x.PropertyName).Contains(propertyName))
throw new NotImplementedException("predicate can't parse");
var propertyValue = ExpressionHelper.GetValue(body.Right);
var opr = ExpressionHelper.GetSqlOperator(body.NodeType);
var link = ExpressionHelper.GetSqlOperator(linkingType);
queryProperties.Add(new QueryParameter(link, propertyName, propertyValue, opr));
}
else
{
FillQueryProperties(ExpressionHelper.GetBinaryExpression(body.Left), body.NodeType, ref queryProperties);
FillQueryProperties(ExpressionHelper.GetBinaryExpression(body.Right), body.NodeType, ref queryProperties);
}
}
#endregion Select
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 9,447
|
X-Men fans, @SophieT has a message for you.
She's getting closer. #EHTBlackHole #DarkPhoenix arrives June 7.
This summer, the world will go dark. Watch the new trailer for #DarkPhoenix, in theaters June 7.
The new #DarkPhoenix poster has arrived. Trailer tomorrow night!
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
| 1,277
|
Dueñas ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Iloilo. Auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde mündet der Fluss Lamunan in den Jalaur, der seinen Fließrichtung von Ost auf Süd ändert.
Baranggays
Dueñas ist politisch in 47 Baranggays unterteilt.
Söhne und Töchter der Gemeinde
Haydée Coloso (1937–2021), Schwimmerin
Duenas
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
}
| 1,862
|
A number of victims of Brother Stephen Baker's happened at Bishop McCort High School.
The investigation began years ago with a number of civil lawsuits: civil suits in Blair county and in Ohio.
Three high ranking members of the Franciscan Friars, Third Order Regulars, Province of the Immaculate Conception are facing felony criminal charges.
Attorney General Kathleen Kane described it as a cover-up of religious leaders allowing sexual abuse of more than 80 children, charging Giles Schinelli, Robert D'Avers and Anthony Criscitelli.
But the cases began when 11 victims of Brother Baker filed civil suits against JFK High School in Ohio and the Diocese of Youngstown.
They were represented by Boston attorney Mitchell Garabedian.
"The 11 victims of Brother Baker who first brought the case to light about four years ago in Ohio should be commended, empowering themselves and other victims to make this world a safer place for children," said Garabedian.
Garabedian says he represented dozens of victims of Baker's over the years, as has Altoona attorney Richard Serbin.
He filed a civil suit in 2013 against the Franciscan Friars, Third Order Regulars, Province of the Immaculate Conception, the Diocese of Altoona-Johnstown, former Bishop Joseph Adamec, Bishop McCort High School and Father D'Aversa. Serbin says he's both pleased and disappointed by Tuesday's announcement disappointed that there were no school officials at Bishop McCort charged.
"His training room was located in the boy's locker room," said Serbin. "Essentially he was like a kid in the candy store obtaining sexual gratification both physically and visually."
6News reached out to Bishop McCort for comment about the charges this afternoon.
"Our goal always was and always will be the safety of God's children. From the beginning, this Board has taken aggressive, proactive steps to investigate and address the disturbing actions of Brother Stephen Baker. Though we did not have any legal jurisdiction or power, we were the only group to do so for far too long. Though this has been a long road, we are pleased that the Attorney General has decided to move forward and hold those complicit legally accountable, and we are committed to continuing to fully cooperate with law enforcement as this process continues. We pray that this is one more step on the path to helping the victims of Brother Baker reach peace and closure from this tragedy. And we pray that the healing of the victims and our community may begin."
"Supervisors turned their back on innocent children. It's unfortunate but it's a common experience within the catholic church," said Garabedian.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
| 7,068
|
This magnificent luxury villa is situated in the popular urbanization Vista Alegre and enjoys a breathtaking panoramic view over the beautiful Mediterranean landscape and the open sea. Set on a plot of approx. 2.350m2, the villa has a living space of approx. 622m2, several open and covered sun terraces as well as fantastic swimming pool. The living area of the villa is divided into a spacious living- and dining room, a fully fitted modern kitchen, six bedrooms as well as seven bathrooms. The residence is close located to Es Cubells, Cala Jondal and Es Torrent and only few minutes by car away from beautiful sandy beaches.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
| 4,467
|
Piotr Wielki, Car Rosji (1672–1725) (ang. Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia (1672–1725)) – obraz olejny namalowany przez angielskiego malarza niemieckiego pochodzenia Godfreya Knellera w 1698 roku, znajdujący się w zbiorach pałacu Kensington w Londynie, będącego częścią Royal Collection.
Opis
Godfrey Kneller urodził się w Lubece, studiował u Rembrandta w Amsterdamie i do 1676 roku pracował w Anglii jako modny portrecista. Namalował siedmiu brytyjskich monarchów (Karola II, Jakuba II, Wilhelma III, Marię II, Annę, Jerzego I i Jerzego II), a w 1715 roku był pierwszym artystą, który otrzymał tytuł baroneta (kolejnym był malarz i pisarz John Everett Millais w 1885 roku). Zestaw portretów bohaterów brytyjskiej Royal Navy autorstwa Knellera, został przekazany przez króla Jerzego IV Królewskiemu Szpitalowi Marynarki Wojennej w Greenwich w 1824 roku.
Ten portret został namalowany przez Godfreya Knellera w 1698 roku, kiedy między 11 stycznia a 21 kwietnia car Rosji Piotr I Wielki przebywał w Londynie, odwiedzając króla Wilhelma III. Była to część jego słynnego "Wielkiego Poselstwa" z lat 1697–1698, misji dyplomatycznej, która przekształciła się w podróż zapoznawczą po bardziej rozwiniętych krajach Europy Zachodniej. Car był szczególnie zainteresowany budową statków holenderskich i angielskich, ponieważ w 1695 roku rozpoczął tworzenie rosyjskiej marynarki wojennej.
Dwudziestosześcioletni, pełen dostojeństwa car jest przedstawiony w zbroi z haftowanym złotym płaszczem podszytym gronostajami oraz koroną i jabłkiem na czerwonej poduszce w niszy po lewej. W prawej dłoni trzyma regiment, zaś u lewego boku widoczny jest miecz. Dopełnieniem kompozycji są żaglowce podczas manewrów widoczne przez okno. Piotr I Wielki podarował ten obraz królowi Wilhelmowi III.
Przypisy
Piotr I Wielki
Portrety postaci historycznych
Obrazy Godfreya Knellera
Obrazy w Royal Collection
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{"url":"https:\/\/socratic.org\/questions\/what-are-the-reactants-and-product-in-the-following-reaction-mgcl-2-li-2co-3-mgc","text":"# What are the reactants and product in the following reaction: MgCl_2 + Li_2CO_3 -> MgCO_3 + 2LiCl?\n\nThe reactants are $M g C {l}_{2}$ and $L {i}_{2}$$C {O}_{3}$, and the products are $M g C {O}_{3}$ and $2 L i C l$.","date":"2019-10-17 20:14:56","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 5, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 1, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.6639631986618042, \"perplexity\": 14410.910011588872}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 20, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2019-43\/segments\/1570986676227.57\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20191017200101-20191017223601-00400.warc.gz\"}"}
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\section{Introduction}
High-temperature superconductivity commonly lies within a special region as a function of tuning parameters (e.g., chemical substitutions), where quantum criticality governs the essential physics \cite{RevModPhys.77.721,RevModPhys.82.2421,RevModPhys.84.1383,RevModPhys.87.855,keimer2015quantum}. In the electron-doped cuprates, antiferromagnetic (AF) order emerging from the Mott insulating phase competes with superconductivity. Advanced techniques like muon spin rotation and neutron scattering experiments unveiled that the long-range AF order vanishes before the appearance of superconductivity \cite{saadaoui2015phase,motoyama2007spin}. However, the reconstruction of Fermi surface (FS) underneath the superconducting dome observed by electrical transport \cite{jin2011link,Mandal5991} and angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) \cite{He3449,RN159} measurements, requires an extended AF state or spin density wave into the overdoped region. Although many works give evidence to support the AF scenario \cite{PhysRevLett.94.057005,PhysRevB.72.214506,Mandal5991}, the origin of the reconstruction remains controversial. Very recently, ferromagnetic (FM) \cite{Sarkar532} order was reported in the electron-doped cuprates, which adds more complexity to this system. Superconductivity is accompanied by the evolution of magnetic ordered states from birth to death. A deep understanding of the interplay between superconducting and magnetic states is needed.
Magnetic field as a parameter of quantum phase transitions can tune both the superconductivity and magnetic ordered states, by which the evolution of spin-dependent states can been obtained. Among all electron-doped cuprates, La$_{2-x}$Ce$_x$CuO$_{4\pm\delta}$ (LCCO) is a unique one that exhibits a complete superconducting dome with Ce doping, as illustrated in Fig. \ref{Fig1}. Upon Ce substitution of La, the superconductivity emerges at $x=0.06$ and reaches the maximum transition temperature ($T_{\mathrm{c}}$) at $x=0.10$, where it intersects with the boundary of the AF state (or spin density wave) \cite{Mandal5991,ZHANG201618,PhysRevB.96.155449}. At this point, the magnetic field can act as a perturbation in energy to tip the balance between the AF and superconducting states. Therefore, LCCO provides a good platform to study the electronic states as a function of magnetic field.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figure1.pdf}
\caption{\label{Fig1}Phase diagram of LCCO obtained from magneto-electrical transport measurements. The side panel illustrates the Ce doping dependence of the superconducting dome. With increasing doping, LCCO exhibits a maximum $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ at $x=0.10$. The main panel shows the field-temperature ($B$-$T$) diagram of $x=0.10$ samples (S1, S2, and S3). The coordinate axes are normalized by two characteristic quantities $B_{\mathrm{c}}$ and $T_{\mathrm{k}}^0$, respectively. Here, $B_{\mathrm{c}}$ is obtained by extrapolating the boundary of canted AF state to zero-temperature limit (for the three samples, $B_{\mathrm{c}}\sim$ 62, 55, and 52 T). $T_{\mathrm{k}}^0$ corresponds to the temperature of Fermi surface reconstruction in zero-field limit (for the three samples, $T_{\mathrm{k}}^0\sim$ 32, 27, and 26 K), manifesting as a `kink' in the Hall coefficient (see Fig. \ref{Fig2}). The normalized boundaries of three samples can be fitted by the holographic model (black solid line), which also predicts an energy gap (dotted line) above $B_{\mathrm{c}}$. Three regions can be identified in the $B$-$T$ diagram, i.e., $n$-MR (blue), $p$-MR (white) and superconducting (orange) regions. The dashed line is mean-field fitting, which deviates data near the quantum critical point $B_{\mathrm{c}}$.}
\end{figure}
Here, we performed systematic magnetotransport measurements up to 55 T on optimally doped LCCO thin films ($x=0.10$) and established an intriguing field-tuned phase diagram. As summarized in Fig. \ref{Fig1}, the field-temperature ($B$-$T$) panel reveals three phase transitions at zero-temperature limit: (i) a superconducting phase transition at $\sim$ 9 T; (ii) an AF quantum phase transition at a characteristic field $B_{\mathrm{c}}$; and (iii) a plausible topological phase transition that coexists with the short-range AF order in between, signified by the crossover of resistivity from an anomalous enhancement (positive magnetoresistance, $p$-MR) to an reduction (negative magnetoresistance, $n$-MR) with increasing magnetic field. The $p$-MR region, which isolates the superconducting phase from the $n$-MR region can extend to $\frac{1}{2}B_{\mathrm{c}}$. In addition, samples with different $T_{\mathrm{c}}$'s (by slightly tuning oxygen) show a universal AF-state boundary that can be described by the holographic model (the black dashed line). This model also predicts a soft spin gap above $B_{\mathrm{c}}$ (dotted line at the bottom right corner). Thereafter, we will demonstrate the AF phase transition based on our magnetotransport results and explore the origin of the $p$-MR.
\section{Experiments}
The $c$-axis-oriented LCCO ($x=0.10$) films were deposited on the $(00l)$-oriented SrTiO$_3$ substrates by a pulsed laser deposition system. The thicknesses of the films were measured by scanning electron microscope: $d=230$ nm (S1, S2) and 110 nm (S3, S4). Detailed transport measurements were carried out on four LCCO film samples with different $T_{\mathrm{c}0}$'s: 25.6 K (S1), 25.3 K (S2), 24.1 K (S3) and 23.1 K (S4) by slightly tuning the oxygen content during the film deposition. Here, $T_{\mathrm{c}0}$ is the critical temperature at which the resistance reaches zero. Magnetotransport measurements in field up to 58 T were performed using a non-destructive pulsed magnet with a pulsed duration of 60 msec at Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center. Magnetoresistance (MR) and Hall resistance were measured simultaneously with a typical Hall-bar configuration. Data for the up- and down-sweeping of the pulse field were in good agreement, thus we could exclude the heating effect of the sample by the eddy current. Measurements with both positive and negative field polarities were performed for all samples and measuring temperatures to eliminate the effect of contact asymmetries.
\section{Results}
Relatively low upper critical field of electron-doped cuprates (e.g., typically $<10$ T for LCCO) facilitates the study of phase transitions via electrical transport. Figure \ref{Fig2}(a) shows the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient $R_{\mathrm{H}}$ ($R_{\mathrm{H}}(T,B)=\rho_{xy}(T)/B$) and the resistivity $\rho_{xx}(T)$ at $B=15$ T. As the superconducting state is destroyed by the field, we observe a `kink' in the $R_{\mathrm{H}}$ curve, namely, the Hall coefficient changes gently at high temperature but drops quickly below a characteristic temperature $T_{\mathrm{k}}$. Here, $T_{\mathrm{k}}$ is the temperature at which the Hall coefficient reaches the maximum ($T_{\mathrm{k}}\sim 29\pm 3$ K for sample S1). Concurrently, an upturn in the resistivity appears at the temperature $T_{\mathrm{u}}\sim 32\pm4$ K, that is, from $d\rho/dT>0$ to $d\rho/dT<0$ as the temperature decreases. In electron-doped cuprates, the `kink' in $R_{\mathrm{H}}(T)$ and the corresponding `upturn' in $\rho_{xx}(T)$ are commonly regarded as signatures of FS reconstruction \cite{PhysRevB.96.155449,PhysRevB.80.012501}.
Figure \ref{Fig2}(b) shows the $R_{\mathrm{H}}(T)$ and $\rho_{xx}(T)$ curves of S1 in different magnetic fields. Remarkably, both the kink in $R_{\mathrm{H}}(T)$ and the upturn in $\rho_{xx}(T)$ fade away at high magnetic field, and $T_{\mathrm{k}}$ ($T_{\mathrm{u}}$) gradually shifts toward lower temperatures [Fig. \ref{Fig2}(c)]. In electron-doped cuprates, the FS reconstruction is usually attributed to the AF ordering \cite{PhysRevB.96.155449,PhysRevB.80.012501}. The evolution of Hall coefficient with Ce doping is consistent with theory, which considers a two-dimensional system undergoing a spin density wave instability \cite{PhysRevB.72.214506}. And near the quantum critical point, the AF fluctuation is detected \cite{Mandal5991}. In our results, the `kink' and `upturn' behaviors can be tuned by magnetic field, which provides strong evidence that the Fermi surface reconstruction origin from spin instead of charge. Since the Hall signal is more sensitive to carrier number, we will use the $T_{\mathrm{k}}(B)$ curve to track the energy scales of temperature and field for the AF transition. By extrapolating the $T_{\mathrm{k}}(B)$ to zero temperature, one can obtain a critical field $B_{\mathrm{c}}$ where the kink is suppressed by the field in quantum limit (i.e., $T=0$ K). Also, that $T_{\mathrm{k}}^0=T_{\mathrm{k}}(B=0)$ reveals the energy scale of classic AF phase transition at zero-field limit. Using normalized temperature and field, i.e., $T/T_{\mathrm{k}}^0$ and $B/B_{\mathrm{c}}$, we are able to scale these two quantities in shaping the electronic phase diagram of LCCO as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig1}. It is interesting that the boundaries of the AF state for samples S1-S3 almost overlap with each other, suggesting a universal scaling between temperature and magnetic field.
\begin{figure*}[ht!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figure2.pdf}
\caption{\label{Fig2}Hall `kink' and resistivity `upturn' in LCCO. (a) Temperature dependence of the $R_{\mathrm{H}}$ and $\rho_{xx}$ at 15 T for sample S1. $T_{\mathrm{k}}$ ($T_{\mathrm{u}}$) is extracted from the maximum (minimum) of $R_{\mathrm{H}}$ ($\rho_{xx}$) curves. (b) Temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient (top panel) and resistivity (bottom panel) at different fields up to 55 T for sample S1. (c) The magnetic field dependence of $T_{\mathrm{k}}$. Inset: The magnetic field dependence of $T_{\mathrm{u}}$.}
\end{figure*}
In Fig. \ref{Fig2}(b), different $\rho_{xx}(T)$ curves overlap at low temperatures, indicating that the resistivity is non-monotonically dependent on the magnetic field. Such non-monotonic behavior can be better viewed in isothermal $\rho_{xx}(B)$ curves. As shown in Fig. \ref{Fig3}(a), a crossover from $p$-MR ($d\rho/dB>0$) to $n$-MR ($d\rho/dB<0$) occurs below 30 K, which becomes more prominent at lower temperatures. We define a characteristic magnetic field $B_{\max}$ that gives the maximum resistivity, which moves to higher field with decreasing temperature. Simultaneously, the isothermal Hall resistivity curves $\rho_{xy}(B)$ display minima at low temperatures as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig3}(c). Above 30 K, the crossover disappears and the resistance is always enhanced with magnetic field ($p$-MR) [Fig. \ref{Fig3}(b)]. The simultaneous appearance of these two extremum points indicates that there is a competition between two electronic states, which is strongly dependent with temperature.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figure3.pdf}
\caption{\label{Fig3}Longitudinal resistivity and Hall resistivity of sample S1 from 1.8 to 100 K. (a, b) The field-dependent longitudinal resistivity displays non-monotonous behavior below 30 K. The $B_{\max}$ marks the characteristic magnetic fields where the resistivity reaches the maximum. Above 30 K, magnetoresistance shows linearity at high magnetic fields. (c, d) With decreasing temperature, there is a switching from linear to non-linear behavior. The minimum in $\rho_{xy}$ curves corresponding to $B_{\max}$ also disappears above 30 K.}
\end{figure}
\section{Discussions}
\subsection{A jump of Hall number in AF phase transition}
To describe the universal quantum phase transition more quantitatively, we extract the Hall number, $n_{\mathrm{H}}=\frac{V}{eR_{\mathrm{H}}(0)}$, which reflects the average carrier doping per Cu atom. Here, $e$ is the electron charge; $V$ is the volume per Cu atom in the CuO$_2$ planes and $R_{\mathrm{H}}(0)$ represents the Hall coefficient extrapolated to zero temperature. Figure \ref{Fig4}(a) shows the field dependent $n_{\mathrm{H}}$ of sample S2 (the $B_{\mathrm{c}}$ of this sample is slightly lower than that of S1, and thereby can be accessed in the experiments). At low fields, the Hall number $n_{\mathrm{H}}$ equals $-0.1$; at high fields, it jumps to a positive value and tends to saturate at 55 T, where $n_{\mathrm{H}}=0.9$. This jump brings to mind the Ce doping dependence of Hall number $n_{\mathrm{H}}(x)$, which follows a similar change from $-x$ to $1-x$ at the quantum critical point (QCP) ($x_{\mathrm{AF}}=0.14$, as seen in Fig. \ref{Fig1}) \cite{PhysRevB.96.155449}. As shown in Fig. \ref{Fig4}(b), the values of $n_{\mathrm{H}}(B)$ at 15 and 55 T match well with the data extracted from Refs. \cite{PhysRevB.96.155449,PhysRevB.80.012501}, suggesting a field-induced FS reconstruction. ARPES experiments have revealed a large hole-like pocket around $(\pi,\pi)$ in overdoped Nd$_{2-x}$Ce$_x$CuO$_4$ (NCCO), which can be reconstructed to small electron pockets once AF state enters at lower Ce doping levels \cite{PhysRevB.75.224514,PhysRevLett.88.257001}. The resemblance between $n_{\mathrm{H}}(B)$ and $n_{\mathrm{H}}(x)$ suggests the recovery of a large hole pocket FS when the AF order is suppressed.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figure4.pdf}
\caption{\label{Fig4}The Hall number and AF transition. (a) The Hall number $n_{\mathrm{H}}$ as a function of magnetic field. The $n_{\mathrm{H}}$ deviates from $-0.1$ at $B_{\max}^0$. Inset: Temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient at 15 and 55 T for sample S2. (b) The Hall number $n_{\mathrm{H}}$ as a function of Ce doping (square from Ref. \cite{PhysRevB.96.155449} and diamond from Ref. \cite{PhysRevB.80.012501}). The upper dashed line marks $n_{\mathrm{H}}=1-x$; the lower dashed line marks $n_{\mathrm{H}}=-x$.}
\end{figure}
\subsection{The fitting of AF boundary}
In order to understand the AF boundary in a quantitative way, two methods including the mean-field theory and holographic model are considered. The analysis of a magnetic system in the frame work of the mean-field approach involves its thermodynamic potential given by Lev Landau \cite{Landau}. In AF phase, the mean field order parameter $L$ for antiferromagnetic order is equal to $\sqrt{a(T-T_{\mathrm{c}})/2b+\beta/2b}$ and the critical temperature in this case is determined by the equation $a(T-T_{\mathrm{N}}^0)\pm\beta/2=0$. At weak field limit, the Neel temperature is given by $T_{\mathrm{N}}(B)=T_{\mathrm{N}}^0-D'B^2/a-\beta/2a$. Here, $a$, $b$ and $D'$ are parameters which can be determined from a comparison with experiments. The $T_{\mathrm{N}}^0$ is the Neel temperature at zero-field limits. The fitting curve based on the mean-field theory is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig1} (dashed line). At low field region, the Neel temperature of the AF critical transition depends quadratically on the magnetic field, while deviates fitting curve near critical magnetic field. Therefore, the mean-field theory cannot describe the phase transition, nor predict the quantum critical point accurately in our system.
For the strongly correlated system, a new method, called holographic model is developed from the string theory and has been widely applied to study various strongly correlated phenomena, especially the AF phase transition \cite{PhysRevD.92.046005,PhysRevD.92.086001}. We attempt to apply this model to our system. The boundary of AF state for three samples can be well fitted by the holographic model in the whole magnetic field range (black solid line in Fig. \ref{Fig1}, see details in Appendix). In the limit of the small magnetic field ($B\ll B_{\mathrm{c}}$), the holographic model also gives a quadratic relation with magnetic field same as the mean field calculation. However, when the magnetic field is large, a completely different violation of the hyper-scaling equation is obtained. The function of $T_{\mathrm{N}}$ has an exact asymptotic behavior as $T_{\mathrm{N}}/T_{\mathrm{N}}^0\sim(1-B/B_{\mathrm{c}})$. In this case the Neel temperature, denoted by $T_{\mathrm{k}}$ in this paper, vanishes in magnetic field in a highly nontrivial way described by this equation.
Successfully utilizing this model not only provides another piece of evidence for the AF quantum phase transition, but also predicts a polarized FM state above $B_{\mathrm{c}}$, with an excited energy gap $\Delta$ satisfying: $$\Delta\sim k_{\mathrm{B}}T_{\mathrm{k}}^0\left(\frac{B}{B_{\mathrm{c}}}-1\right),\quad 0<\frac{B}{B_{\mathrm{c}}}-1\ll 1.$$Perhaps not coincidently, a recent work reported the existence of a FM order right beyond the endpoint of the superconducting dome in LCCO \cite{Sarkar532}. The field-tuned phase diagram of optimally doped LCCO discloses one AF-FM QCP at $B_{\mathrm{c}}$. In contrast, the Ce doping phase diagram shows two QCPs, i.e., $x_{\mathrm{AF}}=0.14$ and $x_{\mathrm{FM}}=0.175$. Whether the involvement of superconductivity and its interaction with the AF state break the AF-FM QCP into two is an interesting issue worthy of future study.
\subsection{Abnormal $p$-MR}
The $n$-MR is common in AF state \cite{PhysRevLett.94.057005,PhysRevB.77.172503,Yu2017}. In our study, the starting field of $n$-MR ($B_{\max}$) is the same as the characteristic field where $n_{\mathrm{H}}$ deviates from $-0.1$ as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig4}(a). This indicates the $n$-MR is closely tied to the modulation of the AF spin polarization by the magnetic field. Therefore, the $n$-MR can be naturally explained: Carrier hopping from Cu sites to its nearest neighbors is prohibited in some extend by the AF spin configuration, but it is possible that the magnetic field deflects spins of the short-range AF order and provides a polarized FM channel (mimicking the canted AF state), which subsequently enhances the conductivity and causes the $n$-MR effect. The $p$-MR at low temperatures seems unusually large compared to the normal MR. We take a definition of $\delta\rho(B)=\frac{d\rho(B)}{dB}\frac{1}{\rho(B)}$ to evaluate the magnitude of the anomalous $p$-MR. Figure \ref{Fig5}(a) shows $\delta\rho(12\,\mathrm{T})$ as a function of temperature for samples S1-S3. It is almost temperature independent below 15 K, and decreases substantially as the temperature rises. Above the onset temperature of the AF state, it drops more than 90 percent and becomes comparable to the normal MR of $x=0.16$ sample without an AF order \cite{Sarkareaav6753} (white dots).
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figure5.pdf}
\caption{\label{Fig5}The characteristic quantities of $p$-MR related to $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ (a) The $\delta\rho=\left.\frac{d\rho(B)}{dB}\frac{1}{\rho(B)}\right|_{B=12\,\mathrm{T}}$ as a function of temperature for different LCCO samples (white dots for $x=0.16$ from Ref. \cite{Sarkareaav6753}). (b) The slop of $\rho_{xx}(B)$ for LCCO with different doping (square at 1.8 K, circles at 400 mK from Ref. \cite{Sarkareaav6753}). (c) The correlation between $\delta\rho$ and $T_{\mathrm{c}0}$ for different LCCO samples (filled circles at 1.8 K, triangle at 8 K, square at 2 K from Ref. \cite{PhysRevB.77.172503}, diamond at 4.5 K from Ref. \cite{PhysRevB.78.174521}). (d) The correlation between $B_{\max}^0$ and $T_{\mathrm{c}0}$. Inset: The temperature dependence of $B_{\max}$ for sample S1. $B_{\max}^0$ is obtained from the epitaxial curve to zero temperature.}
\end{figure}
For optimally-doped LCCO, the upper critical field is about $\sim 9$ T. Previous experiments have clearly shown that superconducting fluctuations in electron-doped cuprates are weak above the critical temperature/field compared with their hole-doped counterparts \cite{PhysRevB.73.024510}. For instance, the large Nernst voltage due to superconducting fluctuations will be quickly wiped out once the field is a few Tesla higher than the upper critical field \cite{PhysRevB.76.174512,PhysRevB.97.014522}. Therefore, superconducting fluctuations are not expected to contribute to the $p$-MR up to 35 T.
Recently, charge order has been disclosed in electron-doped cuprates \cite{daSilvaNeto282,daSilvaNetoe1600782,RN160}. Matsuoka {\it et al.} observed an enhancement of $T_{\mathrm{u}}$ (upturn in resistivity) and attribute it to charge order correlations \cite{PhysRevB.98.144506}. However, on one hand, the strength of the charge order is even stronger in the overdoped region \cite{daSilvaNetoe1600782,RN160}, but the anomalous $p$-MR is not observed in overdoped LCCO. On the other hand, the $\delta\rho$ for LCCO in this work as well as the data from previous studies \cite{PhysRevB.77.172503,PhysRevB.78.174521} shows a positive correlation with $T_{\mathrm{c}0}$ in a range from 22 to 26 K [Fig. \ref{Fig5}(c)]. The positive correlation also does not support charge order as the origin of the unusual $p$-MR effect, since it competes with the superconductivity \cite{chang2012direct,Ghiringhelli821}.
Note that the greatly enhanced $\delta\rho$ at low temperatures occurs in the AF region, suggesting an unambiguous link between the $p$-MR effect and the AF order. It has been reported that the FS reconstruction induced by the AF order leads to the coexistence of electron and hole pockets, which may also result in a $p$-MR behavior \cite{PhysRevB.76.174512,li2019hole}. However, in the $p$-MR region of our study, the Hall number ($n_{\mathrm{H}}=-0.1$) is consistent with the nominal value of electron carriers, suggesting a dominant contribution from the electron pocket. This result agrees with a previous study \cite{PhysRevB.69.024504}, which demonstrates a similar effect between temperature and doping in tuning the FS. By decreasing the temperature/doping, electron pocket is supposed to dominate the transport eventually at low $T$ or $x$, challenging the explanation of two-band-driven $p$-MR.
\subsection{Topological order}
A topological order coexisting with short-range AF order \cite{PhysRevX.8.021048,ScheurerE3665,Sachdev_2018} has been proposed recently to understand the energy gap in overdoped NCCO in the ARPES \cite{He3449} and Shubnikov-de Haas oscillation \cite{PhysRevLett.105.247002} studies. Here, we consider this scenario and propose a reasonable configuration of topological order which consistently explains the $p$-MR observed in our experiment. The presence of this topological order, based on the displacement of doped electron among the Cu$^{2+}$ and its neighboring oxygen sites, prevents the spins with $\pi$-fluxes from being realigned by the magnetic field [as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig6}(a)]. Each triangular plaquette may have a positive or negative chirality, which is associated with the orientation of the spin-orbital currents arising around the doped Cu site. Electrons doped into copper Cu$^{2+}$-site tend to move to the neighboring oxygens due to strong on-site Hubbard $U$. A possible sequence of electron hopping along the shortest triangular trajectory is depicted on right panel of Fig. \ref{Fig6}(b) (lines 1-4). As a result of these tunneling sequences, we have the same charge but different spin configurations on the triangular O-Cu-O, which constitutes a $\pi$-phase change. Only by moving the electron twice around the same triangular path is the total phase $2\pi$ and the original state recovered. Therefore, this specific topological order supports orbital currents or moments, related to gauge $Z_2$ field.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figure6.pdf}
\caption{\label{Fig6}The schematic description of the topological order. (a) The topological order is best visualized by considering a Cu-O-O triangular plaquette on the Cu-O plane. On the plaquette the Cu$^{2+}$-ion has a pre-localized spin and two neighboring oxygens. Clockwise and anticlockwise $\pi$-orbital currents or moments are shown in pink and blue, respectively. (b) The sequence tunneling of a doped electron. Such state is unstable and this instability can lead to the formation of spontaneous local orbital current. (c) A schematic depiction of the dissociation of the vortex-antivortex pairs (or clockwise and anticlockwise orbital currents) by magnetic field. The magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plane of the quadruple moments. The field polarizes orbital currents of a particular chirality and thereby causes an unbinding of the vortex-antivortex pairs when the limit is approached. This leads to a Beresinki-Kosterlitz-Thouless like phase transition.}
\end{figure}
In each quadruplet there are four ordered plaquettes: two have positive chirality and two have negative chirality. There is a local $C_2$ symmetry similar to a $d$-wave-like state. Here, the sign is simply an indication of the spin-orbital current associated with each plaquettes. Each quadruplet forms four $\pi$-fluxons with zero topological charge and is nearly homogeneously distributed around CuO$_2$ plane. The $\pi$-flux is created together with spin and orbital currents. That spin-orbit coupling keeps the in-plane orientation of the spin involved in a particular $\pi$-flux. This naturally impedes the deflection of the spins and leads to a $p$-MR behavior.
The magnetic field may induce an imbalance between the plaquettes of the positive and negative chirality. As the magnetic field increases, the plaquettes of one particular chirality are enhanced, while the plaquettes of the opposing chirality are suppressed. This leads to a decrease of the binding energy of $\pi$-fluxes in the quadruplet configuration. As a result, at some critical magnetic field the topological $\pi$-fluxons are decoupled from quadruplets and topological phase transition occurs as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig6}(c). The de-coupling of the $\pi$-fluxons is similar to the unbinding of vortices and anti-vortices in the Beresinski-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition. Note that in the proposed topological order only the spins involved in the formation of $\pi$-fluxons quadruplets are not canted and contribute to $p$-MR properties. When all $\pi$-fluxons are unbound, the quadruplets vanish and the screening orbital currents disappear. Consequently, we see a gradual transition from $p$-MR to $n$-MR as the magnetic field increases.
\subsection{The relation between $p$-MR and superconductivity}
As aforementioned, the $\delta\rho$ is generally larger for samples with higher $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ in a window of 22 to 26 K by slightly tuning the oxygen of optimally Ce-doped samples [Fig. \ref{Fig5}(c)]. This rule also applies to samples as a function of Ce doping, e.g., NCCO and PCCO \cite{PhysRevB.76.174512,li2019hole}, in which the $p$-MR reaches the maximum at optimal Ce doping. For LCCO, the underdoped samples without superconductivity only show $n$-MR. With increasing Ce doping, $p$-MR and superconductivity emerge simultaneously as the long-range AF order is destroyed \cite{PhysRevB.77.172503,Yu2017}. Field and doping, once again, show a resemblance in tuning the MR besides the similarity of jump in Hall number at the AF QCP. Another quantity, $B_{\max}^0$, obtained by extrapolating the $B_{\max}(T)$ to zero temperature [inset of Fig. \ref{Fig5}(d)], also shows a positive correlation with $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ [Fig. \ref{Fig5}(d)]. Larger $B_{\max}^0$ corresponds to an extended $p$-MR region, suggesting a larger field energy scale to destroy the state that causes $p$-MR. Overall, both quantities, $\delta\rho$ and $B_{\max}^0$, are intimately linked to $T_{\mathrm{c}}$.
Notably, the $p$-MR (e.g., at 1.8 K) shows a roughly linear dependence on field. Both linear-in-temperature and linear-in-field resistivities have been discovered in LCCO from $x=0.14$ to $x=0.17$, being the signatures of a strange-metal state \cite{jin2011link,Sarkareaav6753}. We note that Sarkar {\it et al.} just reported a linear-in-temperature resistivity that extends down to $x=0.12$ (below $x_{\mathrm{AF}}$), as the resistivity upturn is suppressed at 65 T \cite{arXiv2007.12765}. For our optimally doped LCCO, the field up to 60 T cannot fully suppress the resistivity upturn [Fig. \ref{Fig2}(b)]. This means a much larger field energy scale to realize the linear-in-$T$ resistivity in LCCO with $x=0.10$, given that such feature is indeed hidden underneath the resistivity upturn. Moreover, the slope of $\rho_{xx}(B)$ for sample S1 at 1.8 K is significantly larger compared to the overdoped samples [Fig. \ref{Fig5}(b)], so a remarkably enhanced $p$-MR emerges when entering the AF region by tuning parameters $x$, $T$, or $B$. Although the micro nature of the origin of anomalous $p$-MR effect requires further elucidation, the relationships among the short-range AF order, $p$-MR and superconductivity have been vividly demonstrated.
\section{Conclusions}
In summary, we carried out a systematic magnetotransport measurement on optimally-doped cuprate LCCO films. By tuning magnetic field, the Fermi surface reconstruction is suppressed and an AF-FM phase transition happens at the critical point $B_{\mathrm{c}}$. This phase transition can be well described by holographic model. In the AF region, the MR displays a quite difference from that in long-range AF state: there is a switching from positive to negative. The $n$-MR derives from canting AF order and the $p$-MR maybe derives from topological order which is closely related to superconductivity. It is possible that similar emergent novel topological properties may exist in other electron-doped cuprates --- as the proposed mechanism for its formation is generic to the electron-doped CuO$_2$ plane. Further studies are still needed to elucidate the relationship among FS reconstruction, AF ordering, topological order and superconductivity.
|
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{"url":"http:\/\/clay6.com\/qa\/34739\/which-of-the-following-is-incorrect-about-detritus-food-chain","text":"Browse Questions\n\n# Which of the following is incorrect about detritus food chain\n\n$\\begin{array}{1 1}(a)\\;\\text{It follows 10% energy law}\\\\(b)\\;\\text{Death of an organism begins detritus food chain} \\\\(c)\\;\\text{It is composed of saptrophic organisms}\\\\(d)\\;\\text{All are correct}\\end{array}$\n\nCan you answer this question?\n\nIt follows 10% energy law is incorrect about detritus food chain\nHence (a) is the correct answer.\nanswered Mar 28, 2014","date":"2017-06-22 14:18:36","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.7882108092308044, \"perplexity\": 10082.793639820353}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.3, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2017-26\/segments\/1498128319575.19\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20170622135404-20170622155404-00048.warc.gz\"}"}
| null | null |
\section{Introduction to Sequential Evolving Algebras}
A fuller discussion of evolving algebras (or {\em ealgebras\/}) can be
found in \cite{lipari}; to make this paper self-contained, we recall
briefly the main concepts.
A sequential ealgebra $\cal A$ is an abstract machine. The {\em
signature\/} of $\cal A$ is a (finite) collection of function names,
each of a fixed arity. A state of $\cal A$ is a set, the
{\em superuniverse\/}, together with interpretations of the function
names in the signature. These interpretations are called {\em basic
functions\/} of the state. The superuniverse does not change as $\cal
A$ evolves; the basic functions may.
Formally, a basic function of arity $r$ ({\it i.e.\/} the interpretation
of a function name of arity $r$) is an $r$-ary operation on the
superuniverse. (We often use basic functions with $r=0$; such basic
functions will be called {\em distinguished elements\/}.) But functions
naturally arising in applications may be defined only on a part of the
superuniverse. Such partial functions are represented by total
functions in the following manner.
The superuniverse contains distinct elements {\em true, false,
undef\/} which allow us to deal with relations (viewed as binary
functions with values {\em true\/} or {\em false\/}) and partial
functions (where $f(\overline{a}) =$ {\em undef\/} means $f$ is
undefined at the tuple $\overline{a}$). These three elements are {\em
logical constants\/}. Their names do not appear in the signature;
this is similar to the situation in first-order logic with equality
where equality is a logical constant and the sign of equality does not
appear in the signature. In fact, we use equality as a logical
constant as well.
A {\em universe\/} $U$ is a special type of basic function: a
unary relation usually identified with the set $\{x: U(x)\}$. The
universe $Bool = \{true, false\}$ is another logical constant. When
we speak about a function $f$ from a universe $U$ to a universe
$V$, we mean that formally $f$ is a unary operation on the
superuniverse such that $f(a)\in V$ for all $a\in U$ and $f(a)=$ {\em
undef\/} otherwise. We use self-explanatory notations like
$f: U \rightarrow V$, $f: U_1 \times U_2 \rightarrow V$,
and $f: V$. The last means that the distinguished element $f$
belongs to $V$.
In principle, a program of $\cal A$ is a finite collection of
transition rules of the form
\BeginRule
{\bf if\ } $t_0$ {\bf then\ } f($t_1$, $\ldots$, $t_r$) := $t_{r+1}$ {\bf endif\ } \`(1)
\EndRule{}{}
where $t_0$, $f(t_1, \ldots, t_r)$, and $t_{r+1}$ are closed terms
({\it i.e.\/} terms containing no free variables) in the signature of
$\cal A$. An example of such a term is $g(h_1,h_2)$ where $g$ is
binary and $h_1$ and $h_2$ are zero-ary. The meaning of the rule
shown above is this: Evaluate all the terms $t_i$ in the given state;
if $t_0$ evaluates to {\em true\/} then change the value of the basic
function $f$ at the value of the tuple $(t_1,..,t_r)$ to the value of
$t_{r+1}$, otherwise do nothing.
In fact, rules are defined in a slightly more liberal way;
if $k$ is a natural number, \(b_0,\ldots,b_k\) are terms and
\(C_0,\ldots,C_{k}\) are sets of rules then the following
is a rule:
\BeginRule
{\bf if\ } $b_0$ {\bf then\ } $C_0$\\
{\bf elseif\ } $b_1$ {\bf then\ } $C_1$\\
\ \ \vdots \`(2)\\
{\bf elseif\ } $b_k$ {\bf then\ } $C_k$\\
{\bf endif\ }
\EndRule{}{}
In the case that $b_k = true$, the last line may be abbreviated by
``{\em \bf else} $C_k$''.
Since the $C_i$ are sets of rules, nested
transition rules are allowed (and occur frequently).
A program is a set of rules. It is easy to transform a program to an
equivalent program comprising only rules of the stricter form (1). We
use rules of the more liberal form (2), as well as macros (textual
abbreviations), for brevity.
How does $\cal A$ evolve from one state to another? In a given state,
the demon (or interpreter) evaluates all the relevant terms and then
makes all the necessary updates. If several updates contradict each
other (trying to assign different values to the same basic function at
the same place), then the demon chooses nondeterministically one of
those updates to execute.
We call a function (name) $f$ {\em dynamic\/} if an assignment of the
form $f(t_1,\ldots,t_r) := t_0$ appears anywhere in the transition
rules. Functions which are not dynamic are called {\em static\/}. To
allow our algebras to interact conveniently with the outside world, we
also make use of {\em external\/} functions within our algebra.
External functions are syntactically static (that is, never changed by
rules), but have their values determined by a dynamic oracle. Thus, an
external function may have different values for the same arguments as
the algebra evolves.
\subsection{Why Partial Evaluation and Evolving Algebras?}
One of the main application areas of ealgebras has been programming
language semantics. One may view an ealgebra $A$ for a language $L$
as an abstract machine which acts as an interpreter for $L$. With an
$L$-program $p$ as an input, $A$ gives semantics for $p$. However,
$A$ may be large; for many programs, an ealgebra tailored directly to
$p$ is clearer than $A$. Partial evaluation provides an automated
means for tailoring an ealgebra for an $L$-program $p$ by specializing
an ealgebra interpreter for $L$ with respect to $p$. These tailored
ealgebras may not be as good as hand-tailored ones, but they may
provide a useful beginning for tailored ealgebras. Of course, this is
only one use of a partial evaluator for ealgebras.
\section{Partial Evaluation Techniques}
Suppose one has a program $p$ and knows a portion of its input ahead
of time. Can one take advantage of this information to transform $p$
into a more efficient program? {\em Partial evaluation\/} is the
process of transforming such a program $p$ into a program
$p'$ which, when supplied with the remainder of $p$'s input, has the
same behavior as $p$.
Our partial evaluator follows the ``mix'' methodology (described in
more detail in \cite{jgs}) and has three phases: binding-time
analysis, polyvariant mixed computation, and post-processing
optimizations. We describe each of these phases below.
\subsection{Binding-Time Analysis}
Initially, the partial evaluator is given the names of the basic
functions of the ealgebra which will be known ahead of time. During {\em
binding-time analysis\/}, the partial evaluator determines
which basic functions can be pre-computed in the next phase.
This process is called binding-time analysis because it determines at
what time the value(s) of a basic function can be determined ({\em
i.e.\/} bound to known values).
The input to this phase is a division of the basic functions which
supply input to the ealgebra into two sets: {\em positive\/} functions
whose values will be known ahead of time, and {\em negative\/} functions
whose values will not be known until later. The partial evaluator
proceeds to classify all basic functions (including those not
initially marked by the user) as positive or negative. (\cite{jgs}
use the terms ``static'' and ``dynamic'' to refer to these types of
values; these terms have different meanings within the ealgebra paradigm.)
In the current implementation, the following algorithm is used to
classify a function $f$ as positive or negative:
\begin{itemize}
\item If $f$ is syntactically static (that is, not updated by any
transition rule), $f$ remains as classified initially by the user.
\item If an update $f(\bar{t}) := t_0$ exists in $p$ such that $\bar{t}$ or
$t_0$ references a negative function, $f$ is negative. (Note that
even if $f$ was declared as positive by the user, $f$ may still depend
on other negative functions and must be classified as negative.)
\item If for all updates $f(\bar{t}) := t_0$ in $p$,
every function referenced in $\bar{t}$ and $t_0$ is
positive, and $f$ is not already negative, $f$ is positive.
\end{itemize}
This classification algorithm is repeatedly applied until a
fixed-point is reached. Any remaining unclassified functions are
classified as negative and the algorithm is repeated to ensure
consistency.
An interesting problem which this algorithm does not handle is the
problem of circular dependencies.
A basic function $f$ is {\em
self-referential\/} if some update $f(\bar{t}) := t_0$ within the
ealgebra being specialized contains a reference to $f$ within
$\bar{t}$ or $t_0$. The above algorithm classifiess every
self-referential function as negative. Often this is appropriate, as
some self-referential functions can grow unboundedly. But at times,
classifying such functions as positive is also appropriate. Consider
the following program:
\BeginRule
{\bf if\ } Num $>$ 0 {\bf then\ } Num := Num + 1 {\bf endif\ }\\
{\bf if\ } MyList $\not=$ Nil {\bf then\ } MyList := Tail(MyList) {\bf endif\ }
\EndRule{}{}
Suppose the initial values of {\em Num\/} and {\em MyList\/} are
known. {\em Num\/} should not be classified as a positive function,
since it would lead the specializer in the next stage into an infinite
loop, as larger and larger values of {\em Num\/} would be computed as
positive information. On the other hand, there is no problem with
classifying {\em MyList\/} as positive, since {\em MyList\/} will
eventually be reduced to {\em Nil\/} and remain at that value forever.
An addition to the algorithm presented above properly classifies
self-referential functions as positive if they are dependent only upon
themselves in a bounded manner (as seen here).
The problem of circular dependencies is much more general that the
problem of self-reference; it may be that several functions form a
mutual dependency cycle. We intend to incorporate a more
sophisticated algorithm for binding-time analysis based on an
examination of the dependency graph formed by the basic functions of
the algebra. In the future, we hope to extend this analysis to parts
of basic functions; it may be that $f(\bar{t})$ could be classified as
positive for certain tuples $\bar{t}$ but not for others.
\subsection{Polyvariant Mixed Computation}
After binding time analysis, the partial evaluator begins the process
of specializing the input program, executing rules which depend
only on positive information (that is, functions classified as
positive by our binding-time analysis) and generating code for rules
which depend on negative information. The process is called {\em
polyvariant mixed computation}: ``mixed'' because the processes of
executing positive rules and generating code for negative rules is
interleaved, and ``polyvariant'' because the entire program is
considered multiple times for different sets of positive information.
The signature $\tau$ of the algebra has been divided into two
components during binding time analysis: a positive signature
$\tau_+$ and a negative signature $\tau_-$. This leads to a
corresponding division of states (or structures) $S$ into structures
$S_+$ and $S_-$. The partial evaluator creates an ealgebra with
signature $\tau_- \cup
\{K\}$, where $K$ is a nullary function which will be
used to hold the positive (or ``known'') information formerly stored
by functions in $\tau_+$.
From a given positive state $S_+$, the partial evaluator produces rules
of the form
\BeginRule
{\bf if\ } K = $S_+$ {\bf then\ } rules {\bf endif\ }
\EndRule{}{}
where {\em rules\/} is a specialized version of the rules of the
entire input program with respect to $S_+$, along with an assignment
to {\em K\/}. Call a transition rule of this form a {\em K-rule\/},
whose {\em guard\/} is {\em (K = $S_+$)\/} and whose {\em body\/} is
{\em (rules)\/}. Not that no two K-rules produced by our partial
evaluator will have the same guard. We recursively describe how
transition rules are speciailized with respect to a given positive
state $S_+$ below.
An expression is specialized with respect to $S_+$ by
substituting all known values of functions in $S_+$ into the given
expression, simplifying when possible.
An update $f(\bar{t}) := t_0$ is specialized with respect to
$S_+$ as follows. If $f \in \tau_+$, no rule is
generated. Instead, the change to the positive function $f$ is noted
internally in order to generate the correct assignment to $K$. (Note
that in this case, all functions named in $\bar{t}$ and $t_0$ are
positive as a result of our binding time analysis.) Otherwise, an
assignment to $f$ is generated, with the values of $t_0$ and $\bar{t}$
specialized as much as possible using the information in $S_+$.
A set of rules is specialized with respect to $S_+$ by
specializing each rule and combining the information needed to create
a single assignment to $K$.
A guarded rule ``{\em {\bf if} guard {\bf then} $R_1$ {\bf else} $R_2$
{\bf endif}}'' is specialized with respect to
$S_+$ as follows. If all functions in {\em guard\/} are positive, the
result is the specialization of $R_1$ or $R_2$, depending on whether
the value of {\em guard\/} is true or false in $S_+$. Otherwise, an
{\em \bf if} statement is generated, with {\em guard\/}, $R_1$, and
$R_2$ specialized as above. A guarded rule containing {\em \bf
elseif} clauses is converted to an equivalent form without {\em \bf
elseif} clauses and specialized as above.
\subsection{Optimization}
The above transformations create a specialized version of the original
program. Often, this specialized version contains many unneeded
rules, such as:
\BeginRule
{\bf if\ } K = foo {\bf then\ } K := bar {\bf endif\ }
\EndRule{}{}
Such a K-rule can be deleted; just replace all
references to {\em foo\/} in the program with references to
{\em bar}. The partial evaluator performs several such optimizations
on the specialized program:
\begin{itemize}
\item Eliminating terms which serve only as aliases for other terms or
constants.
\item Combining K-rules with identical bodies.
\item Combining K-rules which are executed consecutively but whose
bodies have independent updates that could be executed simultaneously
without altering the meaning of the program.
\item Eliminating K-rules which will never be executed.
\end{itemize}
These optimizations generate code which is equivalent, but textually
shorter and usually requires fewer moves to execute. Of course, one
pays a small price in time in order to generate these optimizations.
\subsection{Results}
It is important that a partial evaluator actually perform useful work.
Kleene's s-m-n theorem shows that partial evaluators can in principle
be constructed; his proof shows that such evaluators may not
necessarily produce output that is more efficient than the original.
One can specialize an ealgebra, for example, by creating two K-rules:
one which initializes the functions in $S_+$ to their initial values
and one which has the original unspecialized program as its body.
This ``specialized'' ealgebra has the same behavior as the original,
but is hardly more useful than the original algebra.
\cite{jgs} suggest a standard for evaluating partial evaluators.
Consider a self-interpreter for a language: that is, an interpreter
for a language $L$ written itself in $L$. (McCarthy's original
description of a LISP interpreter written itself in LISP is such an
interpreter.) Specializing such an interpreter with respect to an
$L$-program $p$ should yield a version of $p$, of size comparable to
$p$, as output. That is, the overhead involved in interpreting a
language (deciding which command is to be executed, incrementing a
program counter, {\em etc.\/}) should be removed by a good partial
evaluator. Our partial evaluator seems to approach this standard when
run on small programs, though more detailed testing is needed.
\section{An Example}
Consider the C function {\tt strcpy}:
\begin{center}
{\tt {void strcpy (char *s, char *t) \verb+{+
while (*s++ = *t++) ; \verb+}+ } }
\end{center}
This function copies a string from the memory location indicated by
$t$ to the memory location indicated by $s$. It is admittedly
cryptic.
In \cite{c}, we presented an ealgebra interpreter for the C
programming language. As a test, we ran our partial evaluator on our
algebra for C, specializing it with respect to {\tt strcpy()}. The
result, with most of the functions renamed, appears below.
\BeginRule
{\bf if\ } K = ``init'' {\bf then\ }
CopyFrom := {\tt t}, CopyTo := {\tt s}, K := ``first-update''
{\bf endif\ }\\
{\bf if\ } K = ``first-update'' {\bf then\ }\\
\>TmpFrom := CopyFrom, TmpTo := CopyTo\\
\>CopyFrom := CopyFrom + 1, CopyTo := CopyTo + 1, K := ``loop''\\
{\bf endif\ }\\
{\bf if\ } K = ``loop'' {\bf then\ }\\
\>{\bf if\ } Memory(TmpFrom) $\not=$ 0 {\bf then\ }\\
\> \>Memory(TmpTo) := Memory(TmpFrom)\\
\> \>TmpFrom := CopyFrom, TmpTo := CopyTo\\
\> \>CopyFrom := CopyFrom + 1, CopyTo := CopyTo + 1, K := ``loop''\\
\>{\bf else\ } Memory(TmpTo) := Memory(TmpFrom), K := ``done''\\
\>{\bf endif\ }\\
{\bf endif\ }
\EndRule{}{}
This algebra is considerably smaller than the entire ealgebra for C,
and hopefully is more easily understandable than the original C code.
It is not optimal: for example, {\em CopyFrom\/} could be replaced by
{\tt t}, since {\tt t} is never used after the initial state. It
does, however, exhibit the behavior of {\tt strcpy()} more directly
than the entire ealgebra for C given {\tt strcpy} as input.
(For those familiar with \cite{c}, the input functions
initially specified as positive were {\em CurTask\/}, {\em
TaskType\/}, {\em NextTask\/}, {\em LeftTask\/}, {\em RightTask\/},
{\em TrueTask\/}, {\em FalseTask\/}, {\em Decl\/}, {\em Which\-Child\/},
and {\em ChooseChild\/}, assuming that {\em ChooseChild\/} always
moves to the left first.)
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
}
| 169
|
'use strict';
var path = require('path');
var serve = require('bd-static-new');
var views = require('bd-views');
var assign = require('object-assign');
module.exports = function(app) {
var apps = Object.keys(app.apps);
apps.map(function(key) {
app.use(serve(path.join(app.apps[key], 'public'), key));
if (!app.configs.views) {
return;
}
var config = app.configs.views[key];
if (!config) {
return;
}
config = assign(config, {
key: key,
path: path.join(app.apps[key], 'views')
});
app.use(views(config));
})
};
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 6,537
|
<?php
namespace PierresBlondes\AdminBundle\Services\Http;
use Monolog\Logger;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack;
class Http {
private $requestStack;
private $logger;
public function __construct(RequestStack $requestStack, Logger $logger)
{
$this->requestStack = $requestStack;
$this->logger = $logger;
}
public function getUriParameter($offset = 0)
{
$currentRequest = $this->requestStack->getCurrentRequest();
$pathInfo = $currentRequest->getPathInfo();
$arrayPathInfo = explode('/', $pathInfo);
array_shift($arrayPathInfo);
return $arrayPathInfo[$offset];
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 3,284
|
Q: C language:"Else without a previous if" when using else-if syntax to calculate the solutions to a linear system
*
*This is a C language program
*The following program is about calculate the the solutions for the linear system: a1x+b1y=c1,a2x+b2y+c2.
*I checked the syntax of else-if,but the compiler still tells me "Else without a previous if",I got no idea what's happening.
I wonder whether you could give some instructions.
Thanks a lot!
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
//this program is used to calculate the solutions for the linear system: a1x+b1y=c1,a2x+b2y+c2//
int main()
{
float a1,a2,b1,b2,c1,c2,x,y;
printf("Enter values for a1,a2,b1,b2,c1,c2:");
scanf("%f %f %f %f %f %f",&a1,&a2,&b1,&b2,&c1,&c2);
if ((a1*b2-a2*b1) <= 0.01 || (a1*b2-a2*b1) == 0);//if the denominator is too small//
{
printf("The denominator is 0.\n");
}
else
{
x = (b2*c1-b1*c2)/(a1*b2-a2*b1);
y = (a1*c2-a2*c1)/(a1*b2-a2*b1);
}
printf("x = %f",x);printf("y = %f\n",y);
return 0;
}
A: Thanks to @DeiDei
It is the ";"after the sentence(if) which create the problem.
If there is an ";"after "if",that means the end of the sentence "if",so the sentence of "else" will not be regarded as part of the sentence"if".
A: if ((a1*b2-a2*b1) <= 0.01 || (a1*b2-a2*b1) == 0);//if the denominator is too small//
Because of that semicolon after the if statement, that semicolon is now the body of the if statement. Yes, a spare semicolon is actually legal code - it just does nothing. Most compilers will optimize it away instead of translating it to actual machine code that does nothing (which also exists).
So basically, that snipped says "if (a1*b2-a2*b1) <= 0.01) or ((a1*b2-a2*b1) == 0)", then do nothing. And else... also do nothing. Your compiler will probably optimize away this line completely.
{
printf("The denominator is 0.\n");
}
As it is not part of the if statement, this now just always prints. The braces around it are legal even without an if.
So now the following else block here
else
{
x = (b2*c1-b1*c2)/(a1*b2-a2*b1);
y = (a1*c2-a2*c1)/(a1*b2-a2*b1);
}
...is completely alone, because the if is over and done at this point. That's why you get the error. The solution to your problem is to remove the semicolon at the end of the line where your if statement starts.
It is the ";"after the sentence(if) which create the problem. If there
is an ";"after "if",that means the end of the sentence "if",so the
sentence of "else" will not be regarded as part of the sentence"if".
Exactly. The reason why the error message is so confusing is because the actual mistake of adding that semicolon didn't instantly make that statement invalid, but resulted in a different, valid construct that kept being valid all the way through the block with the printf and only stopped making sense at the else.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 8,168
|
In another step toward an artificial pancreas, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved Medtronic's MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time Revel System, the only product on the US market that combines an insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology into a single device.
Using an electrode inserted under the skin, the MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time Revel System measures glucose levels in the interstitial fluid (the fluid between cells) and displays updated glucose levels every 5 minutes. The system can alert the user to rapid changes in blood glucose levels and can also provide predictive alerts warning of impending high or low blood glucose up to 30 minutes in advance so that corrective or preventive action can be taken. (A conventional blood glucose check is required to confirm the CGM data before making any treatment adjustments.) The device does not automatically suspend or change the amount of insulin being delivered. The user must still do this manually.
Highlighted features on the insulin pump include an insulin delivery amount of as little as 0.025 units per hour and the option of a 1:1 carbohydrate ratio setting, useful for people who are relatively insulin resistant.
To learn more about the MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time Revel System, read the article "FDA Approves Combined Diabetes Management System," see the product information pages on the Medtronic Web site, or contact the manufacturer at (866) 948-6633.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
| 1,498
|
package jp.co.ntt.oss.mapper.stub;
import java.sql.Array;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.Map;
public class ArrayStub implements Array {
@Override
public void free() throws SQLException {
// TODO 自動生成されたメソッド・スタブ
}
@Override
public Object getArray() throws SQLException {
// TODO 自動生成されたメソッド・スタブ
return null;
}
@Override
public Object getArray(Map<String, Class<?>> map) throws SQLException {
// TODO 自動生成されたメソッド・スタブ
return null;
}
@Override
public Object getArray(long index, int count) throws SQLException {
// TODO 自動生成されたメソッド・スタブ
return null;
}
@Override
public Object getArray(long index, int count, Map<String, Class<?>> map)
throws SQLException {
// TODO 自動生成されたメソッド・スタブ
return null;
}
@Override
public int getBaseType() throws SQLException {
// TODO 自動生成されたメソッド・スタブ
return 0;
}
@Override
public String getBaseTypeName() throws SQLException {
// TODO 自動生成されたメソッド・スタブ
return null;
}
@Override
public ResultSet getResultSet() throws SQLException {
// TODO 自動生成されたメソッド・スタブ
return null;
}
@Override
public ResultSet getResultSet(Map<String, Class<?>> map)
throws SQLException {
// TODO 自動生成されたメソッド・スタブ
return null;
}
@Override
public ResultSet getResultSet(long index, int count) throws SQLException {
// TODO 自動生成されたメソッド・スタブ
return null;
}
@Override
public ResultSet getResultSet(long index, int count,
Map<String, Class<?>> map) throws SQLException {
// TODO 自動生成されたメソッド・スタブ
return null;
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 3,353
|
{"url":"https:\/\/en.academic.ru\/dic.nsf\/enwiki\/11873955","text":"# Photoemission electron microscopy\n\nPhotoemission electron microscopy\n\nPhotoemission Electron microscopy (PEEM, also called photoelectron microscopy, PEM) is a widely used type of emission microscopy. PEEM utilizes local variations in electron emission to generate image contrast. The excitation is usually produced by UV light, synchrotron radiation or X-ray sources. PEEM measures the coefficient indirectly by collecting the emitted secondary electrons generated in the electron cascade that follows the creation of the primary core hole in the absorption process. PEEM is a surface sensitive technique because the emitted electrons originate from a very shallow layer. In physics, this technique is referred to as PEEM, which goes together naturally with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM). In biology, it is called photoelectron microscopy (PEM), which fits with photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).\n\n## History\n\n### Initial development\n\nIn 1933, Br\u00fcche reported images of cathodes illuminated by UV light. This work was extended by two of his colleagues, H. Mahl and J. Pohl. Br\u00fcche made a sketch of his photoelectron emission microscope in his 1933 paper (Figure 1). This is evidently the first photoelectron emission microscope (PEEM).\n\n### Improved techniques\n\nIn 1963, G. F. Rempfer designed the electron optics for an early ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) PEEM. In 1965, G. Burroughs at the Night Vision Laboratory, Fort Belvoir, Virginia built the bakeable electrostatic lenses and metal-sealed valves for PEEM. During 1960s, in the PEEM, as well as TEM, the specimens were grounded and could be transferred in the UHV environment to several positions for photocathode formation, processing and observation. These electron microscopes were used for only a brief period of time, but the components live on. The first commercially available PEEM was designed and tested by Engel during the 1960s for his thesis work under E. Ruska and developed it into a marketable product, called the \u201cMetioskop KE3\u201d, by Balzers in 1971. The electron lenses and voltage divider of the PEEM were incorporated into one version of a PEEM for biological studies in Eugene, Oregon around 1970.\n\n### Further research\n\nDuring 1970s and 1980s the second generation (PEEM-2) and third generation (PEEM-3) microscopes were constructed. PEEM-2 is a conventional not aberration-corrected instrument employing electrostatic lenses. It uses a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) fiber-coupled to a phosphor to detect the electron-optical image. The aberration corrected microscope PEEM-3 employs a curved electron mirror to counter the lowers order aberrations of the electron lenses and the accelerating field.\n\nFigure 1 Early photoelectron emission microscope of E. Br\u00fcche at AEG, Berlin, reproduced from his 1933 paper\n\n## Background\n\n### Photoelectric effect\n\nThe photoemission or photoelectric effect is a quantum electronic phenomenon in which electrons (photoelectrons) are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation such as UV light or X-ray.\n\nWhen UV light or X-ray is absorbed by matter, electrons are excited from core levels into unoccupied states, leaving empty core states. Secondary electrons are generated by the decay of the core hole. Auger processes and inelastic electron scattering create a cascade of low-energy electrons. Some electrons penetrate the sample surface and escape into vacuum. A wide spectrum of electrons is emitted with energies between the energy of the illumination and the work function of the sample. This wide electron distribution is the principal source of image aberration in the microscope.\n\n### Quantitative analysis\n\nFigure 2 Photoelectric effect\nFigure 3 Schematic illustration of the photoemission process\n\nUsing Einstein\u2019s method, the following equations are used: Energy of photon=Energy needed to remove an electron + Kinetic energy of the emitted electron\n\n$hf = \\phi + E_{k_{max}} \\,$\n\nh is Planck\u2019s constant;\n\nf is the frequency of the incident photon;\n\n$\\phi = h f_0 \\$ is the work function;\n\n$E_{k_{max}} = \\frac{1}{2} m v_m^2$ is the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons;\n\nf0 is the threshold frequency for the photoelectric effect to occur;\n\nm is the rest mass of the ejected electron;\n\nvm is the speed of the ejected electron.\n\nAccording to Einstein\u2019s special theory of relativity: E (energy) and p (momentum) of a particle is:\n\n$E = \\sqrt{(pc)^2 + (mc^2)^2}$\n\nm is the rest mass of the particle;\n\nc is the velocity of light.\n\n### Electron emission microscopy\n\nThis is a type of electron microscopy in which the information carrying beam of electrons originates from the specimen. The source of energy causing the electron emission can be heat (thermionic emission), light (photoelectron emission), ions, or neutral particles, but normally excludes field emission and other methods involving a point source or tip microscopy.\n\n### Photoelectron imaging\n\nPhotoelectron imaging includes any form of imaging in which the source of information is the distribution of points from which electrons are ejected from the specimen by the action of photons. The technique with the highest resolution photoelectron imaging is presently photoelectron emission microscopy using UV light.\n\n## Photoemission Electron Microscope\n\nPhotoemission Electron Microscope (PEEM) is a parallel imaging instrument. It creates at any given moment a complete picture of the photoelectron distribution emitted from the imaged surface region.\n\n### Light sources\n\nThe viewed area of the specimen must be illuminated homogeneously with appropriate radiation (ranging from UV to hard x-rays). UV light is the most common radiation used in PEEM because very bright sources are available, like Hg lamps. However, other wavelengths (like soft x-rays) are preferred where analytical information is required.\n\n### Electron optical column and resolution\n\nFigure 4 Scheme of the Photoemission electron microscope\n\nThe electron optical column contains two or more electrostatic or magnetic electron lenses, corrector elements such as a stigmator and deflector, an angle-limiting aperture in the backfocal plane of one of the lenses (Figure 4).\n\nAs in any emission electron microscope, the objective or cathode lens determines the resolution. The latter is dependent on the electron-optical qualities, such as spherical aberrations, and the energy spread of the photoemitted electrons. The electrons are emitted into the vacuum with an angular distribution close to a cosine square function. A significant velocity component parallel to the surface will decrease the lateral resolution. The faster electrons, leaving the surface exactly along the center line of the PEEM, will also negatively influence the resolution due to the chromatic aberration of the cathode lens. The resolution is inversely proportional to the accelerating field strength at the surface but proportional to the energy spread of the electrons. So resolution r is approximately:\n\n$r\\approx \\frac{d\\,\\Delta\\,E}{e\\,U}$\n\nFigure 5 Typical Photoemission electron microscope\n\nIn the equation, d is the distance between the specimen and the objective, \u0394E is the distribution width of the initial electron energies and U is the accelerating voltage.\n\nBesides the cathode or objective lens, situated on the left hand side of Figure 4, two more lenses are utilized to create an image of the specimen: an intermediate three-electrode lens is used to vary the total magnification between 100\u00d7 if the lens is deactivated, and up to 1000\u00d7 when needed. On the right-hand side of Figure 4 is the projector, a three electrode lens combined with a two-element deceleration lens. The main task of this lens combination is the deceleration of the fast 20 keV electrons to energies for which the channelplate has its highest sensitivity. Such an image intensifier has its best performance for impinging electrons with kinetic energies roughly about 1 keV.\n\n### Energy filter\n\nAn energy filter can be added to the instrument in order to select the electrons that will contribute to the image. This option is particularly used for analytical applications of the PEEM. By using an energy filter, a PEEM microscope can be seen as imaging UPS or XPS. By using this method, spatially resolved photoemission spectra can be acquired with spatial resolutions on the 100\u00a0nm scale and with sub-eV resolution. Using such instrument, one can acquire elemental images with chemical state sensibility or work function maps. Also, since the photoelectron are emitted only at the very surface of the material, surface termination maps can be acquired.\n\n### Detector\n\nA detector is placed at the end of electron optical column. Usually, a phosphor screen is used to convert the electron image to a photon image. The choice of phosphor type is governed by resolution considerations. A multichannel plate detector that is imaged by a CCD camera can substitute phosphor screen.\n\n## Limitations\n\n\u2022 The general limitation of PEEM, which is common with most surface science methods, is that the PEEM operates only under fairly restricted vacuum conditions. Whenever electrons are used to excite a specimen or carry information from its surface there has to be a vacuum with an appropriate mean free path for the electrons.\n\u2022 The resolution of PEEM is limited to about 10\u00a0nm, which results from a spread of the photoelectron emission angle. Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is a powerful tool for structure analysis. However, it may be difficult to make angle-resolved and energy-selective PEEM measurements because of a lack of intensity. The availability of synchrotron-radiation light sources can offer exciting possibilities in this regard.\n\n## Comparison from other techniques\n\n\u2022 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM): PEEM differs from these two microscopies by using an electric accelerating field at the surface of specimen. The specimen is part of the electron-optical system.\n\u2022 Low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and mirror electron microscopy (MEM):These two electron emission microscopy use electron gun supply beams which are directed toward the specimen, decelerated and backscattered from the specimen or reflected just before reaching the specimen. In photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) the same specimen geometry and immersion lens are used, but the electron guns are omitted.\n\n## New PEEM technologies\n\n\u2022 Time resolve Photoemission electron microscopy (TR-PEEM): TR-PEEM is well suited for real-time observation of fast processes on surfaces equipped with pulsed synchrotron radiation for illumination.\n\u2022 Time-of-flight Photoemission electron microscopy (TOF-PEEM): TOF-PEEM is PEEM using an ultrafast gated CCD camera or a time-and space-resolving counting detector for observing fast processes on surfaces.\n\u2022 Multiphoton Photoemission electron microscopy: Multiphoton PEEM can be employed for the study of localized surface plasmon excitations in nanoclusters or for direct spatial observation of the hot-electron lifetime in structured films using femtosecond lasers.\n\n## References\n\n\u2022 H. Hopster, H. P. Oepen (2005). Magnetic Microscopy of Nanostructures. Springer ISBN 354040-1865,9783540401865\n\u2022 James A. Samson, David L. Ederer (1998). Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. Academic Press ISBN 0126175608, 9780126175608\n\u2022 O. H. Griffith, W. Engel. Historical perspective and current trends in emission microscopy, mirror electron microscopy and low-energy electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy, 36 (1991) 1-28\n\u2022 Peter Buseck, John Cowley, Leroy Eyring (1992). High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy. Oxford University Press ISBN 0195042751, 9780195042757\n\u2022 Andrzej Wieckowski, Elena R. Savinova, Constantinos G. Vayenas (2003). Catalysis and Electrocatalysis at Nanoparticle Surfaces. CRC Press ISBN 0824708792, 9780824708795\n\u2022 Harm Hinrich Rotermund. Imaging of Dynamic Processes on Surface byLight. Surface Science Reports, 29 (1997) 265-364\n\u2022 E. Bauer, M. Mundschau, W. Sweich, W. Telieps. Surface Studies by Low-energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM) and Conventional UV Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM). Ultramicroscopy, 31 (1989) 49-57\n\u2022 W. Engel, M. Kordesch, H.H. Rotermund, S. Kubala, A. von Oertzen. A UHV-compatible photoelectron emission microscope for applications in surface science. Ultramicroscopy, 36 (1991) 148-153\n\u2022 H.H. Rotermund, W. Engel, M. Kordesch, G. Ertl. Imaging of spatio-temporal pattern evolution during carbon monoxide oxidation on platinum. Nature, 343 (1990) 355-357\n\u2022 H.H. Rotermund, W. Engel, S. Jakubith, A. von Oertzen, G. Ertl. Methods and application of UV photoelectron microscopy in heterogeneous catalysis. Ultramicroscopy, 36 (1991) 164-172\n\u2022 A. Krasyuk, A. Oselsner, S.A. Nepijko, A. Kuksov, C.M. Schneider, G. Sch\u00f6nhense. Time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy of magnetic field and magnetization changes. Appl. Phys. A., 76 (2003) 863-868\n\u2022 O. Schmidt, M. Bauer, C. Wiemann, R. Porath, M. Scharte, O. Andreyev, G. Sch\u00f6nhense, M. Aeschlimann. Time-resolved two photon photoemission electron microscopy. Appl. Phys. B., 74, (2002) 223-227\n\u2022 O. Renault, N. Barrett, A. Bailly, L.F. Zagonel, D. Mariolle, J.C. Cezar, N.B. Brookes, K. Winkler, B. Kr\u00f6mker and D. Funnemann, Energy-filtered XPEEM with NanoESCA using synchrotron and laboratory X-ray sources: Principles and first demonstrated results; Surface Science, Volume 601, Issue 20, 15 October 2007, Pages 4727-4732. doi:10.1016\/j.susc.2007.05.061\n\nWikimedia Foundation. 2010.\n\n### \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0445:\n\n\u2022 Electron \u2014 For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). Electron Experiments with a Crookes tube first demonstrated the particle nature of electrons. In this illustration, the profile of the cross shaped target is projected against the tube face at right\u2026 \u2026 \u00a0 Wikipedia\n\n\u2022 \u00c9lectron \u2014 Traduction \u00e0 relire Electron \u2192 \u2026 \u00a0 Wikip\u00e9dia en Fran\u00e7ais\n\n\u2022 PhEEM \u2014 photoemission electron microscopy \u2026 \u00a0 Medical dictionary\n\n\u2022 PhEEM \u2014 \u2022 photoemission electron microscopy \u2026 \u00a0 Dictionary of medical acronyms & abbreviations\n\n\u2022 List of materials analysis methods \u2014 List of materials analysis methods: Contents: Top\u00a0\u00b7 0\u20139\u00a0\u00b7 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z \u03bcSR see Muon spin spectroscopy \u2026 \u00a0 Wikipedia\n\n\u2022 Elektronenspektroskopie zur Chemischen Analyse \u2014 Typisches PES System mit Halbkugelanalysator, R\u00f6ntgenr\u00f6hren und diversen Pr\u00e4parationsmethoden Die Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES) oder Photoemissionsspektroskopie (kurz Photoemission) beruht auf dem \u00e4u\u00dferen Photoeffekt, bei dem durch\u2026 \u2026 \u00a0 Deutsch Wikipedia\n\n\u2022 Fotoelektronenbeugung \u2014 Typisches PES System mit Halbkugelanalysator, R\u00f6ntgenr\u00f6hren und diversen Pr\u00e4parationsmethoden Die Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES) oder Photoemissionsspektroskopie (kurz Photoemission) beruht auf dem \u00e4u\u00dferen Photoeffekt, bei dem durch\u2026 \u2026 \u00a0 Deutsch Wikipedia\n\n\u2022 PEEM \u2014 Typisches PES System mit Halbkugelanalysator, R\u00f6ntgenr\u00f6hren und diversen Pr\u00e4parationsmethoden Die Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES) oder Photoemissionsspektroskopie (kurz Photoemission) beruht auf dem \u00e4u\u00dferen Photoeffekt, bei dem durch\u2026 \u2026 \u00a0 Deutsch Wikipedia\n\n\u2022 Photoelektronenbeugung \u2014 Typisches PES System mit Halbkugelanalysator, R\u00f6ntgenr\u00f6hren und diversen Pr\u00e4parationsmethoden Die Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES) oder Photoemissionsspektroskopie (kurz Photoemission) beruht auf dem \u00e4u\u00dferen Photoeffekt, bei dem durch\u2026 \u2026 \u00a0 Deutsch Wikipedia\n\n\u2022 Photoelektronenspektroskopie \u2014 Typisches PES System mit Halbkugelanalysator, R\u00f6ntgenr\u00f6hren und diversen Pr\u00e4parationsmethoden Die Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES) oder Photoemissionsspektroskopie beruht auf dem \u00e4u\u00dferen Photoeffekt, bei dem Photoelektronen durch\u2026 \u2026 \u00a0 Deutsch Wikipedia\n\n### \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435\n\n##### \u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430:\n\u041d\u0430\u0436\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u00ab\u041a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0443\u00bb","date":"2021-01-21 13:02:07","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 5, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.5581731796264648, \"perplexity\": 7814.2702398128}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 20, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2021-04\/segments\/1610703524743.61\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20210121101406-20210121131406-00707.warc.gz\"}"}
| null | null |
package org.elasticsearch.painless;
import junit.framework.AssertionFailedError;
import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.Settings;
import org.elasticsearch.painless.antlr.Walker;
import org.elasticsearch.painless.spi.Whitelist;
import org.elasticsearch.painless.spi.WhitelistLoader;
import org.elasticsearch.script.ScriptContext;
import org.elasticsearch.script.ScriptException;
import org.elasticsearch.test.ESTestCase;
import org.junit.Before;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import static org.elasticsearch.painless.action.PainlessExecuteAction.PainlessTestScript;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasSize;
/**
* Base test case for scripting unit tests.
* <p>
* Typically just asserts the output of {@code exec()}
*/
public abstract class ScriptTestCase extends ESTestCase {
protected PainlessScriptEngine scriptEngine;
@Before
public void setup() {
scriptEngine = new PainlessScriptEngine(scriptEngineSettings(), scriptContexts());
}
/**
* Settings used to build the script engine. Override to customize settings like {@link RegexTests} does to enable regexes.
*/
protected Settings scriptEngineSettings() {
return Settings.EMPTY;
}
/**
* Script contexts used to build the script engine. Override to customize which script contexts are available.
*/
protected Map<ScriptContext<?>, List<Whitelist>> scriptContexts() {
Map<ScriptContext<?>, List<Whitelist>> contexts = new HashMap<>();
List<Whitelist> whitelists = new ArrayList<>(Whitelist.BASE_WHITELISTS);
whitelists.add(WhitelistLoader.loadFromResourceFiles(Whitelist.class, "org.elasticsearch.painless.test"));
contexts.put(PainlessTestScript.CONTEXT, whitelists);
return contexts;
}
/** Compiles and returns the result of {@code script} */
public Object exec(String script) {
return exec(script, null, true);
}
/** Compiles and returns the result of {@code script} with access to {@code picky} */
public Object exec(String script, boolean picky) {
return exec(script, null, picky);
}
/** Compiles and returns the result of {@code script} with access to {@code vars} */
public Object exec(String script, Map<String, Object> vars, boolean picky) {
Map<String,String> compilerSettings = new HashMap<>();
compilerSettings.put(CompilerSettings.INITIAL_CALL_SITE_DEPTH, random().nextBoolean() ? "0" : "10");
return exec(script, vars, compilerSettings, picky);
}
/** Compiles and returns the result of {@code script} with access to {@code vars} and compile-time parameters */
public Object exec(String script, Map<String, Object> vars, Map<String,String> compileParams, boolean picky) {
// test for ambiguity errors before running the actual script if picky is true
if (picky) {
CompilerSettings pickySettings = new CompilerSettings();
pickySettings.setPicky(true);
pickySettings.setRegexesEnabled(CompilerSettings.REGEX_ENABLED.get(scriptEngineSettings()));
Walker.buildPainlessTree(getTestName(), script, pickySettings);
}
// test actual script execution
PainlessTestScript.Factory factory = scriptEngine.compile(null, script, PainlessTestScript.CONTEXT, compileParams);
PainlessTestScript testScript = factory.newInstance(vars == null ? Collections.emptyMap() : vars);
return testScript.execute();
}
/**
* Uses the {@link Debugger} to get the bytecode output for a script and compare
* it against an expected bytecode passed in as a String.
*/
public void assertBytecodeExists(String script, String bytecode) {
final String asm = Debugger.toString(script);
assertTrue("bytecode not found, got: \n" + asm , asm.contains(bytecode));
}
/**
* Uses the {@link Debugger} to get the bytecode output for a script and compare
* it against an expected bytecode pattern as a regular expression (please try to avoid!)
*/
public void assertBytecodeHasPattern(String script, String pattern) {
final String asm = Debugger.toString(script);
assertTrue("bytecode not found, got: \n" + asm , asm.matches(pattern));
}
/** Checks a specific exception class is thrown (boxed inside ScriptException) and returns it. */
public static <T extends Throwable> T expectScriptThrows(Class<T> expectedType, ThrowingRunnable runnable) {
return expectScriptThrows(expectedType, true, runnable);
}
/** Checks a specific exception class is thrown (boxed inside ScriptException) and returns it. */
public static <T extends Throwable> T expectScriptThrows(Class<T> expectedType, boolean shouldHaveScriptStack,
ThrowingRunnable runnable) {
try {
runnable.run();
} catch (Throwable e) {
if (e instanceof ScriptException) {
boolean hasEmptyScriptStack = ((ScriptException) e).getScriptStack().isEmpty();
if (shouldHaveScriptStack && hasEmptyScriptStack) {
/* If this fails you *might* be missing -XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow in the test jvm
* In Eclipse you can add this by default by going to Preference->Java->Installed JREs,
* clicking on the default JRE, clicking edit, and adding the flag to the
* "Default VM Arguments". */
AssertionFailedError assertion = new AssertionFailedError("ScriptException should have a scriptStack");
assertion.initCause(e);
throw assertion;
} else if (false == shouldHaveScriptStack && false == hasEmptyScriptStack) {
AssertionFailedError assertion = new AssertionFailedError("ScriptException shouldn't have a scriptStack");
assertion.initCause(e);
throw assertion;
}
e = e.getCause();
if (expectedType.isInstance(e)) {
return expectedType.cast(e);
}
} else {
AssertionFailedError assertion = new AssertionFailedError("Expected boxed ScriptException");
assertion.initCause(e);
throw assertion;
}
AssertionFailedError assertion = new AssertionFailedError("Unexpected exception type, expected "
+ expectedType.getSimpleName());
assertion.initCause(e);
throw assertion;
}
throw new AssertionFailedError("Expected exception " + expectedType.getSimpleName());
}
/**
* Asserts that the script_stack looks right.
*/
public static void assertScriptStack(ScriptException e, String... stack) {
// This particular incantation of assertions makes the error messages more useful
try {
assertThat(e.getScriptStack(), hasSize(stack.length));
for (int i = 0; i < stack.length; i++) {
assertEquals(stack[i], e.getScriptStack().get(i));
}
} catch (AssertionError assertion) {
assertion.initCause(e);
throw assertion;
}
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 4,537
|
Endostar.eu has a global traffic rank of #5,899,327 in the world. Its ranking has changed by 4,345,784 from the previous statistics. This website has about 150 user visits per day. This website is estimated worth of $ 729 and have a daily income of around $ 1.5. As no active threats were reported recently by users, endostar.eu is SAFE to browse.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
| 3,105
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Název Bezvěrov má více míst:
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Bezvěrov (Teplá), část města Teplá v okrese Karlovy Vary
Bezvěrov I a Bezvěrov II, název katastrálního území (resp. starší název) vsi Ostrov, místní části obce Mutěnín v okrese Domažlice
Bezvěrov (rybník), rybník v okrese Plzeň-sever
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
}
| 0
|
--This smart gu10 spot light doesn't need any hub which save money on hub purchasing and is easy to set up.
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|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
| 5,914
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Paul speaks on growing in the pastoral aspect of worship and developing as a leader before the Lord.
God is talking all the time.
Explore the different ways of worship in the bible. Psalm 95 is a good verse to start with.
Link worship practices to The Word to engage your church body in worship.
Don't resort to manipulating people.
Don't take it personally when people don't engage.
Don't try to get participation through guilt.
Actively come into God's presence with a thankful heart.
God's Word says to come boldly.
Instead of seeing yourself as a musician or worship leader, see yourself as a pastor who uses music as a vehicle to get people into the presence.
We are called to serve the people God has called us to serve.
We want to remove the invisible barrier.
Think of your church as family.
God doesn't need more guitar players; He needs more pastors.
The primary role of the Levites was to minister to the Lord with praise and thankfulness.
Treat God as a person; spend time with Him.
Make time to minister to the Lord as the Levites did.
Make time to spend with the Lord.
Lift up praise & thankfulness.
Psalms are the vocabulary of worship.
Incorporate scriptures into your worship.
It will begin to soak into your being.
Spend time in the secret place.
We minister out of the overflow of our heart when we've spent time with Him.
Show up out of respect and honor, and don't judge your time by if you feel anything.
Worship is not a monologue.
The Levites gave thanks and praise to minister to the Lord, and then lifted up petitions to the Lord.
Lift up prayers for your church.
Know who is in your church body and ask The Lord to give you His heart for them.
We want people's outward expression to have an internal connection.
Trust in his anointing and your identity as you lead others.
Remind people that we are family.
Remove the invisible barrier that is between the stage and the congregation by being involved as a pastor in people's lives.
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Break religiosity by encouraging others, and lifting others up.
Think of yourself as a pastor first, and musician second, no matter what role you play in worship.
Be a lover of people.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
| 7,803
|
Os Deuses Estão Mortos é uma telenovela brasileira exibida pela RecordTV, entre 8 de março a 14 de dezembro de 1971, às 20h, em 242 capítulos. Foi escrita por Lauro César Muniz, com direção de Dionísio de Azevedo.
Foi a primeira grande telenovela de Lauro César Muniz, com uma produção esmerada e um marco na teledramaturgia da RecordTV. O sucesso de crítica foi tão grande que a telenovela ganhou uma continuação, Quarenta Anos Depois, do próprio Lauro César Muniz. Na novela participaram os artistas portugueses Irene Cruz, João Lourenço e Amália Rodrigues.
O interior de São Paulo daria ainda mais dois cenários para as tramas do autor: Escalada e O Casarão.
Sinopse
Contava a história de duas famílias que disputavam a herança política em uma cidade no interior paulista, uma delas de republicanos (Lobo Ferraz) e outra de monarquistas (Almeida Santos).
Elenco
Laura Cardoso .... Júlia
João Luiz... Tião
Rolando Boldrin .... barão Leôncio
Fúlvio Stefanini .... Leonardo
Márcia Maria .... Veridiana
Maria Estela .... Quitéria
Márcia Real .... Emília
Jonas Mello .... Tonho
Lia de Aguiar .... Eulália
Roberto Bolant .... Leonel
Sérgio Mamberti .... padre Antenor
Carlos Augusto Strazzer - Gabriel
Edy Cerri .... Inês
Linda Gay .... Leopoldina
Lolita Rodrigues .... Eleonora
David Netto .... Genaro
Rogério Márcico .... coronel Jordão
Newton Prado .... Diogo
Reny de Oliveira .... Isabel
Oscar Thiede .... Emanuel
José Paulo Moutinho Filho .... Fazendinha
Luiz Carlos Braga .... Delegado
Henrique César .... Genésio
Arnaldo Fernandes .... Juca
Cláudio Mamberti .... Juvenal
Célia Olga .... Marina
Ivanise Sena .... Marília
Adriano Stuart .... Quirino
Sacha Radovan .... Albino
Irene Cruz
João Lourenço
Amália Rodrigues
Telenovelas da RecordTV
Programas de televisão do Brasil que estrearam em 1971
Programas de televisão do Brasil encerrados em 1971
Telenovelas sobre a escravidão no Brasil
Telenovelas de Lauro César Muniz
Telenovelas da década de 1970
Telenovelas em português
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
}
| 4,692
|
\section{Introduction}
The notion of $\textup{VC}$-dimension was introduced by Vapnik and \v{C}ervonenkis in~\cite{VC}.
Although originally motivated by applications in probability and statistics,
it was quickly adapted to computer science, learning theory, combinatorics, logic and other areas.
We refer to~\cite{Vap} for the extensive review of the subject, and to~\cite{Che} for
an accessible introduction to combinatorial and logical aspects.
\subsection{Definitions of VC-dimension and VC-density}
Let $X$ be a set and $\mathcal{S} \subseteq 2^{X}$ be a family of subsets in $X$.
A subset $A \subseteq X$ is \emph{shattered} by $\mathcal{S}$ if for every subset
$B \subseteq A$, there is $S \in \mathcal{S}$ with $B = S \cap A$.
In other words, every subset of $A$ can be cut out by $\mathcal{S}$.
The largest size of a subset $A \subseteq X$ shattered by $\mathcal{S}$ is called the
\emph{VC-dimension} of $\mathcal{S}$, denoted by $\textup{VC}(\mathcal{S})$.
If no such largest size $|A|$ exists, we write $\textup{VC}(\mathcal{S})=\infty$.
The \emph{shatter function} is defined as follows:
$$
\pi_{\mathcal{S}}(n) \. = \. \max\big\{|\mathcal{S} \cap A| : A \subseteq X, |A| = n\big\}\hskip.03cm,
$$
where $|\mathcal{S} \cap A|$ denotes the number of subsets $B \subseteq A$ which can be cut out by $\mathcal{S}$.
The \emph{VC-density} of $\mathcal{S}$, denoted by $\textup{vc}(\mathcal{S})$ is defined as
$$
\inf \Big\{r \in \mathbb R^{+} \; : \; \textup{limsup}_{n \to \infty} \frac{\pi_{\mathcal{S}}(n)}{n^r} < \infty \Big\}\hskip.03cm.
$$
The classical theorem of Sauer and Shelah~\cite{Sauer,Shelah} states that
$$\textup{vc}(\mathcal{S}) \. \le \. \textup{VC}(\mathcal{S})\hskip.03cm.$$
In other words, $\pi_{\mathcal{S}}(n) = O(n^{d})$ in case $\mathcal{S}$ has finite VC-dimension~$d$.
In general, VC-density can be much smaller than VC-dimension, and also behaves a lot better
under various operations on~$\mathcal{S}$.
\subsection{NIP theories and bounds on VC-dimension/density}
It is of interest to distinguish the first-order theories in which VC-dimension and VC-density behave nicely.
Let $\mathcal{L}$ be a first-order language and $\bm M$ be an $\mathcal{L}$-structure.
Consider a \emph{partitioned $\mathcal{L}$-formula} $F(\mathbf{x}; \hskip.03cm {\text {\rm y} } )$ whose free variables are separated into two groups $\mathbf{x} \in M^{m}$ (objects) and $ {\text {\rm y} } \in M^{n}$ (parameters).
For each parameter tuple $\b \in M^{n}$, let
$$
S_{\b} \. = \.\big\{\mathbf{x} \in M^{m} : \bm M \models F(\mathbf{x};\hskip.03cm \b)\big\}.
$$
Associated to $F$ is the family $\mathcal{S}_{F} = \big\{S_{\b} : \b \in M^{n}\big\}$.
We say that $F$ is NIP, short for ``$F$ does \emph{not} have the independence property'', if $\mathcal{S}_{F}$ has finite VC-dimension.
The structure~$\bm M$ is called NIP if every partitioned $\mathcal{L}$-formula $F$ is NIP in~$\bm M$.
One prominent example of an NIP structure is \emph{Presburger Arithmetic} $\textup{PA} = (\mathbb Z, < , +)$,
which is the first-order structure on $\mathbb Z$ with only addition and inequalities.
The main result of this paper are the lower and upper bounds on the VC-dimensions of $\textup{PA}$-formulas.
These are contrasted with the following notable bounds on the VC-density:
\begin{theo}[\cite{A+}]\label{th:A+}
Given a $\textup{PA}$-formula $F(\mathbf{x};\hskip.03cm {\text {\rm y} } )$ with $ {\text {\rm y} } \in \mathbb Z^{n}$, $\textup{vc}(\mathcal{S}_{F}) \le n$ holds.
\end{theo}
In other words, VC-density in the setting of PA depends only on the dimension of parameter variables~$ {\text {\rm y} } $,
and thus completely independent of the object variables $\mathbf{x}$, let alone other quantified variables or
the description of~$F$. This follows from a more general result in~\cite{A+}, which says that every
\emph{quasi-o-minimal} structure satisfies a similar bound on the VC-density. We refer to~\cite{A+} for the
precise statement of this result and for the powerful techniques used to bound the VC-density.
Karpinski and Macintyre raised a natural question whether similar bounds would hold for the VC-dimension.
In~\cite{KM1}, they gave upper bounds for the VC-dimension in some \emph{o-minimal} structures (PA is not one),
which are polynomial in the parameter dimension $n$. Later, they extended their
arguments in~\cite{KM2} to obtain upper bounds on the \emph{VC-density}, this time linear in $n$.
To our knowledge, no effective upper bounds on the VC-dimensions of general PA-formulas exist in the literature.\footnote{We were informed by Matthias Aschenbrenner that in~\cite{KM2}, the authors claimed to have an effective bound on the VC-dimensions of PA-formulas.
However, we cannot locate such an explicit bound in any papers.
}
\subsection{Main results}
We consider PA-formulas with a fixed number of variables (both quantified and free).
Clearly, this also restricts the number of quantifier alternations in $F$.
The atoms in $F$ are linear inequalities in these variables with some integer constants and coefficients (in binary).
Given such a formula~$F$, denote by $\phi(F)$ the length of $F$, i.e.,
the total bit length of all symbols, operations, integer coefficients and constants
in~$F$.
We can further restrict the form of a PA-formula by requiring that it does not contain too many inequalities.
For fixed $k$ and $t$, denote by $\textup{Short-PA}_{k,t}$ the family of PA-formulas with at most $k$ variables (both free and quantified) and $t$ inequalities.
When $k$ and $t$ are clear, a formula $F \in \textup{Short-PA}_{k,t}$ is simply called a \emph{short Presburger formula}.
In this case, $\phi(F)$ is essentially the total length of a bounded number of integer coefficients and constants.
Our main result is a lower bound on the VC-dimension of short Presburger formulas:
\begin{theo}\label{th:lower-nd}
For every $d$, there is a short Presburger formula $F(x;y) = \exists\hskip.03cm \u \; \for \mathbf{v} \; \Psi(x,y,\u,\mathbf{v})$ in the class $\textup{Short-PA}_{10,18}$
with
\begin{equation*}
\phi(F)\. = \. O(d^2) \quad \, \text{and} \quad \, \textup{VC}(F) \ge d\hskip.03cm.
\end{equation*}
Moreover, $\Psi$ can be computed in probabilistic polynomial time in~$d$.
Here $x,y$ are singletons and $\u \in \mathbb Z^{6},\mathbf{v} \in \mathbb Z^{2}$.
\end{theo}
So in contrast with VC-density, the VC-dimension of a PA-formula $F$ crucially depends on the actual length $\phi(F)$.
For the formulas in the theorem, we have:
$$
\textup{VC}(F) \. = \. \Omega\bigl(\phi(F)^{1/2}\bigr)\., \quad \text{and} \quad \textup{vc}(F) \le 1,
$$
where the last inequality follows by Theorem~\ref{th:A+}.
Note that if one is allowed an unrestricted number of inequalities in~$F$,
a similar lower bound to Theorem~\ref{th:lower-nd} can be easily established by an elementary combinatorial argument.
However, since the formula $F$ is short, we can only work with a few integer coefficients and constants.
The construction in Theorem~\ref{th:lower-nd} uses a number-theoretic technique that employs continued fractions to encode a union of many arithmetic progressions.
This technique was explored earlier in~\cite{NP2} to show that various decision problems with short Presburger sentences are intractable.
In this construction we need to pick a prime roughly larger than $4^{d}$, which can be done in probabilistic polynomial time in $d$.
This can be modified to a deterministic algorithm with run-time polynomial in~$d$, at the cost of increasing $\phi(F)$:
\begin{theo}\label{th:lower}
For every $d$, there is a short Presburger formula $F(x;y) = \exists\hskip.03cm \u \; \for \mathbf{v} \; \Psi(x,y,\u,\mathbf{v})$ in the class $\textup{Short-PA}_{10,18}$
with
$$
\phi(F)\. = \. O(d^3) \quad \, \text{and} \quad \, \textup{VC}(F) \ge d\hskip.03cm.
$$
Moreover, $\Psi$ can be computed in deterministic polynomial time in~$d$.
\end{theo}
We conclude with the following polynomial upper bound for the VC-dimension of all
(not necessarily short) Presburger formulas in a fixed number of variables:
\begin{theo}\label{th:upper}
For a Presburger formula $F(\mathbf{x};\hskip.03cm {\text {\rm y} } )$ with at most $k$ variables (both free and quantified), we have:
$$\textup{VC}(F) \. = \. O\bigl(\phi(F)^c\bigr),
$$
where $c$ and the $O(\cdot)$ constant depend only on~$k$.
\end{theo}
This upper bound implies that Theorem~\ref{th:lower-nd} is tight up to a polynomial factor.
The proof of Theorem~\ref{th:upper} uses an algorithm from~\cite{NP1} for decomposing a semilinear set, i.e., one defined by a PA-formula, into polynomially many simpler pieces.
Each such piece is a polyhedron intersecting a periodic set, whose VC-dimensions can be bounded by elementary arguments.
We note that the number of quantified variables is vital in Theorem~\ref{th:upper}.
In~$\S$\ref{fin-rem:general}, we construct PA-formulas $F(x;y)$ with $x,y$ singletons and many quantified variables, for which $\textup{VC}(F)$ grows doubly exponentially compared to $\phi(F)$.
\bigskip
\section{Proofs}
We start with Theorem~\ref{th:lower}, and then show how it can be modified to give Theorem~\ref{th:lower-nd}.
\subsection*{Proof of Theorem~\ref{th:lower}}\label{ss:lower_proof}
Let $A = \{1,2,\dots,d\}$ and $\mathcal{S} = 2^{S}$.
Since $\mathcal{S}$ contains all of the subsets of $A$, we have $\textup{VC}(\mathcal{S}) = d$.
We order the sets in $\mathcal{S}$ lexicographically.
In other words, for $S, S' \in \mathcal{S}$, we have $S > S'$ if $\sum_{i \in S} 2^{i} > \sum_{i \in S'} 2^{i}$.
Thus, the sets in $\mathcal{S}$ can be listed as $S_{0} > S_{1} > \dots > S_{2^{d}-1}$, where $S_{0} = A$ and $S_{2^{d}-1} = \varnothing$.
Next, define:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:T_def_1}
T \coloneqq \bigsqcup_{0 \le j < 2^{d}} \{i + dj \;:\; i \in S_{j}, 1 \le i \le d\}.
\end{equation}
We show in Lemma~\ref{lem:def_T} below that the set $T$ is definable by a short Presburger formula $G_{T}(t)$ with only $8$ quantified variables and $18$ inequalities.
Using this, it is clear that the parametrized formula
\begin{equation*}
F_{T}(x;y) \; \coloneqq \; G_{T}(x + dy)
\end{equation*}
describes the family $\mathcal{S}$ (with $y$ as the parameter), and thus has $\textup{VC}$ dimension $d$.
We remark that $G_{T}$ has only $1$ quantifer alternation (see below).
\hfill$\square$
\begin{lem}\label{lem:def_T}
The set $T$ is definable by a short Presburger formula $G_{T}(t) = \exists\hskip.03cm \u \; \for \mathbf{v} \; \Psi(t,\u,\mathbf{v})$ with $\u \in \mathbb Z^{6}, \mathbf{v} \in \mathbb Z^{2}$ and $\Psi$ a combination of $18$ inequalities with length $\phi(G_{T}) = O(d^3)$.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof
Our strategy is to represent the set $T$ as a union of arithmetic progressions (APs).
In~\cite{NP2}, we already gave a method to define any union of APs by a short Presburger formula of polynomial size.
For each $1 \le i \le d$, let $J_{i} = \{j \hskip.03cm : \hskip.03cm 0 \le j < 2^{d},\hskip.03cm i \in S_{j} \}$.
From~\eqref{eq:T_def_1}, we have:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:T_def_2}
T = \bigsqcup_{i=1}^{d} (i + dJ_{i}).
\end{equation}
From the lexicographic ordering of the sets $S_{j}$, we can easily describe each set $J_{i}$ as:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:j_def}
J_{i} = \{x + 2^{i}y \;:\; 0 \le x < 2^{i-1},\; 0 \le y < 2^{d-i}\}.
\end{equation}
So each set $J_{i}$ is not simply an AP, but the Minkowski sum of two APs.
However, we can easily modify each $J_{i}$ into an $\textup{AP}$ by defining:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:wt_j_def}
J'_{i} = \{2^{d}x + 2^{i}y \;:\; 0 \le x < 2^{i-1},\; 0 \le y < 2^{d-i}\}.
\end{equation}
It is clear that $J'_{i}$ is an AP that starts at $0$ with step size $2^{i}$, and ends at $2^{i+d-1} - 2^{i}$.
Let
\begin{equation}\label{eq:wt_T_def}
T' = \bigsqcup_{i=1}^{d} (i + d J'_{i}),
\end{equation}
which is a union of $d$ $\textup{AP}$s.
Using the construction from~\cite{NP2}, we can define $T'$ by a short Presburger formula:
\begin{equation*}
t' \in T' \quad \iff \quad \exists\hskip.03cm \mathbf{z} \quad \for \mathbf{v} \quad \Phi\big(t',\mathbf{z},\mathbf{v}\big),
\end{equation*}
where $t' \in \mathbb Z,\; \mathbf{z},\mathbf{v} \in \mathbb Z^2$ and $\Phi$ is a Boolean combination of at most $10$ inequalities.
This construction works by finding a single continued fraction $\alpha = [a_{0} \hskip.03cm;\hskip.03cm a_{1}, \dots, a_{4d-1}]$ whose successive convergents $p_{k}/q_{k} = [a_{0} \hskip.03cm;\hskip.03cm a_{1}, \dots, a_{k}]$ encode the starting and ending points of our $d$ APs.
We refer to Section~4 in~\cite{NP2} for the details.
Each term $a_{k}$ in that construction is at most the product of the largest terms in the $d$ APs we want to encode.
For each $i$, the largest term $m_{i} := i + d(2^{i+d-1} - 2^{i})$ in $i + d J'_{i}$ has length $O(d)$.
Thus, the product $\prod_{i=1}^{d} m_{i}$
has length $O(d^{2})$, and so does each term $a_{k}$.
Therefore, the final continued fraction $\alpha$ is a rational number $p/q$, with length $O(d^{3})$.
This implies that $\phi(\Phi) = O(d^3)$ as well.
To get a formula for $T$, note that from~\eqref{eq:T_def_2},~\eqref{eq:j_def},~\eqref{eq:wt_j_def} and~\eqref{eq:wt_T_def}, we have:
\begin{align*}
t \in T \quad \iff \quad \exists\hskip.03cm \. t', r,r',s \;\; : \quad
& t' \in T' ,\quad 1 \le r \le d ,\quad \widetilde 0 \le r' < 2^{d} ,
\\
& t' = r + d(2^{d}s + r') ,\quad t = r + d(s + r') \hskip.03cm.\text{\footnotemark}
\end{align*}\footnotetext{Here each equality is a pair of inequalities.}
\hspace{-.4em}Replacing $t' \in T'$ by $\exists\hskip.03cm \mathbf{z} \; \for \mathbf{v} \; \Phi(t',\mathbf{z},\mathbf{v})$, we get a formula $G_{T}(t)$ defining $T$ with $8$ quantified variables $t',r,r',s \in \mathbb Z$, $\mathbf{z},\mathbf{v} \in \mathbb Z^{2}$ and $18$ inequalities.
Note that $t',r,r',s$ and $\mathbf{z}$ are all existential variables, so $G_{T}$ has the form $\exists\hskip.03cm \u \; \for \mathbf{v} \; \Psi(t,\u,\mathbf{v})$ with $\u \in \mathbb Z^{6}$ and $\mathbf{v} \in \mathbb Z^{2}$.
\end{proof}
\smallskip
\subsection*{Proof of Theorem~\ref{th:lower-nd}}\label{ss:lower_proof-nd}
Note that the construction of $F_{T}$ and $G_{T}$ in the proof above is deterministic with run-time polynomial in $d$,
again as a consequence of the construction in~\cite{NP2}. Since in Theorem~\ref{th:lower-nd} we need only
the existence of a short Presburger formula with high VC-dimension, our lower bound can be
improved to $\textup{VC}(F) \ge c\sqrt{\phi(F)}$, for some $c>0$, as follows.
Recall that $m_{i} = i + d(2^{i+d-1} - 2^{i})$ is the largest element in the arithmetic progression $i + d J'_{i}$ in~\eqref{eq:wt_T_def}.
Pick the smallest prime $p$ larger than $\max(m_{1},\dots,m_{d}) \approx d4^{d}$.
This prime $p$ can substitute for the large number~$M$ in Section~4.1 of~\cite{NP2},
which was (deterministically) chosen as $1+\prod_{i=1}^{d}m_{i}$, so that it is larger and coprime to all $m_{i}$'s.
The rest of the construction follows through.
Note that $\log(p) = O(d)$ by Chebyshev's theorem, which implies that the final
continued fraction $\alpha = [a_{0} \hskip.03cm;\hskip.03cm a_{1}, \dots, a_{4d-1}]$ has length $O(d^{2})$.
This completes the proof. \hfill$\square$
\smallskip
\subsection*{Proof of Theorem~\ref{th:upper}}\label{th:upper_proof}
Let $F(\mathbf{x}; {\text {\rm y} } )$ be a Presburger formula in $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb Z^{m}$, $ {\text {\rm y} } \in \mathbb Z^{n}$ with $n'$ other quantified variables, where $k=m+n+n'$ is fixed.
In~\cite{NP1} (Theorem~5.2), we gave the following polynomial decomposition on the semilinear set defined by $F$:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:semilinear}
\Sigma_{F} \; \coloneqq \; \big\{(\mathbf{x}, {\text {\rm y} } ) \in \mathbb{Z}^{m+n} \; : \; F(\mathbf{x}; {\text {\rm y} } ) = \text{true}\big\} \quad = \quad \bigsqcup_{j=1}^{r} \, R_{j} \cap \bm T_{j}.
\end{equation}
Here each~$R_{j}$ is a polyhedron in~$\mathbb{R}^{m+n}$, and each $\bm T_{j} \subseteq \mathbb{Z}^{m+n}$ is a periodic set, i.e.,
a union of several cosets of some lattice $\mathcal{T}_{j} \subseteq \mathbb{Z}^{m+n}$.
In other words, the set defined by $F$ is a union of $r$ pieces, each of which is a polyhedron intersecting a periodic set.
Our decomposition is algorithmic, in the sense that the pieces $R_{j}$ and lattices $\mathcal{T}_{j}$ can be found in time $O\big(\phi(F)^{c}\big)$, with $c$ and $O(\cdot)$ depending only on $k$.
The algorithm describes each piece $R_{j}$ by a system of inequalities and each lattice $\mathcal{T}_{j}$ by a basis.
Denote by $\phi(R_{j})$ and $\phi(\mathcal{T}_{j})$ the total binary lengths of these systems and basis vectors, respectively.
These also satisfy:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:length_bound}
\sum_{j=1}^{r} \phi(R_{j}) + \phi(\mathcal{T}_{j}) = O\big(\phi(F)^{c}\big).
\end{equation}
Each $R_{j}$ can be written as the intersection $H_{j1} \cap \dots \cap H_{jf_{j}}$, where each $H_{jk}$ is a half-space in $\mathbb R^{m+n}$, and $f_{j}$ is the number of facets of $R_{j}$.
Note that $f_{j} \le \phi(R_{j}) = O\big(\phi(F)^{c}\big)$.
We rewrite~\eqref{eq:semilinear} as:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:semilinear2}
\Sigma_{F} \quad = \quad \bigsqcup_{j=1}^{r} \, H_{j1} \cap \dots \cap H_{jf_{j}} \cap \bm T_{j}.
\end{equation}
Therefore, the set $\Sigma_{F}$ is a Boolean combination of $f_{1}+\dots+f_{r}$ half-spaces and $r$ periodic sets.
In total, there are
\begin{equation}\label{eq:num_basic_sets}
f_{1}+\dots+f_{r} + r = O\big(\phi(F)^{c}\big)
\end{equation}
of those basic sets.
For a set $\Gamma \subseteq \mathbb R^{m+n}$ and $ {\text {\rm y} } \in \mathbb Z^{n}$, denote by $\Gamma_{ {\text {\rm y} } }$ the subset $\{\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb Z^{m} : (\mathbf{x}, {\text {\rm y} } ) \in \Gamma\}$ and by $\mathcal{S}_{\Gamma}$ the family $\{\Gamma_ {\text {\rm y} } : {\text {\rm y} } \in \mathbb Z^{n}\}$.
For a half-space $H \subset \mathbb R^{m+n}$, it is easy to see that $\textup{VC}(\mathcal{S}_{H}) = 1$.
For each periodic set $\bm T_{j}$ with period lattice $\mathcal{T}_{j}$, the family $\mathcal{S}_{\bm T_{j}}$
has cardinality at most $\det(\mathcal{T}_{j} \cap \mathbb Z^{n}) \le 2^{O(\phi(\mathcal{T}_{j}))}$.
Thus, we have
\begin{equation}\label{eq:VC_Tj}
\textup{VC}(\mathcal{S}_{\bm T_{j}}) \le \log | \mathcal{S}_{\bm T_{j}} | = O\big(\phi(\mathcal{T}_{j})\big).
\end{equation}
Let $\Gamma_{1},\dots,\Gamma_{t} \subseteq \mathbb Z^{m + n}$ be any $t$ sets with $\textup{VC}(\mathcal{S}_{\Gamma_{i}}) = d_{i}$.
By an application of the Sauer-Shelah lemma (\cite{Sauer,Shelah}), if $\Sigma$ is any Boolean combination of $\Gamma_{1},\dots,\Gamma_{t}$, then we can bound $\textup{VC}(\mathcal{S}_{\Sigma})$ as:
\begin{equation*}
\textup{VC}(\mathcal{S}_{\Sigma}) = O\big((d_{1}+\dots+d_{t}) \log (d_{1}+\dots+d_{t})\big).
\end{equation*}
Applying this to~\eqref{eq:semilinear2}, we get $\textup{VC}(\mathcal{S}_{\Sigma_{F}}) = O(\ell \log \ell)$, where
\begin{equation*}
\; \ell \; = \;\sum_{j=1}^{r} \bigg( \textup{VC}(\mathcal{S}_{\bm T_{j}}) + \sum_{j'=1}^{f_{j}} \textup{VC}(\mathcal{S}_{H_{jj'}}) \bigg) \; \le \; \sum_{j=1}^{r} \textup{VC}(\mathcal{S}_{\bm T_{j}}) + f_{j}.
\end{equation*}
By~\eqref{eq:length_bound},~\eqref{eq:num_basic_sets} and~\eqref{eq:VC_Tj}, we have $\ell=O\big(\phi(F)^{c}\big)$.
We conclude that $\textup{VC}(F) = O\big(\phi(F)^{2c}\big)$.
\hfill$\square$
\bigskip
\section{Final remarks and open problems}
\subsection{}
The proof of Theorem~\ref{th:lower-nd} is almost completely effective except
for finding a small prime~$p$ larger than a given integer~$N$. This problem
is considered to be computationally very difficult in the deterministic case, and only exponential
algorithms are known (see~\cite{LO,TCH}).
\subsection{}
Our constructed short formula $F_T$ is of the form $\exists\hskip.03cm \for$.
It is interesting to see if similar polynomial lower bounds are obtainable
with existential short formulas.
For such a formula $F(\mathbf{x}; {\text {\rm y} } ) \hskip.03cm = \hskip.03cm \exists\hskip.03cm \mathbf{z} \, \Phi(\mathbf{x}, {\text {\rm y} } ,\mathbf{z})$,
the expression $\Phi(\mathbf{x}, {\text {\rm y} } ,\mathbf{z})$ captures the set of integer points $\Gamma$
lying in a union of some polyhedra $P_{i}$'s.
Note that the total number of polyhedra and their facets should be bounded, since we are working with short formulas.
Therefore, $F$ simply capture the pairs $(\mathbf{x}, {\text {\rm y} } )$ in the projection of $\Gamma$ along the $\mathbf{z}$ direction.
Denote this set by $\textup{proj}(\Gamma)$.
The work of Barvinok and Woods~\cite{BW} shows that $\textup{proj}(\Gamma)$ has a \emph{short generating function}, and can even be counted efficiently in polynomial time.
In our construction, the set that yields high VC-dimension is a union arithmetic progressions, which cannot be counted efficiently unless $\textup{\textsf{P}} = {\textup{\textsf{NP}}}$ (see~\cite{MS}).
This difference indicates that $\textup{proj}(\Gamma)$ has a much simpler combinatorial structure, and may not attain a high VC-dimension.
\subsection{}\label{fin-rem:general}
One can ask about the VC-dimension of a general PA-formula with no restriction on the number of variables, quantifier alternations or atoms.
Fischer and Rabin famously showed in~\cite{FR} that PA has decision complexity at least doubly exponential in the general setting.
For every $\ell > 0$, they constructed a formula $\text{Prod}_{\ell}(a,b,c)$ of length $O(\ell)$ so that for every triple
$$0 \le a,b,c \, < \, 2^{2^{2^{\ell}}},$$
we have \hskip.03cm $\text{Prod}_{\ell}(a,b,c) = \text{true}$ \hskip.03cm if and only if \hskip.03cm $ab = c$.
Using this ``partial multiplication'' relation, one can easily construct a formula
$F_{\ell}(x;y)$ of length $O(\ell)$ and VC-dimension at least $2^{2^{\ell}}$.
This can be done by constructing a set similar to $T$ in~\eqref{eq:T_def_1} with $d$
replaced by $2^{2^{\ell}}$ using $\text{Prod}_{\ell}$.
We leave the details to the reader.
Regarding upper bound, Oppen showed in~\cite{O} that any PA-formula $F$ of length $\ell$ is equivalent to a quantifier-free formula $G$ of length $2^{2^{2^{c \ell}}}$ for some universal constant $c>0$.
This implies that $\textup{VC}(G)$, and thus $\textup{VC}(F)$, is at most triply exponential in $\phi(F)$.
We conjecture that a doubly exponential upper bound on $\textup{VC}(F)$
holds in the general setting.
It is unlikely that such an upper bound could be established by straightforward quantifier elimination, which generally results in triply exponential blow up (see~\cite[Thm~3.1]{Wei}).
\bigskip
\subsection*{Acknowledgements}
We are grateful to Matthias Aschenbrenner and Art\"{e}m Chernikov
for many interesting conversations and helpful remarks. This paper was
finished while both authors were visitors at MSRI; we are thankful
for the hospitality, great work environment and its busy schedule.
The second author was partially supported by the~NSF.
\vskip.9cm
{\footnotesize
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
}
| 9,020
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\section{\uppercase{Introduction}}
In real-world applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), it is becoming essential to estimate uncertainty of predictions made by AI/ML models. This is especially true in high-stakes areas such as health care and autonomous driving, where inadvertent decisions can cause fatal damages. While traditional methods for uncertainty quantification (UQ) such as bootstrapping and quantile regression can be partly applied to modern AI/ML models, the rapid progress especially in the field of deep neural networks calls for a development of novel UQ methodologies \cite{ABDAR2021243,Gawlikowski2021}.
In this paper, we revisit a UQ method for neural networks (NN) on regression tasks. This method, called DISCO Nets (DISsimilarity COefficient Networks) \cite{disco2016}, enables us to estimate uncertainty of a prediction in a fully nonparametric manner by using just a single deterministic NN (see also \cite{Harakeh2021,Pacchiardi2021} for related studies). Unlike Bayesian NN and Gaussian processes, DISCO Net does not encounter computational bottlenecks when it is scaled to a large problem. In addition, it can model a posterior distribution in more than one dimension straightforwardly, in contrast to conventional quantile regression-based methods that do not trivially generalize to higher dimensions.
Despite its flexibility and versatility, however, DISCO Net has not gained popularity comparable to other UQ methods such as Monte Carlo dropout \cite{Gal2016}. There could be multiple reasons for that. First, DISCO Net belongs to a class of NN called implicit generative networks, which are generally difficult to train \cite{Tagasovska2019}. Second, understanding the theoretical underpinning of DISCO Net requires sophisticated mathematics and statistics of scoring rules of distributions, which makes the method unfamiliar and less approachable for data science practitioners in industry. Third, while it is widely known that there are two types of uncertainty in ML called \emph{aleatoric uncertainty} and \emph{epistemic uncertainty} \cite{ABDAR2021243,Gawlikowski2021,HW2021}, it is not totally obvious which of these uncertainties is estimated by DISCO Net. Fourth, DISCO Net has so far been primarily benchmarked on a limited range of tasks in computer vision, and evidence of its favorable performance on learning tasks on tabular data has been missing in the literature, despite abundance of tabular data in industry.
We wish to address all these points in this paper. First, we propose an improved NN architecture of DISCO Net. The original DISCO Net assumed that a noise vector was simply concatenated to the input vector before being fed to the NN. However, empirically, the training of NN with this method is found to be difficult. The original work \cite{disco2016} has overcome this difficulty by using a very high ($\sim 200$) dimensional noise vector, but it consequently requires a quite large NN and thus increases the training time. We rather propose to simply insert an embedding layer of a noise vector. This trick leads to stable learning \emph{even for a one-dimensional noise vector} and boosts computational efficiency substantially. Second, we provide a rudimentary analytical proof that training of NN using the energy score allows to learn the correct predictive distribution, at least when the batch size in stochastic gradient descent training is large enough. We hope this will make DISCO Net more accessible and trustworthy for practical data scientists. Third, we numerically verify that DISCO Net misses epistemic uncertainty, although it is capable of capturing aleatoric uncertainty quite well. We propose to use an oscillatory activation function in DISCO Net to capture epistemic uncertainty. Fourth, we conduct extensive numerical experiments to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach for tabular datasets. We use 10 real-world datasets and show that the UQ capability of the present approach is competitive with or even superior to popular baseline methods.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[height=.197\textwidth]{fig_0}
\caption{\label{fg:24fds}Left: random data points. Right: the result of applying {\ALG} to the same data. Aleatoric uncertainty is quantified appropriately. See section~\ref{sc:hgf98dfbv} for more detail.}
\end{figure}
The enhanced DISCO Net approach proposed in this work will be referred to as {\ALG} in the remainder of this paper.
In section~\ref{sc:dsdf4} we summarize preceding works on UQ in machine learning. In section~\ref{sc:09e224987} we provide the background of this research, introducing concepts such as the energy score and CRPS. In section~\ref{sc:89dsuf} we review DISCO Nets. Section~\ref{sc:hgf98dfbv} is about our main contributions, i.e., improvements on DISCO Nets, discussions on numerical experiments, and comparison with baselines. We conclude in section~\ref{sc:cdosc7897}. A theoretical discussion on the validity of UQ training using the energy score is relegated to the appendix, owing to its technical nature.
\section{\uppercase{Related work}\label{sc:dsdf4}}
In a classification problem, the uncertainty of an ML model may be concisely represented by class probabilities that sum to unity. In contrast, the uncertainty in regression is more complicated. Many existing UQ methods for regression calculate only the $X$\% confidence interval, where $X\in\{95,99\}$ are among the common choices. Although such a single interval estimate is quite useful from a practical point of view, it lacks detailed information on the shape of the posterior distribution $p(\y|\x)$, where $\x$ denotes the input variable and $\y$ the output variable. Classical approaches such as the Gaussian process regression \cite{RWbook} can represent the posterior as a multivariate Gaussian distribution, but fails when the noise is heteroscedastic and is unable to express multimodal posterior distributions.
A variety of improved UQ methods for deep NN have been proposed in the literature \cite{ABDAR2021243,Gawlikowski2021}
\footnote{Here we will focus on work other than DISCO Net \cite{disco2016,Harakeh2021,Pacchiardi2021} because the latter was discussed in great detail in Introduction.} Pivotal examples include Bayesian NN \cite{Lampinen2001}, quantile regression NN \cite{Cannon2011}, NN that model Gaussian mixtures \cite{BishopMDN}, ensembles of NN \cite{DE,Pearce2020}, Monte Carlo dropout \cite{Gal2016}, and direct UQ approaches \cite{DEUP}. These methods effectively work to quantify either aleatoric uncertainty, epistemic uncertainty, or both \cite{HW2021}. Aleatoric uncertainty represents inherent stochasticity of the response variable, whereas epistemic uncertainty comes from limitation of knowledge and can be decreased by gathering more data.
Recently, normalizing flows (NF) \cite{9089305,Papamakarios2021} have emerged as a versatile and flexible tool for UQ. NF is a generative model that uses a composition of multiple differentiable bijective maps modeled by NN to transform a simple (such as uniform or Gaussian) distribution to a more complex distribution of real data. Examples of probabilistic forecast based on NF can be found in \cite{Sick2020,Charpentier2020,Dumas2021,Sendera2021,Jamgochian2022,Rittler2022,Marz2022,Arpogaus2022,Cramer2022}.
Ensembles from a single NN (known as \emph{implicit NN ensembles}) have been studied in \cite{Huang2016,Huang2017,Tagasovska2019,Maddox2019,Antoran2020}. While \cite{Huang2016,Antoran2020} propose a NN with a probabilistic depth, \cite{Huang2017,Maddox2019} suggest to use information in a stochastic gradient descent trajectory of a single NN to construct ensembles.
Gradient boosting decision trees are among the most popular ML models, which often outperform NN as a point forecaster on benchmark tests with tabular data. Recently, probabilistic forecasts in gradient boosting decision trees have been studied in \cite{Duan2020,Sprangers2021,Brophy2022}. While \cite{Duan2020,Sprangers2021} require fitting a parametric distribution (such as Gaussian or Weibull) to the data, \cite{Brophy2022} allows to produce a more flexible, nonparametric distributional forecast.
\section{\uppercase{Background}\label{sc:09e224987}}
\subsection{Distance between Probability Distributions}
The discrepancy (distance) between two continuous probability distributions can be quantified using a variety of metrics such as $f$-divergences. One of the popular metrics in machine learning is the \emph{maximum mean discrepancy} (MMD) \cite{Gretton2012}
\ba
\hspace{-3mm}
\mathrm{MMD}[\mathscr{F},p,q]
& := \underset{f\in\mathscr{F}}{\mathrm{sup}}
\mkakko{\EE_{x\sim p}[f(x)]-\EE_{y\sim q}[f(y)]}
\ea
where $p$ and $q$ are distributions and $\mathscr{F}$ is a class of real-valued functions $f:\mathscr{X}\to \RR$. When $\mathscr{F}$ is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, there exists a kernel function $k:\mathscr{X}\times\mathscr{X}\to \RR$ such that
\ba
\mathrm{MMD}^2[\mathscr{F},p,q] & =
\EE_{x,x'\sim p}[k(x,x')]
- 2 \EE_{x\sim p, y\sim q} [k(x,y)] \notag
\\
& \quad + \EE_{y,y' \sim q} [k(y,y')]\,.
\label{eq:2121}
\ea
MMD has been recently used in deep reinforcement learning to model the distribution of future returns \cite{Tang2021,Zhang2021x}.
A closely related quantity that measures the statistical distance between two distributions in Euclidean space is the so-called \emph{energy distance} \cite{Szekely2003,Szekely2004x,Szekely2013,Szekely2017}, defined as
\ba
\mathcal{D}_E(p,q) & := 2 \EE_{\x\sim p, \y\sim q} \| \x-\y \|
- \EE_{\x,\x'\sim p} \|\x-\x' \|
\notag
\\
& \quad ~ - \EE_{\y,\y'\sim q} \| \y - \y' \|
\label{eq:gfdfg769}
\ea
where $\|\cdot \|$ stands for the Euclidean $L_2$ norm.
Equation~\eqref{eq:gfdfg769} bears close similarity to \eqref{eq:2121}. In fact, under suitable conditions, they are proven to be equivalent \cite{Sejdinovic2013,Shen2018}.
A useful finite-sample version of \eqref{eq:gfdfg769} is given by
\ba
\mathcal{D}_E(p,q) & = \frac{2}{mn}\sum_{i=1}^m
\sum_{j=1}^n \|\x_i - \y_j \| - \frac{1}{m^2}\sum_{i=1}^m
\sum_{j=1}^m \|\x_i - \x_j \| \notag
\\
& \quad
- \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{i=1}^n \sum_{j=1}^n \| \y_i - \y_j \|\,.
\label{eq:f3229}
\ea
\subsection{How to Measure the Reliability of a Probabilistic Prediction?}
Uncertainty of a prediction can be expressed in miscellaneous ways. Confidence intervals are a popular and simple example, whereas the shape of the probability density can also be specified. How to assess the reliability of such forecasts? If we had the knowledge of the data-generating process and knew the exact form of the true conditional probability $p(\y|\x)$, it would be straightforward to assess the accuracy of a probabilistic forecast $p(\wh{\y}|\x)$ by using distance metrics such as MMD and the energy distance; however, this is not possible in general, as we only have access to a single realization $\{(\x_i, \y_i)\}_{i=1}^N$ of the data-generating process. This issue was investigated in detail by \cite{Gneiting2007}, who introduced the important concept of \emph{proper scoring rules}. When the response variable $\y$ is a scalar, a widely used \emph{strictly proper} scoring rule for probabilistic forecast is the continuous ranked probability score (CRPS) defined as
\ba
\mathrm{CRPS}(F, y) & :=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\rmd \wh{y} \;
\kkakko{F(\wh{y}) - \1\{\wh{y}\geq y\}}^2 \,,
\ea
where $F$ is the cumulative distribution function of a prediction, and $\1\{\diamondsuit\}:=1$ if $\diamondsuit$ is true and $=0$ otherwise. When the prediction is deterministic (i.e., a point forecast), CRPS coincides with the mean absolute error (MAE), so CRPS can be considered as a probabilistic generalization of MAE. Interestingly, CRPS may be cast into the form \cite{Gneiting2007}
\ba
\mathrm{CRPS}(F, y) & = \EE_{F}|\wh{y}-y|
- \frac{1}{2}\EE_{F}|\wh{y}-\wh{y}'| \,,
\label{eq:fgd8}
\ea
where $\wh{y}$ and $\wh{y}'$ are independent copies of a random variable with the cumulative distribution function $F$ and $\EE_{F}$ is the expectation value with regard to $F$. Note that \eqref{eq:fgd8} agrees with $1/2$ of the energy distance \eqref{eq:gfdfg769} with a single sample of $y$. It is important that \eqref{eq:fgd8} is \emph{strictly proper}, namely, its expectation value w.r.t.~the distribution of $y$, i.e.~$\EE_y[\mathrm{CRPS}(F, y)]$, is minimized if and only if $F$ coincides with the true cumulative distribution of $y$.
The expression \eqref{eq:fgd8} readily lends itself to a multi-dimensional generalization
\ba
\mathrm{ES}(P, \y) = \frac{1}{2}\EE_{\wh{y},\wh{y}'\sim P} \|\wh{\y} - \wh{\y}'\|^\alpha - \EE_{\wh{y}\sim P} \|\wh{\y}-\y\|^\alpha \,,
\label{eq:dfsgfd4}
\ea
which is called the \emph{energy score} \cite{Gneiting2008,Pinson2012} and has been heavily used in meteorology. (Note that \emph{lower} CRPS is better and \emph{higher} energy score is better.) The energy score is strictly proper for $0<\alpha<2$ \cite{Szekely2003}.
\section{\uppercase{Generative ensemble prediction based on energy scores}\label{sc:89dsuf}}
In this section, we give an overview of DISCO Nets \cite{disco2016}, which make a density forecast based on sample generation.
The first step in this method is to enlarge the feature space, from the original one $\mathscr{X}$ to $\mathscr{X}\times\Xb$, where $\Xb$ is an arbitrary base space. The dimension of $\Xb$ must be greater than or equal to the dimension of the target variable $\y$. A convenient choice for $\Xb$ would be $[0,1]^d$. The next step is to select a base distribution $\Pb$ over $\Xb$, which may be simply a uniform distribution. The training of NN proceeds along a standard stochastic gradient descent style. We take a minibatch of samples from the training dataset and ``augment'' every sample with a random vector sampled from $\Pb$. That is, each input vector $\x_i$ is first duplicated $\Nb$ times, and then each copy is paired with an independently sampled random vector from $\Xb$. As a result, the minibatch size increases from $b_{\rm batch}$ to $b_{\rm batch} \times \Nb$. The resulting ``elongated'' input vectors are fed into the NN and the outputs $\big\{\wh{\y}_i^{(n)}\big\}_{n=1}^{\Nb}$ are obtained. Finally, the loss function $\L$ is computed by using the true regression target $\y_i$ and the model predictions $\big\{\wh{\y}_i^{(n)}\big\}_{n=1}^{\Nb}$ according to the formula
\ba
\L \mkakko{\y, \big\{\wh{\y}^{(n)}\big\}_{n=1}^{\Nb}} & := \frac{1}{\Nb}
\sum_{i=1}^{\Nb}\| \y-\wh{\y}^{(i)} \|
\notag \\
& \quad \;
- \frac{1}{2\Nb^2}\sum_{i=1}^{\Nb}\sum_{j\ne i}
\|\wh{\y}^{(i)} - \wh{\y}^{(j)}\| \,.
\label{eq:o93cd}
\ea
This is a negated finite-sample energy score \eqref{eq:dfsgfd4} with $\alpha=1$. The first term of \eqref{eq:o93cd} encourages all samples $\wh{\y}^{(i)}$ to come closer to $\y$, whereas the second term of \eqref{eq:o93cd} induces a repulsive force between samples so that the samples' cloud swells. This loss function is summed across all data in the minibatch and the NN parameters are updated in the direction of the gradient descent of the loss. Since the energy score is a \emph{strictly proper} scoring rule, its expectation value is maximized if and only if the evaluated density forecast agrees with the true density of $\y$. Hence it can be expected that the above training will let the NN predictions converge to the true data-generating distribution. For a formal justification on this point, see Appendix~\ref{ap:9hufg}. To the best of our knowledge, the elementary argument presented in Appendix~\ref{ap:9hufg} is new.
In the test phase, for a given input vector $\x$, we can generate as many ensemble predictions as we like from the NN by first duplicating $\x$, then augmenting each copy with an independent random vector from $\Pb$, and finally feeding them into the NN. Statistical quantities such as the mean, standard deviation and quantile points can be readily computed from the resulting ensemble of predictions.
DISCO Net (and {\ALG}) differs from recent approaches based on NF \cite{Sick2020,Charpentier2020,Dumas2021,Sendera2021,Jamgochian2022,Rittler2022,Marz2022,Arpogaus2022,Cramer2022} in a number of ways. First, NF estimates the joint density $p(\x,\y)$ to derive the conditional density $p(\y|\x)$ while DISCO Net directly models the latter with no recourse to the former. Second, NF maximizes the log-likelihood to optimize parameters while DISCO Net does not use the log-likelihood at all during training. Third, and related to the second point, NF needs a differentiable and \emph{invertible} mapping, whereas DISCO Net is free from such restrictions, which leads to more flexible modeling and considerable simplification of implementation.
When compared with Monte Carlo dropout \cite{Gal2016}, which is one of the most popular UQ methods, the main difference is that the NN in DISCO Net/{\ALG} is deterministic and no probabilistic sampling of network structures is performed.
It is worthwhile to note that the size of the prediction ensemble in DISCO Net/{\ALG} is arbitrary, and can be increased at no extra cost in the test phase, in contrast to the existing methods \cite{Tang2021,Zhang2021x} that have a fixed number of network outputs to model the ensemble.
Finally, we stress that DISCO Net/{\ALG} is nonparametric and, in principle, can model an arbitrary distribution in arbitrary dimensions, whereas networks that learn quantile points of a distribution using a quantile loss \cite{QRDQN2018,IQN2018,Yang2019,Singh2022} generally fail to model a distribution in more than one dimension.
\section{\uppercase{Experiments}\label{sc:hgf98dfbv}}
In this section we introduce improvements to DISCO Nets and conduct numerical experiments on synthetic and real tabular datasets to assess the reliability of our ensemble forecasts.
\subsection{Evaluation Metrics\label{sc:emet}}
When the true underlying data-generating distribution is known, we can use the following metrics to directly measure the discrepancy between the predicted density and the true density.
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=10pt]
\item The Jensen--Shannon distance (JSD) \cite{Endres2003}:~
This quantity is the square root of the Jensen--Shannon divergence (JSdiv) defined as
\ba
\hspace{-2mm}
\mathrm{JSD}(P\|Q)^2 & =
\mathrm{JSdiv}(P\|Q)
\\
&:= \frac{1}{2}D_{\rm KL}(P\|M) +
\frac{1}{2}D_{\rm KL}(Q\|M)\,, \hspace{-2mm}
\ea
where $D_{\rm KL}(P\|Q)$ is the Kullback–Leibler divergence \cite{KL1951} between the distributions $P$ and $Q$, and $M:=(P+Q)/2$. When the logarithm with base 2 is used for computation, $0\leq \mathrm{JSD}(P\|Q)\leq 1$ holds.
\item The Hellinger distance \cite{EMS2001}:~
This quantity is given in terms of probability densities as
\ba
\hspace{-2mm}
\mathrm{HD}(P,Q) & := \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}\int \rmd \x
\mkakko{\sqrt{p(\x)} - \sqrt{q(\x)}}^2}\,.
\ea
It satisfies the bound $0 \leq \mathrm{HD}(P,Q) \leq 1$.
\item The first Wasserstein distance:~In terms of the cumulative distribution functions $F_p(x)$ and $F_q(x)$ of $P$ and $Q$, we have, for one-dimensional distributions,
\ba
\mathrm{WD}(P,Q)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\rmd x\; |F_p(x) - F_q(x)|\;.
\ea
\item The square root of the energy distance \eqref{eq:gfdfg769}:~Similarly to the Wasserstein distance, in terms of one-dimensional cumulative distribution functions we have \cite{Szekely2003}\footnote{The square root is taken here to match the definition of the energy distance function in Scipy: \url{https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.energy_distance.html}.}
\ba
\mathrm{ED}(P,Q) &:= \sqrt{\mathcal{D}_E(P,Q)}
\\
& = \sqrt{2\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\rmd x\; \mkakko{F_p(x) - F_q(x)}^2}\;.
\ea
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Neural Network Architecture\label{sc:u90gbf}}
When the response variable $\y$ to be predicted is a scalar, we adopt a NN architecture depicted in figure~\ref{fg:43rds} with $d_{\rm a}=1$.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5cm]{fig_1}
\caption{\label{fg:43rds}Architecture of a NN used to make distributional predictions by {\ALG}. Here $d_{\x}$ is the feature dimension of $\x$ and $d_{\rm a}$ is the dimension of $a$.}
\end{figure}
Inspired by \cite{IQN2018} we convert a scalar $a$ sampled from a uniform distribution over $[0,1]$ to a 128-dimensional vector $\mkakko{1, \cos(\pi a), \cos(2 \pi a), \cdots, \cos(127 \pi a)}$, which is later merged into the layer of $\x$ via a dot product. For the MLP part of the network, we used 2 hidden layers of width 128, each followed by an activation layer. The network parameters are optimized with Adam.
When $\y$ is a two-dimensional vector, we sample a vector $a=(a_1,a_2)$ from a uniform distribution over $[0,1]^2$ and expand it to a 128-dimensional vector $\mkakko{1, \cos(\pi a_1), \cos(2 \pi a_1), \cdots, \cos(63 \pi a_1)}\oplus \mkakko{1, \cos(\pi a_2), \cos(2 \pi a_2), \cdots, \cos(63 \pi a_2)}$.
The activation function for the embedding layer is changed from ReLU in \cite{IQN2018} to Tanh. This choice was partly motivated by \cite[Appendix B.3]{Ma2020}, which recommended using Sigmoid instead of ReLU. On the other hand, activation functions for the MLP part are not fixed and can be changed flexibly.
As we will see later, this surprisingly simply trick of inserting an embedding layer of an external noise works perfectly well for stable and efficient NN training in {\ALG}.
\subsection{Test on a Unimodal Synthetic Dataset}
We tested the proposed method on a simple one-dimensional dataset (figure~\ref{fg:24fds}, left). The data comprising 200 points were generated from the distribution
\begin{gather}
y = \exp(\sin(\pi x)) + \epsilon, \label{eq:rt34b52}
\\
\epsilon \sim \mathcal{N}\mkakko{0, 0.4^2}, \quad -1\leq x \leq 1\,.
\end{gather}
We applied {\ALG} to this data with the hyperparameters $n_{\rm epoch}=300, \Nb=50$ and $b_{\rm batch}=20$, using Tanh layer for the activation function. All parameters of the linear layers were initialized with random variables drawn from $\mathcal{N}\mkakko{0,0.1^2}$. The obtained distributional forecast (figure~\ref{fg:24fds}, right) captures aleatoric uncertainty of the data reasonably well. The color in the figure represents $0.5 - |Q - 0.5|$, where $Q\in [0,1]$ denotes the quantile of the predictive density.
To quantitatively assess the result, we took 200 equidistant points over the interval $[-1,1]$ of the $x$-axis and, for each $x$ in this set, sampled 3000 points from the ensemble prediction of {\ALG}. Then we computed the discrepancy between the obtained distribution and the ground-truth distribution \eqref{eq:rt34b52} and took the average of the distance metric over all 200 points.
For comparison, we performed similar analyses with three popular UQ methods: LightGBM with a quantile loss \cite{lightgbm}, quantile regression forests (QRF) \cite{Meinshausen2006}, and Gaussian process regression (GP) \cite{RWbook}. For QRF and GP we have used the implementation of \cite{Scikit-Garden} and \cite{scikit-learn}, respectively. Hyperparameters of LightGBM and QRF were tuned with Optuna \cite{Akiba2019}. We computed 51 quantiles with LightGBM and QRF, and therefrom constructed the conditional probability density $p(y|x)$ approximately. The result was so spiky that we had to smooth it with a Gaussian filter.
The benchmark result is summarized in figure~\ref{fg:8h9gf324}. (For the definition of four distance metrics, we refer to section~\ref{sc:emet}.) The result clearly shows that {\ALG} yields better distributional forecasts than LightGBM and QRF. However, {\ALG} is outperformed by GP, which does not come as a surprise because the ground-truth distribution \eqref{eq:rt34b52} is Gaussian.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{fig_0x}
\caption{\label{fg:8h9gf324}Average distance between the true distribution $p(y|x)$ and the output of each distributional predictors. The error bars represent the mean $\pm$ one standard deviation.}
\end{figure}
We once again emphasize that the result for {\ALG} has been obtained in a fully nonparametric manner without assuming any parametric distribution such as Gaussian.
\subsection{Test on a Multimodal Synthetic Dataset}
Next, we test the proposed method on a multimodal synthetic dataset.
The data were generated from the distributions over $-\pi/2\leq x \leq \pi/2$,
\ba
\begin{cases}
y=x+\varepsilon, \\
y=\cos x + \varepsilon',\\
y=-\cos x + \varepsilon'',
\end{cases}
\varepsilon,\varepsilon',\varepsilon''\sim \mathcal{N}(0,0.15^2).
\ea
The scatter plot of the data is shown in figure~\ref{fg:645kojk}. The dataset includes 3000 points in total, 1000 for each distribution.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{fig_2}
\caption{\label{fg:645kojk}Data comprising 3000 points generated by adding a Gaussian noise to three crossing curves.}
\vspace{2mm}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{fig_3}
\caption{\label{fg:5jkh}Average distance between the predictive distribution and the true distribution after training with four kinds of activation functions. The error bars are one standard deviation above and below the mean.}
\end{figure}
As a function of $x$, $y$ is multimodal and in general there are three peaks in the conditional probability density $p(y|x)$.
To test the effectiveness of {\ALG}, we trained a NN with the hyperparameters $n_{\rm epoch}=300$, $\Nb=50$ and $b_{\rm batch}=150$. We conducted training with four distinct activation functions: Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), Scaled Exponential Linear Unit (SELU) \cite{Klambauer2017}, Tanh activation, and Growing Cosine Unit (GCU) \cite{Noel2021}. To measure the performance, we took 100 equidistant points $x\in[-\pi/2, \pi/2]$ and, for each of them, computed the estimate $p(\wh{y}|x)$ via $M=10^4$ ensemble prediction. The distance between $p(\wh{y}|x)$ and the true conditional $p(y|x)$ was measured with the metrics in section~\ref{sc:emet} and was then averaged over all 100 points. The result is shown in figure~\ref{fg:5jkh}. It is observed that the scores of all four activation functions are similar, although Tanh activation seems to perform slightly better than the others and GCU slightly worse than the others.
To gain more insights into the approximation quality of our method, we show the predicted distribution versus the ground truth for various values of $x$ in figure~\ref{fg:moiijjh}. Clearly the predicted distribution reproduces the complex multimodal shape of the true distribution in a satisfactory manner. This is not possible with conventional methods such as the Gaussian processes.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.47\textwidth]{fig_4}
\caption{\label{fg:moiijjh}The histogram of the predicted conditional distribution $p(\wh{y}|x)$ (blue) overlayed with the true distribution $p(y|x)$ (red) for the dataset in figure~\ref{fg:645kojk}. Tanh activation was used.}
\end{figure}
We have also applied plain vanilla DISCO Nets (with no embedding layer of a random noise) to this dataset, but it only yielded seriously corrupted estimates of the predictive distribution. Actually it was this failure that forced us to seriously consider modifications to DISCO Nets.
While all activation functions give comparable accuracy of approximation for the range of data $-\pi/2\leq x \leq \pi /2$, what happens outside this range? Do they still maintain similar functional forms? We have numerically studied this and found, as shown in figure \ref{fg:798gho}, that the four neural networks give drastically different extrapolations. Since no data is available for $|x|>\pi/2$, the epistemic uncertainty must be high and a predictive distribution of $y$ should have a broad support. This seems to hold true only for the network with GCU activation. We therefore conclude that, while the choice of an activation function hardly affects the network's capability to model aleatoric uncertainty for in-distribution data, it \emph{does} affect the ability to model epistemic uncertainty for out-of-distribution data and hence great care must be taken.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.234\textwidth]{fig_5_ReLU}
\includegraphics[width=.234\textwidth]{fig_5_SELU}
\\
\includegraphics[width=.234\textwidth]{fig_5_Tanh}
\includegraphics[width=.234\textwidth]{fig_5_GCU}
\caption{\label{fg:798gho}Density plots of the predictive distributions for $-5\leq x \leq 5$ with four activation functions. Two vertical dashed lines at $x=\pm \pi / 2$ indicate the boundary of the training dataset.}
\end{figure}
To check the hyperparameter dependence of results, we have repeated numerical experiments with the same dataset for various sets of $b_{\rm batch}$ and $\Nb$, using ReLU activation. The number of epochs $n_{\rm epoch}$ was fixed to $2 \times b_{\rm batch}$ to keep the number of gradient updates the same across experiments, ensuring a fair comparison. The result is shown in figure~\ref{fg:hodfkho}. It is observed that larger $\Nb$ and/or larger $b_{\rm batch}$ generally leads to better (lower) scores. Note, however, that larger $\Nb$ entails higher numerical cost and longer computational time. It is therefore advisable to make these parameters large enough within the limit of available computational resources, although it is likely that the best hyperparameter values will in general depend on the characteristics of individual datasets under consideration.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.485\textwidth]{fig_6}
\caption{\label{fg:hodfkho}(a) Hellinger distance and (b) Wasserstein distance between the true distribution $p(y|x)$ and the predictive distribution $\wh{p}(y|x)$ computed using ReLU activation for varying $b_{\rm batch}$ and $\Nb$.}
\end{figure}
In order to benchmark {\ALG}, we again compared it with LightGBM, QRF and GP.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.48\textwidth]{fig_7}
\caption{\label{fg:54po54}The true density $p(y|x)$ (red curve) and the estimated density $\wh{p}(y|x)$ (blue curve) obtained at $x=-1$ and $0$ for the dataset in figure~\ref{fg:645kojk} using the three methods: (a) LightGBM with quantile losses, (b) QRF, and (c) GP.}
\end{figure}
We have used ReLU activation for {\ALG}. Some examples of the posterior distributions obtained with each method are displayed in figure~\ref{fg:54po54}. While LightGBM and QRF seem to capture qualitative features of the posterior well, GP entirely misses local structures due to its inherent Gaussian nature of the approximation.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.42\textwidth]{fig_8}
\caption{\label{fg:7ghfhjh}Comparison of {\ALG} against three popular UQ methods (lower scores are better). Error bars represent the mean $\pm$ one standard deviation.}
\end{figure}
For a quantitative comparison of the methods, we computed the discrepancy between the estimated distribution and the true distribution and took the average over $-\pi/2 \leq x \leq \pi/2$. The result is displayed in figure~\ref{fg:7ghfhjh}. Not surprisingly, GP marked the worst score. {\ALG} attained the lowest score in all the four metrics, thus underlining the effectiveness of this approach for modeling complex multimodal density distributions.
\subsection{Sampling of Functions after Fitting to Data}
Drawing samples from a posterior predictive distribution is central to Bayesian inference \cite{Bishop2006}. In GP the cost of naive generation of samples scales cubically with the number of observations, and historically a variety of approximation schemes have been proposed \cite{Lazaro2010,Wilson2020}. In DISCO Nets and {\ALG}, it is in fact trivial to sample functions from the posterior after training on a dataset. While we make an ensemble forecast at given $\x$ by running a forward pass with a large number of distinct inputs $a\sim \Pb$ sampled from the base space $\Xb$, sample functions can be obtained by simply fixing $a\sim \Pb$ and running a forward pass with varying $\x$. For illustration, we generated a test dataset as shown in the top panel of figure~\ref{fg:tmnfgoi9}. In total 600 points were generated uniformly inside three squares of size 1. We have applied {\ALG} to this data with hyperparameters $n_{\rm epoch}=50$, $\Nb=20$ and $b_{\rm batch}=80$ using four activation functions. For each of them we sampled 10 functions, as shown in the bottom panel of figure~\ref{fg:tmnfgoi9}. They cover the range of data in a similar way but perform qualitatively different extrapolations outside the range of data. These characteristics that are specific to activation functions, akin to the choice of kernel functions in GP, must be taken into consideration carefully when using this sampling technique for practical purposes.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.7cm]{fig_13}
\includegraphics[width=.48\textwidth]{fig_14}
\caption{\label{fg:tmnfgoi9}Data distribution (top) and samples drawn from the fitted NN (bottom) for the four activation functions. }
\end{figure}
\subsection{Two-dimensional Prediction}
Next, we proceed to considering the case where the response variable $\y$ is two-dimensional. As described in section~\ref{sc:u90gbf}, we sample a two-dimensional random vector $a\in[0,1]^2$ to make ensemble predictions. As a testbed of the proposed method, we generated a dataset from the distribution below.
\begin{gather}
\y=\begin{pmatrix}y_1(x) \\ y_2(x) \end{pmatrix}, \quad
\begin{cases}
y_1(x) = 0.6 \cos \theta \times x + \varepsilon
\\
y_2(x) = 0.6 \sin \theta \times x + \varepsilon'
\end{cases}
\label{eq:89hgfb912}
\\
\varepsilon, \varepsilon' \sim \mathcal{N}\mkakko{0,0.1^2}, \quad
\theta \sim U\mkakko{\kkakko{-\frac{3\pi}{4},\frac{3\pi}{4}}}
\end{gather}
for $0 \leq x \leq 1$.
The scatter plots of the data at three values of $x$ are displayed in figure~\ref{fg:hg564f}. For small $x$, the data distribution is essentially isotropic, while for larger $x$ a gap on the left gradually opens up.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{fig_9}
\caption{\label{fg:hg564f}The dataset generated for the experiment with 2D output $\y=(y_1,y_2)$.}
\end{figure}
The task for {\ALG} is to learn this nontrivial evolution of the distribution over the entire unit interval $x\in [0,1]$. We have taken an equidistant grid of $3000$ points over $[0,1]$ and generated the dataset $\ckakko{(x_i, \y_i)}_{i=1}^{3000}$, which was fed to our NN. We have used ReLU activation and trained the model with $b_{\rm batch}=300$, $\Nb=100$ and $n_{\rm epoch}=300$.
For various $x$, we made an ensemble forecast with $M=10^5$ and computed its Hellinger distance from the true distribution \eqref{eq:89hgfb912}. The result is shown in figure~\ref{fg:8hfgfd97}. The worst score was $0.135$ at $x=1$ and the mean over all $x$ was $0.106$, hence we conclude that the model has correctly reproduced the data distribution for all $x$.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=3.5cm]{fig_10}
\caption{\label{fg:8hfgfd97}Discrepancy between the true distribution $p(\y|x)$ and the predicted distribution $p(\wh{\y}|x)$ measured by the Hellinger distance based on $10^5$ ensemble forecast.}
\vspace{3mm}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.48\textwidth]{fig_11}
\caption{\label{fg:ujhg64}Density plots of the true distribution (left) and {\ALG}'s prediction (right) in the $(y_1,y_2)$-plane.}
\end{figure}
For illustration, we show the true distribution and the learned distribution on the $\y$-plane at $x=0.8$ in figure~\ref{fg:ujhg64}. Clearly, major features of the distribution are reproduced to a good accuracy. We anticipate that the result would be improved if the model's layer width is increased further and the hyperparameters of the training such as $b_{\rm batch}$ are optimized.
\subsection{Test on Real-World Datasets\label{sc:2jdtyzdfhb}}
\begin{table*}[ht]
\caption{\label{tb:89bvbcmn}Point forecast performance of each method on each dataset. Best result is in bold face. The lower score is better.}
\centering \scalebox{0.85}{
\begin{tabular}{lccccc|ccccc}
\toprule
\multirow{2}{*}{Dataset}
& \multicolumn{5}{c}{MAE ($\downarrow$)}
& \multicolumn{5}{c}{RMSE ($\downarrow$)}
\\\cmidrule(lr){2-6}\cmidrule(lr){7-11}
&QRF&LGBM&NGB&GP&
\colorbox{lightgray}{
\begin{minipage}{7mm}This\vspace{-1pt}\\work\end{minipage}
}
&QRF&LGBM&NGB&GP&
\colorbox{lightgray}{
\begin{minipage}{7mm}This\vspace{-1pt}\\work\end{minipage}
}
\\\midrule
California & 0.345 & 0.328 & {\bfseries 0.319} & 0.368 &0.328
& 0.522 & 0.474 & {\bfseries 0.465} & 0.545 &0.517
\\
Concrete &2.63&{\bfseries 2.60}&2.69&2.68&2.71
&3.47&{\bfseries 3.35}&3.49&3.61&3.65
\\
Kin8nm&0.116&0.099&0.116&{\bfseries 0.060}& 0.061
&0.143&0.124&0.150&0.080& {\bfseries 0.079}
\\
Power Plant &2.37&{\bfseries 2.30} &2.37&2.60&2.73
&3.40&{\bfseries 3.22}&3.39&3.63&3.76
\\
House Sales & 68.2k &{\bfseries 63.6k} &68.3k&86.0k&79.7k
&123k&{\bfseries 111k}&117k&153k&166k
\\
Elevators &1.87E-3&1.62E-3&1.58E-3&{\bfseries 1.55E-3}&1.61E-3
&2.76E-3&2.36E-3&2.15E-3&{\bfseries 2.09E-3}&2.24E-3
\\
Bank8FM &0.0227&{\bfseries 0.0221}&0.0227&0.0231&0.0223
&0.0311&0.0303&{\bfseries 0.0301}&0.0307&0.0310
\\
Sulfur &{\bfseries 0.0172}&0.0194&0.0224&0.0183&0.0197
&0.0308&0.0348&0.0386&{\bfseries 0.0302}&0.0338
\\
Superconduct &{\bf 5.06}&6.45&6.66&5.35& 5.53
& {\bf 8.96}&10.6&10.5&9.22& 9.75
\\
Ailerons &2.07E-4&{\bf 1.07E-4}&2.09E-4&1.15E-4&1.30E-4
&2.64E-4&{\bf 1.52E-4}&2.73E-4&1.58E-4&1.84E-4
\\
\midrule
\begin{minipage}{15mm}Average\\
Rank ($\downarrow$)\end{minipage}
&2.7&{\bf 2.1} &3.4&2.7&3.2
&3.3&{\bf 2.4} &3.0&2.8&3.5
\\\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
}
\vspace{\baselineskip}\\
\caption{\label{tb:9mleewre}Probabilistic forecast performance of each method on each dataset. Best result is in bold face. The lower score is better.}
\vspace{\baselineskip}
\scalebox{0.85}{
\begin{tabular}{lccccc|ccccc}
\toprule
\multirow{2}{*}{Dataset}
& \multicolumn{5}{c}{NLL ($\downarrow$)}
& \multicolumn{5}{c}{CRPS ($\downarrow$)}
\\\cmidrule(lr){2-6}\cmidrule(lr){7-11}
&QRF&LGBM&NGB&GP&
\colorbox{lightgray}{
\begin{minipage}{7mm}This\vspace{-1pt}\\work\end{minipage}
}
&QRF&LGBM&NGB&GP&
\colorbox{lightgray}{
\begin{minipage}{7mm}This\vspace{-1pt}\\work\end{minipage}
}
\\\midrule
California
& 0.316 & 0.194 & 0.111 & 0.411 &{\bfseries 0.097}
& 0.143 & {\bfseries 0.130} & 0.139 & 0.167 &0.134
\\
Concrete
&2.74&2.44&2.39&2.48&{\bfseries 2.36}
&1.80&{\bfseries 1.03}&1.39&1.33&1.38
\\
Kin8nm
& $-0.590$ & $-0.972$ & $-0.869$ & {$\bf -1.35$} & $-0.964$
&0.065&0.048&0.058& {\bfseries 0.031} & 0.036
\\
Power Plant
&2.27&2.16&{\bfseries 2.11}&2.39&2.33
&1.16&{\bfseries 1.04}&1.14&1.24& 1.27
\\
House Sales
&{\bfseries 12.2}&12.3&12.3&12.4&12.4
&28.8k&{\bfseries 26.0k}&28.2k&35.9k& 28.2k
\\
Elevators
& $-4.89$ & $-5.09$ & {$\bf -5.14$} & $-5.04$ & $-5.11$
& 8.76E-4 & {\bfseries 7.56E-4} & 7.80E-4 & 7.65E-4 & 8.09E-4
\\
Bank8FM
& $-2.19$ & $-2.29$ & {$\bf -2.45$} & $-2.39$ & $-2.36$
& 0.0128 & 0.0110 & {\bfseries 0.0105} & 0.0106 & 0.0107
\\
Sulfur
& {$\bf -2.89$} & $-2.79$ & $-2.59$ & $-2.52$ & $-2.72$
& {\bfseries 6.30E-3} & 7.55E-3 & 9.63E-3 &8.90E-3 & 7.79E-3
\\
Superconduct
&{\bf 2.72}&3.09&3.14&3.32&2.87
&{\bf 1.63}&2.16&2.67&2.76&1.87
\\
Ailerons
& $-7.03$ & $-7.72$ & $-7.06$ & $-7.65$ & {$\bf -7.95$}
& 9.42E-5 & {\bf 5.17E-5} & 1.21E-4 & 5.55E-5 & 6.54E-5
\\\midrule
\begin{minipage}{15mm}Average\\
Rank ($\downarrow$)\end{minipage} &3.5&2.6&2.5&3.7&{\bf 2.3}
&3.6&{\bf 1.8}&3.3&3.1&2.9
\\\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
}
\end{table*}
Finally we compare the performance of various baselines with {\ALG} on 10 publicly available tabular datasets for regression tasks. For details of datasets we refer to Appendix~\ref{ap:8uyt5}. This time we have included NGBoost \cite{Duan2020} in the baselines, which fits parametric distributions to data via gradient boosting of decision trees. For each dataset, we have used 90\% of the data for training and 10\% for testing. Hyperparameters of the baselines are provided in Appendix~\ref{ap:8uyt5}. In {\ALG}, we used the hyperparameters $(n_{\rm epoch}, b_{\rm batch}, \Nb)=(150,200,100)$ for all datasets except for the Concrete dataset for which $(n_{\rm epoch}, b_{\rm batch}, \Nb)=(200,50,50)$. In the inference mode, $M=500$ ensemble predictions were made. {\tt QuantileTransformer(\verb|output_distribution=|\newline 'normal')} from Scikit-Learn was used to preprosess both the input and output of the NN.
The result on the point forecast performance measured by MAE and RMSE is displayed in table~\ref{tb:89bvbcmn}. Overall, LightGBM was the best performing model and {\ALG} was close to worst, although {\ALG} was best on the Kin8nm dataset. This is partly as expected, since our NN of {\ALG} is not optimized for achieving the best point forecast. As is widely recognized, highly tuned gradient boosting models often outperform plain vanilla MLP, though we stress that {\ALG} can integrate with more complex and deeper NN as well. We leave engineering efforts for achieving better point forecast accuracy to future work.
The probabilistic forecast performance is compared in table~\ref{tb:9mleewre}. As a metric we used negative log-likelihood (NLL) and CRPS. In order to compute NLL numerically, we have used Gaussian KDE for the four methods other than NGBoost. This time, {\ALG} was best on average on NLL, while LightGBM was best on average on CRPS, respectively. It should be noted that {\ALG} was best on three datasets for NLL. Overall, the probabilistic forecast performance of {\ALG} was at least quite competitive with the standard baselines of probabilistic regression. The fact that {\ALG} did not clearly outperform the baselines may be indicating that the probability distributions of the response variables in these datasets may have a simple unimodal structure that hardly requires nonparametric methods for complex multimodal distributions.
\section{\uppercase{Conclusion}\label{sc:cdosc7897}}
In this paper, we introduced a method {\ALG} built on top of DISCO Net \cite{disco2016} for uncertainty quantification with neural networks for regression tasks. {\ALG} is a nonparametric method that can model arbitrary complex multimodal distributions. In contrast to Bayesian neural networks and Gaussian processes, {\ALG} scales well to a large dataset without a computational bottleneck. It also offers an easy way to sample as many functions as desired from the posterior distribution. Due to its simplicity, {\ALG} can be combined with a variety of complex neural networks, including convolutional and recurrent neural networks. In numerical experiments, we have shown that {\ALG} can even model a two-dimensional distribution of a response variable successfully, in stark contrast to conventional quantile-based approaches that struggle in higher than one dimensions.
In future work, it would be interesting to apply {\ALG} to uncertainty quantification problems where images or time-series data are given as inputs to the model.
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Анато́лий Кири́ллович Пога́сий (род. 9 августа 1952 года, Вентспилс, Латвийская ССР, СССР) — российский религиовед, правовед, юрист и религиозный деятель, специалист в области государственно-конфессиональных отношений, юридического религиоведения, истории христианства и . Магистр теологии (2015), доктор философии (1998), кандидат исторических наук (1996), доктор философских наук (2013), профессор (2021).
Профессор кафедры религиоведения Отделения философии и религиоведения Института социально-философских наук и массовых коммуникаций Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета (с 2014). Доцент и профессор кафедры общенаучных дисциплин Восточной экономико-юридической гуманитарной академии (2007—2014).
Настоятель и пастор Казанского евангелическо-лютеранского прихода святого апостола Андрея Евангелическо-лютеранской церкви Ингрии. Преподаватель Теологического института Евангелическо-лютеранской церкви Ингрии (с 2004).
Биография
Родился 9 августа 1952 года в г. Вентспилс Латвийской ССР.
Вырос в атеистической семье, но в 1990-х годах стал членом пятидесятнической церкви христиан веры евангельской «Краеугольный камень». В 2002 году перешёл в лютеранство и стал одним из создателей, настоятелем и пастором Казанского евангелическо-лютеранского прихода святого апостола Андрея Евангелическо-лютеранской церкви Ингрии.
В 1980 году окончил юридический факультет Дальневосточного государственного университета по специальности «правоведение» с присвоением квалификации «юрист».
В 1990 году окончил исторический факультет Казанского государственного университета имени В. И. Ульянова-Ленина по специальности «история» с присвоением квалификации «историк, преподаватель истории и обществоведения», защитив дипломные работы по темам «Европейская историография о социальной роли личности в раннем христианстве» и «Эволюция идеи Бога в современном протестантизме».
В марте 1996 года в Казанском государственном университете имени В. И. Ульянова-Ленина под научным руководством доктора исторических наук, профессора В. Д. Жигунина защитил диссертацию на соискание учёной степени кандидата исторических наук по теме «Изучение проблем раннего христианства в Казанском университете и Казанской духовной академии в XIX начале XX вв.» (специальность 07.00.09 — историография, источниковедение и методы исторического исследования).
В 1997 году стал старшим научным сотрудником Института религии и права и директором его казанского филиала.
В 1998 году по совокупности религиоведческих трудов получил доктора философии в международной академии «Информация, связь, управление в технике, природе, обществе» (имевшей аккредитацию Евро-Азиатской аккредитационной ассоциации).
Преподавал исторические, правовые и религиоведческие дисциплины в ряде средних и высших учебных заведений Казани.
С 2004 года — преподаватель курсов «Религиозное правоведение» и «Государственно-конфессиональные отношения» в Теологическом институте Евангелическо-лютеранской церкви Ингрии на территории России.
В 2005 — 2010 годах внедрил и преподавал учебный курс «Религия и право» на юридическом отделении Казанского экономико-юридического техникума.
В 2007—2014 годах — доцент, затем профессор кафедры общенаучных дисциплин Восточной экономико-юридической гуманитарной академии.
В апреле 2013 года в ЛГУ имени А. С. Пушкина защитил диссертацию на соискание учёной степени доктора философских наук по теме «Конкурентные религиозные дискурсы в социально-исторической эволюции русского православия» (специальность 09.00.14 — философия религии и религиоведение); научный консультант — доктор философских наук, профессор А. М. Прилуцкий; официальные оппоненты — доктор философских наук. профессор И. Я. Кантеров, доктор философских наук, профессор В. И. Смирнов и кандидат философских наук, доктор социологических наук, доцент М. Ю. Смирнов; ведущая организация — Русская христианская гуманитарная академия.
С 2014 года — профессор кафедры религиоведения Отделения философии и религиоведения Института социально-философских наук и массовых коммуникаций Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета.
В 2015 году получил магистра теологии в Теологическом институте Евангелическо-лютеранской церкви Ингрии на территории России.
В 2018 году присвоено учёное звание доцента.
В 2021 году присвоено учёное звание профессора по специальности «философия религии и религиоведение».
Был адвокатом Адвокатской палаты Республики Татарстан (регистрационный номер: 16/651).
Свободно владеет украинским языком.
Награды
Почётное звание «Основатель научного направления» (юридическое религиоведение).
Научные труды
Монографии
Погасий А. К. Справочник по действующему законодательству в области свободы совести и вероисповедания. — Казань, 1998. — 100 с.
Погасий А. К. Церковные расколы в российском православии XIV – начала XX веков: монография. — Казань: Изд. дом МедДок, 2009. — 291 с.
Погасий А. К., Синкевич В. П. Религия и право. Современные правовые основы обеспечения свободы совести и деятельности религиозных объединений: монография / науч. ред. М. Г. Ахмадеев; Восточная экономико-юридическая гуманитарная акад. (Акад. ВЭГУ). — Уфа : Академия ВЭГУ, 2010. — 175 с. ISBN 978-5-87865-518-7
Религия и право: научный и образовательный аспекты: сборник научных статей / Восточная экономико-юридическая гуманитарная акад., Казанский ин-т; ред.-сост. А. К. Погасий. — Казань : ИД МеДДок, 2010. — 272 с. ISBN 5-9716-0042-8
Погасий А. К. Правовые вопросы свободы совести. Государственно-конфессиональные отношения: монография. — Saarbrücren, Germany: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH & Co, 2011. – 230 с.
Погасий А. К. Научные школы Казани о раннем христианстве (XIX – начало ХХ вв.): монография. — Саарбрюккен: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH & Co, 2011. — 330 с.
Янбулат Ф., Погасий А. К. Тайна беззакония: по следам нефилимов. — Казань : МеДДок, 2015. — 243 с. ISBN 978-5-9906944-1-5 2000 экз.
Погасий А. К. Концепция конкурентных религиозных дискурсов //Феномен религии и религиозности: концептуализация в академическом философском религиоведении. Коллективная монография / А. К. Погасий, Е. И. Аринин, А. В. Аполлонов, А. С. Миксюк и др. / Под ред. Е. И. Аринина. — Владимир: Владим. гос. ун-т, 2015. — 340 с.
Корнилов И. П., Погасий А. К., Тулянская Ю. Т., Кульчицкий А. Е. Протестанты в России и Татарстане: коллективная монография / под ред. А. К. Погасий. — Йошкар-Ола: БМТ, 2016. — 280 с.
Нотович Н. А. Неизвестная жизнь Иисуса Христа / Пер. с франц., предисл. и коммент. А. К. Погасий. — Йошкар-Ола: МРИПП, 2017. — 159 с.
Янбулат Ф., Погасий А. К. Абсолютное зло. Библия о происхождении зла в свете «Книги Еноха»: научно-богословское издание. — Saarbrucken: Sanktum, 2019. — 198 с.
Учебные издания
Погасий А. К. Религия и право: учебное пособие: специальность «Правоведение»: специализация «Государственно-конфессиональные отношения. Религия и право» / М-во образования Российской Федерации, Казанский ин-т вост. экономик-юридической гуманитарной акад., Казанский экономико-юридический техникум. — 2-е изд. — Казань: Меддок, 2008. — 195 с. ISBN 5-9716-0027-3
Погасий А. К. Религиозное правоведение: учебник. — Казань, ИД МеДДок, 2015. — 308 с.
Погасий А. К. Юридическое религиоведение: учебно-методическое пособие. — Казань: ИД МеДДок, 2016. — 200 с.
Погасий А. К. Протестанты. История, вероучение, распространение: учебное пособие. – Казань: КФУ, 2021. – 274 с.
Статьи
Погасий А. К. Государственно-религиозные отношения: проблема подготовки специалистов. // Материалы конференции «Инновационные образовательные технологии на рубеже ХХ – XXI веков». — Казань, Унипресс, 1998. — С. 54—56.
Погасий А. К. К вопросу о понятии «секта» // Материалы конференции «Социум в преддверии XXI века: итоги пройденного пути, проблемы настоящего и контуры будущего». — Йошкар-Ола, 1999. — Т. 1. — С. 49—51.
Погасий А. К. Этика, право и жизнь: проблема последствий // Материалы конференции «Медицина, этика, религия и право». — М: Международный университет, 2000. — С. 97—101.
Погасий А. К. Проблемы межконфессиональных отношений и пути их разрешения. // Материалы международной научной конференции «К культуре мира — через диалог религий, диалог цивилизаций». — Т. 2. — Омск: Изд-во ОмГТУ, 2000. — С. 49—52.
Погасий А. К. Христианство и культура // Сборник научных трудов и материалов Четвертого международного симпозиума. — Казань, Эксклюзив, 2004. — С. 200—203.
Погасий А. К. Факторы, влияющие на межконфессиональное понимание // Тезисы докладов и выступлений IV Российского философского конгресса (Москва, 24 – 28 мая 2005 г.). — Т. 2. — М.: Современные тетради, 2005. — С. 656—657.
Прилуцкий А. М., Погасий А. К. Понятие «секта»: основные значения и правомерность употребления // Религиоведение. — 2006. — № 1. — С. 164–170.
Погасий А. К., Нефедкин А. К. Пятидесятничество и феномен «иных языков» в Новом Завете // Религиоведение. — 2007. — № 1. — С. 12—21.
Погасий А. К. Молитва или «христианская медитация»: христианская созерцательная традиция или восточная духовная техника? // Феномены природы и экология человека: Сборник научных трудов и материалов Пятого Международного Симпозиума (Казань, 26-28 мая 2008 г.) в 2-х т. Т. 2. — Казань: Хэтер, 2008. — С. 22—25.
Погасий А. К. Либерально-гуманистические тенденции в современном протестантизме // Кризисные явления в современном российском протестантизме и способы их преодоления: сборник материалов научно-практической конференции (Москва, 16.10.08 г.). — М.: Дух. Акад. СЕХР, 2008. — С. 21-33.
Погасий А. К. Религиозные разделения и межконфессиональное понимание // Религиоведение. — 2009. — № 2. — С. 110—114.
Погасий А. К. Религиозные разделения как фактор мировой истории (к вопросу о типологии церковных расколов) // Религиоведение. — 2009. — № 4. — С. 3—15.
Погасий А. К. Религия и право в поликультурном пространстве: образовательный аспект // Вестник ВЭГУ. 2010. № 1 (45). С. 31—33.
Погасий А. К. Библейские основы этики бизнеса // Грани познания: сборник научных трудов молодых ученых. — № 1 (16). — Уфа: Изд-во Академии ВЭГУ, 2010. — С. 102—108.
Погасий А. К. Предмет «Религия и право» в образовании и религиоведении // Неверовские чтения: материалы III Всероссийской конференции (с международным участием), посвященной 80-летию со дня рождения профессора В. И. Неверова. — Т. 2: Теоретические и прикладные исследования в религиоведении / Под ред. Ю. Ф. Кирюшина, П. К. Дашковского. — Барнаул: Изд-во Алт. ун-та, 2010. — С. 228—235.
Лещинский А. Н., Погасий А. К. Типологизация и классификация церковны разделений в христианстве // Религиоведение. 2010. № 2. С. 91-101.
Погасий А. К. Русское православие: внутренние противоречия на современном этапе // Вестник ВЭГУ (Серия: История). — 2010. — № 6. — С. 80—87.
Погасий А. К. Церковные расколы как социальный фактор // Вестник экономики, права и социологии. 2011. № 2. С. 235-237.
Погасий А. К. Иконоборчество как фактор разделения церкви // Вестник Казанского государственного университета культуры и искусств. — 2011. — № 3. — С. 114—117.
Погасий А. К. Религия и право: учебный предмет и научная дисциплина // Правове регулювання релiгiйного життя: iсторiя, сучаснiсть, перспективи. Матерiали IV мiжнародного круглого столу. Харкiв, 16 грудня 2011 року. — Харкiв: Вид-во «ФОП Корецька Л. О.», 2011. — С. 136—139.
Погасий А. К. Социально-религиозные причины церковных разделений и их влияние на мировую историю // Вестник экономики, права и социологии. 2011. № 3. С. 208—211.
Погасий А. К. Религиозные расколы в социально-политической и культурной жизни России // Общественные науки. 2011. № 2. С. 27—37.
Погасий А. К. Русская православная церковь и советская власть в 20-е годы XX века // Вестник ВЭГУ. 2012. № 4 (60). С. 97-103.
Погасий А. К. Религиозно-правовые вопросы в отечественном религиоведении // Философия в современном мире: диалог мировоззрений: Материалы VI Российского философского конгресса (Нижний Новгород, 27-30 июня 2012 г.). В 3 томах. Т. 1. – Н. Новгород: Изд-во Нижегородского государственного университета им. Н.И. Лобачевского, 2012. — С. 448.
Погасий А. К. Духовная безопасность и религиозно-правовое образование // Духовные основы государственности и правопорядка: сборник тезисов докладов и сообщений на всероссийской научно-практической конференции, Тюмень, 25 мая 2012 г. — Тюмень: Тюменский институт повышения квалификации сотрудников МВД России, 2012. — С. 53—54.
Погасий А. К. К вопросу о некоторых религиозных терминах // Религия. Церковь. Общество. Исследования и публикации по теологии и религии. 2012. № 1. С. 35—49.
Погасий А. К. Роль православных леворадикальных движений в церковных расколах 20-х годов XX в // Религиоведение. 2012. № 1. С. 47—50.
Погасий А. К. Проблемы русской православной церкви в Украине // Государство, общество, церковь в истории России XX века: материалы XII Междунар.науч. конф., Иваново, 20-21 февраля 2013 г.: в 2 ч. — Иваново: Ивановский государственный университет, 2013. — Ч. 1. — С. 280-284. — 552 с.
Погасий А. К. Возвращаясь к концепции религиозной политики в России // Новые религии в России: двадцать лет спустя: Материалы Международной научно-практической конференцию. Москва, Центральный дом журналиста, 14 декабря 2012 г. — М.: «Издательство ХЦ «Древо жизни», 2013. — С. 189—192.
Погасий А. К. Религиоведческая экспертиза и проблема подготовки специалистов // Материалы Всероссийской научно-практической конференции «Проблемы методологии экспертизы материалов с признаками экстремизма». Казань, 14-15 ноября 2-13 г. – Казань: ЗАО «Мир без границ», ООО Глаголъ, 2013. — С. 270—273.
Погасий А. К. Магистратура по направлению "юридическое религиоведение" // Религия. Церковь. Общество. Исследования и публикации по теологии и религии. 2014. № 3. С. 388—391.
Погасий А. К. Обман глобализации // Сохранение религиозных ценностей и трансформация российского социума: поиск конструктивных взаимоотношений общества и религиозных объединений. — СПб.: «Издательство ХЦ «Древо жизни», 2014. — С. 187—193.
Погасий А. К. Современное состояние внутриконфессиональных отношений в Русской Православной Церкви // Государство, общество, церковь в истории России XX века. — Иваново: Ивановский государственный университет, 2014. — С. 169—175.
Погасий А. К. Рецензия на: Мустаев Р. Ш., Салихов Н. Р. Основы конфессиональных знаний: Учебное пособие. – Казань, 2013 // Религия, церковь, общество. Исследования и публикации по теологии и религии / Под ред. А. М. Прилуцкого. – Вып. 3. — СПб.: Скифия-принт, 2014. — С. 346—352.
Погасий А. К. Исторические модели государственно-конфесиональных отношений: зарубежный опыт // Религия и право. — 2014. — № 4 (71). — С. 21—26.
Погасий А. К. Религиоведческая экспертиза: обоюдоострый инструмент в формировании государственно-конфесиональных отношений в России // Религия в истории народов России и Центральной Азии:сборник. — Барнаул: Изд-во Алт. ун-та, 2014. — С. 50—53.
Погасий А. К. Христианство и глобализация // Государство, общество, церковь в истории России XX-XXI веков: материалы XIV Междунар. науч. конф., Иваново, 18-19 марта 2015 г. : в 2 ч. – Иваново: Ивановский государственный университет, 2015. — Ч. 1. — С. 5—10. — 740 с.
Погасий А. К. Религия против глобализации // Философия. Толерантность. Глобализация. Восток и Запад – диалог мировоззрений: тезисы докладов VII Российского философского конгресса (г. Уфа, 6-10 октября 2015 г.). В 3-х т. Т.III. – Уфа: РИЦ БашГУ, 2015. — С. 52—53. — 384 с.
Погасий А. К. Как истолковывать российские законы? Критический анализ некоторых положений Федерального закона «О свободе совести и о религиозных объединениях» // Религия. Церковь. Общество. Исследования и публикации по теологии и религии: альманах / Под ред. А. М Прилуцкого. Вып. 4. — СПб.: Скифия-принт, 2015. — С. 358—363. — 368 с.
Погасий А. К. Юридическое религиоведение: сегодняшнее состояние и перспективы // Религия и право. — 2016. — № 2 (77). — С. 34—36.
Погасий А. К. Современные проблемы государственно-конфессиональных отношений в свете последних изменений в ФЗ «О свободе совести и о религиозных объединениях» // Академическое исследование и концептуализация религии в XXI веке: традиции и новые вызовы : сб. материалов Третьего конгресса российских исследователей религии (7-9.10.2016, Владимир, ВлГУ). В 6 т. Т. 4 / Владим. гос. ун-т им. А.Г. и Н.Г. Столетовых. – Владимир : Аркаим, 2016. - С. 68-76
Погасий А. К. Кому и как не нужно писать книги по религиоведению // Мировоззрение населения Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии в исторической ретроспективе (науч. журнал) / под. ред. П. К. Дашковского. — Барнаул: Изд-во Алт. ун-та, 2016. — Вып. IX. — С. 265—270 (280 с.).
Погасий А. К. Религия и право: научно-практический аспект и проблема подготовки специалистов // Юридическая наука и юридическое образование в условиях глобализации и интеграции: состояние, тенденции и перспективы. Материалы VIII международной научной конференции. — Иваново: Изд-во Ивановского государственного университета, 2016. — С. 47—55. — 631 с.
Погасий А. К. Метаморфозы российского законодательства о свободе совести: от законотворчества до правоприменения // Вестник экономики, права и социологии. — № 4. — 2016. — С. 176—179.
Погасий А. К. «Тибетское евангелие» – историко-культурный памятник тибетского буддизма или, все же, подделка конца XIX века? // Религиоведение. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 117—125.
Погасий А. К. Интерпретация некоторых положений библейских текстов в свете апокрифической «Книги Еноха» // International Science Project. — 2017. — № 6. — Ч. I. — С. 29—34.
Погасий А. К., Ширяева А. Ю. Так какая же логика у российского законодателя? // European multi scientific journal. — 2017. — № 8. — С. 30—33.
Погасий А. К. Христианство и бизнес: принципы библейской этики // Религия и История. материалы V Международной научно-практической конференции. — Минск: Белорусский государственный университет, 2017. — С. 217—221.
Погасий А. К. Религиозная жизнь России: закон, совесть и её свобода // Государство, общество, Церковь в истории России ХХ-XXI веков. Материалы XVII Международной научной конференции, посвященной 100-летию создания Иваново-Вознесенской губернии и 100-летию высшего образования в Ивановском крае. — Иваново: Ивановский государственный университет, 2018. С. 17-21.
Погасий А. К. Научное изучение религии: от «научного атеизма» до юридического религиоведения // Вестник развития науки и образования. — 2018. — № 3. — С. 27—34. — 54 с.
Погасий А. К. Религия как фактор единства и разделения: проблема выбора // Государство, общество, церковь в истории России XX-XXI веков: материалы XVIII Междунар науч. конф., Иваново, 3-4 апреля 2019 г. — Иваново: Ивановский государственный университет, 2019. — С. 372—377.
Погасий А. К. Законы и их исполнители: проблема правотворчества и толкования // Актуальные вопросы юриспруденции: сборник статей III Международной научно-практической конференции (Пенза, 5 ноября 2020). — Пенза: МЦНС «Наука и просвещение», 2020. — С. 200—204.
на других языках
Pogasy A. K., Aleksandrova N. N. Aspects of inculturation of neopentecostalism in the conditions of a policonfessional environment // Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews. 2019. 7 (6), pp. 305—308.
Pogasy A. K., Kuzmina E. V. The issue of the term «sect» juridical definition // Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas — Universidade Federal da Paraíba. V. 8. Nº 07. Ano 2019 – Special Edition. P. 19—29
Публицистика
Погасий А. К. Нужны ли современным протестантам символы веры? // Служение лютеранского часа в России, 06.12.2005 (копия)
Погасий А. К., Андурский Е. Я. «Свобода выбора пути» // ИА REX, 26.10.2011
Отзывы
Религиовед и социолог религии С. Б. Филатов описывая религиозную жизнь Республики Татарстан, по состоянию на марте 1999 года, отметил следующее:Настоятель казанской общины диакон Анатолий Кириллович Погасий, глава отделения Института религии и права в Казани. Погасий поддерживает энергичные контакты с православной епархией, в частности, он читал лекции в духовной семинарии. Политику местных властей диакон оценивает как ровную и толерантную. Проблемы, по словам Погасия, чаще возникают тогда, когда пресса публикует антисектантские материалы, затрагивающие протестантские церкви. В 1997 г. он организовал Совет христианских организаций Республики Татарстан, в который вошли баптисты, лютеране, харизматы, адвентисты и представители Истинно-православной церкви. На территории лютеранской церкви действует юридическая служба, которую возглавляет сам Погасий. Служба оказывает помощь в регистрации церквей и консультирует религиозных лидеров. Как отмечает Погасий, многие запреты местных властей на аренду залов для богослужений формально не могут быть оспорены, и поэтому церкви часто ищут другие пути для своей деятельности. В большинстве случаев отношения властей и протестантских лидеров строятся на личных контактах и молитвах. [...] В Казани богослужения посещают более 60 человек. В составе общины уже есть татары, принявшие христианство. По словам Погасия, каждый лютеранский приход Церкви Ингрии стремится заложить свои традиции с учётом национальных особенностей региона. В казанском приходе многие молятся на татарском языке, но в литургии национальный язык не используется.
В том же году историк и религиовед А. В. Журавский указал: Впервые интерес светской науки к Казанской академии был проявлен относительно недавно. Кандидатская диссертация А. К. Пагасия «Изучение проблем раннего христианства в Казанском университете и Казанской духовной академии в XIX — начале XX вв.», была написана автором в 1995 году. Эта работа представляет собой обзор научно-исследовательской деятельности, проводившейся в Казанском университете и Казанской духовной академии по изучению раннего христианства. Как представитель протестантизма, автор исследования вносит в историографическое изложение материала элементы протестантской теологии, что выражается в позитивной оценке раннехристианского хилиазма, протестантской критике работ академических и университетских историков, бывших исследователями преимущественно православными. Тем не менее, впервые в современной отечественной истории предметом исследования было изучение определённых проблем (вопросов раннего христианства) не только университетской, но и академической наукой.
Награды
Медаль «За безупречную службу» III степени
Примечания
Литература
Балакина Л. А. Архитектурная интерпретация и систематизация построек и поселений, выявленных в библейских текстах: дисс. ... канд. архитектуры : 18.00.01 / Балакина Людмила Александровна; [Место защиты: Нижегор. гос. архитектур.-строит. ун-т]. — Нижний Новгород, 2008. — 215 с.
Лещинский А. Н. Церковные разделения в православии: социальная обусловленность и типология: дисс. ... д-ра филос. наук : 09.00.14 / Лещинский Анатолий Николаевич; [Место защиты: ГОУВПО "Ленинградский государственный университет"]. — Санкт-Петербург, 2011. — 359 с.
Ссылки
Кротов Я. Г. Российский протестантизм // Радио Свобода, 18.10.2008
Погасий А. К. Заключение независимой религиоведческо-правовой экспертизы Устава Русской Православной Церкви // Славянский правовой центр, 08.09.2009.
Погасий А. К. Религиоведческая экспертиза как инструмент в формировании государственно-конфессиональных отношений (IV Всероссийский форум "Право. Религия. Государство." в Общественной палате Российской Федерации, 29.12.2021).
Выпускники Дальневосточного государственного университета
Выпускники Казанского университета
Преподаватели Казанского университета
Юристы России
Правоведы России
Религиоведы России
Лютеранские священники
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{"url":"http:\/\/mathoverflow.net\/questions\/127678\/lifts-of-maps-to-mathcalm-1-1","text":"# lifts of maps to $\\mathcal{M}_{1,1}$\n\nHi,\n\nhere's there's a construction about elliptic curves that I do not completely understand. Suppose I consider the two following families of elliptic curves over $\\mathbb{C}^*$.\n\nThe first, which I denote $F_0$ is the trivial family $E \\times \\mathbb{C}^*$, where $E$ is an elliptic curve with only $-Id$ as non-trivial automorphism. I will denote by $F_1$ the quotient of $F_0$ via the diagonal action of $-Id$, actiong both on $E$ and $\\mathbb{C}^*$.\n\nRemark that the quotient of the base is equal to $\\mathbb{C}^*$ itself. Now $F_0$ has trivial monodromy around 0 and $F_1$ has not. The modular maps to $\\mathcal{M}_{1,1}$ given by the two $F_i$ are constant, but there exist non-constant lifts depending on the description of the mod space.\n\nThe two lifts to the Siegel half space $\\mathcal{H}_1$ (seeing the mod space of elliptic curves as a quotient by $SL_2(\\mathbb{Z})$) are constant.\n\nLet us now consider the quotient of $\\mathbb{C}^2$ minus the discriminant (the Neil-parabola) by the torus $\\mathbb{C}^*$ acting with weights $(4,6)$, i.e. let us parametrize the mod space with the coefficients $a$ and $b$ of the Weierstrass equation. The smooth curves are parmetrized by the open subspace $U\\subset \\mathbb{P}(4,6)$ complement of the point at infinity.\n\nWith this presentation, any lift of $F_0$ to $\\mathbb{C}^2$ is the constant map to $(a,b)$, but a nonconstant lift of $F_1$ exists, namely and the non-constant map defined by\n\n$$t \\mapsto (t^2a, t^3 b).$$\n\nCan you explain me why this happens? Is it related to the monodromy of the family? Or the connectedness of the group acting?\n\n-\nNeither the Siegel upper half space nor the open subset of $\\mathbb{P}(2,3)$ that you mention is the stack of elliptic curves. The stack of elliptic curves is, generically, a $\\mathbb{Z}_2$-gerbe. \u2013\u00a0 Jason Starr Apr 16 at 14:28\ngenerically - I agree - is a Z_2 - gerbe, but there are elliptic curves with bigger automorphism group, no? and I want to consider all smooth elliptic curves \u2013\u00a0 IMeasy Apr 16 at 15:28\nah sorry, I think I see what you mean. let me edit the question. \u2013\u00a0 IMeasy Apr 16 at 15:36","date":"2013-12-10 23:52:09","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.9531083106994629, \"perplexity\": 239.23854026634868}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2013-48\/segments\/1386164027110\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20131204133347-00049-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz\"}"}
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Police take Allied executive director Kenneth Low's laptop, mobile phone in probe into missing lawyer and $33m
The missing sum of around $33.2 million was held in escrow by law firm JLC Advisors for Allied Technologies.PHOTO: ST FILE
May 29, 2019, 10:42 pm SGT
http://str.sg/ojB7
K.C. Vijayan
Senior Law Correspondent
vijayan@sph.com.sg
SINGAPORE - Police have retained the laptop and mobile phone of Allied Technologies executive director Kenneth Low Si Ren in the ongoing probe over the $33 million reported missing from an escrow account with law firm JLC Advisors.
Mr Low was interviewed at the office of the Commercial Affairs Department (CAD) on Tuesday evening (May 28).
The following day, Mr Low surrendered his passport, said Allied Technologies in an update statement filed with the Singapore Exchange on Wednesday.
The CAD, which is steering the investigations, also took away information, records and documents relating to the Catalist-listed engineering company and its subsidiaries - Asia Box Office, Activpass Holdings and Allied Technologies Holdings - from their premises.
The seizures also relate to the escrow account with JLC Advisors.
"CAD has not disclosed to the company any further details of its investigation. The company intends to cooperate fully with CAD on the investigation," said Allied in the statement.
The missing sum of around $33.2 million was held in escrow by law firm JLC Advisors for Allied Technologies.
Lawyer goes missing after ordering payout of $33 million held in escrow account
News of missing lawyer Jeffrey Ong Su Aun shocks family and employees
Law Society to probe lawyer misconduct at JLC Advisors over missing $33 million
The money is believed to have been paid out on the instructions of Mr Jeffrey Ong, the law firm's managing partner, and the payout may have been unauthorised.
JLC had also said it was investigating the matter and had lodged reports with the authorities.
Allied Technologies had said earlier that despite repeated demands for repayment since March 23, including a letter of demand issued by its lawyers from Rajah & Tann on May 17, JLC has failed to release the balance funds of $33,153,416.56. It had also breached its obligations under the escrow agreement inked on Oct 23, 2017, according to Allied Technologies.
The Law Society had taken control of the clients' accounts of JLC Advisors last week and have started an investigative audit of the firm.
Its managing partner Jeffrey Ong has remained uncontactable.
COMPANY BRIEFS
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Anne Henriette Mulder (Loosduinen, 25 mei 1906 - Amsterdam, 16 augustus 2001) was een Nederlandse publiciste en omroepmedewerkster. Ze schreef over culturele en cultuurhistorische onderwerpen. Als radiomaker was ze verbonden aan de VPRO, de VARA en de Wereldomroep. Ze was lid van talloze letterkundige jury's, een vaste gast bij belangrijke culturele gelegenheden en graag gezien in de letterkundige wereld van Amsterdam. Zij doorbrak in artikelen en in haar radiopraatjes de toenmalig heersende taboes rond alcoholgebruik en seksualiteit en verdedigde de vijftigers tegen de kritiek van de oudere literaire generatie.
Biografie
Anne Henriëtte Mulder werd op 25 mei 1906 in Loosduinen geboren als dochter van een huisarts in een deftig, kunstzinnig en muzikaal gezin. Haar vader, dr. Henri Mulder was een van de zoons van de welgestelde Leidse familie Mulder, die een grote stoomdrukkerij aan de Breestraat bezat. Haar moeder, Anna Chits, was de dochter van de bekende Haarlemse fotograaf Jacques Chits (die o.a. de beroemde montage-foto van Victoria en Wilhelmina gemaakt had). Anne Mulder had een twee jaar oudere broer die ziekelijk was en in 1933 overleed. In mei 1911 verhuisden de Mulders naar Den Haag, waar vader zijn praktijk vestigde. Het gezin was lid van de Waalse Kerk aan het Noordeinde in Den Haag. De familie had goede contacten in Haagse en Amsterdamse kunstenaarskringen. Anne leerde via haar oom Louis Zimmermann, concertmeester bij het Concertgebouworkest, figuren als Mengelberg en Theo van der Pas kennen, van wie zij pianolessen kreeg.
Na de hbs, die zij bezocht vanuit de wens van haar vader om haar arts te laten worden, deed Mulder staatsexamen Gymnasium Alpha om te kunnen worden toegelaten tot de faculteit der letteren. Vanaf 1927 studeerde ze Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde in Leiden, met de bijvakken muziek- en kunstgeschiedenis. Een van haar docenten daar was Albert Verweij. Als lid van de VVSL raakte zij ook in contact met prinses Juliana. In deze periode zette zij ook de eerste schreden op het pad van het schrijven en het voordragen.
Zij trouwde op 22 mei 1946 met Evert Rees (1904-1986), musicus en pianoleraar. Uit dit huwelijk werd één zoon geboren.
Werk
Van 1926 tot 1938 publiceerde ze met enige regelmaat in diverse tijdschriften en hield zij lezingen voor culturele kringen en voor de volksuniversiteit. Via haar vriendin Charlotte Köhler gaf zij ook declamatie-avonden over literatuur. In 1933 publiceerde zij een kleine dichtbundel Pierre, opgedragen aan haar zojuist overleden broer. Haar eerste boek, Geschiedenis van Oranje, doorluchtig verteld verscheen in 1938 en handelde over de mens achter de leden van de Oranjefamilie door de eeuwen heen. Het boek kreeg mooie kritieken en beleefde meerdere drukken, met name door de speelse en originele verteltrant, een opvallende breuk met de traditionele geschiedschrijving. Vanaf dat moment bewoog Mulder zich als schrijfster in het grensgebied tussen literatuur en cultuurgeschiedenis en kreeg daar een eigen plek.
Voor uitgeverij Querido was het succes van het 'oranjeboek' aanleiding haar te vragen een populaire geschiedenis te schrijven over het dagelijks leven - naar Frans voorbeeld. Dat werd het vierdelige Zeven eeuwen Nederlandsche levenskunst. Een geschiedenis van het dagelijksch leven (verschenen in de periode 1940-1952). Het was een boekwerk dat aansloeg bij het grote publiek en vele malen werd herdrukt, omdat het volgens de recensenten herkenbaar, toegankelijk en meeslepend was geschreven. Het geplande vijfde deel van het werk, over de negentiende eeuw, is nooit door haar afgemaakt, ondanks grote druk van de uitgeverij Querido. De research die zij voor dit vijfde deel deed, gebruikte zij wel voor radiolezingen, artikelen en voor haar boek Een Ruiker Camelia's, dat handelde over het leven van de courtisane Alphonsine de Plessis en het Parijs van de Romantiek. Gedurende de jaren 50 werd in de literaire jaarboeken van de uitgeverij Querido regelmatig een artikel of interview aan Anne Mulder gewijd.
Ze schreef nog meer boeken, delen van boeken en honderden artikelen over culturele en cultuurhistorische onderwerpen. Zo schreef zij in de serie Onderdrukking en Verzet, het eerste grote overzichtswerk over Nederland in de oorlogsperiode, het artikel over het dagelijks leven in bezet Nederland. In 1948 publiceerde zij, ter gelegenheid van de Boekenweek en op uitnodiging van de Commissie voor de Propaganda van het Nederlandsche Boek, het boekje Logarithmen en Rozen, speciaal voor de middelbare schooljeugd van 16 tot 18 jaar, ter oriëntatie in de literatuur. Het werd de enige publicatie die door het grootste deel van de critici (Hoornik, Nord, Greshoff) negatief beoordeeld werd, hetgeen tot enige turbulentie in literaire kring leidde.
Naast het schrijven eiste het werk voor de radio steeds meer van haar tijd. Al vanaf 1936 sprak zij voor de V.P.R.O.-microfoon en na de oorlog opnieuw, evenals voor de Wereldomroep (1951-1953).
De grootste bekendheid kreeg zij in de jaren 50 door haar wekelijkse radiocauserie Passepartout voor de V.P.R.O. in de periode 1948-1961. Het programma kende een enorme populariteit. Mulder werd 'de stem van de V.P.R.O.' genoemd. Passe-partout werd van 1955 tot 1959 wekelijks afgedrukt in Elseviers Weekblad. Ook verscheen een bundel van deze radiopraatjes in boekvorm bij Querido in 1951. In de loop der jaren schreef zij daarnaast honderden artikelen over culturele en historische onderwerpen in onder meer Vrije Geluiden, Algemeen Handelsblad, Elseviers Weekblad, De Baanbreker, Elegance en De Wereldkroniek. Zij recenseerde boeken, tentoonstellingen en muziekuitvoeringen en schreef reportages over uiteenlopende onderwerpen. Bovendien stelde zij tientallen jubileumboekjes en brochures samen. Voor Het Parool schreef zij in de jaren zestig de wekelijkse culturele column Achter de rug van de Suppoost. In 1954 en 1957 had zij zitting in de jury voor de prijs van de Stichting Kunstenaarsverzet 1942-1945, waarvoor zij ook rapporten schreef.
Anne H. Mulder behoorde tot de 'Bekende Nederlanders' van haar tijd (1940-1970). Ze was lid van talloze letterkundige jury's, een vaste gast bij belangrijke culturele gelegenheden en had vrienden van naam in de letterkundige wereld van Amsterdam, onder wie Ed. Hoornik, Henriëtte van Eyk, Geert van Oorschot en Victor van Vriesland. Ze wierp zich op als moderniste toen ze de vijftigers verdedigde tegen de kritiek van een oudere literaire generatie. Ook doorbrak zij in artikelen en in haar radiopraatjes de toenmalig heersende taboes rond alcoholgebruik en seksualiteit.
De laatste jaren
Na 1970 publiceerde ze nauwelijks meer. Wel bleef zij lezingen geven over kunst, de geschiedenis van het dagelijks leven en over literatuur. Ook werkte zij in de jaren 70 lange tijd mee aan het radioprogramma 'Artistieke Staalkaart' van de VARA. In de jaren 90 schreef Mulder, die een Joodse moeder had die de laatste bezettingsjaren bij haar ondergedoken was, over haar oorlogsherinneringen, onder de titel Ik speelde mijn eigen spel, 1940-1945. Het is niet tot een publicatie gekomen.
Beknopte bibliografie
Geschiedenis van Oranje, doorluchtig verteld (Kosmos, Amsterdam-Antwerpen, 1938; t/m 2e druk, 1947)
Hoofdstuk in: Het Gele Huis te huur en verhuurd aan tien schrijvers (red. H.J. Smeding, Amsterdam, 1940)
Zeven Eeuwen Nederlandsche Levenskunst. Een geschiedenis van het dagelijksch leven (Querido, 1940-1952; t/m 5e druk, 1955) . Deel 1: In Holland staat een huis (1940) Deel 2: Tusschen Keulen en Parijs (1942) Deel 3: Amsterdam, die groote stad (1947) Deel 4: Dansons la carmagnole; Franse caprices en Franse soldaten (1952) (Querido, 1940-1952; t/m 5e druk, 1955)
De ezel van de heilige stal. Z'n origine en perspectieven, z'n grillen en grieven (Amsterdam, 1947)
Logarithmen en rozen (Ter gelegenheid van de 13e boekenweek, voor de Commissie voor de Propaganda van het Nederlandsche Boek, eerste uitgave ten behoeve van jeugdige lezers. Vereeniging ter bevordering van de Belangen des Boekhandels, Amsterdam, 1948)
Zes en twintig fantasieën op de zes en twintig letters van het alfabet (Oosthoek, Utrecht, 1948)
Cultureel entremets (Relatiegeschenk Amstel Hotel, ca. 1950)
Passepartout (gebundelde serie radiocauserieën; Querido, Amsterdam, 1951)
Het dagelijks leven in: Onderdrukking en Verzet. Nederland in oorlogstijd, deel 4
Een Ars Amandi (Vereeniging ter Bevordering van de Belangen des Boekhandels, Amsterdam, 1952)
Een ruiker camelia's, geplukt in het Parijs van de romantiek (Querido, Amsterdam, 1955; t/m 3e druk (1961))
Hedenavond 8 uur... (Opera Forum, Enschede, 1965)
Bonjour Monsieur Peronnet (met houtsneden van Pam G. Rüter, bibliofiele uitgave, 75 ex., Gaillarde Pers, Zutphen, 1970)
Van afkorting tot vierletterwoord in: De potentie van een dwerg. Een halve eeuw VPRO (red. Ad Kooiman en Max van Rooy, Amsterdam, 1976)
Externe link
Mulder, Anne Henriëtte (1906-2001) in: Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland door: Lamberthe de Jong
Nederlands radiopresentator
Nederlands schrijver
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There's a Seraphina Pop, but no Credence? What is this madness? Credence was such a good character in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and given the fact that he'll be back in Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald I think it's only right to make a Credence Pop.
Lockhart isn't one of my favourite characters, but I do think he'd make for a good Pop with his extravagant robes and his wavy golden blonde hair.
There's already a Jacob Pop, but that one is wearing the armour to protect him from the Erumpent. It would be nice to get one that shows his hair and suit.
It would be fun to get a Pop of a dark-haired, young Voldemort wearing Slytherin robes (and with a nose!).
Like Lockhart, Slughorn isn't one of my favourite characters, but I just think he'd make for a good Pop because of the way he looks in the films.
Obviously these two need to be made into Pops! Does this even need an explanation?
Remus is my favourite character (he's in shared first place with Dumbledore), so I think that if Harry deserves to be made into a million different Pops (holding the prophecy, holding the Marauder's Map, in Quidditch robes, in his Christmas sweater, and so on, and so on), Remus deserves to be made not only into a Prisoner of Azkaban Pop and a werewolf Pop, but also into one that looks the way Remus did in Half-Blood Prince and Deathly Hallows. I love his clothes and beard in those films (and let's be honest, that moustache he had in Prisoner of Azkaban was a bit silly).
I can't wait for the Pops that will be made for Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald. Jude Law looked amazing as young professor Dumbledore in the trailer and I really hope he will be made into a Pop.
Just a Pop of Neville holding his toad is not enough. There also needs to be a Pop of Neville's most badass moment: wielding the sword of Gryffindor to kill Nagini.
*Takes a calming breath* I cannot believe there is still no Tonks Pop. So many different Harry ones and not one Tonks. She is such a cool character and would look so great as a Pop! And I'm pretty sure Remus is having a good time with the other Pops on my shelf, but he also needs his wife!
I can't believe Molly, Arthur and Tonks don't have any Pops yet! I mean they're important and popular characters? Then again it took ages for Ginny to get one as well… meanwhile we did get a Dementor one lol I definitely need these three!
I can't believe that either! There are literally 13 different Harry Pops, but no Molly, Arthur and Tonks. What even is that about? And Tonks would make a really cute/funny Pop too with her pink hair and possibly a duckface or a pig snout.
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As the conversation moved on to social assistance reform, Joey Edwardh of Community Development Halton pointed out that the dialogue and, ultimately, the recommendations for change, must be evidence-based. She observed: "Today, there is no evidence-based process for determining social assistance rates and as a result the benefits have no relation to the cost of living in a community". She also pointed out that reform of social assistance needs to be based on a new paradigm that not only meets human needs but also respects the dignity of people. She emphasized: "This framework would move beyond that of the 'welfare wall' which implies that the benefits of those on social assistance must be kept to a certain level, inadequate, insufficient and punitive, to avoid a disincentive to enter the labour force." The Commissioners thanked the delegation for their thoughtful and insightful presentation and in the public meeting that followed recognized the recommendation for a paradigm shift.
In the public meeting that followed, a number of people raised the issue of fair taxation as the means of sustaining supportive social supports and adequate benefits. For more information on the Hamilton consultation, read Social Assistance Review: Hamilton Consultation's Prescription for Reform (July 4, 2011).
Commissioners Frances Lankin and Munir Sheikh were in Niagara Region on Tuesday, July 5 and met with representatives of community agencies, social assistance advocacy groups, a Regional Niagara Councilor and Regional Community Services Staff in the morning. They then had lunch with a small group of social assistance recipients for their input into the issue. In the afternoon they met with Regional OW caseworkers.
In the morning, the Commissioners were urged to take "bold action" in their reform proposals and to release an interim report before the provincial election to help bring poverty into a stronger public and political consciousness. The Commissioners resisted the notion indicating that they would "engage politicians but not make pronouncements." The Commissioners expressed an interest in finding some kind of "broad consensus" around which they could "coalesce" to pass on to the government.
Community participants told of the economic hardships that people are experiencing in Niagara leaving many who had always worked now in desperate living conditions. They reported on the "cycle" of moving back and forth between the labour market and social assistance because of the low paying and precarious nature of the jobs that are available. Regional social services staff reported the heavy pressures under which they work with caseloads higher than the provincial average.
The need for more adequate benefit levels for people on social assistance was clearly stated, although the Commissioners expressed some concern about fairness to working poor people if social assistance recipients were seen to get benefits not available to them. All of which only once again points to the importance of linking a more adequate and improved social assistance system to labour market policies and programs that ensure decent-paying jobs and good employment standards.
Although the Commissioners' meeting with social assistance recipients was private, it was reported to be a very intense and emotional conversation, which the Commissioners indicated was very valuable to their purpose.
Thanks to Gracia Janes, Chair of the Social Assistance Reform Network of Niagara for providing preliminary and very brief notes for this report. More detailed notes of the morning meeting were taken by Regional Niagara staff and will be available shortly.
The Social Assistance Review Commissioners spent Tuesday, June 29 in London, Ontario.
A breakfast meeting with the commissioners and key sectoral leaders from the community was followed by two half-day facilitated "conversation cafes" with a tour of three agencies over the lunch – My Sisters Place, London Inter-Community Health Centre, and the Men's Mission.
Invitations were sent out broadly in the community with specific asks to advocates to see if individuals with lived experience in OW/ODSP worlds would attend and participate.
Sixty people attended the morning session including about 5 individuals with lived experience.
In the afternoon, 115 people attended with perhaps a dozen or so people with lived experience.
The emerging local Inter-Faith Social Action Coalition had representatives at both sessions.
A number of OW caseworkers and front-line supervisors also participated.
A number of advocates took the Commissioners' workbook and are going to work with their clients to complete and submit to the Commission.
A summary of the comments is being prepared and will be distributed to all participants and to the Commissioners and will also be made available to Poverty Free Ontario for posting on this web site.
Thanks to Ross Fair, Chairperson of the Child & Youth Network Ending Poverty Committee of London, for this initial report on the London consultation.
TVO's The Agenda visited Greater Sudbury on Sunday June 26 and engaged close to 100 community members in a dialogue to discern key questions for this fall's election.
Listen to responses from representatives of the 3 major political parties. The poverty question was asked last, so the responses are near the end of the taping, starting around the 36:00 minute mark.
WINDSOR – The Windsor Star reports that Commissioner Frances Lankin addressed several critical issues about social assistance reform as she and Dr. Munir Sheikh launched their community consultations in Windsor yesterday.
She also challenged the "urban myth" that people can be better off receiving social assistance than working. Citing the rising numbers of working poor people, she expressed concern about the growing numbers of low-paying and part-time jobs.
Poverty Free Ontario has offered a structural analysis of the status of poverty in Ontario that points to the same problems with both inadequate benefit levels and a low wage job market. Action on PFO's policy priorities would end deep poverty by 2015 for people on social assistance and bring general poverty down to 4% or lower within this decade.
Poverty Free Ontario urges the Commissioners to propose a clear strategy for raising benefit levels to enable people on social assistance to live with health and dignity and to address the poor quality labour market by recommending an increase of the minimum wage over a three-year period that will bring the incomes of earners working full-year, full-time above the poverty line.
Poverty Free Ontario plans to post local reports on the Windsor community consultations on Thursday, June 30.
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Луиджи Трипепи (; 21 июня 1836, Кардето, королевство Обеих Сицилий — 29 декабря 1906, Рим, королевство Италия) — итальянский куриальный кардинал и папский сановник. Префект Архива Святого Престола с 19 сентября 1892 по 16 июня 1894. Секретарь Священной Конгрегации Собора с 16 июня 1894 по 1 октября 1896. Заместитель государственного секретаря Святого Престола с 1 октября 1896 по 15 апреля 1901. Префект Священной Конгрегации индульгенций и священных реликвий с 7 января 1903 по 29 декабря 1906. Про-префект Священной Конгрегации образования с 28 января 1904 по 29 декабря 1906. Кардинал-дьякон с 15 апреля 1901, с титулярной диаконией Санта-Мария-ин-Домника с 18 апреля 1901.
Ссылки
Информация
Кардиналы Италии
Кардиналы Льва XIII
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\section{Introduction}
The soft X-ray spectrum of Seyfert galaxies has represented for astronomers a region of great interest and, at the same time, a sort of challenge.
With the advent of high-resolution spectrometers onboard {\it XMM-Newton} and {\it Chandra},
it has been possible to reveal the nature of emission in this spectral band at least
in obscured sources (Guainazzi \& Bianchi 2007 and references therein).
Many authors concur to indicate that the origin of the soft X-ray emission in these sources is caused by photoionisation of extended circumnuclear gas on kpc scale irradiated by the active nucleus which produces He and H-like transitions of heavy elements and L-shell transitions from Fe (e.g. NGC~1068, Kinkhabwala et al. 2002; Mrk~3, Bianchi et al. 2005, NGC~4151, Armentrout et al. 2007, to cite the most outstanding cases).
On the other hand, the scenario for unobscured AGN is not so definite.
The lack of line-of-sight obscuring material in this type of sources, allows the whole nuclear
radiation to escape unblocked to the observer, so that the soft X-ray spectrum is dominated by a smooth excess of continuum rather than features from reprocessed material (Piconcelli et al. 2005, Crummy et al. 2006).
In about half of the Seyfert~1 galaxies (Crenshaw et al. 2003, Blustin et al. 2005), the presence of intervening ionised gas is directly observable as a series of absorption features, which present velocity shifts when originating in outflowing or inflowing gas. For the sources studied with the longest integration times,
it has been possible to place some constraints on the electron density of the gas and, consequently, on the distance of these warm absorbers, mainly through variability studies.
The emerging picture is far from being a homogeneous description of the circumnuclear ionised gas.
Among many cases, we recall that the distance of the absorber(s) in NGC~3783
was estimated to be 1-3~pc from the nucleus (Netzer et al. 2003 and Behar et al. 2003), whereas it was found to be consistent with subparsec scale in NGC~3516 (Netzer et al. 2002) and it was estimated to be within 4 light days from the nucleus in NGC~4051 (Krongold et al. 2007).
\begin{table*}
\centering
\caption{\label{tab:log} Observation Log of Mrk~335 as observed by {\it XMM-Newton}}.
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c}
\\
\hline\hline
OBSID & Date & RGS exp & pn exp & $\Gamma$$_{soft}$ & Flux$_{0.3-2}$ & $\Gamma$$_{hard}$ & Flux$_{2-10}$ \\
- & (dd/mm/yyyy) & (ks) & (ks) & - & (10$^{-12}$ ergs cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$) & - & (10$^{-12}$ ergs cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$) \\
\hline\hline
\\
0510010701$^{a}$ & 10/07/2007 & 22 & 15 & 2.84$\pm$0.03 & 1.95$\pm$0.04 & 1.02$\pm$0.07 & 3.34$^{+0.23}_{-0.10}$ \\
0306870101$^{b}$ & 03/01/2006 & 130 & 92 & 2.72$\pm$0.01 & 32.16$\pm$0.04 & 2.09$\pm$0.01 & 17.72$\pm$0.07 \\
0101040101$^{c}$ & 25/12/2000 & 34 & 30 & 2.80$\pm$0.01 & 31.74$\pm$0.06 & 2.16$\pm$0.02 & 15.00$\pm$0.02 \\
\hline
\end{tabular} \\
a) Grupe et al. (2008), b) O'Neill et al. (2007), c) Longinotti et al. (2007). The X-ray properties have been measured from the pn spectra.
\end{table*}
Mrk~335 is a Seyfert 1 galaxy ({\it z}=0.026) with a long X-ray history, since it has been observed by almost all X-ray observatories in the past.
{\it EXOSAT} (Turner \& Pounds, 1989) and {\it BBXRT} (Turner et al. 1993a) revealed the presence of an excess of emission in the soft X-rays band, later confirmed in {\it ASCA} data by Reynolds (1997).
No clear evidence of warm absorption was established (Reynolds, 1997; George et al. 1998), but {\it ROSAT} data tentatively suggested spectral complexity in the soft X-ray (Turner et al. 1993b). Nandra \& Pounds (1994) found evidence of a hard X-ray edge in the {\it Ginga} data.
The presence of the Compton reflection component and a strong Fe K$\alpha$ line was revealed in {\it BeppoSAX} data (Bianchi et al. 2001) and later confirmed in {\it XMM-Newton} observations (Gondoin et al. 2002, Longinotti et al. 2007, O'Neill et al. 2007).
In 2006 the source was observed by the {\it Suzaku} satellite (Larsson et al. 2007).
The spectrum was characterised by a strong soft excess and a reflection component, closely resembling the {\it XMM-Newton} data; but despite the availability of the high-energy data up to 40~keV,
it has not been possible to model the broadband spectrum unambiguously.
In May 2007, {\it Swift} caught Mrk~335 in a historical low X-ray flux state,
with an extremely hard X-ray power law above 2~keV (Grupe et al. 2007).
Following this discovery, the source was observed again by {\it XMM-Newton} in July 2007 as a target of opportunity (ToO) (Grupe et al. 2008).
This paper reports on the high-resolution spectrum obtained by the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) onboard {\it XMM-Newton}.
\section{Observation and data reduction}
Mrk~335 was observed by {\it XMM-Newton} on 10 July 2007 (OBSID 0510010701) for a duration time of 25~ks.
Data from the three instruments EPIC (0.3-10~keV), RGS (5-38~$\AA$), and Optical Monitor (OM, 6 filters in the 1800-6000~$\AA$ bandpass) were available (Struder et al. 2001; Den Herder et al. 2001; Mason et al. 2001).
The detailed analysis of EPIC and OM data will be published in Grupe et al. (2008).
In this paper, only the RGS data from the ToO observation are considered.
However, Table~\ref{tab:log} reports the broadband properties from all the three {\it XMM-Newton} available data sets to allow the reader an immediate comparison among the flux states of this source.
The raw data were processed with SAS 7.1.0 with the task \texttt{rgsproc} for the RGS data,
which produces spectral products for the source and the background and response matrices.
No background flares due to high-energy particles are present in this observation.
For the OM data, we decided to extract the magnitudes and fluxes from the pipeline products (PPS).
\section{RGS spectral analysis}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=1.1\textwidth,width=0.5\textwidth,angle=-90]{fig1.ps}
\caption{The RGS spectrum of Mrk 335 (corrected for the source redshift).
The fitted model, plotted as a red line, consists of a power law with $\Gamma$$\sim$2.7
and the emission features reported in Table~\ref{table:lines}. The data have been binned according to the instrumental resolution only for plotting purposes (see text).}
\label{fig:rgs_spectrum}
\end{figure*}
The spectral analysis was performed using the fitting package SPEX\footnote {http://www.sron.nl/divisions/hea/spex/version2.0/release/index.html}(ver. 2.0), simultaneously fitting both spectra from the two RGS cameras. A preliminary analysis was carried out using the first-order spectra, re-binned according to the resolution of the instrument and with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 over the whole 5-38~$\AA$ range.
This binning was used only to test the agreement between the power-law slopes of the RGS and of the EPIC data and to visually check for the presence of broad features in the spectrum (Fig.~\ref{fig:rgs_spectrum}).
Otherwise, since many spectral channels fall in the limit of low number of photons,
the unbinned spectrum was used for the spectral analysis and the C statistic was applied (Cash, 1979).
The quoted errors correspond to the 1$\sigma$ level (i.e. $\Delta$C=1, for one interesting parameter).
Galactic absorption of column density N$_H$=3.9$\times$ 10$^{20}$cm$^{-2}$ is included in all the models (Dickey \& Lockman, 1990).
\begin{table}
\caption{\label{table:lines} Fluxes of the soft X-ray lines found in the RGS spectrum.}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c}
\hline\hline
Transition & $\lambda$ (lab) & Flux$^1$$_{FWHM=0}$ & $\Delta$C & Flux$^2$$_{FWHM(OVIII)}$ \\
- & ($\AA$) & ph m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ & - & ph m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ \\
\hline\hline
\\
FeXVII & 17.073 & $<$~0.05 & $\Delta$C=1 & 0.06$\pm$0.04 \\
OVII He$\beta$ & 18.627 & $<$~0.03 & $\Delta$C=0 & 0.06$\pm$0.04 \\
OVIII Ly$\alpha$ & 18.969 & 0.20$\pm$0.04 & $\Delta$C=31 & 0.27$\pm$0.05 \\
OVII He$\alpha$ (r) & 21.600 & 0.10$\pm$0.06 & $\Delta$C=4 & 0.17$\pm$0.08 \\
OVII He$\alpha$ (i) & 21.790 & 0.26$\pm$0.08 & $\Delta$C=21 & 0.31$\pm$0.09 \\
OVII He$\alpha$ (f) & 22.101 & 0.17$\pm$0.07 & $\Delta$C=12 & 0.16$\pm$0.07 \\
NVII Ly$\alpha$ & 24.781 & 0.13$\pm$0.05 & $\Delta$C=12 & 0.18$\pm$0.05 \\
CVI Ly$\beta$ & 28.446 & 0.13$\pm$0.06 & $\Delta$C=13 & 0.20$\pm$0.07 \\
CVI Ly$\alpha$ & 33.736 & 0.15$\pm$0.06 & $\Delta$C=8 & 0.24$\pm$0.07 \\
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
1) Line width fixed to FWHM=0; 2) Line width fixed to FWHM=2200~km~s$^{-1}$.
The energy centroids were fixed to the laboratory value in both cases. The column with the improvement in terms of $\Delta$C refers to the detection significance for the fit with the zero-width lines.
\end{table}
At first glance, the RGS spectrum of Mrk~335 appears to be characterised by a weak continuum and a number of emission features (Fig.~\ref{fig:rgs_spectrum}).
The continuum has been fitted with a power law with $\Gamma$=2.75$\pm$0.17,
in agreement with the slope measured by the pn instrument (Table~\ref{tab:log}).
All the transitions listed in Table~\ref{table:lines} have been included in the model to fit the narrow emission lines in the spectrum.
Each line was fitted with a delta line model, fixing the centroid energy to the laboratory values. Lines fluxes are reported in Table~\ref{table:lines}. All but two lines, for which only upper limits are found, yield an improvement in the fit higher or equal to $\Delta$C=4, corresponding to 95.4\% for one free parameter. The final fit statistic including all transitions in Table~\ref{table:lines} is C-statistic= 6247 for 5264 degrees of freedom (d.o.f.).
As a second step, we checked for the presence of the radiative recombination continua (RRC) from CV, NVII, OVII, and OVIII at $\lambda$=31.622, 18.587, 16.771, and 14.228~$\AA$, which are visible in the binned spectrum.
They were incorporated in the model, but when this is fitted,
only upper limits on the emission measures could be found, so they are not considered in the following. A careful visual inspection of the spectrum did not reveal any absorption feature.
The detected lines were then checked for line broadening.
The OVIII~Ly$\alpha$ line is the most intense isolated transition in the spectrum,
and it is not affected by bad pixels.
A Gaussian profile was fitted to this line with the wavelength frozen to the expected value of 18.96~$\AA$ and the width free to vary.
The measured line FWHM is 0.14$\pm$0.05~$\AA$.
We fitted all the spectral lines fixing their FWHM to the value corresponding to the one of the OVIII~Ly$\alpha$, obtaining the fluxes
reported in the third column of Table~\ref{table:lines}.
The spectrum was also checked for line shifts by leaving the centroids of the strongest transitions free to vary.
For the OVIII~Ly$\alpha$ line, a blueshift of $\Delta$$\lambda$=-0.014$\pm$0.013~$\AA$ is found, with an improvement of $\Delta$C=7. For the OVII intercombination line the 90\% limits on the shift with respect to the laboratory wavelength are +0.018 and -0.054~$\AA$.
Taking into account that the present signal-to-noise ratio does not allow us to distinguish line contamination and that the RGS systematic error of 8~m$\AA$ is included in the error estimate, we conclude that the peak wavelengths are consistent with the laboratory values.
\subsection{A close look at the H-like and He-like emission lines in the spectrum}
The spectral fit in the previous section and the fluxes reported in Table~\ref{table:lines}
reveal that the OVII triplet is characterised by dominant intercombination line emission and
weaker resonant and forbidden lines (see Fig.~\ref{fig:triplet} for a zoom on this spectral portion).
The line ratios in He-like ions provide a powerful diagnostic of the physical properties
of the emitting gas, mainly by indicating whether the X-ray lines are produced by
collisional plasma, by photoionisation, or in a hybrid environment (Porquet \& Dubau 2000; Porter \& Ferland 2007).
The lines ratios from the present spectra were calculated with the OVIII~Ly$\alpha$ and the OVII triplet lines.
The numbers estimated are $\displaystyle\frac{OVIII~Ly\alpha}{OVII(f)}=1.17\pm0.53$,
G=$\displaystyle\frac{(f+i)}{r}$=4.30$\pm$2.70, L=$\displaystyle\frac{r}{i}$=0.38$\pm$0.25, and R=$\displaystyle\frac{f}{i}$=0.65$\pm$0.33, where {\it r,i,f} indicate the intensity of the resonant, intercombination, and forbidden line components in the triplet.
Given the high value of the G ratio, albeit measured here with considerable uncertainties, the reported line ratios are consistent with an origin in photoionised gas and a possible contribution from collisional processes (Porquet \& Dubau 2000).
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=90,width=8cm]{fig2.ps}
\caption{Zoom of the RGS spectrum in the energy range containing the
emission lines from oxygen.}
\label{fig:triplet}
\end{figure}
Extensive simulations were run through the photoionisation code
{\small CLOUDY} (Ferland et al. 1998) in order to constrain the physical properties of the emitting gas.
The aim of these simulations was to extract the expected theoretical values for the line fluxes and to compare them to the observed fluxes.
In addition to the line ratios cited above, we also consider the following ratios:
$\displaystyle\frac{CVILy\alpha}{OVIIILy\alpha}=0.75\pm0.33$, $\displaystyle\frac{CVILy\beta}{OVIIILy\alpha}=0.65\pm0.33$,
$\displaystyle\frac{NVIILy\alpha}{OVIIILy\alpha}=0.65\pm0.28$, and $\displaystyle\frac{CVILy\beta}{CVILy\alpha}=0.86\pm0.53$.
These line ratios were calculated assuming the fluxes from the first column in Table~\ref{table:lines} i.e.
assuming lines with a delta profile. The fluxes measured with non zero-width Gaussian profiles are nonetheless consistent with this estimate.
The theoretical line fluxes were calculated assuming the spectral energy distribution (SED)
of a standard AGN as calculated by Korista et al. (1997).
The treatment of the UV radiation field is particularly important
when dealing with a high ratio between the intercombination and the forbidden lines.
In fact, an intense UV source can provide enough photons to depopulate the forbidden level 2~$^3$S via photo-excitation and then pump the electrons into the intercombination level 2~$^3$P, resulting
in a more intense intercombination line (Mewe \& Schrijver 1978; Kahn et al. 2001).
We therefore compared the observed SED of Mrk 335 to the one assumed by {\small CLOUDY}. The UV spectrum as observed by the {\it XMM-Newton} Optical Monitor is in good agreement with the SED by Korista et al. (1997). The spectral slope of the UV-X-ray power-law commonly defined as
$\displaystyle\alpha_{ox}=-0.3838~log\left[\frac{F_{\nu}(2keV)}{F_{\nu}(2500\AA)}\right]$
was estimated using the pn and OM fluxes at 2~keV and at 2340~$\AA$, respectively giving F$_{2keV}$=0.53$\times$10$^{-11}$~ergs~cm$^{-2}$~s$^{-1}$~keV$^{-1}$ and F$_{2340}$=2.5$\times$10$^{-14}$~ergs~cm$^{-2}$~s$^{-1}$~$\AA$$^{-1}$.
The resulting UV-X-ray power law $\alpha$$_{ox}$=-1.32 is fully consistent with the average Seyfert value assumed by {\small CLOUDY}, i.e. $\alpha$$_{ox}$$\sim$1.4.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=9.cm,height=7cm]{fig3.eps}
\caption{Contour plots for electron and column density of the line emitting gas. The contours were obtained by comparing the ratios of the emission lines listed in Table~\ref{table:lines} to the values predicted by {\small CLOUDY} simulations (see text for details). The curves define the 90 and 99\% regions in the parameters space for {\it for all the eight line ratios}. Only those values of the ionisation parameter yielding a valid solution have been plotted. The corresponding physical quantities are listed in Table~\ref{cloudy}.}
\label{fig:contours}
\end{figure}
The simulations were carried out by varying the column density of the gas N$_H$ and ionisation parameter U \footnote{U is defined as $\displaystyle{\frac{\phi(H)}{n_e~c}}$ where the radiation field is expressed by
$\displaystyle{\phi(H)=\frac{k}{4\pi~r^2_0}\int^{\nu2}_{\nu1}}$~$\displaystyle{\frac{\pi~F_{\nu}}{h\nu}d\nu}$ with $\nu1$=1Ryd and $\nu2$=$\infty$ and the relation between the normalisation costant {\it k}, and the bolometric luminosity of the source is expressed by $\displaystyle{L=k\int^{\nu2}_{\nu1}\pi F_{\nu}d\nu}$.}
over a range of electronic density n$_e$ spanning 10$^6$ to 10$^{14}$~cm$^{-3}$.
These quantities were varied in small steps, so that a fine grid of possible solutions was obtained.
In particular, the ionisation parameter is stepped between logU=-2 and log U=2.
To compare the measured line ratios to the spectral model simulated by {\small CLOUDY}, each line ratio was searched over the grid of predicted values in the following way.
For each line ratio {\it i} the observed value L$_{o,i}$ with its error err(L$_{o,i}$) and the corresponding
theoretical value L$_{t,i}$ have been taken into account and used to calculate the quantity
$\sigma^2_i$=$\displaystyle{\frac{(L_{o,i}-L_{t,i})^2}{err(L_{o,i})^2}}$
Then, the quantity $(\sum\sigma^2_i)^{1/2}$ has been minimised, {\it i} being the summation index over the considered line ratio.
The contour plots in the N$_h$-n$_e$ plane have been drawn by imposing a distance equal to 4.61 and 9.21 from the minimum solution, corresponding to 90 and 99\% levels of confidence. The inner and outer contours in Fig.~\ref{fig:contours} therefore represent the locii of valid solutions distributed respectively at 90 and 99\% considering the eight line ratios simultaneously.
The measured data points are consistent only with {\small CLOUDY} solutions
in the range logU=0.4--0.8, corresponding to the continuous and dashed lines in Fig.~\ref{fig:contours}.
Since one of the output of {\small CLOUDY} is the column density of the gas,
an estimate of the size of the emitting material {\it l} was provided using the relation {\it l}=N$_H$/n$_e$.
For each solution, the distance {\it r$_0$} of the cloud from the ionising source can be extracted from {\small CLOUDY} by replacing the AGN bolometric luminosity in the definiton of the ionisation parameter given above.
The value L$_{bol}$=10$^{44.7}$~ergs~s$^{-1}$ was adopted after Woo \& Urry (2002).
For each ionisation parameter U, the values of the distance of the emitting gas cloud(s) from the nucleus and its size have been estimated.
The minimum and maximum values correspond to the 99\% contour for the range in electron and column density of the gas in Fig.~\ref{fig:contours}.
The solutions admitted by our data are summarised in Table~\ref{cloudy} and they will be discussed in the following section.
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{\label{cloudy} Summary of the physical properties of the gas clouds estimated from the 99\% contour plot in Fig.~\ref{fig:contours}.}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c }
\hline\hline
logU & {\it n$_e$ range} & {\it n$_H$ range} & {\it dist range} & {\it size range} \\
- & cm$^{-3}$ & cm$^{-2}$ & cm & cm \\
\hline\hline
\\
0.4 & 10$^{9.8-11.1}$ & 10$^{19.9-21.9}$ & 1.95$\times$10$^{16-17}$ & 10$^{8-12}$ \\
0.8 & 10$^{9.5-11}$ & 10$^{20.3-22}$ & 1.95$\times$10$^{16-17}$ & 10$^{9-13}$ \\
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\section{Discussion}
The RGS spectrum of Mrk~335 at low state provides a unique opportunity for getting insights into an X-ray reprocessing region that is not easily accessible in Seyfert~1 objects.
The soft X-ray emission lines could be observed because of the decrease in the continuum flux. The nuclear power was attenuated for reasons as yet unknown, however the most straightforward explanation could be partial obscuration of the central source.
At first glance, this object seems to be analogous to the other well-known case of an extremely variable
Seyfert~1, NGC~4051, which showed a very rich emission line spectrum when it was observed in a low flux state by {\it XMM-Newton} (Pounds et al. 2004).
According to these authors, the analysis of the emission lines in this source, especially of the OVII triplet, pointed to interpret the soft X-ray spectral features as arising from photoionised low-density gas distributed on a large scale, consistent with the AGN narrow line region.
The variability history of Mrk~335 and the comparison with other variable AGN are not the prime focus of the present paper.
However, the similarity between NGC~4051 and Mrk~335
suggests to consider first the geometry of the system.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig4.ps}
\caption{The cartoon shows qualitatively the location of the ionised gas in the nucleus of Mrk~335 on a scale of gravitational radii and the corresponding cm scale. }
\label{fig:nucleus}%
\end{figure}
Mrk~335 is a pure Seyfert~1 galaxy, since the nuclear emission does not suffer {\it any} obscuration nor does absorption when the source is observed at high state, as shown by previous, recent X-ray observations (Longinotti et al. 2007, O'Neill et al. 2007). Nonetheless, the low-state, soft X-ray spectrum resembles the RGS spectra recently observed in obscured AGN by Guainazzi \& Bianchi (2007).
It is then reasonable to postulate that we are observing the same line-emitting gas in Mrk~335 as became observable due to the drop in the continuum flux.
There are some objections to this hypothesis.
The main point is that, in many obscured sources, the soft X-ray photoionised matter was demonstrated to be coincident with the extended narrow line region, i.e. well out of the obscuring torus (Bianchi et al., 2006).
The scale of this gas is much larger than the distance of the emitter observed in Mrk~335
for all the possible solutions listed in Table~\ref{cloudy}.
For this reason, the hypothesis of a common location of the soft X-ray
photoionised gas for unobscured and obscured objects is discarded in the present case.
The simulations run with {\small CLOUDY} cannot uniquely constrain the ionisation
parameter or the electron density of the gas, and yet they provide a range
of physical conditions for the gas that are noticeably in agreement.
The distance of the photoionised plasma from the nuclear source
ranges approximately from 7 to 77 light days, meaning that the gas is always
confined within $\sim$0.06 pc.
The column density never gets higher than 10$^{22}$~cm$^{-2}$ (see contours in Fig.~\ref{fig:contours}) and the size of the emitting region(s) always appears quite small, the dimension of the largest cloud being $\sim$10$^{11}$~cm.
From the black hole mass M=14.2$\pm$3.7$\times$10$^{6}$~M$\odot$ (Peterson et al. 2004),
the Schwarzschild radius R$_s$ is estimated to be around 4$\times$10$^{12}$~cm.
The distance of the Broad Line Region (BLR) from the central source can be found by considering
the width of the optical lines and assuming that the BLR gas is virialised.
The H$\beta$~FWHM was measured by Boroson \& Green (1992), and it is equal to
1640~km~s$^{-1}$, in agreement with the reverberation mapping measurements provided by
(Peterson et al. 2004).
The BLR can then be located at $\sim$7$\times$10$^{16}$~cm, and that this gas in Mrk~335 is constituted of several clouds of emitting material forming a clumpy medium was suggested by Arav et al. (1997) on the basis of observational constraints.
It is very likely that the X-ray photoionised gas is inner to the BLR clouds and it is also reasonable that the two materials form a continuous distribution of clouds.
One can imagine that the innermost clouds spread out towards the nucleus, reaching an
ionisation level high enough to emit the observed soft X-ray lines.
In this case, the spectral line should suffer line broadening due to the vicinity
of the central black hole, although this effect should not be extreme because the Schwarzschild radius is 3 orders of magnitude
smaller.
The Gaussian line width measured in the OVIII Ly$\alpha$ corresponds to a FWHM of 2200$\pm$750~km~s$^{-1}$. We checked for the width in the OVII intercombination line, and the upper limit on the line width is consistent with the measurement from the OVIII~Ly$\alpha$ at $<$0.15~$\AA$.
The distance estimated from the virial assumption is then constrained within $\sim$2.3$\times$10$^{16}$~cm and 1.2$\times$10$^{17}$~cm.
In principle, this value can be easily reconciled with the distance inferred from {\small CLOUDY}; on the other hand, it may add an independent observational constraint on the structure of the gas. In fact, the underlying assumption in our {\small CLOUDY} model is that all the X-ray emission lines originate in the same cloud, therefore the distances in Table~\ref{cloudy} must refer to the bulk of the photoionised gas.
The distance estimated from the OVIII~Ly$\alpha$ width may indicate that the
spectral lines come from a distribution of clouds and that OVIII is only concentrated in the innermost ones. To conclude, the X-ray photoionised gas is likely to be located within the optical BLR, as depicted qualitatively in Fig.~\ref{fig:nucleus}.
Longer exposures of this AGN at a serendipitous low state are needed to reach firm conclusions.
Finally, it has to be remarked that the existence of circumnuclear ionised gas in the innermost region is not a novelty in this AGN.
Longinotti et al. (2007) reported on the detection of a narrow absorption feature around 5.9~keV in the EPIC spectrum of the 2000 observation (see Table~\ref{tab:log}). This feature was identified as a redshifted Fe~XXVI K$\alpha$ transition and interpreted as the signature of gas inflowing towards the nucleus at a velocity of 0.11-0.15~{\it c}.
Six years later, {\it XMM-Newton} observed the source again; the detection of an {\it emission} line
at $\sim$7~keV in the EPIC spectrum was associated to the presence of
highly ionised material on a distance scale much larger than those discussed herein (O'Neill et al. 2007).
Interestingly, the most recent X-ray observations of Mrk~335 performed during the past year by {\it Suzaku}
and {\it XMM-Newton} did not show any emission line at 7~keV (Larsson et al. 2007, Grupe et al. 2008), implying that rapid line variability must be involved.
The potential physical connection among the briefly outlined observational results and the
soft X-ray lines in the present work should be a point of major interest in the next studies of this intriguing active galaxy.
\begin{acknowledgements}
This paper is based on observations obtained with XMM-Newton, an ESA science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States and NASA.
The authors wish to thank the XMM-Newton Project Scientist Norbert Schartel for coordinating the observation and the release of the {\it XMM-Newton} data.
We are grateful to many people within the XMM Science Operation Centre:
Pedro Rodriguez-Pascual for his contribution on Mrk~335 Optical/UV SED,
Andy Pollock for always being a wise advisor on the RGS data treatment, and
Maria Diaz-Trigo for support with the use of the SPEX software.
The authors thank R. Porter for help with {\small CLOUDY} simulations.
We thank Dirk Grupe for a fruitful exchange of opinions on the XMM-Newton data, and
we warmly thank Yair Krongold for many stimulating discussions
on this paper during his visit at ESAC.
\end{acknowledgements}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
}
| 3,204
|
FILE – Bryan Kohberger, who is accused of killing four University of Idaho students, leaves after an extradition hearing at the Monroe County Courthouse…
FILE – Bryan Kohberger, who is accused of killing four University of Idaho students, leaves after an extradition hearing at the Monroe County Courthouse in Stroudsburg, Pa., Tuesday, Jan. 3, 2023. Nearly two months after four University of Idaho students were killed near campus — and two weeks after a suspect was arrested and charged with the crime — the picturesque school grounds are starting to feel a little closer to normal. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke, Pool, File)
Idaho stabbing suspect to face preliminary hearing in June
by: REBECCA BOONE, Associated Press
The man charged in the stabbing deaths of four University of Idaho students will have a preliminary hearing in late June, when prosecutors will try to show a judge that they have enough evidence to justify the felony charges.
Bryan Kohberger waived his right to a speedy preliminary hearing during a status conference Thursday morning. The 28-year-old Washington State University graduate student is charged with four counts of first-degree murder and burglary, and has not yet entered a plea and is waiting to learn whether prosecutors in the high-profile case will pursue the death penalty.
He appeared in court wearing an orange t-shirt and pants, and gave the judge short one-word answers when she asked him if he understood his rights during the roughly five-minute-long hearing.
Kohberger's attorney, Anne Taylor, told Magistrate Judge Megan Marshall that Kohberger was willing to waive his right to a speedy preliminary hearing, which would have required that it be held within two weeks. The hearing itself will likely take four or five days, Taylor said.
"He's willing to waive timeliness to allow us time to obtain discovery in the case and be prepared," Taylor told the judge.
Latah County Prosecutor Bill Thompson said he had no objection to waiting until June or even July for the preliminary hearing.
Marshall set the preliminary hearing for June 26 at 9 a.m., expecting it to last for five days.
The Nov. 13 slayings of Madison Mogen, Kaylee Goncalves, Xana Kernodle and Ethan Chapin left the rural community in Moscow, Idaho, grief-stricken and afraid, prompting nearly half of the university's students to leave town for the perceived safety of online courses.
Weeks went by without a named suspect and few details were released, but on Dec. 30 Kohberger, a graduate student studying criminology from the university located just 10 miles (16 kilometers) away — was arrested at his parents' home in eastern Pennsylvania. Kohberger was extradited to Idaho last week.
University of Idaho students returned from winter break to start classes on Wednesday, many of them coming together for the first time since news of the attack spread across campus.
A general feeling of relief was in the air, university spokesperson Jodi Walker said on Wednesday.
"The students are back and enrollments are looking good," Walker said. "I think everybody's happy to be back under the circumstances. They're relieved that an arrest has been made, and ready to focus on the semester."
At the preliminary hearing, the prosecutor will be expected to show the magistrate judge that he has enough evidence to justify moving forward with the felony charges, and the defense will try to point out holes in the prosecutor's case to show that the charges should be dropped.
If the magistrate judge agrees that there is evidence to justify the charges, the case will be "bound over" into Idaho's 2nd District Court, and a district judge will take over. Then Kohberger will have a chance to enter a plea. If he pleads not guilty, the case will begin working toward a trial. If he pleads guilty, a sentencing hearing will be set.
Thompson has 60 days from the time Kohberger enters a plea to say if he will seek the death penalty.
Boone reported from Boise, Idaho.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
| 2,698
|
Q: get only text from element I have this :
var y = $(document.getElementById('{{ forloop.counter }}')).text();
console.log(y)
In my console i have this :
My text1
var y = $(document.getElementById('1')).text();
console.log(y)
My text2
var y = $(document.getElementById('2')).text();
console.log(y)
How can i get just My text, without funcs.
Tried .textContext but console shows that the element undefined
UPD
<div class="span4 collapse-group">
<div class="text-center">
<p><a class="btn btn-md btn-outline-dark btn-square" href="#">Check »</a></p>
</div>
<div class="collapse">
<div class="card card-body">
{{text}}
<script>
$(".card").each(function(i,e){
var text = $(e).text();
console.log(text);
});
A: I suppose that your loop is:
{% for item in list %}
<div id="item_{{forloop.counter}}" class="item_list">{{ item.text }}</div>
{% endif %}
In js you could target the unique class item_list an iterate through them with each():
$(".item_list").each(function(i,e){
var text = $(e).text();
if(!text || text == undefined){
console.log('empty');
}
# //further processes
});
A: You you are trying to get text of element is wrong. You can either do $('#2').text() or document.getElementById('1').textContent
.text() method get the combined text contents of each element in the set of matched elements, including their descendants, or set the text contents of the matched elements.
The textContent property sets or returns the text content of the specified node, and all its descendants.
var y = $('#1').text();
console.log(y)
var y = $('#2').text();
console.log(y)
var y = document.getElementById('1').textContent;
console.log(y)
var y = document.getElementById('2').textContent;
console.log(y)
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div id="1">Div 1</div>
<div id="2">Div 2</div>
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 7,658
|
> Bands> Adrenalized
Adrenalized are not the coolest guys in town, they don't have any weird haircut, they don't wear fancy clothes or have any fan club (their friends to be considered). They are kind of normal people, just a band of friends that one day decided that they were to do what they liked (and still like) most: composing and playing songs the way they like it. So, please, don't expect a fairy tale here.
They released their first album, called "Vote For The Fake", during 2007. It was released in Europe and in Japan. It might be quite far from what they play nowadays, considering that they were pretty much younger when they wrote these songs. But in that precise time these songs represented them, so they keep liking them just for that reason.
Following the release of this first album, they played shows in many places, and had the chance to play with bands such as Lagwagon, NOFX, This Is A Standoff, Beerbong, UncommonmenFromMars or Main Line 10 to name a few.
With a bit of delay regarding its release, "Docet Umbra" finally saw light in 2010, for an European and Japanese Edition.
These new songs represented a step forward for them. This second album also gave them the chance to play many more gigs, including the Resurrection Festival. During this period, they have shared stage with bands like Pennywise, No Use For A Name, No Fun At All, MUTE, Forus, Enemy Alliance, Less Than Jake, Guttermouth and many others. However, in 2012, after having played in the band since its beginning, the bass player Serch left the band. He was replaced by Josu.
Nowadays, after having spent several months in the composition and writing of songs, they're ready to release their third album, "Tales From The Last Generation".
This one was released on December 2013 on Effervescence Records on a special and exclusive digipak CD edition including an exclusive song !
Get ready !!!
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
| 4,793
|
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Common;
using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Modularity;
using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Regions;
using Microsoft.Practices.Unity;
namespace Module1
{
[Module(ModuleName="Module1")]
public class ModuleDefinition : IModule
{
IUnityContainer container;
IRegionManager regionManager;
public ModuleDefinition(IUnityContainer container, IRegionManager regionManager)
{
this.container = container;
this.regionManager = regionManager;
}
public void Initialize()
{
container.RegisterType<IModule1ViewModel, Module1ViewModel>();
//container.RegisterType<IModule1View, Module1View>();
regionManager.RegisterViewWithRegion(Common.RegionNames.Region_0, typeof(Module1View));
}
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 2,470
|
Q: Getting thumbnails in OpenSearchServer search results I need an alternative to Google Custom Search for a website I look after, it has to be something that will crawl a website, index it, allow fiddling of priorities, and then allow search queries via REST or something similar and return XML or JSON etc. It needs to run on a Windows Server instance.
So, I'm up and running with http://www.opensearchserver.com/ and it seems to do the trick, but can't, for the life of me, work out how to get thumbnail images in the results? I've searched the documentation and read everything I could, but can't find out how to do this (or how to get my head around it).
I'm crawling standard web pages and they all have thumbnail meta data, which I'm assuming should be able to be parsed somehow for results and included in the JSON results?
Any pointers at all would be very helpful, thanks!
A: I figured this out, in case anyone else is struggling, here's how I did it. The answer is in the documentations, it's just not that simple.
Read: http://www.opensearchserver.com/documentation/faq/crawling/how_to_extract_specific_information_from_web_pages.md - it contains the method
Assume you set up a 'web crawler' index.
Assuming you're using a meta thumbnail like this:
<meta name="thumbnail" content="http://my_cdn.com/news/images/29637.jpg">
Go into Schema / Fields. Add a new field called 'thumbnail' with index no, store yes, vector no, analyser Text, copy of blank. Save that.
Now go to schema / parser list, edit HTML parser. Go to 'field mapping', now add a new regex for the thumbnail in the html. We map from the 'htmlSource' to the thumbnail' with the matching regex.
My imperfect regex (that works though) is:
htmlSource -> linked in: thumbnail -> captured by:
(?s)<meta name="thumbnail" content="(.*?)">
Now SAVE this and go to crawl/manual crawl, enter a url that has a thumbnail and then check if the field now appears in the list below when it's read. If not check your regex, and check you actually saved the HTML Parser changes.
To get the thumb in your results, simply add the fieldname to the JSON you send with the query:
"returnedFields": [ "
"url",
"thumbnail"
],
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 8,541
|
\section{Introduction}
In this work we present the application of ideas of consistent
histories to general relativity, and its potential implications for
the quantisation of the theory--regarding in particular the emphasis
on spacetime concepts of the histories. We show how the temporal
structure of the Histories Projection Operator formalism led to some
very important consequences regarding the physical results of
canonical general relativity.
One of the major approaches to the quantisation of gravity is the
canonical one, either in its original form---involving
geometrodynamic variables---or in terms of the loop variables,
introduced via the connection formulation of canonical general
relativity.
The canonical quantisation involves: \vspace{0.2cm}
i) the identification of a Hilbert space on which the canonical
commutation relations---or some other appropriate algebraic
structure---can be implemented, thereby defining the kinematical
variables of quantum gravity. The Hilbert space is chosen to allow
the representation of the constraints of the Hamiltonian description
in terms of self-adjoint operators, preserving the classical Dirac
algebra of constraints.
ii) then, one has to find the zero eigenspace of the constraint
operators, in order to define the physical Hilbert space. This is
the scope of the original Dirac quantisation of constrained systems:
variations are usually employed in the case of gravity (or special
models), because the constraint operators are not expected to have a
discrete spectrum.
However the canonical quantisation scheme suffers also from serious
problems, both on technical level and conceptual level. For example,
we encounter problems in constructing the Hilbert space, writing the
constraint operators, and finding their spectrum. Also, the fact
that general relativity is a generally covariant theory raises grave
doubts about the conceptual adequacy of the canonical method of
quantisation.
Furthermore, the equations of general relativity are covariant with
respect to the action of the diffeomorphisms group ${\rm Diff}(M)$,
of the spacetime manifold $M$. This does not pose great difficulties
in the classical theory, since once the equations of motion are
solved the Lorentzian metric on $M$ can be used to implement
concepts like causality and spacelike separation. In quantum theory
however, such notions as causality and spacelike separation are
lost, because the geometry of spacetime is expected to be subject to
quantum fluctuations.
This creates problems even at the first step of the quantisation
procedure, namely the definition of the canonical commutation
relations. The canonical commutation relations are defined on a
`spacelike' surface, however, a surface is spacelike with respect to
some particular spacetime metric $g$, which is itself a quantum
observable that is expected to fluctuate.
The prior definability of the canonical commutation relations is not
merely a mathematical requirement: in a generic quantum field theory
the canonical commutation relations implement the principle of {\em
microcausality}: namely that field observables that are defined in
spacelike separated regions commute. However, if the notion of
spacelikeness is also dynamical, it is not clear in what way this
relation will persist.
A spacelike foliation is necessary for the implementation of the
$3+1$ decomposition and the definition of the Hamiltonian. Again we
are faced with the question of how to: reconcile the requirement of
spacelikeness with the expectation that different metrics will take
part in the quantum description.
Even more, one may question whether the predictions of the resulting
quantum theories are independent of the choice of foliation. The
Hilbert space of the quantum theory, which it is constructed
canonically, is not straightforwardly compatible with the ${\rm
Diff}(M)$ symmetry. In the canonical theory, the symmetry group is
the one generated by the Dirac algebra of constraints, which is
mathematically distinct from the ${\rm Diff}(M)$ group.
In effect, different choices of foliation lead {\em a priori} to
different quantum theories and there is no guarantee that these
quantum theories are unitarily equivalent (or physically equivalent
in some other generalised sense).
The canonical description cannot provide an answer to these
questions, because once the foliation is employed for the $3+1$
decomposition, its effect is lost, and there is no way of relating
the predictions corresponding to different foliations.
The above are serious problems, which challenge the validity of the
canonical approach towards the description of a {\em generally
covariant} theory of quantum gravity.
Finally, the problem which is perhaps most well known, is the
problem of time. The Hamiltonian of general relativity is a
combination of the first class constraints, hence it vanishes on the
reduced state space. It is expected also to vanish on the physical
Hilbert space constructed in the quantisation scheme. This means
that there is no notion of time evolution in the space of true
degrees of freedom. More than that, the notion of \emph{time as
causal ordering} seems to be lost. In contrast, the tensorial
expressions of the equations of motion are ${\rm Diff}(M)$-invariant
in the Lagrangian formalism. It seems very natural, therefore, to
wish for a theory that combines the virtues of both formalisms: the
Lagrangian, and the Hamiltonian. Such a theory is the history
projection operator-histories (HPO) scheme, which offers the
possibility of handling the ideas of space and time in significantly
new ways.
\bigskip
The consistent histories scheme was developed by Griffiths and
Omn\'es\cite{CoHis1} as an interpretation of quantum theory for
closed systems. Gell-Mann and Hartle\cite{CoHis2} elaborated this
scheme in the case of quantum cosmology.
Further development came from Isham and Linden and collaborators in
the HPO histories scheme\cite{Ish94,IL94,IL95,ILSS98}, in which they
were able to represent histories by projection operators on a
suitable Hilbert space, thus emphasising the temporal quantum logic
of the frame work.
An important feature of the HPO histories is the augmented temporal
structure\cite{S99}, which allows us to mathematically implement the
distinction between time as a parameter of kinematics and as a
parameter of dynamics. It is of great significance that, in the
context of classical canonical general relativity this distinction
provides a framework in which the spacetime diffeomorphism group
\emph{coexists} with the Dirac algebra of constraints. This is a
very significant result: it implies that there is a central role for
{\em spacetime\/} concepts, as opposed to the domination by spatial
ideas in the normal canonical approaches to quantum gravity. More
important, it allows a kinematical description in which different
choices of the direction of time coexist, in a way that always
preserves the spacetime character of the theory.
The (general relativity) constraints, depend on the foliation
functional. This leads to the natural question, whether physical
results depend upon this choice. The solution of the constraints
determines a reduced phase space for histories, which has an
explicit dependence on the foliation. In\cite{Sav03a, Sav03b} it was
showed that the action of the spacetime diffeomorphism group
intertwines between different reduction procedures. Moreover, if one
requires that a specific physical `equivariance condition' is
satisfied by the foliation functional, then {\em the reduced state
space is invariant under the action of the diffeomorphism group}.
This is a completely novel result, which has been made possible only
by the incorporation of general relativity into the histories
formalism.
\bigskip
The histories approach to general relativity suggests a new,
spacetime focussed, approach to quantum gravity that is
characterised by two features that are not implemented in any of the
existing, direct, quantum gravity schemes.
First, the Lorentzian metric is quantised, as a direct analogue of
the way the `external' quantum field arises in the history approach
to scalar quantum field theory\cite{Sav01,IS01}. On the other hand,
in the conventional canonical quantum gravity schemes only the {\em
spatial\/} metric on a three-surface is quantised.
Second, the history scheme incorporates intrinsically the basic
symmetry of general relativity, namely \textsl{general covariance},
as manifested by the existence of a realisation of the group of
spacetime diffeomorphisms, and under whose action the history
analogue of the canonical Hamiltonian constraints are invariant.
\section{Consistent Histories Preliminary}
The consistent histories formalism was originally developed by
Griffiths and Omn\'es\cite{CoHis1}, as an interpretation of quantum
theory for closed systems.
Gell-Mann and Hartle\cite{CoHis2} elaborated this scheme in the case
of quantum cosmology--the Universe being regarded as a closed
system. They emphasised in particular that a theory of quantum
gravity that is expected to preserve the spacetime character of
general relativity would need a quantum formalism in which the
irreducible elements are temporally extended objects, namely
histories.
The basic object in the consistent histories approach is a history
\begin{equation}
\alpha:= ( {\hat{\alpha}}_{t_{1}} , {\hat{\alpha}}_{t_{2}} ,... ,
{\hat{\alpha}}_{t_{n}}),
\end{equation}
which is a time-ordered sequence of properties of the physical
system, each one represented by a single-time projection operator on
the standard Hilbert space. We notice that the emphasis is given on
histories rather than states at a single time.
The probabilities and the dynamics are contained in the decoherence
functional, a complex-valued function on the space of histories
\begin{equation}
d_{H , \rho } ( \alpha\,, \beta) = tr ( {{\tilde{C}}_
{\alpha}}^{\dagger} {\rho}_{t_0} C_{\beta} ),
\end{equation}
where $\rho_{t_0}$ is the initial quantum state and where
\begin{equation}
{\tilde{C}}_{\alpha}:= U (t_0, t_1 )\hat{\alpha}_{t_1} U (t_1, t_2 )
... U (t_{n-1}, t_n) \hat{\alpha}_{t_n} U (t_n, t_0 )
\end{equation}
is the class operator that represents the history $\alpha$.
When a set of histories satisfies a decoherence condition,
\begin{equation}
d_{\mathcal{H} , \rho } ( \alpha\,, \beta) = 0 \hspace{0.5cm} then
\hspace{0.3cm} \alpha \,, \beta \hspace{0.1cm} in\; the\;
consistent\; set,
\end{equation}
which means that we have zero interference between different
histories, then it is possible to consistently assign probabilities
to each history in that set; it is called a \emph{consistent set}.
Then we can assign probabilities to each history in the consistent
set
\begin{equation}
d_{\mathcal{H} , \rho } ( \alpha\,, \alpha) = Prob( \alpha ;
\rho_{t_0} ) = tr ( {{\tilde{C}}_ {\alpha}}^{\dagger} {\rho}_{t_0}
C_{\alpha} ).
\end{equation}
\section{History Projection Operator-Basic elements}
In the History Projection Operator(HPO) approach to consistent
histories theory the emphasis is given on the \emph{temporal}
quantum logic.
A history is represented by a tensor product of projection operators
\begin{equation}
\hat{\alpha}:=\hat{\alpha}_{t_{ 1}} \otimes \hat{\alpha}_{t_{2}}
\otimes ... \otimes \hat{\alpha}_{t_{n}},
\end{equation}
each operator $\hat{\alpha}_{t_{i}}$ being defined on a copy of the
single-time Hilbert space ${\cal{H}}_{t_i}$ at that time $t_i$ and
corresponding to some property of the system at the same time
indicated by the t-label. Therefore a history is \textsl{itself} a
genuine projection operator defined on the history Hilbert space
${\cal V}_n$, which is a tensor product of the single-time Hilbert
spaces
\begin{equation}
{\cal{V}}_{n}:= {\cal{H}}_{t_{1}}\otimes {\cal{H}}_{t_{2}}\otimes
... \otimes {\cal{H}}_{t_{n}}.
\end{equation}
In order to define continuous time histories, we do not take the
continuous limit of the tensor product of Hilbert spaces, as it
cannot be properly defined. The \textsl{history group}, which is a
generalised analogue of the canonical group of standard quantum
theory for elementary systems, was employed\cite{IL95} in order to
construct the continuous-time history Hilbert space.
For example, for a particle moving on a line the single-time
canonical commutation relations
\begin{eqnarray}
[\,\hat{x}, \hat{x}^{\prime}\,]&=&0= [\,\hat{p},\hat{p}^{\prime}\,]
\\
{[}\,\hat{x}, \hat{p}\,]&=& i \hbar
\end{eqnarray}
become the history group that it is described by the following
history commutation relations, defined at unequal moments of time
\begin{eqnarray}
[\, \hat{x}_{t} , \hat{x}_{t^{\prime}}\,] &=& 0 = {[}\, \hat{p}_{t}
, \hat{p}_{t^{\prime}}\,] \label{xtxt'} \\
{[}\, \hat{x}_{t} , \hat{p}_{t^{\prime}}\,] &=& i \hbar
\delta(t-t^{\prime}). \label{xtpt'}
\end{eqnarray}
The key idea in the definition of the history group is, that, the
spectral projectors of the generators of its Lie algebra represent
propositions about phase space observables of the system.
The notion of a `{\em continuous\/} tensor product'---and hence
`{\em continuous\/} temporal logic'---arises via a representation of
the history algebra. In order to describe discrete-time histories we
have to replace the delta function, on the right-hand side of Eq.
(\ref{xtpt'}), with the Kronecker delta.
Propositions about histories of the system are associated with
projectors on history Hilbert space. We must clarify here that the
operator $x_t$ refers to the position of the particle at a specific
fixed moment of time $t$. As we shall see in the following section,
the novel temporal structure that was later introduced\cite{S99},
allowed the interpretation of the index $t$ as the index that does
not refer to dynamics---it is \emph{not} the parameter of time
evolution---it is the label of the temporal quantum logic, in the
sense that it refers to the time a proposition about momentum or
position is asserted.
It is important to remark that physical quantities are naturally
time-averaged in this scheme. The smeared form of the history
algebra
\begin{eqnarray}
[\, \hat{x}_{f} , \hat{x}_{g}\,] &=& 0 = {[}\, \hat{p}_{f} ,
\hat{p}_{g}\,] \\
{[}\, \hat{x}_{f} , \hat{p}_{g}\,] &=& i \hbar (f \,,g), \label{W3}
\end{eqnarray}
where: $(f\,,g)= \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dt\; f(t) g(t) $, resembles
that of an one-dimensional quantum field theory and therefore
techniques from quantum field theory may be used in the study of
these representations. Analogous versions of the history group have
been studied for other field theories\cite{Sav01, Burch03}.
The existence of a properly defined Hamiltonian operator $H$ is
proved to uniquely select the physically appropriate representation
of the history algebra, therefore the definition of the
time-averaged energy operator $H$ is crucial for the formalism.
\section{HPO-temporal structure}
In order to study the temporal structure of the HPO theory we use
the model of a one-dimensional simple harmonic oscillator, however
the results are generalised appropriately for other systems.
One of the crucial problems for the development of the HPO theory
was the lack of a clear notion of time evolution, in the sense that,
there was no natural way to express the time translations from one
time slot---that refers to one copy of the Hilbert space ${\cal
H}_t$---to another one, that refers to another copy ${\cal
H}_{t^{\prime}}$. The introduction of the history group allowed the
definition of continuous-time histories and led to `time-averaged'
physical observables, however any notion of dynamics was lost and
the theory was brought to a hold.
The situation changed after the introduction of a new idea
concerning the notion of time: the distinction between dynamics and
kinematics corresponds to the mathematical distinction between the
notion of `time evolution' from that of `time ordering' or `temporal
logic time'. The distinction proved very fruitful for the
development of the history theory, leading in particular to the
results of general relativity.
The crucial step in the identification of the temporal structure of
the theory was the definition in \cite{Sav01} of the action operator
$S$---a quantum analogue of the Hamilton-Jacobi functional
\cite{Dirac}, written as
\begin{equation}
S_{\kappa}:= \int^{+\infty}_{-\infty}\!\!dt\;( p_{t}\dot{x}_{t}- \kappa(t)H_{t}) ,
\label{Def:op_S}
\end{equation}
where $\kappa(t)$ is an appropriate test function.
The first term of the action operator $S_{\kappa}$ Eq.\
(\ref{Def:op_S}) is identical to the kinematical part of the
classical phase space action functional. This `Liouville' operator
is formally written as
\begin{equation}
V:= \int^{\infty}_{-\infty}\! dt\,(p_{t}\dot{x_{t}}) \label{liou}
\end{equation}
so that
\begin{equation}
S_{\kappa} = V - H_{\kappa}.
\end{equation}
The `average-energy' operator
\begin{eqnarray*}
\hat{H}_\kappa=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dt\, \kappa(t) \hat{H}_t; \ \
H_t&:=&{p_{t^2}\over 2m}+{m\omega^2\over 2}x_t^2
\end{eqnarray*}
is also smeared in time by smearing functions $\kappa(t)$. The
Hamiltonian operator may be employed (here for the special case
$\kappa(t)=1$) to define {\em Heisenberg\/} picture operators for
the smeared operators like $x_f$
\begin{eqnarray*}
\hat{x}_{f}(s):=e^{\frac{i}{\hbar} s \hat{H}}\; \hat{x}_{f}\;
e^{-\frac{i}{\hbar} s \hat{H}} \nonumber
\end{eqnarray*}
where $f=f(t)$ is a smearing function.
Hence $\hat{H}_\kappa$ generates transformations with respect to the
Heisenberg picture parameter $s$, therefore, \textsl{$s$ is the time
label as it appears in the implementation of dynamical laws}
\begin{eqnarray*}
e^{\frac{i}{\hbar} \tau \hat{H}}\: \hat{x}_{ f}(s)\:
e^{-\frac{i}
{\hbar} \tau \hat{H}} &=& \hat{x}_{ f}(s\!+\!\tau).
\end{eqnarray*}
The novel feature in this construction is the definition of the
`Liouville' operator $\hat{V}$, which is the quantum analogue of the
kinematical term in the classical phase space action functional. The
Liouville operator generates transformations with respect to the
time label $t$---as it appears in the history algebra, hence,
\textsl{$t$ the label of temporal logic or the label of kinematics}
\begin{eqnarray*}
\hspace*{-0.1cm}e^{\frac{i}{\hbar} \tau \hat{V}}\: \hat{x}_{ f}(s)
e^{-\frac{i}
{\hbar} \tau \hat{V}} = \hat{x}_{f^\prime}(s)\,, \hspace{1cm} f^\prime(t)=
f(t\!+\!\tau).
\end{eqnarray*}
We must emphasise here the distinction between the notion of time
evolution from that of logical time-ordering. The latter refers to
the {\em temporal ordering} of logical propositions in the
consistent histories formalism. The corresponding parameter $t$ does
not coincide with the notion of physical time,---as it is measured
for instance by a clock. It is an abstraction, which keeps from
physical time only its {\em ordering} properties, namely that it
designates the sequence at which different events happen--the same
property that is kept by the notion of time-ordered product in
quantum field theory. Making this distinction about time, it is
natural to assume that in the HPO histories one may not use the same
label for the time evolution of physical systems and the
time-ordering of events. The former concept incorporates also the
notion of a clock, namely it includes a {\em measure} of time
duration, as something distinct from temporal ordering.
The realisation of this idea on the notion of time was possible in
this particular framework because of the logical structure of the
theory, as it was originally introduced in the consistent histories
formalism and as it was later recovered as temporal logic in the HPO
scheme.
One may say then that the definition of these two operators, $V$ and
$H$, implementing time translations, signifies the
\emph{distinction} between the kinematics and the dynamics of the
theory.
However a crucial result of the theory is that
\textsl{$\hat{S}_{\kappa}$ is the physical generator of the time
translations in histories theory}, as we can see from the way it
appears in the decoherence functional and hence the physical
predictions of the theory.
\section{Classical histories}
The HPO scheme and especially the history group suggests a
reformulation of classical mechanics in the language of histories,
which will prove very fruitful in the case of general relativity.
We consider the space of classical histories $\Pi = \{ \gamma
\mid\gamma : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \Gamma \}$ as paths on the
single-time classical phase space $\Gamma$. We equip the history
space with a symplectic structure $t\rightarrow (x_t , p_t )$
corresponding to the following Poisson brackets
\begin{eqnarray*}
\{x_t , x_{t^{\prime}} \} &=& 0 \\
\{p_t , p_{t^{\prime}} \} &=& 0 \\
\{x_t , p_{t^{\prime}} \} &=& \delta (t , t^{\prime})
\end{eqnarray*}
where
\begin{eqnarray*}
x_t : \Pi & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R} \\
\gamma & \mapsto & x_t (\gamma) := x( \gamma (t)).
\end{eqnarray*}
The classical Hamilton equations may be written in terms of the
Liouville function $V$ and the smeared Hamiltonian function $H$,
which are the classical analogues of the corresponding operators we
defined for the quantum theory
\begin{eqnarray*}
\{ F_t , V \}_{\Pi} (\gamma_{cl}) = \{ F_t , H \}_{\Pi}
(\gamma_{cl}),
\end{eqnarray*}
where
\begin{eqnarray*}
V(\gamma) := \int dt p_t \dot{x}_t\,, \hspace{1cm} \{F_t,
V\}=\dot{F}_t.
\end{eqnarray*}
It follows the important conclusion that the solutions to the
classical equations of motion are the specific paths that remain
invariant under the symplectic transformations generated by the
action $S$ for all functions $F_t$
\begin{eqnarray*}
\{\, F \,, S\, \}_{\Pi} ({\gamma}_{cl}) = 0, \label{lap}
\end{eqnarray*}
where $ S = V-H $. The Eq.\ (\ref{lap}) is essentially the histories
analogue of the least action principle.
\section{General relativity histories formalism}
Next we study the HPO formalism in the case of general
relativity\cite{Sav03a, Sav03b}. We show that the novel temporal
structure of HPO---that distinguishes between the kinematics and the
dynamics of a theory---suggests a spacetime description that is
immediately related to the canonical one.
Let us consider a 4-manifold $M$ with topology $\Sigma \times R$,
for a three-manifold $\Sigma$. We define the covariant history space
\begin{equation}
\Pi^{cov} = T^{*}{\rm LRiem}(M)
\end{equation}
as the cotangent bundle of the space of all Lorentzian, globally
hyperbolic four metrics on M and where ${\rm LRiem}(M)$ is the space
of all Lorentzian four-metrics.
$\Pi^{cov}$ is equipped with a symplectic structure with symplectic
form $\Omega$
\begin{eqnarray}
\Omega = \int \!d^4X \, \delta \pi^{\mu\nu}(X) \wedge \delta
g_{\mu\nu}(X) \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $X \in M$, $g_{\mu\nu} \in L {\rm Riem}(M)$ and $\pi^{\mu\nu}$
its `conjugate' variable and where $\delta g_{\mu\nu}$ is a one-form
on $\Pi^{cov}$ and $\delta$ represents the exterior derivative.
Or else with the covariant Poisson brackets algebra, on $\Pi^{cov}$
\begin{eqnarray} \{g_{\mu\nu}(X)\,,
\,g_{\alpha\beta}(X^{\prime})\}&=& 0 =\{\pi^{\mu\nu}(X)\,,
\,\pi^{\alpha\beta}(X^{\prime})\}
\nonumber \\
\{g_{\mu\nu}(X)\,, \,\pi^{\alpha\beta}(X^{\prime})\} &=&
\delta_{(\mu\nu )}^{\alpha\beta} \,\delta^4 (X, X^{\prime}) ,
\label{covgpi} \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where ${{\delta}_{(\mu\nu)}}^{\alpha\beta} :=
\frac{1}{2}({\delta_\mu}^\alpha {\delta_\nu}^\beta +
{\delta_\mu}^\beta {\delta_\nu}^\alpha )$.
The physical meaning of $\pi$ can be understood after the $3+1$
decomposition of $M$ in which it will be related to the canonical
conjugate momenta.
\subsection{The representation of the group $\rm Diff(M)$.}
The relation between the group of spacetime diffeomorphisms
$Diff(M)$ and the Dirac algebra of constraints has been an important
matter of discussion in quantum gravity. We have showed that in this
formalism of general relativity there exists a representation of the
group of spacetime diffeomorphisms \textsl{together} with the Dirac
algebra of constraints.
$\Pi^{cov}$ carries a symplectic action of the
${\rm Diff}(M)$ group, with generator defined for any vector field
$W$ on $M$
\begin{eqnarray} V_W:=\int \!d^4X
\,\pi^{\mu\nu}(X)\,{\cal L}_W g_{\mu\nu}(X) \label{V_W}
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\cal L}_W$ denotes the Lie derivative with respect to $W$.
The functions $V_W$ satisfy the Lie algebra of ${\rm Diff}(M)$
\begin{eqnarray} \{\, V_{W_1}\,,
V_{W_2}\,\} = V_{ [ W_1 , W_2 ]} \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
{{where $[ W_1 , W_2 ]$ is the Lie bracket between vector fields
$W_1$ and $W_2$ on the manifold $M$.}}
\subsection{Relation between spacetime and canonical description}
Next we study the relation between the covariant description and the
standard canonical one.
We must emphasise here that the spacetime description we presented
is kinematical---in the sense that we do not start from a Lagrangian
formalism and from this deduce the canonical constraints. We rather
start from the histories canonical general relativity and we show
that this formalism is augmented by a spacetime description that
carries a representation of the spacetime $\rm Diff(M)$ group.
In the standard canonical formalism we introduce a spacelike
foliation ${\cal E}:\mathbb{R}\times\Sigma\rightarrow M$ on $M$,
with respect to a fixed Lorentzian four-metric $g$. Then the
spacelike character of the foliation function implies that the
pull-back of the four metric on a surface $\Sigma$ is a Riemannian
metric with signature $+++$. In the histories theory we obtain a
path of such Riemannian metrics $t\mapsto h_{ij}(t,\underline{x})$
each one defined on a copy of $\Sigma_t$ with the same $t$ label.
However a foliation cannot be spacelike with respect to \textsl{all}
metrics $g$ and in general, for an arbitrary metric $g$ the pullback
of a metric ${\cal{E}}^* g$ \textsl{is not} a Riemannian metric on
$\Sigma$.
This point reflects a major conceptual problem of quantum gravity:
the notion of `spacelike' has \textsl{no a priori} meaning in a
theory in which the metric is a non-deterministic dynamical
variable; in absence of deterministic dynamics, the relation between
canonical and covariant variables appears rather puzzling. In
classical general relativity this is not a problem because
`spacelikeness' refers to the metric that solves the equations of
motion. In quantum gravity however where one expects metric
fluctuations the notion of spacelikeness is problematic.
In histories theory this problem is addressed by introducing the
notion of a \textsl{metric dependent} foliation ${\cal{E}}[g]$,
defined as a map ${\cal{E}}[g]: {\textsl{LRiem}(M)}\mapsto
{\textsl{Fol}{M}} $, that assigns to each Lorentzian metric a
foliation that is \textsl{always} spacelike with respect to that
metric. Then we use the metric dependent foliation ${\cal{E}}[g]$ to
define the canonical decomposition of the metric $g$ with respect to
the canonical three-metric $h_{ij}$, the lapse function $N$ and the
shift vector $N^i$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
h_{ij}(t,\underline{x})\!\!\! &:=&\!\!\!
{\cal{E}}^{\mu}_{,i}(t,\underline{x};g]\,
{\cal{E}}^{\nu}_{,j}(t,\underline{x};g]\,
g_{\mu\nu}({\cal{E}}(t,\underline{x};g])\nonumber \\
N_{i}(t,\underline{x})\!\!\! &:=&\!\!\!
{\cal{E}}^{\mu}_{,i}(t,\underline{x};g]\,
{\dot{\cal{E}}}^{\nu}(t,\underline{x};g]\, g_{\mu\nu}({\cal{E}}
(t,\underline{x};g])\nonumber \\ \hspace{-3.5cm}
-\!\!N^{2}(t,\underline{x})\!\!\! &:=&\!\!\!
{\dot{\cal{E}}}^{\mu}(t,\underline{x};g]\,
{\dot{\cal{E}}}^{\nu}(t,\underline{x};g]\,
g_{\mu\nu}({\cal{E}}(t,\underline{x};g])\!\!\!- \!\!N_{i} N^{i}
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Defined in this way $h_{ij}$ is \emph{always} a Riemannian metric,
with the correct signature.
In the histories theory therefore, \emph{the $3+1$ decomposition
preserves the spacetime character of the canonical variables\/}, a
feature that we may expect to hold in a theory of quantum gravity.
\subsection{Relation between $\Pi^{cov}$ and $\Pi^{can}$}
With the introduction of the metric-dependent foliation we can then
write the symplectic form $\Omega$, on the space of canonical
general relativity histories description $\Pi^{can}$, (using an
equivalent canonical form of $\Omega$),
\begin{eqnarray}
\Omega &=& \int \!d^4X \, \delta \pi^{\mu\nu} \wedge \delta
g_{\mu\nu} \nonumber\\
&=& \int\!d^3xdt (\delta {\pi}^{ij}\wedge\delta h_{ij} +
\delta {p} \wedge\delta N
+ \delta {{p}}_{i}\wedge \delta N^{i}),
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
by introducing conjugate momenta for the three-metric ${\pi}^{ij}$,
the lapse function $p$ and the shift vector ${{p}}_{i}$.
Thus we prove the equivalence of the covariant history space
$\Pi^{cov}= (T^{*}{\rm LRiem}(M)$ with the space of paths on the
canonical phase space of general relativity
\begin{equation}
\Pi^{can}\!\! = \!{\times}_{t} (T^{*}{\rm Riem}({\Sigma}_{t}) \times
T^{*}Vec({\Sigma}_{t}) \times T^{*}C^{\infty}({\Sigma}_{t})),
\end{equation}
where ${\rm Riem}({\Sigma}_{t})$ is the space of all Riemannian
three-metrics on the surface ${\Sigma}_{t}$, $Vec({\Sigma}_{t})$ is
the space of all vector fields on ${\Sigma}_{t}$, and
$C^{\infty}({\Sigma}_{t})$ is the space of all smooth scalar
functions on ${\Sigma}_{t}$.
\subsection{Canonical description}
The canonical history space of general relativity $\Pi^{can}$ is the
Cartesian product of the cotangent bundles of the space of
Riemannian three-metrics $\textsl{Riem}{{\Sigma}_t}$, the space of
vector fields on $\Sigma$ and the space of all scalar functions on
$\Sigma$. Hence, $\Pi^{can}$ is a suitable subset of the Cartesian
product of copies of the phase space $\Gamma$ of standard canonical
general relativity\\
\begin{equation}
\Pi^{can}\subset {\times}_t {\Gamma}_t , \hspace{1cm}\Gamma_t =
\Gamma(\Sigma_t).
\end{equation}
A history therefore is any smooth map
\begin{equation}
t\mapsto\!\! (h_{ij}(t,\underline{x}),\pi^{kl}(t,\underline{x}),
N^{i}(t,\underline{x}), p_{i}(t,\underline{x}), N(t,\underline{x}),
p(t,\underline{x})).
\end{equation}
We obtain the history version of the canonical Poisson brackets from
the covariant Poisson brackets
\begin{eqnarray} \{ h_{ij}
(t,\underline{x})\,, \pi^{kl} (t^{\prime} , \underline{x}^{\prime}
)\} &=& {{\delta}_{(ij)}}^{kl}\, \delta ( t , t^{\prime})\, \delta^3
( \underline{x} ,
\underline{x}^{\prime}) \label{GR3b} \nonumber\\
\{N(t,\underline{x}), p(t',\underline{x}')\} &=& \delta(t,t')
\delta^3(\underline{x}', \underline{x'}) \label{cansNp}\nonumber\\
\{ N^i(t, \underline{x}), p_j(t',\underline{x}') \} &=& \delta^i_j
\delta(t,t')\delta^3(\underline{x}', \underline{x'})
\label{canvNp} \nonumber\\
\{h_{ij} (t,\underline{x})\,, h_{kl} ( t^{\prime} ,
\underline{x}^{\prime} ) \} &=&0= \{ \pi^{ij} (t,\underline{x})\,,
\pi^{kl} ( t^{\prime} ,\underline{x}^{\prime} ) \} \nonumber\\
\{N(t,\underline{x}), N(t', \underline{x'}) \} &=&0=
\{p(t,\underline{x}), p(t', \underline{x'}) \}\nonumber \\
\{N^i(t,\underline{x}), N^j(t', \underline{x'}) \} &=&0=
\{p_i(t,\underline{x}), p_j(t', \underline{x'}) \} \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where we have defined ${{\delta}_{(ij)}}^{kl} :=
\frac{1}{2}({\delta_i}^k {\delta_j}^l + {\delta_i}^l {\delta_j}^k
)$. All quantities$N,N^i,p$ and $p_i$ have vanishing Poisson
brackets with $\pi^{ij}$ and $h_{ij}$.
\subsection{Invariance transformations of covariant and canonical descriptions}
The generators of the diffeomorphism group $\rm Diff(M)$, defined as
Eq.\ (\ref{V_W}), act on the spacetime or covariant variables in a
natural way, generating spacetime diffeomorphisms
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\, g_{\mu\nu}(X)\,, V_W \,\} &=& {\cal L}_W g_{\mu\nu}(X)
\nonumber\\[2pt]
\{\, \pi^{\mu\nu}(X)\,, V_W \,\} &=& {\cal L}_W \pi^{\mu\nu}(X).
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
The coexistence of the spacetime and the canonical variables allows
one to write the history analogue of the canonical constraints. The
canonical description leads naturally to a one-parameter family of
super-hamiltonians $t\mapsto{\cal{H}}_{\bot} ( t, \underline{x})$
and super-momenta $t\mapsto {\cal{H}}_i ( t, \underline{x} )$,
\begin{eqnarray} \hspace{-1cm}{\cal H}_\perp(t,\underline
x)\!\!\!&:=&\!\!\!\kappa\!^2
h\!^{-1/2}(t,\underline{x})(\pi^{ij}(t,\underline{x})\pi_{ij}
(t,\underline{x})\!\! \nonumber\\
&-& \!\!\frac{1}{2} (\pi_i{}^i)\!^2(t,\underline{x})) -
\kappa\!^{-2}h^{1/2}(t,\underline{x})
R(t,\underline{x}) \nonumber\\
\hspace{-1cm} {\cal{H}}^i(t,\underline x)\!\!\!&:=&\!\!\! - 2
{\nabla}_{\!\!j} \pi^{ij}(t,\underline x),\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\kappa^2 = \frac{8 \pi G}{c^2}$ and the nabla $\nabla$
denotes the covariant derivative. We prove that they satisfy a
history version of the Dirac algebra.
We may also write the constraints in a covariant form:
\begin{eqnarray} {\cal{H}}[ \vec{L}
]\!\!\!\! &=& \!\!\!\int\!\! d^4X \!(\bar{E} \pi)^{\mu \nu} {\cal
L}\!{_L} g_{\mu \nu}\! + \!2\!\! \int\!\! d^4X \!(\bar{E} \pi)^{\mu
\nu} n_{\mu} n^{\rho}
{\cal L}\!_{L} g_{\rho \nu} \nonumber\\
{\cal H}\!_{\perp}[L]\!\!\!\! &=&\!\!\!\! \int\!\!\! d^4\! X
\!\left[\kappa^2\! \frac{N}{\sqrt{-g}} \frac{1}{2}G_{\mu \nu \rho
\sigma} (\bar{E}\pi)^{\mu \nu}\! (\bar{E}\pi)^{\rho \sigma}
\!\!\!-\! \!\!\kappa\!\!^{-2} \frac{\sqrt{-g}}{N}
{}^3R(\!h\!)\right]\nonumber \\
\Phi(k) \!\!\!&=& \!\!\!\int d^4X (\bar{E} \pi)^{\mu \nu}
n_{\mu}(X;g] \,k_{\nu}(X) \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\vec{L}^{\mu}(X;g) n_{\mu}(X;g] = 0$ and $G_{\mu \nu \rho
\sigma}$ is a covariant expression of the Dewitt metric. The
supermomentum ${\cal{H}}[ \vec{L} ]$ is smeared with a horizontal
vector field ${\cal L}$, normal to the foliation vector normal to
the leaves $n^{\mu}$; the superhamiltonian ${\cal H}\!_{\perp}[L]$
is smeared with a scalar function $L$; while the primary constraints
$p = p^i = 0$ are smeared together in a compact form, of the
constraint $\Phi(k)$, by a one-form $k_\nu$. $E$ is a kernel
function that appears first when we relate the spacetime variables
with the canonical ones; when the foliation does not depend on the
metric $E$ it equals the unit operator.
\subsection{Equivariance condition}
In order to study the explicit relation between the $\rm Diff(M)$
group and the canonical constraints, we introduce an important
mathematical restriction on the foliation, the \textsl{equivariance
condition}.
The equivariance condition follows from the requirement of general
covariance, namely that the description of the theory ought to be
invariant under changes of coordinate systems implemented by
spacetime diffeomorphisms.
A metric-dependent foliation functional
\begin{equation}
{\cal E}:{\rm LRiem}(M)\rightarrow {\rm Fol}(M)
\end{equation}
is defined as an \textsl{equivariant foliation} if it satisfies the
simple mathematical condition
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal E}[f^*g]=f^{-1}\circ {\cal E}[g],
\label{Def:EquivariantFoliation2} \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
for all Lorentzian metrics $g$ and $ f\in{\rm Diff}(M)$.
The interpretation of the condition Eq.\
(\ref{Def:EquivariantFoliation2}) is as follows: if we perform a
change of the coordinate system of the theory under a spacetime
diffeomorphism, then the expressions of the objects defined in it
will change, and so the foliation functional ${\cal E}[g]$ and the
four-metric $g$ will also change. Then, the change of the foliation
due to the change of the coordinate system must be compensated by
the change due to its functional dependence on the metric $g$. This
is essentially the \emph{passive interpretation} of the spacetime
diffeomorphisms. Loosely speaking what we have achieved with the
introduction of the equivariance condition is that the foliation
functional `looks the same' in all coordinate systems.
The physical requirement is that the change of any tensor field
$A(\cdot , g]$, associated to the foliation, under a diffeomorphism
$f$ is compensated by the change due to its functional dependence on
$g$. Hence, if we consider a diffeomorphism transformation $f$, and
we denote its pull-back operation by $f^*$, the equivariance
condition is given by the expression
\begin{eqnarray}
(f^* A)(\cdot \,, g] = A(\cdot \,, f^* g].\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
\subsection{Relation between the invariance groups}
One of the deepest issues to be addressed in canonical gravity is
the relation of the algebra of constraints to the spacetime
diffeomorphisms group. The canonical constraints depend on the $3+1$
decomposition and hence on the foliation functional.
The equivariance condition manifests a striking result both in its
simplicity and its implications: the action of the diffeomorphisms
group $\rm Diff(M)$ \textsl{preserves} the set of the constraints,
in the sense that it transforms a constraint into another of the
same type but of different argument. Hence, the choice of an
equivariance foliation implements that histories canonical field
variables related by diffeomorphisms are physically equivalent
\begin{eqnarray}
\{ V_W \,, \Phi(k) \} &=& \Phi({\cal L}_Wk)
\label{equivVw-phi} \nonumber\\
\{ V_W \,, {\cal H}(\vec{L})\} &=& {\cal H}(\delta_W \vec{L})
\label{equivVw-Hi} \nonumber \\
\{ V_W \,, {\cal H}_{\perp} (L)\} &=& {\cal H}_{\perp}({\cal
L}_WL).
\label{equivVw-H} \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\delta_W$ is the total change due to a diffeomorphism that
takes into account that $L^{\mu}$ is normal to $n^{\mu}$, which is
itself metric dependent.
Furthermore, this result means also that, the group $\rm Diff(M)$ is
represented in the space of the true degrees of freedom, the reduced
phase space. We can say equivalently that the space of true degrees
of freedom is invariant under $\rm Diff(M)$.
Hence, in the histories theory the requirement of the physical
equivalence of different choices of time direction is satisfied by
means of the equivariance condition.
\subsection{Reduced state space}
Finally we study the reduction procedure as implemented in the
histories framework. General relativity is a parameterized system in
the sense that it has vanishing Hamiltonian on the reduced phase
space due to the presence of first class constraints.
One may define the history constraint surface $C_h = \{ t \mapsto C,
t\in \mathbb{R}\}$ as the space of maps from the real line to the
single-time constraint surface $C$ of canonical general relativity.
The history reduced state space is obtained as the quotient of the
history constraint surface, with respect to the action of the
constraints, i.e. the space of orbits on $C_h$ arising from the
action of the constraints.
The histories Hamiltonian constraint is defined as
\begin{equation}
H_{\kappa} = \int \! dt\, \kappa (t) h_t,
\end{equation}
where $h_t := h(x_t, p_t)$ is first-class constraint. For all values
of the smearing function $\kappa (t)$, the history Hamiltonian
constraint $H_{\kappa}$ generates canonical transformations on the
history constraint surface.
It has been proved\cite{Sav03b} that the history reduced state space
$\Pi_{red}$ is a symplectic manifold that can be identified with the
space of paths on the canonical reduced state space $\Gamma_{red}$:
\begin{equation}
\Pi_{red}= \{ t\!\mapsto \!\Gamma\!_{red},
t\!\in\!\mathbb{R}\}
\end{equation}
We have proved therefore that the histories reduced state space is
\textsl{identical} with the space of paths on the canonical reduced
state space.
Consequently the time parameter $t$ also exists on $\Pi_{red}$, and
the notion of \emph{time ordering\/} remains on the space of the
true degrees of freedom $\Pi_{red}$. This last result is in contrast
to the standard canonical theory where there exists ambiguity with
respect to the notion of time after reduction.
Moreover, the phase space action functional $S$
\begin{eqnarray} S\!:=\! \int \!\!
dt\int \!\!\! d^3 \underline{x} \! \left \{ {\tilde{\pi}}\!^{ij}
\!(t,\underline{x}) {\dot{h}}\!_{ij}\!(t,\underline{x}) \!+
\!{\tilde{p}}_i {\dot{N}}\!^i \!+ \!\tilde{p} \dot{N}\!-
\!\!{\cal{H}} \!(N)\! \!-\!\! {\cal{H}}\! (\vec{N}) \!\right\}
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
commutes weakly with the constraints, so it can be projected on the
histories reduced state space
\begin{eqnarray} \{ S \,, \Phi(k)+
{\cal{H}}[ \vec{L} ]+ {\cal H}\!_{\perp}[L] \}\simeq 0. \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
It then serves its role in determining the equations of motion, as
we have shown in the theory of classical
histories\cite{observables}.
In order for a function on the full state space $ \Pi $, to be a
physical observable ({\em i.e.,\/} to be projectable into a function
on $ {\Pi}_{red}$), it is necessary and sufficient that it commutes
with the constraints on the constraint surface. Contrary to the
canonical treatments of parameterised systems, the classical
equations of motion are explicitly realised on the reduced state
space $\Pi_{red}$.
Indeed, the equations of motion are the paths on the phase space
that remain invariant under the symplectic transformations generated
by the projected action
\begin{eqnarray} \{ \tilde S
, F_t \}\,(\gamma_{cl}) = 0\,, F_t\,\, constant\,\, in \,\,t
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tilde{S}$ and $\tilde{V}$ are respectively the action and
Liouville functions projected on $\Pi_{red}$.
The usual dynamical equations for the canonical fields $h_{ij}$ and
$\pi^{ij}$ are equivalent to the history Poisson bracket equations
\begin{eqnarray}
\{ S \,, h_{ij} (t,\underline{x}) \}\, (\gamma_{cl}) &=& 0
\label{eqsSh} \\[2pt]
\{ S \,, \pi^{ij} (t,\underline{x}) \}\, (\gamma_{cl}) &=& 0
\label{eqsSpi}
\end{eqnarray}
The path $\gamma_{cl}$ is a solution of the classical equations of
motion, and therefore corresponds to a spacetime metric that is a
solution of the Einstein equations.
The canonical action functional $S$ is also diffeomorphic-invariant
\begin{equation}
\{ V_W , S \} = 0.
\end{equation}
This is a significant result: it leads to the conclusion that the
action functional and the equations of motion
(\ref{eqsSh}--\ref{eqsSpi}) are the `observables' of general
relativity theory, as has been indicated from the Lagrangian
treatment of the theory. Hence, \emph{the dynamics of the histories
theory is invariant under the group of spacetime diffeomorphisms}.
It is important to remember that the parameter with respect to which
the orbits of the constraints are defined, is not in any sense
identified with the physical time $t$. In particular, one can
distinguish the paths corresponding to the classical equations of
motion by the condition
\begin{equation}
\{ F , \tilde{V}\}_{{\gamma}_{cl}} = 0 , \label{FV}
\end{equation}
where $F$ is a functional of the field variables, and
${{\gamma}_{cl}}$ is a solution to the equations of motion.
In standard canonical theory, the elements of the reduced state
space are all solutions to the classical equations of motion. In
histories canonical theory, however, an element of the reduced state
space is a solution to the classical equations of motion only if it
also satisfies the condition Eq.\ (\ref{FV}). The reason for this is
that the histories reduced state space ${\Pi}_{red}$ contains a much
larger number of paths (essentially all paths on ${\Gamma}_{red}$ ).
For this reason, histories theory may naturally describe observables
that commute with the constraints but which are not solutions to the
classical equations of motion.
This last point should be particularly emphasised, because of its
possible corresponding quantum analogue. We know that in quantum
theory, paths may be realised that {\em are not\/} solutions to the
equations of motion. My belief is that the histories formalism will
distinguish between instantaneous laws\cite{egregium} (namely
constraints), and dynamical laws (equations of motion). Hence, it is
possible to have a quantum theory for which the instantaneous laws
are satisfied, while the classical dynamical laws are not. This
distinction is present, for example, in the history theory of the
quantised electromagnetic field, where all physical states satisfy
the Gauss law exactly, however electromagnetism field histories are
possible which do not satisfy the dynamical equations, i.e.,
Maxwell's equations. For parameterised systems, this distinction is
not possible within the canonical formalism, nevertheless as we
explained, it does arise in the histories formalism.
The equations of motion (\ref{FV}) imply that physical observables
have constant values on the solutions to the classical equations of
motion. This need not be the case quantum mechanically, hence
quantum realised paths need not be characterised by `frozen' values
of their physical parameters.
\section{Notes on quantization}
These are significant results for developing a theory of quantum
gravity. It indicates that the histories scheme can incorporate
intrinsically the basic symmetry of general relativity, namely
general covariance---as manifested by the existence of a realisation
of the $\rm Diff(M)$ group---and the invariance of the Hamiltonian
constraints under its action.
Furthermore it provides a possible quantum gravity theory where the
full Lorentzian metric may be quantised, unlike some spatial part of
the metric of the canonical schemes. For this purpose we may follow
the quantum algorithm we described in the beginning of this
presentation. That is to seek a representation of the history
algebra or the histories commutation relations that are defined with
reference to the whole of spacetime and not just a 3-surface; in
particular, these history variables include a quantised Lorentzian
spacetime metric. Of course problems of defining properly quantum
Hamiltonian operators still remains in a first estimation of the
formalism.
Another possible direction to follow is to develop a histories
analogue of loop quantum gravity, as this is a successful canonical
theory in many respects. In the canonical treatment, the basic
algebra is defined with reference to objects that have support on
loops in the three-dimensional surface $\Sigma$. The natural object
in the histories description is the $SL(2,{\bf C})$) connection. An
obvious first step would be to write the kinematical Hilbert space
based on a representation of an $SL(2,C)$ connection on $M$ instead
of the $SU(2)$ connection on $\Sigma$.
This is a more complicated matter, and there is no guarantee that
there exists a correspondence between the histories $SL(2,{\bf C})$
theory and the canonical $SU(2)$ one. The major difference is that
the $SL(2,{\bf C})$ group is non-compact, hence the definition of
the proper Hilbert space cannot follow the steps of the canonical
construction.
The mathematical structures of a quantisation based on
histories will conceivably be very different from those in the
canonical theory. For this reason, the history construction may
uncover substantially different properties from those that arise in
the existing approaches to loop quantum gravity.
\section{Acknowledgments}
This work was supported by a Marie Curie
Reintegration Grant of the European Commission.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
}
| 4,902
|
The benefits of being noticed: Canada at the cool kids' table
Most of us who have lived through the turbulent teen years know what it's like. You want to be noticed...but noticed for the right reasons. You don't want to be noticed and laughed at for wearing rubber boots to school in Grade 7 (true confessions of this economist!), or for being picked last by the jock captains in high school gym basketball (sigh).
But you do want to be noticed for having the correct Jordache jeans, the highest mark in calculus, and the latest Texas Instrument calculator in its faux denim vinyl case (I did much better on these indicators).
Canada has had its share of being singled out and embarrassed on the global stage. We've been picked on by our international peers for our inaction on carbon reduction, for supply management programs in agriculture, and even for poor results in sports. In 2010, Canada was humiliated by being denied a seat on the United Nations Security Council. Most hurtful of all, we are too often not noticed at all by the other kids in the hall. Invisible. Irrelevant.
But 2012 might mark a turn-around for Canada—at least as far as grabbing some well-deserved positive attention. Consider three recent events that put us solidly at the cool kids table.
Why innovation ought to be more than a buzzword
This essay was originally printed in Alberta Venture magazine, November 2012
Corporate boardrooms and MBA programs are breeding grounds for the professional cliché, and like the once-venerable cocker spaniel, the overuse of concepts like synergies and strategic plans eventually renders them an ugly imitation of their former selves. In the last few years the word innovation has been added to that dubious list. This is especially troubling because innovation in its true form is essential to economic progress. It would be a shame if it becomes so overused and so devoid of meaning that it gets tossed into the intellectual trash can of jargon.
Music Reviews for Economists
What if this week's economic news makers were releasing music CDs? Here's how some of the reviews might read:
Artist: Barack Obama
CD title: "Off the Cliff"
Rating: **½ out of five
A follow-up to his 2008 debut CD Yes We Can, Barack Obama returns four years later with this strangely titled CD. The songs on this collection are mostly remixes of previously recorded material, but will resonate with listeners who feel that there isn't anything else worth listening to.
Fans of Barack Obama will buy this CD no matter what, but the tracks are mostly uninspired and lack the same hopeful drive that permeated his first album. The one exception is the final track on the album, Off the Cliff, which is about taxing the wealthy. Its haunting, driving rhythms are compelling and the listener will get the sense that something very, very bad will happen if American legislators cannot arrive at a consensus over the budget before the end of the year.
Other than this track, however, most of the others are a bit bland. It's the kind of CD that makes for mediocre background music at a party (perhaps the Democratic convention), but not one that you'd listen to over and over again. Good enough to sell to 52% of the population, yet not able to draw America together. In fact, some people in Texas want to separate over this album.
Artist: Jim Flaherty
CD: "It's Not Our Fault"
Rating: *** out of five
Breaking from tradition, Canadian country artist and Finance Minster Jim Flaherty surprised no one this week with the release of this collection of sad songs.
After plenty of peppy, upbeat tunes over the past seven years, including his #1 hits Canada is Awesome! and The Deficit Gone by 2015, it was time for a departure. A few songs, particularly the title track, pin the blame of Canada's financial mess on others. It's trendy these days to blame Europe and the United States for Canada's economic mess—and indeed the blame is justified. Still, there is just a tinge of whininess to this CD that seems unbecoming of Mr. Flaherty.
His fiercest critics in the music world, including hip-hop artist Thomas Mulcair, were quick to jump to the conclusion that Flaherty's music is tired and dishonest to listeners. Others were less hostile, concluding that the decision was not his to make. Unless he wanted to slash transfer payments to the provinces or individuals, Flaherty had no choice but to release this sad, sad CD.
Artist: The Angry Spanish
CD: "Trash This Place"
Genre: metal
Rating: * out of five
For a band that has delivered so much amazing artistry in previous CDs, including Manchego Cheese and Barcelona, the latest effort from heavy metal band The Angry Spanish is a huge disappointment. They're clearly furious about something, and it shows in this CD.
In the first track, entitled We Hate Austerity, they openly encourage starting fires and overturning vehicles to protest funding cuts. The target of their rage is the Spanish government, which is imposing austerity measures required of them by Germany, the IMF, and the European Central Bank. While one can reasonably sympathize with The Angry Spanish over the unpleasant cuts to their wages and government services, listeners may grow a bit tired of their rants and violence. One listen and you can't bear to hear it again.
Artist: IEA
CD: "Oil in America"
Genre: Euro-pop
Rating: ** out of five
The Paris-based band IEA, also known as the International Energy Agency, raised eyebrows this week with the release of its latest CD, Oil in America. While the band has been around for decades and has had steady hits in the past, listeners will either love or hate its latest attempt.
Most of the themes in this collection are predictions about how the United States—still the world's biggest consumer of oil—could actually become the globe's most prolific oil producer by the year 2020.
It was a shock for many in the music word, but some of the tracks are catchy and are getting heavy radio play. Critics aren't so sure that IEA has done its homework. Are they just projecting with a straight line some of the recent trends with U.S. oil production? And can a straight-line projection be trusted? A lot can happen between now and 2020.
Whether it is fact or pure fiction, this CD is reportedly causing trauma in some music markets. If the US really does become self-sufficient in oil in eight years, what does that mean for a province like Alberta?
Even though some Alberta music lovers are quickly tuning out the IEA, the songs are at least worth a listen.
An Adult Conversation on Regional Transfers
A friend and his wife, both from Western Canada, talk about the time they were relaxing in the Upper Hot Springs in glorious Banff.
They struck up a conversation in the pool with a Quebec City couple visiting the Rockies for the first time. Impressed with the view, one of the Quebeckers said: "I like your mountains." To this, my friend's wife astutely replied: "They're your mountains, too!"
The story still makes me tingle with warm, patriotic feelings about what a great country Canada is. But if those mountains could be mined, sold and accrued to Alberta's government coffers in royalties, then a less generous response to the Quebecker might be: "Yes, they are my mountains. And you can't have them."
Obama vs Romney: Who'd be better for Alberta?
After having put up with seemingly endless months of political showmanship and campaigning, our American neighbours will finally vote next Tuesday for who they'd like as president. It's an enormous decision for undecided voters, and, if polls can be trusted, the election could be extremely close. Few crystal ball gazers are yet willing to make a solid prediction of which man will win: the incumbent Barack Obama, or the challenger Mitt Romney.
A lot hangs in the balance of the Nov. 6 vote, especially for Americans. But the results of the election will have some implications in Canada and Alberta, as well.
Is it possible to gauge which candidate would be better for Alberta's economy?
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
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| 9,035
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{"url":"https:\/\/docs.ogc.org\/bp\/16-011r5.html","text":"Open Geospatial Consortium Submission Date: 2020-01-21 Approval Date:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02020-08-24 Publication Date:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02021-02-26 External identifier of this OGC\u00ae document: http:\/\/www.opengis.net\/doc\/BP\/CDB-SRF\/1.2 Internal reference number of this OGC\u00ae document:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a016-011r5 Version: 1.2 Category: OGC\u00ae Best Practice Editor:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Carl Reed\n Volume 8: OGC CDB Spatial Reference System Guidance (Best Practice)\n Warning\n\nThis document defines an OGC Best Practice on a particular technology or approach related to an OGC standard. This document is not an OGC Standard and may not be referred to as an OGC Standard. It is subject to change without notice. However, this document is an official position of the OGC membership on this particular technology topic.\n\n Document type:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 OGC\u00ae Best Practice Document subtype: Document stage:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Approved Document language:\u00a0 English\n\nPermission is hereby granted by the Open Geospatial Consortium, (\"Licensor\"), free of charge and subject to the terms set forth below, to any person obtaining a copy of this Intellectual Property and any associated documentation, to deal in the Intellectual Property without restriction (except as set forth below), including without limitation the rights to implement, use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, and\/or sublicense copies of the Intellectual Property, and to permit persons to whom the Intellectual Property is furnished to do so, provided that all copyright notices on the intellectual property are retained intact and that each person to whom the Intellectual Property is furnished agrees to the terms of this Agreement.\n\nIf you modify the Intellectual Property, all copies of the modified Intellectual Property must include, in addition to the above copyright notice, a notice that the Intellectual Property includes modifications that have not been approved or adopted by LICENSOR.\n\nTHIS LICENSE IS A COPYRIGHT LICENSE ONLY, AND DOES NOT CONVEY ANY RIGHTS UNDER ANY PATENTS THAT MAY BE IN FORCE ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.\n\nTHE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 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You agree upon termination of any kind to destroy or cause to be destroyed the Intellectual Property together with all copies in any form, whether held by you or by any third party.\n\nExcept as contained in this notice, the name of LICENSOR or of any other holder of a copyright in all or part of the Intellectual Property shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Intellectual Property without prior written authorization of LICENSOR or such copyright holder. LICENSOR is and shall at all times be the sole entity that may authorize you or any third party to use certification marks, trademarks or other special designations to indicate compliance with any LICENSOR standards or specifications. This Agreement is governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The application to this Agreement of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is hereby expressly excluded. In the event any provision of this Agreement shall be deemed unenforceable, void or invalid, such provision shall be modified so as to make it valid and enforceable, and as so modified the entire Agreement shall remain in full force and effect. No decision, action or inaction by LICENSOR shall be construed to be a waiver of any rights or remedies available to it.\n\ni. Abstract\n\nVolume 8 of the CDB standard defines the conceptual model and the methodologies that allow the description, and transformation or conversion, of geometric properties within a set of spatial reference frames supported by the CDB standard. The CDB Spatial Reference Model (SRM) supports an unambiguous specification of the positions, directions, and distances associated with spatial information. This document also defines algorithms for precise transformation of positions, directions and distances among different spatial reference frames.\n\nIn previous versions of the CDB standard, this CDB volume was Appendix K in CDB Version 3.2 as submitted to the OGC.\n\nii. Keywords\n\nThe following are keywords to be used by search engines and document catalogues.\n\nogcdoc, OGC document, cdb, spatial reference model, srm, coordinate systems, crs, srs\n\niii. Preface\n\nAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. The Open Geospatial Consortium shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.\n\nRecipients of this document are requested to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent claims or other intellectual property rights of which they may be aware that might be infringed by any implementation of the standard set forth in this document, and to provide supporting documentation.\n\niv. Submitting organizations\n\nThe following organizations submitted this Document to the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC):\n\nOrganization name(s)\n\n\u2022 CAE Inc.\n\n\u2022 Carl Reed, OGC Individual Member\n\n\u2022 Envitia, Ltd\n\n\u2022 Glen Johnson, OGC Individual Member\n\n\u2022 Laval University\n\n\u2022 Open Site Plan\n\n\u2022 University of Calgary\n\n\u2022 UK Met Office\n\nThe OGC CDB standard is based on and derived from an industry developed and maintained specification, which has been approved and published as OGC Document 15-003: OGC Common DataBase Volume 1 Main Body. An extensive listing of contributors to the legacy industry-led CDB specification is at Chapter 11, pp 475-476 in that OGC Best Practices Document (https:\/\/portal.opengeospatial.org\/files\/?artifact_id=61935 ).\n\nv. Submitters\n\nAll questions regarding this submission should be directed to the editor or the submitters:\n\n Name Affiliation Carl Reed Carl Reed & Associates David Graham CAE Inc.\n\nvi. Document Organization\n\nFor ease of editing and review, the standard has been separated into 16 Volumes, one being a schema repository.\n\n\u2022 Volume 0: OGC CDB Companion Primer for the CDB standard (Best Practice).\n\n\u2022 Volume 1: OGC CDB Core Standard: Model and Physical Data Store Structure. The main body (core) of the CDB standard (Normative).\n\n\u2022 Volume 2: OGC CDB Core Model and Physical Structure Annexes (Best Practice).\n\n\u2022 Volume 3: OGC CDB Terms and Definitions (Normative).\n\n\u2022 Volume 4: OGC CDB Rules for Encoding CDB Vector Data using Shapefiles (Best Practice).\n\n\u2022 Volume 5: OGC CDB Radar Cross Section (RCS) Models (Best Practice).\n\n\u2022 Volume 6: OGC CDB Rules for Encoding CDB Models using OpenFlight (Best Practice).\n\n\u2022 Volume 7: OGC CDB Data Model Guidance (Best Practice).\n\n\u2022 Volume 8: OGC CDB Spatial Reference System Guidance (Best Practice).\n\n\u2022 Volume 9: OGC CDB Schema Package: http:\/\/schemas.opengis.net\/cdb\/ provides the normative schemas for key features types required in the synthetic modeling environment. Essentially, these schemas are designed to enable semantic interoperability within the simulation context (Normative).\n\n\u2022 Volume 10: OGC CDB Implementation Guidance (Best Practice).\n\n\u2022 Volume 11: OGC CDB Core Standard Conceptual Model (Normative).\n\n\u2022 Volume 12: OGC CDB Navaids Attribution and Navaids Attribution Enumeration Values (Best Practice).\n\n\u2022 Volume 13: OGC CDB Rules for Encoding CDB Vector Data using GeoPackage (Normative, Optional Extension).\n\n\u2022 Volume 14: OGC CDB Guidance on Conversion of CDB Shapefiles into CDB GeoPackages (Best Practice).\n\n\u2022 Volume 15: OGC CDB Optional Multi-Spectral Imagery Extension (Normative).\n\n## 1. Scope\n\nThe handling of spatial data requires a good deal of rigor to accurately describe the position of points in space. Furthermore, it requires the ability to define directions and distances. Generally, this is accomplished through the use of coordinate systems.\n\nA coordinate system (also called a spatial reference system) is a means of assigning coordinates to a location and establishing relationships between sets of such coordinates. Specifying a coordinate reference system enables the interpretation of a set of coordinates as a representation of a position in a real world space.\n\nIn the CDB standard, these terms can be used interchangeably. However, for consistency with previous versions of the CDB standard, the term spatial reference system (SRS) is used.\n\nThere is often the requirement to represent position in several different spatial reference systems. Each spatial reference system provides a particular way of defining positions within its domain. This level of abstraction also permits spatial reference systems to be decomposed into a series of, or even a hierarchy of reference, each relative to another reference system. This mechanism permits objects to be independently defined (positioned, oriented, and scaled) with respect to a local SRS and then be later incorporated into other reference systems. The reference systems can be abstract mathematical constructs or they can be bound to real world objects (e.g., a flap located defined in a flap reference system which in turn is bound to an aircraft wing reference system).\n\n## 2. Conformance\n\nThere are no conformance classes in this document\n\n## 3. References\n\nThe following normative documents contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this document. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.\n\nISO: ISO\u00a019111:2007, Geographic information\u00a0\u2015 Spatial referencing by coordinates, 2007\n\n## 4. Terms and Definitions\n\nThis document uses the terms defined in Sub-clause 5.3 of [OGC 06-121r8], which is based on the ISO\/IEC Directives, Part 2, Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards. In particular, the word \u201cshall\u201d (not \u201cmust\u201d) is the verb form used to indicate a requirement to be strictly followed to conform to this standard. Any terms and definitions for this CDB document may be found in Volume 3: CDB Terms and Definitions (Normative).\n\n## 5. Conventions\n\nThis sections provides details and examples for any conventions used in the document. Examples of conventions are symbols, abbreviations, use of XML schema, or special notes regarding how to read the document.\n\n### 5.1. Identifiers\n\nThere are no normative provisions in this document.\n\n## 6. CDB Approach\n\nOne of the primary objectives of the CDB standard is to provide the means to represent the entire earth. As such, a CDB compliant data store must handle spatial data with a good deal of rigor to accurately describe the position of points in space and must do so at the level of fidelity commensurate with the precision that is now possible in modern simulators.\n\nThe size, content, fidelity and precision of synthetic environments now warrant a different approach, an approach that entirely avoids the \u201cproblem with projections\u201d and other approximations used in the past. To this end, the CDB standard mandates the use a geographic coordinate system (GCS). A GCS uses a three-dimensional spherical surface to define locations on the earth. Since no projections are involved, full geometric coherence is assured without compromise and all four key spatial properties can be achieved simultaneously:\n\n1. Preservation of distance\n\n2. Preservation of direction\n\n3. Preservation of area\n\n4. Preservation of shape\n\n### 6.1. CDB Spatial Reference Systems\n\nThe CDB standard is based on a surface geodetic coordinate system, i.e., points on the earth surface are specified as geographic latitude -longitude and elevation coordinates. More specifically, geodetic coordinates (sometimes called geographic coordinates) are angular coordinates (longitude and latitude), closely related to spherical polar coordinates, and are defined relative to a particular Earth geodetic datum. For the CDB, this is the WGS 84 datum. The WGS 84 datum surface is an oblate spheroid (ellipsoid) with major (equatorial) radius a = 6378137\u00a0m at the equator and flattening f = 1\/298.257223563 [1]. The polar semi-minor axis b then equals a times (1\u2212f), or 6356752.3142\u00a0m.\n\nThe CDB data store embeds modeled point features (e.g., the representation of 3-D objects, moving and\/or static) within a Cartesian Coordinate System [2]. Its use is generally constrained to objects that are small in comparison to the earth. As shown below, a modeled point feature can be referenced anywhere on the earth by providing the model\u2019s orientation (the AO1 attribute specified in Chapter 5 of Volume 1: OGC CDB Core Standard: Model and Physical Database Structure) and the model\u2019s origin using a set of latitude\/longitude\/elevation coordinates. Note that the model\u2019s z-axis implicitly points upward with respect to the earth surface.\n\nFigure 1: Cartesian Model positioned to WGS-84 Coordinates\n\nThe earth shape is described by the WGS-84 reference ellipsoid. The CDB standard also defines three related set of Spatial Reference Systems (and associated coordinate systems) for use in conjunction with the surface geodetic coordinate system; they are:\n\n1. Earth-centered Cartesian (Geocentric)\n\n2. Generic Cartesian\n\n3. Local Vertical (LVCS)\n\n## 7. The Three Systems\n\nThe following sections detail the normative aspects of the three Spatial Reference Systems (SRS) supported in the CDB model. We start with a general discussion of the Geographical Coordinate System before addressing the Spatial Reference Systems.\n\n### 7.1. Geographic Coordinate System (Geodetic)\n\nA geographic coordinate system (also called the geodetic coordinate system) is one in which the coordinates are expressed as latitude, longitude, and altitude relative to the reference ellipsoid. Geographical latitude \u03c6 and longitude \u03bb are the angles of the normal on the reference ellipsoid along the point to the equator and zero meridian. The angles are normally given as degrees, minutes and seconds. Altitude is the distance above and normal to the reference ellipsoid in meters. The WGS 84 ellipsoid represents the actual geoid within an accuracy of 100 meters. The prime meridian and the equator are the reference planes used to define latitude and longitude.\n\nIn other terms, the geographic latitude \u2013 there are many other defined latitudes \u2013 of a point is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line normal to the reference ellipsoid\u2019s surface. The geographic longitude of a point is the angle between a reference plane, Greenwich, and a plane passing through the point, both planes being perpendicular to the equatorial plane. The geographic height at a point is the distance from the reference ellipsoid to the point in a direction normal to the reference ellipsoid.\n\nTable 1: Geographic Coordinate System (Geodetic)\n\n Field Specification Properties Orthogonal. CS parameters and constraints a: major semi-axis length b: minor semi-axis length Constraints: a > b: (oblate ellipsoid) Coordinate components \u03bb : longitude in radians, and \u03c6 : geodetic latitude in radians. Domain of the generating function or mapping equations . Domain of the inverse of the generating function or mapping equations . Notes The CS surface is the oblate ellipsoid (or sphere) surface excluding the pole points. The geodetic 3D CS induces this CS on the 3rd coordinate surface at any point for which h = 0. If a = b, the geodetic latitude \u03c6 coincides with the spherical latitude \u03b8. For WGS-84 a= 6,378,137 m and b = 6,356,752 m. The inverse flattening ratio f-1 is 298.257223563.\n\n#### 7.1.1. Earth-Centered SRS (aka Rectangular Geocentric SRS)\n\nThe earth-centered SRS defines a three-dimensional Euclidian space with respect to the geometric center of the reference ellipsoid, the center of the earth. The reference datum of the Earth-centered SRS is based on the WGS-84 ellipsoid reference model. In this SRS, the z-axis is pointing at the North Pole, the x-axis is pointing at the intersection of the equator and the Greenwich meridian, the prime meridian, and the y-axis is pointing at the intersection of the equator and 90o east longitude. The associated coordinate system is called the World Coordinate System and its units are meters. The world coordinate system is used to specify the 3D position of objects with respect to the earth-centered SRS. This coordinate system is used as an intermediate system to convert geodetic coordinates to LVCS and vice versa\n\n#### 7.1.2. General Cartesian SRS\n\nThe Cartesian spatial reference frame defines a three-dimensional Euclidian space with respect to an arbitrary origin. The reference datum specifying the origin and the orientation of the SRS is arbitrary, i.e., the reference datum can be specified within a geocentric SRS, a LVCS SRS or any other SRS. The SRS is right-handed and orthonormal. In this SRS system, the z-axis is pointing up and both the x-axis and y-axis lie in the horizontal plane. The associated coordinate system is called the General Cartesian Coordinate System; coordinates are specified in meters. This coordinate system is used for the representation of 3-D objects, moving and\/or static. Its use is generally constrained to objects that are small in comparison to the earth [3].\n\n#### 7.1.3. Local Vertical SRS\n\nThe Local Vertical SRS (LVCS) spatial reference frame defines a three-dimensional Euclidian space. It is a SRF similar to the Geocentric SRF except that the origin of the SRF is translated and rotated to a point on the surface of the WGS-84 ellipsoid. At that point, the x-y plane is tangent to the surface of the earth and the z-axis is normal to the ellipsoid. The associated coordinate system is called the local vertical coordinate system; the coordinates are specified in meters. In this coordinate system, the z-axis is pointing up, the y-axis is pointing north and the x-axis is pointing east. Its use is generally constrained to a surface that is small in comparison to the earth [4].\n\n### 7.2. Geodetic to Geocentric transformation [1]\n\nThe following equations are used to transform geodetic information to geocentric information according to the following:\n\n1. If <\u03d5\u03bbh> represents the geodetic coordinates to be transformed, where \u03d5 is the latitude, \u03bb is the longitude, and h is the WGS84 height above the reference ellipsoid; and\n\n2. If <x,\u00a0y,\u00a0z> represents the geocentric coordinates; then using the WGS84 ellipsoid equatorial radius, a, of 6,378,137.0m and the WGS84 ellipsoid polar radius, b, of 6,356,752.314245m, the flattening f, the eccentricity e and the radius of curvature as a function of latitude N(\u03d5) are given by equation eq. A-1:\n\n $f = \\frac{a - b}{a}$ $e^2 = 2f - f^2$ $N(\u03c6) = \\frac{a}{\\sqrt[]{1 - e^2 \\sin^2 \u03c6 }}$ (eq. A\u20111)\n\nFrom these equations, we define the transformation of each geodetic coordinate as:\n\n $x = (N(\u03c6)+h) \\cos \u03c6 \\cos \u03bb$ $y = (N(\u03c6)+h) \\cos \u03c6 \\sin \u03bb$ $z = (N(\u03c6)(1-e^2)+h) \\sin \u03c6$ (eq. A\u20112)\n\n### 7.3. Geocentric to Geodetic Transformation\n\nGeocentric coordinates cannot be transformed to the geodetic coordinate system directly. Instead, a successive approximation approach is used to compute the new coordinates. The following describes the algorithm to convert geocentric coordinates <x,\u00a0y,\u00a0z> to geodetic coordinates <\u03d5\u03bbh>, where \u03d5 is the latitude, \u03bb is the longitude, and h is the WGS84 height above the reference ellipsoid. First, using the WGS84 ellipsoid equatorial radius, a = 6,378,137.0 m and the WGS84 ellipsoid polar radius, b = 6,356,752.314245 m, the flattening f and the eccentricity e of the ellipsoid are given by equation A-3:\n\n $f = \\frac{a - b}{a}$ $e^2 = 2f - f^2$ (eq. A\u20113)\n\nWe first compute the longitude \u03bb with equation A-4:\n\n $\u03bb = \\tan ^{ - 1} \\bigg(\\frac{y}{x}\\bigg)$ (eq. A\u20114)\n\nWe then compute a first approximation of the latitude assuming a spherical earth model with equation A-5:\n\n $\u03c6 = \\tan ^{ - 1} \\bigg(\\frac{z}{\\sqrt[]{x^2 + y^2}}\\bigg)$ (eq. A\u20115)\n\nThen, we iteratively compute the radius of curvature as a function of latitude N(\u03d5) and, as a result we iteratively converge to a new, more accurate latitude \u03d5\u2019 with equation A-6:\n\n $N(\u03c6) = \\frac{a}{\\sqrt[]{ 1 - e^2 \\sin^2 \u03c6 }}$ (eq. A\u20116)\n\nFor each iteration, \u03d5 is replaced with \u03d5\u2019, until the difference between the two values is less than a preset allowable error. The resulting latitude error will be less than \u03b5. Finally, we compute the height above the reference ellipsoid h with equation A-7\n\n $h = \\frac{\\sqrt[]{x^2 + y^2}}{\\cos \u03c6} - N(\u03c6)$ (eq. A\u20117)\n\n### 7.4. Geodetic to LVCS Coordinate Transformation\n\nThe transformation of a geodetic coordinate into an LVCS coordinate is decomposed into two parts:\n\n1. Apply a coordinate transformation to each coordinate of an object from the geodetic coordinate system to the rectangular geocentric coordinate system.\n\n2. Then apply a second transformation to go from the geocentric coordinate system to LVCS.\n\nThe first transformation, from geodetic to rectangular geocentric is described in section K.4. The transformation is applied to the origin of the object. The result of this transformation is the origin x0 of the object in the geocentric coordinate system. Then for each coordinate x of the object, we apply the geodetic to geocentric transformation to coordinate x and we then compute the translation vector t between x and x0 in the geocentric coordinate system with equation A-8\n\n $t = x - x_0$ (eq. A\u20118)\n\nThe second transformation, from geocentric to LVCS is presented here as an algorithm to transform all coordinates of an object from the geodetic coordinate system to LVCS. The transformation from geodetic to LVCS first requires the assembly of a 3x3 rotation matrix M with equation A-9:\n\n $M = \\begin{bmatrix} -\\sin \u03bb_0 & \\cos \u03bb_0 & 0 \\\\ -\\sin \u03c6_0 \\cos \u03bb_0 & -\\sin \u03c6_0 \\sin \u03bb_0 & \\cos \u03c6_0 \\\\ \\cos \u03c6_0 \\cos \u03bb_0 & \\cos \u03c6_0 \\sin \u03bb_0 & \\sin \u03c6_0 \\end{bmatrix}$ (eq. A\u20119)\n\nWhere: \u03d50 and \u03bb0 = the latitude and longitude of the origin of the object.\n\nFinally, the rotation matrix M is applied to the translation vector t to obtain each coordinate xL in the local vertical coordinate system with equation A-10:\n\n $x_L = Mt$ (eq. A\u201110)\n\n### 7.5. Angular Displacements to Linear Displacement\n\nFor WGS84, which is an elliptical representation of the earth, the transformation from angular displacements to equivalent linear displacements in a tangential plane is slightly different than that for a spherical earth.\n\nFor WGS84 we get\u2026\n\n$\\delta X = \\rho _t \\cos (lat) \\delta lon$\n\n$\\delta Y = \\rho _m \\delta lat$\n\n\u2026 as opposed to for a spherical earth\n\n$\\delta X = \\rho \\cos (lat) \\delta lon$\n\n$\\delta Y = \\rho \\delta lat$\n\nwhere\u2026\n\n\u03b4X, \u03b4Y are the linear displacements along the x and y axes.\n\n\u03c1m, \u03c1t are the meridional and transverse radiuses of curvature.\n\n\u03c1 is the radius of the spherical earth.\n\n\u03b4lat, \u03b4lon are small displacements at location lat\/lon\n\nwe have\u2026\n\n$\\rho _m = \\frac{a(1 - e^2)}{\\big[1 - e^2 \\sin^2 (lat)\\big] ^{3\/2}}$\n\n$\\rho _t = \\frac{a}{\\sqrt[]{1 - e^2 sin^2 (lat)}}$\n\n$e^2 = 1 - \\frac{b ^2}{a ^2}$\n\n$f = \\frac{a - b}{a} \\Rightarrow b = a (1 - f)$\n\nwhere\u2026\n\ne2 is the square of the eccentricity\n\na,b are the semi-major and the minor axes of the earth\n\nf is the flattening\n\nThis section describes the transformations required to go to-and-from the DIS\/HLA and the CDB moving model coordinate systems.\n\n### 7.6. 3D Model Coordinate System\n\nThe CDB 3D model coordinate system conventions are presented earlier in the OGC CDB Rules for Encoding Data using OpenFlight Best Practice.\n\nFigure 2: CDB 3D Model Coordinate System\n\nThe DIS coordinate system is used on a HLA network and is represented on the following figure.\n\nFigure 3: DIS Entity [5] Coordinate System\n\nThe two coordinate systems differ in the axis conventions (Z is up in the CDB while Z is down in DIS). Furthermore, the position of the origin also differs; DIS requires that the origin of its coordinate system be located at the center of the entity\u2019s bounding box excluding its articulated and attached parts [6]. The CDB standard uses a different convention.\n\nThe transformation from the CDB coordinate system to the DIS coordinate system involves one translation followed by two rotations. The translation represents the offset to the DIS origin as defined in chapter 6. Assume that P0 represents the coordinate of the DIS origin.\n\n $P_0 = (x_0, y_0, z_0)$ (eq. A\u201111)\n\nThe two rotations are relatively simple. First, rotate 180\u00b0 about the X-axis. This rotation will position the Z-axis in its correct position. Equation A-12 represents this rotation.\n\n $M_x = \\begin{Bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\\\ 0 & -1 & 0 \\\\ 0 & 0 & -1 \\end{Bmatrix}$ (eq. A\u201112)\n\nSecond, rotate -90\u00b0 about this new Z-axis. This last rotation completes the transformation and is represented by equation A-13.\n\n $M_z = \\begin{Bmatrix} 0 & -1 & 0 \\\\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\end{Bmatrix}$ (eq. A\u201113)\n\nNow, if we combine equations A-11, A-12 and A-13, we can transform a point P expressed in the CDB coordinate system into point P\u2019 in the DIS coordinate system. Equation A-14 presents the complete transformation.\n\n $P' = M_z M_x (P - P_0)$ (eq. A\u201114)\n\nThe combined matrix gives equation A-15 and the resulting individual terms are presented in A-16.\n\n $M_zx = \\begin{Bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 \\\\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\\\ 0 & 0 & -1 \\end{Bmatrix}$ (eq. A\u201115)\n $x = y - y_0$ $y = x - x_0$ $z' = z_0 - z$ (eq. A\u201116)\n\nIf a single transformation matrix M is preferred then Matrix Mzx and point P0 are combined to obtain the set of equations A-17.\n\n $P' = MP$ $where$ $M = \\begin{Bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & -y_0 \\\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & -x_0 \\\\ 0 & 0 & -1 & z_0 \\\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\end{Bmatrix}$ $and\u2026\u200b$ $P = \\begin{Bmatrix} x \\\\ y \\\\ z \\\\ 1 \\end{Bmatrix}$ (eq. A\u201117)\n\nTo convert from the DIS coordinate system back to the CDB coordinate system, the inverse transformation is applied. Knowing that unscaled rotation matrices (the upper 3 x 3 portion of M) have the property that their inverse is their transpose, we obtain the set of equations A-18.\n\n $P = M^{-1} P'$ $where$ $M^{-1} = \\begin{Bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & x_0 \\\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & y_0 \\\\ 0 & 0 & -1 & z_0 \\\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\end{Bmatrix}$ (eq. A\u201118)\n\n## Annex A: Revision History\n\nDate Release Editor Primary clauses modified Description\n\n2016-02-05\n\n1.0\n\nC. Reed\n\nVarious\n\nPrepare as version 1.\n\n2016-08-03\n\n1.0\n\nC. Reed\n\nVarious\n\nModify based on 2016-03-08 SWG discussions\n\n2016-06-22\n\n1.0r2\n\nC.Reed\n\nVarious\n\nCorrect ambiguity WRT how altitude is defined.\n\n2016-07-10\n\nR3\n\nC. Reed\n\nVarious\n\nFinal edits for publication\n\n2016-11-21\n\n1.0\n\nC. Reed\n\n2017-12-28\n\n1.1\n\nC. Reed\n\nMinimal\n\nUpdate for version 1.1. Very minor edits.\n\n2019-12-16\n\n1.2\n\nC. Reed\n\nVarious\n\nChanges for version 1.2\n\n1. There are many excellent references. A recent one is: http:\/\/www.oc.nps.edu\/oc2902w\/coord\/coordcvt.pdf\n2. A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length\n3. To ensure that the object preserves its shape, size, orientation, and relative geometry.\n4. To ensure that the object preserves its shape, size, orientation, and direction\n5. DIS refers to a 3D model as an entity.\n6. This definition can be found on page 3 of IEEE Std 1278.1-1995. Note that the CDB provides the means to store the DIS origin within the coordinate system space of the model.","date":"2021-04-16 14:12:47","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.5822663903236389, \"perplexity\": 2286.8455607319775}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 20, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2021-17\/segments\/1618038066981.0\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20210416130611-20210416160611-00350.warc.gz\"}"}
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Q: Compare Two Arrays and Remove Duplicates Swift I have two arrays and I would like to create a new array that compares the two and removes both instances of duplicates.
I have a custom object:
struct SubService: Identifiable, Hashable, Encodable {
var id: String = UUID().uuidString
var name: String
var charge: String
var price: Double
}
My two arrays:
let array1: [SubService] = [SubService(name: "Men's Haircut", charge: "service", price: 10), SubService(name: "Fade", charge: "service", price: 10)]
let array2: [SubService] = [SubService(name: "Fade", charge: "service", price: 10)]
Here is the result I'm looking for:
let result: [SubService] = [SubService(name: "Men's Haircut", charge: "service", price: 10)]
I have tried the following but it returns the same array as array1. I'm assuming because of the id?
let filteredArray = Array(Set(array1).subtracting(array2))
print statements:
ARRAY 1: [SubService(id: "F9EDBBC0-3786-4718-B6BE-C31F26D6E0F0", name: "Fade", charge: "service", price: 10.0), SubService(id: "D91939DD-C339-4A56-B09D-C19ABA56A48B", name: "Men\'s Haircut", charge: "service", price: 10.0)]
ARRAY 2: [SubService(id: "373CE5F9-ECB0-4572-BD27-8BC71F96163B", name: "Fade", charge: "service", price: 10.0)]
FILTERED ARRAY: [SubService(id: "D91939DD-C339-4A56-B09D-C19ABA56A48B", name: "Men\'s Haircut", charge: "service", price: 10.0), SubService(id: "F9EDBBC0-3786-4718-B6BE-C31F26D6E0F0", name: "Fade", charge: "service", price: 10.0)]
Any help is appreciated :)
A: Reuse your items instead of creating new ones for each array declaration.
let mens = SubService(name: "Men's Haircut", charge: "service", price: 10)
let womens = SubService(name: "Woman's Haircut", charge: "service", price: 10)
let array1 = [mens, womens]
let array2 = [womens]
When you redefine the second item of array1 in let array2 = ..., you create a new UUID that makes it different. You can actually see that in your printed values.
A: SubService has to conform to protocol Equatable
struct SubService: Identifiable, Hashable, Encodable, Equatable {
var id: String = UUID().uuidString
var name: String
var charge: String
var price: Double
static func ==(lhs: SubService, rhs: SubService) -> Bool {
return lhs.name == rhs.name
}
}
let arrSet = Set(array2)
let filteredArray = array1.filter{ !arrSet.contains($0) }
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 6,377
|
Q: SSH twice with Python I would like to SSH in host1 first then SSH to host2 to get some files. SSH to host one by using Paramiko was success. But when I did the same as host1, it cannot SSH to host2. It shows 'Unable to establish SSH connection: Server 'host2' not found in known_hosts'
import paramiko
from paramiko.ssh_exception import AuthenticationException, SSHException, BadHostKeyException
try:
client = paramiko.SSHClient()
client.load_system_host_keys()
client.connect('host1', username='user1', password='pass1', timeout=5)
print ("Accessed host1 already")
try:
client2 = paramiko.SSHClient()
client2.load_system_host_keys()
client2.connect('host2', username='user2', password='pass2', timeout=5)
print ("Accessed host2 already")
except AuthenticationException:
print("Authentication failed, please verify your credentials: %s")
except SSHException as sshException:
print("Unable to establish SSH connection: %s" % sshException)
except BadHostKeyException as badHostKeyException:
print("Unable to verify server's host key: %s" % badHostKeyException)
except Exception as e:
print("Operation error: %s" % e)
except :
print ("SSH to host1 failed!!!")
Also I tried using command to get into host2 but it is still in host1 all the time. Not sure is this the right way to do. Please recommend how can I do. Thank you.
stdin1, stdout1, stderr1 = client.exec_command('ssh user2@host2;pass2;cd /;ls')
rawd = stdout1.read().decode('ascii').strip("\n")
print(rawd)
A: For an initial connection, SSH asks if you trust the remote computer. When you type yes, it gets stored in ~/.ssh/known_hosts.
On the system where you run the script, try making a SSH connection manually in console, let it store the server's info in that file, then start your program.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 8,231
|
package sorm.core
import sorm._
import core._
import query._
import mappings._
import sext._, embrace._
import Query.{Filter => QFilter, _}
object Path {
sealed trait Part
object Part {
case class Dotted ( name : String ) extends Part
case class Braced ( name : String ) extends Part
}
def parts
( p : String )
: Stream[Part]
= p.unfold{ _.notEmpty map partAndRemainder }
def partAndRemainder
( p : String )
: (Part, String)
= """^(?:\.?(\w+)|\((\w+)\))(.*)$""".r
.findFirstMatchIn(p)
.getOrElse {
throw new SormException("Unparsable path: `" + p + "`")
}
.subgroups match {
case List(name, null, remainder) =>
( Part.Dotted(name), remainder )
case List(null, name, remainder) =>
( Part.Braced(name), remainder )
}
def where
( host : Mapping,
path : String,
value : Any,
operator : Operator )
: Where
= where( host, parts(path), value, operator )
private def where
( host : Mapping,
path : Seq[Part],
value : Any,
operator : Operator )
: Where
= ( host, path ) match {
case (_, Seq()) =>
QFilter(operator, host, value)
case (host : MapMapping, Part.Braced(key) +: tail) =>
And(
QFilter(Equal, host.key, key),
where(host.value, tail, value, operator)
)
case (host : SeqMapping, Part.Braced(index) +: tail) =>
And(
QFilter(Equal, host.index, index.toInt),
where(host.item, tail, value, operator)
)
// virtual properties should not be supported until a general api is developed
// case (host : CollectionMapping, Part.Dotted("size") +: Seq()) =>
// ( operator, value ) match {
// case (Operator.Equal, _) =>
// QFilter(Operator.HasSize, host, value)
// }
// case (host : MapMapping, Part.Dotted("keys") +: Seq()) =>
// ( operator, value ) match {
// case (Operator.Equal, value : Traversable[_]) =>
// value.view
// .map{ QFilter(Operator.Equal, host.key, _) }
// .reduceOption{ Or }
// .foldLeft( QFilter(Operator.HasSize, host, value.size) ){ And }
// case (Operator.Includes, value : Traversable[_])
// if value.size > 0 =>
// value.view
// .map{ QFilter(Operator.Equal, host.key, _) }
// .reduce{ Or }
// case (Operator.Contains, value : Any) =>
// QFilter(Operator.Equal, host.key, value)
// }
case (_, Part.Dotted(id) +: tail) =>
where( mapping(host, id), tail, value, operator )
}
def mapping
( host : Mapping,
path : String )
: Mapping
= if( path == "" ) host
else ( host, path.splitBy(".") ) match {
case (host : EntityMapping, ("id", r)) =>
mapping( host.id, r )
case (host : EntityMapping, (id, r)) =>
mapping( host.properties(id), r )
case (host : RangeMapping, ("start", r)) =>
mapping( host.start, r )
case (host : RangeMapping, ("end", r)) =>
mapping( host.end, r )
case (host : TupleMapping, (id, remainder)) =>
"(?<=^_)\\d+(?=$)".r.findFirstIn(id) match {
case Some(index) =>
mapping( host.items(index.toInt - 1), remainder )
case None =>
throw new SormException("Unparseable tuple item id `" + id + "` in path `" + path + "` of `" + host + "`")
}
case (host : OptionToNullableMapping, ("item", remainder)) =>
mapping( host.item, remainder )
case (host : OptionToTableMapping, ("item", remainder)) =>
mapping( host.item, remainder )
case (host : SeqMapping, ("item", remainder)) =>
mapping( host.item, remainder )
case (host : SetMapping, ("item", remainder)) =>
mapping( host.item, remainder )
case (host : MapMapping, ("key", remainder)) =>
mapping( host.key, remainder )
case (host : MapMapping, ("value", remainder)) =>
mapping( host.value, remainder )
case (_, (id, _)) =>
throw new SormException("Unparseable id `" + id + "` in path `" + path + "` of `" + host + "`")
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 5,991
|
A Flight Was Delayed for 2 Hours Because Off-duty Pilots Demanded First Class Seats (Video)
A Thai Airways flight was delayed two hours last week because two off-duty pilots demanded first class seats while the cabin was completely sold out. The flight was only able to take off after two passengers agreed to bump themselves down to business class.
The airline said in a statement this week that it was sorry for the incident and apologized "to all passengers affected by the unprofessional action that caused the delay," according to the Bangkok Post.
The Oct. 11 flight from Zurich to Bangkok was scheduled to depart at 1:30 p.m. However, it did not get off the ground until 3:30 p.m., according to Flight Aware. The flight was able to make up some lost time, arriving in Bangkok about 90 minutes later than scheduled.
The two passengers who downgraded themselves to business, a couple, filed a complaint after the flight, saying that the plane was held "hostage to achieve what they wanted."
"I apologize to the passengers who were directly affected by the seat change. I take responsibility for the incident," president Sumeth Damrongchaitham said in a statement Thursday night.
According to One Mile at a Time, the passengers who were seated in first class didn't pay for first class tickets. The cabin on this route is offered as a first-come, first-served upgrade for business class passengers. However, being delayed and then having to move back for demanding pilots still doesn't sound like a pleasant travel experience.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
| 7,981
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<!-- NewPage -->
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Generated by javadoc (version 1.7.0_51) on Fri Mar 27 14:54:25 PDT 2015 -->
<title>kafka.etl.impl (hadoop-consumer 0.8.3-SNAPSHOT API)</title>
<meta name="date" content="2015-03-27">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../stylesheet.css" title="Style">
</head>
<body>
<h1 class="bar"><a href="../../../kafka/etl/impl/package-summary.html" target="classFrame">kafka.etl.impl</a></h1>
<div class="indexContainer">
<h2 title="Classes">Classes</h2>
<ul title="Classes">
<li><a href="DataGenerator.html" title="class in kafka.etl.impl" target="classFrame">DataGenerator</a></li>
<li><a href="SimpleKafkaETLJob.html" title="class in kafka.etl.impl" target="classFrame">SimpleKafkaETLJob</a></li>
<li><a href="SimpleKafkaETLMapper.html" title="class in kafka.etl.impl" target="classFrame">SimpleKafkaETLMapper</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 5,406
|
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Ha 8th January 2023 Episode 3954 Update
Star Plus 3 weeks ago Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Leave a comment 27 Views
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Ha 8th January 2023 Episode 3954 Star Plus HD Video, Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Ha 8th January 2023 Latest Episode 3954 Live Streaming Video.
Dramas: Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Ha
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai 1st February 2023 Episode 3978 Video
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai 31st January 2023 Update Episode 3977
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai 30th January 2023 Update Episode 3976
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
| 4,891
|
Q: how do I display onscroll event only on first scroll? I have a div tag which is used as a card and I want to make the scrollbar only visible when scrolling. I have used states to do this but the scrollbar flickers on every scroll. Can anyone please help me fix this?
This is the state and handleScroll function:
const [isScroll, setscroll] = useState(true)
function handleScroll() {
console.log("scroll detected")
setscroll(!isScroll)
}
This is the div where I want to apply the scroll event:
<div className={`${description} ${isScroll ? des : ""}`} id={classes.des} onScroll={handleScroll}>
This is the CSS:
.des::-webkit-scrollbar {
display: none;
}
.description {
background-color: $color-card-backgroung;
padding: 12px;
flex: 1;
height: 100%;
text-align: left;
overflow-y: scroll;
& > label:last-child {
font-size: 1.125rem !important;
color: $color-primary-7 !important;
}
& > label:nth-child(2) {
margin-top: 16px;
}
}
A: In your implementation you will update the components state and re-render every time the scroll event fires, which happen a lot (see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document/scroll_event). As you are updating the state isScroll with negation (setscroll(!isScroll)) the scroll will be visible and then hidden every second time a scroll event is fired. Scroll events fires at a high rate meaning that this happens many many times. This could also cause some performance issues as you are re-rendering the component for every scroll event.
Two common ways to improve the performance for scroll events is to use debounce or throttle. Debounce will only fire a callback once within a specified interval even if the event is triggered multiple times within that interval. Throttle will fire a callback one time every X ms. In your case we can set scroll to true when the first event is fired and then use debounce to hide the scroll within a certain interval after the user stops scrolling. You can find a good article about debounce in react here: https://dmitripavlutin.com/react-throttle-debounce/ if you want to understand it better. You can use lodash to get an already implemented version of debounce (https://lodash.com/docs/4.17.15#debounce) or implemented on your own.
An updated implementation solve your problem could look something like this:
import debounce from 'lodash-es/debounce'
const debouncedScrollHandler = useMemo(debounce(() => {
setscroll(false)
}, 500), [])
const handleScroll = () => {
if(!isScroll) {
console.log("scroll detected")
setscroll(true)
}
debouncedScrollHandler()
}
Now we are setting the scroll to true as soon as the user starts scrolling and we don't set it to false until 500ms after the user has stopped scrolling. Might have missed something in the implementation but it should point you in the right direction.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 9,334
|
\section{Introduction} \label{s:introduction}
Let us consider a quantum field theory defined at some ultra-violet (UV) scale with a set of massive fields of mass $\sim \mu$, which we schematically denote $\{ \phi_i \}$. In the infra-red (IR) effective theory, describing the physics far below the mass scale $\mu$, the fields $\{ \phi_i \}$ are integrated out and are absent from the path-integral description of the IR field theory, if there is one. Given that the UV Lagrangian had some global symmetry, a natural question to ask is how to detect the symmetries of the UV theory in the IR effective theory. There are well understood classic examples where the charge of a global symmetry of the UV theory manifests itself as a topological charge in the IR \cite{Skyrme, FinkelsteinRubinstein, Faddeev, Coleman, JackiwRebbi, HasenfratztHooft, GoldstoneWilczek, WittenBaryons}. In this paper, we study some two-dimensional examples of theories with $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ supersymmetry in which the correspondence between the charges of the global symmetries in the UV and the topological charges in the IR can be made precise.
The crucial fact that enables us to match the UV and IR charges, is that the BPS central charge of a state in a 2d $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ theory is determined by its topological charges \cite{WittenOlive}. We focus on examples with theories with one twisted chiral multiplet, but our results are expected to generalize to other cases. These topological charges arise when the twisted superpotential of the theory is multi-valued with respect to the value of the scalar $\sigma$ in the twisted chiral multiplet \cite{HLS,BSV}. The multi-valuedness of the superpotential gives rise to a non-trivial topological structure of the space ``$X$" the twisted chiral field $\sigma$ takes values in---in particular, the homology group $H_1(X)$ can be non-trivial. In this case, the states living on the spatial slice $S^1$, or ``$S^1$ states," can carry topological charges valued in $H_1(X)$. The supersymmetry algebra acting on states with a given topological charge has a central term determined by the topological charge \cite{HLS,BSV}. This central charge gives a BPS bound to the mass of states \cite{WittenOlive,FMVW}. When a given theory is an IR effective theory of some UV theory, the topological charges in the IR can be matched with global charges in the UV by comparing the central charge of the supersymmetry algebra of the ``two" theories.
The topologically charged BPS states, the mass of which saturates the lower bound given by a non-zero central charge of the supersymmetry algebra, come in shortened multiplets of the supersymmetry algebra. There is much to be learned about the massive BPS states on $S^1$, the spectrum of which is expected to be more subtle compared to BPS ground states. For example, it has been demonstrated in \cite{BSV} that classical BPS field configurations carrying topological charge do not necessarily survive as BPS states in the quantum theory. In this paper, we show that the massive BPS spectrum depends on the radius of the spatial circle by examining the simplest theory with non-trivial topological sectors---the theory of a free periodic twisted chiral field with a linear twisted superpotential. For generic values of the radius, there are no massive BPS states on $S^1$ in the free theory, while BPS states do appear for discrete values.
In the Morse theory-based approach to BPS spectra \cite{WittenMorse,MooreFlorida,GMWweb,GMW}, the BPS ground states of a sigma model can be identified as the elements of a particular cohomology of the loop space $\mathcal{L} X$ of the target space $X$.%
\footnote{This approach is also implicit in the work \cite{CVClassification}.}
From this point of view, one might be wary about the claim that the BPS spectra of a theory exhibits unstable behavior under the variation of information contained in the (twisted) superpotential of the theory. We clarify this point by showing that massive BPS states in topological sectors are not elements of a cohomology represented by harmonic forms, but rather distinguished differential forms on loop space that are annihilated by a certain quadratic operator. In the process, we find that the supersymmetry charges can be identified with operators acting on differential forms of $\mathcal{L} X$. Let us note that the loop space $\mathcal{L} X$ consists of disjoint components that correspond to different topological sectors of the theory. In topologically non-trivial sectors in which the central charge of the supersymmetry algebra does not vanish, the supersymmetry charges can be constructed by adding a connection to the equivariant differential operators that have been studied, among other places, in \cite{WittenMorse,Teleman,Lillywhite}.%
~\footnote{I would like to thank E. Witten for suggesting this type of modification of the differential.}
We have taken only very preliminary steps in studying massive BPS states on $S^1$ in this paper. It would be interesting to understand what we can learn about them, and to further develop and utilize computational tools \cite{WittenMorse,MooreFlorida,GMWweb,GMW,CFIV,CVIsing,CVClassification,Bershadsky:1993ta} that give access to information about these states.
This paper is organized as follows. In the first two sections, we study examples of theories whose superpotential in the IR is multi-valued in the target space. The first example, which we study in section \ref{s:eg1}, is the Coulomb branch effective theory of a $U(1)$ gauge theory with $n$ charged chiral matter fields. We show that the topological charges of the $S^1$ states of the effective theory is given by $(n-1)$ winding numbers, and identify them with flavor charges in the UV. In section \ref{s:eg2}, we study what we call the ``dynamical surface operator theory" of 4d $\mathcal{N}=2$ gauge theories \cite{SW1,SW2,Witten:1997sc,Gaiotto:2009we,Alday:2009aq}. This theory is obtained by taking the surface operator theory of \cite{GGS}, and promoting the complex Fayet-Iliopoulos (FI) parameter to a dynamical twisted chiral multiplet. We show that the topological charges of this theory coincide with the electric, magnetic and flavor charges of the four-dimensional theory. We end by studying the behavior of the BPS spectrum of $S^1$ states in section \ref{s:spectrum}. We first study the spectrum of the theory of a single periodic twisted chiral field with a linear potential in some detail and show that its spectrum varies as the radius of the spatial circle is changed. We then study the problem by recognizing that the states of the theory are differential forms on the loop space of a flat cylinder and characterize the BPS states in this language. In particular, we construct the supersymmetry operators modifying equivariant differential operators by adding a connection, and generalize the construction to arbitrary sigma models with (twisted) superpotentials. Some technical details are collected in the appendices.
\vskip 0.2in
\noindent
{\it Note added:}
{During the completion of this paper, I have become aware that its contents have some overlap with the work \cite{GMW}. I would like to thank the authors of \cite{GMW} for kindly sharing relevant parts of their manuscript before its publication.}
\section{First example: $U(1)$ gauge theory} \label{s:eg1}
Our first and main example is a 2d $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ gauge theory with a $U(1)$ gauge group and $n$ chiral multiplets $\Phi_k$ of charge $q_k$. We turn on generic twisted masses $m_k$ for the chiral fields, and a complex FI term with parameter $t$. Our conventions are such that the imaginary part of the complex FI parameter is the theta angle of the theory. Such theories were studied in great detail in \cite{WittenGLSM,HoriVafa}. The UV theory has a $U(1)^{n-1}$ flavor symmetry, the charges of which we denote by $Q_i$. We denote the gauge charge $Q_0$. The flavor symmetry $U(1)_i$ is defined so that the chiral multiplet $\Phi_k$ has charge $\alpha_{i,k}$. The $\alpha_{i,k}$ are chosen to satisfy $\alpha_{i,k} q_k = 0$, so that they are orthogonal to the gauge charge. Here, let us introduce the unique matrix $\beta_{k,i}$ such that
\begin{equation}
q_k \beta_{k,i} =0
\quad \text{and} \quad
\beta_{k,i} \alpha_{i,l} = \delta_{kl} - {q_l q_k / q^2} \,.
\label{beta}
\end{equation}
While $\alpha_{i,k}$ is an $(n-1) \times n$ matrix, it is useful to think of it as an invertible linear map from the $(n-1)$-dimensional subspace $S_\mathcal{F}=\{ (x_k) : q_k x_k =0\}$ of $\mathbb{R}^n$ to $\mathbb{R}^{n-1}$. $\beta$ is the inverse map of $\alpha$ from $\mathbb{R}^{n-1}$ to $S_\mathcal{F}$.
The $U(1)$ gauge multiplet has a complex scalar field $\sigma$ as a component. At some IR scale $\mu_{IR} \ll m_k$, when this complex scalar field takes values such that $(q_k \sigma + m_k) \gg \mu_{IR}$, the chiral fields can be integrated out from the theory. The effective theory in the IR is a theory with a single $U(1)$ vector multiplet with a twisted superpotential \cite{WittenGLSM}:
\begin{equation}
2 \pi \widetilde{\mathcal{W}} = -t_{eff} \Sigma - \sum_k (q_k \Sigma+m_k) \log (q_k \Sigma+m_k)/\mu_{IR} \,,
\label{tsp}
\end{equation}
where we have dropped a constant shift, which does not affect the physics in anyway. The field $\Sigma$ is the twisted superfield that has $\sigma$ as its lowest component. The charges $Q_i$ are then identified with the topological charges of the effective theory:
\begin{equation}
Q_i = {1 \over 2 \pi} \int_{L} dx \, \partial_x \sum_k \alpha_{i,k} \arg (q_k \sigma+m_k)
\end{equation}
where the integral is taken over the spatial slice $L$ of the QFT. This equation can be obtained by integrating expectation value of the flavor current component $\alpha_{i,k} j_k^0$. In particular, it can be understood as coming from the term $\bar \psi_k \gamma^0 \psi_k$ in $j_k^0$, due to the fact that $(q_k\sigma+m_k)$ is the effective complex twisted mass of the fermions in the chiral multiplet $\Phi_k$ \cite{GoldstoneWilczek}. Here, $\psi_k$ is the Dirac fermion in the multiplet $\Phi_k$. We prove this claim when $L$ is an $S^1$ with more rigor shortly.
Before doing so, let us note that when $L$ is a circle, $Q_i$ is given by the winding number of the phase of $\prod_i (q_k \sigma+m_k)^{\alpha_{i,k}}$ around $L$, i.e.,
\begin{equation}
Q_i = {1 \over 2\pi} \sum_{k} \alpha_{i,k} \Delta(\arg (q_k \sigma + m_k)) \,.
\label{Qi}
\end{equation}
These winding numbers span the complete lattice of topological charges of a state on $S^1$ in the IR theory. This is because the target space of the IR theory, due to the superpotential \eq{tsp}, can be thought of as an $n$-punctured plane $X$ with punctures $P_k$ at $\sigma = -m_k/q_k$. Therefore the lattice of topological charges, or the winding numbers of $S^1$ states live inside $H_1(X,\mathbb{Z})$, spanned by the one-cycles $C_k$ surrounding the puncture $P_k$. The topological charges of a state on the compact manifold $S^1$, however, cannot span the entire vector space $H_1(X,\mathbb{Z})$. This is because of Gauss' law, which imposes the state to be neutral under the $U(1)$ gauge symmetry. This restricts the winding number $w = w_{k} C_k$ of the state to satisfy
\begin{equation}
q_k w_k = q_k \Delta(\arg (q_k \sigma + m_k)) =0 \,.
\label{Gauss}
\end{equation}
We see that the winding numbers \eq{Qi} form a basis for this subspace of $H_1(X,\mathbb{Z})$, and hence represent all topological charges an $S^1$ state can have.
We can prove \eq{Qi} in two different ways. The first is to use a supersymmetric version of bosonization \cite{RocekVerlinde,HoriVafa}, which is often referred to as ``dualization" in the literature. The chiral multiplets $\Phi_k$ can be dualized to periodic twisted chiral multiplets $Y_k \sim Y_k + 2\pi i$, where
\begin{equation}
\partial_x {\rm Im} y_k = -2 \pi j^0_k \,.
\end{equation}
Here, $x$ is used to denote the spatial direction while $y_k$ is the lowest component of $Y_k$. In particular, this implies that the charge obtained by integrating $j^0_k$ along space is to be identified with the negative of the winding number of $Y_k$. Then it has been shown that the initial theory is dual to a $U(1)$ theory coupled to these twisted multiplets via the twisted superpotential \cite{HoriVafa}:
\begin{equation}
2 \pi \widetilde{\mathcal{W}} = - t\Sigma + \sum_k (q_k\Sigma + m_k) Y_k + \mu \sum_k e^{-Y_k} \,.
\label{tspY}
\end{equation}
Just as before, when $(q_k \sigma + m_k) \gg \mu_{IR}$, the twisted chiral fields $Y_k$ can be integrated out to yield an IR effective theory of a single vector multiplet. This leads to the effective superpotential \eq{tsp} as expected. Meanwhile, upon integrating $Y_k$ out using \eq{tspY}, we find that $y_k$ is to be identified with $-\arg (q_k \sigma +m_k)$. Hence, the winding number of $Y_k$ is identified with the negative of the winding number of $\sigma$ around the point $-m_k/q_k$. Since the flavor charge $Q_i$ is given by the winding number of $-\sum_k \alpha_{i,k} Y_k$, we arrive at \eq{Qi}.
There is another way of getting at the identity \eq{Qi} without relying on any dualities. This involves the central charge of the supersymmetry algebra of the theory. By acting on the chiral fields with the supersymmetry operators, we find that
\begin{equation}
\{ \bar \mathcal{Q}_+, \mathcal{Q}_- \} \Phi_k = 2 (q_k \sigma + m_k ) \Phi_k \,,
\label{chiral}
\end{equation}
where we have used the conventions of \cite{HoriVafa}. Defining the central charge $Z$ of the supersymmetry algebra by
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned}
\{ \mathcal{Q}_+, \bar \mathcal{Q}_+ \} &= 2(H-P) \,, &
\{ \mathcal{Q}_-, \bar \mathcal{Q}_- \} &= 2(H+P) \,, \\
\{ \bar \mathcal{Q}_+, \mathcal{Q}_- \} &\equiv 2iZ \,, &
\{ \mathcal{Q}_+, \bar \mathcal{Q}_- \} &= -2i\bar Z \,,
\label{susy}
\end{aligned} \end{equation}
the equation \eq{chiral} may be re-written as a relation between the central charge and the gauge / flavor charges:
\begin{equation}
Z = -i \left( \sigma + {\sum_{k} m_k q_k \over q^2 }\right)Q_0 -i \sum_{i,k} m_k \beta_{k,i} Q_i \,.
\end{equation}
The bar on $Z$ in equation \eq{susy} has been used to denote complex conjugation. Using
\begin{equation}
Q_0 \Phi_k = q_k \Phi_k, \quad Q_i \Phi_k = \alpha_{i,k} \Phi_k \,,
\end{equation}
and the definition \eq{beta} of $\beta$, we can check that equation \eq{chiral} is indeed satisfied for the chiral fields $\Phi_k$.
For states coming from quantizing the phase space of fields on $S^1$, $Q_0$ is always zero:
\begin{equation}
Z =- i \sum_{i,k} m_k \beta_{k,i} Q_i \,.
\label{ZUV}
\end{equation}
Note that the central charge $Z$ gives a lower-bound for the mass $m$ of $S^1$ states, i.e., $m \geq |Z|$. BPS states are defined to be states that saturate this bound. A massive BPS multiplet consists of two components, as opposed to the four of a long multiplet \cite{CFIV}.
Meanwhile, in the IR theory, the central charge $Z$ of the supersymmetry algebra can be computed to be \cite{WittenOlive,FMVW,dGIT}
\begin{equation}
Z = \Delta \widetilde{\mathcal{W}} (\sigma)\,,
\label{top charge}
\end{equation}
where $\Delta \widetilde{\mathcal{W}} (\sigma)$ denotes the integral of $\partial_x \widetilde{\mathcal{W}} (\sigma)$ along the spatial slice. Now when $\widetilde{\mathcal{W}}$ is single valued for given values of the twisted chiral fields, the only way $Z$ can be non-zero is when the spatial slice is a line and $\sigma$ interpolates between the saddles of $\widetilde{\mathcal{W}}$ from one end of the line to the other \cite{WittenOlive,FMVW}. In this case, states on $S^1$ cannot have a non-trivial central charge. Meanwhile, when $\widetilde{\mathcal{W}}$ is multivalued with respect to $\sigma$, and the different values can be approached by continuous variations of the fields, $\Delta \widetilde{\mathcal{W}}$ can have non-trivial values even on compact spatial slices, such as $S^1$ \cite{HLS,BSV}. The twisted superpotential of the effective $U(1)$ theory in question is precisely of this nature \cite{WittenGLSM}. In fact, on $S^1$, the central charge is related to the winding numbers around $P_k$ by
\begin{equation}
Z = \Delta \widetilde{\mathcal{W}} = -{i \over 2\pi} \sum_k m_k \Delta(\arg (q_k \sigma + m_k))
\label{ZU1}
\end{equation}
due to the superpotential \eq{tsp}. Again, we stress that for $S^1$ states, the winding numbers are restricted by the Gauss constraint \eq{Gauss} which is crucial for arriving at the above equation. Equating equations \eq{ZUV} and \eq{ZU1}, we arrive at the identification \eq{Qi}.
We thus have derived that the flavor charges of the UV gauge theory become topological charges, or winding numbers, of the IR theory. We have also derived the BPS central charge of states in $S^1$ with respect to the topological charges in equation \eq{ZU1}.
\section{Second Example: Worldvolume theory of a dynamical surface operator}\label{s:eg2}
Our next example is that of a ``dynamical surface operator" (DSO) in a 4d $\mathcal{N} =2$ $SU(N)$ supersymmetric gauge theory \cite{SW1,SW2,Witten:1997sc,Gaiotto:2009we,Alday:2009aq}. Our dynamical surface operator theories come from a slight modification of the class of surface operators \cite{Gukov:2006jk,Gaiotto:2009fs,Gaiotto:2010be} studied in \cite{GGS}. The surface operators of \cite{GGS} are 2d defects of the 4d theory, of which the world-volume degrees of freedom consist of a $U(1)$ vector field and $N$ chiral multiplets, with a Fayet-Iliopoulos term $\widetilde{\mathcal{W}} = t\Sigma$. As before, $\Sigma$ is the field strength multiplet of the vector field. The surface operator theory becomes coupled to the bulk theory by coupling the adjoint scalar field of the 4d vector multiplet as a twisted mass of the $SU(N)$ flavor symmetry of the chiral multiplets in the 2d theory. The dynamical surface operator theory is obtained by promoting the FI parameter $t$ to a twisted chiral superfield, which we denote $T$. While many aspects of the theory of the DSO depend on the details of how the FI parameter is made dynamical, the topological charges and the central charge of the supersymmetry algebra do not depend on these details, but only on the effective twisted superpotential of the theory, which has been computed in \cite{GGS}. Let us study the topological charges of the $S^1$ states of this theory, and relate them to the central charge of the supersymmetry algebra.
The effective dynamical surface operator theory is obtained by moving to a point $u$ in the Coulomb branch of the 4d theory and integrating out all the massive fields of the 4d and 2d theory at that point. As a result of \cite{GGS}, the effective theory of a DSO then becomes a 2d sigma model into the Seiberg-Witten curve $\Sigma_u$ \cite{SW1,SW2} of the 4d theory at $u$, which is given by an $N$-fold cover of the complex $t$-plane. The IR theory has a twisted superpotential \cite{GGS,GMN}:
\begin{equation}
\widetilde{\mathcal{W}} = \int^p \lambda_{SW,u}
\label{DSOtsp}
\end{equation}
where $p$ is a point on $\Sigma_u$, and $\lambda_{SW,u}$ is the Seiberg-Witten differential at $u$ \cite{SW1,SW2}. Now the superpotential \eq{DSOtsp} is not singled valued with respect to point $p$, which is of course, associated to the topology of the target space. First of all, the Seiberg-Witten curve is a Riemann surface and has non-trivial cycles. Also, the Seiberg-Witten differential $\lambda_{SW,u}$ has a collection of simple poles $P_\mu$ on $\Sigma_u$, given that generic twisted masses $m_F$ have been turned on for the Cartan subgroup of the four-dimensional flavor symmetry. While the number of poles $N_P$ is in general greater than the rank $R_f$ of the flavor symmetry of the four-dimensional theory, the number of independent residues is given precisely by $R_f$. In other words, there are $(N_P-R_f)$ linear combinations of poles $\widetilde P_k$ such that the residues of the Seiberg-Witten differential at
\begin{equation}
\widetilde P_k = \sum_\mu c_{k,\mu} P_\mu , \quad i=1,\cdots,(N_P-R_f)
\end{equation}
are trivial. Denoting the cycles surrounding $P_\mu$ as $C_\mu$, we find that the linear combination of cycles $\widetilde C_k = \sum_\mu c_{k,\mu} C_\mu$ are invisible to the Seiberg-Witten differential. We hence see that the lattice of topological charges of the $S^1$ states of the theory can be identified with $H_1(\Sigma\setminus\{ P_\mu\},\mathbb{Z}) / \Lambda $, where $\Lambda$ is a subgroup of the homology group generated by $\widetilde C_k$.
Hence there are $2(N-1)$ topological charges $n_i$ and $m_i$ which are winding numbers around non-trivial cycles of the Seiberg-Witten curve and $R_f$ topological charges $s_F$ coming from the linearly independent combination of cycles $C_F$ that surround the linear combination $P_F$ of poles of $\lambda_{SW,u}$. The topological charges $n_i$, $m_i$ and $s_F$ of the theory can be identified with the electric, magnetic and flavor charges of the 4d theory \cite{SW1,SW2,GGS}. Note that the 4d hypermultiplets have been completely integrated out of the theory, and that the UV flavor symmetry manifests itself in the two-dimensional effective theory as a topological charge, as advertised. Moreover, the central charge $Z$ of the supersymmetry algebra, given that the spatial slice of the 2d theory is $S^1$, is given by
\begin{equation}
Z = \Delta \widetilde{\mathcal{W}} = \sum_{i=1}^{N-1} (n_i a^i + m^i a_{D,i}) + \sum_{F=1}^{R_f} s_F m_F \,,
\end{equation}
where $a^i (u)$ and $a_{D,i} (u) $ are the electric-magnetic weights, while $m_F$ are the twisted masses for the 4d flavor symmetries \cite{SW1,SW2,GGS}. This follows from the definition of $a^i$, $a_{D,i}$ as integrals of $\lambda_{SW,u}$ over the electric and magnetic cycles of the Riemann surface, and $m_F$ as the residue of the Seiberg-Witten differential at $P_F$. As a result, the charges and the mass formula of the BPS states of this 2d theory on $S^1$ coincide with the charges and the mass formula for the BPS particles of the 4d theory on $\mathbb{R}^3$.
\section{BPS states with topological charges} \label{s:spectrum}
A natural question to ask in light of our results is how to calculate the spectrum of BPS states on $S^1$. The BPS spectrum, however, is expected to be rather non-robust. To be more precise, we expect the BPS spectrum of the two-dimensional theory to depend on the details of the spatial slice. For example, it is clear that the BPS spectrum will depend on the spin structure of the compact space $S^1$. Unless the spin structure is fixed to be Ramond-Ramond (RR), the $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ supersymmetry is broken by boundary conditions. More surprisingly, we can see that the spectrum with RR spin structure jumps as the radius of $S^1$ varies, even for a theory as simple as the free theory with a linear superpotential. We exhibit that the BPS spectra change drastically with respect to the dimensionless central charge $rZ$, where $r$ is the radius of the spatial circle.
This may be a cause of alarm for some, as BPS ground states of a sigma model into $X$ can be understood as elements of a particular cohomology of $\mathcal{L} X$, the free loop space of $X$ \cite{WittenMorse,MooreFlorida}. We show that this is no longer true for massive BPS states. Given that the theory has non-trivial topological charges, the loop space $\mathcal{L} X$ decomposes into disconnected components $\mathcal{L} X|_{\vec Q = \vec w}$, one for each topological sector of charge $\vec w$. A massive BPS state of charge $\vec w$ is a differential form in $\mathcal{L} X|_{\vec Q = \vec w}$, annihilated by a differential operator $\Delta_{BPS}$ that we construct shortly. The BPS ground states, which lie in the topological sector $\mathcal{L} X|_{\vec Q = \vec 0}$, are defined to be differential forms annihilated by the positive semi-definite Laplacian operator constructed from supercharges, which correspond to linear operators $D$ and $D^*$ acting on differential forms in the loop space.%
~\footnote{Here we momentarily convert to describing theories with $\mathcal{N}=(1,1)$ supersymmetry for simplicity of presentation. The supercharges are identified with modified versions of the exterior derivative $d$ and its dual $d^*$ that act on differential forms of $\mathcal{L} X$ in this case. In $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ theories, the supercharges are modified versions of Dolbeault operators and their duals, as we present at the end of the section.} Thus the ground states $\Psi$ of the theory must be ``harmonic" in the supercharges:
\begin{equation}
D \Psi = D^* \Psi = 0\,.
\end{equation}
This is why they represent elements of the cohomology of $\mathcal{L} X|_{\vec Q = \vec 0}$. Meanwhile, the operator $\Delta_{BPS}$ that annihilates massive BPS states is not positive semi-definite. While the basis of massive BPS states can be organized such that each element $\Psi_\alpha$ is annihilated by a differential operator $Q_\alpha=e^{i\theta_\alpha} D + e^{-i\theta_\alpha} D^*$, $\Psi_{\alpha}$ is not annihilated by $Q_\alpha^*$. Thus these states are not elements of the $D$-cohomology, and are not guaranteed to be stable under deformations of the theory.
\subsection{Free theory} \label{ss:free}
Let us now consider a theory with one twisted chiral multiplet $Y$ with periodicity $Y \sim Y+2 \pi s i$ and twisted superpotential $\widetilde{\mathcal{W}} = MY$. This theory is a sigma-model into a flat cylinder. We take $s$ to be an arbitrary real number. The topological charge of the states on $S^1$ is given by the winding number $w$ around the imaginary direction of $Y$, and the central charge of the supersymmetry algebra is given by
\begin{equation}
Z = \Delta \widetilde{\mathcal{W}} = 2 \pi i Ms w \,.
\end{equation}
Meanwhile, the twisted superpotential merely adds a constant $|M|^2$ to the Lagrangian of the theory. Free theories of periodic superfields are well understood. In particular, at generic values of the radius of $S^1$, the free theory does not have any states of mass $2 \pi|M|s w$ as we see shortly. Furthermore, the theory is devoid of any classical BPS winding configurations. When the radius $r$ of the $S^1$ satisfies
\begin{equation}
|M| r = w s \quad
\label{r}
\end{equation}
for some $w \in \mathbb{Z}$, however, there exist classical time-independent BPS configurations with winding number $\pm w$ of which the mass saturates the BPS bound.
Let us examine the quantum $S^1$ states of this theory with RR spin structure. The spectrum of the quantum theory is well known, and is explained in great detail in standard texts \cite{Polchinski1,Polchinski2}. The states are constructed from the ``ground states" $\ket{p;n,w;i,j}$ that are labeled by three numbers---the momentum $p$ in the non-compact direction, the discrete momentum $n$ and the winding number $w$ in the compact direction---and the spinor indices $i,j$. These states are in the $\bf{2} \times \bf{2}$ representation of $Spin(2)$. All states of the quantum theory can be obtained by acting on the ground states in a given momentum-winding sector with creation operators of massive modes on $S^1$. The mass of a state in a momentum-winding sector labeled by $(n,w)$ then satisfies
\begin{equation}
m^2 \geq \pi^2 r^2 \left( {n^2 \over s^2 r^2} - {w^2 s^2 \over r^2} + |M|^2 \right)^2 + 4 \pi^2 w^2 s^2 |M|^2 \,,
\end{equation}
where the inequality is saturated if and only if $p=0$ and the state is a ground state in the $(n,w)$ sector. What this equation shows is that for fixed winding number $w$, the BPS bound is saturated if and only if
\begin{equation}
|M|r = \sqrt{ {w^2 s^2 } - {n^2 \over s^2} }
\label{qr}
\end{equation}
for some integer $n$. Now the momentum of this state is given by $P=2 \pi nw/r$, hence we see that the condition for there to be a time-independent BPS state ($n=0$) is precisely given by the classical formula \eq{r}. While topologically charged BPS field configurations are not, in general, guaranteed to survive as BPS states in the quantum theory \cite{BSV}, in the simple case of the free theory, we see they do.
Let us note that nothing special happens at the radius \eq{qr}---no new states are introduced to the spectrum, or taken away. At this radius, the four states $\ket{0;n,w;i,j}$, with fixed $n$ and $w$, happen to have mass $2 \pi |M s w|$ and split into two BPS multiplets, whereas at a generic radius, these states form one long representation of the supersymmetry algebra. It is clear that for the free theory, the spectrum of BPS states change with $r$, and in fact, for generic $r$, there are no BPS states at all.
From this example, we see that massive BPS states on $S^1$ can appear and disappear as the radius of the spatial slice is tuned, and that there may be no BPS states at certain, or even most radii. This does not violate any index theorem, as the BPS states appear and disappear in pairs. In fact, this is something expected, as the Cecotti-Fendley-Intriligator-Vafa (CFIV) index ${\rm Tr} F (-1)^F$ \cite{CFIV}, which is specialized to counting massive BPS states, vanishes on the torus due to CPT invariance \cite{CVIsing}. This implies that $S^1$ states with topological charge, even if they exist, come in pairs and cancel out in the index, just as in the free theory.
Such behavior of the states can be attributed to the fact that the massive BPS states cannot be identified as elements of a cohomology, unlike the zero-energy ground states of the theory. This can be explicitly demonstrated for the free theory studied above. All the salient features can be exhibited, in fact, with a $\mathcal{N}=(1,1)$ theory obtained by only retaining the compact scalar field $\phi \sim \phi + 2\pi s$ and a single Majorana fermion \cite{WittenOlive}. The linear superpotential $\mathcal{V} = -i M \phi$ of the theory is now real, i.e., $M$ is a real mass. This theory is an $\mathcal{N}=(1,1)$ supersymmetric sigma model whose target space is a circle.
The states of these theories are constructed from ground states
\begin{equation}
\ket{n,w}, ~
\psi_0 \ket{n,w}
\end{equation}
that are labelled by the momentum and the winding number as before, except now the RR-vacuum has degeneracy-two. We have made the presence of the fermion zero mode $\psi_0$ explicit. Note that $\psi_0^2=1$. The states are built by acting on the vacua by real oscillators $\alpha_{-l}$ and $\psi_{-l}$:
\begin{equation}
\left(\prod_{l=1}^\infty \alpha_{-l}^{n_l} \psi_{-l}^{f_l} \right) \psi_0^{f_0} \ket{n,w} \,.
\label{states}
\end{equation}
The powers of the fermion oscillator $f_l$ for $l>0$ are restricted to be less than two, for the state to not vanish.
These states, which form a basis for the wave function of the theory, can be understood as complex-valued differential forms on the free loop space $\mathcal{L} S^1$ of the circle, which is just the space of all the maps from the spatial circle of the quantum field theory to the target space. We thus use the term ``states" and ``differential forms" interchangeably. Any such map $\phi$ can be decomposed into Fourier components:
\begin{equation}
\phi(x) = \phi_0 + {ws \over r} x + \sum_{l=1}^\infty \phi_{l} \sin {2 \pi l x \over r} \,.
\end{equation}
Now the free loop space decomposes into discrete components $\mathcal{L} S^1_w$ labelled by the winding number $w$:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{L} S^1_w = S^1 \times \mathbb{R}_1 \times \mathbb{R}_2 \times \cdots \,.
\end{equation}
The coefficients $\phi_i$ are the coordinates on this infinite dimensional space. In particular, $\phi_0$ spans the target circle. A particular basis of differential forms on this space consists of the forms
\begin{equation}
e^{2\pi i n \phi_0 /s} d \phi_0^{f_0}
\wedge \left( \bigwedge_{l=1}^\infty \Psi_{l,n_l} (\phi_l) d\phi_l^{f_l} \right) \,.
\label{forms}
\end{equation}
Here, $\Psi_{l,n_l}$ is the level-$n_l$ eigenfunction of the harmonic oscillator of mass $l$. The differential forms \eq{forms} precisely correspond to the eigenstates \eq{states} of the free theory.
Let us now understand how the massive BPS states of the theory are characterized. By examining the supersymmetry operator, we see that the BPS states should be in the ground state of the non-compact directions. The only relevant geometry is the circle $S^1$ of radius $s$ in $\mathcal{L} S^1_w$. We now focus our attention on the component of the wave function of the theory along the $S^1$ direction, i.e., differential forms on $S^1$.
The real supersymmetry generators $\mathcal{Q}_1$ and $\mathcal{Q}_2$ satisfy the algebra \cite{WittenMorse}
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{Q}_1^2 = H-P, \quad
\mathcal{Q}_2^2 = H+P, \quad
\{ \mathcal{Q}_1 \c,\mathcal{Q}_2 \} =4 \pi ws M
\label{SUSY11}
\end{equation}
in the sector with winding number $w$. The supersymmetry operators are differential operators on the forms in the loop space. Restricting to the differential forms along the $S^1$, the operators can be identified. Writing \cite{WittenMorse}
\begin{equation}
{\mathcal{Q}_1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} = i^{1/2} D + i^{-1/2} D^*,~
{\mathcal{Q}_2 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} = i^{-1/2} D + i^{1/2} D^* \,,
\label{QD}
\end{equation}
we find that
\begin{equation}
D = d + ws \iota_{\phi_0} + M d\phi_0 \wedge, ~
D^* = d^* + ws d \phi_0 \wedge + M \iota_{\phi_0} \,,
\label{Ddef}
\end{equation}
where $d$ is the exterior derivative acting on differential forms. Here we have set $r=1$ and absorbed it into $M$, for notational simplicity. This is a slight generalization to an equivariant differential of \cite{WittenMorse}---the ``connection" $M d\phi_0$ has been further added to the equivariant differential with respect to the Killing vector field along the circle. The star superscript acting on an operator $\mathcal{O}$ denotes its dual defined by
\begin{equation}
\int \mathcal{O}^* \alpha \wedge * \beta \equiv
\int \alpha \wedge * \mathcal{O} \beta \,,
\end{equation}
where the star operator is used to denote the operation
\begin{equation}
(* \eta)_{i_1 \cdots i_{n-k}}
= {1 \over k! } \sqrt{\det g} \,
\eta^{j_1 \cdots j_k}
\epsilon_{j_1 \cdots j_k i_1 \cdots i_{n-k}}
\end{equation}
for differential forms on an $n$-manifold.%
~\footnote{While the star operator of this equation can be identified with the standard definition of the Hodge star operator \cite{GriffithsHarris} for real differential forms, the action of the two operators on complex differential forms differ by a complex conjugation of the components.}
In particular, for the differential operator $d$, $d^* = * d *$ in one dimension. The operator $\iota_{\phi_0}$ denotes the interior product with the Killing vector $\partial_{\phi_0}$. It is simple to check the following operator relations:
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned}
D^* D +DD^*=& \,\, d^*d + dd^*
+ M^2 +w^2s^2 \,, \\
D^2 = ws \mathcal{L}_{\phi_0} + Mws \,, & \quad
(D^*)^2 = -ws \mathcal{L}_{\phi_0} + Mws \,.
\end{aligned} \end{equation}
$\mathcal{L}_{\phi_0}$ is the Lie derivative along $\partial_{\phi_0}$. These operators, along with $(DD^*-D^*D)$, mutually commute. An easy way to check this is to use the fact that $D^2+(D^*)^2$ is central. It follows that both $D$ and $D^*$ commute with $D^2$ and $(D^*)^2$. This is enough to verify the claim above.
Now the Hamiltonian and the momentum operator are given by
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned}
H &= 2\pi( D^* D + D D^*) \\
P &= 2 \pi i \big\{ (D^*)^2 -D^2 \big\} = - 2\pi i ws \mathcal{L}_{\phi_0} \,.
\end{aligned} \end{equation}
The zero-energy states of this Hamiltonian are elements of the cohomology defined by the operator $D$. Since $d^* d + dd^*$ is a positive semi-definite operator, $H$ cannot be zero unless $M=w=0$. Therefore the $D$-cohomology is empty in topologically charged sectors. On the other hand when $M=w=0$, the $D$-cohomology is nontrivial---it is just the ordinary cohomology of the circle, and has two elements. These two elements are the ground states of the theory with $M=0$.
The massive BPS states cannot be elements of the empty $D$-cohomology. Rather, they are defined as forms annihilated by the operator:
\begin{equation}
\Delta_{BPS} = DD^* - D^*D = -{i \over 4\pi} \left( \mathcal{Q}_1 \mathcal{Q}_2 - \mathcal{Q}_2 \mathcal{Q}_1\right)\,.
\label{BPS}
\end{equation}
This is due to the relation
\begin{equation}
4 \pi^2 \Delta_{BPS}^2 = H^2 - P^2 - (2 \pi wsM)^2 \,,
\label{BPSHP}
\end{equation}
i.e., the BPS bound is saturated for the mass of states with $\Delta_{BPS}=0$. Note that $H$, $P$ and $\Delta_{BPS}$ mutually commute and are Hermitian---the BPS states are hence taken to be eigenstates of $P$ as well as of $H$. A consequence of \eq{BPSHP} is that a simultaneous eigenstate of $H$ and $P$ automatically is also an eigenstate of $\Delta_{BPS}^2$.
The BPS states can also be recognized in a more standard way, i.e., as states being annihilated by a linear combination of supercharges. Given an eigenstate $\Psi_{h,p}$ of $H$ and $P$,
\begin{equation}
\Delta_{BPS} \Psi_{h,p} = 0
\end{equation}
if and only if
\begin{equation}
(e^{i\theta}D + e^{-i\theta} D^*) \Psi_{h,p} = 0
\end{equation}
for $\theta$ such that
\begin{equation}
e^{2i\theta} = {2 \pi wsM+ ip \over h} \,.
\end{equation}
While the proof is standard, we have added it in appendix \ref{ap:a} for sake of completeness.
As noted, the eigenstates on the circle are given by the differential forms
\begin{equation}
e^{2\pi i n \phi_0 /s}, \quad e^{2\pi i n \phi_0 /s} d \phi_0 \,,
\end{equation}
for integer $n$. From \eq{BPSHP}, we find that a BPS state of the free theory at hand must satisfy
\begin{equation}
{n^2 \over s^2} -{w^2 s^2} + M^2 = 0
\end{equation}
for integers $n$ and $w$, as we have obtained before in the Hamiltonian picture. We thus recover the result that BPS states can only exist for values of $|M|r$ that satisfy the condition \eq{qr}.
\subsection{General case}\label{ss:general}
What we have said so far can be applied, with some modification, to topologically massive BPS states of sigma models with $\mathcal{N}=(1,1)$ supersymmetry in general. $\mathcal{L} X$, the free loop space of $X$ decomposes into components $\mathcal{L} X |_{\vec Q = \vec w}$, where $\vec w$ labels the topological charges, or equivalently, winding numbers. The supersymmetry operators can be constructed out of differential operators on $\mathcal{L} X |_{\vec Q = \vec w}$. To be more precise, the relations \eq{QD} hold for the differential operators $D$ in the free loop space of the target manifold:
\begin{equation}
D \equiv d + \iota_{v_K} + A^u\wedge \,.
\end{equation}
$v_K$ is the Killing vector inherited from the isometry along the spatial circle of the 2d theory. $A^{u}$ is the dual one-form to a vector field $u$, i.e.,
\begin{equation}
A^{u} \wedge = \iota_{u}^* \,.
\end{equation}
These operators imply the supersymmetry algebra with central charge $Z$ \eq{SUSY11}, given that $A^u$ satisfies
\begin{equation}\label{Au properties}
\mathcal{L}_{v_K} A^u =0, \quad
d A^u = 0\,.
\end{equation}
The vector field $v_K$ and the relevant one-form $A^u$ can be explicitly written for the cases of interest, i.e., in topologically non-trivial components of the loop space $\mathcal{L} X$, and the properties \eq{Au properties} can be explicitly verified. The details of this computation are presented in appendix \ref{ap:diff loop}. By definition of the Lie derivative, it follows that the pairing
\begin{equation}
\iota_{v_K} A^u = Z
\end{equation}
is constant. In topologically nontrivial sectors with $Z \neq 0$, the cohomology with respect to $D$ is trivial since $\{ D, D^* \} \geq |Z| > 0$. Meanwhile, there may still exist BPS states, i.e., forms annihilated by
\begin{equation}
\Delta_{BPS} = D D^* - D^* D \,.
\end{equation}
As in the free case, a massive BPS eigenstate $\Psi_\alpha$ of $H$ and $P$ is annihilated by an operator
\begin{equation}
e^{i\theta_\alpha} D + e^{-i\theta_\alpha} D^* \,.
\end{equation}
Let us end by generalizing what we have learned about $\mathcal{N}=(1,1)$ theories to theories with $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ supersymmetry. The target space $X$ of an $\mathcal{N} = (2,2)$ sigma model is K\"ahler, and the free loop space $\mathcal{L} X$ inherits this structure. Let us construct the supersymmetry algebra of a component $\mathcal{L} X|_{\vec Q = \vec w}$ with non-trivial topological charge from linear forms, which involve the Dolbeault operators $\partial$ and ${\bar{\partial}}$.
Let us consider a Killing vector field $v$ on the K\"ahler ``manifold" $\mathcal{L} X|_{\vec w}$. The vector $v$ preserves the complex structure, and is decomposable into holomorphic and anti-holomorphic Killing vectors $V$ and $\bar V$:
\begin{equation}
v = V + \bar V, \quad
\{ \iota_V, {\bar{\partial}} \} = \{ \iota_{\bar V}, \partial \} = 0\,.
\end{equation}
The vector fields may be written locally as $V = V^I \partial_I$, ${\bar V} = {\bar V}^{\bar I} \partial_{\bar I} = \overline{V^{I}} \partial_{\bar I}$, where $I$ and $\bar I$ label the local holomorphic and anti-holomorphic coordinates $z^I$ and $\bar z^{\bar I}$ of $\mathcal{L} X|_{\vec w}$. Since $d = \partial + \bar \partial$, it follows that
\begin{equation}
\{ \iota_V, \partial \} = \mathcal{L}_{V},\quad \{ \iota_{\bar V}, {\bar{\partial}} \} = \mathcal{L}_{{\bar V}} \,.
\end{equation}
Since $V$ and $\bar V$ themselves are Killing vectors,
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{L}_{V}^* = -\mathcal{L}_{V},\quad
\mathcal{L}_{{\bar V}}^* = -\mathcal{L}_{{\bar V}} \,.
\end{equation}
The $\mathcal{N} = (2,2)$ supersymmetry operators on $\mathcal{L} X|_{\vec w}$ can be constructed by using a flat connection
\begin{equation}
A^U=U_{\bar I} d {\bar z}^{\bar I}
\end{equation}
on $\mathcal{L} X|_{\vec w}$, and the Killing vector $v_K=V + {\bar V}$ inherited from the isometry of $S^1$.
\begin{equation}
A^U \wedge = \iota_{U}^* \quad
(U_{\bar I} = G_{\bar I J} U^J)
\end{equation}
for a vector field $U$ with only components with holomorphic indices, i.e., $U = U^I \partial_I$. Here, $G_{I \bar J}=G_{\bar J I}$ are the compononets of the K\"ahler metric on $\mathcal{L} X$. Given that the connection $A^U$ satisfies
\begin{equation}\label{AU conditions}
\mathcal{L}_{V} A^U = \mathcal{L}_{\bar V} A^U =0, \quad
\partial A^U = {\bar{\partial}} A^U= 0 \,,
\end{equation}
the pairing
\begin{equation}
Z \equiv (-2i)\iota_{\bar V} A^{U} = (-2i) \iota_{U} A^{\bar V}
\end{equation}
is a constant complex number, while $\mathcal{L}_{v_K} A^U =\mathcal{L}_{v_K} A^{\bar U} =0$. For $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ non-linear sigma models into K\"ahler manifolds with holomorphic superpotentials, the Killing vectors and flat connections can be written explicitly, and the conditions \eq{AU conditions} can be shown to hold, following similar steps to the proof of the properties \eq{Au properties}. This is demonstrated in appendix \ref{ap:diff loop}.
Let us now define the differential operators
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned}\label{D ops}
\mathcal{D} &= \partial + \iota_{\bar V} + A^U \wedge \,, &
\mathcal{D}^\dagger &= \partial^\dagger + A^V \wedge + \iota_{{\bar U}} \,, \\
\bar \mathcal{D} &= {\bar{\partial}} + \iota_V + A^{\bar U} \wedge \,, &
\bar \mathcal{D}^\dagger &= {\bar{\partial}}^\dagger + A^{\bar V} \wedge + \iota_{U} \,,
\end{aligned} \end{equation}
where we have modified equivariant Dolbeault operators \cite{Teleman,Lillywhite} by a connection. The dagger denotes the adjoint action on an operator $\mathcal{O}$ such that
\begin{equation}
\int \mathcal{O}^\dagger \alpha \wedge * \bar\beta \equiv
\int \alpha \wedge * \overline{\mathcal{O} \beta} \,.
\end{equation}
Note that $\mathcal{O}^* = \mathcal{O}^\dagger$ for real operators, by which we mean operators such that for any real differential form $\beta$, $\mathcal{O} \beta$ is also real. It is useful to note that $\partial^\dagger = ({\bar{\partial}})^*$ and ${\bar{\partial}}^\dagger = (\partial)^*$. We then arrive at the commutation relations
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned}\label{D-comm}
&\{ \mathcal{D}, \mathcal{D}^\dagger \} =
\{ \bar \mathcal{D}, \bar \mathcal{D}^\dagger \} = H \,, \\
&\{ \mathcal{D}, \bar \mathcal{D} \} =
- \{ \mathcal{D}^\dagger, \bar \mathcal{D}^\dagger \} = iP \equiv \mathcal{L}_{v_K} \,, \\
&\mathcal{D}^2 = (\bar \mathcal{D}^\dagger)^2 = iZ/2 \,, \quad
\bar \mathcal{D}^2 = (\mathcal{D}^\dagger)^2 = -i\bar Z/2 \,,
\end{aligned} \end{equation}
while the anti-commutators $\{ \mathcal{D}, \bar \mathcal{D}^\dagger \}$ and $\{ \bar \mathcal{D}, \mathcal{D}^\dagger \}$ vanish. The Hamiltonian $H$ is given by
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned}
2H=& \Delta + |v_K|^2 + |u|^2 + \{ d, A^{v_K} \wedge \}+\{ d, A^{v_K} \wedge \}^* \\
&+ \{ d, \iota_{u} \}+\{ d, \iota_u \}^* \,,
\end{aligned} \end{equation}
where we have defined $u \equiv U+\bar U$. Details of the derivation of these relations are given in appendix \ref{ap:diff loop}.
Defining the operators
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned}
\bar \mathcal{Q}_+ &= i^{1/2} \mathcal{D} + i^{-1/2} \bar \mathcal{D}^\dagger \,,&
\mathcal{Q}_+ &= i^{1/2} \bar \mathcal{D} + i^{-1/2} \mathcal{D}^\dagger \,, \\
\bar \mathcal{Q}_- &= i^{1/2} \mathcal{D}^\dagger + i^{-1/2} \bar \mathcal{D} \,,&
\mathcal{Q}_- &= i^{1/2} \bar \mathcal{D}^\dagger + i^{-1/2} \mathcal{D} \,,
\end{aligned} \end{equation}
we find that they satisfy the supersymmetry algebra \eq{susy} with all other anti-commutators vanishing.%
~\footnote{We see that the bar used on the supersymmetry operators actually corresponds to taking the adjoint operation on the differential operators, rather than complex conjugation. Hence the notation $\bar \mathcal{Q}_+$ and $\bar \mathcal{Q}_-$ is misleading, although we have chosen to use it for sake of consistency with the literature.}
When $Z$ is non-zero, the operators $\mathcal{D}$ or $\bar \mathcal{D}$ do not define a cohomology, due to the last line of \eq{D-comm}. In particular, there are no states that are annihilated by the Hamiltonian $H$. There exists, however, a quadratic Hermitian operator that annihilates the BPS states given by
\begin{equation}
\Delta_{BPS} = D_\zeta D_\zeta^\dagger -
D_\zeta^\dagger D_\zeta
\end{equation}
where $2\zeta$ is the phase of $iZ$, i.e, $iZ = |Z| e^{2 i\zeta}$ while
\begin{equation}
D_\varphi \equiv e^{-i\varphi} \mathcal{D} + e^{i\varphi} \bar \mathcal{D} \,,\quad
D_\varphi^\dagger = e^{i\varphi}\mathcal{D}^\dagger + e^{-i\varphi} \bar \mathcal{D}^\dagger \,.
\end{equation}
Since $\Delta_{BPS}$ is Hermitian and
\begin{equation}
\Delta_{BPS}^2 = 4(H^2 - P^2 - |Z|^2 ) \,,
\end{equation}
the condition that a state is annihilated by $\Delta_{BPS}$ is equivalent to it having mass $|Z|$, as desired. Furthermore, following similar steps to the $\mathcal{N}=(1,1)$ case, an eigenstate $\Psi_{h,p}$ of $H$ and $P$ that is BPS must be annihilated by the two Hermitian operators
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned}\label{ann}
e^{i\theta} D_\zeta + e^{-i\theta} D_\zeta^\dagger \,, ~~
e^{-i(\theta-{\pi \over 2})} D_{(\zeta+{\pi \over 2})} + e^{i(\theta-{\pi \over 2})} D_{(\zeta+{\pi \over 2})}^\dagger
\end{aligned} \end{equation}
with $e^{2 i \theta} = {(ip -|Z|)/h}$ and vice versa.
We have constructed the supersymmetry operators by modifying the equivariant differential operators on loop space by a flat connection. In topologically non-trivial sectors of the loop-space, in which the central charge $Z$ is non-zero, this connection has a non-trivial holonomy around the one-cycles given by the orbits of the Killing vector field $v_K$. From these operators, we can construct a quadratic operator $\Delta_{BPS}$ that annihilates the BPS states of the theory. It would be interesting to gain a better understanding of the differential geometry of loop space and in particular, the mathematical significance of the operator $\Delta_{BPS}$.
|
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These cookies are absolutely yummy. I found this recipe about two years ago in Cooking Light Magazine. My interest was piqued by the beautiful photo of the cookies, I immediately open the magazine to that page and scanned the ingredients list.
It took me awhile to make these because back then, I couldn't find vegetable shortening and egg substitute where I normally buy my groceries and baking ingredients. On my first try, I used all butter and for the egg substitute, I used real egg ( 1 egg) which of course gave me different result; the batter spreads when baked and gave me thinner cookies, they're yummy but harder to work with and totally defeats the purpose of the recipe make-over..
Fortunately, I found all the ingredients that I need for these cookies over time and I've been baking these cookies whenever we want to and it has become one of our family's favorites. I have also changed the name to a shorter one, Kahlua cookies instead of it's original name: Black and White Chocolate chip cookies.
I bake the first batch for exactly the x minutes called for in the recipe and this is how the cookies turned out..quite pale, I like my cookies a little browned so I bake the succeeding batches a few minutes longer..
Lightly spoon flour into dry measuring cups; level with a knife. Combine flour, baking powder, and 1/4 teaspoon salt; stir with a whisk.
Combine sugars, butter, and shortening in a large bowl; beat with a mixer at medium speed until light and fluffy, about 3 minutes. Combine 1/4 cup water, egg substitute, Kahlúa, and vanilla in a small bowl. Add Kahlúa mixture to sugar mixture; beat 2 minutes or until well blended.
Gradually add flour mixture; beat at low speed just until combined. Fold in chocolate chips, white chocolate chips, and pecans. Drop by level tablespoonfuls 2 inches apart onto ungreased baking sheets.
Bake, 1 sheet at a time, at 350° for 14 minutes or just until set and beginning to brown around edges and on bottoms. Remove from oven; cool on pan 1 minute. Remove from pan; cool completely on wire racks.
12 Responses to "Kahlua Cookies"
These look great – and anything with Kahula MUST be good!
I have yet to meet a person who does not love cookies!
Ooo… they look chunky alright. Dangerous stuff!
Congrats on making it to Top 9! Those cookies sure look good!
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM,…your cookies look excellent to me!! What is not to like???
Cooking Light is one of my fav cooking magazines. I'll make sure to keep this recipe on hand – looks amazing!
This sounds good with kahlua in it.
These look lovely Olive. I love Kahlua in general, so I am sure I will love these cookies, …although I will probably use regular egg rather than the substitute….Thanks for sharing.
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{"url":"http:\/\/www.cs.ubc.ca\/~poole\/aibook\/2e\/html\/ArtInt2e.Ch3.S6.SS2.html","text":"# 3.6.2 Designing a Heuristic Function\n\nAn admissible heuristic is a non-negative function $h$ of nodes, where $h(n)$ is never greater than the actual cost of the shortest path from node $n$ to a goal. The standard way to construct a heuristic function is to find a solution to a simpler problem, which is one with fewer constraints. A problem with fewer constraints is often easier to solve (and sometimes trivial to solve). An optimal solution to the simpler problem cannot have a higher cost than an optimal solution to the full problem because any solution to the full problem is a solution to the simpler problem.\n\nIn many spatial problems where the cost is distance and the solution is constrained to go via predefined arcs (e.g., road segments), the straight-line Euclidean distance between two nodes is an admissible heuristic because it is the solution to the simpler problem where the agent is not constrained to go via the arcs.\n\nFor many problems one can design a better heuristic function, as in the following examples.\n\n###### Example 3.17.\n\nConsider the delivery robot of Example 3.3, where the state space includes the parcels to be delivered. Suppose the cost function is the total distance traveled by the robot to deliver all the parcels. If the robot could carry multiple parcels, one possible heuristic function is the maximum of (a) and (b):\n\n1. 1.\n\nthe maximum delivery distance for any of the parcels that are not at their destination and not being carried, where the delivery distance of a parcel is the distance to that parcel\u2019s location plus the distance from that parcel\u2019s location to its destination\n\n2. 2.\n\nthe distance to the furthest destination for the parcels being carried.\n\nThis is not an overestimate because it is a solution to the simpler problem which is to ignore that it cannot travel though walls, and to ignore all but the most difficult parcel. Note that a maximum is appropriate here because the agent has to both deliver the parcels it is carrying and go to the parcels it is not carrying and deliver them to their destinations.\n\nIf the robot could only carry one parcel, one possible heuristic function is the sum of the distances that the parcels must be carried plus the distance to the closest parcel. Note that the reference to the closest parcel does not imply that the robot will deliver the closest parcel first, but is needed to guarantee that the heuristic is admissible.\n\n###### Example 3.18.\n\nIn route planning of Example 3.1, when minimizing time, a heuristic could use the straight-line distance from the current location to the goal divided by the maximum speed \u2013 assuming the user could drive straight to the destination at top speed.\n\nA more sophisticated heuristic may take into account the different maximum speeds on highways and local roads. One admissible heuristic is the minimum of (a) and (b):\n\n1. 1.\n\nthe estimated minimum time required to drive straight to the destination on slower local roads\n\n2. 2.\n\nthe minimum time required to drive to a highway on slow roads, then drive on highways to a location close to the destination, then drive on local roads to the destination.\n\nThe minimum is appropriate here because the agent can go via highways or local roads, whichever is quicker.\n\nIn the above examples, determining the heuristic did not involve search. Once the problem is simplified, it could be solved using search, which should be simpler than the original problem. Note the simpler search problem needs to be solved multiple times, even perhaps for all nodes. It is often useful to cache these results into a pattern database that maps the nodes of the simpler problem into the heuristic value. In the simpler problem, there are often fewer nodes, and so multiple original nodes are mapped into a single simpler node, so this may be feasible.","date":"2017-10-17 22:38:45","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 5, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.5379950404167175, \"perplexity\": 492.3354742226391}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2017-43\/segments\/1508187822513.17\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20171017215800-20171017235800-00872.warc.gz\"}"}
| null | null |
Mira and the Mysteries of Alchemy
DatWombat October 16, 2020 October 16, 2020 Futa, Lesbian, Nudity, Rape, RPG, RPGMaker, Sexual Content, Straight
Mira and the Mysteries of Alchemy is lewd action-RPG about a Mira, a budding alchemist girl that accidently grows a pee-pee!
(FxF, FxM) Sexual content.
Six or more hours.
Download from website.
Collect ingredients, smash "attack" and don't get smashed. Combat is fought in real-time, and should an enemy contact the protagonist, they will mount her and screw the HP right out of her! There are ingredients everywhere, which can be used to "synthesize" a variety of useful items for your quests. Mira and the Mysteries of Alchemy is a very story-driven game, so expect to do a lot of reading and going from point "A" to "B".
Mira Aries is a student-witch with a simple dream, to become a praiseworthy alchemist. She is a mixing a potion — yet another failure. Her teacher, Ezmeralda encourages her to try again with a clear mind, and she complies; this time, without an essential ingredient, the Alchemic Potion. Mira blunders by adding the wrong ingredient. She is approached by Roche Yungfrau, who informs her of her error a moment too late. Luckily for the two students, the ensuing detonation left no-one unharmed.
As Roche picks Mira up, she remarks that it feels like something strange has appeared in her panties.
And so begins Mira's story, from naïve girl to naïve trap. When she realizes that her lady lips have been replaced with a wiener, she excuses herself and dashes home. She fails to evade her baby sister, Lia Aries, but manages to avoid flashing her pee-pee to her. When Mira makes it to her room, she whips out her grandma's research in hopes of finding a cure to her. . . boy problem. A small bop on the tip on her way to bed renders her wee-wee erect and ready.
She tries to pull it off and succeeds in discovering jerking off.
Mira casually asks her baby sis if she knows anything about "forcefully changing body parts". Lia tells her that no reputable magician would teach you how to do so, and mentions the sewers beneath the city — legend has that a witch with a vast knowledge of magic lives inside. Monsters live in the sewers too, so Mira gears up with Explosive Bags the next morning. Against Lia's wishes, Mira heads to the sewers. She confirms that the witch does in fact exist, though the tales may have exaggerated her power.
She reveals herself to be Granna Grepes, and she knows all about Mira's plight.
She harvests some. . . necessary ingredients from Mira, and sends her home as she. . . analyzes those ingredients. When she returns to Grana, she explains her theory behind Mira's transformation — alchemy is the magic combination of ingredients, and the results are based on the users' intentions and materials. Given the fact that Mira desires to be a great alchemist, her mishap at school had taken the form of a penis, which is capable of delivering an enormous amount of magick (in the from of cum.) As magick is an essential ingredient in alchemy, it makes sense that a magick factory would sprout from Mira's body.
So. . . why don't all women in this world have big fat dicks?
Grana gives her a list of new ingredients for her to bring back as she try to figure out how to reverse the change. Mire decides to ask around town to find out where to find everything she needs. . . and that's also when I concluded my playthrough (for the time being). To be honest, I'm eager to see what happens next, and I want to see some hot incest sex between Lia and Mira — I'm sure there was a disclaimer somewhere that says Lia is a consenting adult!
. . . right Kagura Games?
The titlescreen is pretty, though I would have liked to have something more. . . plot relevant. The town of Auill is only relevant as the protagonist's home and starting place. From "Options", you may adjust audio, display and gameplay preferences. Overall, I'm thoroughly impressed by the user-interface — it's clear that this game stretches the limits of RPGMaker to produce an interface that feels professional. The in-game visuals are generally a delight, though sometimes the sprites appear to be rendered at wonky angles. However, the character sprites are bomb.
There are thirteen animated sex-scenes between enemies, each with one or more variants for progression and climax. These scenes are played whenever the protagonist is grappled by an enemy during combat, and they show her being forced to cum against her will. There are also thirteen story-based sex-scenes, which include one or more static CGs with dialogue, and variants for climax and undress. The artwork is phenomenal, and the sex-scenes are ridiculously hot. They focus on the protagonist and her newfound sexual organ, and how she is taken advantage of by people and monsters around her. Many of the characters that take hold of her member are suspiciously loli, but futas and lolis are your thing this game has you covered!
I do recommend this game! However, I would still consider waiting for a sale. Twenty USD is a bit pricey for a game, and given the playtime I'm not sure if it's worth full price — but artwork sure is! Boy golly, I never knew how much I needed futas and totally-not-loli incest in my life! Kagura Games seldom disappoints, Mira and the Mysteries of Alchemy is no exception. This is a fun action-RPG that covers a niche genre with stellar content, and I recommend picking it up when you catch it on sale.
Adult Patch
Naked Erotic Dance Girls
Ask a Wombat! 001
|
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#
designed by:
Not For Tourists, Inc
NFTTM—Not For TouristsTM Guide to London
www.notfortourists.com
Publisher
Skyhorse Publishing
Creative Direction & Information Design
Jane Pirone
Director
Stuart Farr
Managing Editor
Scott Sendrow
City Editor
Claire Storrow
Writing and Editing
Claire Storrow
Scott Sendrow
Research
Nalini Ramautar
Graphic Design
and Production
Charlotte Sunnen
Information Systems Manager
Juan Molinari
Printed in China
Print ISBN: 978-1-5107-2510-2 $18.99 US
Ebook ISBN: 978-1-5107-2521-8
ISSN# 2162-7215
Copyright © 2017 by Not For Tourists, Inc.
10th Edition
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this book is as up-to-date as possible at press time. However, many details are liable to change—as we have learned.
Not For Tourists cannot accept responsibility for any consequences arising from the use of this book.
Not For Tourists does not solicit individuals, organizations, or businesses for listings inclusion in our guides, nor do we accept payment for inclusion into the editorial portion of our book; the advertising sections, however, are exempt from this policy. We always welcome communications from anyone regarding ANYTHING having to do with our books; please visit us on our website at www.notfortourists.com for appropriate contact information.
Skyhorse Publishing books may be purchased in bulk at special discounts for sales promotion, corporate gifts, fund-raising, or educational purposes. Special editions can also be created to specifications. For details, contact the Special Sales Department, Skyhorse Publishing, 307 West 36th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10018 or specialsales@skyhorsepublishing.com.
All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without the express written consent of the publisher, except in the case of brief excerpts in critical reviews or articles. All inquiries should be addressed to Skyhorse Publishing, 307 West 36th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10018.
Skyhorse® and Skyhorse Publishing® are registered trademarks of Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.®, a Delaware corporation.
www.skyhorsepublishing.com
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dear NFT User,
We've seen a lot these last couple of years. There was the Royal Wedding, which cheered up even the most miserable bastards among us. The glorious sight of spitfires and hurricanes flying over the capital was enough to make one feel proud to be British, and a style icon was born when Kate Middleton wore Alexander McQueen up the aisle. Then in 2013 arrival of His Royal Highness Prince George of Cambridge. And in 2015 Princess Charlotte.
Then there was the Olympics: otherwise known as that running-jumping-swimming-cycling-diving event thingummy, the name of which we cannot mention for trademark reasons; luckily it all went smashingly, we were ready (eat it, Mitt Romney!), and Britain's dignity, respectability and credibility remained intact. Well, there was that moment when Boris got stuck on the zip wire...oh, and the mix up with the North and South Korean flags...Russell Brand at the lacklustre closing ceremony. But other than that, all good. Well done everyone, jolly good show.
Elsewhere—specifically, "Sarf of the river"—we have a new Renzo Piano-designed 72-storey glass shard-like pyramid-idoididooby tower. Once destined to be the tallest building in Europe...well, with all that new Russian money we knew that wouldn't last, but we'll always have the view. We could make a joke about the best thing about the view is that it's the one place you can't see The Shard, but that would be a little shabby. Anyway, so that happened.
And to think all this happened amid a backdrop of financial collapse, Mayan nihilism and Danny Boyle's supremely dreary view of the Industrial Revolution. But that's where a stiff upper lip comes in handy. All of which is to say, here it is, a guide to the most delicious, intoxicating, awe-inspiring, groovy destinations in the city. The best places for quaffing, boogying, spending, and caffeinating ourselves silly in one of the best cities in the world. Or just spots that we like—those that become part of our everyday as Londoners and which we've chosen to share with you.
Don't forget to visit us online at www.notfortourists.com for updates and added content. And while we're at it, check out the NFT app—it's a great way to take the little black book on the go. No, we'll never shake the tactile pleasure of the printed page, but that doesn't mean we won't find new ways to reach out and connect. As usual, don't hesitate to let us know how you feel—your comments (and criticism!) are always very much appreciated.
—Jane, Scott, Claire, et al.
Table of Contents
Central London
Central London Overview Map
Map 1 • Marylebone (West)
Map 2 • Marylebone (East)
Map 3 • Fitzrovia
Map 4 • Bloomsbury (West)
Map 5 • Bloomsbury (East)
Map 6 • Clerkenwell
Map 7 • Barbican / City Road (South)
Map 8 • Liverpool Street / Broadgate
Map 9 • Mayfair / Green Park
Map 10 • Piccadilly / Soho (West)
Map 11 • Soho (Central)
Map 12 • Soho (East)
Map 13 • Covent Garden
Map 14 • Holborn / Temple
Map 15 • Blackfriars / Farringdon
Map 16 • Square Mile (West)
Map 17 • Square Mile (East)
Map 18 • Tower Hill / Aldgate
Map 19 • Belgravia
Map 20 • Victoria / Pimlico (West)
Map 21 • Pimlico (East)
Map 22 • Westminster
Map 23 • St. James's
Map 24 • Trafalgar Square / The Strand
West London
West London Overview Map
Map 25 • Kensal Town
Map 26 • Maida Hill
Map 27 • Maida Vale
Map 28 • Ladbroke Grove / Notting Hill (West)
Map 29 • Notting Hill Gate
Map 30 • Bayswater
Map 31 • Paddington
Map 32 • Shepherd's Bush (West)
Map 33 • Shepherd's Bush
Map 34 • West Kensington / Olympia
Map 35 • Kensington
Map 36 • South Kensington / Gloucester Rd
Map 37 • Knightsbridge
Map 38 • Chiswick
Map 39 • Stamford Brook
Map 40 • Goldhawk Rd / Ravenscourt Park
Map 41 • Hammersmith
Map 42 • Barons Court
Map 43 • West Brompton / Fulham Broadway / Earl's Court
Map 44 • Chelsea
Map 45 • Chelsea (East)
Map 46 • Sloane Square
Map 47 • Fulham (West)
Map 48 • Fulham
Map 49 • Parson's Green
Map 50 • Sands End / Imperial Wharf
North London
North London Overview Map
Map 51 • Highgate
Map 52 • Archway (North)
Map 53 • Crouch End
Map 54 • Hornsey
Map 55 • Harringay
Map 56 • Hampstead Village
Map 57 • Hampstead Heath
Map 58 • Parliament Hill / Dartmouth Park
Map 59 • Tufnell Park
Map 60 • Archway
Map 61 • Holloway (North)
Map 62 • Finsbury Park
Map 63 • Manor House
Map 64 • Stoke Newington
Map 65 • West Hampstead
Map 66 • Finchley Road / Swiss Cottage
Map 67 • Belsize Park
Map 68 • Kilburn High Road / Abbey Road
Map 69 • St. John's Wood
Map 70 • Primrose Hill
Map 71 • Camden Town / Chalk Farm / Kentish Town (West)
Map 72 • Kentish Town
Map 73 • Holloway
Map 74 • Holloway Road / Arsenal
Map 75 • Highbury
Map 76 • Edgware Road / Marylebone (North)
Map 77 • Mornington Crescent / Regent's Park
Map 78 • Euston
Map 79 • King's Cross
Map 80 • Angel / Upper St
Map 81 • Canonbury
Map 82 • De Beauvoir Town / Kingsland
Map 83 • Angel (East) / City Rd (North)
Map 84 • Hoxton
East London
East London Overview Map
Map 85 • Stoke Newington (East)
Map 86 • Dalston / Kingsland
Map 87 • Hackney Downs / Lower Clapton
Map 88 • Haggerston / Queensbridge Rd
Map 89 • London Fields / Hackney Central
Map 90 • Homerton / Victoria Park North
Map 91 • Shoreditch / Brick Lane / Spitalfields
Map 92 • Bethnal Green
Map 93 • Globe Town / Mile End (North)
Map 94 • Bow
Map 95 • Whitechapel (West) / St Katharine's Dock
Map 96 • Whitechapel (East) / Shadwell (West) / Wapping
Map 97 • Stepney / Shadwell (East)
Map 98 • Mile End (South) / Limehouse
Map 99 • Bow Common
Map 100 • Poplar (West) / Canary Wharf (West)
Map 101 • Poplar (East) / Canary Wharf (East)
Map 102 • Millwall
Map 103 • Cubitt Town / Mudchute
Southeast London
Southeast London Overview Map
Map 104 • South Bank / Waterloo / Lambeth North
Map 105 • Southwark / Bankside (West)
Map 106 • Bankside (East) / Borough / Newington
Map 107 • Shad Thames
Map 108 • Bermondsey
Map 109 • Southwark Park
Map 110 • Rotherhithe (West) / Canada Water
Map 111 • Rotherhithe (East) / Surrey Quays
Map 112 • Kennington / Elephant and Castle
Map 113 • Walworth
Map 114 • Old Kent Road (West) / Burgess Park
Map 115 • Old Kent Road (East)
Map 116 • South Bermondsey
Map 117 • Deptford (West)
Map 118 • Deptford (Central)
Map 119 • Deptford (East)
Map 120 • Greenwich
Map 121 • Camberwell (West)
Map 122 • Camberwell (East)
Map 123 • Peckham
Map 124 • Peckham East (Queen's Road)
Map 125 • New Cross Gate
Map 126 • New Cross
Map 127 • Coldharbour Lane / Herne Hill (West)
Map 128 • Denmark Hill / Herne Hill (East)
Map 129 • East Dulwich
Map 130 • Peckham Rye
Southwest London
Southwest London Overview Map
Map 131 • Vauxhall / Albert Embankment
Map 132 • Battersea (West)
Map 133 • Battersea (East)
Map 134 • South Lambeth
Map 135 • Oval
Map 136 • Putney
Map 137 • Wandsworth (West)
Map 138 • Wandsworth (Central)
Map 139 • Wandsworth (East)
Map 140 • Clapham Junction / Northcote Rd
Map 141 • Battersea (South)
Map 142 • Clapham Old Town
Map 143 • Clapham High Street
Map 144 • Stockwell / Brixton (West)
Map 145 • Stockwell / Brixton (East)
Map 146 • Earlsfield
Map 147 • Balham (West)
Map 148 • Balham (East)
Map 149 • Clapham Park
Map 150 • Brixton
Map 151 • Tooting Bec
Map 152 • Tooting Broadway
Parks & Places
Alexandra Palace Park
Barbican Centre
Battersea Park
Brockwell Park
Clapham Common
Clissold Park
Finsbury Park
Greenwich Park
Hampstead Heath
Highgate Cemetery & Waterlow Park
Hyde Park
London Fields
Mile End Park
Regent's Park & Primrose Hill
Richmond Park & Kew Gardens
The South Bank
St James's & Green Park
Victoria Park
Wimbledon Common
The Markets
Colleges & Universities
Central St Martins
City University
Imperial College
King's College
London School of Economics (LSE)
University College London
School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS)
University of London Students Union (ULU)
Continuing Education
Sports
Arsenal
Charlton
Chelsea
Fulham
Lord's
The Oval
Queen's Park Rangers (QPR)
Tottenham
Twickenham
West Ham
Wembley Stadium
Wimbledon
Bowling
Golf
Pool & Snooker
Racquet Sports
Yoga
Sports Leagues
Transport
Gatwick Airport
Heathrow Airport
London City Airport
Luton Airport
Stansted Airport
Underground
The DLR
Overground Trains
Train Stations
Buses
Coaches
Biking in London
Taxis
Helicopters
River Services
Driving
General Information
Calendar of Events
Flat Hunting
For the Kids
Internet & WiFi
LGBT
Timeline
Media
Toilets
Hospitals
Libraries
Police
London Postcodes Map
Hotels
Landmarks
Arts & Entertainment
The V & A
The British Museum
The Natural History Museum
The Science Museum
The Tates
The National Gallery
The 02
Cinemas
Bookshops
Theatre
Museums & Galleries
Nightlife
Restaurants
Shopping
Street Index
Underground Map and Bus Map
Maps 1–24 • Central London |
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Map 1 • Marylebone (West) |
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Marylebone (West)
Map 1
Where the mullah meets the hookah, a stroll down Edgware Road is soundtracked by gurgling shisha pipes and bangin' Arabic pop music. To the east, ostentatiously bejewelled madams patrol Montague Square. They'd turn their noses up at a shawarma at Beirut Express, and probably wouldn't deign to shop at Maroush Deli. Good, more for the rest of us.
Cinemas
• Odeon Marble Arch • 10 Edgware Rd
• Everyman Baker Street • 96 Baker St
Coffee
• Apostrophe • 19 Baker St
• Bagel Factory • 39 Paddington St
• Borough Barista • 60 Seymour St
• Caffe Nero • 184 Edgware Rd
• Daisy Green • 20 Seymour St
• Eat. • 400 Oxford St
• Eat. • 114 Baker St
• Kings Café • 177 Edgware Rd
• Palm Cafe Shisha Bar • 7 Crawford Pl
• Pret A Manger • 556 Oxford St
• Starbucks • 29 N Audley St
• Starbucks • 34 Edgware Rd
Landmarks
• Marble Arch • Oxford St & Park Ln
• Speakers' Corner • Cumberland Gate & Park Ln
Nightlife
• Duke of York • 45 Harrowby St
Post Offices
• Baker St • 111 Baker St
• Edgware Rd • 354 Edgware Rd
Restaurants
• Beirut Express • 112 Edgware Rd
• Daisy Green • 20 Seymour St
• Locanda Locatelli • 8 Seymour St
• Maroush VI Express • 68 Edgware Rd
• Twist • 42 Crawford St
Shopping
• Maroush Deli • 45 Edgware Rd
• Phil Parker • 106 Crawford St
• Primark • 499 Oxford St
• Spymaster • 3 Portman Sq
• Totally Swedish • 32 Crawford St
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 55 Bryanston St
Map 2 • Marylebone (East) |
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Marylebone (East)
Map 2
Granted, the plush boutiques and old moneyisms of Marylebone are far removed from most Londoners' lives, but that's not to say you can't go window shopping, and with VV Rouleaux and The Button Queen nearby, you could even craft your own outfit. Don't forget to stop in at Claridge's to tell Gordon Ramsay to f*** off, then sedate yourself in the beautiful book haven that is Daunt.
Coffee
• Apostrophe • 23 Barrett St
• Back on Track Coffee • 3 Wimpole St
• Caffe Nero • 273 Regent St
• Caffe Nero • Marylebone Rd
• Coffee Republic • 2 S Molton St
• Costa • 69 Wigmore St
• Eat. • 9 Avery Row
• Eat. • 319 Regent St
• Eat. • 25 Hanover Sq
• Eat. • 92 Wimpole St
• Eat. • 214 Oxford St
• Paul Rothe & Son • 35 Marylebone Ln
• Pret A Manger • 31 Cavendish
• Pret A Manger • 1 Tenterden St
• Pret A Manger • 18 Hanover St
• Starbucks • 22 Princes St
• Starbucks • 14 James St
• Starbucks • 63 S Molton St
Landmarks
• Hertford House • Manchester Sq
• Jimi Hendrix Memorial Blue Plaque • 23 Brook St
• St. Christoper's Place • 23 Barrett St
Libraries
• Royal College of Nursing Library • 20 Cavendish Sq
Nightlife
• Claridge's Bar • 55 Brook St
• Gunmakers • 33 Ayrbrook St
• Inn 1888 • 21 Devonshire St
• The Phoenix • 37 Cavendish Sq
• Purl • 50-54 Blandford St
Post Offices
• Marylebone • 24 Thayer St
Restaurants
• Casa Becci • 32 Paddington St
• Chiltern Firehouse • 1 Chiltern St
• Comptoir Libanais • 65 Wigmore St
• Diwan • 31 Thayer St
• Fischer's • 50 Marylebone High St
• The Golden Hind • 73 Marylebone Ln
• Galvin Bistrot de Luxe • 66 Baker St
• Goodman Mayfair • 24-26 Maddox St
• Hush Brasserie • 8 Lancashire Ct
• La Galette • 56 Paddington St
• Meat Liquor • 74 Welbeck St
• No. 5 Cavendish Square • 5 Cavendish Sq
• Patisserie Valerie • 105 Marylebone High St
• Patty & Bun • 54 James St
• Pollen Street Social • 8 Pollen St
• The Providores • 109 Marylebone High St
• Royal China • 24-26 Baker St
• Royal China Club • 40-42 Baker St
• Trishna • 15 Blandford St
• Zoilo • 9 Duke St
Shopping
• Browns • 24 S Molton St
• The Button Queen • 76 Marylebone Ln
• Content Beauty/Wellbeing • 14 Bulstrode St
• Daunt Books • 83 Marylebone High St
• Divertimenti • 33 Maryelbone High St
• The Duffer of St. George • 268 Oxford St
• Fenwick • 63 New Bond St
• French Sole • 61 Marylebone Ln
• Gray's Antique Market • 58 Davies St
• John Lewis • 300 Oxford St
• La Fromagerie • 2 Moxon St
• Monocle • 2 George St
• Niketown • 236 Oxford St
• Paul Smith • 38 Marylebone High St
• Postcard Teas • 8 Dering St
• Selfridges & Co. • 400 Oxford St
• Skandium • 86 Marylebone High St
• VV Rouleaux • 102 Marylebone Ln
• The Widescreen Centre • 47 Dorset St
• Zara • 242 Oxford St
Supermarkets
• Marks & Spencer • Bond St Station
• Waitrose • 98 Marylebone High St
Map 3 • Fitzrovia |
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Fitzrovia
Map 3
There's a whole recent trend for upmarket Fiztrovians to roam east in return for trendsetting East Enders giving their neighbourhood a bit of cool cred—they're all swapping galleries and premises and god knows what else in some kind of grown-up-exchange programme. Fitzrovia has its own history of cool though; you might be lucky enough to see a star or two at the BBC on Great Portland.
Cinemas
• Odeon Tottenham Court •
30 Tottenham Ct Rd
Coffee
• Apostrophe • 40 Great Castle St
• Apostrophe • 216 Tottenham Court Rd
• The Attendant • 27 Foley St
• BB's Coffee and Muffins • 120 Oxford St
• Ben's House • 64 Grafton Way
• Black Sheep Coffee • 63 Charlotte St
• Caffe Nero • 79 Tottenham Ct Rd
• Caffe Nero • 187 Tottenham Ct Rd
• Caffe Nero • 2 Charlotte St
• Caffe Nero • 48 Oxford St
• Coffee Republic • 99 Tottenham Ct Rd
• Eat. • 44 Goodge St
• Eat. • 68 Oxford St
• Eat. • 94 Tottenham Ct Rd
• Kaffeine • 66 Great Titchfield St
• Lantana • 13 Charlotte Pl
• Mother's Milk • 12 Little Portland St
• Pret A Manger • 298 Regent St
• Starbucks • 203 Oxford St
• Starbucks • 51 Goodge St
• Tapped and Packed •
114 Tottenham Court Rd
Landmarks
• BT Tower • 60 Cleveland St
• Charlotte Street • Charlotte St
• Middlesex Hospital •
Mortimer St & Cleveland St
• Pollock's Toy Museum • 1 Scala St
• Sinner Winner Man • 216 Oxford St
• Tottenham Court Road •
Tottenham Ct Rd
Libraries
• RIBA British Architectural Library •
66 Portland Pl
• Institute of Contemporary History and Wiener Library • 4 Devonshire St
• Royal Institute of British Architects • 66 Portland Pl
Nightlife
• 100 Club • 100 Oxford St
• The Albany • 240 Great Portland St
• Bourne & Hollingsworth •
28 Rathbone Pl
• Bradley's Spanish Bar • 42 Hanway St
• Bricklayers Arms • 31 Gresse St
• Charlotte Street Hotel • 15 Charlotte St
• The Cock • 27 Great Portland St
• The Fitzroy Tavern • 16 Charlotte St
• The Jerusalem Tavern • 55 Britton St
• Market Place • 11 Market Pl
• The Northumberland Arms •
43 Goodge St
• The Remedy • 124 Cleveland St
• Rising Sun • 46 Tottenham Ct Rd
• The Roxy • 3 Rathbone Pl
• Shochu Lounge • 37 Charlotte St
• The Social • 5 Little Portland St
• Yorkshire Grey • 46 Langham St
Post Offices
• Great Portland St • 55 Great Portland St
• Newman St • 19 Newman St
• Oxford Street • 120 Oxford St
Restaurants
• Archipelago • 53 Cleveland St
• Ask • 48 Grafton Way
• Bao • 31 Windmill St
• Barnyard • 18 Charlottle St
• Barrica • 62 Goodge St
• Beard Papa • 143 Oxford St
• Berners Tavern • 10 Berners St
• Beyond Bread • 2 Charlottle Pl
• Bonnie Grill • 21 Foley St
• Boopshi's • 31 Windmill St
• Brazilian Gourmet • 70 Cleveland St
• Carluccio's • 8 Market Pl
• Crazy Bear • 26 Whitfield St
• Elena's L'Etoile • 30 Charlotte St
• Gitane • 60 Great Titchfield St
• Govinda's • 9 Soho St
• Honey & Co • 25 Warren St
• Iberica • 195 Great Portland St
• ICCo • 46 Goodge St
• Kin Cafe • 22 Foley St
• Koba • 11 Rathbone St
• Latium • 21 Berners St
• Market Place • 11 Market Pl
• Navarro's • 67 Charlotte St
• Nyonya • 11 Warren St
• Picture • 110 Great Portland St
• Portland • 113 Great Portland St
• Ragam • 57 Cleveland St
• The Riding House Cafe •
43 Great Titchfield St
• Roka • 37 Charlotte St
• Salt Yard • 54 Goodge St
• Sardo • 45 Grafton Way
• Stef's • 3 Berners St
• Thai Metro • 38 Charlotte St
• Villandry • 170 Great Portland St
• Yalla Yalla • 12 Winsley St
Shopping
• The Aquatic Design Centre •
107 Great Portland St
• Ben's House • 64 Grafton Way
• Trimmings • 14 Great Titchfield St
• Computer Exchange • 32 Rathbone Pl
• Chess & Bridge • 369 Euston Rd
• Harmony • 103 Oxford St
• Hobgoblin Music • 24 Rathbone Pl
• Mango • 225 Oxford St
• Maplin • 218 Tottenham Court Rd
• Paperchase • 213 Tottenham Court Rd
• R.D. Franks • 5 Winsley St
• Scandinavian Kitchen •
61 Great Titchfield St
• Stargreen Box Office • 21 Argyll St
• Topshop • 36 Great Castle St
• Topshop • 216 Oxford St
• Urban Outfitters • 200 Oxford St
Supermarkets
• Marks & Spencer • 55 Tottenham Ct Rd
• Sainsbury's • 35 Mortimer St
• Sainsbury's • 17 Tottenham Ct Rd
• Sainsbury's • 145 Tottenham Ct Rd
• Tesco • 10 Goodge St
Map 4 • Bloomsbury (West) |
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Bloomsbury (West)
Bloomsbury didn't incite and excite Britain's most prolific set of literature writers for no good reason. These streets ooze the kind of romanticised idea of London that had Virginia Woolf and E.M Forster zoned in as inspiration. Clever people have lived here in Bloomsbury and cleverer people still visit. The British Museum's Age of Illumination collection highlights the world's learners.
Cinemas
• Horse Hospital • 30 Colonnade
• Odeon Tottenham Court • 30 Tottenham Ct Rd
Coffee
• Café Deco • 43 Store St
• Costa • 44 New Oxford St
• Costa • 82 Gower St
• London Review Cake Shop • 14 Bury Pl
• Pret A Manger • 40 Bernard St
• Pret A Manger • 23 Southampton Row
• Pret A Manger • 44 New Oxford St
• Pret A Manger • 102 Southampton Row
• Ruskins Cafe • 41 Museum St
• Starbucks • 124 Southampton Row
• Starbucks • 112 New Oxford
• Starbucks • 425 Oxford St
• Store Street Espresso • 40 Store St
Emergency Rooms
• University College Hospital • 235 Euston Rd
Landmarks
• British Museum • Great Russell St
• Centre Point • 101 New Oxford St
• Kingsway Tram Tunnel • Theobald's Rd & Southampton Row
• Senate House • Malet St & Torrington Sq
• SOAS • Thornhaugh St
• Student Central • Malet St
• Tavistock Square • Tavistock Sq
• University College London • Gower St
Libraries
• Anthropology Library • Great Russell St
• Birkbeck College Library • Malet St
• German Historical Institute Library London •
17 Bloomsbury Sq
• Institute of Advanced Legal Studies Library •
17 Russell Sq
• University of London, Senate House Library •
Malet St
Nightlife
• All Star Lanes • Victoria House, Bloomsbury Pl
• Bloomsbury Bowling Lanes • Bedford Way
• Marquis Cornwallis • 31 Marchmont St
• The Old Crown Public House • 33 New Oxford St
• The Plough • 27 Museum St
• The Princess Louise • 208 High Holborn
• ULU • Malet St
Post Offices
• Marchmont St • 33 Marchmont St
• Russell Square • 9 Russell Sq
Restaurants
• Alara • 58 Marchmont St
• Bi Won • 24 Coptic St
• Savoir Faire • 42 New Oxford St
Shopping
• Aperture • 44 Museum St
• Blade Rubber Stamps • 12 Bury Pl
• British Museum shop • Great Russell St
• Gosh! • 1 Berwick St
• James Smith & Sons • 53 New Oxford St
• London Review Bookshop • 14 Bury Pl
• Maplin • 218 Tottenham Ct Rd
• Paperchase • 213 Tottenham Ct Rd
• York Cameras • 18 Bury Pl
Supermarkets
• Waitrose • Brunswick Sq
Map 5 • Bloomsbury (East) |
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Bloomsbury (East)
Map 5
Agog with students, this tract of Bloomsbury is a bustling cultural playground. The brilliant Renoir Cinema resides in the belly of the Brunswick Centre, a Brutalist masterpiece with some posh shops thrown in for good measure. For contrast, stroll over to Lamb's Conduit Street and enjoy some boutique shopping. Then indulge in a sit-down cream tea at Bea's.
Cinemas
• Renoir Cinema • 1 Brunswick Sq
Coffee
• Café Lumen • 88 Tavistock Place
• Continental Stores • 54 Tavistock Place
• The Espresso Room • 31-35 Great Ormond St
• Knockbox Coffee • 29 Lambs Conduit St
• Pret A Manger • 15 Theobald's Rd
• Starbucks • 57 Theobald's Rd
• T-HQ • 55 Gray's Inn Rd
Landmarks
• Charles Dickens Museum • 48 Doughty St
• Gray's Inn Field • Theobald's Rd
• Doughty Street • Doughty St & Guilford St
Libraries
• Holborn Library • 32 Theobald's Rd
• Royal National Institute of the Blind Research Library • 105 Judd St
• St Pancras Library • Argyle St
Nightlife
• 06 St Chad's Place • 6 St Chad's Pl
• The Blue Lion • 133 Grays Inn Rd
• Calthorpe Arms • 252 Gray's Inn Rd
• The Clerk & Well • 156 Clerkenwell Rd
• The Lamb • 94 Lamb's Conduit St
• Monto • 328 Grays Inn Rd
• The Perseverance • 63 Lamb's Conduit St
• Pimp Shuei • 59 Mount Pleasant
• Smithy's • 15 Leeke St
Post Offices
• Mount Pleasant • Farringdon Rd & Rosebery Ave
Restaurants
• Banh Mi Bay • 4-6 Theobalds Rd
• Bea's of Bloomsbury • 44 Theobald's Rd
• Ciao Bella • 86 Lamb's Conduit St
• Cigala • 54 Lamb's Conduit St
• The Food Bazaar • 59 Grays Inn Rd
• Fryer's Delight • 19 Theobald's Rd
• Itadaki Zen • 139 King's Cross Rd
• The Lady Ottoline • 11 Northington St
• Mary Ward Centre • 42 Queen Sq
• Paolina Thai Snack Bar • 181 King's Cross Rd
• The Perseverance • 63 Lamb's Conduit St
• You Me Sushi • 180 Grays Inn Rd
Shopping
• Bibas Hair and Beauty • 72 Marchmont St
• The Brunswick • Hunter St
• The Flash Centre • 68 Brunswick Centre
• Folk • 49 Lamb's Conduit St
• Gay's the Word • 66 Marchmont St
• International Magic • 89 Clerkenwell Rd
• JOY • 22 Brunswick Centre
• Magma • 117 Clerkenwell Rd
Map 6 • Clerkenwell |
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Clerkenwell
Map 6
A village in the city provides a perfect contrast of a pretty green square separated by only a row of shops from the rest of the corporate world. The Modern Pantry is where suits gather for a business power-breakfast, while lunchtimes centre on Exmouth Market. Potter off the main square for back-alley Belgium beers at The Dovetail.
Coffee
• Ground Control • 61 Amwell St
• Workshop Coffee Co • 27 Clerkenwell Rd
Libraries
• Finsbury Library • 245 St John St
• Marx Memorial Library • 37 Clerkenwell Green
Landmarks
• City University London • Northampton Sq
• The House of Detention • St James's Walk
Nightlife
• 1920 • 19 Great Sutton St
• Bandstand Busking • Northampton Sq
• The Betsey Trotwood • 56 Farringdon Rd
• Café Kick • 43 Exmouth Market
• The Dovetail • 9 Jerusalem Passage
• The Harlequin • 27 Arlington Wy
• Old Red Lion • 418 St. John St
• The Slaughtered Lamb • 34 Great Sutton St
• The Three Kings • 7 Clerkenwell Close
• Wilmington Arms • 69 Rosebery Ave
Restaurants
• Badabing • 120 St. John St
• Caravan • 11 Exmouth Market
• Dans Le Noir • 30 Clerkenwell Green
• The Eagle • 159 Farringdon Rd
• Little Bay • 171 Farringdon Rd
• The Modern Pantry • 47 St. Johns Sq
• Morito • 32 Exmouth Market
• Moro • 34 Exmouth Market
• Pham Sushi • 159 Whitecross St
• SandwichMan • 23 Easton St
• Sushi Tetsu • 12 Jerusalem Passage
Shopping
• EC One Jewellery • 41 Exmouth Market
• The Family Business Tattoo Shop • 58 Exmouth Market
• London Tattoo • 332 Goswell Rd
• M and R Meats • 399 St. John St
• Metro Imaging • 32 Great Sutton St
• Timorous Beasties • 46 Amwell St
• The Wyvern Bindery • 56 Clerkenwell Rd
Supermarkets
• Waitrose • Ayelsbury St & St. John St
Map 7 • Barbican / City Road (South) |
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Barbican / City Road (South)
Map 7
Ugly as the brutalist Barbican might be, its surrounds have happily morphed into one of those areas that thrives on its appalling looks and survives on a generation of media peeps. Where the cool crowds flow, top notch hang-outs will follow. Old Street, or Silicon Roundabout, was designed for those who mainline coffee for survival while Bunhill Fields provides necessary respite.
Cinemas
• Barbican Centre Cinema • Silk St & Whitecross St
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 40 City Rd
• Coffee Republic • City Rd
• Costa • 68 Goswell Rd
• Costa • Ropemaker St
• Eat. • 143 Moorgate
• Fix • 161 Whitecross St
• Look Mum No Hands! • 49 Old St
• Pitch 42 • Whitecross St Market
• Popular Cafe • 85 Lever St
• Pret A Manger • 9 Goswell Rd
• Pret A Manger • Ropemaker St
• Shoreditch Grind • 213 Old St
• Timberyard • 61 Old St
Landmarks
• Barbican Centre • Silk St
• Bunhill Fields Burial Ground • 38 City Rd
• Church of St Bartholomew the Great • Kinghorn St
• LSO St Luke's • 161 Old St
• St. Giles • Fore St
Libraries
• Barbican Library • Silk St
• Wandsworth Town Library • 11 Garrett St
Nightlife
• Nightjar • 129 City Rd
• The Two Brewers • 121 Whitecross St
Post Offices
• Old Street • 205 Old St
Restaurants
• Bavarian Beerhouse • 190 City Rd
• Carnevale • 135 Whitecross St
• De Santis • 11 Old St
• Nusa Kitchen • 9 Old St
• Original Bagel Bakery • 22 Goswell Rd
Shopping
• Red Dot Cameras • 68 Old St
• Whitecross Market • Whitecross St
Supermarkets
• Waitrose • Whitecross St
Map 8 • Liverpool Street / Broadgate |
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Liverpool Street / Broadgate
Map 8
A grimy maw that spews trendos onto Bishopsgate, Liverpool Street is the gateway to the nowness of Brick Lane and Shoreditch. Its arse-end lets out suits and money into the borders of the City. Avoid a flash-mob in The Light after a grease-up in Damascu Bite, but c'mon, you know you're really on your way to an all-night rave in Stokey so cut the crap and get on the 149.
Coffee
• AMT • Liverpool St & Broadgate Circle
• Benugo • 82 City Rd
• Caffe Nero • 2 Bishopsgate
• Caffe Nero • 40 City Rd
• Caffe Nero • 75 London Wall
• Costa • 1 Ropemaker St
• Costa • 18 Liverpool St
• Eat. • 1 City Rd
• Eat. • 143 Moorgate
• Eat. • 176 Bishopsgate
• Eat. • 34 Broadgate Circle
• Eat. • 62 London Wall
• Eat. • 80 Old Broad St
• Fab Food Patisserie • 26 Curtain Rd
• Salvation Jane • 55 City Rd
• Starbucks • Liverpool St Station
• Starbucks • 8 Charterhouse Buildings
• Starbucks • 28 Broadgate Circle
Landmarks
• Fulcrum • Broadgate
Libraries
• Bishopsgate Library • 230 Bishopsgate
Nightlife
• The Book Club • 100 Leonard St
• Callooh Callay • 65 Rivington St
• Casita • 5 Ravey St
• Lounge Bohemia • 1 Great Eastern St
• Red Lion • 1 Eldon St
• Worship Street Whistling Shop • 63 Worship St
• XOYO • 32 Cowper St
Restaurants
• Damascu Bite • 21 Shoreditch High St
• Duck and Waffle • 110 Bishopgate
• Eyre Brothers • 70 Leonard St
• Gaucho Broadgate • 5 Finsbury Ave
• Hoxton Grill • 81 Great Eastern St
• The Princess of Shoreditch • 76 Paul St
Supermarkets
• Tesco • 158 Bishopsgate
Map 9 • Mayfair / Green Park |
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Mayfair / Green Park
Map 9
A taste of Old Money is a decent enough reason to visit Mayfair; splashing out on High Tea at The Ritz is pretty much an investment in one's cultural education. The upside to might-rich neighbourhoods? Art galleries. Ones that give away wine. All the time. Pop down Cork Street on an eve to quaff all the free champagne at a private view then go off somewhere far more interesting.
Cinemas
• Curzon Mayfair • 38 Curzon St
Coffee
• Apostrophe • 10 Grosvenor St
• Caffe Nero • 50 Curzon St
• Caffe Nero • 70 Piccadilly
• Costa • 9 Eldon St
• Eat. • 8 Berkeley Sq
• Eat. • 55 Stratton St
• Starbucks • 52 Berkeley St
• Starbucks • 84 Piccadilly
• Taylor St Baristas • 22 Brook's Mews
Landmarks
• 50 Berkeley Square • 50 Berkeley Sq
• Apsley House • 149 Piccadilly
• Buckingham Palace • The Mall
• Down Street Station • Down St & Piccadilly
• Hard Rock Cafe • Piccadilly & Old Park Ln
Libraries
• Mayfair Library • 25 South Audley St
• Royal Society of Chemistry Library and Information Centre • Piccadilly
Nightlife
• 1707 Wine Bar • 181 Piccadilly
• bbar • 43 Buckingham Palace Rd
• Funky Buddha • 15 Berkeley St
• Mahiki • 1 Dover St
• Shepherd's Tavern • 50 Hertford St
• Whisky Mist • 35 Hertford St
Post Offices
• Albemarle St • 44 Albemarle St
• Mayfair • 32 Grosvenor St
Restaurants
• Alain Ducasse at The Dorchester • Park Ln
• Burger & Lobster • 29 Clarges St
• Citrus • 112 Piccadilly
• Cookbook Cafe • 1 Hamilton Pl
• Corrigan's • 28 Upper Grosvernor St
• El Pirata of Mayfair • 5 Down St
• The English Tea Room at Brown's • Albemarle St
• Galvin at Windows • Park Ln, 28th Floor
• Gymkhana • 42 Albemarle St
• Kitty Fisher's • 10 Shepherd Market
• L'Autre • 5 Shepherd St
• Momo • 25 Heddon St
• Nobu • 19 Old Park Ln
• The Ritz • 150 Piccadilly
• Theo Randall • 1 Hamilton Pl
Shopping
• Diane Von Furstenberg • 25 Bruton St
• Dover Street Market • 17 Dover St
• Green Valley • Berkeley St
• Marc Jacobs • 24 Mount St
• Matthew Williamson • 28 Bruton St
• Stella McCartney • 30 Bruton St
Supermarkets
• Marks & Spencer • 78 Piccadilly
• Sainsbury's • 38 Stratton St
Map 10 • Piccadilly / Soho (West) |
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Piccadilly / Soho (West)
Map 10
Forget visions of Austin Powers "yeah baby" grooviness, Carnaby Street is a slick study in consumerism with all major streetwear labels present, but the grand dame of department stores, Liberty, retains top marks for a unique shopping experience. Have a coffee in Sacred if you can find a seat or else retreat to Milk & Honey for a cocktail. Polpo restaurant is a winner in the small plates game.
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 62 Brewer St
• Caffe Nero • 26 Piccadilly
• Caffe Nero • 225 Regent St
• Costa • 11 Argyll St
• Eat. • 19 Golden Sq
• Eat. • 8 Vigo St
• Fernandez & Wells • 73 Beak St
• Pret A Manger • 298 Regent St
• Pret A Manger • 27 Great Marlborough
• Rapha Cycle Club • 13 Ganton St
• Sacred Cafe • 85 Brewer St
• Starbucks • 16 Picadilly
• Starbucks • 171 Picadilly
• Tonic Coffee Bar • 15 Sherwood St
• Yunchaa • 45 Berwick St
Landmarks
• Burlington Arcade • Piccadilly
• Carnaby Street • Carnaby St
• Kingly Court • Kingly St & Foubert's Pl
• Statue of Eros • Piccadilly Circus
Nightlife
• 5th View • 203 Piccadilly
• Ain't Nothing But... • 20 Kingly St
• Beyond Retro • 58 Great Marlborough St
• The Blind Pig • 58 Poland St
• Courthouse Bar• 19 Great Marlborough St
• The John Snow • 39 Broadwick St
• Milk & Honey • 61 Poland St
• The Red Lion • 14 Kingly St
• Strawberry Moons • 15 Heddon St
• The Windmill • 6 Mill St
Restaurants
• Atlantic Bar & Grill • 20 Glasshouse St
• Bao • 53 Lexington St
• Bob Bob Ricard • 1 Upper James St
• Bodean's BBQ • 10 Poland St
• Brasserie Zedel • 20 Sherwood St
• Cecconi's • 5 Burlington Gardens
• Cha Cha Moon • 15 Ganton St
• Dehesa • 25 Ganton St
• Detox Kitchen • 10 Kingly St
• Dishoom • 22 Kingly St
• Fernandez & Wells • 73 Beak St
• Fernandez & Wells • 43 Lexington St
• Kulu Kulu • 76 Brewer St
• Le Pain Quotidien • 18 Great Marlborough St
• Mildred's • 45 Lexington St
• Nordic Bakery • 14 Golden Sq
• The Photographers' Gallery • 16 Ramillies St
• Ping Pong • 45 Great Marlborough St
• Pitt Cue Co. • 1 Newburgh St
• Polpo • 41 Beak St
• San Carlo Cicchetti • 215 Piccadilly
• Sartoria • 20 Saville Row
• Sketch • 9 Conduit St
• Social Eating House • 58 Poland St
• Taro • 61 Brewer St
• Ten Ten Tei • 56 Brewer St
• Tentazioni Restaurant • 2 Mill St
• Tibits • 12 Heddon St
• Wagamama • 10 Lexington St
• Wild Honey • 12 St George St
• Yauatcha • 15 Broadwick St
• Yoshino • 3 Piccadilly Pl
Shopping
• Abercrombie & Fitch • 7 Burlington Gardens
• Anthropologie • 158 Regent St
• American Apparel • 3 Carnaby St
• Apple Store • 235 Regent Street
• b store • 21 Kingly St
• Banana Republic • 224 Regent St
• Behave • 48 Lexington Sreet
• Beyond Retro • 58 Great Marlborough St
• The Black Pearl • 10 Kingly Ct
• Burlington Arcade • Burlington Arcade
• Cos • 222 Regent St
• The European Bookshop • 5 Warwick St
• Fortnum & Mason • 181 Piccadilly
• Freggo • 27 Swallow St
• Hamley's • 188 Regent St
• Hatchards Bookshop • 187 Piccadilly
• Hoss Intropia • 211 Regent St
• Lazy Oaf • 19 Fouberts Pl
• Liberty • 214 Regent St
• Lillywhites • 24 Lower Regent St
• Lucky Voice • 52 Poland St
• Mrs. Kibble's Olde Sweet Shoppe • 57 Brewer St
• Muji • 41 Carnaby St
• Phonica • 51 Poland St
• Playlounge • 19 Beak St
• Richard James • 29 Savile Row
• Rigby & Peller • 22 Conduit St
• SKK Lighting • 34 Lexington St
• Super Superficial • 17 Fouberts Pl
• Twinkled • 1 Kingly Ct
• Twosee • 21 Fouberts
• The Vin Mag Shop • 39 Brewer St
• Whole Foods Market • 69 Brewer St
Supermarkets
• Fresh & Wild • 73 Brewer St
• Whole Foods Market • 69 Brewer St
Map 11 • Soho (Central) |
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Soho (Central)
Map 11
By day, the turning out of London's new favourite caffeine kick—the flat white courtesy of the Aussies—is relentless at LJ and Milk Bar. All the better to fuel the night's activities: This is still the heart of the red light district, but it's no longer such a sordid affair. Berwick Street is still loved for its record shops and market, and Madame JoJo's doesn't miss a trick.
Cinemas
• Apollo Theatre • Shaftesbury Ave
• Cineworld Shaftesbury Avenue • 13 Coventry St
• Curzon Soho • 99 Shaftesbury Ave
• Empire Leicester Square • 5 Leicester Sq
• Prince Charles Cinema • 7 Leicester Pl
Coffee
• Coffee Republic • 7 Coventry St
• Coffee Republic • 38 Berwick St
• Costa • 62 Shaftesbury Ave
• Fernandez & Wells Espresso Bar • 16 St Anne's Ct
• Foxcroft & Ginger • 3 Berwick St
• LJ Coffee House • 3 Winnett St
• Milk Bar • 3 Bateman St
• Prince Charles Cinema • 7 Leicester Pl
• Starbucks • 60 Wardour St
Landmarks
• Berwick Street Market • Berwick St & Rupert St
• John Snow Water Pump • Broadwick St
• Waxy O'Connor's • 14 Rupert St
Nightlife
• Blue Posts • 22 Berwick St
• The Blue Posts • 28 Rupert St
• The Comedy Store • 1 Oxendon St
• De Hems • 11 Macclesfield St
• Experimental Cocktail Club • 13 Gerrard St
• Freedom • 66 Wardour St
• The French House • 49 Dean St
• The Lyric • 137 Great Windmill St
• Old Tom & English • 187 Wardour St
• Shadow Lounge • 5 Brewer St
• Village • 81 Wardour St
Restaurants
• Ba Shan • 24 Romilly St
• Balans • 60 Old Compton St
• Bar Bruno • 101 Wardour St
• Blanchette • 9 D'Arblay St
• Bocca di Lupo • 12 Archer St
• Bone Daddies • 31 Peter St
• Busaba Eathai • 110 Wardour St
• Cafe Espana • 63 Old Compton St
• Copita • 27 D'Arblay St
• Ember Yard • 60 Berwick St
• Foxcroft & Ginger • 3 Berwick St
• The Full English • 83 Wardour St
• Gelupo • 7 Archer St
• Grace • 42 Great Windmill St
• Honest Burgers • 4 Meard St
• Hummus Bros • 88 Wardour St
• Imli • 167 Wardour St
• Leong's Legends • 4 Macclesfield St
• Jazz Club • 10 Dean St
• Jerk City • 189 Wardour St
• Kirazu • 47 Rupert St
• Malletti • 26 Noel St
• Maoz • 43 Old Compton St
• Morada Brindisa Asador • 18-20 Rupert St
• The Palomar • 34 Rupert St
• Paul • 49 Old Compton St
• Princi • 135 Wardour St
• Randall & Aubin • 16 Brewer St
• Snog • 9 Brewer St
• Soho Joe • 22 Dean St
• Spuntino • 61 Rupert St
• St Moritz • 161 Wardour St
• Thai Square • 27 St Annes Ct
• Tokyo Diner • 2 Leicester St
• Won Kei • 41 Wardour St
• Yoshino Delicatessen • 59 Shaftesbury Ave
Shopping
• Algerian Coffee Store • 52 Old Compton St
• Calumet Photographic • 175 Wardour St
• Chappel of Bond Street • 152 Wardour St
• Gerry's • 74 Old Compton St
• I. Camisa & Son • 61 Old Compton St
• Revival Records • 30 Berwick St
• Sister Ray • 34 Berwick St
• Snog • 9 Brewer St
• Sounds of the Universe • 7 Broadwick St
Map 12 • Soho (East) |
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Soho (East)
Map 12
While The Three Greyhounds (opposite Soho House) might be one of the cheapest pubs in central London, Jazz After Dark on Greek Street certainly isn't, but it does have an undeniably attractive ambiance. Blend in with the winos at Soho Square with a shop-bought bottle while G-A-Y showcases the more colourful side of Soho.
Cinemas
• Vue West End Cinema • 3 Cranbourn St
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 32 Cranbourn St
• Caffe Nero • 43 Frith St
• Caffe Nero • 155 Charing Cross Rd
• Eat. • 16 Soho Sq
• Eat. • 155 Charing Cross Rd
• First Out Cafe Bar • 52 St Giles High St
• Foyles • 113 Charing Cross Rd
• Kaffe Automat • 62 Frith St
• Maison Bertaux • 28 Greek St
Landmarks
• Denmark Street • Denmark St
• FA Headquarters • 25 Soho Sq
• Old Compton Street • Old Compton St
• The Phoenix Garden • 21 Stacey St
• Soho Square • Soho Sq
Nightlife
• 68 and Boston • 5 Greek St
• Ape & Bird • 142 Shaftesbury Ave
• Bar Termini • 7 Old Compton St
• Cafe Boheme • 13 Old Compton St
• The Borderline • Orange Yard
• Comptons • 53 Old Compton St
• The Crobar • 17 Manette St
• G-A-Y Bar • 30 Old Compton St
• G-A-Y Late • 5 Goslett Yard
• Garlic & Shots • 14 Frith St
• Green Carnation • 5 Greek St
• Jazz After Dark • 9 Greek St
• Karaoke Box • 18 Frith St
• Ku • 30 Lisle St
• LAB Bar • 12 Old Compton St
• The Montagu Pyke • 105 Charing Cross Rd
• Ronnie Scott's • 47 Frith St
• The Royal George • 133 Charing Cross Rd
• The Three Greyhounds • 25 Greek St
• The Toucan • 19 Carlisle St
Restaurants
• 10 Greek Street • 10 Greek St
• Abeno Too • 17 Great Newport St
• Arbutus • 63 Frith St
• Assa • 53 St Giles High St
• Baiwei • 8 Little Newport St
• Baozi Inn • 26 Newport Court
• Bar Italia • 22 Frith St
• Barrafina • 54 Frith St
• Barshu • 28 Frith St
• Bi Bim Bap • 11 Greek St
• Bo Drake • 6 Greek St
• Boheme Kitchen and Bar • 19 Old Compton St
• Ceviche • 17 Frith St
• Corean Chilli • 51 Charing Cross Rd
• Ed's Easy Diner • 12 Moor St
• Friendly Inn • 47 Gerrard St
• Gaby's Deli • 30 Charing Cross Rd
• Garlic & Shots • 14 Frith St
• Gay Hussar • 2 Greek St
• Haozhan • 8 Gerrard St
• Imperial China • 25 Lisle St
• The Ivy • 1 West St
• Koya • 49 Frith St
• La Bodega Negra • 16 Moor St
• La Porchetta Pollo Bar • 20 Old Compton St
• Le Beaujolais • 25 Litchfield St
• Maison Bertaux • 27 Greek St
• New World • 1 Gerrard Pl
• Sartori • 15 Great Newport St
• Smoking Goat • 7 Denmark St
• Soho's Secret Tea Room • 29 Greek St
• The Stockpot • 18 Old Compton St
• Taro • 10 Old Compton St
• The Three Greyhounds • 25 Greek Street
• The Village • 421 Green Lanes
• Yang Guang Supermarket • 28-29 Newport Ct
Shopping
• Angels Fancy Dress Shop • 119 Shaftesbury Ave
• Fopp • 1 Earlham St
• Forbidden Planet • 179 Shaftesbury Ave
• Foyles • 113 Charing Cross Rd
• Kokon to Zai • 57 Greek St
• Macari's • 92 Charing Cross Rd
• Porselli Dancewear • 9 West St
• Quinto Bookshop • 72 Charing Cross Rd
• Rockers • 5 Denmark St
• Wunjo Guitars • 20 Denmark St
Map 13 • Covent Garden |
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Covent Garden
Map 13
Covent Garden is a shopper's delight, especially on Endell Street and Neal Street. However, such activity will not offer a respite from the Piazza and its hordes of spatially unaware folk. Stop for fish and chips at Rock & Sole Plaice followed by gelato at Scoop. Come the evening, sip cocktails at Freud or convene with the ghost of Bernard Shaw at the Lamb & Flag.
Coffee
• AMT • 14 Neal St
• Bagariat • 24 Rose St
• Bagel Factory • 18 Endell St
• The Black Penny • 34 Great Queen St
• Café Metro • 33 Catherine St
• Caffe Nero • 30 Monmouth St
• Caffe Nero • 83 Long Acre
• Pret A Manger • 65 Long Acre
• Starbucks • 10 Russell St
• Starbucks • 55 Long Acre
• Timberyard • 7 Upper St Martin's Ln
Landmarks
• Oasis Sports Centre • 32 Endell St
• Seven Dials • Upper St Martin's Ln & Earlham St
Nightlife
• Compagnie Des Vins Surnaturels • 8-10 Neal's Yard
• The Cross Keys • 31 Endell St
• Freud • 198 Shaftesbury Ave
• Guanabara • Parker St
• Lamb & Flag • 33 Rose St
• The Poetry Cafe • 22 Betterton St
Post Offices
• High Holborn • 181 High Holborn
Restaurants
• Battersea Pie • Covent Garden Piazza
• Belgo Centraal • 50 Earlham St
• Café Mode • 57 Endell St
• Dishoom • 12 Upper St Martin's Ln
• Flesh & Buns • 41 Earlham St
• Great Queen Street • 32 Great Queen St
• Jar Kitchen • 176 Drury Ln
• Kulu Kulu Sushi • 51 Shelton St
• Lima Floral • 14 Garrick St
• Mon Plaisir • 21 Monmouth St
• The Punjab • 80 Neal St
• Rock & Sole Plaice • 47 Endell St
• Sarastro • 126 Drury Ln
• Souk Medina • 1 Shorts Gardens
• Wild Food Cafe • 14 Neal's Yard
Shopping
• Artbox • 29 Earlham St
• The Astrology Shop • 78 Neal St
• Beadworks • 21 Tower St
• Ben's Cookies • 13 The Piazza
• Blackout II • 51 Endell St
• Cath Kidston • 28 Shelton St
• Coco de Mer • 23 Monmouth St
• Cybercandy • 3 Garrick St
• David and Goliath • 4 The Market
• Ella's Bakehouse • 20 The Piazza
• Libidex at Liberation • 49 Shelton St
• London Graphic Centre • 16 Shelton St
• Neal's Yard Dairy • 17 Shorts Gardens
• Nigel Hall • 18 Floral St
• Octopus • 54 Neal St
• Orla Kiely • 31 Monmouth St
• Poetry Cafe • 22 Betterton St
• Pop Boutique • 6 Monmouth St
• Rokit • 42 Shelton St
• Rossopomodoro • 50 Monmouth St
• Scoop • 40 Shorts Gardens
• Slam City Skates • 16 Neal's Yard
• Stanfords • 12 Long Acre
• Superdry • 24 Earlham St
• Tabio • 66 Neal St
• Urban Outfitters • 42 Earlham St
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 129 Kingsway
Map 14 • Holborn / Temple |
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Holborn / Temple
Map 14
An essential cog in London's machine, this area is resplendent with curios (Old Curiosity Shop, Sweeney Todd's), public squares full of depressed lawyers and legions of serious-looking people being integrated into The System. The ghosts of London's past hover around Temple and the Strand, where you'll also find Aldwych Film for brunch and a flick.
Cinemas
• Aldwych Film • 1 Aldwych
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 333 High Holborn
• Chancery Coffee • 90 Chancery Lane
• Costa • 15 Chichester Rents
• Department of Coffee and Social Affairs •
14 Leather Ln
• Eat. • 105 Kingsway
• Eat. • 239 High Holborn
• Eat. • 34 High Holborn
• Eat. • 7 Kingsway
• Eat. • 77 Chancery Lane
• Eat. • 78 Hatton Garden
• Fleet Street Press • 3 Fleet St
• Pret A Manger • 10 Leather Ln
• Pret A Manger • 240 High Holborn
• Pret A Manger • 29 Kingsway
• Prufrock Coffee • 23-25 Leather Ln
• Starbucks • 10 Kingsway
• Starbucks • 99 Kingsway
Landmarks
• Aldwych Tube Station • Strand & Surrey St
• BBC Bush House • Aldwych & Kingsway
• Hatton Garden • Hatton Garden
• Inner Temple Garden • Inner Temple
• King's College London • Strand
• Lincoln's Inn Fields • Newman's Row
• London School of Economics and Political Science •
Houghton St
• The Old Curiosity Shop • 13 Portsmouth St
• Royal Courts of Justice • Strand
• Sir John Soane's Museum • 13 Lincoln's Inn Fields
• Sweeney Todd's Barber Shop • 186 Fleet St
• Somerset House • Somerset House Trust, The Strand
Libraries
• British Library of Political and Economic Science •
10 Portugal St
Nightlife
• Bar Polski • 11 Little Turnstile
• Bounce • 121 Holborn
• Cittie of Yorke • 22 High Holborn
• The Craft Beer Co. • 82 Leather Ln
• The Enterprise • 38 Red Lion St
• The Seven Stars • 53 Carey St
• Volupte • 9 Norwich St
Post Offices
• Aldwych • 95 Aldwych
• Grays Inn • 19 High Holborn
• Holborn Circus • 124 High Holborn
Restaurants
• Asadal • 227 High Holborn
• Casanova's Treats • 13 Lamb's Conduit Passage
• Indigo • 1 Aldwych
• MEATmarket • Jubilee Market Hall, Tavistock St
Shopping
• Konditor & Cook • 46 Grays Inn Rd
• Topshop • 60 The Strand
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 129 Kingsway
• Sainsbury's • 60 Fetter Ln
• Sainsbury's • 71 High Holborn
Map 15 • Blackfriars / Farringdon |
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Blackfriars / Farringdon
Map 15
The choices for eating out and drinking in this quarter are myriad, but we recommend getting your chops around a side of cow: Smith's and Gaucho are two solid options. Get a feel for sixteenth-century London with a potter around the old Livery Halls, then make like a Dickensian Oliver in the gated Charterhouse Square.
Coffee
• Alchemy Coffee • 8 Ludgate Broadway
• Apostrophe • 3 St Bride St
• Apostrophe • 10 St. Pauls Churchyard
• Café Deco • Charterhouse St & E Poultry Ave
• Caffe Nero • Shoe Lane
• Caffe Nero • 30 Newgate St
• Caffe Nero • 118 Newgate St
• Costa • 13 New Bridge St
• Costa • 46 Cowcross St
• Dose • 69 Long Ln
• Eat. • 88 Cowcross St
• Farm Collective • 91 Cowcross St
• Meze Meze • 95 Turnmill St
• Pret A Manger • 101 Turnmill St
• Pret A Manger • 5 St John's Sq
• Pret A Manger • 19 Ludgate Hill
• Pret A Manger • 10 Pasternoster Sq
• Pret A Manger • 101 New Bridge St
• Pret A Manger • 143 Fleet St
• Starbucks • 1 Paternoster Sq
• Starbucks • 32 Fleet St
• Starbucks • 3 Fleet Pl
• Starbucks • 30 New Bridge St
• Starbucks • 55 Ludgate Hill
• Starbucks • 150 Fleet St
• The Wren • 114 Queen Victoria St
• Workshop Coffee Co. • 60 Holborn Viaduct
Landmarks
• Daily Express Building • 121 Fleet St
• Millennium Bridge • Millennium Bridge
• Old Bailey • Old Bailey
• Postman's Park • Little Britain
Libraries
• Shoe Lane Library • Little New St
• Society of Genealogists Library •
14 Charterhouse Buildings
Nightlife
• The Cocktail Trading Co. • 50-52 Long Ln
• Corney & Barrow • 10 Paternoster Sq
• The Deux Beers • 3 Hatton Wall
• Fabric • 77 Charterhouse St
• Fox and Anchor • 115 Charterhouse St
• The Hat and Tun • 3 Hatton Wall
• Ye Old Mitre • 1 Ely Pl
• Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese • 145 Fleet St
• Ye Olde London • 42 Ludgate Hill
Post Offices
• Farringdon Road • 89 Farringdon Rd
Restaurants
• Beppe's Sandwich Bar • 23 Wt Smithfield
• Bleeding Heart • Bleeding Heart Yard
• Foxlow • 69-73 St John St
• Gaucho Smithfield • 93 Charterhouse St
• Hix Oyster And Chop House • 36 Cowcross St
• Kurz + Lang • 1 St John St
• Le Cafe du Marche • 22 Charterhouse Sq
• Pho • 86 St. John St
• Portal • 88 St John St
• Shosharu • 64 Turnmill St
• Smiths of Smithfield • 67 Charterhouse St
• St. John • 26 St John St
• Tinseltown • 44 St John St
• Vivat Bacchus • 47 Farringdon St
• Yo! Sushi • 5 St Paul's Church Yard
Supermarkets
• Marks & Spencer • Ave Maria Lane
• Sainsbury's • 23 Farringdon Rd
Map 16 • Square Mile (West) |
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Square Mile (West)
Map 16
Aah, the City, that faceless square mile at which we direct such disgust and vehemence for the state we're in. Despite meltdowns and protests, the world continues to turn, stocks are traded, and bonuses return. This place has always been empty at the weekends so you can enjoy the caryatids and Doric columns in peace. And of course take in the duomo at San Paulo (so much more romantic sounding, don't you think?)
Coffee
• Coffee Republic • 32 Coleman St
• Costa • 9 Bow Ln
• Costa • 99 Gresham St
• Eat. • 15 Basinghall St
• Eat. • 88 Wood St
• Eat. • 143 Cheapside
• Fab Food Patisserie • 19 Watling St
• Fresco Café Bar • 21 Masons Ave
• Pret A Manger • 30 Gresham St
• Starbucks • 1 Poultry
• Starbucks • 143 Cheapside
Landmarks
• The Guildhall • Gresham St
• St Mary le Bow Church • Cheapside
• St Paul's Cathedral • St Paul's Church Yard
• Temple of Mithras • Queen Victoria St
Post Offices
• Southwark • 136 Southwark Bridge Rd
Libraries
• City Business Library • Aldermanbury Sq
• Guildhall Library • Aldermanbury
Nightlife
• The Hatchet • 28 Garlick Hill
• Planet of the Grapes • 74 Queen Victoria St
• The Samuel Pepys • Stew Ln
• Ye Olde Watling • 29 Watling St
Restaurants
• Barbecoa • 20 New Change Passage
• Planet of the Grapes • 74 Queen Victoria St
• Pull'd • 61 Cannon St
• Sweetings • 39 Queen Victoria St
Shopping
• Church's • 90 Cheapside
• Space NK Apothecary • 145 Cheapside
Supermarkets
• Marks & Spencer • Cannon St Station
Map 17 • Square Mile (East) |
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Square Mile (East)
Map 17
London's most Jekyll-and-Hyde-like hood. By day, the banking district throbs with suits losing fortunes. They still dig steaks at Gaucho City though perhaps the Michelin-starred Rhodes 24 is out of their price range now. Well, probably not. The Counting House is for after-work beers, while the possibility of shopping at the Royal Exchange is laughable, but who says you have to buy? By night, well, just don't go there.
Coffee
• Bagel Factory • 59 Moorgate
• Caffe Nero • 22 Wormwood St
• Eat. • 54 Cornhill
• Eat. • 123 Cannon St
• Oi Bagel • 27 Throgmorton St
• Pret A Manger • 43 King William St
• Starbucks • 5 Camomile St
• Starbucks • 13 Old Broad St
• Starbucks • 48 Gracechurch St
• Starbucks • 74 Cornhill
• Starbucks • 90 Old Broad St
Landmarks
• Bank of England • Threadneedle St
• London Stone • 111 Cannon St
• The Royal Exchange • Cornhill
• Threadneedle Street • Threadneedle St
Nightlife
• The Counting House • 50 Cornhill
• Royal Exchange Grand Cafe • Royal Exchange
Post Offices
• Moorgate • 53 Moorgate
Restaurants
• Gaucho City • 1 Bell Inn Yard
• Jamie's Italian • 38 Threadneedle St
• The Mercer • 34 Threadneedle St
• Nusa Kitchen • 2 Adams Ct
• Simpson's Tavern • 38 Ball Court Alley, Cornhill
• Wasabi • 52 Old Broad St
Shopping
• Paul A Young Fine Chocolates • 20 Royal Exchange
• Pretty Ballerinas • 30 Royal Exchange
Supermarkets
• Marks & Spencer • Cannon St Station
• Sainsbury's • 10 Lombard St
Map 18 • Tower Hill / Aldgate |
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Tower Hill / Aldgate
Map 18
Though on the fringe of the financial cesspit, Aldgate is brilliant to walk and gawp around in. A. Gold's British deli (yes...they exist!) is fabulous, as is the atmospheric neighbourhood around Petticoat Lane, where Jack The Ripper used to stalk prozzers. After stodge at Jeff's, head south, past the Erotic Gherkin (ahem), and go siege the London Wall alongside the tourists. Alternatively go become one yourself at Pudding Lane.
Coffee
• Cafe Cotto • 12 Mitre St
• Caffe Nero • 1 Fenchurch Pl
• Caffe Nero • 23 Eastcheap
• Caffe Nero • 88 Leadenhall St
• Curators Coffee • 9 Cullum St
• Eat. • 28 Brushfield St
• Eat. • 84 Aldgate High St
• Eat. • 2 Eastcheap
• Eat. • 155 Fenchurch St
• Eat. • 26 Leadenhall St
• Eat. • 122 Minories
• Eat. • 48 Mark Ln
• Eat. • 2 Tower Hill
• Eat. • 33 St Mary Axe
• Market Coffee House • 52 Brushfield St
• Pret A Manger • 3 Cutler St
• Starbucks • 8 Brushfield St
• Starbucks • 20 Eastcheap
• Starbucks • 48 Minories
• Starbucks • 66 St Mary Axe
Landmarks
• The Gherkin • 30 St Mary Axe
• Jewish Soup Kitchen • Brune St & Tenter Ground
• The Lloyd's Building • 1 Lime St
• Leadenhall Market • Gracechurch St
• London Wall • Cooper's Row & Trinity Sq
• The Monument • Monument St
• Pudding Lane • Pudding Ln
• St Dunstan-in-the-East • St Dunstan's Hill
• The Ravens • Tower Hill
• Thames Clippers • Tower Pier
• Tower 42 • 25 Old Broad St
• Tower of London • Tower Hill
Libraries
• Camomile Street • 15 Camomile St
• The Women's Library • 25 Old Castle St
Nightlife
• Dion • 52 Leadenhall St
• Kenza • 10 Devonshire Sq
• Mary Janes • 124 Minories
• The Minories • 64 Minories
• Revolution • 140 Leadenhall St
Post Offices
• The City of London BO • 12 Eastcheap
Restaurants
• Jeff's Cafe • 14 Brune St
• La Pietra • 54 Commercial St
Shopping
• A. Gold • 42 Brushfield St
• Montezuma's • 51 Brushfield St
• Petticoat Lane Market • Middlesex St
• Precious • 16 Artillery Passage
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 45 Fenchurch St
Map 19 • Belgravia |
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Belgravia
Map 19
Ugg and Range Rover fetishists are in a constant state of climax around here. It sure is pretty when the sun isn't being blocked by expensively coiffured bouffants, but one suspects the plummy accents and tasteless richness would dent anyone's enthusiasm for chic dog clothes (Mungo & Maud) or curry (Amaya).
Coffee
• Starbucks • 53 Pimlico Rd
• Tomtom Coffee House • 114 Ebury St
Libraries
• Instituto Cervantes • 102 Eaton Sq
• Victoria Library • 160 Buckingham Palace Rd
• Westminster Music Library • 160 Buckingham Palace Rd
Nightlife
• The Blue Bar • The Berkeley Hotel • Wilton Pl
• Nag's Head • 53 Kinnerton St
• The Plumber's Arms • 14 Lower Belgrave St
• The Wilton Arms • 71 Kinnerton St
Restaurants
• Amaya • Motcomb St
• Boisdale • 15 Eccleston St
• Noura • 12 William St
• One-O-One • 101 Knightsbridge
• The Pantechnicon • 10 Motcomb St
• Yo! Sushi • 102 Knightsbridge
Shopping
• Daylesford Organic Farmshop and Cafe •
44 Pimlico Rd
• Mungo & Maud • 79 Elizabeth St
• Peter Jones • Sloan Sq
Supermarkets
• Waitrose • 27 Motcomb St
Map 20 • Victoria / Pimlico (West) |
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Victoria / Pimlico (West)
Map 20
Since the Tower of London closed for business, prisoners have been routinely tortured at weekends in Victoria Station. Surrounding the transit hubs is a dignified 'hood Churchill and Mozart called home. Do a late-night tramp photoshoot on the steps of the magnificent houses of Lupus Street (with a camera from Grays) before heading to The Cask & Glass for a knees-up with your new pals.
Coffee
• Bagel Factory • Victoria Station
• Bagel Factory •
Victoria Place Shopping Centre • Buckingham Palace Rd
• Caffe Nero • 31 Warwick Wy
• Costa • 3 Cardinal Walk
• Costa • 115 Buckingham Palace Rd
• Eat. • Cardinal Pl
• Pret A Manger • 12 Victoria St
• Pret A Manger • 173 Victoria St
• Pret A Manger • Unit 36B • Victoria Station
• Pret A Manger • 92 Buckingham Palace Rd
• Starbucks • 137 Victoria St
• Starbucks • Buckingham Palace Rd & Lower Belgrave St
Post Offices
• Vauxhall Bridge Road • 167 Vauxhall Bridge Rd
Landmarks
• Little Ben • Victoria St & Vauxhall Bridge Rd
• Westminster Cathedral • 42 Francis St
Nightlife
• The Cask & Glass • 39 Palace St
• The Warwick • 25 Warwick Wy
• Windsor Castle • 23 Francis St
Restaurants
• Grumbles • 35 Churton St
• Pimlico Fresh • 86 Wilton Rd
Shopping
• Capital Carboot Sale • Lupus St
• Grays of Westminster • 40 Churton St
• La Bella Sicilia • 23 Warwick Wy
• Rippon Cheese Stores • 26 Upper Tachbrook St
• Runners Need • 24 Palace St
• Topshop • 18 Victoria St
Supermarkets
• Marks & Spencer • Victoria Mainline Station
Map 21 • Pimlico (East) |
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Pimlico (East)
Map 21
Hugging the curve of the Thames, this princely patch of Pimlico combines the stately Tate with imposing embankment architecture and ancient houses. Check out the old-money splendour of Vincent Street before grabbing lunch at the Regency, a true gem of a caf. Much fun can be had by pretending you actually live around here, so in this spirit head to the Morpeth as your local.
Coffee
• Starbucks • 35 Horseferry Rd
Landmarks
• Millbank Tower • 21 Millbank
Libraries
• Pimlico Library • Rampayne St
• Royal Horticultural Society Library • 80 Vincent Sq
Nightlife
• Morpeth Arms • 58 Millibank
Restaurants
• The Regency Cafe • 17 Regency St
• The Vincent Rooms • 76 Vincent Sq
Shopping
• Black Rose • 112 Belgrave Rd
Map 22 • Westminster |
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Westminster
Map 22
The long shadow of government falls over these parts, beautiful as they are. Protesters and wannabe Guy Fawkeses head to Parliament Square, where they can harangue whichever bunch of jokers are ensconced in the Houses of Parliament. Get away from tourists at the tiny St. Stephen's Tavern, or grab a classy cocktail at The Cinnamon Club. If you must shop, head to Victoria Street.
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 1 Bridge St
• Caffe Nero • 105 Victoria St
• Eat. • 3 Strutton Ground
• Fresco Cafe Bar • 11 Tothill St
• Iris & June • 1 Howick Pl
• Pret A Manger • 75 Victoria St
• Pret A Manger • 49 Tothill St
• Puccino's • 6 Victoria St
• Starbucks • 27 Victoria St
Landmarks
• Big Ben • Bridge St
• Field of Remembrance • Victoria St
• New Scotland Yard Sign • 8 Broadway
• St. John's Smith Square • Smith Sq
• UK Parliament • Victoria St & Abingdon St
• Westminster Tube Station • Westminster Bridge Rd
Libraries
• St James's Library • 62 Victoria St
Nightlife
• The Albert • 52 Victoria St
• The Cinnamon Club • 30 Great Smith St
• The Speaker • 46 Great Peter St
• Two Chairmen • 39 Dartmouth St
• St. Stephen's Tavern • 10 Bridge St
Shopping
• Haelen Centre • 41 Broadway
Map 23 • St. James's |
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St. James's
Map 23
Dignified, decadent, exclusive, Pall Mall and St. James's Street are where the aristobrats come out to play. With stuffy gentlemen's clubs, bespoke tailors, and the stale scent of a cigar-fuelled colonialist past pervading, you'll want to sweeten up with a macaroon at Laduree. Giro the Nazi Dog observes the liberals who get culture fixes at the ICA, but he can't come for scraps at Inn The Park.
Cinemas
• Apollo Cinema Piccadily Circus • 19 Lower Regent St
• Cineworld Haymarket • 63 Haymarket
• ICA Cinema • The Mall & Horse Guards Rd
• Odeon Leicester Square • 24 Leicester Sq
• Odeon Panton Street • 11 Panton St
• Odeon West End Cinema • 40 Leicester Sq
Coffee
• Apostrophe • 16 Regent St
• Borough Barista • 15 Charles II St
• Caffe Nero • 35 Jermyn St
• Coffee Republic • 63 Haymarket
• Eat. • 18 Regent St
• Eat. • 3 Duke of York St
• Eat. • 9 Crown Passage
• ICA Cafe • The Mall
• Pret A Manger • 8 King St
Landmarks
• Economist Plaza • 25 St. James's St
• Giro the Nazi Dog • 9 Carlton House Terrace
• Leicester Square • Leicester Sq
• TKTS • Leicester Sq
Libraries
• London Library • 14 St James's Sq
• Westminster Reference Library • 35 St Martin's St
Nightlife
• Aura • 48 St James's St
• Dukes Hotel • 35 St James's St
• Institute of Contemporary Arts • The Mall
Restaurants
• Inn The Park • St James' Park
• Laduree • 71 Burlington Arcade
• The Stockpot • 38 Panton St
Shopping
• Partridges Deli • 2 Duke of York St
• National Map Centre • 22-24 Caxton St
• Richard Caplan • 60 Pall Mall
Map 24 • Trafalgar Square / The Strand |
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Trafalgar Square / The Strand
Map 24
The hawkers came and removed the flying rats and lo! the Square was clean and visible. This ain't Mary Poppins—don't feed the birds, you dirty tourists. Instead go to Terroirs and pretend you know a lot about wine. Eat at Wahaca, one of London's few good Mexicans, then walk it off on Waterloo Bridge and watch the sun set over the Thames. Aah. That's why you love London.
Coffee
• Apostrophe • 215 Strand
• Caffe Nero • 10 Bedford St
• Caffe Nero • 181 Strand
• Caffe Nero • 125 Strand
• Caffe Nero • 36 St Martin's Ln
• Caffe Nero • 29 Southampton St
• Coffee Republic • 79 Strand
• Costa • 17 Embankment Pl
• Eat. • 41 Bedford St
• Eat. • 39 Villiers St
• Great American Bagel Factory • 45 Villiers St
• Notes • 31 St Martin's Ln
• Pret A Manger • 135 Strand
• Pret A Manger • 421 Strand
• Pret A Manger • 7 St Martin's Ln
• Scott's Sandwich Bar • 10 New Row
• Starbucks • 355 Strand
• Starbucks • 442 Strand
• Starbucks • 14 Villiers St
• Starbucks • 1 Villiers St
Landmarks
• 10 Downing Street • 10 Downing St
• The Actors' Church • 29 Bedford St
• Banqueting House • Whitehall
• Cleopatra's Needle • Embankment
• Eleanor Cross • Strand
• Jane Austen Residence • 10 Henrietta St
• Right-Hand Drive Street • Savoy Ct
• Sewer Lamp • Carting Ln & Strand
• St Martin-in-the-Fields • Trafalgar Sq
• Top Secret Tunnels • 6 Craig's Ct
• Trafalgar Square • Trafalgar Sq
Libraries
• Charing Cross Library • 4 Charing Cross Rd
• Royal United Services Institute Library • Whitehall
Nightlife
• Asia de Cuba • 45 St Martin's Ln
• BYOC • 28 Bedfordbury
• The Chandos • 29 St Martins Ln
• The Coal Hole • 91 Strand
• Covent Garden Comedy Club • The Arches
• Gordon's Wine Bar • 47 Villiers St
• The Harp • 47 Chandos Pl
• Heaven • The Arches
• Maple Leaf • 41 Maiden Ln
• Punch & Judy • The Covent Garden Piazza
• Retro Bar • 2 George Ct
• Roadhouse • 35 The Covent Garden Piazza
• The Sherlock Holmes • 10 Northumberland St
• Terroirs • 5 William IV St
• Café Express • 372 Strand
• Zoo Bar & Club • 13 Bear St
Post Offices
• Trafalgar Square • 24 William IV St
Restaurants
• Cafe in the Crypt • 6 St Martin's Pl
• Gourmet Burger Kitchen • 13 Maiden Ln
• Herman Ze German • 19 Villiers St
• India Club • 143 Strand
• J Sheekey • 28 St Martin's Ct
• Portrait Restaurant & Bar • St Martin's Pl
• R.S. Hispaniola • Victoria Embankment
• Rules • 35 Maiden Ln
• Scott's Sandwich Bar • 10 New Row
• Thai Pot • 1 Bedfordbury
• Wahaca • 66 Chandos Pl
Shopping
• Austin Kaye • 425 The Strand
• Australia Shop • 27 Maiden Ln
• Gelato Mio • 45 Villiers St
• The Italian Bookshop • 5 Cecil Ct
• London Camera Exchange • 98 Strand
• Motor Books • 13 Cecil Ct
• Rohan • 10 Henrietta St
• Stanley Gibbons • 399 Strand
Supermarkets
• Marks & Spencer • Charing Cross Station
Maps 25–50 • West London |
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Map 25 • Kensal Town |
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Kensal Town
Map 25
The "new Notting Hill" label weighs heavily on the Kensals. They look east for inspiration, ignoring the Harlesden yardies at their backs. Thai Rice serves eastern food, while Portobello's Mexican spice shack Santo slings some of the best Mexican in the city and grooves to the Latino cool with regular DJ sets. Prepare for Carnival by visiting What Katie Did for exhibitionist outfits, while Trellick Tower is perfect for real—"I mean it, I'll jump"—attention-seekers.
Coffee
• Camden Coffee House • 155 Ladbroke Grove
• Lisboa Cafe • 57 Golborne Rd
Landmarks
• Trellick Tower • 5 Golborne Rd
Libraries
• Kensal Library • 20 Golborne Rd
• Queen's Park Library • 666 Harrow Rd
Post Offices
• Maida Hill • 377 Harrow Rd
• Portobello Road • 325 Portobello Rd
Restaurants
• Boom Burger • 272 Portobello Rd
• Lowry and Baker • 339 Portobello Rd
• Santo • 299 Portobello Rd
• Snaps + Rye • 93 Golborne Rd
• Thai Rice • 303 Portobello Rd
• Yum Yum • 312 Ladbroke Grove
Shopping
• Honest Jon's • 278 Portobello Rd
• Rellik • 8 Golborne Rd
• What Katie Did • 281 Portobello Rd
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 512 Harrow Rd
Map 26 • Maida Hill |
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Maida Hill
Map 26
Not as posh as Maida Vale or as cool as Ladbroke Grove, Maida Hill is slightly grubby to the south, not helped by the distinctly unlovely Harrow Road. Things get more upmarket heading north, but the beating heart of the hill can be found Saturdays around Harrow Road's new market. On one of those rare sunny London days get down to the Union Tavern and grab a canal side table.
Post Offices
• Kilburn Park • 5 Chippenham Gardens
Nightlife
• Union Tavern • 45 Woodfield Rd
Restaurants
• Mosob • 339 Harrow Rd
Map 27 • Maida Vale |
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Maida Vale
Map 27
You don't come to Maida Vale for the nightlife, end of story. Though pretty, canal-side walks are a different matter. Away from 'Little Venice' are endless rows of identical-looking Edwardian mansion blocks on peaceful, tree-lined avenues. It's clean, peaceful, and nice (translation: quite dull). Locals frequent the cafés and eateries around the Maida Vale tube station and on Clifton Road. If applicable, head to The Robert Browning for cheap Sam Smith's beer by a roaring fire.
Coffee
• Starbucks • 168 Randolf Ave
Libraries
• Maida Vale Library • Sutherland Ave
Nightlife
• The Bridge House • 13 Westbourne Terrace Rd
• The Warwick Castle • 6 Warwick Pl
• The Waterway • 54 Formosa St
Map 28 • Ladbroke Grove / Notting Hill (West) |
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Ladbroke Grove / Notting Hill (West)
Map 28
Look at that Westway and tell us you can't hear the opening chords of "London Calling." Maybe Rudie didn't fail but he moved up and moved out. This is the quiet, leafy Notting Hill of gated gardens away from the Hugh Grant-hungry tourists scouring Portobello Road. Head to Clarendon Cross or Portland Road for food and stuff. Grab a bite at Julie's or wander down to Holland Park Avenue for organic treats at Jeroboams Deli.
Coffee
• Starbucks • 76 Holland Park Ave
Nightlife
• Julie's Restaurant & Champagne Bar • 135 Portland Rd
Shopping
• Cowshed • 119 Portland Rd
• The Cross • 141 Portland Rd
• Gelato Mio • 138 Holland Park Ave
• Jeroboams • 96 Holland Park Ave
• Virginia • 98 Portland Rd
Map 29 • Notting Hill Gate |
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Notting Hill Gate
Map 29
It is hard to believe that until relatively recently this now home of the mega-rich was Kensington's rough bad-boy slum. Traces of the Gate's multicultural past are in the wrinkles of the old eccentrics in the Uxbridge Arms, the lively Portobello Market, and the buzz of the summer Carnival. To feel old and bitter, go scowl at skinny jeans-clad teenagers in the Notting Hill Arts Club. Pig out on some of London's best gelato at Dri Dri, browse the stacks at Rough Trade Records and sit back in leather sofa luxury with a Peroni for a flick at the historic Electric Cinema.
Cinemas
• The Electric Cinema • 191 Portobello Rd
• Gate Picturehouse • 87 Notting Hill Gate
• Notting Hill Coronet • 103 Notting Hill Gate
Coffee
• Apostrophe • 138 Notting Hill Gate
• Caffe Nero • 113 Westbourne Grove
• Caffe Nero • 53 Notting Hill Gate
• Caffe Nero • 168 Portobello Rd
• Coffee Republic • 214 Portobello Rd
• Eat. • 68 Notting Hill Gate
• Pret A Manger • 65 Notting Hill Gate
• Starbucks • 96 Westbourne Grove
• Starbucks • 227 Portobello Rd
• Starbucks • 26 Pembridge Rd
• Starbucks • 140 Notting Hill Gate
• Starbucks • 64 Notting Hill Gate
• Talkhouse Coffee • 275 Portobello Rd
Landmarks
• Portobello Road Market • 223 Portobello Rd
Libraries
• North Kensington Library • 108 Ladbroke Grove
• Notting Hill Gate Library • 1 Pembridge Sq
Nightlife
• Mau Mau • 265 Portobello Rd
• Notting Hill Arts Club • 21 Notting Hill Gate
• Sun in Splendour • 7 Portobello Rd
• Trailer Happiness • 177 Portobello Rd
• Uxbridge Arms • 13 Uxbridge St
• Windsor Castle • 114 Campden Hill Rd
Post Offices
• Kensington Church St • 190 Kensington Church St
• Ladbroke Grove • 116 Ladbroke Grove
Restaurants
• Beach Blanket Babylon • 45 Ledbury Rd
• Cafe Diana • 5 Wellington Terrace
• Crazy Homies • 125 Westbourne Park Rd
• Geales • 2 Farmer St
• Lucky 7 • 127 Westbourne Park Rd
• Manzara • 24 Pembridge Rd
• Nama • 110 Talbot Rd
• Osteria Basilico • 29 Kensington Park Rd
• The Shed • 122 Palace Gardens Terr
• Taqueria • 139 Westbourne Grove
Shopping
• & Clarke's Bread • 124 Kensington Church St
• Bodas • 38 Ledbury Rd
• Diane von Furstenberg • 83 Ledbury Rd
• The Grocer on Elgin • 6 Elgin Crescent
• The Hummingbird Bakery • 133 Portobello Rd
• Melt • 59 Ledbury Rd
• Mr Christian's Delicatessen • 11 Elgin Crescent
• Music & Video Exchange • 38 Notting Hill Gate
• Negozio Classica • 283 Westbourne Grove
• Portobello Road Market • Portobello Rd
• R Garcia and Sons • 248 Portobello Rd
• Retro Man • 34 Pembridge Rd
• Retro Woman • 32 Pembridge Rd
• Rough Trade • 130 Talbot Rd
Map 30 • Bayswater |
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Bayswater
Map 30
London's unofficial 'Little Beirut' seems to attract both camera-clad tourists (who have strayed too far from Hyde Park) as well as Londoners (who look for food gems on Westbourne Grove). While the place is bustling, beware of the overpriced, and frankly sh***, tourist traps on Queensway. Instead, chill out with a shisha at Berdees, and then be adventurous and try your hand at 1950s-style bowling at All Star Lanes. Alternatively, do it like the Victorians did and get a rub down at Porchester Gate Spa.
Cinemas
• Odeon Whiteleys • Queensway & Porchester Gardens
Coffee
• Berdees Coffee Shop • 84 Bishop's Bridge Rd
• Pret A Manger • 127 Queensway
• Starbucks • 49 Queensway
Libraries
• Paddington Library • Porchester Rd
Nightlife
• All Star Lanes • Bloomsbury Pl & Southampton Row
• The Cow • 89 Westbourne Park Rd
Post Offices
• Harrow Rd • 272 Harrow Rd
• Queensway • 118 Queensway
Restaurants
• Al Waha • 75 Westbourne Grove
• Berdees Coffee Shop • 84 Bishop's Bridge Rd
• The Cow • 89 Westbourne Park Rd
• Royal China • 13 Queensway
• Tiroler Hut • 27 Westbourne Grove
Shopping
• Al Saqi Books • 26 Westbourne Grove
• Planet Organic • 42 Westbourne Grove
• Porchester Gate Spa • Queensway & Porchester Rd
• SCP • 87 Westbourne Grove
• Whiteleys Shopping Centre • Queensway
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 88 Westbourne Grove
• Waitrose • 38 Porchester Sq
Map 31 • Paddington |
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Paddington
Map 31
Paddington Bear may not seem so cuddly if he were one of today's commuters hanging around Paddington Station. This area can seem like zombie land, a mass of tired-looking, harassed faces grabbing food from one of the endless chain eateries. It's not all bad news though. Evening boredom can be banished by listening to famous war correspondents' exotic tales over a meal at the Frontline Club. For all other woes solve it with a swift half at The Victoria.
Cinemas
• Frontline Club • 13 Norfolk Pl
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 14 Spring St
• Caffe Nero • Paddington Station
• Costa • 254 Edgware Rd
• Eat. • Paddington Station
• Markus Coffee Company • 13 Connaught St
• Pret A Manger • 9 Sheldon Sq
• Serpentine Bar & Kitchen • Serpentine Rd
Emergency Rooms
• St Mary's Hospital • Praed St & Winsland St
Landmarks
• Paddington Bear Statue • Paddington Station
• Tony Blair's House • Connaught Sq & Seymour St
• Westway Flyover • Westway
Nightlife
• Frontline Club • 13 • Norfolk Pl
• The Royal Exchange • 26 Sale Pl
• The Victoria • 10 Strathearn Pl
Post Offices
• Edgware Rd • 354 Edgware Rd
• Paddington • 4 Praed St
Restaurants
• Bonne Bouche •129 Praed St
• Casa Malevo • 23 Connaught St
• Mandalay • 444 Edgware Rd
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • Paddington Station
• Sainsbury's • 12 Sheldon Sq
Map 32 • Shepherd's Bush (West) |
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Shepherd's Bush (West)
Map 32
Don't be scared. This part of town won't bite... much. Things may look a bit drab, and indeed you wouldn't want to spend your Friday nights in many of the pubs here, but on Uxbridge Road looks truly can be deceiving. While it's nothing special from the outside, Esarn Kheaw will blow your head off with authentic Thai green curry and leave you begging for more. Then swoon under the chandeliers to an off-the-radar act at restored dance hall Bush Hall.
Nightlife
• Bush Hall • 310 Uxbridge Rd
• The Queen Adelaide • 412 Uxbridge Rd
• White Horse • 31 Uxbridge Rd
Restaurants
• Abu Zaad • 29 Uxbridge Rd
• Esarn Kheaw • 314 Uxbridge Rd
• Vine Leaves Taverna • 71 Uxbridge Rd
Shopping
• Damas Gate • 81 Uxbridge Rd
• Nut Case • 352 Uxbridge Rd
Map 33 • Shepherd's Bush |
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Shepherd's Bush
Map 33
'The Bush' has had a bit of a face-lift over the past few years. Once the former grime hub of West London, it now sports one of Europe's biggest shopping centres, Westfield, and with it comes more traffic and more chain shops. Even the Beeb is on its way out. Fear not though, for Shepherds Bush Market still keeps the place decidedly unpretentious, while the Empire continues to attract the best up-and-coming bands. Experience some in-yer-face theatre at Bush Theatre and grab a bonza pie from the Bush's very own Aussie pie shop Jumbucks.
Cinemas
• Vue Shepherds Bush •
Shepherds Bush Green & Rockley Rd
Coffee
• BB's Coffee & Muffins •
Richmond Way & Charecroft Way
• BB's Coffee & Muffins •
2117 Westfield London Shopping Center
• Costa • 72 Uxbridge Rd
• Starbucks • 62 Uxbridge Rd
Landmarks
• BBC Television Centre • Wood Ln & Ring Rd
Libraries
• Shepherds Bush Library • 6 Wood Ln
Nightlife
• Albertine • 1 Wood Lane
• Bush Theatre • 7 Uxbridge Rd
• The Defectors Weld• 170 Uxbridge Rd
• O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire • Shepherd's Bush Green
Post Offices
• Shepherds Bush Road • 146 Shepherd's Bush Rd
Restaurants
• Busaba Eathai • Westfield Shopping Centre
• Jasmine • 16 Goldhawk Rd
• Kerbisher & Malt • 164 Shepherd's Bush Green
• Mr Falafel • Units T4-T5, New Shepherd's Bush Market
• Patio Restaurant • 5 Goldhawk Rd
• Piansu • 39 Bulwer St
• Popeseye • 108 Blythe Rd
Shopping
• Westfield Centre • Ariel Way
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 164 Uxbridge Rd
Map 34 • West Kensington / Olympia |
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West Kensington / Olympia
Map 34
West Ken is a Jekyll-and-Hyde kind of place. The calm, village atmosphere around Holland Park soon gives way to an 'in your face' cluster of kebab shops and grime once you go south of High Street Kensington. While the hordes head to Hyde Park, locals in the know make a beeline to the more intimate Holland Park with its peaceful Kyoto Garden, sublime in autumn. Olympia Exhibition Centre gets that middle class blood boiling—Erotica Show anyone? Near the tube, Café Continente is the place to go for an irresistible stack of blueberry pancakes. The Arab Hall at Leighton House Museum is worth a visit alone.
Coffee
• Cafe Continente • 62 N End Rd
Landmarks
• Kyoto Garden (Holland Park) • 100 Holland Park Ave
Libraries
• Barons Court • North End Crescent
Nightlife
• The Cumberland Arms • 29 N End Rd
• Famous 3 Kings • 171 North End Rd
• Society Bar • 380 Kensington High St
Post Offices
• Olympia • 8 North End Rd
Restaurants
• Belvedere Restaurant • Abbotsbury Rd
Shopping
• Homebase • 195 Warwick Rd
Map 35 • Kensington |
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Kensington
Map 35
Kensington is the London of Disney fantasy—Princesses tip-toeing around grand old homes and taking tea at 3 p.m. It's the kind of place where a gentile mews cottage will set you a back a cool mill, but if you live here you'll still have some change left over for an SUV and a box of organic veg. You're not going to score any cool points for hanging out here but there's nothing better than frisbee and a picnic (from Whole Foods, of course) in Hyde Park on those treasured London summer days. If you've got the cash to splash, High Street Ken has the goods but instead take a detour to The Builders Arms for a not-so-posh pint.
Cinemas
• Odeon Kensington • Kensington High St & Edwards Sq
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 160 Kensington High St
• Caffe Nero • 1 Wrights Ln
• Costa • 149 Cromwell Rd
• Pret A Manger • 149 Kensington High St
• Pret A Manger • 123 Kensington High St
• Starbucks • 25 Kensington High St
• Starbucks • 197 Kensington High St
Landmarks
• Kensington Palace Gardens •
Kensington Palace Gardens
Libraries
• Kensington Central Library • Phillimore Walk
Nightlife
• Builders Arms • 1 Kensington Ct Pl
• The Devonshire Arms • 37 Marloes Rd
• Yashin Sushi • 1 Argyll Rd
Post Offices
• Kensington High St • 257 Kensington High St
Restaurants
• Bone Daddies • 63-97 Kensington High St
• Byron • 222 Kensington High St
• Clarke's • 124 Kensington Church St
• Kensington Roof Gardens • 99 Kensington High St
• Maggie Jones's • 6 Old Court Pl
Shopping
• Ben's Cookies • 12 Kensington High St
• Notting Hill Housing Trust • 57 Kensington Church St
• Trailfinders • 194 Kensington High St
• Urban Outfitters • 36 Kensington High St
• Whole Foods Market • 63 Kensington High St
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 162 Earl's Ct Rd
• Tesco • 100 W Cromwell Rd
• Waitrose • 243 Kensington High St
Map 36 • South Kensington / Gloucester Rd |
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South Kensington / Gloucester Rd
Map 36
Once known as Albertopolis, this place started out as Prince Albert's playground of learning. These days the museums are the carrot that draws the tourists westwards from the buzzing centre. Free entry to museums mean more money for treats, and if it's treats you're after then fresh gelato at Oddono's or a good wedge of organic brie at the South Kensington Farmer's Market won't fail to disappoint. If your idea of a good night out consists of more than a few quiet shandies then we suggest checking out another 'nabe.
Cinemas
• Cine Lumiere • 17 Queensberry Pl
Coffee
• Café Deco • 62 Gloucester Rd
• Pret A Manger • 99 Gloucester Rd
• Pret A Manger • 15 Old Brompton Rd
• Starbucks • 17 Gloucester Rd
• Starbucks • 83 Gloucester Rd
Landmarks
• Albert Memorial • Kensington Gardens
• Imperial College • South Kensington Campus
• Royal Albert Hall • Kensington Gore
Libraries
• French Institute Library • 17 Queensberry Pl
• National Art Library • Cromwell Rd
• Natural History Museum • Cromwell Rd
Nightlife
• Boujis • 43 Thurloe St
Post Offices
• Gloucester Road • 118 Gloucester Rd
• South Kensington Station • 41 Old Brompton St
Restaurants
• Cafe Creperie • 2 Exhibition Rd
• Caffe Forum • 145 Gloucester Rd
• Da Mario • 15 Gloucester Rd
• Jakob's • 20 Gloucester Rd
• The Kensington Creperie • 2 Exhibition Rd
• Oddono's • 14 Bute St
Shopping
• Maitre Choux • 15 Harrington Rd
• Partridges Deli • 17 Gloucester Rd
• Snog • 32 Thurloe Pl
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 158 Cromwell Rd
• Waitrose • 128 Gloucester Rd
Map 37 • Knightsbridge |
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Knightsbridge
Map 37
Move on over Z-list celebrity, only the truly rich shop here! While you can't move for fur or tourists, Knightsbridge is still a great place to shop. Window shop, that is. Harrods and Harvey Nics are the big boys here, and if you're after £40 soap you are in the right place. For the rest of us there's the Victoria & Albert Museum—free entry, brilliant cafe to escape the crowds, and multiple naked male sculptures to ogle.
Coffee
• Bagel Factory • 102 Brompton Rd
• Caffe Nero • 124 Brompton Rd
• Costa • 197 Brompton Rd
• Eat. • 106 Brompton Rd
• Pret A Manger • 132 Brompton Rd
• Starbucks • 44 Brompton Rd
Landmarks
• Holy Trinity Brompton •
Brompton Rd & Knightsbridge
• Victoria & Albert Museum • Cromwell Rd & Thurloe Pl
Libraries
• Goethe-Institut Library • 50 Princes Gate
Post Offices
• Knightsbridge • 6 Raphael St
Restaurants
• Bar Boulud • 66 Knightsbridge
• Daquise • 20 Thurloe Square
• Ognisko • 55 Prince's Gate
• Zuma • 5 Raphael St
Shopping
• Burberry • 2 Brompton Rd
• Divertimenti • 227 Brompton Rd
• Harrods • 87 Brompton Rd
• Harvey Nichols • 109 Knightsbridge
• Rigby & Peller • 2 Hans Rd
• Skandium • 247 Brompton Rd
• Space NK Apothecary • 307 Brompton Rd
Supermarkets
• Marks & Spencer • 179 Brompton Rd
• Sainsbury's • 112 Brompton Rd
Map 38 • Chiswick |
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Chiswick
Map 38
Lean, green and thankfully not so mean. Chiswick's tranquil, leafy, village feel is perhaps what draws families and well-heeled couples with its stacks of laid-back continental style pavement dining and quaint cafes on the High Road. Hit Devonshire Road for boutique shopping, and on sunny days it's all about ice-cream from Foubert's and an afternoon chilling out on Acton Green. The Roebuck serves up a top-notch Sunday roast but the High Road Brasserie still remains the place to be seen.
Coffee
• Carluccio's • 342 Chiswick High Rd
• Starbucks • 280 Chiswick High Rd
Libraries
• Chiswick Library • Duke's Ave
Landmarks
• Fuller's Griffin Brewery • Chiswick Lane South
Nightlife
• Carvosso's • 210 Chiswick High Rd
• George IV • 185 Chiswick High Rd
• The Packhorse & Talbot • 145 Chiswick High Rd
• The Roebuck • 122 Chiswick High Rd
Post Offices
• Chiswick High Road • 110 Chiswick High Rd
Restaurants
• Boys Authentic Thai • 95 Chiswick High Rd
• Chris' Fish and Chips • 19 Turnham Green Terrace
• Foubert's • 2 Turnham Green Terrace
• Franco Manca • 144 Chiswick High Rd
• High Road Brasserie • 162 Chiswick High Rd
• La Trompette • 5 Devonshire Rd
• Le Pain Quotidien • 214 Chiswick High Road
• Maison Blanc • 26 Turnham Green Terrace
• Kalamari • 4 Chiswick High Rd
• Union Jack's • 217 Chiswick High Rd
• Zizzi • 231 Chiswick High Rd
Shopping
• As Nature Intended • 201 Chiswick High Rd
• The Bread Shop • 296 Chiswick Rd
• Chiswick Health & Wellness Spa •
300 Chiswick High Rd
• Gail's Bread • 282 Chiswick High Rd
• Mortimer & Bennett • 33 Turnham Green Terrace
• Outsider Tart • 83 Chiswick High Rd
• Oxfam Books • 90 Turnham Green Terrace
• Something Nice • 40 Turnham Green Terrace
• Wheelers Garden Centre • Turnham Green Terrace
Map 39 • Stamford Brook |
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Stamford Brook
Map 39
Wedged between Chiswick and Hammersmith, on the surface Stamford Brook may seem like not much more than a tube station and some rather nice, note 'expensive', houses. Brookites, however, know that it's all about that big blue below the A4—The Thames—for a lazy Sunday stroll or long Saturday brunches at Lola and Simon. Farther up King Street, Tosa serves up some authentic Japanese yakitori while thirsty Brookites head to The Carpenter's Arms for oysters and a Guinness in the garden.
Coffee
• Artisan Coffee • 372 King St
• Cafe Ginkgo • 243 Ravenscourt Park
Nightlife
• The Raven • 375 Goldhawk Rd
Restaurants
• Carpenter's Arms • 89 Black Lion Ln
• Lola & Simon • 278 King St
• Saigon Saigon • 313 King St
• Tosa • 332 Kings St
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 120 Chiswick High Rd
• Tesco • 327 King St
Shopping
• Mac's Cameras • 262 Kings St
• Thai Smile • 287 King St
Map 40 • Goldhawk Rd / Ravenscourt Park |
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Goldhawk Rd / Ravenscourt Park
Map 40
Far enough out on the tube to scare the tourists, this area is a haven for locals who want it all on their doorstep. International flavours colour the Goldhawk Road, Ravenscourt Park offers a calm little slice of green while pretty Thames walks must surely conclude with a visit to the city's most picturesque pub, The Dove. Furnival Gardens is the spot to watch the annual Oxbridge boat race.
Cinemas
• Cineworld Hammersmith • 207 King St
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 1 King St
• Camden Coffee House • 57 78 Goldhawk Rd
• Coffee Republic • 207 King St
• Starbucks • 38 King St
Nightlife
• The Dove • 19 Upper Mall
Post Offices
• King St • 168 King St
Restaurants
• Lowiczanka Polish Cultural Centre • 238 King St
• Mahdi • 215 King St
• Sagar • 157 King St
• Zippy Diner • 42 Goldhawk Rd
Shopping
• Bushwacker Wholefoods • 132 King St
• Patisserie Sainte-Anne • 204 King St
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 111 King St
• Tesco • 327 King St
Map 41 • Hammersmith |
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Hammersmith
Map 41
While the shops and pubs on offer along the main drag (King Street) are all pretty drab, Hammersmith has three great venues for the more culturally inclined. The Apollo hosts mainstream bands and big-name comedians; The Lyric is an affordable way to indulge in some modern theatre, and The Riverside Studios offer a satisfying selection of foreign and art house films. London's vegetarians flock to The Gate, with its seriously original and inventive menu.
Cinemas
• Riverside Studios • Crisp Rd & Queen Caroline St
Coffee
• Cafe Brera • Hammersmith Foyer & Roof Garden
• Cafe Brera • King St & Angel Walk
• Costa • Butterwick
• Pret A Manger • Butterwick
• Starbucks • 200 Hammersmith Rd
Emergency Rooms
• Charing Cross Hospital •
Fulham Palace Rd & St Dunstan's Rd
Libraries
• Hammersmith Library • Shepherds Bush Rd
Nightlife
• Brook Green Hotel • 170 Shepherd's Bush Rd
• The Distillers • 64 Fulham Palace Rd
• Hammersmith Apollo • 45 Queen Caroline St
• The Hampshire Hog • 227 King St
• Lyric Hammersmith • King St
Post Offices
• Hammersmith • 16 King's Mall
Restaurants
• The Gate • 51 Queen Caroline St
Shopping
• Bakehaus • 71 King St
Supermarkets
• Tesco • 180 Shepherd's Bush Rd
• Tesco • 13 Broadway Ctr
Map 42 • Barons Court |
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Barons Court
Map 42
Barons Court doesn't have a scene as such, but it is elegantly lovely. Ignore North End Road—a fried chicken blot among Edwardian mansions—and instead get lost in Lille Road's antique stores. Curtains Up offers intimate theatre in the pub vaults. If you need a change from polished chic, seek the Colton Arms for a jug-pint in its cottage style garden.
Coffee
• Café La Cigale • 353 N End Rd
• Costa • 431 North End Rd
Landmarks
• Empress State Buidling • Lillie Rd & North End Rd
Nightlife
• Colton Arms • 187 Greyhound Rd
• The Curtains Up • 28 Comeragh Rd
• The Fulham Mitre • 81 Dawes Rd
• The Queen's Arms • 171 Greyhound Rd
Post Offices
• Dawes Road • 108 Dawes Rd
• Olympia • 8 North End Rd
Restaurants
• Best Mangal • 104 N End Rd
• The Malt House • 17 Vanston Pl
Shopping
• Curious Science • 319 Lillie Rd
Supermarkets
• Co-Op • 88 N End Rd
• Iceland • 290 North End Rd
• Sainsbury's • 342 N End Rd
Map 43 • West Brompton / Fulham Broadway / Earl's Court |
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West Brompton / Fulham Broadway / Earl's Court
Map 43
A lively mix of Aussies, Saffas, rich kids, and sweaty Chelsea fans occupy these neighbourhoods. Fulham Broadway is the focus of the action offering heaving bars and clubs. Earl's Court is slightly more sedate while West Brompton is positively sleepy in comparison. On Brompton Road '60s boho café The Troubadour is still a happening spot for live music and a coffee while Vingt-Quatre is a 24-hour institution serving fry-ups to clubbers in the early hours.
Cinemas
• Cineworld Fulham Road • 142 Fulham Rd
• Vue Fulham • Fulham Rd & Cedarne Rd
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 480 Fulham Rd
• Caffe Nero • 174 Fulham Rd
• Chairs & Coffee • 512 Fulham Rd
• Coffee Republic • 142 Fulham Rd
• Pret A Manger • Fulham Broadway Retail Centre
• Starbucks • 259 Old Brompton Rd
• Starbucks • 186 Earl's Ct Rd
• The Troubadour • 263 Old Brompton Rd
Landmarks
• Stamford Bridge • Fulham Rd & Moore Park Rd
Libraries
• Brompton Library • 210 Old Brompton Rd
• Institute of Cancer Research Library • 237 Fulham Rd
Nightlife
• Chairs & Coffee • 512 Fulham Rd
• Onboard Karaoke • 8 Kenway Rd
• The Blackbird • 209 Earl's Court Rd
• The King's Head • 17 Hogarth Rd
Post Offices
• Earls Court • 185 Earl's Court Rd
• Fulham Road • 369 Fulham Rd
Restaurants
• Bodean's • 4 Broadway Chambers
• Cafe Brazil • 511 Fulham Rd
• Chutney Mary • 535 King's Rd
• Harwood Arms • Walham Grove
• Vingt Quatre • 325 Fulham Rd
• Yo! Sushi • Fulham Rd
Shopping
• Fulham Broadway Centre • Fulham Rd
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • Fulham Rd
• Tesco • 459 Fulham Rd
• Waitrose • 380 North End Rd
Map 44 • Chelsea |
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Chelsea
Map 44
This area drips old money, 4x4s, and people who own rather large things, like, say, Devon. The only way to do Chelsea is to be seen doing it—and if you're paying all that money at least make it worthwhile. Engage in some (super)star-gazing at The Bluebird Café. For a more sedate affair hang out with the locals, property investors 'n all, at local Victorian boozer The Drayton Arms.
Coffee
• Starbucks • 388 King's Rd
Emergency Rooms
• Chelsea and Westminster Hospital • 369 Fulham Rd
Nightlife
• Brinkley's • 47 Hollywood Rd
• The Drayton Arms • 153 Old Brompton Rd
• The Duke of Clarence • 148 Old Brompton Rd
Restaurants
• The Bluebird • 350 King's Rd
• Eight Over Eight • 392 King's Rd
• Haché • 329 Fulham Rd
Shopping
• Furniture Cave • 533 Kings Rd
• Richer Sounds • 258 Fulham Rd
• The Shop At Bluebird • 350 King's Rd
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 295 Fulham Rd
Map 45 • Chelsea (East) |
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Chelsea (East)
Map 45
Chelsea East is what Hollywood thinks all of London is like, full of dapper English chaps and potential princesses (who, incidentally, donate their clothes to the Red Cross shop; rummage here for London's best bargains). King's Road buzzes as it did when it spawned the Swinging '60s, and foodies are spoiled around Cale Street. Tom's Kitchen is your place for Sloaney eating without the Sloaney allowance. For a cheaper and sweeter taste of the area get to The Hummingbird Bakery for addictive oh-so-good cupcakes.
Cinemas
• Curzon Chelsea • 206 King's Rd
• Cineworld Chelsea • 279 King's Rd
Coffee
• Cafe de la Paix • 159 King's Rd
• Caffe Nero • 115 King's Rd
• Caffe Nero • 201 King's Rd
• Caffe Nero • 66 Old Brompton Rd
• Starbucks • 123 King's Rd
• Starbucks • 72 Old Brompton Rd
Libraries
• Chelsea Library • King's Rd
Post Offices
• Elm Park • 66 Elm Park Rd
Nightlife
• The Anglesea Arms • 15 Selwood Terrace
• Chelsea Potter • 119 Kings Rd
• The Pig's Ear • 35 Old Church St
Restaurants
• Chelsea Kitchen • 451 Fulham Rd
• Four o nine • 409 Clapham Rd
• Le Columbier • 145 Dovehouse St
• The Hummingbird Bakery • 47 Old Brompton Rd
• Made In Italy • 249 King's Rd
• My Old Dutch Pancake House • 221 King's Rd
• The Pig's Ear • 35 Old Church St
• Tom's Kitchen • 27 Cale St
Shopping
• British Red Cross Chelsea • 69 Old Church St
• Frock Me! Vintage Fashion Fair •
Chelsea Town Hall, Kings Rd
• Nomad Books • 781 Fulham Rd
• Sweaty Betty • 125 King's Rd
Supermarkets
• Waitrose • 196 King's Rd
Map 46 • Sloane Square |
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Sloane Square
Map 46
You've got to love a place that spawns an adjective. If you've never met any 'Sloaney' types and are curious as to why the whole of London gets so riled about them, take a walk along the King's Road and observe. Peter Jones stands tall over the square and offers everything you didn't know you wanted. This rather beautiful 'nabe also hosts some bank-breaking eateries, such as Gordon Ramsay and Bibendum, as well as its fare share of cultural fair—the Saatchi Gallery being the finest example.
Coffee
• Eat. • 82 King's Rd
• Pret A Manger • 80 King's Rd
• Starbucks • 65 Sloane Ave
• Starbucks • 128 King's Rd
Landmarks
• Saatchi Gallery • Duke of York HQ, King's Rd
Post Offices
• Kings Walk • 122 King's Rd
Restaurants
• The Admiral Codrington • 17 Mossop St
• Bibendum Restaurant & Oyster Bar • 81 Fulham Rd
• Foxtrot Oscar • 79 Royal Hospital Rd
• The Good Life Eatery • 59 Sloane Ave
• Restaurant Gordon Ramsay • 68 Royal Hospital Rd
Shopping
• Partridges • 2 Duke of York Sq
• Peter Jones • Sloane Sq
• Rigby & Peller • 13 Kings Rd
• Space NK Apothecary • 307 King's Rd
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 75 Sloane Ave
Map 47 • Fulham (West) |
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Fulham (West)
Map 47
This area is an estate agent's wet dream. Leafy, well heeled, on the river, and made for families. Catch the great English game at Craven Cottage before making the most of the riverside and grabbing a pint at The Crabtree Tavern. Now that you're tipsy, head to The River Café where you'll feel less pained shelling out for top-notch, dead-posh grub.
Coffee
• Starbucks • 220 Fulham Palace Rd
Nightlife
• The Crabtree Tavern • Rainville Rd
Post Offices
• Fulham Palace Road • 185 Fulham Palace Rd
Restaurants
• The River Café • Thames Wharf, Rainville Rd
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 179 Fulham Palace Rd
Map 48 • Fulham |
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Fulham
Map 48
This part of town is rather lovely and rather boring in equal measure. Expensive homes belonging to Chelsea FC players sit alongside the often overlooked romantic beauty of Fulham Palace. On the main drag of Fulham High Street is Hurlingham Books with its walls stacked high with texts on anything and everything. With not much else going on away from here we suggest contemplating life while staring out at the mighty Thames in Fulham Palace Gardens. When you're done then warm up in their elegant tearoom, The Drawing Room.
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 717 Fulham Rd
• Local Hero • 640 Fulham Rd
• Starbucks • 809 Fulham Rd
• Tinto Coffee • 411 Fulham Palace Rd
Landmarks
• Putney Bridge Tube Pill Box • Putney Bridge Station
Libraries
• Fulham Library • 598 Fulham Rd
Post Offices
• Fulham • 815 Fulham Rd
Restaurants
• Drawing Room Cafe • Bishop's Ave
• Fisher's Chips • 19 Fulham High St
• Royal China • 805 Fulham Rd
Shopping
• Hurlingham Books • 91 Fulham High St
Map 49 • Parson's Green |
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Parson's Green
Map 49
You know you're in a classy neighbourhood when the kebab house (Kebab Kid) gets people travelling across London. This part of town ain't cheap and unless you're looking for a sedate Sunday lunch you'll most likely not find yourself here. If, however, you are looking for a chow down then The White Horse (known locally as the 'Sloany Pony') is the place to be, hands down. Otherwise head to charming Duke On The Green for a pint in style—they even show the footy!
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 142 Wandsworth Bridge Rd
• Starbucks • 95 Wandsworth Bridge Rd
Nightlife
• Amuse Bouche • 51 Parsons Green Ln
• Duke on the Green • 235 New Kings Rd
• The White Horse • 1 Parson's Green Ln
Restaurants
• Kebab Kid • 90 New Kings Rd
• Little H • 267 New Kings Rd
• Tendido Cuatro • 108 New King's Rd
Supermarkets
• Tesco • 601 King's Rd
Map 50 • Sands End/Imperial Wharf |
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Sands End/Imperial Wharf
Map 50
Time was, if you asked any Londoner where Sands End is you'd receive a blank look and a bemused 'you wot?' These days the area sees a lot more foot traffic thanks to a newish London Overground stop and the development of Imperial Wharf. Jazz seems to be a major draw to the area with the autumn Jazz Festival and the 606 Club on Lots Road. When you're all jazzed out pop into The Blue Elephant at its new location for first-class Thai food.
Landmarks
• Lots Road Power Station • 27 Lots Rd
Libraries
• Sands End Library • 59 Broughton Rd
Nightlife
• 606 Club • 90 Lots Rd
Restaurants
• Blue Elephant • The Boulevard
• Sands End • 135 Stephendale Rd
Maps 51–84 • North London |
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Map 51 • Highgate |
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Highgate
Map 51
On the cusp of north London you'll find the little suburban gem that is Highgate. Hemmed in by parks, woods and a golf course, the area is an escapist paradise from the chaos of the city, and its well-heeled residents' plush fur is surprisingly—and pleasantly—soft to the touch. Pop into boutique independent shops like Le Chocolatier before heading over to Highgate Woods with a bottle to enjoy live jazz during the summer.
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 62 Highgate High St
• Costa • 66 Highgate High St
Landmarks
• Highgate Cemetery • 1 Swain's Ln
• Karl Marx's Grave • Highgate Cemetry
Nightlife
• The Angel Inn • 37 Highgate High St
• The Boogaloo • 312 Archway Rd
• The Flask • 77 Highgate West Hill
• Prince Of Wales • 53 Highgate High St
• The Victoria • 28 North Hill
• The Woodman • 414 Archway Rd
• The Wrestlers • 98 North Rd
Post Offices
• Highgate Near Station • 361 Archway Rd
Restaurants
• The Bull • 13 North Hill Ave
• Cafe Rouge • 6 South Grove
• Papa Del's • 347 Archway Rd
• The Red Lion & Sun • 25 North Rd
Shopping
• The Corner Shop • 88 Highgate High St
• Highgate Butchers • 76 Highgate High St
• Hops N Pops • 389 Archway Rd
• Le Chocolatier • 78 Highgate High St
• Mind • 329 Archway Rd
• Oxfam • 80 Highgate High St
• Walter Castellazzo Design • 84 Highgate High St
• Wild Guitars • 393 Archway Rd
Map 52 • Archway (North) |
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Archway (North)
Map 52
Something unexpected is happening here. Designer boutiques keep popping up; fashion labels we've never even heard of—cafés so fashionably quirky they should really be in Shoreditch. But real change takes time and at night this becomes even more obvious. The Winchester is still the only decent pub around and The Caipirinha still stays open very, very late.
Landmarks
• Parkland Walk Nature Reserve • Parkland Walk
• Suicide Bridge • Hornsey Ln & Archway Rd
Libraries
• London Mennonite Centre Library •
14 Shepherds Hill Heights
Nightlife
• Caipirinha Jazz Bar • 177 Archway Rd
• The Winchester Pub Hotel • 206 Archway Rd
Restaurants
• Bengal Berties • 172 Archway Rd
• The Lighthouse • 179 Archway Rd
Shopping
• The Green Room • 192 Archway Rd
• Pax Guns • 166 Archway Rd
Map 53 • Crouch End |
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Crouch End
Map 53
Crouch End gets a bit of a bad rap. It's boring, people say. Just prams and middle-class media types. But, you know, it could be a lot worse. It's safe, with plenty of decent pubs (The King's Head), eateries (Banners) and a great record shop (Flashback). It might be low on the hipster scale, but for plain ol' good livin' it ticks all the boxes.
Coffee
• Spiazzo • 26 The Broadway
• Starbucks • 7 The Broadway
Landmarks
• Abandoned Warehouse •
Parkland Walk & Crouch End Hill
Libraries
• Highgate Library • 1 Shepherds Hill
• Hornsey Library • Haringey Park
Nightlife
• Harringay Arms • 153 Crouch Hill
• The King's Head • 2 Tottenham Ln
• The Queens Pub & Dining Rooms •
26 Broadway Parade
• Stapleton Tavern • 2 Crouch Hill
Post Offices
• Crouch End • 28 Topsfield Parade
Restaurants
• Banners • 21 Park Rd
• Hot Pepper Jelly • 11 Broadway Parade
• Jai Krishna • 161 Stroud Green Rd
• Wow Simply Japanese • 18 Crouch End Hill
Shopping
• Flashback • 144 Crouch Hill
• Haelen Centre • 41 The Broadway
• Italian Farmers • 186 Stroud Green Rd
• Organic Food • 196 Stroud Green Rd
• Soup Dragon • 27 Topsfield Parade
• Walter Purkis And Sons • 17 The Broadway
Map 54 • Hornsey |
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Hornsey
Map 54
Unless you live in Hornsey, if you're in Hornsey, your bus has probably broken down. In this dystopian residential area you'll be lucky to find a tuft of grass let alone a shop. A modicum of life exist up at Tottenham Lane, but that's pretty much Crouch End. Ridge Cafe is worth a stop for a cup of coffee and you can watch sport at the unpretentious Hope & Anchor.
Libraries
• Stroud Green Library • Quernmore Rd
Nightlife
• The Hope & Anchor • 128 Tottenham Ln
Restaurants
• Ridge Cafe • 97 Tottenham Ln
Shopping
• Micycle N4 • 8 Ferme Park Rd
Map 55 • Harringay |
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Harringay
Map 55
Green Lanes was once an endless strip of restaurants which although good, meant that the only dinner option was Turkish. The last few years have seen so many new openings, it's becoming a bit (dare we say it?) hip. The spirit of the place remains resolutely the same though and Turkish grocer Yasar Halim stands proud in the middle of it all. Get ribs for dinner at Autograf and indulge in some vodka. Or if beer's more your thing, head to Brouhaha. Long-standing favourite, The Salisbury, is a failsafe choice for a good night and if you need your organic groceries, Beans and Barley will keep you happy.
Coffee
• Beans and Barley • 595 Green Lanes
• Cafe Delight • 351 Green Lanes
• Mezzo Shisha Lounge • 64 Grand Parade
Landmarks
• Railway Fields Nature Reserve • 381 Green Lanes
Nightlife
• Brouhaha • 501 Green Lanes
• The Beaconsfield • 359 Green Lanes
• Jam In A Jar • 599 Green Lanes
• The Salisbury • 1 Grand Parade, Green Lanes
Post Offices
• Harringay • 509 Green Lanes
Restaurants
• Autograf Grill • 499 Green Lanes
• Blend • 587 Green Lanes
• Bun & Bar • 553 Green Lanes
• Devran • 485 Green Lanes
• Hala • 29 Grand Parade
Shopping
• Beans and Barley • 595 Green Lanes
• Harringay Local Stores • 581 Green Lanes
• Yasar Halim • 495 Green Lanes
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 4 Williamson Rd
Map 56 • Hampstead Village |
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Hampstead Village
Map 56
Sure, leafy Hampstead Village defines posh, but there is still some fun to be had. Head to Flask Walk for cute and eccentric local shops and, of course, waffles at Slice of Ice. The Duke of Hamilton is as good a pub you're likely to find anywhere, and when they kick you out, much like the bankers kicked out the literary-types from the area, there is always Tinseltown.
Cinemas
• Everyman Cinema Club • 5 Hollybush Vale
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 1 Hampstead High St
• Ginger & White • 4 Perrin's Ct
Landmarks
• Hampstead Observatory •
Lower Terrace & Hampstead Grove
Nightlife
• The Duke of Hamilton • 23 New End
• The Flask • 14 Flask Walk
• The Freemasons Arms • 32 Downshire Hill
• Holly Bush • 22 Holly Mount
Restaurants
• Carluccio's • 34 Rosslyn Hill
• La Creperie De Hampstead • 77 Hampstead High St
• The Louis Patisserie • 32 Heath St
• Tinseltown • 104 Heath St
Shopping
• Happy Returns • 36 Rosslyn Hill
• Keith Fawkes • 1 Flask Walk
• Mystical Fairies • 12 Flask Walk
Map 57 • Hampstead Heath |
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Hampstead Heath
Map 57
Believed to be the inspiration for CS Lewis's Narnia, Hampstead Heath was absorbed into London proper during the Victorian era but still feels more like one of the Home Counties. With the exception of the blight on the landscape that is the Royal Free Hospital, the area is charming with boutique shops and restaurants on the South End Road, which cater to a refined and heavy-walleted crowd.
Coffee
• Starbucks • 5 South End Rd
Emergency Rooms
• Royal Free Hospital • Pond St & Fleet Rd
Landmarks
• John Keats House • 38 Heath Hurst Rd
• Lawn Road Flats • Lawn Rd & Garnett Rd
Libraries
• Heath Library • Keats Grove
Nightlife
• The Garden Gate • 14 S End Rd
• Roebuck • 15 Pond St
Restaurants
• Mimo La Buffala • 45 South End Rd
• Paradise • 49 South End Rd
• Polly's • 55 South End Rd
Shopping
• Daunt Books • 51 South End Rd
• Giocobazzi's Delicatessen • 150 Fleet Rd
Map 58 • Parliament Hill / Dartmouth Park |
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Parliament Hill / Dartmouth Park
Map 58
An area you stumble upon by accident, on your way somewhere else, probably Hampstead Heath or Highgate Cemetery. Then you realize how nice it is. Maybe you should try the little restaurants? Soon you find yourself having pizza at Al Parco every week and trekking all across London just to find out what new ales they're serving at The Southampton Arms. You could live here. You really could.
Nightlife
• The Bull and Last • 168 Highgate Rd
• The Southampton Arms • 139 Highgate Rd
Restaurants
• Al Parco • 2 Highgate West Hill
• Bistro Laz • 1 Highgate West Hill
• Carob Tree • 15 Highgate Rd
• Kalendar • 15 Swains Ln
• Lalibela • 137 Fortess Rd
• Stingray Cafe • 135 Fortess Rd
Shopping
• Baba • 11 Swain's Ln
• Corks • 9 Swain's Ln
• Forks • 7 Swain's Ln
Map 59 • Tufnell Park |
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Tufnell Park
Map 59
Surrounded by the rougher Archway, Kentish Town, and Holloway and immortalised by Simon Pegg in cult comedies Spaced and Shaun of the Dead, unassuming Tufnell Park has been quietly fashionable for years. Unwind with a book and a coffee at Rustique, or hit Nuraghe Trattoria for some of the finest Italian food in London. The Dome hosts everything from the latest cutting-edge electronica to seasoned indie rock acts.
Emergency Rooms
• Whittington Hospital •
Magdala Ave & Dartmouth Park Hill
Libraries
• Highgate Library • Chester Rd
Nightlife
• Aces And Eights Saloon Bar • 156 Fortess Rd
• Boston Arms • 178 Junction Rd
• The Dome • 178 Junction Rd
• The Hideaway • 114 Junction Rd
• The Lord Palmerston • 33 Dartmouth Park Hill
• The Star • 47 Chester Rd
Restaurants
• Nuraghe Trattoria • 12 Dartmouth Park Hill
• Rustique Cafe • 142 Fortess Rd
• The Spice • 161 Fortess Rd
Shopping
• The Hornsey Trust Charity Shop • 124 Fortess Rd
• North London Adoption Centre • 135 Junction Rd
Map 60 • Archway |
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Archway
Map 60
As grey and gritty as ever, Archway could really do with a fresh lick of paint. For a break from the grime try La Voute with their art exhibitions and awesome breakfasts or RRC Thai for something spicier. At night, there are enough old man boozers to keep you busy, but bear in mind, nicer places are only a short bus ride away.
Coffee
• Cafe Metro • 4 Junction Rd
Landmarks
• Banksy's Hitchhiking Charles Manson •
Tally Ho Corner (off Highgate Hill)
• Dick Whittington's Cat • 89 Highgate Hill
Libraries
• Archway Library • Highgate Hill
Nightlife
• Mother Red Cap • 665 Holloway Rd
Restaurants
• 500 Restaurant • 782 Holloway Rd
• Il Mio Mosaic • 24 Junction Rd
• Junction Café • 61 Junction Rd
• Nid Ting • 533 Holloway Rd
• St Johns Tavern • 91 Junction Rd
Shopping
• Second Chance • 7 St John's Way
• Super Persia • 621 Holloway Rd
Supermarkets
• Co-Op • 11 Junction Rd
• Sainsbury's • 643 Holloway Rd
Map 61 • Holloway (North) |
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Holloway (North)
Map 61
The borough of Islington, in which North Holloway sits, is supposed to be either a byword for liberal middle-class cosiness or else grim inner-city deprivation, depending on who you talk to. This bit has neither, just lots of dull grey streets. Down on Holloway Road, El Molino is a great place for tapas.
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 400 Holloway Rd
Cinemas
• Odeon Holloway • 419 Holloway Rd
Libraries
• North Library • Manor Gardens
Nightlife
• The Quays • 471 Holloway Rd
• The Swimmer • 13 Eburne Rd
Restaurants
• El Molino • 379 Holloway Rd
• The Landseer • 37 Landseer Rd
• North Nineteen • 194 Sussex Wy
• Orexi • 236 Hornsey Rd
• Tagine D' Or • 92 Seven Sisters Rd
Shopping
• Holloway Car Boot •
Opposite Odeon Holloway Cinema, Holloway Rd
• Michael's Fruiterers • 56 Seven Sisters Rd
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 442 Holloway Rd
Map 62 • Finsbury Park |
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Finsbury Park
Map 62
Finsbury Park used to be somewhere you passed through rather than lingered but with Stroud Green Road slowly being populated with numerous eating and drinking options and £5 million invested in tarting up the park, it really isn't that bad. You could do worse than have a Sunday roast at The Old Dairy, prop up the bar at the Stapleton Tavern or grab a coffee at The Deli at 80. For those who like a bit of culture the Park Theatre is saving you a trip to the West End.
Coffee
• Boulangerie Bon Matin • 178 Tollington Park
• The Deli at 80 • 80 Stroud Green Rd
• Vagabond N4 • 20 Charter Court
Landmarks
• North London Central Mosque (Finsbury Park) •
7 St Thomas's Rd
Libraries
• N4 Library • 26 Blackstock Rd
Nightlife
• The Faltering Fullback • 19 Perth Rd
• The Old Dairy • 1 Crouch Hill
• The Silver Bullet • 5 Station Pl
• WB Yeats • 20 Fonthill Rd
Post Offices
• Stroud Green Rd • 97 Stroud Green Rd
Restaurants
• Dudley's Pancake House • 119 Stroud Green Rd
• Exeter Street Bakery • Morris Pl
• Fassika • 152 Seven Sisters Rd
• Girasole • 150 Seven Sisters Rd
• Hana Sushi • 150 Seven Sisters Rd
• Le Rif • 172 Seven Sisters Rd
• Lulu's Caribbean Cuisine • 84 Stroud Green Rd
• N4 Street Burger & Burrito • 8 Clifton Terrace
• Osteria Tufo • 67 Fonthill Rd
• Petek • 96 Stroud Green Rd
• Season • 53 Stroud Green Rd
Shopping
• The Deli at 80 • 80 Stroud Green Rd
• Exeter Street Bakery • Morris Pl
• The Happening Bagel Bakery • 284 Seven Sisters Rd
• Hettie Holland • 19 Charter Court
Supermarkets
• Tesco • 105 Stroud Green Rd
Map 63 • Manor House |
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Manor House
Map 63
Don't hang out near the 'scummy round the edges' station as it can get pretty gruesome at night. You might chance upon a warehouse party round here, but walk south, dodge the rats around the reservoir, admire the faux turrets of The Castle Climbing Centre, and head to the New River Café for great fry-ups with views over the leafy oasis of Clissold Park.
Coffee
• Boulangerie Bon Matin • 178 Tollington Park
• Cafe Vintage • 88 Mountgrove Rd
• Fink's Salt & Sweet • 70 Mountgrove Rd
• Simply Organique • 316 Green Lanes
• Vagabond N4 • 20 Charter Court
Landmarks
• The Castle Climbing Centre •
Green Lanes & Lordship Park
Libraries
• Woodberry Down Library • 440 7 Sisters Rd
Nightlife
• The Brownswood Park Tavern • 271 Green Lanes
• The Happy Man • 89 Woodberry Grove
Post Offices
• Woodberry Grove • 107 Woodberry Grove
Restaurants
• Fink's Salt & Sweet • 70 Mountgrove Rd
• Il Bacio • 178 Blackstock Rd
• New River Café • 271 Stoke Newington Church St
Shopping
• Bennet & Brown • 84 Mountgrove Rd
• Cafe Vintage • 88 Mountgrove Rd
• Sargent & Co. • 74 Mountgrove Rd
• Simply Organique • 316 Green Lanes
• Sylvanian Families • 68 Mountgrove Rd
Map 64 • Stoke Newington |
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Stoke Newington
Map 64
The richer cousin of Dalston and the poorer cousin of Islington, Stoke Newington has an inferiority complex-cum-swagger which explains why 90% of its inhabitants are creative types. The curvy Church Street is the port of call with its boutique shops (Metal Crumble) and aptly Nietzsche stacked bookshops. Great beer and atmosphere (The Shakespeare), curry (Rasa N16), Sunday roast (Rose and Crown), and check out the butterflies and bats at Park Cemetery.
Landmarks
• Newington Green Church • 39 Newington Green
Libraries
• Stoke Newington Library • Stoke Newington Church St
Nightlife
• The Auld Shillelagh • 105 Stoke Newington Church St
• Londesborough • 36 Barbauld Rd
• Rose and Crown • 199 Stoke Newington Church St
• Ryan's Bar • 181 Stoke Newington Church St
• Ruby's • 76 Stoke Newington Rd
• The Shakespeare • 57 Allen Rd
• White Hart • 69 Stoke Newington High St
Post Offices
• Church Street • 170 Stoke Newington Church St
• Stoke Newington • Stoke Newington High St
Restaurants
• Anglo Asian • 60 Stoke Newington Church St
• Blue Legume • 101 Stoke Newington Church St
• Datte Foco • 10 Stoke Newington Church St
• Fifty Six • 56 Newington Green
• Foxlow • 71-73 Church St
• Rasa N16 • 55 Stoke Newington Church St
• Sariyer Balik • 56 Green Lanes
• Yum Yum • 187 Stoke Newington High St
Shopping
• Ark • 161 Stoke Newington Rd
• The Beaucatcher Salon •
44 Stoke Newington Church St
• Belle Epoque Boulangerie • 37 Newington Green
• Bridgewood & Neitzert • 146 Stoke Newington Church St
• Church Street Bookshop •
142 Stoke Newington Church St
• Metal Crumble • 13 Stoke Newington Church St
• Mind • 11 Stoke Newington Church St
• Of Cabbages & Kings • 34 Kersley Rd
• Pelicans & Parrots • 81 Stoke Newington Rd
• Ribbons and Taylor • 157 Stoke Newington Church St
• Rosa Lingerie • 3 Church Walk
• Route 73 Kids • 92 Stoke Newington Church St
• S'graffiti • 172 Stoke Newington Church St
• Sacred Art • 148 Albion Rd
• The Spence Bakery • 161 Stoke Newington Church St
• Stoke Newington Farmers Market • Stoke Newington Church St & Stoke Newington High St
Supermarkets
• Whole Foods Market • 32 Stoke Newington Church St
• Iceland • 17 Green Lanes
Map 65 • West Hampstead |
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West Hampstead
Map 65
Hampstead's ugly sister, West Hampstead is a leafy suburb that has absorbed some of Kilburn's grittiness. Young urban nomads make up much of the population, as rent is moderate by London standards. Like the rest of London, West Hampstead has its fair share of Caffe Neros and Costa Coffees, but check out The Good Ship for music or comedy.
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 101 Kilburn High Rd
• Costa • 203 W End Ln
• Starbucks • 201 W End Ln
Libraries
• West Hampstead Library • Dennington Park Rd
Nightlife
• The Black Lion • 274 Kilburn High Rd
• The Czech and Slovak Bar • 74 West End Ln
• The Good Ship • 289 Kilburn High Rd
Post Offices
• West Hampstead • 128 W End Ln
Restaurants
• Barraco Cafe • 10 Kingsgate Pl
• Small & Beautiful • 351 Kilburn High Rd
Shopping
• Party Party • 206 Kilburn High Rd
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 88 Kilburn High Rd
• Sainsbury's • 377 Kilburn High Rd
Map 66 • Finchley Road / Swiss Cottage |
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Finchley Road / Swiss Cottage
Map 66
With so much promise and surrounded by the likes of West Hampstead, Primrose Hill and Camden, the area is still inexplicably in need of resuscitation. A long list of shops not worth mentioning and a few restaurants whose existence defies dignity should not detract from the fact that The Camden Arts Centre and Freud Museum are jewels in this battered crown and well worth braving the surrounding boredom to visit.
Cinemas
• Odeon Swiss Cottage • 96 Finchley Rd
• Vue Finchley Road • Finchley Rd & Blackburn Rd
Coffee
• Cafe Express • 25 Finchley Rd
• Costa • 149 Finchley Rd
• Starbucks • 255 Finchley Rd
Libraries
• Swiss Cottage Library • 88 Avenue Rd
Nightlife
• Ye Olde Swiss Cottage • 98 Finchley Rd
Restaurants
• Bradleys • 25 Winchester Rd
• Camden Arts Centre • Arkwright Rd
• Singapore Garden • 83 Fairfax Rd
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 255 Finchley Rd
• Waitrose • 199 Finchley Rd
Map 67 • Belsize Park |
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Belsize Park
Map 67
There is a reason that Kate Moss, Jude Law, Chris Martin and Noel Gallagher (to name a few) all live here. It's less pretentious than neighbouring banker-filled Hampstead and far enough away from the Primrose set to be artistically elitist. Extraordinarily expensive shops and restaurants reign over the area but in at the celebrity-frequented Washington pub there's an excellent atmosphere and foodwise, Belsize Lane never disappoints.
Cinemas
• Everyman Belsize Park • 203 Haverstock Hill
Coffee
• Ginger & White • 2 England's Ln
• Starbucks • 57 England's Ln
• Starbucks • 202 Haverstock Hill
Landmarks
• Freud Statue •
Fitzjohn's Ave, opposite Maresfield Gardens Junction
• St Stephen's • Rosslyn Hill
Libraries
• Belsize Library • Antrim Rd
Nightlife
• The Washington • 50 England's Ln
Restaurants
• Artigiano • 12 Belsize Terrace
• Ginger & White • 2 England's Ln
• Paradiso • 36 England's Ln
• Retsina • 48 Belsize Ln
• Violette Cafe • 2 England's Ln
Shopping
• Belsize Village Delicatessen • 39 Belsize Ln
• Lotus and Frog • 32 England's Ln
Map 68 • Kilburn High Road / Abbey Road |
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Kilburn High Road / Abbey Road
Map 68
FFS, "Let it Be!" Indeed, while the area's main attraction is a crosswalk and a dilapidated recording studio once home to the world's greatest band, the grime and urban decay that surround it hardly make it an "Octopus's Garden." But "Come Together" because "Here Comes the Sun": The Clifton is a cool pub and the delightful Little Bay does excellent food. Also, don't forget the Art Deco grandeur of the State Building.
Coffee
• Starbucks • 79 St John's Wood High St
Landmarks
• Abbey Road Zebra Crossing • 3 Abbey Rd
Libraries
• Kilburn Library • 12 Kilburn High Rd
• St John's Wood Library • 20 Circus Rd
Nightlife
• Love & Liquor • 34 Kilburn High Rd
Post Offices
• Kilburn • 79 Kilburn High Rd
• St Johns Wood • 32 Circus Rd
Restaurants
• Little Bay • 228 Belsize Rd
Supermarkets
• Tesco • 115 Maida Vale
Map 69 • St. John's Wood |
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St. John's Wood
Map 69
Nouveau riche and bourgeois mix in this leafy salad of a suburb that, you guessed it, reeks of money. Pinned in between Primrose Hill and Regent's Park, there isn't much to do in this mainly residential area, unless you like to gawk at expensive houses. However, the Swiss Cottage Leisure Centre on Adelaide Road is pretty swish with its climbing wall and Lord's Cricket Ground is only a stone's throw away.
Nightlife
• The Star • 38 St. Johns Wood Terrace
Restaurants
• Tupelo Honey • 27 Parkway
Map 70 • Primrose Hill |
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Primrose Hill
Map 70
Primrose Hill is factory-packed with pretty young things and established actors mixing with models, designers and artistic types in an area that is London's low-key version of Beverly Hills. If you don't stumble across a celebrity or are disinclined to stalk one you can check out the trendy stores, grab a pint in the equally trendy Lansdowne or take in the views of London from the Hill itself.
Landmarks
• 3 Chalcot Square • 3 Chalcot Sq
Libraries
• Chalk Farm Library • 11 Sharples Hall St
Nightlife
• The Albert • 11 Princess Rd
• Cecil Sharp House • 2 Regent's Park Rd
• The Lansdowne • 90 Gloucester Ave
• Princess of Wales • 22 Chalcot Rd
• Sir Richard Steele • 97 Haverstock Hill
Post Offices
• Regent's Park Road • 91 Regent's Park Rd
Restaurants
• The Hill Bar • 94 Haverstock Hill
• J Restaurant • 148 Regent's Park Rd
• Legal Cafe • 81 Haverstock Hill
• Lemonia • 89 Regent's Park Rd
• Manna • 4 Erskine Rd
• Melrose and Morgan • 42 Gloucester Ave
• Odette's • 130 Regent's Park Rd
• Primrose Bakery • 69 Gloucester Ave
• Two Brothers • 297 Regent's Park Rd
Shopping
• Judith Michael & Daughter • 73 Regent's Park Rd
• Miss Lala's Boudoir • 148 Gloucester Ave
• Nicolas (off licence) • 67 Regent's Park Rd
• Press • 3 Erskine Rd
• Primrose Hill Books • 134 Regent's Park Rd
• Primrose Newsagent • 91 Regent's Park Rd
• Richard Dare • 93 Regent's Park Rd
• Shepherd Foods • 59 Regent's Park Rd
• Shikasuki • 67 Gloucester Ave
• Sweet Pea • 77 Gloucester Ave
• Tann Rokka • 123 Regent's Park Rd
Map 71 • Camden Town / Chalk Farm / Kentish Town (West) |
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Camden Town / Chalk Farm / Kentish Town (West)
Map 71
Camden is still the musical heartbeat of London, and while the ratty-tatty venues of the '60s that solidified its reputation are long gone, or surgically modernized, the pavements still reverberate to a constant beat. The area is crowded during the week and jam-packed during the weekend but the cacophony of wacky stores, bric-a-brac stalls, and an eclectic selection of culinary treats mean London wouldn't be London without it.
Cinemas
• Odeon Camden Town • 14 Parkway
Coffee
• Cafe La Cigale • 47 Parkway
• Cafe Metro • 178 Camden High St
• Caffe Nero • 7 Jamestown Rd
• Caffe Nero • 11 Parkway
• Camden Coffee House •
30 Camden Rd
• The Coffee Jar • 83 Parkway
• Costa • 181 Camden High St
• Eat. • 185 Camden High St
• Falla and Mocaer • 82 Parkway
• Inhabition • 15 Chalk Farm Rd
• Pret A Manger •
157 Camden High St
• Pret A Manger • 261 High St
• Starbucks •
Parkway Camden & Arlington Rd
Landmarks
• Camden Market • Camden Lock Pl
• Grand Regents Canal •
Grand Regents Canal
• The Roundhouse •
Chalk Farm Rd & Crogsland Rd
Libraries
• Queen's Crescent Library •
165 Queen's Crescent
Nightlife
• Bar Vinyl • 6 Inverness St
• Barfly • 49 Chalk Farm Rd
• The Constitution •
42 St Pancras Way
• Dingwalls • Middle Yard
• The Dublin Castle • 94 Parkway
• Electric Ballroom •
184 Camden High St
• The Enterprise • 2 Haverstock Hill
• Fiddlers Elbow • 1 Malden Rd
• Good Mixer • 30 Inverness St
• The Hawley Arms •
2 Castlehaven Rd
• Jazz Cafe • 5 Parkway
• Koko • 1 Camden High St
• The Lock Tavern •
35 Chalk Farm Rd
• Monkey Chews •
2 Queen's Crescent
• Oxford Arms • 265 Camden High St
• Proud Camden • Chalk Farm Rd
• Quinn's • 65 Kentish Town Rd
• The Underworld •
174 Camden High St
Post Offices
• Camden High Street •
112 Camden High St
• Queen's Crescent •
139 Queen's Crescent
Restaurants
• Andy's Taverna • 81 Bayham St
• Anima e Cuore •
115 Kentish Town Rd
• Arancini Factory Cafe •
115 Kentish Town Rd
• Bar Gansa • 2 Inverness St
• Bento Cafe • 9 Parkway
• Cotton's • 55 Chalk Farm Rd
• Falla and Mocaer • 82 Parkway
• Gilgamesh •
The Stables Market, Chalk Farm Rd
• Haché • 24 Inverness St
• Kim's Vietnamese Food Hut •
Unit D, Camden Lock Palace
• Marathon Cafe • 87 Chalk Farm Rd
• Marine Ices • 8 Haverstock Hill
• Market • 438 Parkway
• Muang Thai • 71 Chalk Farm Rd
• My Village • 37 Chalk Farm Rd
• Q Grill • 29-33 Chalk Farm Rd
• Thanh Binh • 14 Chalk Farm Rd
• Viet-anh Cafe • 41 Parkway
• Woody Grill • 1 Camden Rd
• Yumchaa Tea Space •
91 Upper Walkway, West Yard, Camden Lock Market
• Zorya Imperial Vodka Room •
48 Chalk Farm Rd
Shopping
• Acumedic • 101 Camden High St
• Aldo Sale Shop •
231 Camden High St
• Arckiv Vintage Eyewear •
Chalk Farm Rd & Castlehaven Rd
• Black Rose •
The Stables Market, Chalk Farm Rd
• Cyberdog •
Stables Market, Chalk Farm Rd
• Escapade • 45 Chalk Farm Rd
• Eye Contacts • 10 Chalk Farm Rd
• Fresh & Wild, Camden •
49 Parkway
• General Eyewear •
Chalk Farm Rd & Castlehaven Rd
• Graham and Green •
164 Regent's Park Rd
• Ray Man Music • 54 Chalk Farm Rd
• Rokit • 225 Camden High St
• Traid • 154 Camden High St
• Village Games • 65 The West Yard
• Whole Foods Market • 49 Parkway
Supermarkets
• Whole Foods Market • 49 Parkway
• Sainsbury's • 77 Chalk Farm Rd
• Sainsbury's • 17 Camden Rd
• Sainsbury's • 10 Camden Rd
Map 72 • Kentish Town |
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Kentish Town
Map 72
Kentish Town may be Camden's less-interesting and less-affected neighbour but this isn't necessarily a bad thing. The area is on the up and between the grubby, horrible collection of pound shops, charity shops, and industrial stores there are new venues springing forth that offer some of the most welcoming atmospheres in North London. The Pineapple is a great little pit-stop pub with an infectious atmosphere.
Coffee
• Cafe Metro • 180 Camden High St
Libraries
• Kentish Town Library • 262 Kentish Town Rd
Nightlife
• The Abbey Tavern • 124 Kentish Town Rd
• The Assembly House • 292 Kentish Town Rd
• The Bull & Gate • 389 Kentish Town Rd
• HMV Forum • 9 Highgate Rd
• Ladies and Gentlemen • 2 Highgate Rd
• The Lion and Unicorn • 42 Gaisford St
• The Pineapple • 51 Leverton St
• Rio's Health Spa • 239 Kentish Town Rd
Restaurants
• The Bengal Lancer• 253 Kentish Town Rd
• Cafe Renoir• 244 Kentish Town Rd
• Dirty Burger • 79 Highgate Rd
• ITTA • 225 Kentish Town Rd
• Mario's Cafe • 6 Kelly St
• The Oxford • 256 Kentish Town Rd
• Pane Vino • 323 Kentish Town Rd
• Phoenicia Mediterranean Food Hall •
186 Kentish Town Rd
Shopping
• Dots • 132 St Pancras Way
• Phoenicia • 186 Kentish Town Rd
• Ruby Violet • 118 Fortress Rd
Supermarkets
• Co-Op • 250 Kentish Town Rd
• EARTH natural foods • 200 Kentish Town Rd
• Iceland • 301 Kentish Town Rd
• Tesco/Esso • 196 Camden Rd
Map 73 • Holloway |
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Holloway
Map 73
Holloway is best known for its women's prison and not much else. To the west of Holloway Road it feels a bit like a sprawling backyard to gentrified Camden, Islington, and King's Cross. Nevertheless, bars like The Lord Stanley and Shillibeer's have gone all gastro, so it doesn't quite have the gritty vibe that it once had.
Libraries
• John Barnes Library • 275 Camden Rd
Nightlife
• The Lord Stanley • 51 Camden Park Rd
• Shillibeer's Bar and Grill • 1 Carpenter's Mews
Post Offices
• Brecknock Rd • 20 Brecknock Rd
Shopping
• Bumblebee Natural Foods • 33 Brecknock Rd
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 4 Williamson St
• Tesco/Esso • 196 Camden Rd
Map 74 • Holloway Road / Arsenal |
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Holloway Road / Arsenal
Map 74
Much like the football team the area shares its name with, there is a lot of potential talent here that just needs some time to come to fruition. On match days the streets make a sardine tin look roomy. This area also includes the grotty stretch of Holloway Road. For something different try Tbilisi for cheap Eastern European eats.
Coffee
• Cafe Nero • 348 Holloway Rd
• Le Peche Mignon • 6 Ronalds Rd
• Vagabond N7 • 105 Holloway Rd
Landmarks
• Gillespie Park • 191 Drayton Park
Libraries
• Central Library • 2 Fieldway Crescent
Nightlife
• The Coronet • 338 Holloway Rd
• Hen and Chicken Theatre Bar • 109 St Paul's Rd
• The Horatia • 98 Holloway Rd
• The Relentless Garage • 20 Highbury Corner
Post Offices
• Highbury • 5 Highbury Corner
• Holloway Rd • 118 Holloway Rd
Restaurants
• El Rincon Quiteno • 235 Holloway Rd
• Kokeb • 45 Roman Wy
• Morgan M • 489 Liverpool Rd
• Tbilisi • 91 Holloway Rd
• Wolkite Kifto • 82 Hornsey Rd
Shopping
• Vivien of Holloway • 294 Holloway Rd
Supermarkets
• Waitrose • 366 Holloway Rd
Map 75 • Highbury |
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Highbury
Map 75
A residential area close enough to Upper Street to keep you entertained and far enough away to keep you grounded, Highbury is blessed with the marvellous Highbury Fields, which during the summer is full of pretty things (in varying states of undress) and a thriving gay bar (Oak Bar). Bordered by busy St Paul's Road and bustling Green Lanes, you'll never struggle for something to do here; try the Snooty Fox for a quiet drink.
Landmarks
• St Paul's Shrubbery •
St Paul's Rd & Northampton Park
Nightlife
• Alwyne Castle • 83 St Pauls Rd
• The Snooty Fox • 75 Grosvenor Avenue
Post Offices
• Grosvenor Avenue • 91 Grosvenor Ave
• Highbury Park • 12 Highbury Park
Restaurants
• Firezza • 276 St Paul's Rd
• Highbury Arts Club • 73 Highbury Park
• Prawn on the Lawn • 220 St Paul's Rd
• Primeur • 116 Petherton Rd
• San Daniele Del Friuli • 72 Highbury Park
• Trullo • 300-302 St Paul's Rd
• Ustun • 107 Green Lanes
Shopping
• Cabbies Delight Auto Parts • 9 Green Lanes
• Highbury Vintners • 71 Highbury Park
• La Fromagerie • 30 Highbury Park
• Mother Earth • 282 St Paul's Rd
• Prawn on the Lawn • 220 St Paul's Rd
Map 76 • Edgware Road / Marylebone (North) |
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Edgware Road / Marylebone (North)
Map 76
Marylebone Road is noisy enough to have you running for the taps of the twotwentytwo straight away. Things get calmer (meaning duller) further north, but Mandalay's inexpensive Burmese treats save the north end of Edgware Road, while The Sea Shell of Lisson Grove does fine fish. And did we mention the great detective? Baker Street, dear Watson, Baker Street.
Coffee
• Pret A Manger • 120 Baker St
Emergency Rooms
• Western Eye Hospital • 173 Marylebone Rd
Landmarks
• Lord's Cricket Ground • St John's Wood
• Sherlock Holmes' House • 221 Baker St
Libraries
• Church Street Library • Church St
• London Business School Library • 25 Taunton Pl
• Marylebone Library • 109 Marylebone Rd
Nightlife
• twotwentytwo • 222 Marylebone Rd
• Volunteer • 245 Baker St
Post Offices
• Edgware Rd • 354 Edgware Rd
Restaurants
• Mandalay • 444 Edgware Rd
• Sea Shell of Lisson Grove • 49 Lisson Grove
Shopping
• Alfie's Antiques Market • 25 Church St
• Archive Secondhand Books & Music • 83 Bell St
• Beatles London Store • 231 Baker St
• Lord's Cricket Shop •
Lord's Cricket Ground, Lisson Grove
Supermarkets
• Tesco • 94 Church St
Map 77 • Mornington Crescent / Regent's Park |
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Mornington Crescent / Regent's Park
Map 77
Hemmed in by Regent's Park and Euston, this patch combines pretty streets with tower-block thoroughfares. Skip the din of Euston underpass for Drummond Street, Camden's 'little India'—hit up Bhel Poori for decent dosas and visit Chutneys for veggies. Wash it all down with mugs of Black Sheep Ale at The Crown and Anchor before mingling al fresco with Edinboro Castle's yuppier folk.
Landmarks
• Euston Tower • 286 Euston Rd
• Greater London House • Hampstead Rd
Libraries
• Regents Park Library • Robert St
Nightlife
• The Crown & Anchor • 137 Drummond St
• Edinboro Castle • 57 Mornington Terrace
• Euston Tap • 190 Euston Rd
• Queen's Head and Artichoke • 30 Albany St
Restaurants
• Chutneys • 124 Drummond St
• Diwana Bhel Poori • 121 Drummond St
• The Green Note • 106 Parkway
• Mestizo • 103 Hampstead Rd
Shopping
• Calumet Trading • 93 Drummond St
• Chess & Bridge • 369 Euston Rd
Map 78 • Euston |
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Euston
Map 78
Euston's the first port of call for thousands of people each day, be it city workers from the Shires or pilgrims to the many erotic bookshops by the railway. Look beyond the station—an ugly grey cube that dominates the area—and you'll find a few gems. Students and bookish types head to the outstanding library (British that is) while beer aficionados head to Euston Tap.
Coffee
• Bagel Factory • Euston Station
• The Espresso Bar • 96 Euston Rd
• Pret A Manger • 296 Pentonville Rd
• Pret A Manger • 117 Euston Rd
• Starbucks • 296 Pentonville Rd
Landmarks
• The British Library • 96 Euston Rd
• Camden High Street • Camden High St & Delancey St
• Central Saint Martins • 1 Granary Square
• Cheney Road • Cheney Rd & Weller's Ct
• Euston Station • Eversholt St & Doric Wy
• Platform 9¾ • King's Cross Station
• St Pancras• Pancras Rd & Euston Rd
• St Pancras Hospital • 4 St Pancras Way
Libraries
• The British Library • 96 Euston Rd
• Camden Town Library • 218 Eversholt St
• Wellcome Library • 183 Euston Rd
Nightlife
• The Camden Head • 100 Camden High St
• The Champagne Bar at St Pancras • Pancras Rd
• The Doric Arch • 1 Eversholt St
• Lincoln Lounge • 52 York Wy
• Purple Turtle • 61 Crowndale Rd
• Scala • 275 Pentonville Rd
Post Offices
• Kings Cross • 21 Euston St
Restaurants
• Asakusa • 265 Eversholt St
• Banger Bros. • Euston Station
• The Booking Office •
St Pancras Renaissance London Hotel, Euston Rd
• Camino • 3 Varnisher's Yard
• Caravan • 1 Granary Building
• Chop Chop Noodle Bar • 1 Euston Rd
• Dishoom • 5 Stable St
• El Parador • 245 Eversholt St
• Grain Store • 1-3 Stable St
• Great Nepalese • 48 Eversholt St
• Kitchin • 8 Caledonia St
• Rodon Live • 7 Pratt St
• The Somerstown Coffee House • 60 Chalton St
• Tony's Natural Foods • 10 Caledonian Rd
Shopping
• All Ages Records • 27 Pratt St
• Housmans Bookshop • 5 Caledonian Rd
• Peyton & Byrne • Pancras Rd
• Transformation • 52 Eversholt St
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 10 Camden High St
Map 79 • King's Cross |
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King's Cross
Map 79
No area in North London benefited more from the Olympic games than this crucial commuter hub. The once tawdry Kings Cross Station has a new face and a modern aura while St Pancras is as glorious a station as you'll find in Europe. Once London's seediest spot the KC is now full of rakish bars and clubs with excellent live music and some tasty eats up Caledonian Road.
Libraries
• Lewis Carroll Children's Library • 166 Copenhagen St
• West Library • Bridgeman Rd
Nightlife
• The Big Chill House • 257 Pentonville Rd
• Canal 125 • 125 Caledonian Rd
• Central Station • 37 Wharfdale Rd
• Drink, Shop & Do • 9 Caledonian Rd
• EGG • 200 York Wy
• Hemingford Arms • 128 Hemingford Rd
• The Lexington • 96 Pentonville Rd
• Lincoln Lounge • 52 York Wy
• Simmons • 32 Caledonian Rd
• Tarmon • 270 Caledonian Rd
Post Offices
• Caledonian Road • 320 Caledonian Rd
Restaurants
• Addis • 42 Caledonian Rd
• Drink, Shop & Do • 9 Caledonian Rd
• Euro Café • 299 Caledonian Rd
• Marathon • 196 Caledonian Rd
• The New Didar • 347 Caledonian Rd
• Oz • 53 Caledonian Rd
• Yum Yum • 48 Caledonian Rd
Shopping
• Cosmo Cornelio • 182 Caledonian Rd
Supermarkets
• Co-Op • 303 Caledonian Rd
• Iceland • 259 Caledonian Rd
Map 80 • Angel / Upper St |
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Angel / Upper St
Map 80
A purpose-built playground for a twenty-somethings crowd that has to wake up for work in the morning. Whether it's the boutique shops, bars and restaurants that cater to any and all taste preoccupying Upper Street, the antique shops along Camden Passage, or an eclectic and vivid live music and theatre scene (Head to the Kings Head Pub for both), Angel has it all, and much more.
Cinemas
• Everyman Screen on the Green • 83 Islington Green
• Vue Islington • 36 Parkfield St
Coffee
• Brown Bear Coffee & Home • 41 Cross St
• Estorick Gallery • 39 Canonbury Sq
• Euphorium Bakery • 202 Upper St
• Pret A Manger • 27 Islington High St
• Starbucks • 71 Upper St
• Starbucks • 30 Upper St
• Starbucks • 7 Islington High St
• Tinderbox • 21 Upper St
Landmarks
• Angel Station Roof
• The Bull •100 Upper St
Nightlife
• 69 Colebrooke Row • 69 Colebrooke Row
• The Angel • 3 Islington High St
• The Angelic • 57 Liverpool Rd
• Camden Head • 2 Camden Walk
• The Castle • 54 Pentonville Rd
• Colebrookes • 69 Colebrooke Row
• Compton Arms • 4 Compton Ave
• The Crown • 116 Cloudesley Rd
• Dead Dolls House • 181 Upper St
• The Drapers Arms • 44 Barnsbury St
• The Garage • 20 Highbury Corner
• Hope And Anchor • 207 Upper St
• Islington Academy • 16 Parkfield St
• King's Head Theatre & Pub • 115 Upper St
• Lucky Voice • 173 Upper St
• Old Red Lion • 418 St John St
• Public House • 54 Islington Park St
• The Regent • 201 Liverpool Rd
• Round Midnight: Jazz and Blues Bar • 13 Liverpool Rd
• Union Chapel • Compton Terrace
Restaurants
• Afghan Kitchen • 35 Islington Green
• The Albion • 10 Thornhill Rd
• Alpino • 97 Chapel Market
• The Breakfast Club • 31 Camden Passage
• Candid Café • 3 Torrens St
• Dead Dolls House • 181 Upper St
• Desperados • 127 Upper St
• The Elk in the Woods • 39 Camden Passage
• Fig and Olive • 151 Upper St
• Fredericks • Camden Passage
• Gem • 265 Upper St
• Indian Veg Bhelpoori House • 93 Chapel Market
• Isarn • 119 Upper St
• La Forchetta • 73 Upper St
• La Porchetta • 141 Upper St
• Le Mercury • 140 Upper St
• Masala Zone • 80 Upper St
• Mem & Laz • 8 Theberton St
• Metrogusto • 13 Theberton St
• Oldroyd • 344 Upper St
• Ottolenghi • 287 Upper St
• Pizzeria Oregano • 19 St Alban's Pl
• Rodizo Rico • 77 Upper St
• The Seagrass • 74 Chapel Market
• Tortilla • 13 Islington High St
• Zaffrani • 47 Cross St
Shopping
• After Noah • 121 Upper St
• Annie's Vintage Costume and Textiles •
12 Camden Passage
• Camden Passage • Camden Passage
• Cass Art • 66 Colebrooke Row
• Gill Wing Kitchen Shop • 194 Upper St
• Little Paris • 262 Upper St
• Micycle N1 • 47 Barnsbury St
• Monte's Deli • 23 Canonbury Ln
• Paul A Young Fine Chocolates • 33 Camden Passage
• Twentytwentyone • 274 Upper St
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 62 Chapel Market
Map 81 • Canonbury |
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Canonbury
Map 81
The Canonbury area is a delicious cocktail of diversity with a heady mix of leafy spacious streets, multi-million-pound mansions, a dollop of tempered hipster abodes and some of London's poorest estates. Essex Road has a Banksy and quirky shops including the notable Get Stuffed for all your taxidermy needs. Foodies are well catered for with real butchers (James Elliot), bakers (Raab's), and great ethnic eateries (Zigni House and Sabor).
Landmarks
• Gladiators Paving Slab • 10 Canonbury St
Libraries
• South Library • 115 Essex Rd
Nightlife
• Marquess Tavern • 32 Canonbury St
• Myddleton Arms • 52 Canonbury Rd
• The Lord Clyde • 342 Essex Rd
Restaurants
• Raab's Bakery • 136 Essex Rd
Shopping
• Get Stuffed • 105 Essex Rd
• HG Lockey & Sons • 8 Halton Cross St
• James Elliot Butchers • 96 Essex Rd
• Planet Organic • 64 Essex Rd
• Sew Fantastic • 107 Essex Rd
• Steve Hatt • 88 Essex Rd
Supermarkets
• Co-Op • 132 Essex Rd
Map 82 • De Beauvoir Town / Kingsland |
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De Beauvoir Town / Kingsland
Map 82
De Beauvoir is the buffer zone where swanky Islington meets the self-regard of Dalston. As such it's an ideal place to get a reprieve from either side. To the west are quiet squares and gastropubs. Venture east and you'll be up-'til-dawn boozing, talking to individuals comic book writers couldn't dream up. When you're sick of both, sit in De Beauvoir Square (with its thousands of palm trees) and ponder life.
Coffee
• 2&4 • 4 Southgate Rd
• Bird Café • 52 Boleyn Rd
• Haggerston Espresso Rooms • 13 Downham Rd
• Reilly Rocket • 507 Kingsland Rd
• Tina, We Salute You • 47 King Henry's Walk
Landmarks
• Suleymaniye Mosque • 212 Kingsland Rd
Libraries
• Mildmay Library • 21 Mildmay Park
Nightlife
• Dalston Boys Club • 68 Boleyn Rd
• Dalston Jazz Bar • 4 Bradbury St
• The Duke of Wellington • 119 Balls Pond Rd
• The Hunter S • 194 Southgate Rd
• The Northgate • 113 Southgate Rd
• Rosemary Branch Theatre • 2 Shepperton Rd
• The Vortex • 11 Gillett Sq
Restaurants
• De La Panza • 105 Southgate Rd
• Duke's Brew & Que • 33 Downham Rd
• Mother Earth • 101 Newington Green Rd
• Peppers and Spice • 40 Balls Pond Rd
• Pond • 3 Gillett St
• Vietnamese Canteen Huong Viet • 12 Englefield Rd
Shopping
• 2&4 • 4 Southgate Rd
• Mother Earth • 101 Newington Green Rd
• North One Garden Centre • 25 Englefield Rd
Map 83 • Angel (East) / City Rd (North) |
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Angel (East) / City Rd (North)
Map 83
If you're bored of the bars on Upper Street or the ironic chic of Hoxton, the streets in between (along Essex Road or by the canal) are a better bet, with a more laidback atmosphere. The Island Queen (NFT London's official birthplace!) is a cosy local pub and well worth a visit. One day they'll just have to give us one of those blue plaques.
Coffee
• Food Lab • 56 Essex Rd
Nightlife
• Barrio North • 45 Essex Rd
• The Charles Lamb • 16 Elia St
• The Duke of Cambridge • 30 St Peter's St
• Earl of Essex • 25 Danbury St
• The Narrow Boat • 119 St Peters St
• The Island Queen • 87 Noel Rd
• The Mucky Pup • 39 Queen's Head St
• The Old Queenís Head • 44 Essex Rd
• The Wenlock Arms • 26 Wenlock Rd
Restaurants
• The Charles Lamb • 16 Elia St
• Shepherdess Cafe • 221 City Rd
• William IV • 7 Shepherdess Walk
Shopping
• Flashback • 50 Essex Rd
• Past Caring • 54 Essex Rd
Map 84 • Hoxton |
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Hoxton
Map 84
The only constant in Hoxton is change: what passes as monthly rent now was a deposit on a pad a decade earlier. The vibe is special and the pulse of the area radiates out of Hoxton Square and its bedfellow Curtain Road. Shop at Hoxton Monster Supplies, check modern art at White Cube, drink at Electricity Showrooms or Zigfrid, and finish on the floor at Cargo.
Coffee
• Apostrophe • 42 Great Eastern St
• Cream • 31 New Inn Yard
• Eat. • 59 Great Eastern St
• Slate • 96 Curtain Rd
• Tre Era Cafe • 30 Whitmore Rd
Emergency Rooms
• Moorfields Eye Hospital • 162 City Rd
Landmarks
• Hoxton Square • Hoxton Sq
• Village Underground • 54 Holywell Ln
• White Cube • 48 Hoxton Sq
Libraries
• Shoreditch Library • 80 Hoxton St
Nightlife
• 333 Mother • 333 Old St
• Bedroom Bar • 62 Rivington St
• Cargo • 83 Rivington St
• Charlie Wright's International Bar • 45 Pitfield St
• Club Aquarium • 256 Old St
• Comedy Cafe • 66 Rivington St
• Electricity Showroom • 39 Hoxton Sq
• Happiness Forgets • 9 Hoxton Sq
• Howl at the Moon • 178 Hoxton St
• Hoxton Square Bar and Kitchen • 2 Hoxton Sq
• The Macbeth • 60 70 Hoxton St
• The Old Blue Last • 38 Great Eastern St
• PortSide Parlour • 14 Rivington St
• Red Lion • 41 Hoxton St
• The Stag's Head • 55 Orsman Rd
• Strongroom • 120 Curtain Rd
• Troy Bar • 10 Hoxton St
• Zigfrid • 11 Hoxton Sq
Restaurants
• 8 Hoxton Square • 8 Hoxton Sq
• The Barrel Boulangerie • 110 Hoxton St
• Big Apple Hot Dogs • 239 Old St
• The Clove Club • 380 Old St
• Cream • 31 New Inn Yard
• The Diner • 128 Curtain Rd
• F. Cooke • 150 Hoxton St
• Fifteen • 15 Westland Pl
• The Jones Family Project • 78 Great Eastern St
• Meat Mission • 15 Hoxton Market
• Rivington Bar and Grill • 28 Rivington St
• Tramshed • 32 Rivington St
Shopping
• Good Hood • 41 Coronet St
• Hoxton Street Monster Supplies • 159 Hoxton St
• SCP • 135 Curtain Rd
• Sh! • 57 Hoxton Sq
• Tord Boontje Shop • 23 Charlotte Rd
Supermarkets
• Co-Op • 136 New North Rd
• Iceland • 209 Hoxton St
Maps 85–103 • East London |
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Map 85 • Stoke Newington (East) |
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Stoke Newington (East)
Map 85
Stokey has turned into something of a Notting Hill of the east with all-terrain buggies taking up the pavement while the MILFs do their organic grocery shopping. It's resplendent in dining options but try Testi first. Various abolitionists and Salvation Army veterans are interred at the nineteenth-century Abney Park Cemetery, which doubles as an overgrown nature preserve and cruising spot.
Landmarks
• Abney Park Cemetery •
Stoke Newington High St & Rectory Rd
Libraries
• Clapton Library • Northwold Rd
Nightlife
• Blush • 8 Cazenove Rd
• The Jolly Butchers • 204 Stoke Newington High St
• Royal Sovereign • 64 Northwold Rd
• White Hart • 69 Stoke Newington High St
Post Offices
• Stamford Hill • 82 Stamford Hill
• Stoke Newington • 138 Stoke Newington High St
Restaurants
• 19 Numara Bos Cirrik • 34 Stoke Newington Rd
• Bagel House • 2 Stoke Newington High St
• Café Z Bar • 58 Stoke Newington High St
• Tatreez Cafe • 188 Stoke Newington High St
• Testi • 38 Stoke Newington High St
• Thai Cafe • 3 Northwold Rd
• Three Crowns • 175 Stoke Newington Church St
Shopping
• Bargain Bookshop • 153 Stoke Newington High St
• Hamdys • 167 Stoke Newington High St
• Stoke Newington Bookshop •
159 Stoke Newington High St
• Rouge • 158 Stoke Newington High St
Map 86 • Dalston / Kingsland |
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Dalston / Kingsland
Map 86
Bustling Ridley Road market is still the beating heart of Dalston, while Kingsland Road is like a Vice mag shoot with Nathan Barleys stalking up and down as though it were a catwalk. With hip bars like Dalston Superstore and Ridley Road Bar, it's no wonder. Cafe Oto is the experimental music cafe de jour.
Cinemas
• Lux • 18 Shacklewell Ln
• Rio Cinema • 107 Kingsland High St
Coffee
• Betty's Coffee • 510 Kingsland Rd
• Coffee@Ridley's • 91 Dalston Ln
• Dalston Eastern Curve Garden • 13 Dalston Ln
• Metolino Cafe • 162 Stoke Newington Rd
• Mouse & De Lotz • 103 Shackwell Ln
• To The Jungle • 16 Dalston Ln
Landmarks
• Centreprise • 136 Kingsland High St
• Holy Trinity, The Clowns Church •
Beechwood Rd & Kirkland Walk
Libraries
• CLR James Library • 30 Dalston Ln
Nightlife
• Alibi • 91 Kingsland High St
• Bar 23 • 23 Stoke Newington Rd
• Bardens Boudoir • 38 Stoke Newington Rd
• Café Oto • 18 Ashwin St
• Dalston Superstore • 117 Kingsland High St
• Efes Pool Club & Bar • 17 Stoke Newington Rd
• The Haggerston • 438 Kingsland Rd
• The Moustache Bar • 58 Stoke Newington Rd
• Passion • 251 Amhurst Rd
• The Prince George • 40 Parkholme Rd
• Ridley Road Market Bar • 49 Ridley Rd
• The Shacklewell Arms • 71 Shacklewell Ln
• Vogue Fabrics • 66 Stoke Newington Rd
Post Offices
• Kingsland High Street • 118 Kingsland High St
Restaurants
• Arancini Brothers • 592 Kingsland Rd
• The Best Turkish Kebab • 125 Stoke Newington Rd
• Dalston Eastern Curve Garden • 13 Dalston Ln
• Dem Cafe • 18 Stoke Newington Rd
• Evin Bar and Café • 115 Kingsland High St
• A Little Of What You Fancy • 464 Kingsland Rd
• Mangal 1 • 10 Arcola St
• Mangal 2 • 4 Stoke Newington Rd
• Peppers and Spice • 20 Kingsland High St
• The Russet • Amhurst Terrace
• Shanghai • 41 Kingsland High St
• Somine • 131 Kingsland High St
• Stone Cave • 111 Kingsland High St
• The Tea Rooms • 155 Stoke Newington Rd
Shopping
• Centre Supermarket • 588 Kingsland Rd
• Dalston Mill Fabrics • 69 Ridley Rd
• Healthy Stuff • 168 Dalston Ln
• LN-CC • 18 Shacklewell Ln
• Oxfam • 514 Kingsland Rd
• Party Party • 9 Ridley Rd
• Ridley Road Food Market • Ridley Rd
• St Vincent's • 484 Kingsland Rd
• Turkish Food Centre • 89 Ridley Rd
Map 87 • Hackney Downs / Lower Clapton |
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Hackney Downs / Lower Clapton
Map 87
A few years ago you couldn't move for house gigs and secret raves around the Downs, but these days the area is devolving into the moody gangland it used to be whilst breeding the rioters of tomorrow. Lower Clapton, on the other hand, is ever on the up. Shop at Umit's for rare films and sweets. Food and coffee can be found at vegan punk paradise Pacific Social Club.
Coffee
• Cooper and Wolf • 145 Chatsworth Rd
• Gulluoglu • 63 Lower Clapton Rd
• Organic & Natural • 191 Lower Clapton Rd
• Pacific Social Club • 8 Clarence Rd
Landmarks
• London Orphan Asylum •
Lower Clapton Rd & Linscott Rd
• The Strand Building • 29 Urswick Rd
• Sutton House • 2 Homerton High St
Nightlife
• Biddle Brothers • 88 Lower Clapton Rd
• The Crooked Billet • 84 Upper Clapton Rd
• The Pembury Tavern • 90 Amhurst Rd
• Star by Hackney Downs • 35 Queenstown Rd
Post Offices
• Dalston Lane • 244 Dalston Ln
• Hackney • 382 Mare St
Restaurants
• India Gate • 75 Lower Clapton Rd
• Mess Café • 38 Amhurst Rd
Shopping
• Kate Sheridan • 112 Lower Clapton Rd
• Palm 2 • 152 Lower Clapton Rd
• The Pet Shop • 40 Amhurst Rd
• Salvation Army Clapton • 122 Lower Clapton Rd
• Umit & Son • 35 Lower Clapton Rd
• X Marks The Bokship • 44 Copperfield Rd
Map 88 • Haggerston / Queensbridge Rd |
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Haggerston / Queensbridge Rd
Map 88
With the opening of Haggerston Station and the Ginger Line, it seems Shoreditch is merging with Dalston to form one sprawling kingdom of hipdom. Where once A10 used to be a dodgy little after-hours place, it's now a regular stop-off. Stroll down to the gardens at the Geffrye Museum or Haggerston Park for some people-watching with a flat white from Long White Cloud.
Coffee
• Long White Cloud • 151 Hackney Rd
Landmarks
• Geffrye Museum • 136 Kingsland Rd
• St Mary's Secret Garden • 30 Pearson St
Nightlife
• The Fox • 372 Kingsland Rd
• Passing Clouds • 440 Kingsland Rd
Post Offices
• Kingsland Road • 416 Kingsland Rd
Restaurants
• Beagle • 397 Geffrye St
• Berber & Q • Arch 338, Acton Mews
• Chicks n Sours • 390 Kingsland Rd
• Fabrique Bakery • 385 Geffrye St
• Faulkner's • 424 Kingsland Rd
• Hackney City Farm • 1 Goldsmiths Row
• Uludag • 398 Kingsland Rd
• Song Que • 134 Kingsland Rd
• Viet Hoa Café • 70 Kingsland Rd
Shopping
• KTS The Corner • 415 Kingsland Rd
Map 89 • London Fields / Hackney Central |
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London Fields / Hackney Central
Map 89
It's quite amusing seeing Chinese tourists waiting at the bus stop opposite Tesco with huge Burberry bags, having been at the Factory Shop whilst the rest of us schlep home with our groceries. Skip through London Fields, dip your toe in the Lido, and attempt to make your way through the throngs checking out their reflections in the shop windows on Broadway Market.
Coffee
• Climpson & Sons • 67 Broadway Market
• The Corner Deli • 121 Mare St
• Donlon Books • 77 Broadway Market
• Hackney Bureau • 3 Mare St
• Violet • 47 Wilton Wy
• Wilton's • 63 Wilton Way
Landmarks
• London Fields Lido • London Fields Westside
Libraries
• Hackney Central Library • 1 Reading Ln
Nightlife
• Baxter's Court • 282 Mare St
• The Dolphin • 165 Mare St
• The Dove • 24 Broadway Market
• Draughts • 337 Acton Mews
• The Old Ship • 2 Sylvester Path
• Pub on the Park • 19 Martello St
Post Offices
• London Fields • 39 Broadway Market
Restaurants
• Buen Ayre • 50 Broadway Market
• Cafe Bohemia • 2 Bohemia Pl
• Cat and Mutton • 76 Broadway Market
• Corner Deli • 121 Mare St
• F. Cooke • 9 Broadway Market
• Hai Ha • 206 Mare St
• Ombra • 1 Vyner St
• Pidgin • 52 Wilton Wy
• The Spurstowe Arms • 68 Greenwood Rd
Shopping
• Broadway Market • Broadway Market
• Burberry Factory Shop • 29 Chatham Pl
• Candle Factory • 184 Mare St
• E5 Bakehouses • 395 Mentmore Terrace
• L'eau a la Bouche • 49 Broadway Market London
• Viktor Wynd's Shop of Horrors • 11 Mare St
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 150 Mare St
• Tesco • 55 Morning Ln
Map 90 • Homerton / Victoria Park North |
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Homerton / Victoria Park North
Map 90
Aah, Hackney Village: leafy Lauriston Road and its surrounds would make a nice retreat from the madding crowd if everyone else didn't have the same idea. Nevermind, have a Sunday Roast at the Royal Inn on The Park. Whereas once one would only be seen in Homerton if one was going to the hospital (or going to the hospital because one was in Homerton), Chatsworth Road (just off map) is now the place du jour.
Coffee
• Railroad Café • 120 Morning Ln
• The Wash • 206 Well St
Emergency Rooms
• Homerton University Hospital • Homerton Row
Libraries
• Homerton Library • Homerton High St
Nightlife
• Chats Palace Arts Centre • 42 Brooksby's Walk
• The Kenton • 38 Kenton Rd
• The Lauriston • 162 Victoria Park Rd
• Royal Inn on the Park • 111 Lauriston Rd
Post Offices
• High Street • 226 Homerton High St
• Victoria Park • 112 Lauriston Rd
• Well Street • 188 Well St
Restaurants
• Eat 17 • 64–66 Brooksby's Walk
• The Empress of India • 130 Lauriston Rd
• The Fish House • 126 Lauriston Rd
• Machete • 91 Lauriston Rd
• Well Street Kitchen • 203 Well St
Shopping
• The Ginger Pig • 99 Lauriston Rd
• Perlie Rides • 137 Well St
• Sublime • 225 Victoria Park Rd
• Work Shop • 77 Lauriston Rd
Supermarkets
• Tesco • 180 Well St
Map 91 • Shoreditch / Brick Lane / Spitalfields |
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Shoreditch / Brick Lane / Spitalfields
Map 91
Throbbing with trend-lords on single-speed bikes, great curry houses, and alternative-lifestyle vomit, the trick is to sample Brick Lane and Shoreditch on market days for pure colour and bustle, but to avoid it on weekend eves. Shopping is abundant: Rough Trade, Beyond Retro, and oodles of great little rag shacks. Head towards Jaguar Shoes or Catch for booze. For a dash of authenticity, leave your £1000 bike unlocked and see what happens.
Cinemas
• Rich Mix Centre •
34 Bethnal Green Rd
• Short & Sweet • 91 Brick Ln
Coffee
• Allpress • 58 Redchurch St
• Cafe 1001 • 91 Brick Ln
• Coffee@157 • 157 Brick Ln
• Esoteria • 276 Hackney Rd
• Lanark • 262 Hackney Rd
• Leila's Shop • 17 Calvert Ave
• Nude Espresso • 26 Hanbury St
• Prufrock • 140 Shoreditch High St
• Time For Tea •
110 Shoreditch High St
Landmarks
• Brick Lane Mosque • 59 Brick Ln
• Christ Church Spitalfields •
2 Fournier St
• Dennis Severs' House •
18 Folgate St
• Spitalfields Market •
105 Commercial St
• Sweet Toof Graffiti Alley •
Pedley St & Brick Ln
• Ten Bells • 84 Commercial St
• Truman's Brewery • Brick Ln
Libraries
• Dorset Library • Ravenscroft St
Nightlife
• 93 Feet East • 150 Brick Ln
• The Archers • 42 Osborn St
• Bar Kick • 127 Shoreditch High St
• Bar Music Hall • 134 Curtain Rd
• Bedroom Bar • 62 Rivington St
• The Birdcage • 80 Columbia Rd
• Browns • 1 Hackney Rd
• The Big Chill Bar •
Dray Walk off Brick Ln
• Café 1001 • 91 Brick Ln
• The Carpenters Arms •
73 Cheshire St
• Catch • 22 Kingsland Rd
• The Cocktail Trading Co. •
68 Bethnal Green Rd
• The Commercial Tavern •
142 Commercial St• Comedy Cafe • 66 Rivington St
• The Culpeper • 40 Commercial St
• Danger of Death • 202 Brick Ln
• The George & Dragon • Hackney Rd
• The Golden Heart •
110 Commercial St
• Jaguar Shoes • 32 Kingsland Rd
• The Love Shake • 5 Kingsland Rd
• The Old Shoreditch Station •
1 Kingsland Rd
• Owl & Pussycat • 34 Redchurch St
• Prague • 6 Kingsland Rd
• Pride of Spitalfields • 3 Heneage St
• The Redchurch • 107 Redchurch St
• The Royal Oak • 73 Columbia Rd
• Sager + Wilde • 193 Hackney Rd
• Shoreditch House • Ebor St
• T Bar • 18 Houndsditch
• Vibe Bar • 91 Brick Ln
• The Water Poet • 9 Folgate St
• Ye Olde Axe • 69 Hackney Rd
Post Offices
• Bethnal Green •
223 Bethnal Green Rd
• Hackney Road • 198 Hackney Rd
Restaurants
• Andina • 1 Redchurch St
• Back in 5 Minutes • 222 Brick Ln
• Beigel Bakery • 155 Brick Ln
• Boundary • 2 Boundary St
• Brawn • 49 Columbia Rd
• Brick Lane Clipper Restaurant •
104 Brick Ln
• Café Bangla • 128 Brick Ln
• Chez Elles • 45 Brick Ln
• The Culpeper • 40 Commercial St
• Dishoom • 7 Boundary St
• Drunken Monkey •
222 Shoreditch High St
• Ethiopian Food Stall • Brick Ln
• Frizzante • 1 Goldsmith's Row
• Gourmet San • 261 Bethnal Green Rd
• Hanoi Cafe • 98 Kingsland Rd
• Hawksmoor • 157 Commercial St
• Les Trois Garcons • 1 Club Row
• Lyle's • 56 Shoreditch High St
• Marksman Public House •
254 Hackney Rd
• Mein Tay • 122 Kingsland Rd
• Noodle King • 185 Bethnal Green Rd
• The Premises • 209 Hackney Rd
• Que Viet • 102 Kingsland Rd
• Rosa's • 12 Hanbury St
• St John Bread and Wine •
94 Commercial St
• Taberna do Mercado •
107 Commercial St
• Tay Do • 60 Kingsland Rd
• Tay Do Cafe • 65 Kingsland Rd
• Troy Cafe • 124 Kingsland Rd
• Viet Grill • 58 Kingsland Rd
Shopping
• Absolute Vintage • 15 Hanbury St
• Bangla City • 86 Brick Ln
• Bernstock Speirs • 234 Brick Ln
• Beyond Retro • 112 Cheshire St
• Blackmans • 44 Cheshire St
• Blackman's Shoes • 42 Cheshire St
• Brick Lane • Brick Ln
• Caravan • 3 Redchurch St
• A Child of The Jago •
10 Great Eastern St
• Columbia Road Flower Market • Columbia Rd
• Columbia Road Market • Columbia Rd
• Comfort Station • 22 Cheshire St
• Duke of Uke • 22 Hanbury St
• Dum Dum Donutterie •
2–4 Bethnal Green Rd
• FairyGothMother • 15 Lamb St
• The Grocery • 54 Kingsland Rd
• Hurwundeki • 98 Commerical St
• Junky Styling • 91 Brick Ln
• The Laden Showroom • 103 Brick Ln
• Labour & Wait • 18 Cheshire St
• Lily Vanillie • 6 Ezra St
• Luna and Curious • 198 Brick Lne
• Mast Brothers • 19 Redchurch St
• A Portuguese Love Affair •
142 Columbia Rd
• Present • 140 Shoreditch High St
• Rough Trade East • 91 Brick Ln
• Ryantown • 126 Columbia Rd
• Sunday (Up)Market • Brick Ln
• Taj Stores • 112 Brick Ln
• Tatty Devine • 236 Brick Ln
• Taylor Taylor • 12 Cheshire St
• Taylor Taylor •
137 Commercial St
• Treacle • 110 Columbia Rd
Map 92 • Bethnal Green |
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Bethnal Green
Map 92
No longer the inner-city ghetto from days of yore, but you can still find some of the gor-blimey-lor-love-a-duck cockney cheekiness that one would expect in this hood. E. Pellicci is one of the oldest remaining greasy spoons in London, so head in for a Full Monty and a cuppa. If a lager and a burger down the Sebright Arms is not your thing, head down to the Buddhist Centre for a bit of instant karma.
Coffee
• Hurwundeki Cafe • 298 Cambridge Heath Rd
Landmarks
• Bethnal Green Tube Station •
Bethnal Green Tube Station
• London Buddhist Centre • 51 Roman Rd
Libraries
• Bethnal Green Library • Cambridge Heath Rd
• Idea Store Bow • Roman Rd
Nightlife
• The Albion • 94 Goldsmiths Row
• Bethnal Green's Working Men's Club • 44 Pollard Row
• The Florist Arms • 255 Globe Rd
• Sebright Arms • 31 Coate St
• Satan's Whiskers • 343 Cambridge Heath Rd
• The Star Of Bethnal Green • 359 Bethnal Green Rd
Post Offices
• Bethnal Green Road • 365 Bethnal Green Rd
• Cambridge Heath • 481 Cambridge Heath Rd
Restaurants
• Bistrotheque • 23 Wadeson St
• E Pellicci • 332 Bethnal Green Rd
• The Gallery Cafe • 21 Old Ford Rd
• Little Georgia • 87 Goldsmiths Row
• Mission • 250 Paradise Row
Shopping
• AP Fitzpatrick • 142 Cambridge Heath Rd
Supermarkets
• Tesco • 361 Bethnal Green Rd
Map 93 • Globe Town / Mile End (North) |
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Globe Town / Mile End (North)
Map 93
Yeah Victoria Park is nice and all, but it's just a bunch of trees and grass innit? South of all that green sh** is an up-and-coming nabe with so many great little gems. So, The Palm Tree is the best pub in Britain. The Victoria is becoming a brilliant gig spot. We'd move here if we had the balls, in fact.
Landmarks
• Art Pavilion • 221 Grove Rd
• Mile End Climbing Wall • Haverfield Rd & Grove Rd
Nightlife
• The Approach • 47 Approach Rd
• Morgan Arms • 43 Morgan St
• Palm Tree • 127 Grove Rd
• The Victoria • 110 Grove Rd
Post Offices
• Roman Road • 138 Roman Rd
Restaurants
• Greedy Cow Burgers & Steaks • 2 Grove Rd
• Morgan Arms • 43 Morgan St
Map 94 • Bow |
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Bow
Map 94
What have the Romans ever done for us? Not much, you might think, walking down Roman Road. But look closer and you'll find not only one of the oldest, most authentically East End jellied eels and mash eateries of the city, but also a market so cheap it'll knock even the most die-hard bargain hunters right out of their Centurion sandals. Pint? The haughty-sounding combo of The Young Prince or The Lord Morpeth.
Nightlife
• Coborn Arms • 8 Coborn Rd
• Lord Morpeth • 402 Old Ford Rd
• The Lord Tredegar • 50 Lichfield Rd
• Young Prince • 448 Roman Rd
Post Offices
• Roman Road (603) • 603 Roman Rd
Restaurants
• Chicchi • 516 Roman Rd
• G. Kelly Noted Eel & Pie Shop • 526 Roman Rd
• Pavilion Victoria Park • Old Ford Rd
Shopping
• Roman Road Market • Roman Rd
• Sew Amazing • 80 St Stephens Rd
• South Molton Drug Store • 583 Roman Rd
Map 95 • Whitechapel (West) / St Katharine's Dock |
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Whitechapel (West) / St Katharine's Dock
Map 95
Whitechapel Gallery has reclaimed its place as the jewel in the crown of this 'hood since its renovation. Much like a busty Page 3 girl (see if you can spot one totter out of The Sun's nearby offices), the gallery has burst out of its shackles to reveal something quite magnificent. The Rhythm Factory is a typically chaotic boozing den—or head to Wilton's Music Hall for crumbling decadence and table tennis.
Coffee
• Black Sheep Coffee • 2 Leman St
• Oi Bagel • 45 Commercial Rd
• Starbucks • 45 Whitechapel Rd
• Vagabond E1 • 59–63 Whitechapel High St
• White Mulberries • 3 Ivory House
Landmarks
• The Sun HQ • 1 Virginia St
Nightlife
• The Dickens Inn • 1 St Katherine Docks
• Rhythm Factory • 16 Whitechapel Rd
• Simmons • 61 Mint St
• Wilton's Music Hall • Graces Alley & Ensign St
Restaurants
• Cafe Spice Namaste • 16 Prescot St
• The Empress • 141 Leman St
Supermarkets
• Waitrose • Thomas More St & Nesham St
Map 96 • Whitechapel (East) / Shadwell (West) / Wapping |
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Whitechapel (East) / Shadwell (West) / Wapping
Map 96
Ex-dockland Wapping now imports yuppies into its converted warehouses, less-gleaming Shadwell and Whitechapel keep more of the East End spirit alive. Wapping High Street is mainly residential, Whitechapel Road is more lively. Drink at Indo if you're boho, stick with The Captain Kidd if not. Tayyab's is cracking—stick out the queues, or if curry's not your thing head to Il Bordello.
Emergency Rooms
• Royal London Hospital • Whitechapel Rd & Vallance Rd
Landmarks
• Battle of Cable Street Mural, St George's Hall •
236 Cable St
• Blind Beggar Pub • 337 Whitechapel Rd
Libraries
• Idea Store Whitechapel • 321 Whitechapel Rd
• Watney Market Library • 30 Watney Market
Nightlife
• Captain Kidd • 108 Wapping High St
• Indo • 133 Whitechapel Rd
• Town of Ramsgate • 62 Wapping High St
• Victualler • 69 Garnet St
Post Offices
• Eastern • 206 Whitechapel Rd
• Philpot Street • 12 Philpot St
Restaurants
• Il Bordello • 81 Wapping High St
• Lahore Kebab House • 2–10 Umberston St
• Needoo Grill • 87 New Rd
• Tayyabs • 83 Fieldgate St
Supermarkets
• Iceland • Watney St & Tarling St
• Sainsbury's • 1 Cambridge Heath Rd
Map 97 • Stepney / Shadwell (East) |
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Stepney / Shadwell (East)
Map 97
Cockney geezers run into hipsters and smart new developments sit next to rundown estates. No one quite knows where this area is going. We know where we're going, though—to The George Tavern, mainly, for impromptu theatre, blue-collar poetry and other arty madness, or The Prospect of Whitby, if we're feeling nostalgic. Wapping Food, meanwhile, serves great fare inside a century-old power station.
Cinemas
• Foxcroft & Ginger • 69 Mile End Rd
• Genesis Mile End • 93 Mile End Rd
Coffee
• Popular Café • 536 Commercial Rd
Nightlife
• Cable Street Studios • 566 Cable St
• The George Tavern • 373 Commercial Rd
• The Prospect of Whitby • 57 Wapping Wall
• Troxy • 490 Commerical Rd
Post Offices
• Globe Road • 34 Globe Rd
• Stepney • 502 Commercial Rd
Restaurants
• Dirty Burger • 27 Mile End Rd
• Foxcroft & Ginger • 69 Mile End Rd
Shopping
• John Lester Wigmakers • 32 Globe Rd
• East End Thrift Store • 1 Assembly Passage
Supermarkets
• Co-Op • 193 Mile End Rd
Map 98 • Mile End (South) / Limehouse |
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Mile End (South) / Limehouse
Map 98
Scary desolate landscapes and urban decay? Cool! Authenticity and Edge go hand-in-hand 'round here until you get to the water, where it livens up and turns into a Foxtons wank fantasy. Still, The Grapes, The Narrow and La Figa are eats and drinks havens while the Ragged School Museum offers a glimpse of what it was like when it was really grim round 'ere.
Landmarks
• Ragged School Museum • 46 Copperfield Rd
Nightlife
• The Grapes • 76 Narrow St
Post Offices
• Ben Jonson Road • 52 Ben Jonson Rd
• Mile End • 1 Burdett Rd
• Salmon Lane • 127 Salmon Ln
Restaurants
• La Figa • 45 Narrow St
• The Narrow • 44 Narrow St
• The Orange Room • 63 Burdett Rd
Map 99 • Bow Common |
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Bow Common
Map 99
Desolation Row pretty much. For hardy explorers kitted out with knives and/or chastity belts, the wonderfully overgrown and sh**-your-pants scary Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park is great. In fact, keep the afore-mentioned kit on if you intend creeping through the boarded-up council estates and general doom.
Post Offices
• Poplar • 22 Market Sq
Map 100 • Poplar (West) / Canary Wharf (West) |
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Poplar (West) / Canary Wharf (West)
Map 100
Now that we're officially out of the recession you can wander the wharf marveling at the 'scrapers without pesky ruined bankers landing on you. Ah yes, the smell of money has resurfaced around finance's engine room and the brilliantly futuristic landscape is once again replete with suits shopping at the bland mall under Cabot Square. They never left of course, they just got used to packed lunches like the rest of us.
Cinemas
• Cineworld West India Quay • 11 Hertsmere Rd
Coffee
• Bagel Factory • 7 Westferry Circus
• Café Brera • 45 Bank St
• Café Brera • 12 Cabot Sq
• Café Brera • 31 Westferry Circus
• Coffee Republic • 10 Cabot Sq
• Coffee Republic • Hertsmere Rd
• Fresco Café Bar • 15 Cabot Sq
• Fresco Café Bar • 22 Canada Sq
• Starbucks • 1 Canada Sq
• Starbucks • 45 Bank St
• Starbucks • 8 Westferry Circus
Landmarks
• Canary Wharf Tower • 1 Canada Sq
• Canary Wharf Tube Station • Canary Wharf
Nightlife
• Davy's • 31 Canary Wharf
• Via Fossa• 18 Hertsmere Rd
Post Offices
• Canary Wharf • 5 Chancellor Passage
Restaurants
• Browns • Hertsmere Rd
• Nicolas • 480 One Canada Sq
• Plateau • Canada Pl
• Royal China • 30 Westferry Circus
Supermarkets
• Tesco • 15 Cabot Sq
• Waitrose • N Colonnade & Canada Sq
Map 101 • Poplar (East) / Canary Wharf (East) |
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Poplar (East) / Canary Wharf (East)
Map 101
One day NFT lay down in the shadow of the Tower after a few in The Greenwich Pensioner and gazed up at the 'scraper, admiring its Philip K. Dickian splendour. A small plane buzzed by. Well-heeled bankers stuffed with pub grub from The Gun strode by us. Then we got pulled up by the dreadlocks by a rozzer and got hoofed out for not reading the Financial Times. Serves us right.
Libraries
• Idea Store Canary Wharf • Churchill Pl
• Idea Store Chrisp Street •
East India Dock Rd • 1 Vesey Path
Nightlife
• The Greenwich Pensioner • 28 Bazely Street
Post Offices
• Churchill Place • 2 Churchill Pl
Restaurants
• The Gun • 27 Coldharbour
• Jamie's Italian • 2 Churchill Pl
Map 102 • Millwall |
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Millwall
Map 102
Though Millwall has award-winning Docklands Sailing Centre and decent community venue The Space (Hubbub Café and Bar), it doesn't really have much else. Bereft of tube, overground, or DLR, it doesn't even have Millwall FC anymore. Despite the potential of Canary Wharf on the doorstep and flush of luxury riverside apartments, it's still tainted with the whiff of BNP and football hooliganism. Buy now.
Landmarks
• The Docklands Sailing & Watersport Centre •
235 Westferry Rd
Nightlife
• Hubbub • 269 Westferry Rd
Post Offices
• Westferry Rd • 367 Westferry Rd
Map 103 • Cubitt Town / Mudchute |
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Cubitt Town / Mudchute
Map 103
Though shaded by the skyscrapers of Canary Wharf and a rash of luxury developments, this corner of the Island is blessed by the marvellous Mudchute Farm and Park (with the standout Mudchute Kitchen and equestrian centre), not one, not two, but three DLR stations, and a number of down-to-earth boozers like Lord Nelson. Who let the Isle of Dogs out?
Landmarks
• Mudchute Farm • Pier St
Libraries
• Cubitt Town Library • Strattondale St
Nightlife
• The Ferry House • 26 Ferry St
• The Lord Nelson • 1 Manchester Rd
Post Offices
• Cubitt Town • 15 Castalia Sq
• Isle Of Dogs • 159 Manchester Rd
Restaurants
• Mudchute Kitchen • Pier St
Supermarkets
• ASDA • 151 E Ferry Rd
Maps 104–130 • Southeast London |
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Map 104 • South Bank / Waterloo / Lambeth North |
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South Bank / Waterloo / Lambeth North
Map 104
Hug the riverbank and you can culture 'til you puke. But you'll need stamina to survive; with such densely populated institutions your brain will give up long before your body. When it does, head for the cafe by day/bar by night, Concrete, tucked away behind the Southbank Centre, where the art installation du jour promises to have you wetting your pants in no time.
Cinemas
• BFI London IMAX • 1 Charlie Chaplin Walk
• BFI Southbank • Belverdere Rd & Waterloo Rd
Coffee
• Bagel Factory • Waterloo Station
• Benugo Bar & Kitchen • Belvedere Rd
• Eat. • Belvedere Rd
• Eat. • Barge House St
• Four Corners Cafe • 12 Lower Marsh
• ScooterCaffe • 132 Lower Marsh
• Starbucks • 3 Belvedere Rd
Landmarks
• County Hall • Westminster Bridge Rd & Belvedere Rd
• The Hayward Gallery • Southbank Centre
• The London Eye • Westminster Bridge Rd
• Low Tide at South Bank • Waterloo Rd & Upper Ground
• National Theatre • South Bank
• The Pier at OXO Tower •
Barge House St & Upper Ground
• South Bank Book Market • Under Waterloo Bridge
• Waterloo Bridge • Waterloo Bridge
Libraries
• Imperial War Museum • Lambeth Rd
• Poetry Library • Royal Festival Hall
• Waterloo Library • 114 Lower Marsh
Nightlife
• The Anchor & Hope • 36 The Cut
• Benugo Bar & Kitchen • Belvedere Rd
• Concrete • Southbank Centre
• Cubana • 48 Lower Marsh
• The Cut Bar • 66 The Cut
• Da Vinci's • 6 Baylis Rd
• The Pit Bar at the Old Vic • The Cut
• Royal Festival Hall • Belvedere Rd
• Skylon • Belvedere Rd
Restaurants
• The Anchor & Hope • 32 The Cut
• Canteen • Royal Festival Hall, Belvedere Rd
• Concrete • Southbank Centre
• The Cut Bar • 66 The Cut
• Giraffe • Riverside Level 1
• Marie's Cafe • 90 Lower Marsh
• Oxo Tower Wharf • Barge House St
• RSJ • 33 Coin St
• Skylon • Belvedere Rd
• Studio 6 • 56 Upper Ground
• Tas Cut • 33 The Cut
Shopping
• Calder Bookshop • 51 The Cut
• Calder Bookshop Theatre • 51 The Cut
• Greensmiths • 27 Lower Marsh
• I Knit London • 106 Lower Marsh
• Konditor & Cook • 22 Cornwall Rd
• Oasis • 84 Lower Marsh
• Radio Days • 87 Lower Marsh
• ScooterCaffe • 132 Lower Marsh
• Silverprint • 12 Valentine Pl
• Southbank Book Market • Under Waterloo Bridge
• Top Wind • 2 Lower Marsh
• What The Butler Wore • 131 Lower Marsh
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 112 Lower Marsh
• Marks & Spencer • Waterloo Station
• Sainsbury's • 101 Waterloo Rd
Map 105 • Southwark / Bankside (West) |
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Southwark / Bankside (West)
Map 105
The Tate Modern, ladies and gents. It deserves all the praise it gets. And next door there's Shakespeare's Globe, the modern reconstruction of the Elizabethan playhouse where the Bard of Avon's works were contemporaneously produced. Both make this looked-after stretch of the Thames embankment a treasure for those hungry for culture. For those hungry for something else, you're spoilt with quirky options: Try Baltic for Polish Hunters' Stew, The Table for award-winning brunches, or Laughing Gravy for a restaurant named after Laurel & Hardy's dog.
Coffee
• Eat. • Bankside
• Pret A Manger • 2 Canvey St
• Starbucks • Emerson St (Units 1–3 Benbow House)
Landmarks
• Buskers' Archway • Southbank
• Elephant & Castle • Elephant & Castle
• Michael Faraday Memorial • Elephant & Castle
• The Ring • 72 Blackfriars Rd
• Shakespeare's Globe • 21 New Globe Walk
• Tate Modern • Bankside
Nightlife
• Albert Arms • 1 Gladstone St
• The Libertine • 125 Great Suffolk St
• The Lord Nelson • 243 Union St
• Ministry of Sound • 103 Gaunt St
• The Prince of Wales • 51 St George's Rd
• The Wine Theatre • 206 Union St
Post Offices
• Blackfriars Road • 52 Blackfriars Rd
Restaurants
• Baltic • 74 Blackfriars Rd
• El Vergel • 132 Webber St
• Laughing Gravy • 154 Blackfriars Rd
• The Table • 83 Southwark St
• Tate Modern Restaurant • Bankside
• Terry's Cafe • 158 Great Suffolk St
Shopping
• Elephant & Castle Market • Elephant & Castle
Supermarkets
• Tesco • Elephant & Castle Station
Map 106 • Bankside (East) / Borough / Newington |
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Bankside (East) / Borough / Newington
Map 106
A Shoreditch for grown-ups, these parts have become a bit suitified lately—especially now that it's been reborn as 'London Bridge Quarter' under the Shard. Still, there's plenty of fun to be had. Gourmet-minded Borough Market draws the crowds on Saturdays, while the pubs and bars lining Borough High Street keep the party-minded happy throughout the week. Don't miss The Rake if you like (unusual) beer, Brindisa for Spanish tapas, and Roast if meat's your thing.
Coffee
• Bagel Factory • 12 Joiner St
• Caffe Nero • 3 Cathedral St
• Costa • 134 Borough High St
• Patisserie Lila • 1 Bedale St
• Pret A Manger • 8 London Bridge St
• Pret A Manger • 49 Tooley St
• Starbucks • Clink Wharf, Clink St
Landmarks
• Cross Bones Graveyard • Red Cross Way & Union St
• Female Gladiator • 159 Great Dover St
• The Golden Hinde • Clink St & Stoney St
• The London Tombs • 2 Tooley St
• Mint Street Park •
Southwark Bridge Rd & Marshalsea Rd
• Old Operating Theatre Museum • 9 St Thomas St
• Roman Cemetery • 165 Great Dover St
• The Shard • 32 London Bridge St
• Southwark Cathedral • Cathedral St & Montague Close
• St George the Martyr • Borough High St & Tabard St
• Winchester Palace • Clink St & Storey St
Libraries
• John Harvard Library • 211 Borough High St
Nightlife
• The Anchor • 34 Park St
• Belushi's • 161 Borough High St
• The Blue-Eyed Maid • 173 Borough High St
• Brew Wharf • Brew Wharf Yard, Stoney St
• The George Inn • 77 Borough High St
• The Globe • 8 Bedale St
• Number 1 Bar • 1 Duke St Hill
• The Market Porter • 9 Stoney St
• The Rake • 14 Winchester Walk
• The Roebuck • 50 Great Dover St
• The Rose • 123 Snowfields
• Roxy Bar and Screen • 128 Borough High St
• The Royal Oak • 44 Tabard St
• Southwark Tavern • 22 Southwark St
• Wine Wharf • Stoney St
Post Offices
• Great Dover Street • 159 Great Dover St
• London Bridge • 19 Borough High St
Restaurants
• Arabica Bar & Kitchen • 3 Rochester Walk
• Boot and Flogger • 10 Redcross Wy
• Brew Wharf • Brew Wharf Yard, Stoney St
• Champor-Champor • 62 Weston St
• Feng Sushi • 13 Stoney St
• Fish! • Cathedral St
• Hing Loong • 159 Borough High St
• Nando's • 215 Clink St
• Roast • The Floral Hall, Stoney St
• Silka • Southwark St
• Tapas Brindisa • 18 Southwark St
• Tas Borough High Street • 72 Borough High St
• Wright Bros Oyster Bar • 11 Stoney St
Shopping
• Borough Market • 8 Southwark St
• Brindisa Retail • Borough Market
• Paul Smith • 13 Park St
• Richer Sounds • 2 London Bridge Walk
• Vinopolis • 1 Bank End
Supermarkets
• Marks & Spencer • London Bridge Station
• Sainsbury's • 116 Borough High St
Map 107 • Shad Thames |
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Shad Thames
Map 107
The elitist's Bermondsey, Shad Thames is home to ultra-hip boutiques, glass balconies, and converted warehouses. No café dares exist without its own gallery. Bermondsey Street blossoms as an epicentre of creatives knocking out their latest bestseller over brunch, while the More London space by the Thames is an invigorating crowd-pleaser. Head to so-new-its-still-burping-formula Shortwave for indie flicks, and The Scoop for top free events.
Cinemas
• Shortwave • 10 Bermondsey Sq
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 6 More Pl
• Caphe House • 114 Bermondsey St
• Coffee @ Bermondsey • 163 Bermondsey St
• Hej • 1 Bermondsey St
• SoBo • 83 Tower Bridge Rd
• Tremors • 37 Bermondsey St
Landmarks
• City Hall • Queen's Walk, More London Development
• Design Museum • Shad Thames
• Fashion and Textile Museum • 83 Bermondsey St
• Floating Gardens • 31 Mill St
• HMS Belfast • Morgan's Lane & Tooley St
• Stompie • Mandela Way & Page's Walk
• Tower Bridge • Tower Bridge Road
Nightlife
• Cable • 33 Bermondsey St
• The Hide • 39 Bermondsey St
• Hilton London Tower Bridge • 5 Tooley St
• Village East • 171-173 Bermondsey St
• The Woolpack • 98 Bermondsey St
Restaurants
• Butlers Wharf Chop House • 36 Shad Thames
• Casse-Croute • 109 Bermondsey St
• Le Pont de la Tour • 36 Shad Thames
• M Manze Pie and Mash • 87 Tower Bridge Rd
• Magdalen • 152 Tooley St
• Pizarro Tapas • 104 Bermondsey St
• Village East • 171-173 Bermondsey St
Shopping
• Fine Foods • 218 Long Ln
• The Design Museum Shop • 28 Shad Thames
• Long Lane Deli • 218 Long Ln
• Maltby Street Market • Maltby St
Map 108 • Bermondsey |
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Bermondsey
Map 108
With its mixed bag of winding cobbled streets, council estates, and posh new builds, you can imagine the awkwardness when the new-to-the-neighbourhood clean shirt steps into the the adamantly local Bermondsey boozer. The old-timers are sticking to their guns, and there is a definite dirty side to this on-the-cusp part of town. For quaint Japanese try Poppy Hana on Jamaica Road.
Libraries
• Blue Anchor Library • Southwark Park Rd
Post Offices
• Jamaica Road • 158 Jamaica Rd
• Southwark Park Road • 200 Southwark Park Rd
Restaurants
• Poppy Hana • 169 Jamaica Rd
Shopping
• The Kernel Brewery • 11 Dockley Road Industrial Estate
Supermarkets
• Co-Op • 193 Southwark Park Rd
• Iceland • 222 Southwark Park
Map 109 • Southwark Park |
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Southwark Park
Map 109
Bordered by tower blocks and the unfortunate juxtaposition of a nursing home and undertaker's, you might toy with taking your picnic elsewhere. But step inside, because it's every bit the oasis that local hero Dr Salter hoped it would be. Well-spent investment has given it a boating lake, rose garden, wildlife area, and the inspired Café Gallery Projects. Nip to The Angel afterwards for cheap beers and river views.
Nightlife
• Ancient Foresters • 282 Southwark Park Rd
• The Angel • 101 Bermondsey Wall E
Map 110 • Rotherhithe (West) / Canada Water |
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Rotherhithe (West) / Canada Water
Map 110
If residential flats are your thing, you'll love Rotherhithe West. Not if bars are your thing though. Or shops. Or life. But among the warren of apartments is The Mayflower, one of the greatest historical pubs in London, with the grave of the Mayflower ship's captain in the churchyard opposite. Entertain your dad at the Brunel Museum, and jog or snog your way along this serene stretch of Thames path.
Coffee
• Brunel Museum Café • Railway Ave
Landmarks
• Brunel Museum • Railway Ave & Rotherhithe St
Libraries
• Rotherhithe Library • Albion St
Nightlife
• The Albion • 20 Albion St
• The Mayflower • 117 Rotherhithe St
• Old Salt Quay • 163 Rotherhithe St
• The Ship • 39 St Marychurch St
Post Offices
• Lower Road Rotherhithe • 142 Lower Rd
Restaurants
• Café Silka • 30 Albion St
• Mayflower • 117 Rotherhithe St
• The Rainbow • 33 Brunel Rd
• Simplicity • 1 Tunnel Rd
Map 111 • Rotherhithe (East) / Surrey Quays |
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Rotherhithe (East) / Surrey Quays
Map 111
It still has some dodgy estates, but Rotherhithe East is blossoming in a clean-cut city-worker kind of way. The docks are delightful and have resisted the chain bars, instead allowing great little independents like Wibbley Wobbley and The Moby Dick to flourish. Trying to be healthy? Enjoy lunch among the goats at wholesome Surrey Docks Farm Café, and visit Decathlon for sport equipment paradise.
Cinemas
• Odeon Surrey Quays • Redriff Rd & Surrey Quays Rd
Landmarks
• Surrey Docks Farm • Rotherhithe St
Nightlife
• Blacksmith's Arms • 257 Rotherhithe St
• Moby Dick • 6 Russell Place, off Greenland Dock
• Ship & Whale • 2 Gulliver St
• Whelan's • 11 Rotherhithe Old Rd
• Wibbley Wobbley • South Dock Marina, Rope St
Restaurants
• Café East • 100 Redriff Rw
• Café Nabo • Surrey Docks Farm, Rotherhithe St
Shopping
• Decathlon • Surrey Quays Rd
Supermarkets
• Tesco • Redriff Rd
Map 112 • Kennington / Elephant and Castle |
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Kennington / Elephant and Castle
Map 112
Massive change is being promised in Elephant and Castle, although when and for whom is quite debatable. With masses of social housing lost with the closure of the Heygate Estate, the area could be set to become another drab luxury development a la Docklands. Find out more at 56a Infoshop, or take your mind off it with a huge pile of potato pancakes at Mamuska.
Landmarks
• 56A • 56 Crampton St
Libraries
• Brandon Library • Cooks Rd
• Durning Library • 167 Kennington Ln
Nightlife
• Brasserie Tolouse Lautrec • 140 Newington Butts
• Corsica Studios • 5 Elephant Rd
• Dog House • 293 Kennington Rd
• The Old Red Lion • 42 Kennington Park Rd
• Prince of Wales • Cleaver Sq
• South London Pacific • 340 Kennington Rd
Post Offices
• Kennington Park • 410 Kennington Park Rd
Restaurants
• Brasserie Tolouse Lautrec • 140 Newington Butts
• Dragon Castle • 114 Walworth Rd
• La Bodeguita • Elephant & Castle Shopping Centre
• Lobster Pot • 3 Kennington Ln
• Mamuska • 233 Elephant and Castle Shopping Centre
Shopping
• Pricebusters Hardware •
311 Elephant & Castle Shopping Centre
• Recycling • 110 Elephant Rd
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 300 Elephant & Castle Shopping Centre
Map 113 • Walworth |
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Walworth
Map 113
Oh, Walworth. With all this about the Elephant and Castle redevelopment, why do we get the funny feeling you will never change? From the excessive amount of Gregg's bakeries along Walworth Road, to the 'who really buys these things?' tat at East Street Market, Walworth's lack of motivation is somehow endearing. La Luna for pizza is a find, as is The Beehive pub.
Coffee
• Ranya Café • 314 Walworth Rd
Landmarks
• East Street Market • Walworth Rd & East St
• Heygate Estate • Deacon Way & Heygate St
Libraries
• Newington Library • 157 Walworth Rd
Nightlife
• Banana's Bar • 374 Walworth Rd
• The Beehive • 60 Carter St
• Red Lion • 407 Walworth Rd
Post Offices
• Walworth Road • 234 Walworth Rd
Restaurants
• La Luna • 380 Walworth Rd
Shopping
• Threadneedleman Tailors • 187 Walworth Rd
• Walworth Surplus Stores • 211 Walworth Rd
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 332 Walworth Rd
Map 114 • Old Kent Road (West) / Burgess Park |
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Old Kent Road (West) / Burgess Park
Map 114
Now that the 51-acre Burgess Park has been given an £8 million facelift (due to tireless community campaigning), locals have good reason to be smug as they enjoy the 30ft water fountains, 5k running track, or any of the other many new additions on their doorstep. For something different, stroll along the old canal and connect with ghosts of Peckham past.
Coffee
• Chumleigh Gardens Café • Chumleigh St
Landmarks
• The Animatronic Fireman • Old Kent Rd
• Peckham Library • 122 Peckham Hill St
Post Offices
• Old Kent Road • 240 Old Kent Rd
Restaurants
• Shu Castle • 194-202 Old Kent Rd
Supermarkets
• Tesco • 107 Dunton Rd
Map 115 • Old Kent Road (East) |
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Old Kent Road (East)
Map 115
There must be something to this portion of Old Kent Road, as the Pearly Kings and Queens won't shut up about the whole thing. As far as we can tell, it's not that much more than a giant Asda. Walk along Bird In Bush Road to laugh at its name and over to Peckham Park Road for a damn good fry-up at Roma Café.
Libraries
• East Street Library • 168 Old Kent Rd
Restaurants
• Roma Café • 21 Peckham Park Rd
Supermarkets
• ASDA • Old Kent Rd & Ossory Rd
Map 116 • South Bermondsey |
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South Bermondsey
Map 116
There may be more to this area than we've listed, but the fact is we like you. We want to see you live to enjoy our favourite picks among these pages. If you make the wrong kind of eye contact as you tremble past the Millwall flags fluttering menacingly from the balconies, then we're worried we'll lose a much-loved reader. Swallow your valuables and back slowly away.
Landmarks
• Millwall FC Stadium • Zampa Rd & Bolina Rd
Map 117 • Deptford (West) |
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Deptford (West)
Map 117
Apparently, developers have their eye on Deptford West. You've really got to hope so. The Blitz did its best, but the area came back with hastily built and charmless '60s tower blocks. Still, like the rest of Deptford it's going through a gradual regeneration as young buyers move in to make their money stretch.
Map 118 • Deptford (Central) |
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Deptford (Central)
Map 118
When Christopher Marlowe was murdered in a Deptford tavern, Deptford hit its nightlife peak. That was 1593. Today, while the rest of London turns everything into a pub, Deptford turns its pubs into churches. Without beer, you may want to drown your sorrows in the Thames, but even that is thwarted: here the Thames path breaks to take you through neglected residential areas instead. Escape!
Nightlife
• Lord Palmerston • 81 Childers St
Post Offices
• Evelyn Street • 301 Evelyn St
Map 119 • Deptford (East) |
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Deptford (East)
Map 119
If you're one for a bargain, then this is your place. Browse the charity shops for dresses rumored to be donated by local prostitutes, pick up all manner of junk from the market or visit one of the many fishmongers, who have been known to sell live eels and sharks. And if you want to fit in with the countless old punks drinking cider get yourself a face tattoo on Church Street.
Coffee
• The Deptford Project • 121 Deptford High St
Nightlife
• The Bird's Nest • 32 Deptford Church St
• Bunker Club • 46 Deptford Broadway
• Dog & Bell • 116 Prince St
Post Offices
• New Cross • 500 New Cross Rd
Restaurants
• The Big Red Pizza Bus • 30 Deptford Church St
• Chaconia Roti • 26 Deptford High St
• Manzes • 204 Deptford High St
• The Waiting Room • 142 Deptford High St
Shopping
• Deptford Market • Deptford High St
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 112 Deptford High St
Map 120 • Greenwich |
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Greenwich
Map 120
With the Cutty Sark magnificently restored and Greenwich's status as an Olympic Borough, the area has been given a new, touristy lease of life recently. There's still plenty of quirky pubs and shops to let you escape the crowds though, from vintage clothes and dusty vinyl at The Beehive to artisan beer at Greenwich Union. And anyway, if you do want to do some proper sightseeing, what better place to do it?
Cinemas
• Greenwich Picturehouse • 180 Greenwich High Rd
Coffee
• Rhodes Bakery • 37 King William Walk
• Starbucks • 54 Greenwich Church St
Landmarks
• Cutty Sark • King William Walk & Romney Rd
• Greenwich Foot Tunnel •
Greenwich Church St & Thames St
Libraries
• West Greenwich Library • Greenwich High Rd
Nightlife
• The Beehive • 60 Carter St
• The Greenwich Union • 56 Royal Hill
• O2 • O2 Arena
• Up The Creek • 302 Creek Rd
Post Offices
• Greenwich • 261 Greenwich High Rd
Restaurants
• Craft London • 1 Greenwich Pl
• Goddard's Pie Shop Booth •
Fountain Court (off Greenwich Church St)
• Greenwich Park Bar & Grill • 1 King William Walk
• The Hill • 89 Royal Hill
• Piano Restaurant • 131 Greenwich High Rd
• Rivington Grill • 178 Greenwich High Rd
Shopping
• Black Vanilla • 5 College Approach
• Bullfrogs • 22 Greenwich Church St
• Cheeseboard • 26 Royal Hill
• Johnny Rocket • 10 College Approach
• Meet Bernard • 23 Nelson Rd
• Mr Humbug • Greenwich Market
• Music & Video Exchange • 23 Greenwich Church St
Map 121 • Camberwell (West) |
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Camberwell (West)
Map 121
This slowly reviving segment of Camberwell brings together a minority of polite arty types in the crumbling-yet-quaint town houses of Camberwell New Road with take-no-prisoners urbanites as seen in the chaos of Denmark Hill and its pointless Butterfly Walk (why?). The neighbourhood good stuff includes music bargains (Rat Records), killer Indian (New Dewaniam), and the unpronounceable Central Asian eatery at the Pasha Hotel: Kazakh Kyrgyz Restaurant.
Coffee
• Kings Cafe • 120 Denmark Hill
Libraries
• Minet Library • 52 Knatchbull Rd
Nightlife
• The Joiners Arms • 35 Denmark Hill
• The Sun of Camberwell • 61-63 Coldharbour Ln
Post Offices
• Camberwell Green • 25 Denmark Hill
Restaurants
• Kazakh Kyrgyz • 158 Camberwell Rd
• New Dewaniam • 225 Camberwell New Rd
• Rock Steady Eddie's • 2 Coldharbour Ln
• Viet Cafe • 75 Denmark Hill
• Zeret Kitchen • 216 Camberwell Rd
Shopping
• Butterfly Walk Shopping Centre • Denmark Hill
• Men's Traditional Shoes • 171 Camberwell Rd
• Rat Records • 348 New Camberwell Rd
Supermarkets
• Co-Op • 177 Camberwell New Rd
• Iceland • 120 Camberwell Rd
Map 122 • Camberwell (East) |
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Camberwell (East)
Map 122
Maybe it was Kevin Spacey moving to the Grove, maybe something else entirely, but this area of Camberwell, in particular Church Street, has become something of an eating and drinking mecca in recent years. Work through the mammoth selection of craft beers in Stormbird before soaking it up with excellent kebabs from FM Mangal, high-end tapas from Angels & Gypsies, or regional Chinese from Silk Road.
Coffee
• Daily Goods • 36 Camberwell Church St
• Fowlds Cafe • 3 Addington Square
Libraries
• Camberwell Library • 17 Camberwell Church St
Nightlife
• Grand Union • 26 Camberwell Grove
• The Flying Dutchman • 156 Wells Wy
• Hermit's Cave • 28 Camberwell Church St
• Stormbird • 25 Camberwell Church St
Post Offices
• Southampton Way • 156 Southampton Wy
Restaurants
• Angels & Gypsies • 29 Camberwell Church St
• Caravaggio • 47 Camberwell Church St
• Crooked Well • 16 Grove Ln
• Falafel • 27 Camberwell Church St
• FM Mangal • 54 Camberwell Church St
• Silk Road • 49 Camberwell Church St
• Wuli Wuli • 15 Camberwell Church St
Shopping
• Architectural Rescue • 1-3 Southampton Way
• Cowling and Wilcox • 8-12 Orpheus St
Map 123 • Peckham |
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Peckham
Map 123
As old pubs, pool halls, telephone boxes, and coal bunkers are converted into galleries faster than you can say 'fixed gear bicycle', it's safe to say Peckham is the epicenter of the new(ish) South London art scene. But don't be scared off—get the cheapest lunch for miles at Manze's or pay a visit to the art/music/religion/theatre behemoth that is The Bussey Building.
Coffee
• Cafe Viva • 44 Choumert Rd
• Petitou • 63 Choumert Rd
• Small White Elephant • 28 Choumert Rd
Libraries
• Peckham Library • 122 Peckham Hill St
Movie Theaters
• Peckham Multiplex • 95 Rye Ln
Nightlife
• Bar Story • 213 Blenheim Grove
• The Bussey Building • 133 Rye Ln
• Canavan's Peckham Pool Club • 188 Rye Ln
• Dead Dolls House • 1 Clayton Rd
• The Four Quarters • 187 Rye Ln
• Frank's Cafe • 95 Rye Ln
• The Montpelier • 43 Chomert Rd
Post Offices
• Peckham • 121 Peckham High St
• Rye Lane • 199 Rye Ln
Restaurants
• Agrobeso African Cuisine • 139 Peckham High St
• Dead Dolls House • 1 Clayton Rd
• Ganapati • 38 Holly Grove
• M. Manze Pie and Mash • 105 Peckham High St
• Miss Tapas • 45 Choumert Road
• Obalende Suya Express • 43 Peckham High St
• Peckham Refreshment Rooms • 12 Blenheim Grove
Shopping
• Curious Science • 5 Commercial Wy
• Persepolis • 30 Peckham High St
• Primark • 51 Rye Ln
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 74 Rye Ln
Map 124 • Peckham East (Queen's Road) |
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Peckham East (Queen's Road)
Map 124
Although the local halfway house ensures the streets are filled with beggars, and the buses passing through en route to the continent make you wish you were somewhere else, this small pocket of Peckham isn't really so bad. Head for great African food at 805 or take a short walk to the incredible Victorian Nunhead Cemetery.
Libraries
• Nunhead Library • Gordon Rd
Restaurants
• 805 • 805 Old Kent Rd
• Tops Carribean Takeaway • 173 Queens Rd
Map 125 • New Cross Gate |
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New Cross Gate
Map 125
Since the sad demise of the Montague Arms this strip has become even more of a no man's land—not quite New Cross but not quite Peckham. Apart from a semi-decent junk shop and a not-so-great retail park, there's not much to see. Do yourself a favor and stroll on into one of the aforementioned neighborhoods—or jump on the brilliant London Overground and be in Dalston in no time.
Post Offices
• New Cross Gate • 199 New Cross Rd
Restaurants
• Hong Kong City • 43 New Cross Rd
Map 126 • New Cross |
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New Cross
Map 126
Once hailed as the new Shoreditch, this corner of Lewisham has managed to provide us with all the good stuff about hipsterville, while avoiding everything bad. So while there's regularly excellent live music at New Cross Inn, you're still guaranteed a smack around the chops off some bloke in the Hobgoblin if you try and explain why the blank sheets of paper you stuck on the wall really have a deeper meaning.
Landmarks
• Ben Pimlott Building • University of London, New Cross
Libraries
• Goldsmiths Library • Lewisham Wy
Nightlife
• Amersham Arms • 388 New Cross Rd
• Marquis of Granby • 322 New Cross Rd
• New Cross Inn • 323 New Cross Rd
Post Offices
• Lewisham Way • 150 Lewisham Wy
• New Cross Road • 500 New Cross Rd
Restaurants
• Birdie Num Nums • 11 Lewisham Wy
• The London Peculiar • 399 New Cross Rd
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 277 New Cross Rd
• Sainsbury's • 263 New Cross Rd
Map 127 • Coldharbour Lane / Herne Hill (West) |
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Coldharbour Lane / Herne Hill (West)
Map 127
There don't seem to be as many shootings on Coldharbour Lane as there used to be. Maybe the crack dealers are just quietly selling the stuff, as somebody on The Wire once sensibly advised. Or maybe they've all been converted by the pleasant conservatory at The Florence, invigorating swims at the Brockwell Lido, and handmade jams from the Blackbird Bakery. Yes, that's probably it.
Nightlife
• The Commercial • 210 Railton Rd
• The Florence • 133 Dulwich Rd
• The Prince Regent • 69 Dulwich Rd
Restaurants
• Beanery • Coldharbour Ln
• Café Prov • 2 Half Moon Ln
• Ichiban Sushi • 58 Atlantic Rd
• Naughty Piglets • 28 Brixton Water Ln
• New Fujiyama • 5 Vining St
Shopping
• Blackbird Bakery • 208 Railton Rd
Coffee
• Pullens • 293 Railton Rd
Map 128 • Denmark Hill / Herne Hill (East) |
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Denmark Hill / Herne Hill (East)
Map 128
There's something quaintly grounded about the leafy Victorian suburb of Herne Hill, where funky neo-hippies settle into dreadlocked nuclear families. Denmark Hill sits at its top, with its imposing Salvation Army training grounds, following on to Ruskin Park for ornamental ponds and Edwardian ruins. Half Moon Lane plays main drag—get lost in a book at Tales on Moon Lane and lost in a bowl of noodles at Lombok.
Emergency Rooms
• King's College Hospital •
Denmark Hill & Champion Park
Libraries
• Carnegie Library • 188 Herne Hill Rd
Post Offices
• Crossthwaite Avenue • 6 Crossthwaite Ave
Restaurants
• Lombok • 17 Half Moon Ln
• Number 22 • 22 Half Moon Ln
Shopping
• Tales on Moon Lane • 25 Half Moon Ln
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 132 Herne Hill
Map 129 • East Dulwich |
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East Dulwich
Map 129
East Dulwich is where your ex-flatmate finally settled down and now won't shut up about taramasalata, babies, and how he's only fifteen minutes from London Bridge by train over perfect cocktails. Dodge baguettes, pushchairs, and delis along Lordship Lane, just don't get sucked in. Try The Sea Cow for fish & chips and grab a pint at The Palmerston.
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 8 Lordship Ln
Libraries
• Grove Vale library • 25 Grove Vale
Nightlife
• East Dulwich Tavern • 1 Lordship Ln
Restaurants
• Anderson & Co • 139 Bellenden Rd
• The Palmerston • 91 Lordship Ln
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 84 Lordship Ln
• Sainsbury's • 80 Dog Kennel Hill
Map 130 • Peckham Rye |
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Peckham Rye
Map 130
A noticeboard on Peckham Rye Common alleges that ancient British Queen Boudicca was finally defeated by the Romans here. Anyone suggesting that the very middle class streets around North Cross Road—with its market, twee sweets at Hope and Greenwood, and lazy Sunday lunches at The Rye—have anything to do with Peckham as we know it might get the same treatment.
Coffee
• Blue Mountain Café • 18 N Cross Rd
• Old Spike Roastery • 54 Peckham Rye
Nightlife
• The Gowlett • 62 Gowlett Rd
• The Rye • 31 Peckham Rye
Restaurants
• Artusi • 161 Bellenden Rd
• Pedler • 130 Peckham Rye
• Thai Corner Cafe • 44 Northcross Rd
• The Rye • 31 Peckham Rye
Shopping
• Flock and Herd • 155 Bellenden Rd
Maps 131–152 • Southwest London |
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Map 131 • Vauxhall / Albert Embankment |
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Vauxhall / Albert Embankment
Map 131
Feel like doin' the Lambeth Walk? You can. Right here. On Lambeth Walk, incidentally. Though nowadays 'doing the Lambeth Walk' is likely to have an entirely less innocent connotation if some of the area's kinkier gay clubs are anything to go by. This part of Vauxhall, under the watchful eye of MI6, is slightly less that way inclined, but maintains its share of hot spots like the now popular Hidden (foiled!). If you're after a sausage fest of another kind, get stuffed at Zeitgeist at the Jolly Gardeners.
Emergency Rooms
• St Thomas' Hospital •
Westminster Bridge Rd & Lambeth Palace Rd
Landmarks
• Lambeth Palace • Lambeth Palace Rd & Lambeth Rd
• Secret Intelligence Service HQ (MI6) •
85 Vauxhall Cross
• Vauxhall City Farm • 165 Tyers St
Libraries
• CILT Resources Library • 111 Vauxhall Bridge Rd
• Lambeth Palace Library • Lambeth Palace Rd
Nightlife
• Area • 67 Albert Embankment
• Eagle London • 349 Kennington Ln
• The Royal Vauxhall Tavern • 372 Kennington Ln
• Zeitgeist at the Jolly Gardeners •
49–51 Black Prince Rd
Post Offices
• Westminster Bridge Road • 125 Westminster Bridge Rd
Supermarkets
• Tesco • Kennington Ln
Map 132 • Battersea (West) |
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Battersea (West)
Map 132
With no tubes or trains to attract the hoi polloi, Battersea West sits smugly hugging the River Thames, happily cut off from the hustle and bustle of the rest of London. However, with the Imperial Wharf Overground not far away, the commute isn't as bad as it used to be (thanks also to Mr Coffee) and the masses flock—mostly for the spacious floor-to-ceiling glass apartments with killer river views. Take in a Sunday lunch at The Prince Albert or cook your own with meat from The Butcher & Grill.
Coffee
• Mr Coffee • Hester Rd
Nightlife
• Barrio • 14 Battersea Sq
• The Draft House • 74 Battersea Bridge Road
• The Greyhound • 136 Battersea High St
• Le QuecumBar • 42 Battersea High St
• The Prince Albert • 85 Albert Bridge Rd
• The Woodman • 60 Battersea High St
Post Offices
• Battersea Bridge Road • 72 Battersea Bridge Rd
• York Road • 583 Battersea Park Rd
Restaurants
• The Greyhound • 136 Battersea High St
• Ransom's Dock • 35 Parkgate Rd
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 326 Battersea Park Rd
Map 133 • Battersea (East) |
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Battersea (East)
Map 133
An odd slice of post-industrial London dominated by the derelict Battersea Power Station, there's naff-all here until someone decides what to do with the old hulk and its surrounding domain. In the meantime, try registering for a new pooch at the Dogs' Home or cycling around nearby Battersea Park. The Mason's Arms serves a decent beer.
Landmarks
• Battersea Dogs' Home • 4 Battersea Park Rd
• Battersea Park Gasometers •
Queenstown Rd & Prince of Wales Dr
• Battersea Power Station • 188 Kirtling St
Libraries
• Battersea Park Library • 309 Battersea Park Rd
Nightlife
• The Mason's Arms • 169 Battersea Park Rd
Post Offices
• Battersea Park Road • 20 Battersea Park Rd
Shopping
• London Recumbents • Battersea Park
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 326 Queenstown Rd
Map 134 • South Lambeth |
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South Lambeth
Map 134
With an overground, tube, and extensive bus station, Vauxhall's southern counterpart is remarkably well connected. But it offers a mixed bag. Gritty backwater estates intermix with middle class townhouses and no-nonsense gay clubs. For pastel de nata like nobody's business, hit up Little Portugal on South London Road. Get into industrial fetish at Club Colosseum's Club Antichrist. Bite into a fois gras toastie at the Canton Arms and wash it down with beer and amateur comedy at The Cavendish Arms.
Coffee
• Starbucks • 2 S Lambeth Rd
Libraries
• South Lambeth Library • 180 S Lambeth Rd
Nightlife
• Bar Estrela • 113 S Lambeth Rd
• The Battersea Barge • Nine Elms Ln
• The Cavendish Arms • 128 Hartington Rd
• Fire • 38 Parry St
• The Hoist • 47 S Lambeth Rd
• The Priory Arms • 83 Lansdowne Wy
• The Vauxhall Griffin • 8 Wyvil Rd
Post Offices
• South Lambeth • 347 Wandsworth Rd
Restaurants
• A Toca • 343 Wandsworth Rd
• Bar Estrela • 113 S Lambeth Rd
• Brunswick House • 30 Wandsworth Rd
• Canton Arms • 177 S Lambeth Rd
• Hot Stuff • 19 Wilcox Rd
• O Moinho • 355 Wandsworth Rd
• Tia Maria • 126 S Lambeth Rd
Shopping
• Fetish Freak • 76 Bolton Crescent
• LASSCO • 30 Wandsworth Rd
• New Covent Garden Market • Nine Elms Ln
• The Nine Elms Sunday Market • New Covent Garden
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 62 Wandsworth Rd
Map 135 • Oval |
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Oval
Map 135
Posh town houses rub shoulders somewhat uneasily with housing estates here, and there's no denying the walk from Oval Station can be dodgy, but if you're a fan of cricket, the presence of the Oval cricket ground more than makes up for it. When there's a match on, the area fills to the brim, but normally it's a modest and unimposing neighbourhood. Organic foodies delight in the Oval Farmers' Market and vegan ex-squat The Bonnington Café.
Landmarks
• The Oval • Kennington
Coffee
• Bonnington Cafe • 11 Vauxhall Grove
Nightlife
• The Brown Derby • 336 Kennington Park Rd
• The Fentiman Arms • 64 Fentiman Rd
Post Offices
• Brixton Road • 82 Brixton Rd
Restaurants
• Adulis • 44 Brixton Rd
• Bonnington Café • 11 Vauxhall Grove
• Oval Kebab • 32 Clapham Rd
Map 136 • Putney |
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Putney
Map 136
Putney has a bit of a bipolar personality disorder. On the one side, it's suburban middle England with its rugby and rowing types, on the other, it's increasingly vibrant and hip. The High Street's a bit genteel by day and young-and-up-for-it at night. Try Ma Goa for authentic Goan cuisine. For fab brunch head to celebrity chef's Wallace & Co or Moomba Kitchen & Bar.
Coffee
• Artisan Coffee • 203 Upper Richmond Rd
• BB's Coffee and Muffins • Putney High St & Chelverton Rd
• Caffe Nero • 95 Putney High St
• Caffe Nero • 112 Upper Richmond Rd
• Costa • 132 Putney High St
• Grind • 79 Lower Richmond Rd
• Pret A Manger • 121 Putney High St
• Starbucks • 117 Putney High St
Libraries
• Putney Library • 5 Disraeli Rd
Movie Theaters
• Odeon Putney • 26 Putney High St
Nightlife
• The Boathouse • Brewhouse Ln
• Duke's Head • 8 Lower Richmond Rd
• The Jolly Gardeners • 61 Lacy Rd
• Star & Garter • 4 Lower Richmond Rd
Post Offices
• Putney • 214 Upper Richmond Rd
Restaurants
• Enoteca Turi • 28 Putney High St
• Ma Goa • 242 Upper Richmond Rd
• Talad Thai • 320 Upper Richmond Rd
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 2 Werter Rd
• Waitrose • Putney High St & Lacy Rd
Map 137 • Wandsworth (West) |
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Wandsworth (West)
Map 137
Dissected by the busy Upper and Lower Richmond Roads, this bit of Wandsworth is a bit lifeless though pleasant enough. The pretty, riverside Wandsworth Park is a huge plus and heaves with locals with the first sniff of sunshine.
Restaurants
• Miraj • 123 Putney Bridge Rd
• Putney Fire Bar & Grill • 40 Upper Richmond Rd
Map 138 • Wandsworth (Central) |
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Wandsworth (Central)
Map 138
This is East Wandsworth's poorer, uglier cousin—and you've got to feel sorry for it. It's got a drab shopping centre and a four-lane traffic system brings noise and air pollution. On the plus side, plenty of chain stores (Gap, Uniqlo etc.) and a Cineworld make life a little easier. To get away from it all, hibernate in the Old York Road. For the best Nepalese food in London, hit Kathmandu Valley.
Cinemas
• Cineworld Wandsworth •
Wandsworth High St & Ram St
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • Southside Shopping Centre
• Coffee Republic • Wandsworth High St
Nightlife
• The Cat's Back • 88 Point Pleasant
• GJ's • 89 Garratt Ln
• The Queen Adelaide • 35 Putney Bridge Rd
Post Offices
• Wandsworth • 1 Arndale Walk
Restaurants
• Brady's • 513 Old York Rd
• Kathmandu Valley • 5 West Hill
Supermarkets
• Iceland • Wandsworth High St & Buckhold Rd
• Sainsbury's • 45 Garratt Ln
• Waitrose • 66 Wandsworth High St
Map 139 • Wandsworth (East) |
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Wandsworth (East)
Map 139
With London's new Overground network and Clapham Junction on its doorstep, this corner of Wandsworth, including what locals call 'the Toast Rack' on East Hill, is becoming more gentrified everyday. You'll hear your share of 'rah's at Powder Keg Diplomacy, with its upscale gastro fare and nod to colonial Britain, while yummy mummies stuff their cake holes at Cake Boy and practice their French at Gazette. Stay true to the neighbourhood's roots with a less than picturesque view of the Thames at The Waterfront.
Coffee
• Birdhouse • 123 St John's Hill
• Caffe Nero • Southside Shopping Centre
• Coffee Republic • Wandsworth High St
• Story Coffee • 115 St John's Hill
Libraries
• York Gardens Library • 34 Lavender Rd
Nightlife
• Powder Keg Diplomacy • 147 St Johns Hill
• The Waterfront • Juniper Dr
Post Offices
• St Johns Hill • 7 St John's Hill
Restaurants
• The Fish Club • 189 St John's Hill
• Gazette • 79 Chatfield Rd
Shopping
• Cake Boy • 2 Kingfisher House, Battersea Reach
Map 140 • Clapham Junction / Northcote Rd |
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Clapham Junction / Northcote Rd
Map 140
We have a newfound sense of respect for Clapham Junction after it rose like a determined phoenix from the ashes of the summer 2011 riots. Suffering extensive devastation from looters, the neighbourhood dusted itself off with help of volunteers from across the capital and was back in business almost instantly. Seeing the Party Superstores open again after nearly burning to the ground is a particular sight for sore eyes. All fancy dress party goers can breathe a sigh of relief.
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 20 St John's Rd
• Caffe Nero • 21 Battersea Rise
• Starbucks • 33 Northcote Rd
Landmarks
• Northcote Road • Northcote Rd
Libraries
• Battersea Library • 265 Lavender Hill
• Northcote Library • 155 Northcote Rd
Nightlife
• Adventure Bar and Lounge • 91 Battersea Rise
• B@1 Cocktail Bar • 85 Battersea Rise
• Humble Grape • 2 Battersea Rise
Post Offices
• Alfriston Road • 99 Alfriston Rd
• Battersea • 202 Lavender Hill
Restaurants
• Gail's Bread • 64 Northcote Rd
• Jack's At The Junction • 252 Lavender Hill
• Mien Tay • 180 Lavender Hill
• Parisienne • 225 Lavender Hill
• Pizza Metro • 64 Battersea Rise
Shopping
• Anita's Vintage Fashion Fair •
Battersea Arts Centre, Lavender Hill
• The Hive Honey Shop • 93 Northcote Rd
• Huttons • 29 Northcote Rd
• Party Superstores • 268 Lavender Hill
• Russ • 101 Battersea Rise
• Space NK Apothecary • 46 Northcote Rd
• Sweaty Betty • 136 Northcote Rd
• TK Maxx • St John's Rd & Barnard Rd
• TRAID • 28 St John's Rd
• Vintage Market Place • Battersea Arts Centre
• Whole Foods Market • 305 Lavender Hill
Supermarkets
• ASDA • 204 Lavender Hill
• Whole Foods Market • 305 Lavender Hill
• Sainsbury's • Clapham Junction Shopping Centre
Map 141 • Battersea (South) |
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Battersea (South)
Map 141
Apart from the occasional house party, few have reason to go to Battersea South. You either live there, congratulating yourself on your nice Victorian conversion, or you pass through on the way to Clapham or one of the livelier bits of Battersea. The 'action' happens around Lavender Hill. The Lost Angel is an eccentrically fabulous boozer that would rather be a mile east or west.
Coffee
• Captain Corelli • 132 Battersea Park Rd
Nightlife
• The Lost Angel • 339 Battersea Park Rd
Restaurants
• The Lavender • 171 Lavender Hill
Shopping
• Battersea Car Boot Sale • 401 Battersea Park Rd
• Comet Miniatures • 44 Lavender Hill
• Get A Grip Bicycle Workshop • 19 Lavender Hill
Map 142 • Clapham Old Town |
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Clapham Old Town
Map 142
The more genteel side of Clapham, Old Town hosts some fine restaurants (Trinity), good watering-holes (The Prince of Wales, The Frog), and one of London's best butchers (Moen's), all bordered by the green of Clapham Common. If you need more, head to Queenstown Road for further classy dining establishments.
Coffee
• The Roastery • 789 Wandsworth Rd
• Starbucks • 40 Old Town
Libraries
• Clapham Library • 1 Clapham Common North Side
Nightlife
• Lost Society • 697 Wandsworth Rd
• Prince of Wales • 38 Clapham Old Town
• Rose & Crown • 2 The Polygon
• The Sun • 47 Old Town
Restaurants
• Nardullis Ice Cream • 29 The Pavement
• Trinity • 4 The Polygon
Shopping
• M. Moen & Sons • 24 The Pavement
• Puppet Planet • 787 Wandsworth Rd
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 646 Wandsworth Rd
Map 143 • Clapham High Street |
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Clapham High Street
Map 143
Clapham is a microcosm of Cath Kidston mummies and their token gay best friends—watch them jog and brunch around the common in all weather. Stock up on al fresco goodies at Esca, neck a mojito at Buena Vista, and gorge on sushi at Tsunami or pizza at San Marco. Whatever you do, do not—we repeat, DO NOT—set foot in Infernos. We will find out and we will judge you.
Cinemas
• Clapham Picturehouse • 76 Venn St
Coffee
• The Black Lab • 18 Clapham Common South Side
• Brickwood • 16 Clapham Common South Side
• Café Delight • 19 Clapham High St
• Caffe Nero • 186 Clapham High St
Landmarks
• Clapham Common Air-Raid Shelter • Clapham High St
Nightlife
• The Alexandra • 14 Clapham Common South Side
• Bread & Roses • 68 Clapham Manor St
• Buena Vista • 19 Landor Rd
• The Clapham North • 409 Clapham Rd
• The Coach and Horses • 173 Clapham Park Rd
• The Falcon • 33 Bedford Rd
• Infernos • 146 Clapham High St
• Inn Clapham • 15 The Pavement
• The Loft • 67 Clapham High St
• The Railway • 18 Clapham High St
• Two Brewers • 114 Clapham High St
Post Offices
• Clapham Common • 161 Clapham High St
Restaurants
• Brickwood • 16 Clapham Common South Side
• The Dairy • 15 The Pavement
• Gastro • 67 Venn St
• The Pepper Tree • 19 Clapham Common South Side
• Roti Joupa • 12 Clapham High St
• San Marco Pizzeria • 126 Clapham High St
• Tsunami • 5 Voltaire Rd
Shopping
• Apex Cycles • 40 Clapham High St
• Esca • 160 Clapham High St
• M. Moen & Sons • 24 The Pavement
• Today's Living Health Store • 92 Clapham High St
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 4 The Pavement
• Sainsbury's • 133 Clapham High St
• Sainsbury's • 33 Clapham High St
Map 144 • Stockwell / Brixton (West) |
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Stockwell / Brixton (West)
Map 144
Lift up the roof of Brixton Market on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday nights and underneath you will find rows of arcades teaming with all species of hipster. After years of almost being cool, this microcosmic neighbourhood beneath the train tracks has officially earned Brixton the title of hippest place in town. With so much to do, no two nights out are the same. Binge on pizza at Franco Manca; dumplings at Mama Lan; take in some live music at Agile Rabbit; and cocktails at Seven at Brixton.
Coffee
• Federation Coffee • 77–78 Brixton Village Market
• Rosie's Deli Cafe • 14 Market Row
Landmarks
• Brixton Market • Electric Ave & Electric Ln
• Brixton Village Market • Coldharbour Ln
• Electric Avenue • Electric Ave
Nightlife
• The Duke of Edinburgh • 204 Ferndale Rd
• Marquis of Lorne • 49 Dalyell Rd
• Plan B • 418 Brixton Rd
• The Prince of Wales • 469 Brixton Rd
• The Queen's Head • 144 Stockwell Rd
• Seven at Brixton • 7 Market Row
• The Swan • 215 Clapham Rd
Post Offices
• Stockwell • 225 Clapham Rd
Restaurants
• Agile Rabbit • 24–25 Coldharbour Ln
• Bellantoni's • 81 Granville Arcade
• Breads Etcetera • 88 Brixton Village Market
• Brixton Cornercopia • 65 Coldharbour Ln
• Casa Morita • 9 Market Row
• Falafel Van • Station Rd
• Honest Burgers • 12 Brixton Village
• Jeff the Chef • Station Rd
• Mama Lan • 18 Brixton Village Market
• SW9 Bar Cafe • 11 Dorrell Pl
Shopping
• A&C Co Continental Grocers • 3 Atlantic Rd
• Brixi • 7 Second Ave
• Funchal Bakery • 141–143 Stockwell Rd
• Lisa Stickley London • 74 Landor Rd
• The Old Post Office Bakery • 76 Landor Rd
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 441 Brixton Rd
• Iceland • 314 Clapham Rd
• Sainsbury's • 425 Brixton Rd
• Tesco • 330 Brixton Rd
Map 145 • Stockwell / Brixton (East) |
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Stockwell / Brixton (East)
Map 145
Things have changed a bit since The Clash sang 'The Guns of Brixton' in '79 and race riots were a regular occurrence. While the middle classes have infiltrated most parts of Brixton, this neighbourhood still retains a defiant edge. Community spirit and close-knit neighbourhoods take precedence over trendy bars and pricey restaurants. Live music rules here; the legendary Brixton Academy still draws the hordes, while Jamm offers an eclectic and worthy alternative.
Landmarks
• Stockwell Bowls • Stockwell Rd & Stockwell Park Walk
Libraries
• Anti-Slavery International Library • Broomgrove Rd
Nightlife
• Brixton Academy • 211 Stockwell Rd
• Jamm • 261 Brixton Rd
Map 146 • Earlsfield |
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Earlsfield
Map 146
Sleepy little Earlsfield tends to mind its own business. It's a pretty sedate kind of place, slightly cut off by the lack of a tube stop. The well-heeled locals seem happy enough and make the most of what's on offer. Try Amaranth for great noodles before moving on to Bar 366 a few doors down for some chilled boozing.
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 529 Garratt Ln
• Refuel • 515 Garratt Ln
Libraries
• Alvering Library • 2 Allfarthing Ln
• Earlsfield Library • 276 Magdalen Rd
Nightlife
• Bar 366 • 366 Garratt Ln
• Halfway House • 521 Garratt Ln
• Le Gothique • Windmill Rd & John Archer Wy
Restaurants
• Cafe Amaranth • 346 Garratt Ln
• Cah Chi • 394 Garratt Ln
• Carluccio's • 537 Garratt Ln
Map 147 • Balham (West) |
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Balham (West)
Map 147
Ensconced between the livelier Clapham and Tooting, this is a gentle slice of residential Southwest London. Bellevue Road offers a number of places to eat and drink overlooking Wandsworth Common, climaxing with the stupendous Chez Bruce. Nightingale Lane is terribly twee and hosts a few opportunities to shop organically and The Hope serves up a healthy pint of Tribute.
Coffee
• Caffe Nero • 137 Balham High Rd
Nightlife
• The Hope • 1 Bellevue Rd
• The Nightingale • 97 Nightingale Ln
Restaurants
• Chez Bruce • 2 Bellevue Rd
Shopping
• Bon Vivant • 59 Nightingale Ln
Map 148 • Balham (East) |
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Balham (East)
Map 148
Balham is growing up to become the cooler, decidedly more understated little brother to nearby Clapham. Although it still oozes its own sense of character, evident in quirky mainstays like the Balham Bowls Club, the polished wood of Harrison's and draw of its Waitrose risks losing its hip factor. The happy hour at Tacuba Bar soon makes up for it. But if we have to go to another friend's 30th at The Avalon, we might have to up sticks and go elsewhere.
Coffee
• Brickwood • 11 Hildreth St
• Camden Coffee House • 208 Balham High Rd
• M1LK • 20 Bedford Hill
• Starbucks • 41 Bedford Hill
Libraries
• Balham Library • 16 Ramsden Rd
Nightlife
• The Avalon • 16 Balham Hill
• Balham Bowls Club • 7 Ramsden Rd
• The Bedford • 77 Bedford Hill
• The Exhibit • 12 Balham Station Rd
• Hagen & Hyde • 157 Balham High Rd
Post Offices
• Balham Hill • 92 Balham Hill
• Cavendish Road • 273 Cavendish Rd
Restaurants
• Brickwood • 11 Hildreth St
• The Exhibit • 12 Balham Station Rd
• Hagen & Hyde • 157 Balham High Rd
• Harrison's • 15 Bedford Hill
Shopping
• Moxon's Fishmongers • Westbury Parade
Supermarkets
• Sainsbury's • 149 Balham High Rd
• Sainsbury's • 21 Balham Hill
• Waitrose • Balham High Rd & Ramsden Rd
Map 149 • Clapham Park |
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Clapham Park
Map 149
This is where all the Claphamites settle down, have kids, move into their dream town house, and one-up their friends with dinner parties and barbecues every other weekend. All this domesticity has left the locals' only restaurant options north on Clapham High Street or south in Balham. Still, you need fodder for your friends, so gourmet food shopping is where it's at at MacFarlane's.
Coffee
• Starbucks • 39 Abbeville Rd
Post Offices
• Clapham Park • 49 Poynders Rd
Restaurants
• Bistro Union • 40 Abbeville Rd
Shopping
• MacFarlanes • 48 Abbeville Rd
Map 150 • Brixton |
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Brixton
Map 150
Brixton is where it's at. Shoreditch: old news. Dalston: yawn. Any self-respecting hipster wouldn't be caught dead around these hot spots (too many hipsters) and so they've gravitated south of the river. For Brixton Village's other half, check out Market Row, with its killer katsu (Curry Ono) and flavourful vegan baked goods (Ms Cupcake). Stroll to Coldharbour Lane for homemade ginger beer and brunch (Duck Egg Cafe). For culture, take in an exhibition at Photofusion and a flick at stalwart The Ritzy.
Cinemas
• Ritzy Picturehouse • Coldharbour Ln & Brixton Oval
Libraries
• Brixton Library • Brixton Oval
Nightlife
• The Dogstar • 389 Coldharbour Ln
• The Effra • 38 Kellet Rd
• Effra Social • 89 Kellet Rd
• Electric Brixton • Town Hall Parade
• Grand Union • 123 Acre Ln
• Gremio de Brixton • St Matthew's Rd
• Hootananny • 95 Effra Rd
• Prince Albert • 418 Coldharbour Ln
• Satay • 447 Coldharbour Ln
• St Matthews Church • Brixton Hill
• Upstairs at the Ritzy •
Ritzy Picturehouse • Brixton Oval, Coldharbour Ln
• The Windmill • 22 Blenheim Gardens
Post Offices
• Brixton Hill • 104 Brixton Hill
Restaurants
• Asmara • 386 Coldharbour Ln
• Boqueria • 192 Acre Ln
• Curry Ono • 14 Market Row
• Duck Egg Cafe • 424 Coldharbour Ln
• Elephant • 55 Granville Arcade
• Franco Manca • 4 Market Row
• KaoSarn • Coldharbour Ln
• Khan's of Brixton • 24 Brixton Water Ln
• Lounge • 56 Atlantic Rd
• Negril • 132 Brixton Hill
• Opus Café • 89 Acre Ln
• The Phoenix • 441 Coldharbour Ln
• Refill • 500 Brixton Rd
• Yum-D • 14 Market Row
Shopping
• Bookmongers • 439 Coldharbour Ln
• Lab G • 6 Granville Arcade
• Ms. Cupcake • 408 Coldharbour Ln
• Selectors Music Emporium • 100 Brixton Hill
• Supertone Records • 110 Acre Ln
• Tasty Rich Bakery • Brixton Village Market
• Traid • 2 Acre Ln
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 13 Winslade Rd
Map 151 • Tooting Bec |
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Tooting Bec
Map 151
Not quite the Bec of beyond, this Tooting is the home of Europe's largest lido and has a plethora of Asian grill bars for post-pub munchies. The best of the curry houses has to be Al Mirage, despite a popular following at Mirch Masala. For fairy cakes head to Bertie and Boo (we boo the name) and cocktails stop at Smoke. So what, you say? Sew buttons at the London Sewing Machine Museum no less.
Coffee
• Bertie and Boo • 162 Balham High Rd
• Caffe Moka • 243 Balham High Rd
• Dee Light Bakery • 14 Ritherdon Rd
Nightlife
• The Bec Bar • 26 Tooting Bec Rd
• The King's Head • 84 Upper Tooting Rd
Post Offices
• Upper Tooting • 63 Trinity Rd
Restaurants
• Al Mirage • 215 Upper Tooting Rd
• The French Cafe • 16-18 Ritherton Rd
• Masaledar Kitchen • 121 Upper Tooting Rd
• Mirch Masala • 213 Upper Tooting Rd
• Spice Village • 32 Upper Tooting Rd
Shopping
• Crazy Horse Bike Workshop • 275 Balham High Rd
• Russell's Trade & DIY • 46 Upper Tooting Rd
• Wandsworth Oasis HIV/AIDS Charity Shop •
40 Trinity Rd
Map 152 • Tooting Broadway |
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Tooting Broadway
Map 152
Decent rent, a Northern Line station and a grade one listed bingo hall: there's a lot here to like. Hit the High Street for curries and halal it all. Need anything else? Mitcham Road has the ticket. Local eat treats include Radha Krishna Bhavan, Sette Bello and Rick's, while Tram & Social offers proof that trendy pubs can indeed survive this far south.
Coffee
• Cafee Manal • 984 Garratt Ln
Landmarks
• Gala Bingo Hall • 50 Mitcham Rd
Libraries
• Tooting Library • 75 Mitcham Rd
Nightlife
• The Little Bar • 145 Mitcham Rd
• The Ramble Inn • 223 Mitcham Rd
• The Secret Bar • Totterdown St
• Tooting Tram and Social • 46 Mitcham Rd
• Unwined • 21 Tooting High St
Post Offices
• London Road • 47 London Rd
• Tooting • 2 Gatton Rd
Restaurants
• Dosa n Chutny • 68 Tooting High St
• Jaffna House • 90 Tooting High St
• Radha Krishna Bhavan • 86 Tooting High St
• Rick's Restaurant • 122 Mitcham Rd
Shopping
• Tooting Market • 21 Tooting High St
Supermarkets
• Iceland • 27 Tooting High St
Parks & Places • Alexandra Palace Park |
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General Information
Website: | www.alexandrapalace.com
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Phone: | 020 8365 2121
Overview
If you fancy panoramic London views, exemplary Victorian architecture and an unrelenting stiff breeze to the face, the heights of Alexandra Park could be your cup of tea. With a fraction of the visitors of North London neighbours Hampstead Heath and Primrose Hill, Alexandra Park is nonetheless home to Ally Pally—Alexander Mackenzie's magnificent 1873 exhibition centre once renowned as the home of television after the BBC used it to broadcast the world's first high def transmissions in '36. It also boasts 196 acres of pristine, Green Flag-winning parkland, a two-hectare conservation area, and a fully functioning ice rink to boot.
Practicalities
Alexandra Park is well served by public transport: Alexandra Palace railway station is a short ride from King's Cross and Moorgate and sits directly next to the park's Wood Green entrance. You can also take the underground to Wood Green, catch the W3 direct to Ally Pally from just outside. You could also take advantage of the 2000 free parking spaces in the park itself if driving, though it's only a short walk from Muswell Hill town centre.
Nature
No doubt tempted by the reservoirs, 155 species of birds have been spotted in the park over the last 30 years. Nature fetishists should take in the two-hectare conservation area, which includes a wide array of animals including deer, donkeys, foxes and rabbits. In 1998, there was even a rare water vole sighting. There he was, large as life, like he owned the bloody place.
Architecture
For most Alexandra Park visitors it's all about the Palace, these days a thriving hub for exhibitions, concerts, farmer's markets and, uh, world darts tournaments. The Palace building itself was ravaged by fire in the 80s and has since been restored to its former glory, though nearby banqueting venue Blandford Hall succumbed to the same fate in 1971 and was completely destroyed. No matter: Ally Pally remains an impressive, domineering building well worth a nose-around. For the less active, admiring the view from sedentary perspective from the underrated Phoenix Bar (located in the south wing) is just as good.
Open Spaces
It's safe to say that Alexandra Park has more than enough grass to keep Cheech & Chong happy, being typified by the diverse range of landscaped grounds that can be found within. The Grove Garden actually pre-dates the park itself and there's also a good little café here if you fancy a quick bite. The Rose Garden is to the east side of the Palace and is even more aesthetically pleasing. Many newer small woodlands have been developing over the last few decades owing to the planting of large numbers of trees, producing an environment pleasing to both the rambler and runner.
Performance
The park often plays host to funfairs and circuses, but the Palace itself will usually be used at night for concerts. Its revival over recent years as a gig venue has led to the likes of the Arctic Monkeys and Paul Weller playing there, with its capacity being around 8,500, making it ideal for bands who've outgrown the Brixton Academy. Other parts of the Palace, such as the Great Hall, are used for classical music recitals.
More recently 'The Secret Cinema' took over the Palace for a screening of Lawrence of Arabia, attracting thousands of filmgoers clad in Bedouin attire. Some even brought a camel.
The Palace also houses a theatre, which was dormant for over sixty-five years until a performance took place in 2004. It is still being restored and should be re-opened to the public for performances in the near future.
Check out Ally Pally's informative website (listed above) for a full calendar of upcoming events.
Sports
An indoor ice rink is housed within the Palace with a capacity of 1,250, with all manner of ice sports catered for (you can get further information by ringing 020 8365 4386). There is also a large boating lake with its own islands and fishing area (and even a smaller area for kids to boat on their own), with pedalos and rowing boats available for hire; being a seasonal facility, it's best to ring the operators Bluebird Boats Ltd. (020 7262 1330) beforehand. The boating pond is adjacent to a children's playground as well. For those who like golf with a view, the popular ten-hole pitch and putt course was recently revamped with an injection of Heritage Fund money: for prices and booking info see www.pitchnputt.co.uk or call 01245 257682. Alexandra Palace Park is also popular with cyclists, with the Parkland Walk a particular favourite, being a disused railway line that links up with Finsbury Park. In summertime the park is also a great place to get embroiled in countless spontaneous games of football and Frisbee, or to gawp/hurl insults at joggers
Parks & Places • Barbican Centre |
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General information
NFT Map: | 7
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Address: | Barbican Centre, Silk St, London, EC2Y 8DS.
Phone: | Box Office & Membership: 020 7638 8891 (9 am-8 pm daily); Switchboard: 020 7638 4141
Centre opening times: | Mon-Sat: 9 am-11 pm; Sun & Public Holidays: 12 pm-11 pm (although different parts of the centre may open at different times)
Website: | www.barbican.org.uk
Overview
As terrifying as it is impressive, the Barbican Centre is a one-stop shop for all things cultural. At its best, the Barbican is utterly brilliant: a rambling collection of cinemas, galleries, bars, theatres, even a housing estate and a school. But stay after dark, when the culture vultures have left, and you can find yourself alone and lost in this city-within-a-city.
That the centre is brutally ugly makes what's inside even more splendid. The gallery space hosts world-class exhibitions and the cinemas show both mainstream and arthouse films. There's a world, classical and jazz music programme catering for everyone from scruffy backpackers to bearded professors. Most are sensible enough to leave before it gets too spooky. But plan your exit route in advance just in case.
Music
The heart of the Barbican monster is its music hall. A mecca for lovers of cerebral music, the centre's resident band is the London Symphony Orchestra: classical heavyweights who play year-round. The BBC Symphony Orchestra also has a base here, and the stage attracts biggies from around the world, including performances from Yo-Yo Ma, the Vienna Philharmonic and Cesaria Evora. But you don't need a high brow to find something to like: a flick through their listings—which last year included Sufjan Stevens, Sparks, The Africa Express and Micachu—will soon have you clicking Book Now.
Festivals are another key draw: not the pot-and-portacabin type, but impassioned celebrations. The Mostly Mozart festival reaches sci-fi convention levels of fanaticism; the Great Performers Festival is an orgy of some of the world's most spectacular musicians; and the Jazz Festival will have you feeling über hip (then perhaps a bit perplexed. And then, if you're 100% honest, rather wishing it was over). African, Latin, Contemporary and Opera festivals also sell out the near-2000 capacity venue.
Film
The programme has an arty bias but is so diverse that you're bound to find something inviting on one of the three screens. Rule of thumb: silent films, in. J-Lo, out. Subtitles, in. Mighty Duck trilogy, out. But they do offer the screens for private hire, so if you really want you can stick it to 'em and have your own showing of Snakes on a Plane. The Barbican also hosts the annual Australian Film and London Children's Film Festivals, and runs constantly changing series. Recent favourites include the Bad Film Club for fans of the most reviled films, and Second Chance Sunday so you can see on the big screen films which you missed first time around.
Theatre and Dance
Don't be fooled by the Barbican's hulking exterior—the centre dabbles in the more delicate arts rather well. Its two theatres cater for both ends of the performance spectrum. The main room, a shared home for acting and dance, seats over 1,000 punters and attracts some of the biggest names in high culture. Deep in the Barbican's bowels the smaller Pit theatre is home to experimental and new acts. But be warned: with just 200 seats the Pit is small enough for anyone dozing off to be highly visible.
Art
Nowhere else at the Barbican is the idea of making culture accessible for all more apparent than their art spaces. The main gallery hosts temporary exhibitions, mixing all types of art into one cultural hot pot. In 2007, under the umbrella of Art and Sex from Antiquity to Now, erotic Roman cutlery—that's right: erotic cutlery—shared a stage with impressionist paintings and an 11-minute film of someone's face as she was, ahem, attended to. Every first Thursday of the month the gallery opens for a nocturnal viewing, with talks, performances—burlesque dancers for the art and sex exhibition—and a themed bar. A second space, The Curve, winds its way round the ground floor where the exhibitions are generally free.
The Library
Libraries often get a bad press. They've got stuck with an image of frumpy, middle-aged women peering down their spectacles and telling youths to be quiet. But this couldn't be further removed from the reality of the Barbican Library. Alongside a decent array of books, there's a dazzling collection of live musical recordings. Some of these tracks are so rare that they can't be heard anywhere else in the world. Put some headphones on and rock out. Just don't get carried away and smash up the children's section.
How to Get There
By car: Parking is pricey with two hours costing £6.50 and each hour thereafter costing two or three quid more, though there's a flat weekend fee of £7.50 per day.
By bus: The 153 (which runs from Liverpool Street to Finsbury Park) stops directly outside the Barbican at Silk Street; the following buses run nearby: 8, 11, 23, 26, 35, 42, 43, 47, 48, 55, 56, 76, 78, 100, 133, 141, 149, 172, 214, 242, 243, 271, 344 (seven days a week); 4, (Mon-Sat); 21, 25, 521 (Mon-Fri). If none of these buses can take you home then consider yourself extremely unlucky.
By tube: Barbican stations runs on the Circle, District and Hammersmith & City lines. Other stations nearby are Moorgate, St Paul's, Bank, Liverpool Street and Mansion House.
By train: The nearest overland stations are Liverpool Street, Farringdon and Blackfriars. City Thameslink services run through Barbican, Moorgate and Cannon Street.
Parks & Places • Battersea Park |
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Practical Information
NFT Map: | 132, 133, & 141
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Official opening time is 8 am, although the gates are usually unlocked a little earlier than this. The park closes at dusk.
Friends of Battersea Park:
www.batterseapark.org
Zoo: www.batterseaparkzoo.co.uk
Local council: www.wandsworth.gov.uk (see also for information on the Pump House Gallery)
Cycle hire:
www.londonrecumbents.co.uk
BlueBird boat hire:
www.solarshuttle.co.uk
Overview
Opened in 1858 with the aim of giving the Victorian working classes something to do other than drinking gin, Battersea Park has developed to become one of London's prettiest, most popular and most usable parks. Squeezing a range of gardens, cafes, animals, sports, cultural facilities and even a peace pagoda into its diminutive 200 acres, the park is popular with everyone from hordes of snotty little kids to wandering dog-walkers. It is also centrally located enough to be easy to get to but still far enough from Central London to retain a local feel.
The park is about two miles southwest from Westminster and occupies the spot on the south bank of the Thames between Albert and Chelsea bridges. Originally used for duelling, the Duke of Wellington famously discharged upon the Earl of Winchelsea on the site in 1829. Rather than the vast open and flat spaces that many London parks offer, Battersea is neatly divided into a number of features and sections, making it feel much larger than it is.
Sporting Activities
Battersea has an incredibly good array of sporting facilities. The 'Millennium Arena' is a 400m 8-lane running track situated in the northeast corner of the park; it hosts athletic meets and training sessions and it benefited from an expensive overhaul in, you guessed it, 1999. Next to the arena are ten tennis courts and an all-weather football pitch whilst there are further all-weather astro-turf pitches in the southeast corner of the park marked for both hockey and football. The park also boasts cricket pitches and practice nets, a bowling green, smooth wide paths for skating and enough open spaces to invite impromptu sessions of pretty much any other sport. If you consider attacking fish a sport, and have a permit and rod licence, the park's lake offers fishing for nine months of the year. Rowing boats and pedaloes can also be taken out on to the lake during July and August (adults £4.50/hour, children £2). Bicycles can be hired from the London Recumbents shop, which is next to the Millennium Arena on the park's East Carriage Drive—but be warned: bikes can only be used in the park itself, and as it takes just 15 minutes for a leisurely pedal around the parameter, an hour's hire can become a little Groundhog Day.
Art
Battersea has fostered a creative relationship with the arts and has a number of sculptures dotted about, its own public gallery and a biannual art fair. Taking pride of place next to the lake are two large Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth sculptures, both of which are well worth rooting out. The Pumphouse Gallery is a grade II-listed building, originally used to power the park's water works, which has been restored and converted into a gallery and information centre with six exhibitions throughout the year. The Gallery, located northeast of the lake, is also available for private hire and even has a licence to hold civil weddings. The park has hosted the Affordable Art Fair since 1999, which has become a leading showcase for art priced under £3,000.
Performance
In summer music aficionados should head down to La Gondola al Parco, the café by the lake, for free live concerts every Tuesday and Friday from 7 pm. Entrance is free and there's also a BBQ and refreshments aplenty.
Nature and Children's Zoo
Battersea's varied landscapes ensure you stand a decent chance of seeing more than a rat or a pigeon while you saunter round. Squirrels, ducks and Canada geese are all too plentiful. More interesting potential sightings include woodpeckers, cormorants, Peregrine falcons, terrapins and, according to the RSPB, Pochards (whatever they are). If you don't come across any interesting wildlife, your only option is to cheat and visit the park's zoo. A five-minute stroll from the Chelsea Gate entrance, the zoo is aimed at children and has a cool collection of small mammals, including lemurs, as well as small farm animals and some excitingly named birds, such as some 'Peach-faced Love birds'. In case you do fall in love with any of the zoo's inhabitants, most are available for adoption. Mice start at £10 for six months, pay-up and claim it's for your kid. The zoo is open throughout the year and entry costs £8.75 for adults, £6.50 for children.
How to Get There
By tube: Sloane Square (on the Circle and District lines) is the nearest Underground station at just under a mile away. From the station walk down Lower Sloane Street, which becomes Chelsea Bridge Road and leads to the Thames. Walk over Chelsea Bridge and you will see the park on your right. Alternatively take bus no 319.
By bus: From central London, buses run to the park from Liverpool Street (number 344), Notting Hill (452), Oxford Circus (137), Sloane Square (319, 137), Victoria Station (44) and Vauxhall (344).
By train: Battersea Park station is within sight of the park, trains run to both Clapham Junction and Victoria at high frequency. Queenstown Road is around 300m from the park. Trains from this station run to Waterloo and Clapham Junction and depart less often than from Battersea Park.
Parks & Places • Brockwell Park |
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General Information
NFT Map: 127
Brockwell Park: www.brockwellpark.com
Brockwell Park Lido: www.brockwelllido.com
020 7274 3088
Overview
Brockwell Park may not be a household name when it comes to London Parks but for many South Londoners—not least residents of neighbouring Herne Hill—it's the pick of the bunch, all the lovelier for its unconventionality, tattiness and relative anonymity. It's eclectic, it's quirky, and it's impossible not to fall in love with.
History
By the end of the 19th century the local population was large, growing and in need of a serious park. Brockwell was secured for use by the public after MP Thomas Bristowe got wind of a private country estate that seemed just the ticket. Still, he might have over-exerted himself in the process: having taken a Bill through Parliament to convert the land, led a committee to negotiate the price, and raised funds from across the community, Bristowe himself promptly collapsed and died on the steps of Brockwell Hall, moments after the opening ceremony in 1892.
Café
If that doesn't put you off your scones, nowadays, the ground floor of Brockwell Hall is a café where refreshments have been served ever since. Located at the top of the hill, it's a great place to stop for inexpensive cake, drinks etc. after some...
Activities!
There's heaps to do. A BMX track, tennis courts, bowling green, football and cricket pitches, basketball courts, outdoor theatre club, a children's play area and a paddling pool. Or you could chill by the ponds, in the walled garden, under the clock tower, at the picnic area, near the flower gardens, etc.
Brockwell Lido and Greenhouses
Built in 1937, Brockwell Lido is essentially an (unattractive) art deco building that replaced an old bathing pond. After experiencing financial difficulty it was restored and reopened in 2007. As well as a large outdoor pool, there is a gym and classes are held in yoga, pilates, tai-chi and meditation. For the under 5s, Whippersnappers have everything from acrobatics to puppets and African drumming. A Miniature Railway runs between Herne Hill Gate and the Lido. Run by a local enthusiast on a not-for-profit basis; it's only £1 for a round trip. May–Sept, Sat–Sun, 11am–5pm.
Brockwell also boasts a superb community greenhouse project open to volunteers. The greenhouses are open Sunday afternoons and give Londoners a rare chance to get green fingers and grow their own produce. Contact the greenhouse secretary on bpcgsecretary@gmail.com to get involved.
Annual Events
July: Lambeth Country Show is always good fun and involves medieval jousting, farm animals, live reggae/dub and rides, and there are homemade cake and jam contests, too. The Alternative Vegetable Animal Competition requires fruit and veg be crafted into a famous person or building with a very entertaining adult category.
September: The annual Urban Green Fair helps teach London to become more sustainable.
November: The big fireworks show on Guy Fawkes Night is worth braving the cold for.
How to Get There
By rail/tube/foot: The park is a short walk from the following overland and underground stations:
Herne Hill Rail Station—5 mins
Tulse Hill Rail Station—15 mins
Brixton Tube—20 mins
Clapham North Tube—30 mins
By bus: The following all stop at Brockwell Park—2, 3, 37, 68, 196, 322, 468, P15
Parks & Places • Clapham Common |
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Overview
Lively and happening; youngish, professional, and trendy (in a safe way). Clapham Common reflects the area well.
Popular all year round, the Common truly comes alive in summer. On a warm weekend you'll find the park overflowing with picnickers sipping champagne and just plain lookin' good. It's a lovely scene made better by the relaxed, friendly atmosphere. And, when the sun finally sets, you're left with a seriously impressive choice of bars close by.
As well as drawing the usual funky sophisticates, the park is also family-friendly with lots of little ones enjoying the space.
Plenty of organised (or not) sport, kite flying, model boating, Ultimate Frisbee, and even fishing happens here too, but while the common is safe as houses during the day, at night time it is best avoided.
History
Clapham began as a Saxon village. Back then it was called Clopp Ham, meaning the village (ham) by the short hill (clopp). The common was used by villagers to graze their livestock and as a source of firewood.
In the late 17th century the population began to grow as refugees arrived from the Great Plague of London (1665) and the fire of 1666. During this time, the rich gentry of London built a number of fine country houses around the common. When the railways were developed there was a sudden influx of commuters, driving the upper class away to somewhere less, um, common.
Today, the surrounding area is one of the more expensive in South London, partly because of its excellent transport links.
Clapham Sect
On the common is the Holy Trinity Church. This was a meeting place of the Clapham Sect, a group of 19th-century Evangelical Anglicans who fought for social reform. "Ugh" you say, but wait...
The Clapham Sect played a significant part in the abolition of slavery in England. They didn't stop there, going on to campaign for the eradication of slavery worldwide. They also fought for reform in the penal system, focusing on unjust sentencing and the dire prison conditions of the time.
Eateries
Cicero's on the Common (vegetarian)
2 Rookery Road, SW49QN, 020 7498 0770
Cafe Des Res (English/ Carribean)
8 The Pavement, SW4 0HY, 020 7622 6602
The Bowling Green Café (sandwiches, pasta etc) Clapham Common West Side, SW4 9AN, 020 7801 0904
Three ponds
Mount Pond—is a fishing park pond about three acres in size. It contains carp, roach, gudgeon and eels. Suggested baits include pellet, maggot, meat, and boilies, it says here.
Eagle Pond—is a smaller pond with a little island. This one is also fishable. Stocks include carp, tench, bream, roach, rudd, perch, chub and gudgeon. Best baits are bread, pellet, maggot, hemp and castor, it goes without saying.
Long Pond—has a century-old tradition of use for model boating.
Activities
These days there are still some nice leafy pathways lined by mature trees left for the strollers to enjoy.
Sporty types can go for the football, rugby, cricket, softball, tennis, basketball, Aussie rules football, croquet (!) or bowling.
Events
Some of the annual highlights include:
Race For Life—Throughout the year: Race For Life—The girls take on the common in pink to raise awareness of cancer. One of the biggest Race For Life running events.
July: Ben 'n Jerry's Sundae On The Common—also goes down well. If it sounds horribly corporate, it's worth noting that a full restoration of the bandstand in '05/'06 was partly funded by proceeds from this festival. Or, just think of the free ice-cream...
August: The Clapham Common Metro Weekender—Two successful, quality festivals have joined forces. South West Four (progressive house, trance, and breaks) and Get Loaded In the Park (indie/dance) now happen side by side at the end of August.
November: The Bonfire Night Fireworks—it's as good as it gets here.
How to Get There
By train: Wandsworth Road Station (12 minutes), Clapham High Street Station (12 minutes)
By tube: Clapham Common (4 minutes), Clapham South (13 minutes)
By bus: 4, 35, 37, 88, 137, 155, 255, 345, 355, 417, G1
Parks & Places • Clissold Park |
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Overview
A lot is packed into this 54-acre park—mostly people. On a sunny day Clissold throngs with Stokenewingtonites; yummy mummies and three-wheeled buggies; gaggles of youths, with or without hoods; lads playing football; and assorted dog walkers. Visitors can see deer and goats in the animal enclosure, diamond doves and love birds in the aviary, and coots and moorhens in the nature ponds. Parents take little ones to the paddling pool (summer months only), toddlers group at the One O'clock Club or the well-equipped children's playground. The park hosts the usual hodgepodge of circuses and steam fairs as well as the famous arts festival, StokeFest, in the summer. On grey days, chilly days, or in the early hours, peace can be found—in the rose garden perhaps, or underneath one of the ancient trees.
Clissold House and Café
Phone: | 0207 923 9797
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Email: | info@clissoldparkcafe.com
Website: | www.hackneyvenues.com/clissold-house
Hours: | Open daily.
Admission: | FREE
Clissold Mansion, the Grade II listed building just visible from Stoke Newington Church Street, is home to a large, child-friendly cafe. Herbal tea drinkers jostle with dripping ice-cream cone lickers on the sun trap front veranda and circular lawn. The large inside rooms are best avoided if you find children's chatter grating, but otherwise a lively spot to tuck into a plate of egg and chips. The building was constructed in the late 18th century on behalf of a Quaker family whose daughter was courted by a local reverend—Augustus Clissold. He wooed, then married her, and swiftly changed the name of the estate to Clissold Place. Where is Catherine Cookson when you need her? A hundred years later when the land was up for redevelopment, two influential campaigners persuaded the Metropolitan Board of Works to create a public space, and Clissold Park was born on 24 July 1889. Now run by the London Borough of Hackney, Clissold is kept in check by the Clissold Park User Group, who recently secured a multi-million pound lottery bid to spruce the place up a bit and return it to its former 19th century splendour.
Sport in the Park
Year round you can hear the yells of football players churning up mud, the whine of iPods as joggers run in ever decreasing circles, the thwack of cricket ball against cricket bat, and the crunch of misthrown Frisbees hitting the litter bins. There is a basketball court and 10 tennis courts (two kiddies' sized) which are bookable by contacting the Park rangers (020 7254 4235) though they are impossible to get your hands on around Wimbledon—and they say TV doesn't affect our behaviour.
But one of the delights of this park is the more unusual sport that takes place. On misty mornings you can watch cotton-clad figures practice tai chi, and on warm weekends you can nearly always spot a group of hotties from the London School of Capoeira circling around each other. Then there is the occasional father/ daughter pair practising Taekwondo, or two dreadlocked crusties slinging up a line to get some tightrope practice in. Most recent addition to watchable sports in the park is run by 'Pushy Mothers'—groups of mums exercising with buggies. The buggy, with child on board, is pushed hither and thither by the panting parent. It's the ultimate in resistance training.
Nature and the Ponds
Hackney is one of the greenest inner-city boroughs and though relatively small, Clissold Park is still an important green, shady and watery spot for local wildlife, particularly waterfowl. The two nature ponds are named Beckmere and the Runtzmere in honour of the two principal founders (Beck and Runtz, in case you were wondering). The third pond in front of the cafe is more of a 'canalette' and actually used to be part of the New River built in the early 1600s to supply drinking water to London.
The animal enclosure with its fuzzy-nosed deer, fluffy rabbits and bearded mini-goats are popular with visitors who stand stuffing chips and handfuls of poisonous leaves from nearby bushes through the fence directly under the signs saying: 'Please don't feed the animals—it will make them ill.'
Note: the paddling pool is not a nature pond and though you still can't let your dog in, hours spent gazing at its inhabitants are not looked on kindly.
How to Get There
By car: Don't. There isn't much in the way of parking. But if you really need to, from Newington Green head north along Green Lanes until you see a large green space with trees on your right. Or from the A10 turn left onto Stoke Newington Church St past all the cute shops and inviting pubs, until you get to the large church on your left. The park is on your right.
By tube: From Manor House, take exit 4 and walk south down Green Lanes for 10 minutes. The park is on your left.
By train: From Stoke Newington station, head south down the High St and turn right up Stoke Newington Church St, walk for 10 minutes until you see the park on your left just past Stoke Newington Town Hall.
By bus: The 341, 141, 73, 393, and 476 all stop at various entrances to the park
Additional Information
London Borough of Hackney
www.hackney.gov.uk/clissold-park.htm
Clissold Park User Group
www.clissoldpark.com
Parks & Places • Finsbury Park |
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General Information
NFT Map: | 55, 62, & 63
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Website: | www.haringey.gov.uk/finsbury_park_leaflet.pdf
Overview
Sculpted from what was once a large woodland area on the fringes of London, Finsbury Park was baptized officially in the mid 19th century as a green escape for increasingly urbanized North Londoners. Today's Finsbury Park has been revamped to the tune of £5 million in an attempt to shake off the cloak of urban grime which descended during the 1970s. Though it certainly has cleaned up its act, the park is still a barren tundra-esque plain compared to Hyde or Regent's Park. More of a green scab on the city landscape that surrounds it, the sparse shrubbery and token trees are more suitable for football or running away from Staffordshire Terriers. Delve a little deeper, however and there are quaint eccentricities and little gems dotted around.
Practicalities
You can enter this veritable urban Oz at Endymion Road, Seven Sisters Road, Green Lanes and Stroud Green Road. Two tube stops serve Finsbury Park: Manor House and the eponymous Finsbury Park. There are also overland trains at Harringey Green Lanes (grab an opulent Turkish meal on the way) and at Finsbury Park Stroud Green Road. Buses 4, 19, N19, 29, N29, 106, N106, 253, N253, 254, N279, W3 and W7 all touch the park at some point. Bear in mind that if you wish to travel in the area during an Arsenal match day you'd better take a stun gun and a red scarf to navigate the crowds!
Attractions
Quaint Englishness and sweaty sporting pursuits abound within the perimeters of Finsbury Park. There are many activities you can partake in from tennis (seven courts are available on a turn up and play basis) to running in the London Heathside Athletics Club (020 8802 9139). There are even two American Football pitches. For a more twee time stroll up to the tiny boating pond and spend an hour in a beat-up boat circling the aviary island—home to exotic birds like ducks, some swans and, uh, ducks again. The kidz are catered for in the form of a skate park. Best of all is the amazing Parkland Walk, which snakes out from Finsbury Park to Alexandra Palace via Highgate.
Nature
The Arboretum and the Avenue of Mature Trees are the two main spots for tree watching. Granted, experienced botanists may find little to fire them up here, but on a mild Autumn day there are plenty of rich colours and textures that enrich any stroll through the park. There are no real 'wild' areas in the park, unlike Hampstead Heath, but there are some lovely quiet spots in the American Gardens which have been landscaped according to the original 19th century plans, with added kiddie play areas. There are some shrubs planted around the boating pond which Harringey Council calls the 'McKenzie Flower Garden' with capital letters which are barely merited.
Festivals
Recently the vast open spaces of the park have been used for music festivals and various other fairs. The Rise, Fleadh, and FinFest festivals are all fairly regular events. The park is also a popular venue for one off special music events—both the Sex Pistols and Morrissey have played controversial shows here. The steam and fun fairs are also worth going to for nostalgic or regressive fun.
Parks & Places • Greenwich Park |
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Overview
Greenwich Park is the oldest enclosed Royal Park in Britain and has been an integral part of London life for centuries. Saxons built mounds here; Romans worshipped here; King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn flirted here, and Charles II even built an observatory here. Then the modern day caught up and 2012 brought it to the world as an Olympic venue. It's now a playground for ageing eccentrics escaping London, yuppie families with new puppies, and heaps of tourists trekking up the staggeringly steep hill towards the iconic Royal Observatory.
And it's worth the trek. The sweeping views from the highest point are spectacular and beat the London Eye hands down. London is revealed in all its glory, from the jutting skyline of Canary Wharf, to the sinuous turns of the Thames and the seemed-like-a-good-idea-at-the-time Millennium Dome. All in stark contrast with the neoclassical architecture of the Old Royal Observatory, Royal Naval College, National Maritime Museum and the Queen's House in the immediate foreground.
A well sought-after spot throughout history, the park has belonged to the Royal Family since 1427, and in the early 1600s, under James I, the park was given a makeover in the French style, which gave it its well-groomed tree-lined pathways. He then had Inigo Jones build the missus the stately Queen's House.
The Royal Observatory and Flamsteed House
Address: | Greenwich Royal Park, Greenwich, London SE10
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Phone: | 020 8858 4422
Website: | www.rmg.co.uk/royal-observatory
Hours: | 10 am-5 pm daily
Admission: | Flamsteed House & Meridian Courtyard—£7.00 adults, £2.00 Children
Time begins, rather arbitrarily, here—on the Prime Meridian of the World, or Longitude 0º. Time all over the earth is based on a place's distance east or west from this imaginary line, outlined in metal so throngs of tourists can gawp at it. Thanks to Charles II's interest in science, Sir Christopher Wren was commissioned to build the Royal Observatory and Flamsteed House, the living quarters for the first Royal Astronomer. Time your visit to catch a workshop, talk, exhibition or planetarium show, which seek to give visitors a richer experience than simply straddling the Meridian with thumbs up.
Also notable is the Camera Obscura, which sits in a small building next to Flamsteed House. A predecessor to the modern camera, this small dark room displays a live image of the distant National Maritime Museum, projected using only a small hole in the roof.
National Maritime Museum
Address: | Greenwich, London SE10 9NF
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Phone: | 020 8858 4422
Website: | www.rmg.co.uk/national-maritime-museum
Hours: | 10 am-5 pm daily
Admission: | Free
Adjacent to the park's boundaries, this is a museum dedicated to all things nautical. It comprises the Royal Observatory, as well as the Queen's House, but its main components are the Maritime Galleries. Highlights include a collection of ships' figureheads, navigational charts, maps, medals, flags and models. They also host relics from Sir John Franklin's ill-fated Northwest Passage expedition (1845-1848) including a pair of his very old-school sunglasses.
Nature
Amongst the well-mowed green are trees of infinite varieties. The scented herb garden is best enjoyed in the summer time. The fallen remains of the 900 year-old Queen Elizabeth Oak can still be viewed and lie as proof of Henry VIII's passion for these grounds, he was said to have danced around the younger tree with Anne Boleyn (before he had her executed, obviously).
How to Get There
The nearest DLR station is Cutty Sark. It's fun too: push the excitable children out the way so you can sit in the front and pretend to be the driver—always a winner with the ladies. By bus, the 53, 177, 180, 188, 199 and 286 will all get you to points of suitable proximity.
You can also take the Greenwich foot tunnel from the Isle of Dogs, which runs beneath the Thames and is open 24 hours a day. Ignore the ominous drips: it's been sturdy for over 110 years, and even if it does at last succumb to the pressure of 50 ft of river above it, then you'll not have time to worry about it. So relax and enjoy!
Parks & Places • Hampstead Heath |
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Overview
Hampstead Heath is 791 acres of rambling woods and idyllic meadows worthy of much frolicking. It's the fact that its wilderness seems so, well, wild that makes this London park deceptive. You can be merrily re-enacting the Brothers Grimm, only to be spat out rather rudely onto Parliament Hill and confronted with gob-smacking views of St Paul's and the Gherkin. The Heath is truly nothing short of heaven—until you stumble over George Michael up to no good in the bushes. You can swim naked in its ponds, stroll amongst its tall grasses without seeing another living soul for twenty minutes or more and engage in a little sex scandal amongst the greenery. The park's common theme is one of a hidden countryside retreat right in the middle of it all.
Most likely because it is countryside. It's just the rest of London that's gone all urban around it. Long-established hedgerows and ancient trees attest to its lengthy history. The range of wildlife on show is impressive—kingfishers, parakeets, 300 species of fungi and several types of bat, to name a few. All sorts of famous people have enjoyed its leafy company through the years. Boudicca's Mound near the men's bathing pond (hmm... sounds dirty), is said to mark the ancient queen's burial chamber. Karl Marx and his family had a picnic here every Sunday while he lived in London and writer Wilkie Collins used the park as a backdrop for The Woman in White. All in all, the Heath has been a much-loved place of social gathering and strolling for centuries, a place of peace and perspective amongst the greater hustle and bustle of the Big Smoke.
Ponds, Ponds and...Oh Yeah, More Ponds...
It might be argued that losing your Heath virginity consists of swimming in one of its famous outdoor bathing ponds. These are open throughout the year and attract throngs of dedicated swimming fans. On the eastern side—closer to Highgate—are a series of eight 17th and 18th century reservoirs dotted between Parliament Hill Fields and Kenwood House. Amongst these is one swimming pond for guys, another for gals, a toy boat pond, a wildlife reserve pond, and a lake for fishing. On the western side of the Heath are three more, including the 'mixed pond', where you can have some underwater flirtations, should you wish.
Kenwood House
Kenwood House is closed for refurbishment until Autumn 2013. However, the Brewhouse Café remains open and can be visited between 9am-5pm. Kenwood House, a 17th century manor in the middle of the park, adds very nicely to the Heath's countryside effect. Its striking classically white walls and landscaped grounds play backdrop to summer jazz festivals as well as a few scenes in the movie Notting Hill. Purchased by brewing magnate Edward Cecil Guinness in 1925, Kenwood House is more than just a pretty façade. Thanks to Guinness's fortune and interest in art, the manor house is also a very noteworthy art gallery featuring works by the likes of Rembrandt, Turner and Gainsborough.
Golders Hill Park
Golders Hill Park is the younger brother to the bigger Hampstead Heath, adjoining it on the western side. Where the latter is an icon of epic proportions, the former is more of a good ol' neighbourhood park. Its large expanse of grass was created rather suddenly when a house that stood on the grounds was bombed during the Blitz. It has a lot to offer for its size though, with a formal flower garden, a deer park and a small zoo (with alpacas no less). If you're feeling sporty, there are tennis courts, putting greens and plenty of jogging paths.
How to Get There
The closest tube stations are Hampstead, Golder's Green and Archway on the Northern Line. Nearby overland stations include Hampstead Heath and Gospel Oak. Bus numbers running to the park are the 168, 268 and 210, which cuts through on Spaniard's Road (where you may want to stop for a pint at the historic Spaniard's Inn).
Additional Information
City of London
www.cityoflondon.gov.uk
Information and booking tickets for swimming:
020 7485 5757
Heath and Hampstead Society:
www.heathandhampsteadsociety.org.uk
Parks & Places • Highgate Cemetery & Waterlow Park |
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Highgate Cemetery General Info
NFT Map: | 51 & 59
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Web: | www.highgate-cemetery.org
Phone: | 020 8340 1834
West Cemetery
The West Cemetery opened in 1839 and most of the original pathways and structures still exist. This part of the cemetery is a wild wonderland of creeping vines and eerie Victorian tombs. On weekdays, tours take place daily at 1:45 pm from March to November. There's a limit of 15 people so you'll need to book in advance on the number above. The weekends are a free-for-all with tours taking place hourly from 11 am until 4 pm April to November and until 3 pm December to March.
East Cemetery
The newer East Cemetery is located on the opposite side of the road to the West entrance. This side is open daily and for four pounds you get to roam unsupervised for as long as you please. It may not be as impressive as the West side, but it's still a place of breathtaking beauty. Although there are some well-trodden paths and proper walkways, large parts of the cemetery are almost completely overgrown, making it a wonderful place to go for a stroll.
Opening Hours
1st April to 31st October
Mon-Fri: 10 am-5 pm
Sat-Sun: 11 am-5 pm
1st November to 31st March
Mon-Fri: 10 am-4 pm
Sat-Sun: 11 am-4 pm
Famous Occupants
Quite a few notable people are buried here. The caretakers will be more than willing to inform you of the whereabouts of the following graves and plenty of others.
Douglas Adams, author. Most famous for the Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy series of books.
George Eliot, English author and poet; also actually a woman.
Christina Rossetti, English poet.
Karl Marx. Philosopher; considered the father of communism.
Alexander Livinenko, Russian ex-spy, famously murdered by radiation poisoning in a Soho sushi restaurant in 2006.
A whole load of Charles Dickens' clan but not the man himself.
The Highgate Vampire
There have been numerous accounts of shapes, ghosts and supernatural figures seen on the cemetery grounds, and in the early 70s the media picked up on a theory involving a vampire and the legend of The Highgate Vampire was born. It caused quite a stir and soon mobs of 'vampire hunters' descended on the place (imagine something like the Thriller video, but with flares and tank tops). Finally, Sean Manchester, president and founder of the Vampire Research Society, claimed to have killed the fiend in 1973, when he tracked it to a nearby house. Manchester was also, in his spare time, patron of the Yorkshire Robin Hood society, and remains, in this publication's estimation, the single most compelling reason not to wander around Highgate Cemetery after dark.
Waterlow Park Overview
Waterlow Park is a beautifully landscaped park located just next to the cemetery, making it a perfect spot for a pre- or post-gravespotting picnic. Often overlooked and overshadowed by nearby Hampstead Heath it is a charming and peaceful alternative. You can feed the ducks in one of the three ponds, hire tennis courts by the hour, admire the awesome view of London, wander in the rose garden, or just go and look at the cool hollow tree at the bottom of the park.
Lauderdale House
Address: | Highgate Hill, Waterlow Park, London N6 5HG
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Tel: | 020 8348 8716
Web: | www.lauderdalehouse.co.uk
Lauderdale House operates independently from the park, but is located on its grounds. The original house was built in 1582, but has gone through major alterations and restorations since then. In 1963 a major fire destroyed much of the old building and it was left untouched and unoccupied for 15 years. In 1978 it was finally repaired and reopened in its current incarnation. The house runs classes, concerts and exhibitions by local artists. There's also a small café. The House and the galleries are usually open Tue-Fri 11 am-4 pm, Sat 1.30 pm-5 pm & Sun 12 pm-5 pm, but you can always phone in advance to avoid disappointment.
How to Get There
Nearest tube station is Archway. Exit the station and turn left up Highgate Hill. Waterlow Park is about five minutes walk on your left hand side. To get to the cemetery, cross the park down to the Swain's Lane exit, which is adjacent to the East Cemetery gates.
Parks & Places • Hyde Park |
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General Information
Website: | <http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde-parkparks/hyde_park>
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Phone: | 030 0061 2000
Overview
For over 370 years Hyde Park has been the 'Lungs of London'—the place to go for oxygen-starved Londoners to take a breath of fresh air. This park remains an essential part of the beating heart of London. As the city's grown, so has the desire to preserve this 350-acre mass of parkland and thankfully, Hyde Park has never been in better shape.
Eating
Perambulating through the park is bound to get that metabolism going, so stop off at one of the numerous food stalls to quench your thirst or down a plasticky hot-dog. Yum. For a more civilised affair check out one of the park's seated joints: the Lido Café (which also has a paddling pool) or The Serpentine Bar & Kitchen.
Nature, Architecture & Sculpture
The Serpentine Lake attracts the usual assortment of ducks as well as some exotic additions, such as Egyptian Geese. The Lookout Education Centre holds informative talks about the park's wildlife. The Grand Entrance at Hyde Park Corner is an awe-inspiring arched construction of Greek influence, whilst the Albert Memorial, erected by Queen Victoria after her husband's death, is a true show of love. The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain, remains one of the most visited areas in Hyde Park and is worth a look to satisfy curiosity, as is the Peter Pan Memorial. And pause to reflect at the heartbreaking 7 July Memorial, which pays tribute to each of the victims of the 2005 London Bombings.
Performance
The park attracts big musical events, and by big we mean Live 8 big. It's only the musical deities that get their own special Hyde Park treatment—Bruce Springsteen, Paul McCartney and Blur, but summer means festival time and the annual Wireless Festival and Hard Rock Calling. Brass band concerts are held throughout the summer at The Bandstand. Speakers' Corner is guaranteed to entertain. Since 1872 it's been the site of a verbal free-for-all stemming from the activities of the Reform League who marched for manhood suffrage in 1866. These days the topics aren't quite as revolutionary. Heather Mills sounded off here recently...ah, the injustice of having too much cash.
Sports
There are ample jogging paths, designated bike routes (see www.companioncycling.org.uk) and great paths for roller-blading and walking. Even more fun is boating on The Serpentine Lake from March to October. Informal games of rugby, football or cricket can be played on the 'Sports Field' while Hyde Park Tennis & Sports Centre does exactly what it says on the tin. There's also a bowling green and horse riding at the Manege.
Kensington Gardens
The 111 hectares west of the Western Carriage Drive are known as Kensington Gardens. Annexed from the main park in 1689, the area retains a slightly more formal air, with regular tree-lined avenues to stroll down and less spaces for rambunctious sporting displays. This makes the Gardens an ideal spot for a picnic or a quiet ponder. Kensington Gardens also boasts the Serpentine Gallery (in between the Diana Fountain and the Albert Memorial), a toy-sized venue for renowned modern and contemporary art exhibitions, and the rather stunning Kensington Palace. Still a royal residence, the palace majestically overlooks some of the most well ordered green spaces London has to offer.
Parks & Places • London Fields |
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Overview
Best green space of the northeast? Victoria Park might still bag the accolade, but this relaxed, mid-sized park in the middle of Hackney is catching up. And quickly. It's lush and it's spacious and its latest addition, a smashing 50-metres Lido (see below), is hard to beat. Just off busy Mare Street and minutes from Regent's Canal, the park is easily reachable and easily manageable. There are two tennis courts, football, basketball and cricket pitches, and two well-equipped and well-maintained playgrounds, if you have kids in tow. London Fields does a nice job of attracting a pleasantly diverse mix of people, from Hoxton-refugee artists and rollie-smoking would-be philosophers, to pram-pushing mums and East End geezers with no teeth and big dogs. The architecture framing the tree-studded space is just as varied: bland high rises, pretty Victorians, depressing brick estates and fancy new developments, all modern Hackney is there.
The park's own drinking spot, imaginatively called Pub on the Park, is good for a relaxed outside pint, simple pub food or the footie. If you're after a slightly more refined meal, check the gastropub-ish Cat and Mutton at the park's bottom. This is also where Broadway Market begins, a traditional East End market street, now brimming with nice little shops, several pubs and original eateries. If the red wine you shared with your painter friends on their picnic blanket got you into serious party mood, head to the close-by (and late-night) Dolphin on Mare Street. Or just fall asleep in the shadows of those massive oak trees. Chances are, one of the dogs will lick you back to reality.
London Fields Lido
Address: | London Fields Westside, London E8 3EU
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Phone: | 020 7254 9038
Website: | <http://www.hackney.gov.uk/c-londonfields-lido.htm>
Hours: | Mon-Fri 6:30am—8pm
Admission: | £4.50 for adults, £2.70 for kids
You might say that in a city where, essentially, you have the choice between stomach-turningly grotty leisure centre pools and hopelessly overpriced member gym versions, any new public swimming basin would be a winner. Fair enough. But WHAT a winner. Having mouldered closed for almost two decades, a £2.5m effort has restored this art deco gem to its former glory. In fact, it's probably better than ever: the 50-metre basin is nicely heated all year round (25C when we last checked), the changing rooms are modern and clean, admission's okay. Come during the week for a few pre-work lanes, when steam mysteriously hangs over the water, or jump in on the weekend, followed by a Sunday roast in one of the pubs close-by or a picnic in the park. Sounds nice? We know.
Sports
There's no shortage of things to do. The park's two tennis courts can be booked for hourly slots (open 8.30 am-dusk; £6.00/h during peak times, £4.00/h off-peak; call 020 7254 4235 for more info). The Hackney Tennis Club (www.hackneycitytennisclubs.co.uk) also offers classes and joint sessions. The football pitch (just come and play) is located in the middle, the basketball space (ditto) towards the south. Follow the sound of children for the playgrounds, one in the north, one in the south. If cricket is your cup of tea, get in touch with the London Fields Cricket Club (londonfieldscc@gmail.com), who keep the park's long-standing tradition as a cricket pitch alive (which, incidentally, is said to go back to 1800).
How to Get There
By bus: Most buses stop on Mare Street (get off at the London Fields stop), a few minutes walk from the actual park. From Liverpool Street Station, take 48 and 55, from Mile End or Bethnal Green grab the D6. The 106 takes you here from Finsbury Park, the 277 from Highbury & Islington. Two buses stop directly at the bottom of the park: the 236 (connecting to Dalston, Newington Green, Finsbury Park) and the 394 (Hackney Central, Homerton Hospital, Hoxton, Angel).
By train: The train is a great option, since London Fields station is located right next to the park. Train operator National Express East Anglia (formerly known as One Railway) serves the central Liverpool Street Station (via Cambridge Heath and Bethnal Green) and connects the Victoria Line tube stations Seven Sisters and Tottenham Hale further north. You can travel using your Oyster Card, for timetables check www.greateranglia.co.uk.
Parks & Places • Mile End Park |
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Overview
Bordered at the north by the chain-ridden fake-a-rama, Bow Wharf, to the east and south by rat runs, and to the west by the dank waters of the Regent's Canal, this strange elongated park doesn't appear to have a lot going for it. However, this 32-hectare wiggle of green is more a string of mini parks—divided up by roads and railway lines—and each segment has hidden treasures worth digging for. There is an adventure playground, an arts pavilion with weird orange-and-white sculptural seats by Leona Matuszczak, an ecology park with moths and all sorts, a terraced garden and a sheltered children's playground. Clever landscaping and inventive use of space creates pockets of peace, and when the sun comes out, sparkling on the canal, bouncing off of the reflective jackets of the cyclists bombing past or laying its beams on giggling young couples, the park of many parks comes into its own.
It was created following the Second World War after the area was destroyed in the Blitz. The idea of Lord Abercombie, who envisioned a creepy-sounding 'finger of green' in amongst the rubble, Mile End really came into being in 1999 with Millennium Commission funding providing new areas, strange metal cross signage and an amazing green bridge—known by locals as the Banana. It actually has grass and shrubs taking walkers and cyclists over Mile End Road.
The remains of the Victorian terraces sit on the west side of the park, and one resilient pub, The Palm Tree, squats alone in the middle of a grey car park, a testament to the rows of two-up-two-downs which no longer flank the pub. This great local boozer is filled most nights with a mix of climbers and locals tucking into doorstep sandwiches and draft beer.
For those who want a bit more local history, The Ragged School Museum (www.raggedschoolmuseum.org.uk) on Copperfield St overlooks the southern tip of the park: a canal side slum that was transformed into a school for the local urchins by philanthropist Dr Barnado. It now has a mocked-up Victorian classroom and clunky little cafe. Only open Wednesday and Thursday and the occassional Sunday—check before you go.
Sports in the Park
The southern end of the park is a haven for sporty types with a refurbished stadium and ten all-weather pitches made from recycled car tyres, a go-kart track and the large Ikea-like Mile End Leisure Centre with all the usual sauna, gym, pool and verruca-infested changing rooms.
Mile End Climbing Wall is housed in an old pipe engineering works in the middle of the park, and is one of London's 'big three' (The Castle and the Westway are the others). It was opened in the 80s and some of its users seem unaware of time's passage, judging by their fetching leggings.
How to Get There
By tube: Turn left out of Mile End station, cross Grove Rd and you'll find yourself at one of the entrances to the middle section of the park.
By car: The park can be easily accessed from Bow Road, Grove Rd, or Mile End Rd, though according to London Borough of Tower Hamlets, 'The local streets operate a resident's parking permit system and are regularly patrolled by traffic wardens. Limited parking is available at Bow Wharf.'
By bus: The, D6, D7, 25, 205, 277, 323, 339 and all take you to various entrances around the park.
Additional Information
London Borough of Tower Hamlets
www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=12599
Mile End Climbing Wall
www.mileendwall.org.uk
Parks & Places • Regent's Park & Primrose Hill |
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General Information
Website: | www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/the-regents-park
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Park Tel: | 030 0061 2300
London Zoo: | www.zsl.org
Open Air Theatre: | www.openairtheatre.org
Overview
Whenever your quaint and backward country-dwelling friends are telling you the virtues of rural life, you can silence them with two words: Regent's Park. Let the yokels have their cleaner lungs, their maypoles and their children running barefoot and feral, because London may have its city drawbacks but it knows how to do a good park. When you stroll in Regent's Park, you're strolling on nothing less than Property of the Crown—you can see tigers and gorillas, play on the largest outdoor sports area in London, take in some Shakespeare, or, on a very good day, watch girls playing volleyball in bikinis.
With 410 acres of parkland, you will always find a spot away from the (many thousands of) fellow visitors. It is the perfect space to take stock, step back and refresh, to sit in a deckchair with a good book, picnic with friends, breathe better air. Moreover, the same obnoxious people who wouldn't move down the tube to let you on or who pushed in the sandwich queue, are here relaxing with their families, lazing over a paper in a patch of sun, falling in love, throwing a Frisbee: it can be just what you need to re-bond with London when you're becoming jaded, and to get away from it all without leaving Zone One.
How to Get There
By tube:
Regent's Park—Bakerloo.
Great Portland St—Hammersmith & City, Circle, Metropolitan.
Baker St—Hammersmith & City, Jubilee, Metropolitan, Bakerloo.
St John's Wood—Jubilee.
Camden Town—Northern.
The Park is served by bus routes 2, 13, 18, 27, 30, 74, 82, 113, 139, 189, 274, 453 and C2.
Nature
The Park is a haven for the city's wildlife, thanks to a biodiversity which includes grassland, woodland, wetland, lakes and scrubs, as well as beautifully tended and fragrant gardens. Over 200 species of birds have been spotted in the Park, along with favourite garden mammals such as hedgehogs, squirrels and foxes. But if that's all just a bit too Beatrix Potter, you can get your fix of the more badass species at London Zoo in the Park's north-east end, where in addition to the normal enclosures, visitors can get closer to some of the animals with events like "Meet the Monkeys" or even help as a volunteer.
The Park's size and calm makes it a choice hangout for celebrities (not strictly nature, but dandelion schmandelion: spotting A-Listers doing tai chi in oversized sunglasses will impress more down the pub, and can there be a nobler calling?).
Performances and Events
The Park's permanent outdoor theatre is an absolute treat. The shows have a Shakespearian bias, but the venue also puts on non-bard performances, comedy nights and concerts. It is the experience more than the performance which will likely stay in your memory. Among the atmospheric trees of the park in the evening, with a bottle of wine and a blanket to snuggle up in (it is Britain after all—how many other theatres have an official "weather policy"?), it is a magical way to spend an evening. Outdoor does not mean free however: prices range from £10–£50 (Saturdays are the most expensive), and you pay theatre prices for food and drink. Cheaper to bring a picnic to enjoy in front of the theatre before the performance.
Regent's Park also hosts a number of big outdoor events. Notable regulars include Taste of London and the Frieze Art Fair London. Check the website for one-off listings.
Primrose Hill
To the north of Regent's Park sits Primrose Hill, which is a rather large hill, boasting corking views of much of Central and East London. It's also surrounded by some rather lovely eateries.
The former hunting ground for playboy king Henry VIII has a murky history, becoming the scene of a political feud in 1678, when magistrate Edmund Berry Godfrey was found dead there after being implicated in a plot to kill Charles II. In later generations Primrose Hill became the setting for duels: London lovers fought there over their ladies, while fops found it a good place to settle literary disagreements ("I say Dryden is naught but a one-trick satirist sir!" "Well then I say you are a cad and a scoundrel! Die you maggot!").
Celebrity voyeurs should keep 'em peeled for the likes of Kate Moss, old bumbles himself Mr Boris Johnson, and writer Alan Bennett, while Primrose Hill in winter is the ideal spot to check out panoramic views of fireworks across the city on Guy Fawkes Night (5 November).
Parks & Places • Richmond Park & Kew Gardens |
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Overview
In 1625 Charles I brought his court to Richmond. He subsequently, with quite heroic selfishness, built a wall 'round a large expanse of open grassland, and created Richmond Park. These days the park is thankfully accessible to the public, opening at 7 am (or 7.30 in the winter) and closing at dusk every day. It's the biggest of the Royal Parks in London, and is an obvious choice for long bike rides, picnics, informal sports and other wholesome pursuits for your golden, happy days of youth. Oh, and there's deer.
Attractions
The park has a number of gardens and wooded areas, the most beautiful of which is probably the Isabella Plantation, an organic woodland garden that blooms with azaleas and rhododendrons. The Pen Ponds is another popular feature, as is Pembroke Lodge, the park's Georgian mansion, which can be rented out for weddings and conferences (www.pembroke-lodge.co.uk or call 020 8940 8207). The adjacent café also does a mean cream team.
Sports
There are three rugby pitches near the Roehampton Gate that are available for rental on weekdays during winter (contact the Rosslyn Park Rugby Club at 020 8948 3209), and two eighteen hole, pay and play golf courses (call 020 8876 1795 for info. and booking). Between 16 June and 14 March you can purchase a fishing permit for the Pen Ponds (call 020 8948 3209 for information). Or for more extreme park-goers there is the option of Power Kiting, whatever the hell that is (www.kitevibe.com), and military-led Boot Camps to shape you up fast and mercilessly.
Kew
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, begun in 1660, is not only easy on the eyes but is an important centre for horticultural research and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Guaranteed to take place every year are the summer festival 'Kew the Music' (July) and ice-skating (Nov-Feb). Kew is a hugely popular day trip destination for schoolchildren and adults alike and contains such a surplus of sights and attractions that repeat visits are always surprising.
Attractions
Of course the main attractions here are the Gardens themselves. Between the formal gardens, smaller themed collections of plants and wildlife and conservation areas, there is enough walking and cooing to be done to justify any length of cake and sandwich sessions at one of the Gardens' eateries. There are also 39 Grade I and II listed buildings, all of which have some kind of historic significance. The 17th century Kew Palace (www.hrp.org.uk), is one of the most interesting of these, having previously been home to the notoriously 'mad' King George III. Other buildings in the gardens include the Chinese Pagoda of 1762, a traditional Japanese 'Minka' house and a number of museums. Decimus Burton's glasshouses (The Palm House and the Temperate) are iconic examples of this quintessentially Victorian architectural theme, and an essential part of any visit to Kew.
Events
Kew Gardens is run with great enthusiasm and has a packed programme of events throughout the year. These occur and change frequently so it's best to check the Kew website, which has comprehensive listings of everything that is going on in the Gardens, down to the blooming or blossoming of individual plant species: www.kew.org.
Several of the historic buildings, most spectacularly the Temperate Glasshouse, are available to rent for corporate and private parties.
How to Get There
Richmond station (overland trains, District Line) is a 20 minute walk from Richmond Park, or buses 371 and 65 both go from the station to the pedestrian gate at Petersham. Kew Gardens is (surprisingly) the closest station for Kew Gardens, London Overground trains stop here from across North and North West London. Trains from Waterloo stop at Kew Bridge station, a ten- minute walk from the gardens.
A large number of buses go from Hammersmith, Fulham, Clapham Junction, Wandsworth and Ealing to Richmond Park and to Kew Gardens.
Parks & Places • The South Bank |
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Overview
A pedestrianised quarter formed of venues for theatre, music, cinema, art and various other artistically orientated entities, the South Bank is the realisation of a post-war dream of an arts-for-all hub in London. The area has its roots in 1951's Festival of Britain, a technicoloured marvel designed to showcase an optimistic future for Britons used to coal, Spitfires and fake mashed potato. The legacy of the Festival ensured that the surrounding area went on to grow into the playground that it has become today.
The South Bank Centre
The actual 'South Bank Centre' is officially formed of the Royal Festival Hall, the Queen Elizabeth Hall, the Purcell Room, the Hayward Gallery and the Saison Poetry Library, which are all concentrated in the centre of the South Bank. The Royal Festival Hall hosts a variety of musical and dance performances from its auditorium, whilst the Hall's foyer is an enormous and relaxed open-plan area with a bar, performance spaces and shop. The Queen Elizabeth Hall and Purcell Room offer further stages for musical recitals whilst the Saison Poetry Library houses a vast collection of poetry dating from 1912 onwards. The Hayward Gallery has an exterior of frightening ugliness, which shields a surprisingly spacious interior, devoted to exhibitions of the visual arts.
The National Theatre
The National Theatre is next-door to the South Bank Centre complex and is another gaping example of uncompromising architecture. Opened in 1963, it still looks slightly unhinged. The building consists of three theatres and puts on a range of productions from the established to the experimental. It also features an inviting foyer, and in the open spirit of the South Bank, offers back-stage tours, workshops, talks and costume and prop hire to Joe Schmo.
British Film Institute and IMAX
Nestling under Waterloo Bridge, the BFI promotes film and television through its archives, cinema screens, talks and festivals. It's a great alternative to the disgustingly over-priced and sticky-floored chain cinemas of central London and promotes an all-encompassing program from its three screens. The Film Café and Benugo Bar & Kitchen do good pre- and post-flick munch. The BFI IMAX is the separate, rotund glass building situated around 200m south of the BFI. It shows films on Britain's biggest cinema screen accompanied by sound pumped from a gargantuan 11,600-watt sound system.
Everything Else
Beyond its theatres, music halls, galleries and cinemas, the South Bank has spawned a number of other attractions. The London Eye is an enormous Ferris wheel built in 2000 on the banks of the Thames adjacent to Westminster Bridge, it revolves at a leisurely 0.5 mph and offers brilliant views from its 135m-high peak. The London Aquarium is just opposite but with ticket prices roughly similar to the Eye, seeing big fish in small tanks starts to look a distinctly lame option. Less expensive attractions around South Bank include the open-air book market tucked under Waterloo Bridge and Gabriel's Wharf, a dinky enclave of small shops, bars and restaurants that offer succour to those cultured-out. Or you can ogle at the cool kids doing half pipes at the South Bank Skate Park..
Getting There
By tube: Nearest stations are Waterloo (Northern, Bakerloo, Jubilee and Waterloo & City lines) and Embankment (Circle, District, Northern & Bakerloo lines). From Waterloo, head 50m towards the river. Embankment station is at the northern foot of Hungerford footbridge.
By train: Nearest stations are Waterloo & Charing Cross. For directions from Waterloo, see 'By Tube'. From Charing Cross, walk 100m down Villiers Street towards the river and then walk across the Hungerford footbridge.
By bus: The South Bank is on numerous bus routes. Buses stop on nearby Waterloo Bridge, York Road, Belvedere Road, Stamford Street and Waterloo Station. Most coming from the North get to South Bank via Holborn, The Strand or Victoria. From the South they come via Elephant and Castle or Lambeth North.
By boat: Festival Pier is adjacent to the London Eye. Pleasure boats dock here on cruises, as do riverboat services which sail west as far as Tate Britain and east as far as Woolwich Arsenal.
Parks & Places • St James's & Green Park |
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General Information
NFT Maps: | 9 & 23
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Website: | www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/st-jamess-park
www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green-park
Free guided walks: 020 7930 1793
Inn the Park Café and Restaurant
(St. James's Park): 020 7451 9999
Overview
With Trafalgar Square at one end and Buck Palace at the other, both St. James's and Green Park are slap-bang in the heart of picture-postcard London. When the belching fumes of the Hackney cab and hordes of Oxford Street shoppers threaten both health and sanity, there's only one place to go. Zip past the crowds and pigeons in Trafalgar Square and head under the grand curve of Admiralty Arch into the stately calm of St. James's Park. Stand yourself on the bridge that crosses the lake, take a deep breath and marvel at the history surrounding you in the city's oldest Royal Park, dating back to the days of Henry VIII.
The views: fairytale Buckingham Palace to the west, Downing Street, the seat of Parliament and Big Ben jutting out over Horse Guards' Parade to the east and the towers of Westminster Abbey to the south. There ain't nowhere else in London where you can view the icons of Church, State and Monarchy in one quick spin on your heels. Impressive. And when you're done marvelling, join the families, office workers, joggers and tourists in taking a stroll round the lake for pelican-spotting, duck-feeding, lunching and romancing.
A hop across the Mall and you'll find yourself in the rolling green of, yup, Green Park. Flowerbed free, this 53-acre patch of park with its aged plane trees is the more meditative of the two. A refuge from the noisy thoroughfare of Piccadilly and Hyde Park corner, its grounds soon fill with picnicking office-workers at the slightest suggestion of sun while the tree-lined Mall is the nearest you'll get to a Parisian boulevard.
Nature
The curving lake of St. James's park runs the length of the grounds and is perfect for indulging in some casual bird-spotting. Ever since the days of James I, the park has been home to an exotic menagerie, once including elephants, camels and even crocs.
While the crocs and ellies might be long gone, both Duck Island and the smaller West Island remain home to an impressive array of water birds. Beyond the humble duck and gulls, there are suitably stately black swans, rare golden eyes and the rather less-illustrious sounding shovelers, a close relative of the time-starved office-worker on lunch, we believe. But, with their gentlemanly swagger and mighty beaks, the five resident pelicans unquestionably steal the show. A gift from the Russian Ambassador in 1664, feeding time is worth a gander at 3pm daily. Known for their entertaining antics—like flying to Regent's Park Zoo on fish-stealing sprees—one caused a media storm when, clearly lusting after a menu change, it swallowed a live pigeon whole, flapping feathers 'n' all.
Take some old bread and the park's tame, tubby squirrels will feast from your hand. Hang around 'til dusk and the bats come out to play.
Architecture & Sculpture
As if housing ol' Queenie's Buckingham Palace wasn't enough, the parks are surrounded by two more palaces—Westminster, now the Houses of Parliament, and St. James's. From the Regency elegance of the Mall's Carlton House, home to the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA), to the impressive frontage of Horse Guard's Parade, the parks are hemmed in by grandeur.
Once a swampy wasteland for grazing pigs, it's a tale with humble beginnings for London's most royal park. While each passing King and Queen slowly improved St. James's Park, it was Charles II that really put the work in, getting trees planted, lawns laid and then opening it up for the first time to us commoners.
Sobering war memorials in St. James's Park abound, including world war icons Mountbatten and Kitchener in Horse Guards' Parade, and an overblown marble statue of Queen Victoria complete with glitter and gates. Oh, and that grand old Duke of York, best-known for marching his men up and down some hill? He's here too, in bronze atop a mighty pillar by the ICA.
The Parks in Season
St. James's in spring is carpeted with crocuses and daffodils. Come summer, they're quickly replaced with a carpet of sun-starved Tom, Dick and Sallys, laid bare as they dare to catch some rays. For an instant upgrade from the rabble, head to Green Park by the tube and hire a stripy deck-chair at £1.50 a pop from April to September.
Between May and August, add a dash of high-brow culture to your day with free concerts at the bandstand every lunchtime and early evening.
Autumn days might be chilly but clear skies make for impressive sunsets while wintry strolls are all the more head-clearing, especially after a night on the Soho tiles.
Sports
With cycling and ball-games banned—entirely inappropriate in such stately surrounds!—jogging, morning tai chi, leisurely strolls and pigeon chasing are as energetic as it gets. Sundays are best for strolling when Constitution Hill is closed to traffic.
The Mall and Constitution Hill are cycle-friendly and make a pleasant cut through the West End. Join the Serpentine running club for regular jaunts through St. James's. (www.serpentine.org.uk).
Enjoy the sedate pace with free lunch-time guided walks twice a month, discussing anything from horticulture to royalty (booking line: 020 7930 1793).
Parks & Places • Victoria Park |
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General info
NFT Map: | 90, 93, & 94
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Website: | www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=12670
Information: | 020 7364 2494
Overview
Look at all the joggers, skaters, cricketers and picnickers swarming in Victoria Park on any given weekend, and it seems hard to continue calling this 218-acres green space one of London's best-kept secrets. Yet, to many Londoners not living east, it still is. Lined by Regent's Canal in the south, London's third-largest cultivated green space is a nice blend of Regent's Park's beauty and the wilderness found in Hampstead Heath. It's also far enough off the Central London map to stay virtually tourist-free, while, at the same time, feeling reassuringly inner city urban, with the Gherkin and Canary Wharf's skyscrapers all in sight.
Divided into two handy bits by Grove Road, Victoria Park has much of what makes a park more than just grass and trees: excellent sporting facilities, ranging from athletics to rugby, several lakes, a deer enclosure, a secret garden—and plenty of decent drinking holes nearby. Designed in the 1840s to bring much needed greenery and breathing space to a soul-destroyingly grim East End, the "people's park" can also look back on an intriguing past of dissent, non-conformist rallying and all sorts of political mischief-making. And it's home to the oldest model boat racing club in the country. Come now, before the Olympics do. Once the squirrels start digging out amphetamines, the secret will be gone forever.
Nature
Ducks, swans, birds and god knows what else live around The Lake in the west, while deer and goats graze slightly further north. You're allowed to fish in the Old Lake, although we're not at all sure that there are really many fish in there. Pretty oak trees and hawthorns stud the whole place; colourful flowers and perfectly-groomed shrubs grow in the Old English Garden. It's a beautifully landscaped gem of a garden and one of this city's most peaceful spots—if you don't mind the odd greying philosopher, mumbling to himself.
Sports
Jogging and skating are popular and, thanks to wide pathways, possible throughout the park. There's a rugby pitch, a large dedicated football area, four tennis courts (call 020 8986 5182) and three all-weather cricket pitches, run by the esteemed Victoria Park Community Cricket League (www.vpccl.co.uk). The children's playgrounds are decent enough, and the athletic field is excellent. Get in touch with the park's own athletics association (www.vphthac.org.uk) for access to changing rooms, showers and its indoor training hall.
Architecture & sculpture
Rising in the middle of the park is a Grade-II listed drinking fountain erected by Baroness Angela Burdett-Coutts (England's wealthiest woman at some point, we're told), adorned by several half-naked marble boys, smiling cheekily. The Hackney Wick Great War Memorial, in the east part of the park, is a reminder that this part of London was hit especially hard by the bombings of the Second World War. Close-by, you'll find two alcove-type fragments that survived the demolition of the old London Bridge Station. Fairly unremarkable, but good shelter when it's raining. Let's face it, no one comes here for architecture.
Festivals
The hazy days when The Clash whipped up a beer-can-throwing frenzy in the park—heralding a new era called punk along the way—might be over, but Victoria Park has kept its musical tradition alive. Slightly more tamed and organised, the festivals taking place these days range from the trendy, village-feel Field Day to the indie-and-electro-blending Lovebox Weekender, while big names (Radiohead for one) have also discovered a liking for the park's scenery and music-appreciating attitude.
Eat & Drink
The park's café, next to The Lake, is tiny, but the organic cakes are a tasty lot. That aside, you have to venture to the park's fringes for food and drink, but fear not: a tap is never far. Leave behind the bog-standard, soulless pub that is The Victoria and opt for the East End earthiness of the Top of the Morning instead, near the Cadogan Gate. Good Ales, a real fireplace, and up-marketish pub food make The Royal Inn on the Park, near the Royal Gates, the usually busy favourite. The Fat Cat, a few minutes south of the park along Grove Road, is more restaurant than pub, a bit pricey but a good choice for high-quality pasta, burgers and steaks.
Parks & Places • Wimbledon Common |
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General Information
www.wpcc.org.uk
Overview
If London life starts to get you down, but trekking to the countryside is too much hassle, then Wimbledon Common provides the best of both worlds. Incorporating Putney Heath to the north, Wimbledon Common offers over 1000 acres of wild woodland, scrubland, heathland, ponds and well-tended, mown areas for sports and recreation. Bordered by the urban sprawls of Wimbledon, Putney and Richmond, the common has offered Londoners an escape from city life for centuries. Although thousands visit every weekend, the scale of the place is so vast that you can easily find a private haven for reading a book or a romantic picnic.
Unlike the micro-managed and perfectly structured central London parks, Wimbledon feels much more natural and random. Paths are unpaved and often little more than a muddy track leading off in unlikely directions. The untamed beauty of the common and the lack of traffic noise, or any noise for that matter, make it hard to believe you are still in London.
After a hard day of outdoor activity, or sunbathing, there are plenty of historic pubs to retire to in Wimbledon village. If you prefer your nature tamed or don't want to get your shoes dirty, head to the southeast corner of the common for Cannizaro House and gardens, a grand mansion converted into a boutique hotel and restaurant, with elegantly manicured gardens open to the public. In the summer, the friendly hotel bar opens onto a patio overlooking the grounds and makes a good spot for a sun-downer as you imagine being Lord or Lady of the Manor for the day.
Nature
The common is home to many animals including bats, badgers, and muntjac deer. It's also an important breeding ground for dragonflies and damselflies. For anyone wanting to find out more about the flora and fauna, the London Bat Group organises 'bat walks' while the London Wildlife Trust organises guided walks. You can also take a self-guided wander along The Windmill Nature Trail. 800 metres long, the trail has been created with accessibility in mind and begins right next to the Windmill car park. The visitors' centre behind the Windmill has wildlife exhibits and also tells the history of the common. It also sells maps and booklets giving the low down on the nature on offer.
Recreation
There is loads of space on the common for pick-up games of rugby, football, Frisbee and cricket. If you fancy a 'real game', you can hire tennis courts by the hour, cricket pitches by the day (from as little as £150) or enjoy a round of golf on the two available courses. The common is very popular with runners and steeplechase events have been held here since 1867. Various running clubs such as the South London Harriers and Hercules Wimbledon use the Common. If you've ever fancied trying horse riding, there are a number of stables that make use of the 16 miles of trails—or bring your own nag with you.
Golf
www.wcgc.co.uk
www.londonscottishgolfclub.co.uk
Horse Riding
Wimbledon Village Stables: 020 8946 8579
Ridgway Stables: 020 8946 7400
Rugby, Football and Cricket Pitch Hire
020 8788 7655
How to Get There
By public transport:
The Northern Line goes to South Wimbledon where you can take a bus to central Wimbledon then change or walk to the village and common. Wimbledon station is much closer. Take the District Line from central London or over ground trains from Waterloo or London Bridge. If you are feeling fit, a ten-minute walk up Wimbledon Hill takes you to Wimbledon village and beyond that, the edge of the common. Regular buses serve the village. Alternatively, you can access Putney Heath which joins up with Wimbledon Common. To do this, take the District Line to Putney Bridge or East Putney overground to Putney mainline station and take a bus up Putney Hill.
Parks & Places • The Markets |
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It's likely that at some point during your London residence, you've been seized with the romantic notion of floating your way round a London market—savouring the smells, laughing with a vendor, flirting your way to some freebies. If you have, then your attempts to live that dream almost certainly resulted in you silently fuming as you crawled among a crowd of thousands, trekking for a cashpoint because you forgot that stalls don't accept cards, and getting crapped on by a pigeon. Don't be put off!
At the markets you can buy some of the most unique, quirky, fresh, stylish, grungy, exquisite, unusual items in London. Sometimes you'll get brilliant bargains, sometimes you'll pay high for something you fall in love with. And sometimes, yes, you'll be driven near to homicidal rampage. But they're one of London's great strengths: use them while you can, because the developers have their evil, dollar-signed eyes on them.
For Groceries
The food in markets isn't necessarily locally grown, but you get a much more tempting choice than in most supermarkets. Expect fruit, veg, breads, cheeses, meats, spices and pastries, as well as stalls concocting irresistible snacks from around the world.
Borough (Map 106)
You don't come here for bargains: you come for ambiance, exquisite international foods, and to impress the person you woke up with. If you're rich and like the finer things in life, then here your weekly shop can consist of some of the freshest vegetables, plumpest fruit, sweetest patisseries and sockiest cheeses in London. If you're poor and just fancy a change from Saturday morning repeats of Friends, then head here for a hearty hog roast sandwich and to snaffle some free samples.
Broadway (Map 89)
As gorgeous as Borough, for a third of the price and a fifth of the crowds. It's a pain to get to, stuck in one of the city's remaining quaintly retro spots not closely served by the tube (London Fields), but you'll want to move here by the end of your visit.
Ridley Road (Map 86)
If the gourmet markets are too poncey for you, with their Bavarian organic rye bread and Malaysian honey from breast-fed bees, then get down the Ridley Road. Here, in a market which is bright, chaotic, grubby and bouncing to reggae, you can pick up an incredible array of Jamaican, Turkish, African, Indian and Chinese foodstuffs (and possibly e-coli).
For Market-Chic
You won't necessarily pay less than at the high street, but you will have a choice of original and irresistible items sold with passion and knowledge. Expect to leave these markets with a lighter pocket (though try to make sure it's not because of the pickpockets...).
Spitalfields (Map 91)
Mecca for anyone looking for ethnic-hip and well-priced clothes, bags and jewellery. Here you can often chat to the maker of the clothes you're eyeing up and learn the story behind their designs. Which is all very inspiring, until you try on their beloved creations, realise you're too fat for it, and reject it having slightly stretched it. Because then it's just awkward.
Greenwich (Map 120)
Craft-tastic: a great place to go for beautiful handmade gifts which people love to receive and then put in a cupboard for the rest of their useful life. Here you'll find a gorgeous range of items for home and lifestyle: pictures, antiques, candles, pottery, soft furnishings and clothes, as well as some great food stalls, and an above-average number of beautiful rich people than at most markets.
Portobello Road (Map 29)
Although famed for being the World's Largest Antiques Market, Portobello Road seems to sell everything. You'll need patience to work around its sprawling size and the crowds, but just about anything you're looking for is there somewhere or can be sourced by speaking to the right vendor. Stalls include clothes (from classy-vintage to student-cheap), jewellery, fabric, food, as well as 1500 antique stalls selling maps, medals, silverware, and things you never thought you needed (and which, after you've got them home, you realise you didn't).
Camden (Map 71)
Camden is actually home to six markets, though "chic" doesn't do any of them justice. Here you'll find a purse-emptying range of alternative fashions, vintage clothes, accessories, gifts, t-shirts, comedy hot water bottle covers, tie-dyed hippies, teeny-punks and chaps asking if you'd care for a nice bit of crack. Anything goes, and this open, free atmosphere makes it a major and exciting draw. Hit Camden Stables for brilliant international food stalls.
Fer Findin a Bit o' Laaandon Prop'a
If you're a Londoner who "just adores the city! But oh dear no, wouldn't dream of bringing kids up here", then chances are you don't mingle much with the Prop'a Laandoner. This hardy breed whose family history is a Dickensian yarn of blitzes, TB and chimney sweeps are the core of this city, and the gradual nudging out of their jellied eels and pub sing-songs is tantamount to ethnic cleansing. Find them at London's Propa Markets before they vanish.
Smithfield (Map 15)
Smithfield Market is in full swing at 4 am, which makes it the perfect place to stumble into on your way home from clubbing. Unless you're vegetarian, because while frying bacon may have you yearning for looser morals, the smell of this 800 year old meat market will have you retching over your recycled sandals. It's the best place in London to pick up any meat you could hope for, including, in the 1500s, a barbecued Protestant or a topside of William Wallace, this being the site of hundreds of executions in its time. Some of the local pubs hold special early licenses, so on your way to the office you can swing in for breakfast over a pint with some of the meat porters: they'd just love it if you did.
Columbia Road (Map 91)
There's something deeply touching about an exquisite flower market being manned by some of the burliest Cockneys you'll see outside a Guy Ritchie film. Get there first thing on Sundays for the best choice, or in a low-cut top for the best bargains. And if the crowds and cries of the "daffs, dahlin'?" become too much, just slip into the enchanting boutiques lining Columbia Road.
Billingsgate (Map 101)
For the largest selection of fish in London, outside the London Aquarium (where they frown on you if you try to fry the fish. Bloody bureaucracy.), head to Billingsgate. People were buying their fish here long before London went all yuppie, and much the same stock is available—winkles, cockles, potted shrimp and things which smell ungodly. Today you'll find alongside them almost any fish you could hope for (though don't ask for goldfish), as well as poultry, oils and snacks.
Colleges & Universities • Central St Martins |
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General Information
King's Cross Address: Granary Building, 1 Granary Square, London, N1C 4AA
Phone: 020 7514 7000
Website: www.arts.ac.uk/csm or @CSM_news
Overview
Though hyped to infinity, and often lazily editorialised as the one vital source of all things up-and-coming in London, Central St Martins nevertheless has an undeniable history of producing graduates that tend to rocket to international fame upon leaving. The frequently cited list of alumni reads like a Who's Who of European art-and-design talent, and includes past superstars such as Alexander McQueen, Gilbert and George, and Anthony Gormley, as well as recent fashion darlings Christopher Kane, Gareth Pugh and Kim Jones, to name a few.
Central St Martins is part of the much larger University of the Arts London, made up of CSM, Chelsea College of Art, Camberwell College of Art, London College of Fashion, London College of Communication and Wimbledon College of Art. The school as it is today was formed in 1989 through the amalgamation of two prestigious 19th century institutions, the Central School of Arts and Crafts and St Martins School of Art. Since then it has annexed the Byam Shaw School of Art in Archway, and as a result offers a huge range of courses covering most areas of the visual and performing arts. St Martins has a particularly formidable reputation for fashion design—it is the only university to show student collections as part of London Fashion Week—but it is well respected in all departments for its hyper-progressive ethos (expect to hear words like 'challenging,' and 'risk-taking' liberally thrown around on open days). Whether you find the whole thing pretentious and overrated or are waiting in breathless anticipation for the next St Martins wunderkind, CSM is very difficult to ignore.
Campuses
The swish renovated warehouse building in Kings Cross, opened in 2011, centralises programs and student life in a way that was once difficult. The massive campus anchors the redevelopment of Kings Cross, formerly known for its transport links and general seediness. The facility allows students of art, fashion, design, and drama to be in one location, to interact cross-discipline, and form more of a united front rather than being scattered across the capital. Anyone who has walked the corridors of the old Charing Cross Road building will tell you that however charming the decaying archaic halls of academia may be, a brand spanking new building with technology to match is more than welcome. Occupying the Grade II listed Granary Building, architects Stanton Williams have integrated such wonders as an internal street, the Platform Theatre performance space, and an open-air terrace.
The Byam Shaw School of Art in Archway is a relatively recent addition (2003) to Central St Martins. Devoted solely to fine art, it runs a BA and a more skills-based 2 year FdA as well as a variety of short and post-graduate courses. CSM also has facilities in Richbell Place, Holborn.
College Culture
As is the case with most London institutions, the university community is massively subsumed by the bright lights of the city itself, but this is no bad thing. Though the college puts on frequent exhibitions, talks and events, there is no independent bar or central hub. The Student Union is not particular to Central St Martins but provides services for and represents all the art colleges in London (University of the Arts London) as a whole, and various services and societies (such as sports clubs) are run at this level. As far as the education part goes, it's not always easy being in the midst of the constant search for the next-big-thing, but at the same time the idiosyncratic slant of the teaching makes for a unique experience, and the generally high talent level of the students fosters a fantastic creative and social atmosphere.
Tuition
Fees are £9,000 a year for UK/EU applicants taking an undergraduate or Foundation level degree. Some courses require payment of an additional course fee for materials. International students can expect to pay approximately £16,000 depending upon the type of course taken.
Short Courses
Central St Martins also runs a large number of short courses for all aspirational (and rich) non-students wanting a piece of the action. Prices are high but the courses very popular, partly because of the college's reputation and partly because there are many interesting options to choose from. The courses run in evenings, weekends, or can be taken intensively as a Summer, Easter or Christmas school.
Phone Numbers:
Reception (Granary Building): 020 7514 7444
Drama Centre London: 020 7514 8760
Admissions—Degree Courses: 020 7514 7023
Admissions—Short Courses: 020 7514 7015
International Office: 020 7514 7027
Lethaby Gallery: 020 7514 9897
University of the Arts Students' Union: 020 7514 6270
Press Office: 020 7514 8098
Colleges & Universities • City University |
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General Info
Address: Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB
Phone: 020 7040 5060
Website: www.city.ac.uk or @CityUniLondon
Overview
In London, a place rich with academia, City University often gets overlooked. Unlike King's or LSE it has no grand halls, secret-handshakes or old-boys' networks. Its facilities are modest and its library short on fusty books. But it has carved out a reputation as a supplier of professionals, cementing its place in the top five for graduate employment.
Located on a pretty park on the edge of the City of London—the 'Square Mile' that itself has emerged at the centre of the global economy—the university is overwhelmingly diverse, with many coming from abroad to study at the Cass Business School. It's that section of the university that churns out workers for the finance industry—students who are so hell-bent on business success that they go to school in suits. The other five schools comprising City are the School of Arts & Social Sciences, School of Health Sciences, School of Mathematics, Computer Science & Engineering, School of Informatics, and The City Law School.
The university's first incarnation came in 1894 as an industrial college for the working classes. The on-site swimming pool was used when London hosted the 1908 Olympics, although it wasn't until 1966 that it gained full university status. It has maintained strong links with industry, with alumni including the founding father of budget Euro-travel, easyJet's Stelios (like Sting and Madonna he chooses to use only one name). Students at City may be lined up for good jobs when they graduate, but it comes at the cost of having to explain what their less well-known university is whenever they mention it.
Tuition
Annual undergraduate fees are £9,000. International undergraduate fees can be upward of £15,000.
Student Life
City offers on-campus housing, including a guarantee scheme for first-year undergraduates. The uni hosts some heavyweight lectures. The Students' Union offers limited clubs and societies with all the usual fare—tennis, chess, Christian Union. CitySport is City's state-of-the-art sports and fitness centre. 'Ten' (10 Northampton Square) is where the kids hang out, the social hub of City.
Departments
Cass Business School: 020 7040 8600
Admissions office (undergrad and postgrad): 020 7040 8716
Library: 020 7040 8191
CitySport: 020 7040 5656
Students' Union: 020 7040 5600
Colleges & Universities • Imperial College |
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General Information
Address: Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ
Phone: 020 7589 5111
Website: www.imperial.ac.uk or @imperialcollege
Overview
Imperial College really did have imperial beginnings with Prince Albert setting up the college as a research and learning centre of science, maths, medicine and engineering to enhance the image of the British Empire in 1887. In the Victorian age, and to this day, the college attracted the most enquiring of minds and was the central feature of what was once Prince Albert's successful push to create a centre of culture and learning, encompassing the nearby museums, Royal College of Music, Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Albert Hall. The university remains one of the best in the world, and as such remains one of the most selective institutions in the UK with the application to admissions ratio hovering around 7:1. Famous alumni include clever clogs Brian May (Queen), HG Wells and Alexander Fleming. In 2007 Imperial College became independent from the University of London and now awards its own degrees.
Departments
The pride and soul of the college are three faculties, each headed by a principal: engineering, medicine and natural sciences. Imperial also has a business school with Departments of Finance, Innovation & Entrepreneurship, and Management. The main purpose of the Humanities department is to provide elective subjects and language courses for the science students. For medical students Imperial is also associated with various London hospitals including St Mary's Hospital and Charing Cross Hospital.
Campus Culture
Imperial may have a 'heads down' atmosphere but there is still that unwritten rule that if you work hard you play hard. Imperial College Union (www.imperialcollegeunion.org) offers numerous clubs and societies from belly dancing to wakeboarding to backgammon. The Union Bar is also well used, and is particularly lively on an afternoon when a football or rugby match is screened. The free student paper, Felix (felixonline.co.uk), is a popular and useful resource for keeping up to date with campus life and aims to be independent from the College itself. Imperial also has its own student TV station, Stoic, and radio station ICRadio (www.icradio.com). There are also regular public lectures on a variety of subjects.
Facilities
Imperial's main campus in South Kensington is surrounded by many of London's best museums including the Natural History Museum, Science Museum and Victoria & Albert Museum. Being in the thick of it also means a close proximity to the shops and cafes of South Ken and High Street Kensington and being a stone's throw from Hyde Park.
The main campus boats some of the best facilities of the London universities. As well as the usual on-campus shops (including bookshop, cafes, travel agents and bank) there are some impressive sports facilities on offer. The Ethos sports centre contains not only a fully equipped gym but also an inside climbing wall, swimming pool, squash courts, sports hall and a treatment room offering massages and physiotherapy. On top of that there's a boathouse and a 60-acre athletic ground. Naturally, there's a well-stocked central library and various smaller departmental libraries.
Tuition
Home students' (UK/EU) annual fees are £9,000 for undergraduate programmes. International students pay upward of £25,000.
Colleges & Universities • King's College |
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General Information
Address: King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS
Phone: 020 7836 5454
Website: www.kcl.ac.uk or @KingsCollegeLon
Overview
Although it grants its own degrees, Kings College is one of the 18 colleges that make up the colossus that is the University of London. King's (or KCL, as otherwise known) has nearly 20,000 students and five campuses—the Strand, Guy's, Waterloo, St. Thomas' and Denmark Hill. In 2011 the school of law moved into the East Wing of the magnificent Somerset House. It has an excellent academic reputation and ranks among the top UK universities. Unlike some of the other University of London colleges, King's is equally well known for its arts and science courses.
Its religious affiliation is now less central, but back in 1829 King's was founded as a Church of England institution to counter University College London, or "the godless college in Gower Street." The beautifully designed chapel at the Strand campus testifies to its pious beginnings, though few students would consider it a motivation for attending the college. The student body is diverse, as the societies list reflects—it includes a Catholic society, a Christian Union, a Krishna Consciousness group, and a Nomads society, among a myriad of others.
King's boasts a number of famous alumni. Keats studied apothecary there (he didn't like it much), and Florence Nightingale set up the world's first school of nursing at St. Thomas' Hospital, now the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery. In the 1960s, Archbishop Desmond Tutu spent time in its halls.
London prices may take their toll on the student purse, but King's students at least benefit from a prime location. As well as the nightclub, the college has two bars, one at Guy's Campus and one at the Strand. The Waterfront bar at the Strand looks directly onto the Thames, giving a view of everything from Westminster to the OXO Tower. It's also a great gig venue.
Sports
The college's sports facilities are impressive. It caters to almost anything—it has a swimming pool, gym, and even rifle range. Although King's cannot rival the Oxbridge rowing tradition, its sports do have a history—two of the men's rugby clubs, Guy's and St. Thomas', are the oldest in the world. To access the sports grounds students must leave Zone 1; the grounds are in Dulwich, Surrey, and South London.
Culture
Kings has numerous dramatic societies where amateur thespians can hone their skills. More unusually, its classics department stages a play in ancient Greek every year, and is the only classics department in the UK to do so. The college's religious origins are evident in its wonderful choral music. 25 choral scholars uphold this tradition.
Tuition
Annual undergraduate fees are £9,000. International undergraduate fees are upward of £15,000.
Contact Details
Admissions: 020 7848 7000
International Students: 020 7848 3388
Students' Union: 020 7848 1588
Colleges & Universities • LSE |
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General Information
Address: Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE
Phone: 020 7405 7686
Website: www.lse.ac.uk or @LSEnews
Overview
The London School of Economics and Political Science, or LSE as it is commonly known, is a single faculty college focused on the social sciences, world renowned for its highly prestigious programmes and distinguished alumni. Located amidst a hub of academic activity with UCL, King's College, SOAS and Birkbeck nearby, the college is affiliated with the University of London and stands apart due to its high proportion of postgraduate students.
LSE was founded in 1895 by the intellectual socialist movement the Fabian Society with the aim of bettering society through the education of Britain's business and political elite. Today it remains a strongly political institution, with considerable influence in government through both its research programmes and campaigns. Its alumni are also highly represented in business and law spheres. While best known for its economics and politics degrees, the broad range of social science programmes offered complements the international ethos of the school and it remains at the cutting edge in terms of research.
The college enrolls around 9,500 students from over 140 different countries; over half of these are postgraduates who rarely leave the library unless attending high-brow seminars on globalization and inequality. Its starry alumni includes Nobel laureates, international Heads of State, outstanding academics, and a notable proportion of British MP's. And of course Mick Jagger.
Campus Culture
Despite its reputation for academic excellence, LSE's social activities are mainly fuelled by a lively undergraduate population who also know how to enjoy themselves. With over 170 eclectic student societies ranging from Anime to Beekeeping to Catalan to Philosophy to Swing Dance, the broad international and diverse facets of the student population is encompassed. An atmosphere of work hard/play hard prevails and nightly events lure the undergraduates from the libraries and keep the campus buzzing. The large postgraduate population tends to shuffle by, however, books in hand; the days of cheesy music, luminous drinks in shot glasses and ill-conceived experimental fashions behind them while they actually do some work. LSE also hosts numerous public lectures with acclaimed speakers at the forefront of the subject discussed. Past speakers have included Noam Chomsky, Kofi Annan, David Cameron and architect Richard Rogers.
Sports
Not to be let down by its central, and somewhat geographically limited campus, LSE manages to maintain a thriving sports culture through the Athletics Union. Football and rugby seem to top the bill, with provision for some of the less mainstream athletic pursuits such as capoeira and Ultimate Frisbee. The college makes use of its affiliation with the University of London Union, which broadens the scope for sports participation alongside students of other universities.
Tuition
2015/16 undergraduate fees are £9,000 and international undergraduate fees are upward of £17,040.
Contact
Undergraduate Admissions: 020 7955 7125
Graduate Admissions: 020 7955 7160
Library: 020 7955 7229
Students' Union: 020 7955 7158
Colleges & Universities • University College London |
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General Information
Address: Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT
Phone: 020 7679 2000
Website: www.ucl.ac.uk or @uclnews
Overview
UCL, a constituent college of the University of London, has been a place of diversity from the word go—living very much up to its status as "London's Global University." University College London was founded in 1826 as a progressive alternative to Oxford and Cambridge's social exclusivity and religious restrictions. Thus, it was the first university in England to admit students of any race, class or religion and welcome women on equal standing with men. International students have been a part of the college's fabric since day one and it was the first English university to offer the systematic teaching of law, architecture and medicine. UCL is strongly associated with philosopher Jeremy Bentham, the university's so-called "spiritual father," perhaps in part because Bentham's clothed skeleton is on display in UCL's South Cloisters.
UCL consistently ranks among the top universities not only in the UK but also worldwide. The science, law and medical departments remain some of its strongest. 29 Nobel prizes have been awarded to UCL academics and students, a large portion of which in Physiology & Medicine. That said, UCL degrees in anthropology, history and the arts are also very highly regarded in their fields.
UCL's many networks of libraries are impressive and an easy place to get lost. The Main Library, designed by William Wilkins, who also designed the similar National Gallery building, focuses on arts and humanities, history, economics, public policy and law. The Special Collections include medieval manuscripts and first editions of works by George Orwell, James Joyce's Ulysses, Newton's Principia and Darwin's Origin of the Species.
There's no such thing as a typical UCL student, as it's such a diverse place. The only thing students have in common is their intelligence and London. Because it's a university with great academics right in the heart of Bloomsbury, it makes for some pretty interesting alums. Where else can you have such diverse graduates as Alexander Graham Bell, Mahatma Gandhi, Ricky Gervais, and all four members of Coldplay?
Tuition
Undergraduate home student (UK/EU) fees are £9,000 per year while International students should expect to pay upward of £15,000 (or upward of £20,000 for science-related programmes).
Sports
UCL's sports are as diverse as its students—everything from hockey, rowing and women's rugby to Kung Fu, skateboarding and water polo. The UCLU (University College London Union) is your one-stop shop for campus sports teams and clubs. If you're looking for football, The 90-acre UCL sports ground at Shenley, Hertfordshire, has very high quality pitches. Watford football club even train there. The Union gym (Bloomsbury Fitness) offers facilities for activities such as basketball and personal fitness programmes.
Culture
Being right in the centre of London means that you're never short of something cultural to do. However, UCL stands up quite well. It even has its own museum—the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology—accessible from the Science Library. Here you're even given your own torch to explore the collection of over 80,000 rare objects DIY (or Indiana Jones) style. UCL also has its own West End theatre, the Bloomsbury Theatre, wedged into the maze of main buildings. It's a must-stop for top comedian tours. Jimmy Carr and Ricky Gervais have been known to shoot their stand-up DVDs there. The UCL Union has access to the theatre for at least ten weeks a year, where it is dedicated to student drama and music society performances. Although neither drama, music nor dance are formally taught at UCL, this does not stop the Union's drama club from making it to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. At UCL, despite the fact that students can really go out just about anywhere in London, many stay loyal to the bars within the Union, and it's usually a great place to meet before a bigger night out.
Contact
Admissions: 020 7679 7742
UCL Union: 020 7679 2500 or uclu.org
Bloomsbury Theatre: 020 3108 1000
Petrie Museum: 020 7679 2884
Colleges & Universities • SOAS |
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General Information
Address: Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, London WC1H 0 XG
Phone: 020 7637 2388
Website: www.soas.ac.uk or @SOAS
Overview
School of Oriental and African Studies is a specialist college which focuses on the languages, cultures, law and social studies of Africa, Asia, and the Near and Middle East. SOAS, as it is commonly known, is part of the University of London and is the only institution of its kind in the United Kingdom. It has an excellent reputation as one of the leading authorities on African and Asian studies in the world and ranks highly in university charts on the strength of its programmes. Originally founded in 1916 to educate and inform British citizens bound for overseas postings, the school began with an Oriental studies' focus and later incorporated African studies. SOAS is nestled in the corner of Russell Square, with another campus up close to King's Cross; its diversity complements the hotbed of academic activity that makes up this part of London.
The college enrolls over 5,000 students, with more than half coming from countries outside of the UK. They are often seen sitting in Russell Square eating their organic lunch, and chatting (in Swahili or Taiwanese) about their UNICEF internships. SOAS's alumni include members of parliament and royalty of a range of countries from Ghana to Burma. The Crown Princess of Norway went here. Well of course she did. The Norwegians are so PC. Except for whale hunting.
Culture On Campus
One thing to be said about SOAS students is they are serious. The Students' Union has a reputation of leaning heavily to the left and is very politically active. SOAS students have been a notable presence at anti-war protests, and they are also now rather concerned with environmental causes—campaigning for the reduction of carbon footprints, among other issues. Societies at the college, unsurprisingly, have a very international, 'right-on' flavour: the Decolonising Our Minds Society, Student Action for Global Internationalist Justice Society, Urdu Conversation Society are just a few.
Tuition
Undergraduate home (UK/EU) fees are £9,000. International undergraduate students can expect to pay £16,090 per year.
Contacts
Undergraduate Admissions: 020 7898 4301
Masters Admissions: 020 7898 4361
Research Admissions: 020 7074 5117
Library: 020 7898 4163
Students' Union: 020 7898 4992 or soasunion.org
Colleges & Universities • ULU |
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General Information
Address: Student Central, Malet Street, WC1E 7HY
Phone: 020 7664 2000
Website: www.studentcentral.london or @UoLondonSC
Overview
Students are the same the world over and in London they ain't no different. In amongst the banter over Bronte and misunderstandings about Marx stands beer, boogeying and burgers. Luckily, for over 120,000 of the University of London's students there's a central place to go to make your university years active and sociable—Student Central.
Formerly the student-run University of London Union, or ULU, in 2014 the University of London took over the entity and renamed it Student Central. You will need to be a member of to get into some of the events, although grabbing a cheeky cheap sarnie in the café shouldn't pose too much of a problem for clued-up Londoners. There are 18 University of London colleges that are eligible for membership including Kings College and UCL, as well as ten other smaller institutions.
Practicalities
You cannot really get more central. There is a plethora of tube stations and lines within a five – to ten-minute walk, not to mention Oxford Street. The nearest tube, however, is Russell Square (Piccadilly Line) or Goodge Street (Northern Line).
Clubs & Societies (non-sport)
The range of clubs and societies on offer change more often than Europe's borders. Reason being the turnover of students and the lure from students' own colleges—all the more reason to get down there and sign up now! You've got the usual suspects such as Drama club but it would not be Londontown without a few obscure offerings—Revelation Rock Gospel Choir anyone? Hell, yeah.
Sports
Student Central has to cater to thousands of students, but also attract students away from sports clubs in their particular college. Sports, and the bar afterward, is the place to mix with students from the other colleges. Sportswise there's the usual fare—tennis, football, swimming and martial arts. There's also Energybase which contains a gym and pool. Amongst other things take your pick from salsa, breakdancing, fencing or rifle club. Now there's one for the CV...
Food & Bars
Lunch Box is Student Central's coffee shop, conveniently located on the ground floor for those who want to grab a quick (fair trade) coffee or a bargain meal deal. The Library is the main bar, with a lively atmosphere and live acts. The Gallery Bar is a low-key alternative to The Library, and also serves food. The Venue hosts a club night on Fridays, live music acts (up-and-coming unsigned bands as well as the odd better-known act) and cinema events during the week. For gigs enter Student Central on Byng Place.
Facilities
Copycats Print Centre will resolve all your reprographics and binding troubles. The Student Shop carries everything from lab coats to University of London-branded gear.
Colleges & Universities • Continuing Education |
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Learning in the capital has a long and venerable history. University College London (UCL) was the third university founded in England after Cambridge and Oxford and the first to admit students of any race or religion. Now there are hundreds of universities, colleges and adult education centres offering a mindboggling array of courses.
The first port of call for those with a lust for learning or even an empty Tuesday night to fill is Floodlight (london.floodlight.co.uk), which lists tens of thousands of courses. Fancy brushing up your motorbike maintenance skills at Hackney Community College, getting an NVQ in sugar modelling at the National Bakery School, learning how to create the ultimate kitchen garden at the English Gardening School or studying the nonsense verse of Lear and Carroll at City Lit? The sky is your oyster.
Continuing Education and Professional Development
University College London
Gower Street, WC1E 6BT
020 7679 2000
www.ucl.ac.uk or @uclnews
City University
Northampton Square, EC1V 0HB
020 7040 5060
www.city.ac.uk or @CityUniLondon
London South Bank University
103 Borough Road, SE1 0AA
020 7815 7815
www.lsbu.ac.uk or @LSBU
London Metropolitan University
166-220 Holloway Road, N7 8DB
020 7423 0000
www.londonmet.ac.uk or @LondonMetUni
University of East London
University Way, E16 2RD
020 8223 3000
www.uel.ac.uk or @UEL_News
University of Greenwich
Park Row, SE10 9LS
020 8331 8000
www.gre.ac.uk or @UniGreenwich
A Little Bit of Everything...
Birkbeck
Malet Street, WC1E 7HX
020 7631 6000
www.bbk.ac.uk or @BirkbeckNews
Open University
0300 303 5303
www.open.ac.uk
Bishopsgate Institute
230 Bishopsgate, EC2M 4QH
020 7392 9200
www.bishopsgate.org.uk or @BishopsgateInst
Arts and Lifestyle
University of the Arts London
272 High Holborn, WC1V 7EY
020 7514 6000
www.arts.ac.uk or @UniArtsLondon
Leiths School of Food and Wine
16-20 Wendell Road, W12 9RT
020 8749 6400
www.leiths.com or @Leithscooking
The London School of Journalism
126 Shirland Road, W9 2BT
020 7432 8140
www.lsj.org or @LSJournalism
English Gardening School
66 Royal Hospital Road, SW3 4HS
020 7352 4347
www.englishgardeningschool.co.uk
London School Of Beauty & Make-Up
18-19 Long Lane, London EC1A 9PL
020 7776 9767
www.beauty-school.co.uk or @londest
Institute Francais
17 Queensberry Place SW7 2DT
020 7871 3515
www.institut-francais.org.uk or @ifru_london
London Buddhist Centre
51 Roman Road, E2 0HU
020 8981 1225
www.lbc.org.uk or @LDNBuddhist
The School of Life
70 Marchmont Street, WC1N 1AB
020 7833 1010
www.theschooloflife.com or @TheSchoolOfLife
Athletics and Dance
National Centre for Circus Arts
Coronet Street, London, N1 6HD
020 7613 4141
www.nationalcircus.org.uk or @NationalCircus
Tokei Martial Arts
28 Magdalen Street, SE1 2EN
020 7403 5979
www.tokeicentre.org
The Basement Dance Studio
400 York Way, N7 9LR
020 7700 7722
www.thebasementdancestudio.com or @basement_studio
Regents Canoe Club
Regents Canal, 6-34 Graham Street, N1 8JX
www.regentscanoeclub.co.uk
Docklands Sailing & Watersport Centre
235a Westferry Road, E14 3QS
020 7537 2626
www.dswc.org or @dswcofficial
London School of Capoeria
1 & 2 Leeds Place, N4 3RF
020 7281 2020
www.londonschoolofcapoeira.com or @londoncapoeira
Sports • Arsenal |
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General Information
NFT Map: 74
Website: www.arsenal.com or @Arsenal
Phone: 020 7619 5000
Box office: boxoffice@arsenal.co.uk
Location: Highbury House, 75 Drayton Park, London N5 1BU
Overview
Regardless of how many years may have passed since Arsenal last stuffed another piece of silverware into their full trophy cabinet, Arsene Wenger continues to avoid splashing the cash on top names, instead building a young thriving team out of foreign talent and an exciting new crop of home-grown kids. The problem with this is that during the start of every new season at the Emirates it is inevitable that a pundit will proclaim this will be the year Arsenal's young side realize their full potential, but just as equally inevitable, a big money club will breeze in and buy out marquee players adding to the fans dismay and Wenger's greys. However, Arsenal is historically London's greatest club and holds numerous national records with a trophy room packed with more silver than any other, save Manchester United and Liverpool. T'was not always thus of course. From humble beginnings south of the river, Arsenal built themselves up from roots level, with glory years seeming to come in waves. The mid-80s saw the instatement of George Graham, a hugely popular former player, who begat a powerful, muscular side captained by local hero Tony Adams. Wenger brought a continental flavour to the team and an invigorating playing style—the once "boring, boring Arsenal" started playing "sexy football" which reached its zenith with the 2003–04 "Invincibles" who went the entire season without losing a game. Following Arsenal is not always an easy ride. It's surprising that so many people still flock to the Emirates stadium in Holloway given the stupendous ticket prices. If you're lucky enough to have the £1000s needed for a decent season ticket then you get to sit in a huge, soulless stadium named after an airline company to watch what are ostensibly a bunch of bloody foreigners. On the plus side, those bloody foreigners play some of the most dazzling football in Europe and you never know, this just could be the year Arsenal's young team realizes their full potential (groan).
How to Get There
By Car: Unless you have a resident's permit to get around the Event Day Parking Scheme always in effect, it's impossible to park on-street. Which is to say, don't bother bringing a car.
By Public Transport: Arsenal (Piccadilly Line) is the nearest tube station, around three minutes walk from the ground. Finsbury Park (Victoria, Piccadilly Lines and Great Northern rail) and Highbury & Islington (Victoria Line, North London Line and Great Northern rail) stations are around a 10-minute walk—these should be slightly less crowded.
How to Get Tickets
As Arsenal play some damn sexy football, tickets are not easy to come by. However, in the new, swanky Emirates Stadium there is always going to be one or two no-shows or corporate tickets that have slipped into the wrong hands. Members have first dibs on tickets and snap them up but the less scrupulous ones sell them on to make a fast buck. Try Gumtree or matchday touts if you really must. To be honest, it's probably one of the rare instances where it really is worth the hassle.
Sports • Charlton |
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General Information
Phone: 020 8333 4000
Website: www.cafc.co.uk or @CAFCofficial
Location:The Valley, Floyd Road, Charlton, London SE7 8BL
Overview
Supporting Charlton is like being a drug addict without a healthy bank balance, the highs are amazing (when they come) but the lows are dark and lonely days. Back in 2007, The Addicks were mixing it with the big boys in the Premier League. But after several seasons in freefall, Charlton found themselves in football's third tier. During the dark days football's ugliest man, Iain Dowie took control and drunkenly drove the team off a bridge. He played a brand of football, which matched his grotesque looks, and got the boot (no, not to his face, that's just how he looks). Inexplicably, Les Reed got the job next—a man with no managerial experience. He lasted a month. That year they went down to the Championship. And guess what? They were relegated again, and finished 13th in League 1 (Third Division). In 2009 Phil Parkinson took over and things remained more or less the same. But during 2010 new ownership meant big changes, the effective but unremarkable Parkinson was given the boot in place of Charlton legend Chris Powell. After the 2010-11 season ended with mixed results the team had a spring clean, literally, Powell bought 19 new players and 2011-12 season ended with Charlton winning the Third Division and earning promotion to the Championship. Subsequent seasons saw the club underperform and under new ownership Powell was sacked. Perhaps coming years should see the darkness lifted from the club and the ground reflect Charlton's reputation as a family club, rather than a stadium full of recovering addicts.
How to Get There
By Car: You can leave the M25 at Junction 2 in order to access the A2, heading towards London. When the A2 becomes the A102 (M), take the right hand exit at the roundabout into the A206 Woolwich Road. After passing the major set of traffic lights at the junction of Anchor and Hope Lane and Charlton Church Lane, turn right at the second roundabout into Charlton Lane. Go over the railway crossing then take the first right into Harvey Gardens, with the road leading to the ground. From central London, travel along the A13 until it becomes the East India Dock Road, then take the A102 through the Blackwall Tunnel. Come off at the second junction and take the first exit at the roundabout, then go along the A206 Woolwich Road into Charlton Lane as detailed above. Thanks to the local residents' parking scheme, you'll be hard pushed to find a parking space; try Westmoor Street, Eastmoor Street, Warspite Road and Ruston Road.
By Public Transport: The ground is within walking distance of Charlton railway station, with the Southeastern line running services from mainline stations Charing Cross and London Bridge and services from Cannon Street on Saturdays. You can also take the Jubilee Line to North Greenwich, and then take a short ride on buses 161, 472 or 486 to get to the Valley. Moderate masochists can walk from the tube station.
How to Get Tickets
For years Charlton couldn't give their tickets away. Now, interest ebbs and flows depending on how close the club is to being relegated, but seeing a match is by no means impossible. Tickets can be ordered by phone from the Box Office, via the internet at the club's website or in person at The Valley.
Sports • Chelsea |
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General Information
NFT Map: 43
Phone: 020 7958 2190
Website: www.chelseafc.com or @ChelseaFC
Location: Stamford Bridge, Fulham Road, London, SW6 1HS
Overview
Stamford Bridge, home to one of the Premiership's 'big four' clubs, is now one of Europe's most glamorous stadiums. However, 'The Bridge' was once an unappealing and daunting shit-hole more used to hosting pitch invasions and fighting hooligans than the well-heeled city types and Russian oligarchs of today. In the '70s and '80s, it was the violent 'headhunters' that made the club unpopular, but as 'The Blues' never won anything, no one took much notice. In recent years, Chelsea have succeeded in wrestling the mantle of most-hated team in England away from Manchester United, largely due to winning things with the never-ending supply of money from Roman Abramovich. The hooligans have all but gone, either priced out or grown up, but the antics of Prima Donna players and their sitcom private lives have been placing cement shoes on the club's image of late. While Chelsea's coffers have meant they've been able to import expensive foreign players, leading to back-to-back title wins in 2004–2006, their homegrown players have spent more time on tabloid front covers than on football pitches. John Terry and Ashley Cole's bed-hopping adventures will make a great airport novel one day but they've left a lot of fans disappointed in the meantime. These are troubling times indeed for the Blues; after the departure of celebrated manager Mourinho (his first stint with the club) the top position saw its own share of turbulence. With superstar coach Scolari sacked and the silverware drying up it seems money can't buy you everything. However, after two seasons of relative anonymity and a parade of failed managers, unlikely hero Roberto Di Matteo took over the reins of the club during 2012, managed to win both the FA Cup and the Champions League final (and then was sacked as well). Mourinho returned in 2013 and whatever the club's future, one thing is for sure: money will be thrown to the boys at the bridge, silverware or not.
How to Get There
By Car: It is possible to drive to Stamford Bridge on match days but it's pretty pointless to do so. Traffic snarls up badly and the effects are felt throughout Southwest London. If you do brave the traffic, remember that Fulham Road is closed off on match days. Parking is a nightmare with most zones given over to residents. Gangs of eager traffic wardens are on hand to make your Saturday afternoon miserable.
By Public Transport: Stamford Bridge is a two-minute stroll from Fulham Broadway tube station. Regular district line underground trains deliver the hordes from central London in a matter of minutes. If the idea of a packed train full of sweaty football fans isn't your idea of heaven, many fans descend at Ealing Broadway and take the ten-minute walk to the stadium instead.
How to Get Tickets
With so many competitions and cups, getting tickets is easier than you might think. The 'big' fixtures—London derby's, Man U, Liverpool and the later cup stages are either impossible to get or crazily priced, but tickets for the less glamorous ties can be picked up from the Chelsea website or box office. Otherwise, cheeky geezers will be on hand to fleece you on match day. You will probably end up in the West Stand alongside Japanese and American tourists, but that might be preferable to a fat skinhead in the 'Shed.
Sports • Fulham |
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General Information
NFT Map: 47
Tickets: 0843 208 1222
Website: www.fulhamfc.com or @FulhamFC
Location: Craven Cottage, Stevenage Road, London SW6 6HH
Overview
Fulham like to think of themselves as a family club. They have a quaint little stadium by the Thames and they play in Fulham for God's sake. (Now about that "Cottagers" nickname...easily the most off-color in all of football.) When Roy Hodgson took the reins in 2008 they were doomed. But he rescued The Cottagers from relegation and in 2009 guided them into Europe, before taking over football's worst job (England manager) in 2012. Mark Hughes took over the team and inexplicably quit before the season finished which, tossed Fulham into turmoil, until the steady hand of Martin Jol took control and ensured business as usual. The club is owned by Shahid Khan, the Pakistani-born embodiment of the American Dream who also owns the NFL Jacksonville Jaguars franchise. (Mohamed Al-Fayed, the club's previous owner, once owned Harrods; he's the father of Dodi Fayed, who died with Princess Diana in Paris in 1997.) The club has been in flux in recent years, and was relegated to the Championship in 2014. All that aside, Craven Cottage is still one of the nicest grounds in London and tickets are relatively easy to come by. Just be wary of that hole in the gents.
How to Get There
By Car: Craven Cottage sits in a leafy, riverside suburb of Fulham. Parking is relatively easy around the ground with plenty of parking meters, although reaching the ground could be difficult as weekend traffic in London is never fun to negotiate.
By Public Transport: Putney Bridge on the District Line is your best bet. Putney also has a mainline station with connections from Clapham Junction and direct trains from Waterloo. Cross the road opposite Putney station and hop on any passing bus. Alternatively, a ten-minute walk down the high street and over the river will get you to the ground.
How to Get Tickets
One of the 'joys' of watching Fulham is that tickets are easy to get your hands on. Many games are available on general sale through the club website. For the biggest matches, priority is given to members but persevere and you should be rewarded. If you can't get a ticket legitimately, you can always take your chance with a tout on match day. Try haggling; due to Fulham's fortunes, you could get lucky.
Sports • Lord's |
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General Information
NFT Map: 76
Main switchboard: 020 7616 8500
Ticket Office: 020 7432 1000
Lord's website: www.lords.org or @HomeOfCricket
England Cricket Board: www.ecb.co.uk or @ECB_cricket
Middlesex County Cricket Club: www.middlesexccc.com or @Middlesex_CCC
Location: St John's Wood, London NW8 8QN.
Overview
Even if you know nothing about cricket, don't be put off coming to Lord's. Yes, some games last for five days, and yes, it can still be a draw at the end of it. But as much as anything else Lord's is a fabulous place to come and have a drink. On a hot day the ground is paradise. The sunburnt crowd get slowly boozed up and by the time the players break for tea—yes, tea—few people are concerned at what's going on in the middle. With the polite hum of chatter building up to full-blown drunken singing, it's worth going to Lord's for the atmosphere alone. But when the rabble have calmed down, Lord's is a very genteel place. It's widely seen as the Home of Cricket, and used to house the international governing body. It hosts a heap of England games every year and it's the home ground of county side Middlesex. There's also a year-round gym—you don't even have to be posh to use it—and an indoor training centre. There's even a museum to amuse you when rain stops play. And, rest assured, at some point rain WILL stop play. At the moment, Lord's holds two Test matches (the marathon international five-dayers) and occasional England one-day games. These are the ground's showpiece events, where the crowd are at their most boisterous. Middlesex games rarely attract many spectators, and unless you're an old man or a dog you may be in a minority.
How to Get There
By Car: There's little parking around Lord's so, as you'll be parked up all day, public transport will always be cheaper. If you must drive, the ground is off the A4, which turns into the M4.
By Public Transport: The nearest station is St John's Wood (Jubilee Line). Marylebone (Bakerloo) and Baker Street (Bakerloo, Jubilee, Hammersmith and City, Metropolitan and Circle) are both nearby. Marylebone mainline station serves the north and west of the country. London Paddington is a short bus ride away. Dozens of buses run to Baker Street, and many of which stop right outside the ground.
How to Get Tickets
Getting your hands on England tickets can be tricky. The first few days of a Test match tend to sell out months in advance, though tickets for the last day never go on pre-sale (as the game could be over by then). Similarly, One Day Internationals are normally sell-outs, so it does take a little planning to get in. Check the website over the preceding winter and you might get lucky. If there are less than ten overs in a day due to rain, or if the game's already over, you can claim the full ticket price back. If the weather limits play to between 10.1–24.5 overs (in English, that's up to 149 balls played) you get a 50 per cent refund. Any more than that and you're deemed to have got your money's worth. Middlesex games rarely sell out, however, so you can just rock up on the day, beers in hand, and enjoy the Lord's village.
Sports • The Oval |
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General Information
NFT Map: 135
Telephone: 0844 375 1845
Website: www.kiaoval.com or @surreycricket
Location: The Kia Oval, Kennington, London, SE11 5SS
Overview
What better way to while away a sunny summer's day than at The Oval cricket ground, typically alongside hundreds of other shirkers who also called in sick? The Oval is one of London's twin icons of the game, alongside Lord's in North London, and boasts a rich history stretching all the way back to 1846, when it was converted from cabbage patch to cricket pitch. It now plays host to Surrey County and international test matches, including the biennial England-Australia slugfest "The Ashes." Live international cricket remains a boozy, good natured affair with English fanbase 'The Barmy Army' typically belting out salty chants and cheering occasional streakers. County cricket is a mellower, no less enjoyable event, with readily available tickets and a good portion of the crowd more interested in today's paper than the action in front of them. Taxing it ain't.
How to Get There
By Car: Driving to the Oval is not ideal, because parking is near impossible. Should you be willing to risk it, it's situated on the A202, near the junction with the A3 and A24, south of Vauxhall Bridge. As ever with London driving, you'll need your A to Z and nerves of steel.
By Public Transport: The Oval boasts its own, eponymous tube stop on the Northern Line, from which the stadium is a few hundred yards walk. Determinedly overground travellers should alight at Vauxhall, from which Oval is a ten-minute jaunt, tops. Buses 36, 185 and 436 stop right outside the ground, too.
How to Get Tickets
Tickets for Surrey county matches are relatively easy to get hold of, though seats for some fixtures can only be bought on site on the day of the match. International matches tend to sell out very quickly indeed—touts or online sales sites like eBay and Gumtree are usually the best option, at a price.
Sports • QPR |
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General Information
NFT Map: 32
Telephone: 020 8743 0262
Tickets: 0844 477 7007
Website: www.qpr.co.uk or @QPRFC
Location: Loftus Road Stadium, South Africa Road, Shepherd's Bush, W12 7PJ
Overview
Once-itinerant football club Queens Park Rangers have called Loftus Road—based, confusingly, in Shepherd's Bush—home since 1917, give or take a few seasons. Their footballing fortunes have yo-yoed through the decades: once a whisker away from winning Division One in the years before it became the Premiership; they finished the 2011-12 season just above the relegation zone, but gave us what undoubtedly was the game of the season after losing a 2–0 lead in stoppage time to gift moneybags Man City the Premier League title. New ownership, including pint-sized F1 oligarch Bernie Ecclestone, injected some much needed glamour into the club (prior to the takeover, Pete Doherty was the Hoops' most famous fan). But, amid wacky boasts of Euro domination, Bernie was cut down to size; Ecclestone has since sold his stake in the team, and at a healthy profit. The years following the sacking of their Italian boss De Canio has seen the Hoops' top spot resemble a revolving door in a busy brothel. Though different managers and caretakers have come and gone, resulting in turmoil on and off the pitch, the erratic QPR are definitely and defiantly worth watching live.
How to Get There
By Car: Whether you're approaching Loftus Road from the North (from the M1 through the A406 and A40), East (via the A40(M)), South (from the A3 and A219) or West (up the M4 via the A315 and A402 on a wing and a prayer), all routes lead through White City. Once there, turn right off Wood Lane into South Africa Road. Don't even set off without proper navigation tools, or emergency rations.
By Public Transport: The majority of QPR fans are local and rely either on nearby tube stops (White City on the Central Line, Shepherd's Bush on the the Hammersmith and City Line), any of buses 72, 95, or 220 to White City Station, or overground train to Acton Central, followed by a quick bus ride.
How to Get Tickets
Getting tickets for a QPR game is harder than you might expect. The team has a loyal fan base and is quickly becoming a guilty pleasure (due mainly to moments of madness) for casual spectators. However, getting tickets for a run-of-the-mill mid-season game should be a cinch, either via the Rangers' ticket website or by phone. You can also visit the Loftus Road box office on match days.
Sports • Tottenham |
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General Information
Telephone: 0344 499 5000
Tickets: 0344 844 0102
Website: www.tottenhamhotspur.com or @SpursOfficial
Location: Bill Nicholson Way, 748 High Road, London, N17 OAP
Overview
The times they are a-changin at Tottenham, the blaggers at Stamford Bridge robbed them of a deserved Champion's League place and the country's favourite tax dodger Harry Redknapp didn't get the England job and then, to add insult to injury, was let go by the club. The scruffy but (for some reason) adored century-old White Hart Lane is on its last legs as a new mega-development is heading into the building phase. This isn't a bad thing, because nostalgia aside, few grounds in the capital are located further from a tube stop and closer to a corner of London where even police dogs walk in pairs. More than most fans, the Spurs faithful have a tight grasp of history (which could be because there's been no league title there since 1961). And it shows at the stadium—supporters even chant about what a grand old team Spurs are. But that song only gets sporadic outings. Most of the chants that ring around White Hart Lane are about how much the fans hate Arsenal. It's a rivalry that's as intense as any in football—and as Arsenal started out in the south of the city, only moving across the river in 1913, Spurs claim of being Kings of North London isn't such a wild one. This division grew deeper during Arsenal's years of success, their American ownership, snooty fans, and their new corporate-branded Emirates Stadium just added fuel to the fire. But Spurs are contenders now, they have a new stadium of their own in the pipeline and the days of old ladies selling bagels inside the ground will soon be replaced by £400 million hotel-cum-shopping-centre-cum-football-ground.
How to Get There
By Car: The area's congested at the best of times; on match days, traffic can grind to a standstill. But if you don't mind a bit of gridlock, White Hart Lane is on the Tottenham High Road (A1010) a mile south of the North Circular (A406). This is easily accessible from junction 25 of the M25, in itself a temple to traffic.
By Public Transport: The nearest tube is Seven Sisters (Victoria Line), which is a 25-minute walk away. But at least if you work up a hunger from all that walking there's hundreds of kebab shops en route. White Hart Lane overland station, which runs from Liverpool Street through Seven Sisters, is a five-minute walk from the ground. Bus routes 279, 349, 149, 259 run closest to the stadium, but many more pass nearby.
How to Get Tickets
Although home games normally sell out, tickets are fairly easy to get hold of. Club members get first refusal at tickets, ten days before going on sale to the public. To get on the season ticket waiting list, you have to become a One Hotspur Bronze Member, but as the club's fortunes are on the rise, the wait could be some time.
Sports • Twickenham |
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General Information
Website: www.englandrugby.com/twickenham
Phone: 020 8892 8877
Location: Twickenham Stadium, Whitton Road, Twickenham, TW2 7BA
Overview
The home of English rugby, Twickenham is a behemoth of a stadium. An ugly chunk of concrete seemingly dumped from a great height onto a quiet London suburb, Twickenham lacks the charm and character of Ireland's Landsdowne Road and Scotland's Murrayfield, and has been all but pushed to the sidelines by the magnificent Millennium Stadium in Wales. However, the stadium has largely remained a fortress when it comes to England Internationals. Cheered on by 82,000 well-spoken, white-shirted fans booming out 'Swing Low Sweet Chariot' probably helps. Maybe the England players absorb the unfussy and uncompromising nature of their surroundings into their psyche on match days. Critics would argue that their style of rugby is as ugly and bland as the stadium they play in. This would be harsh if England hadn't consistently underperformed after carrying off the Rugby World Cup in 2003. Twickenham also hosts a series of Rugby tournaments and exhibition matches, including the famous 'Sevens', in addition to the occasional Premiership fixture. Outside the Rugby season, the stadium is given over to rock concerts for international bands like U2, Bon Jovi and Lady Gaga. The World Rugby Museum, located in the East Stand at the stadium, is a collection of over 25,000 items related to the history of the sport. Tours of Twickenham are also available.
How to Get There
By Car: Twickenham is very accessible by road—if you live in the South. The M3 motorway turns into the A316 that passes the stadium, carrying on into central London. Certain roads get closed down on match days so drivers should allow plenty of time. Parking at the stadium is extremely limited and should be booked in advance. Resident permits are helpfully required for all roads bordering the stadium so the best thing to do is park in the general vicinity and walk the rest of the way.
By Public Transport: Mainline trains run to Twickenham station from Waterloo and Reading. London Underground runs to Richmond on the District Line where shuttle buses will take fans to the stadium (50p outbound, free return) Hounslow is an alternative Underground station but shuttle buses only run from Twickenham to Hounslow station so you will have to make it to the stadium under your own steam. Bus numbers 281, 267, 481, 681 and H20 all have regular services passing close to the stadium.
How to Get Tickets
England rugby tickets are hot property, commanding higher prices than top football games. As competition games are relatively infrequent, tickets sell out well in advance so keep checking the website for updates on ticket releases. Premiership tickets and friendly matches are easier to come by but will generally sell out. If you don't get lucky in advance, rugby touts (slightly less aggressive than their football cousins) will happily make your wallet lighter for you. Ticketmaster is the best option for concerts or Gumtree and Craigslist for re-sales and swaps.
Sports • West Ham |
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General Information
Website: www.whufc.com or @whufc_official
Telephone: 020 8548 2748
Tickets: www.whufcboxoffice.com or 0871 529 1966
Location: Boleyn Ground, Green Street, London E13 9AZ
Overview
When bald biscuit king Eggert Magnusson bought the Hammers everything looked rosy. But then the world went tits up. The recession meant Icelander Eggert's companies were suddenly worth nothing. He went bankrupt—and West Ham became a Scandinavian IOU. While boss Gianfranco Zola was leading a revolution on the pitch—shepherding a young team to the brinks of Europe—there were real dangers the club would fold.
Since the Icelandic money troubles, West Ham has been owned by an ever-changing cast of consortiums and moneyed men. Not really where you want your money right now. But if they survive, the Irons are on the way up. If you can find the ground in deepest East London they're well worth a look.
Over the years, West Ham has been unfairly tainted by association with the ICF hooligan firm. Largely active in the '70s and '80s, a 2005 film, <i>Green Street</i> did its best to rekindle unwanted memories. The drama was undermined slightly by giving the lead role to a hobbit. They finished the 2011 season at the bottom of the Premiership and were relegated—but during 2012 they proved they were too good for the Championship and are back with the big boys. Let's hope they keep doing better, we don't want to give them any excuse to get angry.
How to Get There
By Car: Driving in London is a waste of time even on the best of days, but try it on match days and you are asking for trouble. East London is a warren of one way streets, dead ends and no through roads. You are likely to either miss kick-off or get a parking ticket or both.
By Public Transport: The District line will 'whisk' you from central London to Upton Park in half an hour or so. The Boleyn Ground is five minutes walk from the underground station.
How to Get Tickets
Unless you want to pay through the nose for tickets against the big clubs, you should be able to find spares for the smaller fixtures. West Ham is a relatively small ground with a dedicated, hardcore following. Being less glamorous than Chelsea, et al. means that casual fans have a better chance of watching a game for a decent price.
Sports • Wembley Stadium |
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General Information
Phone: 0800 169 2007
Website: www.wembleystadium.com or @wembleystadium
Location: Wembley Stadium, Wembley HA9 0WS
Overview
Wembley Stadium enjoys a strange position in the British psyche. For football fans it's most significant as the scene of England's only World Cup win back in 1966, as well as numerous pitch invasions by angry/jubilant Scottish fans whenever their national team came down to play. Plus, a generation of British bands have grown up dreaming of the day they'd bellow: "hello Wem-ber-ley, are you ready to rock?!!" to tens of thousands of people who've just paid a fiver for a chewy patty of minced spleen 'n' testicles in a dry bun. For these sentimental reasons, then, very few people complained that the National Stadium was a bit of a crap-hole stuck in an inaccessible suburb of West London. By the late '90s the place was looking a bit battered, so they knocked it down and then very, very slowly, and at tremendous, tabloid-scandalising expense, built a replacement on the same site. The result is, just about, worth it. There are none of the blind spots for spectators that the old stadium used to have, plus it has far greater leg-room for 90-thousand-plus people and much more comfortable seating. It also looks fantastically imposing as you walk out of Wembley Park tube with its massive arch curving into the sky. A trip here might not make your knees go "all trembly" as fans used to sing but for football lovers it's one of the world's great venues. They also have a special removable running track for athletics and, to the disgust of "soccer" purists, they've even let American "football" teams play here, too.
How to Get There
By Car: Short of hiring snipers to pick drivers off as they approach the mighty arch, the Stadium could hardly do more to discourage visitors from driving. "Wembley Stadium is a public transport destination. Please leave your car behind," the website primly advises. However, if you are some kind of die-hard, planet-raping petrol-head you'll see signs pointing to the stadium from Great Central Way onwards. There are very few parking spaces at the Stadium itself and these need to be booked in advance. On match days, or when there's anything else happening, the local area becomes residents' parking only, too. Yes, they really don't want you to bring your car.
By Public Transport: The nearest Tube is Wembley Park on the Metropolitan and Jubilee line. Wembley Central (on the Bakerloo line) is about 10–15 minutes walk and there's also Wembley Stadium mainline train station with links all over the country. If you're travelling from outside London there are National Express coaches from 43 different towns and cities.
How to Get Tickets
Easier said than done. 'Club Wembley' have kindly created a 'ten year seat licence'—no doubt to re-coup the massive overspend that accompanied completion of the stadium. These licences give owners access to all major events hosted at Wembley and its worth going on the website to laugh at the ridiculous prices. A 'one-off licence fee' starts at £172 per person per event. Annual season tickets are on top of that. Cloud Cuckoo Land. 'Normal' people can buy tickets to England games through the FA (you need to be a member), for football and rugby cup games through the respective clubs and tickets for one off events and shows through Ticketmaster. It's always worth checking Gumtree.com as you never know who might be flogging off a golden ticket to the highest bidder.
Sports • Wimbledon |
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General Information
Telephone: 020 8944 1066
Website: www.wimbledon.com or @Wimbledon
Location: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Church Road, Wimbledon, SW19 5AE
Overview
New balls please! If it's not pissing it down—which is a big if—Wimbledon's All England Tennis and Croquet Club is the place to witness the world's finest tennis players do battle on rye grass courts, home as it is to the oldest major Championship in the game each June/July. But this is also a place to be seen and to be merry—sure, it's about the tennis, but it's also about strawberries and cream (of which 62,000 pounds and 1,540 gallons worth are sold each year respectively), the free-flowing champagne, the celebrity crowd, and the Ralph Lauren-designed ballboy and ballgirl outfits. If you can't actually get a ticket for the tournament—the All England Club makes approximately 1,500 of them available each day, and more importantly, if you're not prepared to camp out overnight in the queue—you can always sit yourself on Murray Mound (formerly Henman Hill) at the northern end of the complex, where a vast television screen allows you to watch British players systematically eliminated in typically heartbreaking fashion. Really, we should stick to darts.
How to Get There
By Car: During the tournament, traffic and parking are nightmarish propositions, and you're better off using public transport. Nonetheless, the determined will need to take the A219 from the A3, and turn off left onto Church Road once in Wimbledon itself.
By Public Transport: Wimbledon railway station is a short journey from both Waterloo and Clapham Junction, and is otherwise serviced (Vicar!) by trains from towns right across the South of England. From here, board the London General shuttle bus straight to the grounds; they depart every five minutes or so during the tournament. Tube users should head for Southfields on the District line, from where a London General shuttle also operates. Those who prefer to saunter can mosey on down Wimbledon Park Road heading south for ten minutes or so, and you can also walk it from Wimbledon Park tube station, heading north-west.
How to Get Tickets
You can (legally) come by tickets to Wimbledon in two ways—one, apply in advance to the public 'ballot', via the website, in the hope you are selected at random to purchase tickets (closing date end of December). Two, join the serpentine, overnight queues for on-the-day tickets, of which five hundred are usually made available for each of Centre, Number One and Number Two Courts. Then, of course, there are all the other methods of which you're already no doubt aware.
Sports • Bowling |
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Any bowling buff will tell you that there are two types of bowling in this country. Ten-pin bowling, the ghastly Americanized import, is by far the most popular among Londoners and the generally disrespectful Youth Of Today. Crown Green Bowling is a far more serene, (elderly) gentlemanly pursuit complete with its own rules and rituals.
London's ten pin bowlers are spoiled rotten. As it's now a trendy pastime shot through with irony, there are plenty of old, large basements converted into pristine bowling alleys designed to look retro. There's no chavs in tracksuits on speed around here: the All Star Lanes franchises (Map 4, , ) are heaving with immaculately dressed trendos and hen/stag nights drunkenly bowling and singing in the karaoke booths. However, at a peak rate of £8.95 per person per game (your average game is a mere 10 minutes) and an off-peak rate of a laughably similar £6.95 per game, you'll have to access whether it's worth blowing the rent money on one night of fun. Bloomsbury Bowling Lanes (Map 4) does the American chic thing a bit better and its lanes are £39 an hour, which works out cheaper in a group. They also host cool gigs and DJs occasionally.
For families and the penniless, London has plenty of more 'traditional' British bowling lanes. By this, of course, we mean cavernous warehouses with pumping chart music, scary underage drinkers and sticky air hockey tables. Try the classic Rowans (Map 62) which at its priciest is a mere £5.20 per person per game or Queens Ice & Bowl (Map 30) which has also has an ice rink to cool off those skittle blues.
And what of Green Bowling? Well, being an outdoor pursuit in Britain, it's safe to say it is primarily a summer affair. When the sun is out you'll find bowling greens in all the major parks; Hyde Park offers lanes for £7.50 an hour.
After suffering at the hands of boho and cheapo ten-pin bowling facilities you may find that there can be no better way to waste an afternoon than to sit around a bowling green in Finsbury Park with a beer in hand, laughing at your idiot friends' attempts to hit the 'jack.' Maybe those elderly gentlemen are on to something...
Sports • Golf |
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Nothing combines relaxation and hypertension quite like golf, nor indeed knee-length socks, spats and flat caps. For golfing Londoners, opportunities to play must be sought towards the outskirts of the capital, where the city shore is lapped once more by greenery and open space. You can, of course, take your one wood out onto London's pavements and practise your fade drive there, but you're odds on to be arrested if you do.
You'll be better received moving clockwise around London from the north, at establishments such as the Highgate Golf Club and Muswell Hill Golf Club. Both are highbrow member institutions with epic fairways, open nonetheless to the public, as long as that public is wearing a decent shirt. Eighteen holes at each are in the £30-45 range, which is also the case at the Hampstead Golf Club, home of one of England's toughest front nines. Nearby Finchley Golf Club is similarly priced for visitors but also offers some neat specials such as winter green fees under £30 and knockdown prices for twelve holes of 'twilight golf'. A little farther north, Mill Hill Golf Club is a shade cheaper though no less satisfying.
In the south-east, the Royal Blackheath Golf Club positions itself as the oldest in the world, which might be why playing eighteen holes as a visitor requires a small trust fund, at £60 during summer. Moving farther west, the Central London Golf Centre is a no-nonsense 'pay-and-play' establishment offering nine full-length holes to golfers of all standards for little more than a tenner. The Wimbledon Park Golf Club is another quality members club open to visitors, while nearby Royal Wimbledon Golf Club terms itself a 'very private' club—visitors are welcome but will be required to apply in writing, prove handicap and, in all likelihood, undergo some kind of permanently scarring initiation ritual. Access to each of these Wimbledon clubs kicks off at a chokingly high £70 for eighteen holes. You could buy a second-hand Playstation for that. The London Scottish Golf Club on Wimbledon Common is much more like it, in the range of £20-30 a round, though a pillar-box red top is compulsory for all. Out west, Dukes Meadows Golf Club in Chiswick offers nine three-par holes, a driving range and function rooms, all at a reasonable price.
For golfers who really are determined not to leave Zone One, there is one option after all. Urban Golf (Map 10) in Soho and the Urban Golf (Map 15) Smithfield location is the last word in golf simulation, with the chance to play, virtual-style, some of the world's top courses. It also boasts well-stocked bars and chic lounge areas. You just know the purists will loathe it.
Sports • Pool & Snooker |
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Remember the Levi's ad in the pool hall? The one which had The Clash's "Should I Stay Or Should I Go?" as the soundtrack? Yeah, that one. It conjured up a pretty cool image, right? Unfortunately London's pool halls have not had the retro revamp (is that an oxymoron?) that bowling is currently enjoying (All Star Lanes, Bloomsbury Bowling) so it's rare to actually find a place where you can stand around looking like James Dean, kissing your teeth, chewing on a tooth pick, and generally inviting any hustler to take you on without like, really being taken on by someone from the Russian/Turkish mafia. We also inextricably link shooting some pool with having a drink or two, but it is often the lesser red and yellow-balled "pub" pool table (funnily enough) rather than the greater spotted (and striped) genuine American pool table which is found within the confines of the few remaining non-chain traditional pubs in London. 19:20 (Map 6) in Clerkenwell has more of a pool hall feel with media types taking their game a little more seriously at the end of the working day. If you do fancy something a little more louche, there are many a pool and snooker hall to be found on the edges of central London which can offer a grittier atmosphere. Efes (Map 86) used to be a bit of a no-go for middle-class hipster kids until the owners realised that they were sitting on a goldmine what with having a long-standing late licence and being slap bang in the middle of the action. Now the place hosts gigs and is a regular fixture for anyone doing a Kingsland crawl. Oh yeah, and has pool tables.
Sports • Racquet Sports |
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Tennis
Ah...the other beautiful game, beloved of park fence jumpers and upper class grunters alike. Like many popular sports, tennis may have originated in Britain, but we're pretty consistent in our ineptitude at it. This is not for the lack of trying: the country's capital is packed full of tennis clubs, outdoor park courts and large sports complexes.
Tennis is certainly not as exclusive as it once was, with an hour's playing a lot cheaper than ten-pin bowling, for example. You can mince about amidst leafy surroundings in Hyde Park (Hyde Park Tennis and Sports Centre, 020 7262 3474), flail in the dark depths of Finsbury Park on a turn-up-and-play basis, or in the luxury of the historic Queens Club (www.queensclub.co.uk, 020 7386 3429 for membership information). Also commendable are the Paddington Sports Club (psclondon.com or 020 7286 8448) in Maida Vale and the courts in Regent's Park: go to www.tennisintheparks.co.uk for information on, uh, playing tennis in parks. Indicative of the new equalitarian nature of the game are Tennis London International (www.tennislondon.com) who take pride in being 'the largest gay and lesbian tennis group in the UK.' But it's not all democratic: there's always Wimbledon (www.wimbledon.org, which due to the jaw-dropping ticket prices, still is as exclusive as it's always been. If you still want to get caught up in the annual tennis frenzy, head to Henman Hill, or Murray Mound, or whatever it's called these days. Essentially a hill outside Centre Court, here you can sit on the grass and watch the action on video screens with all the other poor proles who don't have any kidneys left to trade for a ticket.
Squash
Like some weird secret society, squash players spend their time locked indoors, organised into little private clubs and engaged in an activity which will eventually mess them up. Squash is hard—just ask your poor knees. The squash court is a high-octane containment tank swimming in adrenalin, which explains why Londoners have taken to it with such gusto. A court at Sobell Leisure Center (020 7609 2166) in Finsbury Park for example, is near impossible to book at peak times. Be warned—a lot of sports centres don't have squash facilities, but somewhere like the Oasis Sports Centre (020 7831 1804) in Tottenham Court Road is a church to all things sweaty and squashy...and you can go for an outdoor swim afterwards, too. For a quirkier court try Maiden Lane Youth Club (020 7267 9586)—a community centre in a housing estate, which has one beat-up court for an hourly fee. If there isn't a yoga class in progress, that is.
Badminton/Table Tennis
They may be worlds apart in many ways, but badminton and table tennis are usually offered in the same place, and both are 'genteel' sports in which it is almost acceptable to be beaten by the opposite sex (whichever sex you are). Badminton is especially popular across the board, with almost all sizeable sports centres offering courts and equipment. However, if you've any experience in attempting to book a court at most public sports complexes you'll know of the often depressing amount of phone wrangling and frustration that arises from these exchanges. Chief perpetrator is Kings Hall Leisure Centre (020 8985 2158) in Lower Clapton, who will test your patience to inhumane limits. The Brixton Recreation Centre (020 7095 5100) caters to badminton and squash players but always sound like they can't wait to get you off the phone; their rates are £6.25-£8.50 for badminton, which is pretty competitive. The Sobell Centre, as mentioned above, also caters for table tennis (doesn't "ping pong" sound nicer?) and badminton. The best strategy is to phone your local centre to ascertain which racquet sports they cater for and then prepare yourself to be either double-booked, misinformed or given a free session depending on the ability of the desk assistant!
Sports • Yoga |
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Overview
As the nascent city of 'Londinium' was being named by the Romans in AD 43, in Asia the practice of yoga was entering its third or fourth millennium. Nineteen hundred years on, at last it found its way out west, and London's yoga establishments have flourished ever since. Essentially, the capital's schools can be divided into those concerned primarily with physical fitness—often the larger institutions offering a range of styles—and those with a more spiritual bent. Of the former, Go Yoga in Shepherd's Bush is a fine example, offering yoga and pilates for adults and kids alike, while the popular Triyoga centres in Primrose Hill and Covent Garden are one-stop holistic shops for the upwardly mobile set. More specialised centres include Bikram Yoga College of India in Kentish Town, and its partner Bikram Yoga City—bring water and a towel for hard wearing, specially heated sessions—and the Iyengar Yoga Institute in Maida Vale, which offers a free introductory class. Special mention also goes to Fulham Yogashala, a newish venture offering all sorts including, unnervingly, 'power yoga'. Still, entering the peaceful surroundings of Yogashala is, according to one client, like getting a hug. Those more spiritual schools include the wonderful Sivanada Yoga Centre, an oasis of serenity in the midst of Putney boasting resident yogi teachers, and the Satyananda Yoga Centre in Clapham with its deep focus on yoga-meditation techniques. Shanti Sadam, out west, is also more concerned with inner stillness than downward dogs. And hidden away in Archway, the Kriya Centre runs a series of kundalini yoga classes in humble but hospitable surroundings—Ohm tastic!
Sports • Sports Leagues |
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There's nothing quite like an obesity epidemic to make a city sporty. We're constantly being told that we're swelling to huge new levels. The message is worrying: buck up fatties, or you won't even fit into your own coffin. Unlike the majority of celebrations that take place in the capital, the 2012 Olympic Games didn't leave us dry mouthed and heaving on the floor with a national hangover. Instead the summer games littered our fair city with a legacy of leading sports venues, and lower-level sport has benefited the most with increased involvement citywide. London's sizeable ethnic communities have also brought weird and wonderful games with them (American Football? In London? They keep threatening...). Dozens of leagues, in dozens of sports, gather every evening to try and beat the bulge.
General Tips
A good starting point is the Gumtree website (www.gumtree.com). Their sports and community section is full of ads trying to fills gaps in sports teams. And as it was started by born-to-sweat Aussies, it never lets up in sheer quantity of athletic opportunities. The local press is also a decent bet. All London boroughs have their own newspapers, who cover amateur sports with as much enthusiasm as the professionals. You may never make it in the big leagues, but at least you can be a hero in Camden. But one area where London struggles is with the concept of pick-up games. Perhaps it's part of our reserved nature, but it's unusual to just rock up at a park and challenge whoever's there. By all means try, but you may get rebuked by a stiff upper lip.
Football
Sunday league football in London used to have a reputation of being rough. For many years it was the preserve of hungover builders, who wanted ninety minutes letting off steam by kicking people around. But it's moved on slightly from those days, with a more general acceptance of skill and less emphasis placed on pain. The spiritual home of recreational football is Hackney Marshes. The East London site has a whopping 80-plus pitches—so many leagues and teams play there that it's worth just turning up and asking around. If you draw a blank there, then the FA website (www.thefa.com) has a club locator search. Regardless of where you live, you'll get a mammoth list of clubs. The hardest part of finding a team in London is narrowing down who it is you want to play for. Five-a-side football is also booming in London. In the city centre, where space is at a premium, it's often the only way of getting in a game. Powerleague (www.powerleague.co.uk) organise leagues around the capital, though these can be pricey. A cheaper option is to head to a leisure centre with a five-a-side pitch. They often run leagues and are less profit-driven than the private companies. Lists of leisure centres can be found on specific borough's website (such as Islington's www.islington.gov.uk).
Rugby
Don't mind drinking pints of your team-mates' urine? Enjoy a good eye-gouging? Then you must be a rugby fan! The Rugby in London website (www.rugbyinlondon.co.uk) is a Bible for lovers of casual violence, as it lists hundreds of clubs, contact details and even training venues and times. Female fans of egg chasing are also well represented. Most teams play around Southwest London, though there's a few more dotted around the city. A full list is on the RFU Women's website (www.rfuwlonse.co.uk). If you don't fancy the full-on ear-biting code of the sport there's a flourishing touch rugby scene in London. In this form of the game tackling is represented by tagging your opponent. It's an altogether less bloody type of rugby, although you're still allowed to indulge in the booze-fuelled rituals that the contact players enjoy. In2Touch (www.in2touch.com) lists a few of these leagues.
Cricket
As a sport that takes up plenty of space, you have to head to the leafier parts of London such as Hampstead, Putney, and Dulwich to find cricket clubs at play. But with more green space than any other London borough, Hackney has embraced the gentleman's game, and the thwack of leather on willow can oft be heard on London Fields during the summer months where the North East London Cricket League (nelcl.leaguerepublic.com) has established itself. Victoria Park also has a Community Cricket League (www.vpccl.co.uk). The Play-Cricket website (www.play-cricket.com) has a full rundown on London clubs
Athletics and the London Marathon
Every spring, London's runners dust down their gorilla costumes and tackle the London Marathon. If you feel up to it then you have to plan ahead; places are limited and dished out via a ballot. If you need a helping hand in the run up to the race, consider a jogging and/or roadrunning club associated with British Athletics (www.britishathletics.org.uk): as well as getting you in shape, so you don't die after 20 miles, they can help you get a spot in the starting line-up. And if you catch the bug of competitive athletics, there are six clubs who compete in the London Inter Club Challenge (see London Athletcis at www.londonathletics.org).
Miscellaneous
For fans of all things Irish, there's the London Gaelic Sports Association (www.londongaa.org); American footballers can get their fix with the British American Football League (www.britishamericanfootball.org); and if tight shorts and sleeveless shirts are your thing there's the British Aussie Rules Association (www.aflengland.org; or you could just join the navy).
Transport • Gatwick Airport |
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General Information
Address: Gatwick Airport,
West Sussex, RH6 0NP
Airport Code: LGW
General Information: 0844 892 0322
Lost Property: 01293 503162
or gatwick.lostproperty@excess-baggage.com
Website: www.gatwickairport.com
or @Gatwick_Airport
Overview
The UK's second-largest airport (behind Heathrow) and "the most efficient single-runway airport in the world" (seems to repeat the negative, that), Gatwick is not terribly flashy, but not so bad to deal with, and getting better and better. Located 28 miles south of London, Gatwick is not linked by the Tube, but the airport is served by a mostly painless 30-minute train ride from Victoria Station. Gatwick is a much nicer place than it once was ("high-summer sweat-filled free-for-all check-in zones for budget flights to Spain" sounds about right) but after BAA sold the airport to Global Infrastructure Partners (of London City Airport fame), GIP undertook an initial £1.2 billion overhaul of the airport and its services to better position itself as a go-to European hub. And there is even talk of a second runway—good news for Gatwick and especially whichever single-runway airport is the second-most efficient in the world.
Gatwick has two terminals: the South Terminal and the North Terminal. Trains arrive at the South Terminal, and there are more shops there, but if your flight is out of the North Terminal, a free automated train will take you on the five-minute transfer.
As far as amenities go, the usual suspects are all present, with convivial times available at Britain's premier diluting station, J.D. Wetherspoons, and the glamour of Knightsbridge miraculously squeezed into one of those little airport branches of Harrods—just in case you feel the need to inflict one of their god-awful teddy bears on another country. As far as eating's concerned, there are several Jamie Oliver outlets, a Comptoir Libanais and other spots catering to varied tastes and dietary restrictions, including vegetarian and gluten-free options. For shopping there are the usual wide range of shops befitting an airport as destination: Boots but also outlets like Zara, Ray-Ban, and BOSS.
Getting There
The Gatwick Express (www.gatwickexpress.com) runs from Victoria Station in London to the South Terminal at Gatwick in 30 minutes. First trains run at 3:30, 4:30 and then every fifteen minutes thereafter with the last trains at 00:01 and 00:32. If you're near the rail hubs it is by far the most pleasant way to get there—though a single journey is going to set you back around £20. Thameslink (www.thameslinkrailway.com) run trains to Gatwick from Blackfriars, City Thameslink, Farringdon and St Pancras International stations for £19. Easybus (www.easybus.co.uk) coaches offer service to London with prices starting from £2 each way; travel takes about an hour.
To drive to Gatwick from the M25 you need to leave at Junction 7 and carry on southwards along the M23, following the signs. Leave the M23 at Junction 9 and again, follow those handy signs to get to the appropriate terminal.
Parking
Short stay car park rates start at £3 for the first half hour, £6 up to one hour, £10 up to two hours, £12 up to three hours, and climb steadily toward £35 for a 24-hour period. For long stays there are several parks located 5-15 minutes away (via bus transfers) from the airport. These are best booked in advance. For the official Gatwick car park, charges are £20 for the first day and £15 per day thereafter, and may be booked in advance online at www.gatwickparking.com.
Car Hire
The Gatwick on-airport car rental partners are Hertz, Avis, Europcar, Sixt, National, Alamo, Enterprise and Budget. The Gatwick Airport website also offers its own online car rental feature, with special rates.
Hotels
Gatwick has several hotels on site with varying levels of service. Keep in mind that the North and South Terminals are connected via a free five-minute transfer. In the South Terminal there is the 245-room BLOC hotel, the Hilton London Gatwick, and the economical YOTEL, which offers 46 cabins (available for four hour blocks or overnight) in a choice of premium (full-size double bed) or standard (large single). In the North Terminal, there is a Hampton by Hilton close to the airport check-in desks, the Premier Inn directly opposite the main entrance, and a four-star Sofitel. The full-service hotels feature amenities such as salons, restaurants, business facilities, and 24-hour gyms.
Airline/Terminal
Aegean Airlines: South
Aer Lingus: South
Afriqiyah Airways: South
Air Arabia Maroc: South
Air Baltic: South
Air Dolomiti: South
Air Europa: South
Air Malta: South
Air Transat: South
Aurigny: South
Belavia Belarusian: South
British Airways: North
Caribbean Airlines: North
easyJet: North/South
Emirates: North
Flybe: South
Freebird: South
Gambia Bird: South
Garuda Indonesia: North
Germania: South
Icelandair: North
Iraqi Airways: South
Meridiana Airlines: North
Monarch: South
Norwegian: South
Royal Air Maroc: North
Ryanair: South
Swiss International Air Lines: South
TAP Air Portugal: South
Thomas Cook: South
Thomson Airways: North
Titan Airways: South
Tunis Air: South
Turkish Airlines: North
Ukraine International Airlines: South
Vietnam Airlines: North
Virgin Atlantic: South
Vueling: North
WOW Air: South
Transport • Heathrow Airport |
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General Information
Address: Hounslow, Middlesex, TW6
Airport Code: LHR
General Information: 0844 335 1801
Lost Property: 0844 824 3115 or missingx.com
Website: www.heathrowairport.com or @HeathrowAirport
Overview
Ah, Heathrow—London's main link to the outside world, resplendent in all the main airport offenders: infinite queues, bad food, draconian security and the acrid scent of 'the British on holiday.' Or as PM Hugh Grant once noticed, "Whenever I get gloomy with the state of the world, I think about the arrivals gate at Heathrow Airport." Or something like that.
Indeed, ex-London mayor Ken Livingstone once accused Heathrow of keeping people "prisoner" in its "ghastly shopping mall" but there does seem to be slow, gradual improvement. Heathrow has undergone years of seeming perpetual change, resulting in vastly improved transport services and upgraded motorway access. Terminal 1 is a thing of the past and the new Terminal 2 has eclipsed the old Terminal 2 in people's memory. Terminal 5 picked up the baton following a chaotic opening in 2008, taking the annual passenger count to upward of 70 million, and placing the airport in contention for busiest in the world. For years Heathrow has been stretched beyond its capacity, which has resulted in a campaign for a controversial third runway. The local residents might not like it but at least they don't have to suffer an hour on the tube to catch a flight.
Terminals
The terminals are organised around airline networks: Star Alliance, Oneworld, SkyTeam, with the non-aligned airlines wedged in where possible. Terminal 5 is the domain of British Airways.
Departures
Busy and security conscious, Heathrow demands travelers get there early—they suggest three hours before departure for long-haul and El Al flights, two hours for European flights, and a full 90 minutes for flights to the UK and Ireland. Makes you appreciate coach travel. Check-in is on the first floor of Terminal 4, the ground floor in Terminal 3, and the top floor of Terminals 2 and 5. When you arrive look for your check-in zone on the information screens near the entrance; check-in zones are marked by illuminated yellow cubes. If you are travelling through Heathrow, transfers are available between Heathrow Airport's four terminals. Terminals 2 and 3 are a short walk from each other (10–20 minutes) while Terminals 4 and 5 are served by free trains and buses.
Arrivals
As for the romance of the arrivals gate at Heathrow, arrivals areas are located on Level 1 at Terminal 2, the ground level of the Arrivals building at Terminal 3, and the ground levels of both Terminals 4 and 5. Official airport meeting points are marked. There are information screens in the arrivals area with flight status information and status codes: 'Expected' means the flight hasn't landed yet and Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited encourages you to indulge in a spot of shopping, 'Landed' means that you should expect 30–40 minutes for passengers to clear passport control, baggage reclaim and customs (longer at busy periods), and 'Baggage in hall' means that passengers should be in the arrivals area shortly. The Heathrow website also has live flight status information.
Hotels
In addition to the handful of area hotels that cater to Heathrow travellers, there are several hotels at the terminal, accessible by foot. The 605-room luxury Sofitel London Heathrow is located at Terminal 5 and the four-star Hilton London Heathrow Airport is located at Terminal 4. Both hotels offer requisite hotel amenities such as restaurants and business and fitness centres. Terminal 4 also has a YOTEL, the Japanese-style low-budget mini pod chain that offers sleeping cabins for several hours. The No.1 Traveller Lounge after the security lines in Terminal 3 offers day rooms, both twin bunks and singles.
Getting There
The cheapest option is London Underground's Piccadilly Line, which gets you to central London in less than an hour for £5.70. The wait time for a train is generally no more than 10 minutes. Heathrow has three underground stations; one serving both Terminals 2 and 3, and one each for Terminals 4 and 5.
The fastest option is Heathrow Express (www.heathrowexpress.com), a non-stop train between the airport and Paddington station—"in 15 minutes, every 15 minutes." It stops at Heathrow Central Station near Terminals 2 and 3, and also at Terminal 5. On-board fares are £26.50 one way and £40 for a return (£5 less if bought online, from ticket offices or ticket machines). Heathrow Connect follows the same route into west London, but serves intermediate stations making its journey time 25 minutes. At half the price of the Express though, it's probably worth the added minutes. Heathrow Connect trains depart Paddington every 30 minutes from Terminals 2 and 3 (travellers from Terminal 4 and 5 should use the free transfer). Fare is £10.10 one way to Paddington Station, less to intermediate stations. Both these trains run between approx 5 am–12 am.
National Express (www.nationalexpress.com) offers coach service from points around London to Heathrow. Tickets start at £12.
Driving from Central London takes about 45-60 minutes depending on traffic. To Terminals 2 and 3, exit the M4 (Junction 4) or M25 (Junction 15) and follow signs. When leaving Terminals 2 and 3, follow exit signs to the access/exit tunnel. Then follow signs to the M4 motorway, which will eventually bring you into London. Terminals 4 and 5 have separate entrances. If driving, exit M25 at Junction 14 and follow signs (if coming from the M4, leave at Junction 4B and follow the M25 south to Junction 14). A taxi to central London takes 45-60 minutes and costs £35-plus; note that there is no set fare from the airport.
Car Parking
There are short-term and long-term car parks, and both are expensive. Up to 30 minutes at the short stay is £3.50 (£4 for Terminal 4). An hour at the short stay is £6.50 (£7 at Terminal 4), two hours is £10.50 (£11 at Terminal 4), then rising steadily to £56 for 24 hours. The long stay car park is about 10 minutes away by courtesy bus and the standard drive-up price is £26 for the first day, then £20.50 each day thereafter. A peak surcharge is in effect for Easter, Christmas and some summer weeks.
Airline/Terminal
Aegean Airlines: 2
Aer Lingus: 2
Aeroflot: 4
Aeromexico: 4
Air Algerie: 4
Air Astana: 4
Air Canada: 2
Air China: 2
Air France: 4
Air India: 4
Air Malta: 4
Air Mauritius: 4
Air New Zealand: 2
Air Serbia: 4
Alitalia: 4
American Airlines: 3
ANA: 2
Arik Air: 4
Asiana Airlines: 2
Austrian: 2
Avianca: 2
Azerbaijan Airlines: 4
Biman Bangladesh Airlines: 4
British Airways: 5 (some 3)
Brussels Airlines: 2
Bulgaria Air: 4
Cathay Pacific Airways: 3
China Eastern: 4
China Southern: 4
Croatia Airlines: 2
Delta Air Lines: 3 & 4
Egypt Air: 2
El Al: 4
Emirates: 3
Ethiopian Airlines: 2
Etihad Airways: 4
EVA Air: 2
Finnair: 3
Germanwings: 2
Gulf Air: 4
Iberia: 5
Icelandair: 2
Iran Air: 3
Japan Airlines: 3
Jet Airways (India): 4
Kenya Airways: 4
KLM-Royal Dutch Airlines: 4
Korean Air: 4
Kuwait Airways: 4
Libyan Airlines: 4
LOT Polish Airlines: 2
Lufthansa: 2
Malaysia Airlines: 4
MEA: 3
Oman Air: 3
Pakistan International Airlines: 3
Philippine Airlines: 4
Qantas: 3
Qatar Airways: 4
Royal Air Maroc: 4
Royal Brunei Airlines: 4
Royal Jordanian: 3
SAS-Scandinavian Airlines: 2
Saudia: 4
Singapore Airlines: 2
South African Airways: 2
Sri Lankan Airlines: 3
Swiss International Airlines: 2
TAM: 3
TAP Portugal: 2
Tarom: 4
Thai Airways: 2
Transaero: 4
Tunisair: 4
Turkish Airlines: 2
Turkmenistan Airlines: 3
United Airlines: 2
US Airways: 3
Uzbekistan Airways: 4
Vietnam Airlines: 4
Virgin Atlantic: 3
Virgin Atlantic Little Red: 2
Vueling: 3
Transport • London City Airport |
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General Information
Address: Hartmann Road,
London, E16 2PX
Airport Code: LCY
General Enquiries: 020 7646 0088/0000
Website: www.londoncityairport.com
or @LondonCityAir
Overview
With its one wee runway squeezed over the water between the old George V and Royal Albert Docks, City is London's smallest and most central airport (six miles from the City of London, 22 minutes from Bank station). Where once stevedores ate pie and mash, stockbrokers are now whisked off to lunchtime meetings on dinky short takeoff jets. Primarily used by business types, its small size and short runway means city serves mainly European destinations, with BA's New York service (including a stop off) being the one exception. Still, this means much faster check-in times and fewer delays than at the comparative behemoths of Heathrow and Gatwick.
Amenities at London City Airport include some above-average food options and complimentary WiFi. LCY also has a "silent airport policy," meaning no announcements are made, which also means you definitely shouldn't zone out too far away from your gate (you've been warned).
Getting There
In 2005 someone, somewhere, saw the light and extended the DLR (Docklands Light Railway) to City. The airport now couldn't be simpler to get to by public transport: get on the DLR at Bank; make sure you take a train destined for the King George V branch (these are marked "via City Airport"); and you'll arrive at the airport's station in under 25 minutes. A slightly quicker route is to take the Jubilee Underground line to Canning Town and take the DLR a mere three stops westbound from there. There is a taxi rank directly outside the terminal exit, expect to pay at least £40 for a black cab to go to or from the West End. Don't expect the journey to be much faster than on the DLR/Underground. Pre-booked cabs should be a little cheaper; bookings are available via www.minicabit.com.
If you're driving, given its central location there's no obvious route to City. A useful general rule is to point your wheels at the eastern end of Central London and then keep going that way from Tower Hill on the A1203 (East Smithfield/The Highway). The airport is signposted from this road. If you're getting there from the South East, head through the Blackwall tunnel and follow signs once you emerge into the daylight. If you're near the M25 and like traffic jams, crawl your way to junction 30 and take the Thames Gateway to the airport from there.
Parking
Short stay is directly next to the terminal and rates start at £6 for the first 30 minutes, £11 for one hour, £15 for two hours, and steadily increasing up to £55 for 24 hours. The long stay carpark is a short walk from the terminal and costs £45 per day. Pre-booking long stay parking results in drastically reduced rates; check online for more. All of which is to say, parking is expensive. If you still feel the need to park and can book in advance, get in touch with BCP airport parking for a (slightly) cheaper option at www.parkbcp.co.uk.
Car Hire
On-site car hire desks for Avis, Europcar and Hertz are located next to the terminal. Travellers can book cars through the London City Airport website.
Airlines
Air France
Alitalia
British Airways
Blue Islands
CityJet
Flybe
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
Lufthansa
Luxair
Sky Work
Sun-Air
Swiss International Airlines (SWISS)
Transport • Luton Airport |
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General Information
Address: Navigation House, Airport Way, Luton, Bedfordshire LU2 9LY
Airport Code: LTN
General Enquiries: 01582 405100
Lost Property: 01582 395219 or lostproperty@ltn.aero
Website: www.london-luton.co.uk
or @LDNLutonAirport
Overview
You have to admire branding at work: appending "London" to "London Luton Airport" is perhaps slightly wishful thinking, seeing as the facility is located 35 miles north of Central London. That said, it's not impossible to get to the airport and parking is reasonable, but everyone knows why they're flying out of Luton: those ridiculously cheap budget tickets to the Spanish coast.
Luton debuted in 1938, was put to good use during WWII and quickly became a top airport for package holiday travel. Charter trips comprised the majority of flights in and out of Luton until the 1980s, when Ryanair began using Luton for short-haul flights. In the 1990s Luton was reborn as the go-to for no-frills budget air carriers flying in and out of the London area. Thus, the £2.99 flight to the Canary Islands with every other stag or hen party travelling that weekend.
Luton features the requisite airport amenities: Boots, Dixons, et al. plus light meals. For assistance in leaving the airport to wherever it is you're headed, the Onward Travel Centre is located on the main concourse in the terminal building and is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Getting There
Unless you live in North London, getting to and from Luton by public transport isn't quite seamless. It consists of taking a half-hour train service from St Pancras or London Bridge to Luton Parkway. After your train journey you'll be met at Luton Parkway by a shuttle bus. Be sure to purchase your rail tickets with London Luton Airport as your final destination.
Luton is served by rail via the Luton Airport Parkway Station. From there a ten-minute shuttle bus takes you to the terminal. Keep in mind that while rail service from Luton Airport Parkway Station to central London is frequent (and through the night via Thameslink service), the shuttle only operates between 5 a.m. and midnight. Which is to say, if your plane is delayed past midnight—not out of the question with budget carriers—consider coach alternatives.
Coach services, such as the 757 Greenline, easyBus and National Express are good alternatives that will at least get you home if your flight comes in late. Greenline (www.greenline.co.uk/757 or 0844 801 7261) is probably your best bet, and it offers pick-up and drop-off points on Buckingham Palace Road, Marble Arch and Baker Street, as well as free WiFi. Fares to London Victoria are £10 and it takes about an hour, but it runs pretty regularly through the night. The National Express service A1 operates 60 departures a day between Luton and London Victoria, with free WiFi as well.
London Luton Airport is somewhat accessible from both the M1 and M25. If you have a choice, go for the M1, as the airport is only about five minutes from Junction 10. Without traffic, it can take about 45 minutes from central London. This can sometimes be longer when there are extensive road works, which tends to be always. When using Sat Nav systems, use the postcode LU2 9QT.
How to Get There—Really
Seriously. You've paid next to nothing for your airfare, splash out on a private cab. If you book a licensed mini-cab ahead of time, the service is often cheaper than the equivalent black cab fare and definitely easier, as they'll meet you at the arrivals hall. A consistently cheap company is Simply Airports (www.simplyairports.co.uk or 020 7701 4321) which is usually under £55, but you may want to get a quote from your own local company. If you leave it to the last minute, and must take a black cab, get ready to shell out at least £85 (with their meters, this can increase with traffic) plus a meeting fee if you want them to wait for you. Cab rides from central London usually take about an hour.
Parking
Short Term Parking is pricier but situated closest to the terminal, with prices ranging from £4 for 30 minutes or £37 per day drive-up. Mid-term parking is ideal for stays of around five days and is about a five-minute transfer by bus. Mid term is £21 per day drive-up with significant savings if booked well in advance. Long-term parking is about 10 minutes from the terminal by bus, and costs £19 per day, with hefty discounts for booking in advance.
Rental Cars
Car hire desks are located at the Onward Travel Centre on the main concourse in the terminal building. Lots are connected to the airport via free shuttle service. On-site companies are Avis, Europcar/National/Alamo, Hertz and Enterprise.
Hotels
There is no hotel at Luton but there are four hotels near the airport: Ibis Hotel (01582 424488), Holiday Inn Express (01582 589100), Ramada Encore Hotel (01582 218132) and Hampton by Hilton (01582 798477).
Airlines
Air Nostrum
AtlasGlobal
Blue Air
easyJet
El Al
La Compagnie
Monarch
Ryanair
SunExpress
TAROM
Thomson
Wizz Air
Transport • Stansted Airport |
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General Information
Address: Stansted Airport, Essex CM24 1QW
Airport Code: STN
General Enquiries: 0844 335 1803
Lost Property: 0844 824 3109 or stn.lostproperty@bagport.co.uk
Website: www.stanstedairport.com or @STN_Airport
Overview
It might be tucked away on a former Roman burial site in the middle of the dull Essex countryside, but Stansted Airport has one thing going for it—it's amazingly simple. One terminal (and quite a nice one too, Norman Foster saluted), one check-in area, one security gate. Take that, Heathrow. Nearly 20 airlines, most of them budget, fly nearly 18 million passengers per year from here to a growing list of mainly domestic and short-haul destinations.
Stansted dates to WWII, and was a base for the RAF and the US Air Force during the war. Post-war Stansted was used for charter flights, then eventually scheduled flights. The Norman Foster-designed main terminal opened in 1991, considered one of the most modern airports at the time. During the 2000s annual passenger traffic doubled from about 12 million to nearly 24 million by 2007 before leveling off to about 17-18 million per year.
A word about amenities. As far as shopping is concerned, Stansted offers Boots and Dixon outlets plus the usual selection of 'small airport shops' more aimed at passing the time than serious purchases. Stansted, like the other area airports, has made efforts to provide nicer dining options (then there's the Burger King); feel free to settle in for a few pints and then grab a sandwich on the run once you hear your name being called for the third time; gingerly avoid screaming children and/or singing hen-night crowds on the way. You could also try the Escape Lounge where, for about the price of an easyJet fare, one can enjoy an open bar, complimentary dishes and free WiFi. Speaking of WiFi, travellers get 60 free minutes per device throughout the airport.
Getting There
Stansted might seem a long way from London, but getting there by public transport is surprisingly easy. All you have to do is choose between the train (fast) and the bus (cheap). Several train operators serve the airport from Liverpool Street Station. But before you start struggling with too many timetables for trains that stop at too many stops, opt for the dedicated Stansted Express (www.stanstedexpress.com). The service runs every 15 minutes and takes you to the airport in just over 45 minutes. Tickets start at £19 for a standard single ride between Stansted and London Liverpool Street. Buses will take an hour to take you to the airport, and longer if there's a lot of traffic, but single tickets go for between £8 and £10.50 (potentially even less for easyBus). A number of operators fight for your custom, the main ones are: Terravision (www.terravision.eu), which leaves from Liverpool Street Station and Victoria Station; the slightly more expensive National Express (www.nationalexpress.com) connects to the same stations but some buses also stop in Stratford and Golders Green; and easyBus (www.easybus.co.uk) gives you the intimacy of a small mini-van, stopping in Baker Street and Old Street in the City. If you're traveling during the rush hour, take a book. Whitechapel Road is one of London's most bustling streets, but it will get boring at some point.
Driving
If you're fortunate enough to have a car, or managed to convince your dad-in-law to lend you his, find your way out of the city via Stratford and hit the M11. It's a straight drive from here and amid Essex' greenery, the airport is hard to miss. Cab drivers will know how to get you to the airport, but will probably charge you a small fortune for it.
Parking
Short-term parking rates start at £3 for the first 30 minutes and rise in steps to £39 for 24 hours. Long-stay will cost you £19 a day. If you're in for a weekend trip, opt for the mid-stay car park, which is closer to the terminal than the long-stay option and charges £21/day drive-up. Valet parking is available and can be pre-booked. Once there, drop your car at the end of Set Down Lane; the pickup point is next to the Fast Track car park. Book online before you head off for discounts on all Stansted parking options.
Car Rental
Hertz, Avis, Europcar, Budget, National, Alamo, Enterprise and Sixt all have desks at Stansted.
Hotels
There are three hotels either next to or within the perimeter of the airport. The four-star Radisson Blu (01279 661 012) is connected to the airport via a covered walkway. The Premier Inn (0871 527 9352) and Hilton London Stansted Airport (01279 680 800) are both located within the perimeter of the airport and connected by a short shuttle bus ride.
Airlines
Aegean Airlines
Air Berlin
Air Moldova
Atlantic Airways
Atlasjet
Aurigny
Belle Air
Cyprus Airways
easyJet
FlyBe
Freebird Airlines
Germanwings
Pegasus Airlines
Ryanair
Tangney-Tours
Thomas Cook
Thomson Airways
Transport • Underground |
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General Information
TfL Customer Services: 4th Floor,
14 Pier Walk, London SE10 0ES
Phone: 0343 222 1234
Website: www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/tube
or @TfLTravelAlerts
Overview
If the Underground had a motto it wouldn't be "Mind the gap" but "Sorry for any inconvenience caused." But as we grumble and ponder if anyone is ever actually sorry for squeezing you 30m below the surface, in a sweat-box held together by dust, rust and expensive fares, the magnificence of the 'Tube' network should really be appreciated. Across its 250-odd miles of track the Underground will take you to 270 stations spread the length and breadth of London (although with disproportionately few lines reaching into south London). The system is well integrated with the bus and overground train networks which share a common ticketing system with the Oyster card.
When fully functioning, the Underground will get you across town quicker than the bus and without the complicated timetables and schedules of overground trains. When it is struck by signal failures and breakdowns, which is very often, it can be excruciatingly slow and get very overcrowded, very quickly. In conclusion: the Underground won't necessarily get you anywhere on time, in style or in comfort, but it will (eventually) get you pretty much anywhere.
Fares
The vast majority of the network is divided into concentric fare rings or zones (1-6). Zone 1 covers central London, zone 6 covers the outskirts of London. Fares are dependent on how many zones your journey includes and there's a premium for travelling in zone 1. Peak fares (Monday to Friday from 6.30-9.30 am and 4-7 pm) are from 50p to a few pounds more than off-peak, although journeys limited to zone 1 do not benefit from the off-peak discount. Your best bet is to get an Oyster Card—lowest zone 1 single fare is £2.30 instead of £4.80 if you pay by cash. Oyster cards are available for just £5 from vending machines. It's a total no-brainer: the total amount that can be deducted from your Oyster card is also capped over a 24-hour period to match the equivalent cost of a one day travel card. So the fare system is complicated, but if you take £2.30 (which will get you a single journey within zone 1 with an Oyster card) as a base rate, and add to this the further out of zone 1 you travel, things become clearer. If you feel the need to marvel at the full intricacy of the fares and ticketing system, give yourself eye-strain at Transport for London's website.
Frequency and Quality of Service
The vast majority of centrally located stations will have a train at least every three minutes most of the day. At the very beginning and end of the day service frequency tails-off and can get as low as eight minutes between trains. Trains are also much less frequent at the farther reaches of some lines—the Metropolitan line has trains only every 20 minutes from its most north-western stations, even during peak times. Almost all lines have a reduced frequency on Sundays. First trains are 05:00-05:30, last trains are between midnight and 12.30. Last trains are generally safe; expect a slightly raucous mix of pickled after-workers and overly obsequious rough-sleepers rather than any real troublemakers, especially after booze was banned in 2008. The whole network had £5bn thrown at it for the 2012 Olympics, but the only noticeable improvement was increased cleanliness in many of the stations.
Lines
Bakerloo: (Brown coloured on maps) Runs from Harrow & Wealdstone in the north west to Elephant & Castle in the south east.
Central: (Red) Runs from West Ruislip in the west to Epping in the far north east. The central section is buried under Oxford Street and has four stops on the street, the quietest usually being Bond Street.
Circle: (Yellow) Notoriously slow, unreliable, and not strictly a circle—even more so now that a tail reaches down to Hammersmith. For this reason Edgware Road is now the end of the line. Shares almost all of its track and stations with other lines so don't necessarily bother waiting specifically for a dedicated Circle Line train. Look out for the 'Platform for Art' as you pass Gloucester Road station.
District: (Green) One of the few lines to serve deepest south London, branches run into Richmond and Wimbledon in the southwest and also to Ealing. The line continues up to Upminster in the northeast. Almost all of the branches of this fragmented line come together at Earls Court station into an infuriating mess, so plan ahead if changing there.
Hammersmith & City: (Pink) Starts at Hammersmith in the west of the city before heading north to Paddington and continuing east to Barking. Take it to Ladbroke Grove if heading to the Portobello market.
Jubilee: (Silver) Silver coloured as it opened in the year of the Queen's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the line serves northwest, central and east London, including the Canary Wharf business district. The section east of Green Park is the most recent addition to the network (it opened in 1999) and has a number of architecturally exemplary stations.
Metropolitan: (Dark Purple) The oldest of all the lines, this granddaddy of metropolitan underground railways strikes far out in the suburbs and countryside northwest of the city from its central root at Aldgate.
Northern: (Black) Presumably given black as its colour to reflect the dark mood of anyone unlucky enough to have to commute on it, the Northern line is the overcrowded spine of London, covering vast swathes of the city centre, the north and the south.
Piccadilly: (Dark Blue) From Cockfosters in the far northeast this line trundles all the way to Heathrow airport, with some of the most popular tourist spots in between. It's a very cheap way to the airport but is also the slowest. Southgate and Arnos Grove stations are both 1930s modernist brilliance.
Victoria: (Light Blue) Runs from Walthamstow in the north to Brixton in the south. This musty line is currently undergoing refurbishment and will feature new trains and track by 2011. In the meantime, check for early closing and shutdowns, particularly during weekends.
Waterloo & City: (Turquoise) No-one has ever met anyone who has been on this line. Erm, it has two stations, Waterloo and Bank, and is designed for suited and booted commuters coming in by train from Waterloo. No trains on Sundays.
London Overground: (Orange) TfL took over part of the overground rail network, notably the somewhat shabby and North London Line which runs from Richmond to Stratford This has now been merged with what was the East London Line, which connects East, Southeast and Northeast London. Just think of it as an extension to the tube network.
Bicycles
Bicycles are generally only allowed on the tube outside peak hours and only from stations outside central London. They are not permitted on the Victoria or Waterloo and City lines at all. Folding bicycles can be taken on all sections of the Tube free of charge.
Transport • The DLR |
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General Info
TfL Customer Services: 4th Floor, 14 Pier Walk, London SE10 0ES
Phone: 0343 222 1234
Website: www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/dlr/ or @LondonDLR
Overview
Not quite a tram, tube or train, it's simply the Docklands Light Railway, a nifty little thing that makes getting to places like Greenwich Village and City Airport easy and cheap. Launched in 1987 with a modest 11 trains and only 15 stations, the regeneration of the Docklands area has seen it grow to seven lines covering 45 stations and counting, serving over 100 million passengers a year. Serving the east and Southeast of the city, it is pretty much as pleasant as London public transport gets. It's reliable, less noisy than the tube, generally less crowded and it's pretty well air-conditioned. The DLR is also fully automated and most of the time there is no driver, meaning that you can take the front seat and pretend that you're actually driving the thing.
The DLR provides a key service for London's suits, with the Bank to Canary Wharf journey taking just over ten minutes. For normal people, Canary Wharf also makes an interesting/unusual weekend destination. Almost completely deserted, a stroll amongst the abandoned skyscrapers is a strangely satisfying way to spend a Sunday afternoon.
Fares
As on the rest of London's public transport you're best off with an Oyster card. One thing to remember is that there are no barriers at DLR stations and instead Oyster readers are located at station exits and entrances. To avoid getting slapped with a fine and to ensure you're charged the right amount, remember to touch in and out correctly. The prices are similar to the tube, so cash works out more expensive (though not as expensive as the tube's cash single).
Hours
The DLR runs 5.30 am–12.30 am (Sundays 7.00 am–11.30 pm), with train frequencies depending on the time of day. On weekdays, trains run as often as every three-and-a-half minutes during peak times, and every five to ten minutes during off-peak times and weekends. The DLR is closed Christmas.
Transport • Overground Trains |
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General Information
National Rail: www.nationalrail.co.uk or @nationalrailenq
Eurostar: www.eurostar.com or @Eurostar
TfL London Overground: www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/london-overground/
Overview
The railways are one of the great British inventions but, unfortunately, the Victorians who built the network in this country did slightly too good a job. Every generation since has taken one look at the massively expensive task of modernising them and scuttled back into their Ford Fiestas. So, while France, Germany and Japan got on with building super-speed bullet trains Britain was stuck with an uneasy compromise between the technologies of 1950 and 1850. This doesn't mean that you shouldn't use trains. It just means that it's probably best to avoid them at peak times. That's when London plays a cruel trick on people who choose to live in places with names like 'Gravesend' and 'Slough' by making them lurch home slowly with less personal space than the legal minimum for cattle. During off-peak times train travel can, in contrast, be positively pleasant. It's a great way to see the countryside, every city and major town in the country is connected, and, if you book far enough in advance and shop around on sites like www.megatrain.com or www.thetrainline.com it can be less expensive than you'd think. In London itself, Transport for London manages four suburban rail routes that use the pay as you go Oyster system.
Stations
Broadly speaking, Euston and King's Cross stations serve the north of the country, Liverpool Street the east, Victoria the south, Paddington and Marylebone the west.
Eurostar
The King's Cross area is also home to the splendid St Pancras—the terminal for the Eurostar train service which connects Britain with the rest of Europe. Since November 2007 it's been possible to get from here to Paris or Brussels in around two hours—with connecting trains to Siberia and beyond.
Transport • Train Stations |
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Charing Cross Station
NFT Map: 24
Address: The Strand, London, WC2N 5HF
Station Code: CHX
General Station Enquiries: 03457 11 41 41
Lost Property: 020 7930 5444
Southeastern: www.southeasternrailway.co.uk or @Se_Railway
Overview
Perched at the top of the Strand amidst popular tourist attractions such as Trafalgar Square and with the majestic 1865 Charing Cross Hotel being part of the station, you may presume that a cornucopia of ornate delights lies within. Well, it's a dump; the chances of Brief Encounter being remade here are pretty slim. But your chances of being barged by a curmudgeonly office worker are very good, what with it being one of the busiest rail terminals in London. Still, can you blame them for wanting to get out of the place so quickly?
Tickets
There is a small ticket office open some 20 hours per day, and three banks of ticket machines on or around the concourse.
Services
If you're in need of a quick bite, there's a decent variety of food outlets to cater for all tastes, from Burger King to a M &S Simply Food outlet. Indulge your Schadenfreude by watching the beleaguered information guy having to dispense a plethora of poor excuses as to why the 17.34 to Margate was cancelled. There is both a Boots and a WHSmith and cash machines can be found on the concourse and in the front entrance.
Public Transport
The station is easily accessible by Charing Cross station (Northern & Bakerloo lines) and also the adjoining Embankment station (Circle & District lines). The nearby Trafalgar Square is a major hub for buses—especially night buses for post-West End madness—which inch their way out to places as far apart as Harrow and Crystal Palace.
Euston Station
NFT Map: 78
Address: Euston Road, London, NW1 2RT
Station Code: EUS
General Station Enquiries: 03457 11 41 41
Lost property: 0207 387 8699
Website: www.networkrail.co.uk/EUS or @NetworkRailEUS
Overview
Easily the ugliest station in London, Euston creeps up as you nervously edge along Euston Road. The first inter-city terminal built in London, it was originally constructed in 1837, but the lovely original was demolished to make way for the monstrous concrete-and-glass coffin which now squats next to the mail depot. Since privatisation the interior has become an identi-kit British rail station with more chain businesses per head than is morally decent.
It's not all doom and gloom, however. Within this architectural eyesore you'll find a scarily concise summation of human nature. Like most busy stations, there's plenty of eccentricity and electricity here: abandoned Tube tunnels; stressed-out coffee-guzzling power-commuters; fresh-faced backpackers sprawled out on the floor; and the infamous beggar who—to the delight of football lovers everywhere except in Manchester—was arrested for punching Manchester Utd manager Sir Alex Ferguson.
The station is London's gateway to the north west of England and Scotland, and also North Wales. As such it is the point of entry for Scousers, Mancunians, Glaswegians and more. Virgin trains (www.virgintrains.co.uk) to Glasgow can take as little as 4 hrs 10 mins.
Tickets
The ticket cashiers may have the glazed look of Kafka-esque zombies but the cleaning staff are often more helpful. Just use the Fasttrack machines!
Services
There's plenty of eating and drinking options, all of the 'chain' variety. If you're an aficionado and determined to hang around, check out the Doric Arch (1 Eversholt St; 020 7383 3359), a little boozer with train memorabilia lining the walls. The left luggage office is at the top of the ramp to platforms 16–18 and is open between 7 am–11 pm.
Public Transport
As an actual railway station it is adequate. Served by two Tube lines and nine bus routes, it's nothing if not convenient.
King's Cross Station
NFT Map: 78
Address: Euston Rd & Pancras Rd, London, N1 9AL
Station Code: KGX
General Station Enquiries: 03457 11 41 41
Lost property: 020 7278 3310
Website: www.networkrail.co.uk/kingscross
Overview
Previously a dingy playground for prostitutes, drug dealers, and all sorts of similarly bad kids, King's Cross Station scrubbed up a bit, thanks to lots of chin scratching and typically panicked spending on the government's part. Built in 1852 on the site of a former smallpox hospital, it is one of the busiest and most well-connected stations in the country: running trains to Edinburgh; Newcastle; the East coast; as well as six Tube lines. Zany trivia about the station includes the fact that it is supposedly built on top of legendary Fembot-Queen Boudicea's grave (most probably a total lie) and that it has a tacky little shrine to Harry Potter at what has been designated 'Platform 9 3/4' (oh God).
Nearly all long distance train services leave from the overground platforms under the arches straight ahead of you as you enter from Euston Road. The Tube is also accessible from steps at this entrance and at what used to be the Thameslink station next to the Scala on Pentonville Road. From the main Tube entrance there is a pedestrian subway that comes up on the other side of Euston Road just outside Macdonald's. This is handy for crossing the road at busy times, and of course for getting chips.
Tickets
Tube tickets, including Oyster top ups and season tickets, can be purchased from the machines in front of the Tube entry gates, located just at the bottom of both sets of stairs at the station. For railcard discounts and more specific enquiries you'll have to queue at the manned ticket desks next to the machines. For all other tickets go to the upstairs ticket hall which is to the left of the main Euston Road entrance.
Services
With the renovations, the quality of services has significantly improved. But with the excellent Eat St literally round the corner, ditch the station completely and sample the wares of London's best street food traders. And for the basics, the trusty newspaper kiosk underneath the awning is still going strong.
Public Transport
King's Cross crosses more Tube lines (six) than any other station, and is serviced by at least twice as many buses, many of which run all night.
Liverpool Street Station
NFT Map: 8
Address: Liverpool St, London, EC2M 7PY
Station Code: LST
General Station Enquiries: 03457 11 41 41
Lost property: 020 7247 4297
Website: www.networkrail.co.uk/liverpoolstreet
Overview
It's not that Liverpool Street is particularly ugly, but if it's architectural beauty you're after, you're much better off heading to Paddington or the new, improved St. Pancras International. In comparison to these two icons of British station design, Liverpool Street is extremely modest, boring even. Clean, modern and easy to navigate around, it is simply a good train station. With the markets, bars and restaurants of Spitalfields and Brick Lane just around the corner, the station is the perfect starting point to explore east London. First opened to the public in 1874, it is one of the busiest stations in London. With 18 platforms, the station mainly serves destinations in the east of England, including daytrip favourites such as Cambridge and Southend on Sea.
It is also the home of the Stansted Express, providing easy airport access with departures every 15 minutes. If you're travelling with a group of people a taxi might work out slightly cheaper, but the train is much quicker and more reliable. The Tube station, with its main entrance centrally located on the main concourse, makes all of London easily accessible with the Central, Hammersmith & City, Circle and Metropolitan lines all passing through. Being one of the busiest stations on the underground network, rush hour can get nasty and is best avoided.
Tickets
The ticket office is located on the main concourse, on your left hand side if entering from Bishopsgate. Ticket windows are open during station opening hours. There are also several express ticket machines scattered throughout the station. Tickets for the Stansted Express can be purchased from designated ticket machines opposite platforms 5-6. A cluster of cash machines can be found by the stairs leading up to the Old Broad Street exit. There are payphones on both levels and most are located on the Bishopsgate side of the station.
Services
With Brick Lane just around the corner, eating, drinking and shopping here should really be a last resort. The regular big-chain fast food joints are scattered (some of them repeatedly) throughout the station with the usual selection of coffee, burgers, sandwiches and sweets. The main shopping area is on the lower level around the Broadgate and Exchange Square exits, offering everything from toiletries and birthday cards to Italian silk ties and double-glazed windows.
Passengers are invited to wait for their trains in the so-called "food court," which really isn't much more than a few cramped tables near the Burger King. There's a small but nicer waiting lounge located adjacent to platform 10. Here you also find the left luggage, a bureau de change, a less busy cash machine and access to the main taxi rank. Smoking is prohibited at all times throughout the station.
Public Transport
The main bus station is located on the upper level of the station (Broadgate end), and provides a large number of services to destinations throughout London. Plenty of buses also stop on the street just outside the Bishopsgate exit.
London Bridge Station
NFT Map: 106
Address: Station Approach Road, London, SE1 9SP
Station Code: LBG
General Station Enquiries: 03457 11 41 41
Lost property: 03451 27 29 20 (Southern Railway)
Website: www.networkrail.co.uk/londonbridge
Overview
Around in one form or other since 1836, when steam trains filled the air with smoke, London Bridge is the city's oldest station. It's a good starting point for weekend trips to Kent's countryside or days on Brighton's beach. Operators Southeastern and Southern cover the south east, while Thameslink operates (little-known) connections to the airports Gatwick and Luton. The station couldn't be better connected to public transport, with two Tube lines and a plethora of buses at the doorstep. The catacombs underneath the station—said to be haunted—have been turned into the museum-cum-gore-fest London Bridge Experience, adding to the spooky entertainment already provided by the London Dungeon next door—just in case a cancelled or delayed train leaves you with too much time on your hands. Does happen, we're told.
Tickets
The main office is located next to the main entrance (London Bridge Street) or there are machines situated throughout the station.
Services
The main concourse is lined with eating and shopping options. Grab Cornish pasties, sandwiches, donuts; and the usual burgers from the usual chains, with Borough Market just over the road though, you'd be mad to waste your money on these. M &S and WH Smith lead the list of practical, but terribly unexciting shop names. The caverns connecting the Underground station with the national trains is teeming with better food options however—some even non-chain.
Public Transport
Connections are excellent. London Bridge Station is served by the Jubilee Line and the Bank branch of the Northern Line. Escalators take you down from the main concourse. Step outside the main entrance for the massive bus station, where buses leave in all directions of the city, except its far western reaches.
Marylebone Train Station
NFT Map: 76
Address: Great Central House, Melcombe Place, London, NW1 6JJ
Station Code: MYB
Lost Property: 08456 005 165
Overview
Despite Monopoly-board notoriety, Marylebone railway station fell into neglect in the mid – to late-twentieth century, spurned as a rundown piggy-in-the-middle wedged haplessly between neighbours Paddington and Euston. But it's an aimless drifter no more. A refurb' in the 90s and again in 2006 saw Marylebone reinvigorated, with a thorough sprucing up and two new platforms. Servicing the Midlands, it now threads as far as Birmingham, Shakespeare's Stratford-Upon-Avon, Leamington Spa, Aylesbury, and High Wycombe, amongst others. It remains the runt of the London train station litter, but is a popular location for television filming (Doctor Who; Magnum PI; Green Wing; Peep Show) at a fraction of the price of King's Cross. In its bowels, Bakerloo Line trains rumble through an underground station of the same name.
Tickets
Rail ticket windows are to the north of Marylebone's relatively petite concourse and open Monday-Saturday 06.30–22:10 or Sunday 07.30–21.40. As with all mainline train stations, self-service ticket machines are in abundance should ticket offices be closed or queues too long. Sturdy padded-barriers ensure buying tickets on board the train, or getting away without them, is not an option. Underground tickets can be purchased from windows or machines alike within the Tube station itself.
Services
The usual plethora of railway station chains are on hand: newsagent WH Smith, baguette bakers Upper Crust, supermarket Marks & Spencer, and pasty purveyors the West Cornwall Company among them. More individually, Marylebone also hosts AMT Coffee, a cafe with a seating area at the centre of the concourse, the nifty flower stand on the south wall, and The V &A free house in the west passageway—an old man's boozer in the classic, wood panelled style. Cash points and payphones are in this same walkway, and toilets are situated on the south wall.
Public Transport
Marylebone underground station lies directly beneath Marylebone overground, and is serviced (Matron!) by the Bakerloo Line, while buses 2 and 205 stop directly outside the main entrance. A taxi stand is also situated out front. Baker Street and Edgware tube stations are a short walk away.
Paddington Station
NFT Map: 31
Address: Praed Street, London, W2 1HQ
Station Code: PAD
General Station Enquiries: 03457 11 41 41
Lost property: 020 7262 0344
Website: www.networkrail.co.uk/paddington or @NetworkRailPAD
Overview
If you're in that small minority of people who love stations, then Paddington's paradise. Designed by engineering legend Isambard Kingdom Brunel—his middle name is Kingdom for God's sake, of course his work's going to be magnificent—this barn-like structure harks back to an era when train travel retained a little glamour. If it wasn't for the on-site Burger King you could easily imagine tearful ladies waving silk handkerchiefs at dapper gents.
The station also occupies a unique place in literary heritage. Every British child in the last half-century knows the tales of Paddington Bear. From "deepest darkest Peru", he was left unattended at the station; but a kind family picked him up, took him in, and named him after it. No other station name can inspire such genuine warmth. It certainly wouldn't have worked if he'd been found at Clapham Junction.
Heathrow Express
The super-fast link to Heathrow from Paddington takes just 15 minutes to Terminals 1, 2 and 3. Be warned, though; it's far from cheap (www.heathrowexpress.com).
Tickets
A ticket office and machines are located near platforms 9-10, and there are other machines and an information point near the Eastbourne Terrace entrance and also underneath the mezzanine.
Services
If you have any money left from your ticket—unlikely at today's prices—there are plenty of sharks who can take it off you. Burger King and Upper Crust will overcharge you for burgers or baguettes and there's an 'offie' (off-license) for expensive booze. There are also other ways of staying amused; as it's the main portal for commuters entering London from the west and Wales) there's WiFi, a supermarket, a bookshop and curiously, a lingerie shop. Just what sort of a job do you have if you get to the station and realise: "Bollocks! No suspenders!"? Certainly not one compatible with Paddington's place in children's lit, that's for sure.
Public Transport
The Bakerloo, Circle, District, and Hammersmith & City Tube lines all stop at Paddington. Buses serve west and north west London.
St Pancras International
NFT Map: 78
Address: Euston Road, London, N1C 4QP
Station Reception: 020 7843 7688
Lost Property: 020 7837 4334
Website: stpancras.com or @StPancrasInt
Overview
St Pancras station has been generating waves of breathless excitement ever since its opening ceremony in 2007, which was by all accounts a pretty histrionic affair. This "Cathedral of Transport" situated next door to King's Cross station is now home to the Eurostar international train service and has domestic connections (via Thameslink trains) to Luton Airport, Bedford and Brighton; as well as Midland Mainline connections to places like Leicester and Sheffield. As the first major project of a huge scheme to redevelop the area, St Pancras has been marketed as so-much-more-than-a-station. Alongside its rail platforms it features Europe's longest Champagne bar, a farmers market, and an arcade of pointedly classy shops. All this is housed within beautiful listed buildings dating from 1868, with an extension for the long Eurostar trains designed by British starchitect Norman Foster.
Tickets
The Eurostar ticket office and travel centre is located at the Euston Road end of the long arcade, while self-service machines (for collecting pre-booked tickets) can be found outside the Eurostar departure lounge further along the arcade and to the right. For National Rail services, you will need to buy tickets from machines, or a manned ticket desk at the designated area at the far end of the Arcade, next to that horrific kissing statue.
Services
At St Pancras International there are dozens of places to eat, drink and shop, with a fair number of chain stores as well as some exclusives. Best of all is the Booking Office bar, which serves some of the best cocktails in the city. The station has its own dedicated shopping arcade with branches of classic London stores like Hamleys, as well as a market area and another brace of shops at the north end of the station ('The Circle'). Everything is shiny, new and upmarket, so expect your money to vanish pretty damn quickly. The Betjeman Arms pub—named after the famous poet whose petition saved the listed buildings from the same fate as Euston's arch—hosts beer festivals and music/literature events.
Public Transport
St Pancras can be reached by Tube (via adjacent King's Cross station) on the Victoria, Hammersmith & City, Circle, Piccadilly, Northern and Metropolitan Lines. A large number of buses also stop along Euston Road day and night.
Victoria Station
NFT Map: 20
Address: Buckingham Palace Road, London, SW1E 5ND
Station Code: VIC
General Station Enquiries: 03457 11 41 41
Lost property: 020 7963 0957
Website: www.networkrail.co.uk/victoria or @NetworkRailVIC
Overview
80 million people use London Victoria per year, making it one of the UK's busiest stations. Hit it at rush hour and it will feel like those 80 million are all there with you. Built a century ago for a less populous, less rushed and less demanding city, it struggles with crowds of commuters who jostle for platform space. Now it enforces crowd-control measures at peak times: prepare to be patient. Nevertheless, it is well laid-out with services clearly sign-posted, and a major upgrade is planned to improve its capacity.
Victoria's main train operators are Southeastern, Southern and Gatwick Express, who between them will whisk you to Brighton, Portsmouth, Hastings and Gatwick, among other Southeastern towns. Or if you're looking for a romantic break and the Victoria route to Bognor Regis is just a little too obvious for you, you can earn yourself brownie points and a hefty overdraft by taking the Orient Express from this station.
The building itself is impressive: look above the modern shop fascias to enjoy century-old architecture. But if that is all a little too high-brow, look up anyway, as the entrance to the South East building sports four caryatids: columns shaped like women, whose tunics saucily hang open so a gratuitous nipple can pop out to cheer the commuters. Rule Britannia!
Tickets
If you haven't booked in advance (why? Why?!), then head for the 24 hour ticket office in the central concourse, where you will queue for anything up to a year to buy your journey for much more money than you'd have paid online a week earlier. If you don't require assistance from a ticket officer, use the automated machines dotted round the concourse: their queues always move faster (unless the person in front of you is a newbie who can't figure out the buttons, which is guaranteed if you have less than five minutes to catch your train). Keep your ticket handy as all platforms are guarded by ticket barriers, and add a few extra minutes to reach platforms 15–19.
Services
All the predictable station fare is available in the main concourse for your journey's usual sandwich, loofah and tie needs. Food options have mercifully diversified so in addition to the obligatory artery-cloggers you can now grab sushi from the Wasabi stand or maintain your body's temple-status at the Camden Food Co. If it's a meal you're after and you must remain at the station, head up to the food court via Victoria Place for a choice of what could charitably be described as restaurants. Victoria Place itself boasts the ubiquitous high street shops to help you kill time or for any last minute gifts (as long as you don't really like the person you're buying for). Station loos are 30p—even up in the food court you can't pee for free—and showers are available if you're getting a bit ripe. Victoria also has a left luggage service, WiFi (charged) and photo booths.
Public Transport
Victoria is on the Victoria, Circle and District lines: entrance to the underground is opposite platform 7. The bus terminus is just outside the main entrance. It is also next door to London's national bus depot for cheapo travel to/from other parts of the UK. The main taxi rank is outside the main entrance, but if it has a heart-sinking queue then head up to the Plaza exit for an alternative rank.
Waterloo Station
NFT Map: 104
Address: Station Approach Road, London, SE1 8SW
Station Code: WAT
General Station Enquiries: 03457 11 41 41
Lost property: 020 7401 7861
Website: www.networkrail.co.uk/waterloo
Overview
Until 2007, Waterloo was the first port of call for 'Europeans' arriving by train. Thousands of chic foreigners, clutching manbags and sporting huge sunglasses, would arrive at the station every week. But not any more. Nearly 200 years after the British triumphed in the first battle of Waterloo—a town in Belgium—the French got their revenge. Last November Eurostar gave the two fingers to the British Waterloo and promiscuously buggered off to St Pancras. Rumour has it that ex-PM Margaret Thatcher had specifically ordered that Eurostar terminate at a station named after a famous French defeat; but things have moved on a little since the "Iron Lady" left office. We're all Europeans now...
In truth, perhaps it's not that bad a thing. Even though no other British station covers as much space, Waterloo feels like it's at its bursting point. Even without the Eurostar it has a whopping 19 platforms—in almost constant use—and four Tube lines; it's the busiest station in Britain. It's calmed down slightly since the international terminal was put out to stud, but it's still pretty manic.
The station services London's south western suburbs (as can be seen by the swathes of well-dressed commuters) and, farther afield, the towns south west of the capital.
Waterloo East
NFT Map: 104
Address: Sandell St, SE8 8H
General Station Enquiries: 0 800 405 040
Overview
If the south west isn't your bag, you can disappear to England's south east—Kent, Sussex and SE London—from Waterloo East (station code: WAE). There's an escalator next to Burger King, opposite platform 12, that makes a trip to the south east look far more alluring than it really is; an elevated walkway over Waterloo Road connects Waterloo East with its larger cousin. The facility, considered its own terminal, is operated by Southeastern. The main entrance is on Sandell St.
Tickets
The main office is opposite platforms 16–17. And it's open 24 hours—so why not charm them into giving you a free ticket after a few drinks? They can't have heard it before, right?
Services
A delay is just unplanned "me time", so make the most of it by buying a newspaper, eating your own weight in overpriced pasties and cookies; then wash it down with a few pints of generic football-sponsorlager in the pub before buying your loved-one a novelty tie/'cute' socks to make for up being late. And drunk. And flatulent. And tasteless. There's a left luggage office between platforms 11-12.
Public Transport
Waterloo is served by four underground lines: Bakerloo, Jubilee, Northern, Waterloo & City; and numerous bus routes.
Transport • Buses |
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Overview
If there's one thing that screams London, it's big red buses—loads of 'em—preferably passing beneath Big Ben for maximum iconic impact. There was an almighty roar from Londoners when the Routemaster was scrapped: panoramas viewed from the Oxo tower were dotted with fists clutching rolled-up Time Outs shaking at the mayoral offices. The accordion buses which replaced them were met with similar anger but they've now been phased out: one can only guess at the amount of revenue lost by fare dodgers.
Whatever you think of the death of the bendy bus and Boris' reinvention of the Routemaster (also known as the "New Routemaster") one thing is certain: you're going to spend a lot of time on buses, around them, dodging them or moaning about them. Let's have a quick rundown of things to drop in a London bus convo: 'Drivers take pleasure in driving off just as you get to the stop,' 'Why do they always drive so fast/slow?' 'They're earning up to £500 a week? Why are they so grumpy all the time?' ad infinitum. As a Londoner, your list of hobbies and interests now includes transport: deal with it.
There are a variety of different operating companies, but to us they're all the same, all the way out to the frontiers of Zone 6. Get on at the front, get off at the middle. After the old double-decker buses were retired in 2005, Thomas Heatherwick's all-new Routemaster launched in Spring 2012. Just like the classic version there is an open rear platform for hopping on and hopping off. If you do want to live out your 1940s film fantasies, you can still catch the quaint old Routemasters doddering along the Heritage Route 15 during the day, a shorter version of the full route.
Fares
In a further move towards the cashless society, cash is not accepted on buses. A single fare costs £1.50 with an Oyster card, contactless card or one-day paper Travelcard. A bus and tram pass costs £21 per week. The Oyster ("The world's your..."—geddit?) is an electronic swipe card that can be bought at all Tube stations and thousands of other outlets such as newsagents and corner shops. The card can carry a mixture of travel passes (travelcards) and pay-as-you-go cash value. Note that if you choose pay-as-you-go, and you end up making more journeys than you anticipated; once it reaches the equivalent cost of a one-day travelcard, it will cap itself so you don't spend more. When you get on, don't forget to push your card against the scanner by the drivers' window. Sure, you're on camera 300 times per day, and every journey you make is recorded. But if you're paranoid, try another city, because they are watching you here.
24-Hour Services
You'll not hear London referred to as "the other city which never sleeps". Partly because it's unwieldy, but mostly because it's not true. After a hard night's binge-drinking and fighting in taxi ranks, we like our kip. But for those of you that are hardcore no-sleep-till-Brockley types, there is a network of 24-hour services. There are also a large number of night buses. They're just like day buses, except the route number is prefixed by a large 'N' and the view is less interesting.
Information
TfL's website (tfl.gov.uk) is an essential reference. Fare information and travel updates are available, plus PDFs of routes and timetables. As you get closer to central London, many routes operate on a frequency-basis rather than at fixed times. The main reason to visit TfL's site is the useful Journey Planner: enter your start and end points and it will (usually) calculate the best options. A word of warning though, computers are fallible and some route maps are schematics—so do check your own map and use common sense. Like those idiots that follow their GPS even when it tells them to drive into a river, it's frustrating to take three buses in a big circuit then realise you could have walked it in five minutes...
Safety
Like all big cities, London has its fair share of oddballs and criminals. And then a few institution-loads more in case things ever get boring. But CCTV in every bus and the creation of Safer Transport teams is having an effect—and not just on the share price of video camera manufacturers. Also, bus crime is concentrated in particular areas on particular routes. And you'll soon get to know the 'usual suspects' so don't worry. Night buses can get a bit lairy, so follow a few tips to make sure the only stress you suffer is traffic-related. Gangsters may wish to laugh at the following; Mother Theresas may wish to tattoo it on the inside of their eyelids: Avoid top decks where necessary. Sit on the left so the driver can see you (he has a radio link to base). Don't fall asleep. Use the same stop at night and know your surroundings so you can be confident. Keep your belongings close to you and be switched on. Get to know the 'hot spots' so you can be aware.
Transport • Coaches |
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Overview
Although convenient and cost effective, coaches are traditionally associated with the grimier side of travel. But when it comes to budget travel, grime is in the eye of the beholder. So if your impression of coaches includes cold turkey junkies showering sick on unsuspecting passengers or if you maintain a general aversion to getting within three coach lengths of the portal of hell that is the coach toilet, then perhaps this mode of travel is not for you. That said, coach travel enjoys a long tradition across the UK, and it's much, much better here than many other places.
For years, National Express (www.nationalexpress.com), the UK's biggest coach company, has been trying to shake its image as a purveyor of seedy transport. Having rebranded itself as quick, comfortable and green, their fleet of coaches are shiny and the drivers slightly less grumpy than they used to be. National Express' nemesis is Megabus (www.megabus.co.uk), the £1 people (of course they release only a handful of these tickets for each journey and then the fare rises the closer you get to your preferred date). It hasn't always been this way, but Megabus coaches are now pretty much as good as National Express. Megabus Plus (www.megabusplus.com) combines bus and rail travel for selected destinations. At the same time, National Express started its own super cheap ticket campaign. Eurolines (www.eurolines.co.uk) is National Express' low-cost option to Europe.
Victoria Coach Station (Buckingham Palace Road, London, SW1W 9TP) is the main coach hub is near Victoria train station. You can buy tickets for both Megabus and National Express—the two main operators who run from Victoria Coach Station—from the same booths just inside the station. But, like plane tickets, (only without that last shred of glamour that air travel still has) if you buy in advance, you can get some super-cheap prices. National Express has an office on the road between the train and bus stations. Victoria Coach Station is also a hub for other bus companies serving the continent, some of which can be very cheap.
London's other main hub is Golder's Green. This is the last stop for services heading north (or the first stop for buses coming down into London). If you live in north London, it's worth jumping off here, as it's on the Northern Line and can shave an hour off the trip.
There's also a healthy trade in coaches to Oxford. The Oxford Tube (www.oxfordtube.com) competes with National Express on the route from Victoria; travelling via Marble Arch, Notting Hill and Shepherd's Bush. Tickets normally cost about £15 and you can buy on board. They also run through the night—so if you get drunk and have the urge to go on an impromptu holiday—well, Oxford it is.
Beyond Tooting, Croydon's trams will take you from places like Wimbledon to shop—lemming-like with the locals—at the Ampere Way IKEA. The trams accept Oyster and use a similar charging scale to buses. Once you get back on the map, your flatpacked sideboard will win admiring glances but few friends as you trail home on busy tubes.
Transport • Biking in London |
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General Information
Transport for London: www.tfl.gov.uk
London Cycling Campaign: lcc.org.uk or @london_cycling
Overview
There's a war going on out there, one with real casualties and collateral damage. When David Cameron was spotted going through a red light on his bicycle, it threw into sharp relief a low-level conflict which has been going on for decades. Bikes v. Cars: with hapless pedestrians caught in the middle.
Cycling around London is not for the faint-hearted, but municipal improvements (especially during Boris Johnson's tenure) and the hard work of the London Cycling Campaign, are encouraging people to drop their Oyster cards and jump on their bikes. London continues to implement its system of Cycle Superhighways providing safer routes (and some dedicated lanes) into Central London and across the city. The city's cyclehire program, Santander Cycles (formerly sponsored by Barclays and also known as 'Boris Bikes'), is a brilliant system based on European models in which users pick up a bike and then drop it off when finished at a suitable point in the city. If you want to explore London this way, note that Transport for London has some fun leisure routes detailed on its website. Transport for London offers great free cycling maps (order via the TfL website); some of the 14 routes have become so popular, cycling along them is like taking part in the Tour de France (albeit slower and with slightly fewer drugs). The maps give colour-coded help; look for the brown routes (separate from the traffic) or even better the green routes (separate from the traffic and passing through parks, beside canals or rivers.)
But cycling does hold some risks. As well as the nightmare of walking around all day with 'helmet hair' you've got accidents and theft. LCC's website has details of road-confidence training and lists local cycling groups who run social events and cycle maintenance classes. They will sometimes cycle your new route to work with you to help you negotiate the difficult bits. Aren't they nice?
For those new to cycling on London's roads, basic rules include: stay a door length (or stride) away from the pavement or parked cars; watch out for distracted office drones leaping into the road and into black cabs; don't undertake bendy-buses or HGVs; don't use your phone while moving; and if in doubt on a tricky junction, transform yourself into a pedestrian—get off and push your bike wherever you need to go.
Bolt-cutting 'tea-leaves' steal thousands of bikes every year. You have three options to reduce this particular risk. One, buy a rubbish bike that no-one would want to steal and lock it with one lock. Two, get a decent bike, carry around a D-lock and two other locks and spend 20 mins each time you stop. Three, get a shit-hot bike and never take it out.
Where to Ride Bikes
There are plenty of great rides around town and a happy cyclist is one who has been able to incorporate one into their commute. Good options are the short but scenic Parkland Walk Nature Reserve, which links Finsbury Park to Highgate via an abandoned railway line; a Saturday morning cycle takes you to one of Highgate's wonderful pubs for lunch and a lazy pint. The City, normally snarled with cabs, buses and kamikaze pedestrians, is a dream on a Sunday morning.
Though not continuous, the path along the Regent's Canal linking Paddington with Canary Wharf takes cyclists away from traffic and along some surprisingly gorgeous stretches of canal (which also sport some top-notch graffiti)—as well as some godawful, festering dumps. A useful section of the canal links the west side of Regent's Park with Paddington via Lisson Grove and Warwick Avenue. Watch out for super-fast cyclists determined to slice a second off their PB, especially where the path narrows under bridges or around ramps.
A jaunt through any of the capital's great parks seems an obvious choice, but beware, some parks (notably Hampstead Heath) ban bikes on almost all paths, thanks to selfish cyclists of the past who went too fast and frightened the jumpy pedestrians.
RideLondon (www.prudentialridelondon.co.uk) is a fun two-day riding festival built on the success of the earlier FreeWheel. Events include a family ride along closed central London roads, a 100-mile ride, and a Grand Prix for pros.
Bike Shops | Address | Phone
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Apex Cycles | 40-42 Clapham High St, SW4 7UR | 020 7622 1334
Archway Cycles | 183 Archway Rd | 020 8340 9696
Bikefix | 48 Lamb's Conduit St, WC1N 3LJ | 020 7405 1218
Brick Lane Bikes | 118 Bethnal Green Rd, E2 6DG | 020 7033 9053
Bobbin Bicycles | 397 St John St | 020 7837 3370
Brixton Cycles | 145 Stockwell Rd, SW9 9TN | 020 7733 6055
Cheech Miller | 227 Victoria Park Rd | 020 8985 9900
Condor Cycles | 51 Gray's Inn Rd, WC1X 8PP | 020 7269 6820
Decathlon | Surrey Quays Rd | 020 7394 2000
Evans (Spitalfields) | The Cavern, 1 Market St, E1 6AA | 020 7426 0391
Holloway Cycles | 290 Holloway Rd, N7 6NJ | 020 7700 6611
London Fields Cycles | 281 Mare St, E8 1PJ | 020 8525 0077
London Recumbents | Battersea Park | 020 7498 6543
Mosquito | 123 Essex Rd, N1 2SN | 020 7226 8765
ReCycling | 110 Elephant Rd, SE17 1LB | 020 7703 7001
Transport • Taxis |
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To consider taking a taxi in London you either need (a) a trust fund, or (b) to be drunk. If you are both, congratulations: prepare to be taken for a ride in more ways than one.
Dating back to the mid-17th Century (kind of), London's 'black cabs', or 'Hackneys', are the world's oldest taxi service and are as representative of London as Routemasters, Big Ben and robbery. They are the most visible, the most iconic and probably the most expensive taxi service in London. While this flag-down option is great (they are the only company licensed to pick up on the street) budgeting for a black cab is tricky. Their prices are designed to confuse passengers into parting with huge wads for what often feels like a round-the-block trip. A whole range of metaphysical problems contribute to that huge sum waiting to be paid at journey's end; all fares start at £2.40 and are based on three types of tariffs—higher tariffs apply on evenings, weekends and late nights. Fares are also affected by traffic. In general, as a very broad guideline, expect to pay around £9 for up to one mile, £14 for up to two miles, and £22 for up to four miles. Fares between Heathrow and Central London are anywhere between £45–£85. A £4 surcharge applies during the days around Christmas and New Year. There's also a 'puke charge' of £40 if you soil the cab and the driver has to take it out of service to clean it; keep it in!
Black cabs are operated by many different companies who are all regulated and licensed by the Public Carriage Office (PCO). Generally speaking, the service you receive doesn't vary much from company to company, though some boast little add-ons to capture your fare. Big, well organized companies like Dial-A-Cab (www.dialacab.co.uk; 020 7253 5000) and Radio Taxis (www.radiotaxis.co.uk; 020 7272 0272) offer online booking, carbon neutral trips, and friendly service. All black cab drivers must pass 'The Knowledge' test to get their license, so every driver will have a labyrinthine understanding of London and most will not be shy in sharing this with you.
Though a cheaper option, going private can be a minefield. Since 2001 all taxi services in London are required by law to be licensed by the PCO: this includes the city's thousands of private-hire minicabs. Private hire companies are everywhere you look and often take the form of nicotine-stained, shoddily built little offices with lots of bored men milling about. Every neighbourhood has plenty of local services and it's really trial and error to find one that doesn't rip you off or drive barely roadworthy chariots of rust. The drivers of these little companies can be pretty eccentric—you can be regaled by tales of times past, given essential life advice or simply receive the disdainful silent treatment. The 'private taxi sector' does do upmarket, however. By far the most efficient and elegant service is that offered by Addison Lee, (www.addisonlee.com; 020 7407 9000) who text you twice, have huge gleaming six-seaters, and perfectly-manicured drivers. Fares are pretty cheap over longer distances but the minimum is around £10. Transport for London (tfl.gov.uk) has a useful online tool for locating licensed black cabs and minicabs, as well as an app (Cabwise). Another option is Uber (www.uber.com/cities/london), with its handy app and account-based system.
A word of warning: London is awash with rogue taxi-drivers who are not licensed and who will attempt to pick you up from outside a club or theatre. These guys will either charge you more than you agreed upon, not know where they are going, or they will be driving beat-up death-traps. If a ride hasn't been booked with a licensed minicab company, then there is no record of your journey, meaning also that if there is a problem, your driver cannot be traced. There are also many stories of attacks on women, so if in doubt, don't get in!
Transport • Helicopters |
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London Heliport
020 7228 0181
www.londonheliport.co.uk or @LondonHeliport
SW11's very own heliport! Includes aerial tours of London and airport transfers (Heathrow in ten minutes). The nearest tube is Clapham Junction.
EBG Helicopters
01737 823 282
www.ebghelicopters.co.uk or @ebgheli
Running helicopter tours of London and charter flights from Redhill Airport in Surrey, 10 minutes by car from Gatwick Airport. £140 will get you 35 minutes over London, the only downside is getting to Surrey. Also offers charters for weddings and corporate events and air taxi service starting from £650 for up to three passengers.
Helicopter Days
0844 815 0952
www.helicopterdays.co.uk or @Helicopterdays
London sightseeing trips starting from £900.
Elstree Aerodrome
www.londonelstreeaerodrome.com
A variety of charters operate out of Elstree offering sky tours, as well as flight academies for those who want to take the wheel. On site is a restaurant, plus it's close to the M1.
Transport • River Services |
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Ferries/Boat Tours, Rentals & Charters
London River Services (LRS)
020 7941 2400
www.tfl.gov.uk/gettingaround
Provides commuter river transportation on the Thames. This runs in the East from Masthouse Terrace Pier to Savoy Pier at Embankment. In peak hours services run to Woolwich Arsenal with a further service from Blackfriars Millenium Pier in the City to Putney Pier in the west costing £15 return. WiFi is available on boats serving Woolwich. Services run every 20 minutes. All are wheelchair friendly.
Thames Clippers
0870 7815049
www.thamesclippers.com
London's answer to the NYC water taxis, primarily serving the O2 stadium from Waterloo, Embankment and Tower Bridge. Conveniently runs later than the Tube meaning you can actually stay right to the end of a show without the worry of being stranded on the south side of the river. Single tickets cost between £3-5 with Oyster Card holders getting 1/3 off. Boats leave every 15 minutes.
Bateux London
020 7695 1800
www.bateuxlondon.com.
Dinner, lunch and charter cruises from Embankment Pier. Yes, there's even a jazz cruise.
Westminster Passenger Services Association
020 7930 2062
www.wpsa.co.uk
One of the only popular charters to offer services upriver to Kew, Richmond and Hampton Court.
City Cruises
020 7488 0344
www.citycruises.com.
Hop on hop off services primarily aimed at tourists and with tourist prices. Tickets start from £11 return for adults from Greenwich to Westminster/Waterloo Pier.
Heritage Boat Charters
01932 224 800
www.heritageboatcharters.com
For something different, try messing about on the river in one of these historic wooden numbers. On offer are skippered cruises down the Thames starting at £825. Formal dinner on board is available.
Silver Fleet Woods River Cruises
020 7759 1900
www.silverfleet.co.uk
Luxury chartered boats. Particularly good at putting on top-notch corporate events.
Thames Cruises
020 7928 9009
www.thamescruises.com
Two words—disco cruise. Hot pants are not required for dinner cruises.
Marinas/Passenger Ship Terminal
Chelsea Marina
07770 542 783
www.chelseaharbourmarina.com
Despite being in upmarket Chelsea, the prices for mooring your boat here are incredibly generous—£2 per metre a night or £300 a year with space for 60 boats. Secure subterranean parking also available.
Chiswick Quay Marina
020 8994 8743
www.chiswickquay.com/marina
Great, secluded spot for West Londoners near Chiswick Bridge. A little far from a tube station, yet Chiswick overland station is within walking distance with services to Waterloo. Prices are on an annual basis at £162 per metre including a resident harbourmaster, shower block, mains water and electricity.
Gallions Point Marina
020 7476 7054
www.gallionspointmarina.co.uk
In London's Docklands and therefore perfect for those working in the city.
St Katharine Haven
020 7264 5312
skdocks.co.uk
One of London's best marinas. Great location by Tower Bridge, close to the quayside bars and restaurants and reasonable London prices—£3.60 per metre, per day.
Welcome Floating Terminal in Greenwich
01474 562 200
www.portoflondon.co.uk
Built in 2004 and believed to be the world's first floating terminal. Welcome has on-site immigration and custom services for cruise ship passengers entering or leaving London.
London Cruise Terminal at Tilbury
01375 852 360
www.londoncruiseterminal.com
The most popular regional departure point for passenger liners is 25 miles from Central London in Essex. Its close proximity to the M25 makes it easy for Londoners to get to. Current destinations from here include Scandinavia and continental Europe.
Transport • Driving |
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General Information
TfL Traffic News: tfl.gov.uk/trafficnews
or @TfLTrafficNews
Parking Information for Cars: www.park-up.com
Parking Information for Motorbikes and Scooters: www.parkingforbikes.com
AA Route Planner:
www.theaa.com/route-planner
Overview
With London's Congestion Charge, Low Emission Zone, pricey parking, kamikaze bus drivers, dreaded speed bumps, 20 mph limits, speed cameras and a road layout that would give Spock the night terrors—"it's so illogical Captain"—driving around town is something to be avoided. Combine this with over 7.5 million people who just want to get from A to B without anyone getting in their frickin' way, and you can see where problems arise.
That said, there are times when a four-wheeler is the only option, in which case the more you know... To start, pedestrians can become an infuriating lot, at least those who love striding purposefully into the road with nary a thought for their safety; keep a weather eye out, one foot over the brake and one hand over the horn. Then there are the cyclists, an ever-increasing number—give them plenty of space and remember for the one speedhound jumping the lights there are hundreds of law abiders that you just don't notice; for your own sanity, try to focus on them. As for the mechanized obstacles, remember that motorbikes and scooters are not all ridden by leather-clad Hells Angels or Jamie Oliver clones—most just want to get about and avoid the Congestion Charge; as with cyclists, give plenty of space and check your blind spots. A special danger are the black cabs, those roving London landmarks that have been known, on occasion, to pull up to the curb, do a 'U-ie' and even advertise the FT without sufficient warning. And finally, a word about traffic wardens, which are also known as 'council revenue generating units': make sure you avoid illegal parking—unless you are an ambassador. Fines are not cheap.
Indeed, most of the stress caused by driving in London, apart from the sheer volume of traffic, is caused by lack of consideration for others—usually as drivers are running late. So make sure you leave PLENTY of time for your journey, try not to block junctions, and let people out if you have a chance. And try to avoid rush hour: remember that morning rush lasts from 7 am to 10.30 am, lunch rush from 11 am to 2.30 pm, school run rush from 2.45 pm to 4.15 pm and afternoon rush from 4.30 pm to 8.45 pm. Bonne chance...
Driving in the Congestion Charge Zone and the Low Emission Zone
The Congestion Charge Zone, introduced in 2003, is a surcharge for driving in Central London between 7 am and 6 pm Monday through Friday (except Bank Holidays). Huge red Cs in circles alert drivers to the start of the zone, if you miss them you should consider a swift visit to your optician. There is ongoing debate over the actual impact of the charge, although it has raised money for public transport.
The charge is £11.50 and there is no extra charge for driving in and out of the zone. Drivers who use the Congestion Charge Auto Pay (CCAP) system receive a £1 discount; Auto Pay keeps a tally of how many days a car was driven and charges your card at the end of the month. Drivers can pay in advance or by midnight on the day of travel. For £14 you have until midnight the following day to pay the charge. Payments are accepted by phone, online, by regular mail, and by text. Exemptions and discounts exist for motorbikes and residents living in or near the charge zone. Penalty charges are steep: £130 penalty charge (reduced to £65 if paid within 14 days).
The Low Emission Zone (LEZ) was introduced in February 2008 to deter everything from pickup trucks and van to buses, coaches and large lorries from dragging their belching exhausts through town. It covers a much larger area than the Congestion Charge: almost all of London within the M25 and applies 24/7. The charge varies between £100 and £200 a day. Best leave your concrete mixer at home.
Red Routes
The red double lines along a roadway indicate a "red route," part of the Transport for London Road Network (TLRN), and amounting to a special enforcement zone patrolled by Transport for London agents. No stopping rules are strictly enforced, as are yellow box junction infractions, banned turns, and unauthorized use of bus lanes. Although only five percent of London's roadways, the TLRN carries 30 percent of the city's traffic. As such the point of the oversight is to keep traffic moving. The rest of the roads are managed by local councils.
Key Roads
A1
Running straight north from St Paul's Cathedral in the City through Islington, Archway, Highgate and beyond, this old Roman Road has some freer stretches allowing the frustrated drive to accelerate to 43 mph for 3 seconds, get a speeding ticket and then slam on the brakes. Ends (eventually) in Princes Street, Edinburgh, Scotland.
North Circular/South Circular (A406)
This is the M25's angrier and twisted little brother. Circling Outer London it has some of the busiest stretches of road in London and even includes a ferry across the river at Woolwich. The way dwindles to one exhausted lane in certain sections, causing great clots of traffic every day in rush hour. See left for rush hour times.
Euston Rd/Marylebone Road (A501)
Running east-west past King's Cross and Euston, this wide road skirts the northern edge of the congestion zone. It gets very crowded, because it's a feeder road to the relatively breezy start of the A40 heading out of London.
Embankment
The view as you drive along the Embankment along the north bank of the Thames is breathtaking. It needs to be to keep you occupied as you inch forward for hours. Runs from Chelsea (A4) to Tower Bridge.
Vauxhall Bridge Rd/Grovesnor Place/Park Lane/Edgware Rd (A5)
Running roughly north-west from Vauxhall Bridge Rd, around Victoria, past Hyde Park Corner and Marble Arch and out to join the A40, this route is a free corridor through the Congestion zone—free from charge rather than free from traffic. Be prepared—it's rammed.
Old Kent Rd/New Cross Rd/Lewisham Way/etc. (A2/A20)
Running south-west from The Bricklayers Arms roundabout and eventually down to Dover, where you catch the ferry to France; the Old Kent Rd, despite being the cheapest Monopoly property, is totally free from traffic at all times. No wait—that can't be right.
A3
Starting at London Bridge, this road eventually ends up in Portsmouth, but you have to struggle past Elephant and Castle, Clapham Common and Wimbledon Common along with everyone else trying to get to Guildford.
Traffic Hot Spots
Angel, Elephant and Castle, Hanger Lane Gyratory, Vauxhall Gyratory, Trafalgar Square, Parliament Square, Hammersmith Gyratory, everywhere else.
Car Share
The great thing about being a Londoner is there's really no need to have a car. Except on those few occasions where you're cursing yourself for hauling a flat-packed Ikea coffee table on the shitty Croydon tram service. This is where joining a membership-based carsharing company, such as such as Zipcar (www.zipcar.co.uk or @ZipcarUK), Enterprise CarShare (www.enterprisecarshare.com or @carshare) or Hertz 24/7 (www.hertz247.com or @Hertz247). When you need to move the band, there's also Zipvan (www.zipvan.com).
The membership services are convenient and easy: self-service cars and vans billable by the hour, day, week or month. The vehicles are parked in town, which means you don't have to hike to a car rental centre, stand in a queue or deal with annoying upselling at a counter. Plus, if you get thrown out of your girlfriend's flat at 2 am and need a ride, you're in luck. After signing up for a modest membership fee (less than £100 a year), all you have to do is unlock the car with an entry card or fob, grab the keys from the glovebox and away you go. Cars have hourly rates (in general between £5–10 depending on the plan and type of vehicle) on top of the membership fee. Fuel and insurance are included.
General Information • Calendar of Events |
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January
• New Year's Day Parade • Big Ben to Piccadilly Circus • Marching band and thousands of kids. How better to cure a hangover?
• London Boat Show • ExCel Exhibition Centre • Like we always say: you can never have too many yachts.
• Russian Winter Festival • Trafalgar Square • Magical Russian Winterland replaces the normal Pigeon-Crap Land.
• London Art Fair • Over 100 galleries and thousands of artists under one roof.
• The London Bike Show • ExCel Exhibition Centre • The best of the best of modern cycling equipment pandering to over-indulged cyclists.
• London International Mime Festival • Southbank Centre • Even weirder when you see it for real.
• The London Outdoors Show • ExCel Exhibition Centre • The country's biggest collection of outdoor goods—ironically hosted indoors.
• Charles I Commemoration Ceremony • Trafalgar Sq • St James' Palace • Thousands of uniformed Cavaliers confuse the tourists.
• TNA Wrestling • Wembley Arena • Strange men in spandex faux-fighting in front of drunken man-children.
• Walking with Dinosaurs • The O2 • Get your prehistoric freak on with twenty life-size dinosaurs (not literally) freaks!
February
• British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA) • Royal Opera House • Britain's finest film and television talent take a bow.
• Chinese New Year • West End • Party like it's 4707.
• Destinations: Holiday and Travel Show • Earls Court Exhibition Centre • Chase away the Winter Blues.
• Live Tudor Cookery • Hampton Court Palace • Glutinous Tudor food prepared in classic Tudor fashion. It's OK the New Year's resolutions will be long dead by now.
• London Fashion Week • Somerset House• Far Too Thin.
• National Wedding Show • Olympia • Perfect day out for a first date.
• Professional Beauty • ExCel Exhibition Centre • Pay to get pretty with the latest developments in modern cosmetics.
• Lifted • Harrods • A bizarre annual exhibition inside Harrod's lifts.
• The Great Spitalfields Pancake Race • Old Truman Brewery • Pancake race in wacky clothes. No, London. Just, no.
• Blessing the Throats • St Ethelreda's Church, Ely Place • Lemsip not working? Sore throats cured by holy candle.
• Clowns' Service • Holy Trinity, Dalston • Because God likes clowns too.
• Kinetica Art Fair • P3• Carnivorous lampshades and pole-dancing robots? We're there.
• BAFTAs • London Palladium • Ten points per autograph.
March
• Affordable Art Fair • The Marquee, Battersea Park • Now even The Great Unwashed can buy art!
• Affordable Art Fair • The Marquee, Battersea Park • Now even The Great Unwashed can buy art!
• Easter Egg Hunt • Kew Garden's • Delightful Easter affair, perfect for the kids, don't forget to check out the animal farm.
• Ideal Home Show • Earls Court Exhibition Centre • Make your home ideal (or a bit less grotty).
• St Patrick's Day Parade • Park Lane • Shamrocks, river-dancing, big fluffy Guinness hats: true Irish tradition.
• London Drinker Beer & Cider Festival • The Camden Centre • Get rat-arsed on Pressed Rat & Warthog.
• La Dolce Vita • Business Design Centre • Get your sampling face on
• Men's Afternoon Tea • Mandeville Hotel • Because nothing is manlier than an exclusive tea, champagne and cake afternoon.
• Move It • Olympia • Put on your dancing shoes.
• The International Food & Drink Event • Olympia • This gorge-fest happens biannually, so start starving yourself now.
• The Country Living Spring Fair • Business Design Centre • For those with time for wooden chicken eggs
• JobServe Live! • Olympia • Career ideas and thousands of vacancies.
April
• Cake International • ExCel Exhibition Centre • Decorate and glutinously devour delicious cakes.
• Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race • River Thames • Hole up in a pub by the river and cheer over a beer.
• Virgin London Marathon • Greenwich – The Mall • 35,000 pairs of bleeding nipples.
• London Book Fair • Earl's Court • The publishing industry's main event. Occasionally stuff for free.
• Alternative Fashion Week • Old Spitalfields Market • Huge range of cutting edge fashion. And fetishwear.
• Queen's Birthday Gun Salute • Hyde Park • Who said the monarchy is archaic?
• St George's Day • Covent Garden / Cenotaph / Shakespeare's Globe • Brush up your Morris dancing skills.
• The Real Food Festival • Earl's Court Exhibition Centre • Real Food: much nicer than fake food.
• Hot Cross Bun Service • St Bartholomew-the-Great, Smithfield • Widows get a free hot cross bun. Worth losing the husband.
• London Independent Film Festival • Various West and Central Cinemas • Cool celebration of cinematographic indieness without The Man. Or something.
May
• Freedom of the City • Central London • Frequently awesome improv and experimental festival attracting top names.
• Baishakhi Mela • Brick Lane • Celebrate the Bengali New Year in the British tradition: vindaloo.
• Bathing the Buddha • Leicester Square • Buddha gets a birthday bath.
• Mind, Body, Spirit Festival • Royal Horticultural Halls • Make up for all the time in the pub.
• Camden Crawl • Throughout Camden • If you're not crawling by the end, you haven't done it right.
• Chelsea Flower Show • Royal Hospital Chelsea • You'll go for the flowers. You'll stay for the Pimms.
• Chelsea Flower Show • Royal Hospital Chelsea • You'll go for the flowers. You'll stay for the Pimms.
• Greenwich Beer & Jazz Festival • Old Royal Naval College • An odd paring that somehow works.
• London Pet Show • Earls Court Two – The cute, odd, scary and weird bring their pets and show them off.
• Sci-Fi Festival • London Apollo • The UK's only Sci-Fi Festival. Thank god.
• Interiors London • ExCel Centre • For those rich enough to treat their homes like art.
• The Drag Olympics • The Way Out Club • Drag Queens are put through their pedicured, high-heeled paces.
June
• City of London Festival • The City • Bringing High Culture to a bunch of bankers.
• Field Day • Victoria Park • A pseudo hippy music festival with a lighthearted vibe.
• Start of Open Air Theatre season • Regent's Park • Ignore the climate and take in an outdoor play.
• Taste of London • Regent's Park • The best picnic in the world.
• Wimbledon • All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club • Short skirts and grunting. Marvellous.
• Trooping the Colour • Horse Guard's Parade • Hundreds of chaps in uniforms. Ohhhhh yes.
• Meltdown Festival • Southbank Centre • Eclectic music festival curated by major musicians.
• Royal Academy Summer Exhibition • Royal Academy • Lots and lots and LOTS of art.
• Arts Festival Chelsea • Chelsea • The artists formerly known as 'The Chelsea Festival'.
• Naked Bike Ride • Hyde Park • Don't think about the bums on seats.
• Polo in the Park • Hurlingham Park • Its turbo-rah dahhling, pass the Pimms.
• Shakespeare Globe Season• Bankside • To go, or not to go, that is the question.
July
• Dogget's Coat & Badge Race • Thames: London Bridge to Chelsea • Intense boat race to win a badge. Hardly seems worth it.
• Pimms Urban Regatta • Finsbury Square • People full of Pimms race on land in bottomless boats. Bloody Ozzies.
• Pride London • Trafalgar Square • One of Britain's biggest, funnest street parties.
• The British 10k London Run • Hyde Park • Whitehall • Work off the pies.
• Hampton Court Palace Show • Hampton Court • Stock up your garden / flowerpot / imagination.
• The Chap Olympiad• Bedford Square Gardens • Olympics for gentleman—no sportswear please.
• Uprise Festival • Islington • Celebrating the best of multicultural London, for free.
• Swan Upping • River Thames • Census of swans. For goodness sake.
• Opening of Buckingham Palace • Buckingham Palace • The Plebeians allowed in to see how their taxes (and steep entrance fees) are spent.
• Wireless Festival • Hyde Park • Big names vibrate the Serpentine.
• Shoreditch Festival • Shoreditch. • Because you can never have too many local festivals. Apparently.
August
• Innocent Smoothies Festival • Regent's Park • You wouldn't think fun could be this wholesome.
• Great British Beer Festival • Earls Court Exhibition Centre • A festival that puts the Great in Britain.
• Trafalgar Square Festival • Trafalgar Square • 3 weeks of music, theatre, dance and art.
• Carnaval del Pueblo • Royal Victoria Docks • Thousands of Latino lovelies. That's all you need to know, right?
• Camden Fringe • Camden People's Theatre • Wonderfully weird, hilariously funny and light on the wallet.
• London Triathlon • Docklands • Marathons are for pussies.
• London Mela • Gunnersbury Park • Partaaaay, Asia-style.
• Metro Weekender • Clapham Common • Dance music Saturday, bands on Sunday, chilled all weekend.
• Notting Hill Carnival • Ladbroke Grove • Party till your wallet gets nicked.
• Parliament Tour Season • Westminster • Go see first hand where it all goes so wrong.
• Kids Week • West End • West End shows free for kids. Soooo unfaaaaiiiiir.
• Tiger Beer Singapore Chilli Crab Festival • Truman Brewery • Cold beer, hot food and cool sounds.
September
• The Great British Duck Race • The Thames • Like the Oxbridge boat race. But with 165,000 rubber ducks.
• Horseman's Sunday • Hyde Park Crescent • London's horses say their Hail Maries. Yes, really.
• Oyster & Seafood Fair • Hays Galleria • The romance of oysters with the unholy stink of kippers.
• Thames Festival • Tower Bridge • Westminster • Fireworks, costumes, river races, carnivals. Kids like it.
• Last Night of the Proms • Royal Albert Hall • Camp overnight if you want tickets.
• London Duathlon • Richmond Park • It's like a triathlon... for people who can't swim.
• London Tattoo Convention • Old Truman Brewery • Who cares if it looks crap when you're 80?
• Spitalfields Show & Green Fair • Buxton Street • Who has the biggest marrow?
• Open House Weekend • Various around London • Over 600 architectural landmarks open for a nosey.
• Fashion Week • Summerset House • the September instalment of the famous frockfest.
• Great Gorilla Run • Start at London Underwriting Centre • Raise £400 for the Gorilla Organisation and the costume's yours.
• Vintage Fashion Fair • Primrose Hill • For those with a passion for vintage fashion.
October
• The Big Draw • Museum of Childhood • Pencils, not guns. Unfortunately.
• Down Under Live • Olympia • For those contemplating emigrating to warmer climes.
• 'Original Pearly Kings & Queens Association Harvest Festival • Church of St Martin-in-the-Fields Affordable Art Fair.
• International Halloween Festival • Queen Mary College • Witches, druids and shamans unite for Europe's biggest Pagan festival.
• Halloween • London Dungeon • Trick Or Treating is for pussies.
• Frieze Art Fair • Regent's Park • Air kisses all round.
• London Film Festival • BFI Southbank • Two weeks of the best new films and lectures from A-Listers.
• Metro Ski & Snowboard Show • Olympia • London hosts the world's biggest winter sport show. Naturally.
• Veolia Entertainment Wildlife Photographer of the Year (exhibition opens, for 6mths) • Natural History Museum Puts your arty market photos to shame.
• The Yoga Show • Olympia • Bendy people upon bendy people. Literally.
• Turner Prize Exhibition • Tate Britain • Get to know the next Hirst or Emin.
November
• London's Christmas Ice Rinks • Venues across London • Much more romantic in your head than in reality.
• Brighton Veteran Car Run • Starts Hyde Park • Century-old bangers potter their way to Brighton.
• Erotica Show • Olympia • 31,000 horny adults pretend they're just browsing.
• Barclays ATP World Tour Finals • O2 Arena • Very rich tennis players make more money at this entertaining but unimportant tournament.
• Bonfire Night • Venues across London • Hundreds of thousands of pounds go pop.
• Country Living Christmas Fair • Business Design Centre • For those dreaming of a posh Christmas.
• Royal British Legion Festival of Remembrance • Royal Albert Hall • Take tissues.
• Lord Mayor's Show • Central London • Running for over 800 years and yet still a bit crap.
• London Jazz Festival • South Bank Centre • Start practising your jazz hands.
• Winter Wonderland • Hyde Park Grottos and Glühweins galore.
December
• Satan's Grotto • London Dungeon • Tortured elves and spit-roasting robins.
• Trafalgar Square Christmas Tree • Trafalgar Square • The only thing everyone knows about Oslo.
• Aegon Masters Tennis • Royal Albert Hall • Former World No.1s wheeze their way through a tournament.
• Peter Pan Cup • Serpentine Lido, Hyde Park • Freeze your nipples off on Christmas morning.
• Great Christmas Pudding Race • Covent Garden • We're mad, us! What are we like? Crazy!
• Christmas Carol Sing-along • Royal Albert Hall • Belt out your favourites and get in the mood.
• Christmas Carol Sing-along • Royal Albert Hall • Belt out your favourites and get in the mood.
• Taste of Christmas • ExCel Exhibition Centre • Tasty tips for making Christmas that little merrier.
• Midnight Mass at St Paul's • St Paul's • Eats the other Midnight Masses for breakfast.
• New Year's Eve Fireworks • Jubilee Gardens • Oooooh.
And, of course, aaaaaaah.
General Information • Flat Hunting |
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Tactics
Finding somewhere to live in London is a ruthless and cutthroat business. Make sure you have plenty of red bull, cigarettes and patience. However, places go in the blink of an eye so it's important to move quick. Take a week off and hire a driver, if you can.
Ok, so these precautions aren't completely necessary, but you will have to work in mysterious and multifarious ways if you don't want to spend the next six months paying through your gullible nose for mice and verrucas. A good place to start by harassing your friends, your friends' friends, and your friends' friends' friends. Send out a group email and hope it gets passed around, and make sure you Tweet like mad about it. Twitter is a great place to get your request passed around. Who knows? Stephen Fry might have a room to let. Estate agents (see below for a list) will invariably try and rip you off but, then again, so will everyone else, so it's worth registering with all the big ones, as well as any whose office you see in the street, or you spot in newspapers, on TV or the internet. After uncovering a fair few completely brazen lies in the property listings on www.gumtree.com you will find that many of the smaller businesses place adverts for (sometimes fake) properties here. Don't be put off by the lies though, because this can be a good way of finding an agent (or getting in direct contact with a landlord) who is keen to make a deal with you, or who will try and match the prices advertised, even if they have nothing that fits the bill at the exact moment of lying. Of course, some of these listings are also genuine, and a good way to find rooms/apartments at lower than usual rates. Just bare in mind that a LOT of people use
this site.
General sites
www.gumtree.com
www.craigslist.org
www.rightmove.co.uk
www.roombuddies.com
www.zoopla.co.uk
Estate Agents
There are hundreds of Estate Agents and Letting Agents across the city, some of the larger players (good and bad) include:
www.keatons.com \- Offices all over London.
www.keatons.co.uk \- Bow, Hackney, Harringey, Kentish Town, Stratford.
www.blackkatz.com \- Lettings only agency, numerous offices.
www.fjlord.co.uk \- Numerous offices, specialise in uncooperative staff.
www.nelsonslettings.com \- South and central London.
www.atkinsonmcleod.com \- City and Docklands.
If you do end up using an agent, they will of course want to charge you an additional fee beyond any deposits or advance rent required by the landlord. But, as many of the agents in central London are close together, it's possible that they may be competing with each other to sell/rent the same properties. This will enable you to get a better deal. So shop around, be devious, and backstab as much as possible.
Council Tax
Council Tax is an annoying hidden cost that always comes as a bit of a surprise. It is worked out by your local council and is based on the value of your house/flat, which the council will already have placed in to one of 8 tax bands (bands are A–G, G covering the most valuable properties). There are several ways to determine the value of a property, but the easiest is probably to go to the website of the valuation office at www.voa.gov.uk. Having done that, it's possible to weigh up the benefits of different areas by comparing the council tax in equivalent bands charged by different local councils. It's fairly laborious, but worth it in the long run, if you can be bothered.
Because council tax is based on the property, not the people inside it, the rate is constant no matter how many people live in the house. This means that it's much cheaper to live in a big house with lots of people to split the tax with, than on your own, when you are liable for the full amount. Students do not have to pay council tax at all, but if they are sharing with one or more non-students then there will still be council tax to pay. A single non-student in a house full of students receives a 25% discount on his/her council tax bill, but if there is more than one non-student then all non-students are liable to pay full whack.
Deposit Information
The deposit is the necessary bank drain of every new tendency agreement. Typically deposits range from one – three months rent in advance, but if you pay over a two-month deposit you are entitled to special privileges including the right to sublet your space. If you can't afford the financial outlay there are other options available to you; it is possible to get involved with the Deposit Guarantee Scheme (you will need to contact your local council for more information), or independent agencies offer a similar service for a 10% - 20% fee. While not all landlords in London are Ebenezer Scrooge pre hallucination-esque you'll still hear your fair share of horror stories. Make sure you use the Deposit Protection Scheme (DPS) www.depositprotection.com to protect your cash. For a comprehensive overview on deposit information and your rights visit the Direct Gov website www.direct.gov.uk.
Alternative Options
In a city where house prices have been soaring through the roof for some time now (although it's calmed down somewhat recently), of course people do things like squat, have dreadlocks and go vegan. If you're not willing to go the whole way but fancy an adventure, or simply don't have much money, then it might be worth taking a look at being a guardian for Camelot. This company aims to fill vacant properties with responsible people who will prevent them from being abused. You must have good references, a job, and be over eighteen, as well as be ok with sharing with an indeterminate number of strangers, but the benefits are the unusual properties (e.g. schools, disused churches), the often large spaces and the ridiculously cheap rent (£25–60 pw inclusive of all bills). Of course loads of people want to do this and properties in London are not always available, but it's nevertheless a good idea to keep an eye on their site if the idea excites you: website: uk.cameloteurope.com.
WAREHOUSES
As with Starbucks and obesity, us Brits have finally caught on to the American craze for warehouse 'live/work' spaces. Okay we may have had the likes of Tracey Emin and other artists living in old carpet factories since the YBA days, but recently a whole crop of established estate agents have been refurbishing lofts and factories for letting at a premium. Any established warehouser will tell you the way to go is independent, through enthusiastic urban explorers who renovate and convert these old buildings for love and enjoyment. Often the only way into this secret brotherhood of the leaky roof is by simply ending up at a huge party at 4am in one of these spaces and asking the residents politely. The freedom of living in these places can be exhilirating if you've spent years toeing the line with grumpy neighbours and grumpier landlords.
CANAL-BOATS
If all this land lubbing is bringing you down, there's always the option of dropping anchor at Little Venice or the Lea Valley Harbour and sampling London's canal networks. More and more skint artsy fartsy folk are squeezing their possessions into canal boats and living a romantic life on the water. A casual stroll down Regent's Canal may convince you this is the way to live, but bare in mind the hidden cons of London nautical life: mooring fees, fuel, unlit walks down leafy paths frequented by degenerates...Don't say we didn't warn you!
General Information • For the Kids |
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The Best of the Best
London is full of interactive children's pursuits, and nothing beats discovering all the joys that the city has to offer to the little ones, so we thought we'd give you some inside tips on what there is!
• Best Rainy Day Activity: The Science Museum (Exhibition Road, SW7 2DD, 0870 870 4868) is great fun and one of London's most interactive museums. Don't miss the Launchpad gallery, which is full of hands-on exhibits to tinker with, simulators and a face morphing machine. The museum's occasional Science Nights are activity filled, with overnight camping in the building included. Entry is free. Open 7 days a week from 10am to 6pm.
• Coolest Cinema: The BFI London IMAX Cinema (1 Charlie Chaplin Walk, SE1 8XR, 020 7902 1234) has the largest screen (20 metres) in the country, as well as an 11,600-watt digital surround sound system with which to deafen your children. With most of the cinema's 3D programming dedicated to children's films, they'll be spoilt rotten by the whole experience; even the entrance to the place is cool, with futuristic blue lighting paving your way through the tunnels.
• Goriest Tourist Haunt: The London Dungeon (28-34 Tooley Street, SE1 2SZ, 020 7403 7221) specialises in the darker side of English history and has a preponderance of gruesome waxworks, theme rides and costumed staff to scare the bejesus out of your children, which they'll love (unless you've brought them up to be soft). Open all week from 11am to 5pm.
• Best Tour For Budding Media Moguls: The BBC Television Centre Tour (Wood Lane, W12 7RJ, 0870 603 0304) provides a chance for children 9 and over to take a behind the scenes look at the world of TV, as well as a chance to play in an interactive studio. A separate tour (ages 7 and over) entitled "The CBBC Experience" is based on the BBC's kids' channel and offers visitors the chance to roam around the Blue Peter garden, amongst other things. Regular tours are conducted every day except Sunday.
• Best Ice Cream: It's no secret that kids love ice cream, but the plethora of dodgy "Mr Whippy" vans selling their frozen wares in London can be improved upon. For outstanding homemade gourmet sorbets and exotic ice cream cones, there is no better place than the kiosk to the side of Golders Hill Park Refreshment House (North End Road, NW3 7HD, 020 8455 8010); prices are very reasonable and the park is a gorgeous setting within which to consume such tasty delights.
• Best Inner City Farm: Hackney City Farm (1a Goldsmiths Row, E2 8QA, 020 7729 6381). You don't want your child to be the one hiding on the bus on their first fieldtrip because they've never seen a cow. Hackney City Farm gives children and adults alike the chance to experience farming first-hand, interact with the animals and understand sustainable living, all of this in the heart of Hackney.
• Best For Halloween Costumes: Escapade (45-46 Chalk Farm Road, NW1 8AJ, 020 7485 7384) has been kitting kids out in all manner of costumes since 1982, and offers wigs (maybe one for Dad?), hats, masks, make-up, jokes and magic tricks. Perfect for trick or treat, or for those already bored of their child's ugly face.
• Best Eatery For Families: Maxwell's (8-9 James Street, WC2E 8BH) lies deep in the heart of Covent Garden and specialises in burgers (does any child not like burgers?) which won't break parents' banks. A kids' menu is provided, as well as activities and games.
Rainy Day Activities
Especially for when the infamous London weather puts a dampener on outdoor activities...
• Cartoon Museum (35 Little Russell Street, WC1A 2HH, 020 7580 8155) This fascinating place archives the development of cartoon art in Britain, from the 18th century through to the present day; best of all, the Young Artists' Gallery lets children try their hands at animation and claymation.
• London Aquarium (County Hall, Westminster Bridge Road, SE1 7PB, 020 7967 8000) One of the largest aquariums in the world, over 400 species of aquatic life (including the only zebra sharks in the U.K.) can be found within this building. With three floors, piranhas, and pools where you can prod things, there's more than enough to keep even the most jaded parent happy.
• London Eye (Jubilee Gardens, South Bank, SE1 7PB, 0870 500 0600) This 135-metre high riverside Ferris wheel offers breathtaking views of London in up to 25 miles in each direction, all from the vantage point of an air-conditioned glass pod. Book online to beat the queues.
• Natural History Museum (Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, 020 7942 5000) Ever wanted to see a replica skeleton of a 26-metre long Diplodocus dinosaur? It's one of the 70 million items housed within this excellent museum, which also includes the Darwin Centre, a must for any budding paleontologists; non-nerds should love it too.
• Madame Tussaud's (Marylebone Road, NW1 5LR, 0870 999 0046) Infamous exhibition of waxworks, with recently introduced interactive exhibits giving you the chance to score a goal for England or sing with Britney Spears (she'll be the one lip-syncing). Worth booking online to avoid the often long queues.
• Museum Of London (150 London Wall, EC2Y 5HN, 0870 444 3852, some galleries undergoing renovation and due to re-open late 2009) Explains the history of London in vivid detail; the innovative layout consists of a chain of chronological galleries (no skipping to 1945, OK?) Also has fragments of the old London Wall in the grounds.
• Peter Harrison Planetarium (Royal Observatory Greenwich, Greenwich Park, SE10 9NF, 020 8312 8565) Open since 2007 and the only planetarium in London seats 120 and uses the latest technology to take you on an armchair tour of the universe. Children aged 4 and under will not be admitted.
• Queens Ice And Bowl (17 Queensway, W2 4QP, 020 7229 0172) An ice rink, ten pin bowling alleys and a pizza restaurant, it's the perfect opportunity for kids to stuff their faces whilst watching their Dad break a bone on the rink. Children's skating classes available.
• Topsy Turvy World (Brent Cross Shopping Centre, Prince Charles Drive, NW4 3FP, 020 8359 9920) A huge indoor playground in the middle of one of London's busiest shopping centres. There's more to this place than just bouncy things and over-excitement, it also offers baking activities (might as well get your children cooking for you early) and various classes.
• Tower Of London (Tower Hill, EC3N 4AB, 0870 756 7070) A cornucopia of royal history and English culture lies within the Tower's ancient walls, with royal jewels aplenty. Good for the whole family, and under 5s get in free. Avoid the queues by booking ahead.
• The V&A Museum Of Childhood (Cambridge Heath Road, E2 9PA, 020 8983 5200) This lesser known gem of the Victoria & Albert Museum houses the national childhood collection, which basically means it's full of toys, games, dolls, dollhouses, nursery antiques and children's costumes. There's no shortage of activities and events going on here to keep your kids occupied, and it's free.
Classes
A recent resurgence in the amount of out of school programmes being implemented in the capital means that there's more for your kids to do than ever before.
• Art Club (Orleans House Gallery, Riverside, TW1 3DJ, 020 8831 6000) A rare opportunity for 5-10 year olds to work with practicing artists and explore new techniques and materials. Every Wednesday and Thursday from 3.45-5pm.
• Barnsbury One O'Clock Club (Barnard Park, Hemingford Road, N1 0JU, 020 7278 9494) Fun and games for the under 5s.
• Brixton Recreation Centre (27 Brixton Station Road, SW9 8QQ, 020 7926 9779) Recently refurbished, this centre includes The Energy Zone (ages 5-15) for ball games and The Fitness Zone (ages 8-15) with SHOKK fitness equipment specifically designed for the younger body builder/steroid abuser.
• Camden Square Play Centre (Camden Square, NW1 9RE, 020 7485 6827) After school (and school holiday) centre with fun activities for children aged 4-12.
• Camden Swiss Cottage Swimming Club (Swiss Cottage Leisure Centre, Winchester Road, NW3 3NR, 020 7974 5440) Swimming lessons for children aged 4 and upward.
• Chang's Hapkido Academy (Topnotch Health Club, 3 Tudor Street, EC4Y 0AH, 07951 535876) Martial arts school with classes for ages 12 and upward.
• The Circus Space (Coronet Street, N1 6HD, 020 7613 4141) Prepare your children for a life in the circus with The Circus Space's variety of classes and workshops for all ages.
• Crazee Kids (Jackson Lane Community Centre, Archway Road, N6 5AA, Tuesdays), (Union Church & Community Centre, Weston Park, N8 9TA, Saturdays) 020 8444 5333, Weekly term-time dance, drama and music classes. Summer workshops.
• Harringay Club (Hornsey YMCA, 50 Tottenham Lane, N8 7EE, 020 8348 2124) A range of things to do for those aged up to 15, including a pre-school programme, gymnastics, ballet, street dance and kickboxing.
• The Kids' Cookery School (107 Gunnersbury Len W3 8HQ, 020 8992 8882) Get your kids cooking at this fine venue which offers classes and workshops for those aged 3 and upwards.
• Kite Art Studios (Priory Mews, 2B Bassein Park Road, W12 9RY, 020 8576 6278) Courses and workshops on painting, pottery and jewellery making amongst other fun activities for kids of all ages. Mother and toddler sessions too.
• London Irish Centre (50-52 Camden Square, NW1 9XB, 020 7916 7222) Irish dancing classes for beginners upwards, every Monday at 6pm, courtesy of the Barrett Semple-Morris School.
• The Little Angel Theatre (14 Dagmar Passage, Cross Street, N1 2DN, 020 7226 1787) Children's theatre offering after-school courses in puppet making, the art of puppetry performance and a Saturday Puppet Club.
• The Little Gym (Compass House, Riverside West, Smugglers Way, SW18 1DB, 020 8874 6567) Gymnastics and skills development within a relaxed environment for children aged up to 12.
• Music House For Children (Bush Hall, 310 Uxbridge Road, W12 7LJ, 020 8932 2652) Whether it's instrumental or singing lessons, this wonderful place can provide individual and group tuition and even caters for 1 year olds!
• Painted Earth (Arch 65, The Catacombs, Stables Market, NW1 8AH, 020 7424 8983) Ceramic arts classes supervised by staff. Children can make their own mugs and plates.
• Pirate Castle (Oval Road, NW1 7EA, 020 7267 6605) Kids can canoe or Kayak around Camden's only castle at this outdoor adventure club, which moonlights as a school and youth services centre.
• Richmond Junior Chess Club (ETNA Community Centre, 13 Rosslyn Road, TW1 2AR, 07720 716336) Chess classes with a mixture of instruction and play for those up to the age of 18.
• Sobell Leisure Centre (Hornsey Road, N7 7NY, 020 7609 2166) No need to book, just turn up for coached sessions in basketball, badminton, football and ice hockey amongst other sports. Children aged 7 and under must be accompanied by an adult.
• Tricycle Theatre (269 Kilburn High Road, NW6 7JR, 020 7328 1000) Not just a theatre/cinema/gallery, the Tricycle also runs term-time workshops in drama, storytelling and music.
• Triyoga (6 Erskine Road, NW3 3AJ, 020 7483 3344) Let the kids get their Zen on at after school yoga classes for ages 5 and over.
• Westway Stables (20 Stable Way, Latimer Road, W11 6QX, 020 8964 2140) Horse riding lessons for the over 5s in the heart of Notting Hill.
Babysitting/Nanny/Services
• Nannies Unlimited 11 Chelveton Road, SW15 1RN, 020 8788 9640
• Nanny Search 1st Floor, 1 Shepherds Hill, N6 5QJ, 020 8348 4111
• Sleeptight Nannies 20 Nursery Road, N14 5QB, 020 8292 2618
• Top Notch Nannies 49 Harrington Gardens, SW7 4JU, 020 7259 2626
Where to Go for More Info
www.dayoutwiththekids.co.uk
Shopping Essentials
• Baby Dior 6 Harriet Street, SW1X 9JW, 020 7823 2039 – Encourage label envy as soon as possible.
• Baby Munchkins 186 Hoxton Street, N1 5LH, 020 7684 5994 – Baby wear.
• Balloonland 12 Hale Lane, NW7 3NX, 020 8906 3302 – Balloons and party supplies.
• Benjamin Pollock's Toyshop 44 The Piazza, Covent Garden WC2E 8RF, 020 7379 7866 – Toys.
• Biff 43 Dulwich Village, SE21 7BN, 020 8299 0911 – Designer and street brands.
• Boomerang 69 Blythe Road, W14 0HP, 020 7610 5232 – Clothes and necessities for tots.
• Bonpoint Chic clothes.
17 Victoria Grove, W8 5RW – 020 7584 5131
197 Westbourne Grove, W11 2SE – 020 7792 2515
256 Brompton Road, SW3 2AS – 020 3263 5057
35B Sloane Street, SW1X 9LP – 020 7235 1441
38 Old Bond Street, W1S 4QW – 020 7495 1680
• Burberry 21-23 New Bond Street, W1S 2RE, 020 7839 5222 – Clothes.
• Caramel 291 Brompton Road, SW3 2DY, 020 7589 7001 – Cool clothes.
• Catamini – Babies and children's clothes. 33C King's Road, SW3 4LX – 020 7824 8897, 52 South Molton Street, W1Y 1HF – 020 7629 8099
• Cheeky Monkeys – Mainly wooden toys. 202 Kensington Park Road, W11 1NR – 020 7792 9022, 94 Kings Road, SW6 4UL – 020 7731 3037
• Children's Book Centre 237 Kensington High Street, W8 6SA, 020 7937 7497 – Books.
• Coco Children's Boutique 27A Devonshire Street, W1G 6PN, 020 7935 3554 – Children's boutique (fancy that!).
• D2 Leisure 201-203 Roman Road, E2 0QY, 020 8980 4966 – Bicycle shop.
• Daisy & Tom 181 King's Road, SW3 5EB, 020 7352 5000 – Clothes, toys and a carousel.
• Davenports Magic Shop 7 Adelaide Street, WC2N 4HZ, 020 7836 0408 – Magic shop.
• Early Learning Centre 36 King's Road, SW3 4UD, 020 7581 5764 – Educational toyshop.
• Disney Store – Disney merchandise.
Unit 10, The Piazza, WC2E 8HD – 020 7836 5037
22A & 26 The Broadway Shopping Centre, W6 9YD – 020 8748 8886
360-366 Oxford Street, W1N 9HA – 020 7491 9136
• Eric Snook's Toyshop 32 Covent Garden Market, WC1 8RE, 020 7379 7681 – Toys and teddies.
• Escapade 45-46 Chalk Farm Road, NW1 8AJ, 020 7485 7384 – Costumes and masks.
• The Farmyard 63 Barnes High Street, SW13 9LF, 020 8878 7338 – Toys for younger children and babies.
• GapKids/Baby Gap
35 Hampstead High Street, NW3 1QE – 020 7794 9182
146-148 Regent Street, W1B 5SH – 020 7287 5095
Brent Cross Shopping Centre, NW4 3FB – 020 8203 9696
122 King's Road, SW3 4TR – 020 7823 7272
4 Queens Road, SW19 8YE- 020 8947 9074
101-111 Kensington High Street, W8 5SA – 020 7368 2900
260-262 Chiswick High Road, W4 1PD – 020 8995 3255
47-49 St John's Wood High Street, NW8 7NJ – 020 7586 6123
151 Queensway, W2 4YL – 020 7221 8039
330-340 Cabot Place East, E14 4QT – 020 7513 0241
121-123 Long Acre, WC2E 9PA – 020 7836 0646
• Green Rabbit 20 Briston Grove, N8 9EX, 020 8348 3770 – Contemporary kids' wear.
• Hamley's 188-196 Regent Street, W1B 5BT, 020 7153 9000 – Toys galore, tourists galore.
• Happy Returns 36 Rosslyn Hill, NW3 1NH, 020 7435 2431 – Toys again!
• Honeyjam 267 Portobello Road, W11 1LR, 020 7243 0449 – Retro and vintage toys and rocking horses.
• Igloo Kids Wide range of kids' clothes. 300 Upper Street, N1 2TU – 020 7354 7300, 80 St John's Wood, NW8 7SH – 020 7483 2332
• Infantasia Unit 103 Wood Green Shopping City, N22 6YA, 020 8889 1494 – Furniture and bedding.
• International Magic 89 Clerkenwell Road, EC1R 5BX, 020 7405 7324 – Magic shop.
• Joujou & Lucy 32 Clifton Road, W9 1ST, 020 7289 0866 – Children's boutique.
• Kent & Carey 154 Wandsworth Bridge Road, SW6 2UH, 020 7736 5554 – Classic children's clothes.
• Little Stinkies 15 Victoria Grove, W8 5RW, 020 7052 0077 – Dolls' houses, toys and puppet theatres.
• Marie Chantal 148 Walton Street, SW3 2JJ, 020 7838 1111 – Children's fashion.
• MIMMO 602 Fulham Road, SW6 5PA, 020 7731 4706 – Designer duds.
• Mothercare – The leading chain for baby stuff in the UK; will sell you everything but the baby.
Brent Cross Shopping Centre, NW4 3FD –
020 8202 5377
416 Brixton Road, SW9 7AY – 020 7733 1494
Unit 7, The Waterglade Centre, 1-8 The Broadway, W5 2ND – 0208 579 6181
Ravenside Retail Park, Angel Road, N18 3HA – 020 8807 5518
146 High Street, SE9 1BJ – 020 8859 7957
4 Palace Gardens, EN2 6SN – 020 8367 1188
316 North End Road, SW6 1NG – 020 7381 6387
Kings Mall Shopping Centre, W6 0PZ – 020 8600 2860
448 Holloway Road, N7 6QA – 020 7607 0915
112 High Street, TW3 1NA – 020 8577 1767
Unit 1A, Richmond Retail Park, Mortlake Road, Kew – 020 8878 3758
41 Riverdale High Street, SE13 7EP – 020 8852 2167
526-528 Oxford Street, W1C 1LW – 0845 365 0515
Unit 2, Aylesham Centre, Rye Lane, SE15 5EW – 020 7358 0093
33-34 The Mall, E15 1XD – 020 8534 5714
BHS Surrey Quays Shopping Centre, Redriff Road, SE16 7LL – 020 7237 2025
Unit 59, Southside Shopping Centre, SW18 4TF – 020 8877 4180
Unit Lsu4, Centre Court, SW19 8YA – 020 8944 5296
38-40 High Road, N22 6BX – 020 8888 6920
62 Powis Street, SE18 1LQ – 020 8854 3540
• Never Never Land 3 Mildhurst Parade, Fortis Green, N10 3EJ, 020 883 3997 – Toys and dolls.
• Olive Loves Alfie 84 Stoke Newington Church Street, N16 0AP, 020 7241 4212 – Children's lifestyle boutique.
• Patrick's Toys & Models 107 Lillie Road, SW6 7SX, 020 7385 9864 – Outdoor games and equipment.
• Patrizia Wigan 19 Walton Street, SW3 2HX, 020 7823 7080 – Clothing boutique.
• Petit Bateau 62 South Molton Street, W1K 5SR, 020 7491 4498 – Luxurious baby wear.
• Petite Ange 6 Harriet Street, SW1X 9JW, 020 7235 7737 – Exclusive clothing.
• Please Mum 85 Knightsbridge, SW1X 7RB, 020 7486 1380 – Expensive clothing.
• Pom D'Api 3 Blenheim Crescent, W11 2EE, 020 7243 0535 – Classy shoes.
• QT Toys 90 Northcote Road, SW11 6QN, 020 7223 8637 – Toys, games and gifts.
• Rachel Riley 14 Pont Street, SW1X 9EN, 020 7935 7007 – Clothes.
• Rainbow 253 Archway Road, N6 5BS, 020 8340 9700 – Toys, games and clothes.
• Showroom 64 Titchfield Street, W1W 7QH, 020 7636 2501 – Funky children's clothes.
• Soup Dragon 27 Topsfield Parade, Tottenham Lane, N8 8PT, 020 8348 0224 – Toys and clothes.
• The Shoe Station 3 Station Approach, Kew Gardens, TW9 3QB, 020 8940 9905 – Shoes and footwear.
• Their Nibs 214 Kensington Park Road, W11 1NR, 020 7221 4263 – Designer clothes and bedding.
• Tots 39 Turnham Green Terrace, W4 1RG, 020 8995 0520 – Clothes boutique.
• Toys R Us \- Toys, toys, toys.
Tilling Road (opposite Brent Cross Shopping Centre), NW2 1LW – 020 8209 0019
Great Cambridge Road, EN1 3RN – 020 8364 6600
Hayes Road, UB2 5LN – 020 8561 4681
760 Old Kent Road, SE15 1NJ – 020 7732 7322
• Traditional Toys Chelsea Green, 53 Godfrey Street, SW3 3SX, 020 7352 1718 – Timeless toys.
• The Little White Company 261 Pavillion Road, SW1X 0BP, 020 7881 0783 – Clothing, bed linen and furniture.
General Information • Internet & WiFi |
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For many, the Internet is the key to the city. Before the dawning of the Internet, we Dickensian scamps had to scurry around in the filth foraging for information in 'books' and by talking to actual 'people'. Now that the future is here, Londoners can navigate their city's streets, explore its dark history, organise a debauched weekend in Chiswick or, as is more likely, peer over the shoulder of men in raincoats in Internet Cafes.
Internet Cafes are everywhere. In fact you probably live in one. They can range from the dimly lit 'Money Transfer' shacks that have an air of illegality, to chains that dominated the market before home internet use skyrocketed in the late 90s. To be fair, internet use in these places is usually criminally cheap: as low as 50p per hour in the non-tourist areas. For a large list of London internet cafes check out: www.allinlondon.co.uk/directory/1166.php.
London was one crowned WiFi capital of the world, owing to its astronomical rate of increase in WiFi networks in 2007. Today, it is difficult to move in your local cafe without catching the edge of a laptop. The Apostrophe Cafe chain is efficient, expensive and has WiFi as standard, but if you wish to cook your internal organs with your MacBook you can do so in hundreds of cafes across London. An alternative to those of you who have joined the growing legion of smartphone users and don't want the commitment of a long-term contract try Gifgaff (www.giffgaff.com). For £10 you can get 250 minutes, unlimited texts and unlimited data for a month with no additional cost incurred. They offer a best in business rate for the Internet addicts among you.
Useful and/or Fun London Links
www.notfortourists.com/London.aspx
www.fedbybirds.com
www.royalparks.org.uk
www.tfl.gov.uk
www.londonist.com
www.londonfreelist.com
www.davehill.typepad.com
www.shadyoldlady.com
www.derelictlondon.com
www.walk-london.blogspot.com
www.hiddenlondon.com
www.londonbloggers.iamcal.com
www.london-underground.blogspot.com
www.fancyapint.com
www.dailycandy.com/london
www.gumtree.com
www.timeout.com
www.brickads.blogspot.com
www.wildinlondon.blogspot.com
www.westlondonblogger.blogspot.com
www.dalstonoxfamshop.blogspot.com
www.viewlondon.co.uk
www.lecool.com/cities/london
www.deadcafesociety.org.uk
www.londonreviewofbreakfasts.blogspot.com
www.beerintheevening.com
www.london-se1.co.uk
www.talkonthetube.com
www.london.thewayweseeit.org
londoncabby.blogspot.com
General Information • LGBT |
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The doom-sayers have less cause to complain about the decline of Gayhood in London recently, what with Heaven (London's self-proclaimed most famous gay club) hanging on and new nights popping up everywhere. Yes, popular indie discos Popstarz and Rebel Rebel have relocated but Girl's Action at Ghetto promises great things and we are so in love with 'polysexual' club Dalston Supermarket at the moment. Of course every time one door (read: gay club) closes another one opens, and let's face it, the latter will probably open later and sell you even cheaper Red Bull and vodka.
One of the most exciting developments in the past few years has been the advent of what has been dubbed London's new 'Gay Village'—the cluster of clubs, saunas and after-hours hangover incubators that have sprung up in Vauxhall. Now it's possible, though still just as inadvisable, to party from Thursday through to Tuesday without stopping to reapply deodorant, or think about the consequences of what you're doing—hooray. The small outcrop of gay and 'polysexual' nights in the East End, is still thriving, and offers another refreshing alternative to Soho for those in search of an aggressive fashion consciousness and a less cruisy atmosphere. This said, if you can handle bright lights, pop music, tight t-shirts and a lot of hair gel, you'll still have massive amounts of fun around Soho and Old Compton Street, the traditional central London gay epicentre. This area is always buzzing, day and night, and is a great place to sit back and do some people watching as well as to go out and, y'know, go crazy.
For girls there is still room for improvement, with options fewer and less centralised, but The Minories' new Girls' night is a blast and the continuing women-only nights at Village and Element are cause for celebration. Many mixed and polysexual nights (such as Motherfucker at Barden's Boudoir) also draw large female crowds, and though dedicated lesbian bars and clubs are few and far between, there is enough going on in the city to make any day of the week a possible night out.
Websites
www.dirtydirtydancing.com \- Super-airbrushed photos from many of the trendier Soho and east London nights.
<http://scene-out.com> \- Comprehensive mainstream scene guide.
www.gingerbeer.co.uk \- Lesbian guide to London.
www.girlguidelondon.co.uk \- Does what it says on the tin.
www.gmfa.org.uk \- Gay men's health charity.
www.patroc.com/london/clubs.html-Great source for upcoming gay events.
www.pinkdate.com \- Speed dating events for gay men and women in central London.
Publications
The following are all free listings/scene magazines that can be found in most gay shops and venues (anywhere on Old Compton Street should have some copies lying around):
Boyz Magazine \- Weekly scene news and listings, out Thursdays. www.boyz.co.uk
G3 Magazine \- Lesbian scene, monthly.
www.g3mag.co.uk
Out in the City Mag \- Monthly London lifestyle magazine for gay men. www.outmag.co.uk
Qx Magazine \- Gay men's mag.
www.qxmagazine.com
Shops
Gay's the Word, 66 Marchmont Street, WC1N 1AB, 020 7278 7654, <http://freespace.virgin.net/gays.theword/>, The only dedicated Gay and Lesbian Bookshop in London, recently threatened by rising rent. Visit whilst it's still there!
Prowler, 5–7 Brewer Street, W1F 0RF, 020 7734 4031, The ultimate gay men's shop, stocking everything from (skimpy) clothes to sex toys plus mountains of lube, pornography, and the other usual suspects.
Sh! Women's Erotic Emporium, 57 Hoxton Square N1 6PD, 020 7697 9072, <http://www.sh-womenstore.com/>, London's only female-orientated sex shop, run by women, for women.
Sexual Health
A comprehensive list of London clinics that offer same day HIV testing and PEP treatments for gay/bisexual men is available at www.gmfa.org.uk/londonservices/clinics. CLASH, below, is particularly recommended.
CLASH (Central London Action on Street Health), 11 Warwick Street, W1B 5NA, 020 7734 1794, Friday night clinic for gay men, with incredibly friendly staff who will offer comfort and advice. Same day (often instant) HIV testing, PEP treatment. Fridays, 5 - 8.30pm, call for an appointment.
Support Organizations
Again, a more comprehensive list can be found at the GMFA website: www.gmfa.org.uk/londonservices/support-groups/index
Stonewall, Tower Building, York Road, SE1 7NX, www.stonewall.org.uk, Gay rights charity and lobbying group.
PACE Youthwork Service, 34 Hartham Road, N7 9LJ, 020 7700 1323, www.outzone.org, Support organization for gay and lesbian youths under 25. Organizes regular social events and offers one to one consultations with advisors: phone or visit the website to get involved.
London Friend, 86 Caledonian Road, N1 9DN, 020 7833 1674, www.londonfriend.org.uk, Voluntary organization which runs several helplines, group workshops and social events, as well as offering advice on reporting hate crime.
London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard, 0300 330 0630, www.llgs.org.uk, Counselling and information service.
Kairos in Soho, Unit 10, 10-11 Archer Street, W1D 7AZ, 020 7437 6063, www.kairosinsoho.org.uk, Gay and lesbian charity which organises a variety of recreational events to promote the health, well being and development of the LGBT community.
Naz Project London, Palingswick House, 241 King Street, W6 9LP, 020 8741 1879 www.naz.org.uk, Charity that organizes support and sexual health services for black and ethnic minority communities in London. Various services, including free one-on-one counselling and support groups are available, phone or check website for details.
GALOP, PO Box 32810, N1 3ZD, 020 7704 6767, www.galop.org.uk, Charity specialising in advice about reporting hate crime.
Annual Events
Pride London, www.pridelondon.org, Large pride festival, takes place every July.
GFEST – www.gaywisefestival.org.uk, London's premier cross-arts festival, GFEST features a variety of established and new LBG&T artists. The festival promotes the queer arts scene while keeping LBGT human rights the underlying focus of proceedings.
London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, www.bfi.org.uk/llgff, Film festival at the BFI on South Bank, March–April.
London LGBT History Month, www.lgbthistorymonth.co.uk, Nationwide awareness month, with various talks and events staged in London, every February.
Gay/Mixed Venues
Soho:
79CXR, 79 Charing Cross Road, WC2H 0NE, 020 7734 0769, Dingy bar with middle aged crowd.
The Admiral Duncan, 54 Old Compton Street, W1D 4UB, 020 7437 5300
Barcode Soho, 3-4 Archer Street W1D 7AT, 020 7734 3342
Box, 32–34 Monmouth Street, WC2H 9HA, 020 7240 5828, Civilised bar and eatery.
Comptons, 53–57 Old Compton Street, W1D 6HN, 020 7479 7961, Crammed gay pub.
Duke of Wellington, 77 Wardour Street, W1D 6QA
The Edge, 11 Soho Square, W1D 3QF, 020 7439 1313
G-A-Y Bar, 30 Old Compton Street, W1D 5JX, 020 7494 2756, Poptastic bunker. Video walls and cheap drinks.
G-A-Y Late, 5 Goslett Yard, WC2H 0ER, 020 7734 9858, Cheap drinks and pop videos wipe out brain functions 'til 3am.
Ghetto, Falconberg Court, W1D 3AB, 020 7287 3726, Loud electro at this busy gay club. Thursday is ladies night.
Halfway to Heaven, 7 Duncannon Street, WC2N 4JF, 020 7321 2791.
Heaven, Under the Arches, Villiers Street, WC2N 6NG, 020 7930 2020, Legendary gay club. An institution.
Ku Bar, 30 Lisle Street, WC2H 7BA, 020 7437 4303, Newly relocated bar for the young and clueless.
Kudos, 10 Adelaide Street, WC2N 4HZ, 020 7379 4573
Profile, 56–57 Frith Street, W1D 3JG, 020 7734 8300
Shadow Lounge, 5 Brewer Street, W1F, 020 7439 4089, Supposed to be a shi-shi cocktail lounge. Hmmmm.
Soho Revue Bar, 11 Walkers Court, Brewer Street, W1F 0ED, Cabaret acts followed by dancing 'til late.
The Village, 81 Wardour Street, W1D 6QD, 020 7434 2124, Tacky, flirtatious bar spread across two floors.
Trash Palace, 11 Wardour Street, W1D 6PG, 020 7734 0522, Bratty queer indie bar.
North:
Cosmo Lounge, 43 Essex Road, N1 2SF, 020 7688 0051, Subdued bar, normally full of regulars.
Central Station, 37 Wharfdale Road, N1 9SD, 020 7278 3294. Pub/club with ominously blacked out windows.
The Green, 74 Upper Street N1 0NY, 0871 971 4097, Innocuous gay bar/restaurant frequented by many unsuspecting straight couples.
King Edward VI Pub, 25 Bromfield Street, N1 0PZ
The Black Cap, 171 Camden High Street, NW1 7JY, 020 7428 2721, Slightly crummy gay pub.
East:
Bistrotheque, 23–27 Wadeson Street, E2 9DR, Jonny Woo's restaurant, great food and drag acts.
The Black Horse, 168 Mile End Road, E1 4LJ, 020 7790 1684
George and Dragon, 2 Hackney Road, E2 7NS, Small, atmospheric pub full of trendy boys and girls.
Joiners Arms, 116–118, Hackney Road, E2 7Q, Late opening free-for-all with a wonderfully mixed crowd. ('til 2/3am most nights)
South:
Area, 67–68 Albert Embankment, SE1 7TP
Barcode Vauxhall, 69 Albert Embankment, 020 7582 4180
The Two Brewers, 114 Clapham High Street, SW4 7UJ, 020 7498 4971
Depot, 66 Albert Embankment, SE11 7TP, Sister club of Area, with a more cruisy vibe.
Fire, South Lambeth Road, SW8 1RT, 020 7434 1113, The quintessential Vauxhall club. Open pretty much forever, bulging muscles everywhere.
The Fort, 131 Grange Road, Bermondsey, SE1 3AL - Themed cruising/fetish/sex bar.
Kazbar Clapham, 50 Clapham High Street, SW4 7UL, 020 7622 0070
Little Apple Bar, 98 Kennington Lane, SE11 4XD Mixed/lesbian bar.
The Powder Monkey, 22 King William Walk, SE10 PHU, 020 8293 5928, thepowdermonkey.net
Royal Vauxhall Tavern, 372 Kennington Lane, SE11 5HY, 020 7820 1222
South Central, 349 Kennington Lane, SE11 5QY, 020 7793 0903
Substation South, 9 Brighton Terrace, SW9 8DJ, 020 7737 2095
XXL, 51–53 Southwark Street, SE1 1TE, www.fatsandsmalls.com, Busy bear club.
West:
Bromptons, 294 Old Brompton Road, SW5 9JF, 020 77370 1344
The Coleherne, 261 Old Brompton Road, SW5 9JA020 7244 5951
Recommended Nights
Club Motherfucker, second Saturdays @ Barden's Boudoir, 38 Stoke Newington Road, Dalston, N16 7XJ, Polysexual band night. Sweaty, noisy, very much about the music.
Circus, Fridays @ Soho Revue Bar, 11 Walkers Court, Brewer Street, W1F 0ED, Drag Queen Jodie Harsh's long running night attracts its fair share of celebrities from both on and off the scene. Get there early or be prepared to queue.
DTPM, www.myspace.com/dtpm, Legendary event, no longer with a fixed location. See site for details of upcoming parties.
For3ign, Saturdays @ Bar Music Hall, 134 Curtain Road, EC2A 3AR, 020 7613 5951, Outlandish costumes and, of course, thumping electro.
Horsemeat Disco, Sundays @ South Central, Italo and 70s Disco bring all sorts to this fantastic night, originally a bear love club.
Icon, Sundays @ Essence, 562a Mile End Road, E3 4PH, 0208 980 6427, mob 07843 440 443 (weekly), New night in the East End. Yet to prove itself.
Issue, monthly (check site for details) @ Electricity Showrooms, 39a Hoxton Square, N1 6NN,
issueclub.blogspot.com. Polysexual parties to coincide with the launch of this scene/fashion magazine.
Matinee, monthly (check site) @ Fabric, 77a Charterhouse Street, EC1M 3HN, 020 7335 8898, www.matineelondon.com, Irregular gay night at this enormous club in Farringdon.
Popstarz, Fridays @ Sin, 144 Charing Cross Road, WC2H 0LB, 020 7240 1900, Gay indie institution, recently relocated.
Trailer Trash, Fridays @ On the Rocks, 25 Kingsland Road, E2 8AA, 020 7688 0339, The dirtiest electro and the drunkest you've ever been. Crammed with sweating fashionistas.
Wet Yourself, Sundays @ Aquarium, 256–264 Old Street, EC1V 9DD, 020 7251 6136, This used to be the place to be after Boombox. It's lost only a little of its charm since (mixed polysexual crowd).
Lesbian Venues
Blush Bar, 8 Cazenove Road, Stoke Newington N16, 020 7923 9202, www.blushbar.co.uk
Candy Bar, 23-24 Bateman Street, W1V 5HR, 020 7437 1977, The reluctant epicentre of the Lesbian scene in Soho.
First Out Café Bar, Soho - 52 St Giles High St, WC2H 8LH, 020 7240 8042, Cafe with nightly events. All girls on Friday.
Oak Bar, 79 Green Lanes, N16, www.oakbar.co.uk, 020 7354 2791,
The Star At Night, 22 Great Chapel Street, Soho, W1 8FR, 020 7434 3749, Mixed cocktail bar with a predominantly female crowd.
Recommended Nights
100% Babe, Bank Holiday Sundays @ The Roxy, 3 Rathbone Place, W1P 1DA, 020 7636 1598, Irregular party for fans of funky house, R&B, old skool and electropop.
Blue Light, last Saturdays @ Bar Med, Triton Court, 14 Finsbury Square, EC2, 020 7588 3056
Club Wotever, first Saturday of the month @ The Masters Club, 12 Denman Street, Piccadilly, W1D 7HH, 020 7734 4243, Draggy night with a large 'King' quota.
Code, irregular night @ the Enclave, 25–27 Brewer Street, W1F 0RR, www.club-code.net \- check website for details.
Girls on Girls, Wednesdays @ Village, 81 Wardour Street, W1D 6QD, 020 7434 2124
Lounge, second Thursdays @ Vertigo, 1 Leicester Square, WC2H 7NA, 020 7734 0900, Relaxed cocktail night at this swish Leicester Square club.
Miss Shapes, Thursdays @ Ghetto, Falconberg Court, W1D 3AB, 020 7287 3726, Popular girls-only indie night.
Pink, Wednesdays @ Element, 4-5 Greek Street, W1D 4DD, 020 7434 3323.
Play, irregular night @ Bar Rumba, 35 Shaftesbury Ave, W1D 7EP, 020 7287 2715, www.myspace.com/_clubplay
Rumours, last Saturday of the month @ 64–73 Minories, EC3, 07949 477 804
Smack, irregular night @ various venues, check website, www.myspace.com/smackclub
Wish, first Saturdays @ Gramophone, 60–62 Commercial Street, E1 6LT, Style conscious night for young techno-heads and indie girls.
Women's Anarchist Nuisance Cafe, Penultimate wednesdays @ the RampART Creative Centre and Social Space, Rampart St, Aldgate, E1 2LA, Social group and cooperative vegan women's cafe.
Stickier Options
Club Fukk, second Fridays @ Central Station, 37 Wharfdale Road, N1 9SD, 020 7278 3294, www.centralstation.co.uk or www.woteverworld.com/id12.html, Predominantly Lesbian fetish/play club. One of many sex/cruising nights at the venue – check site for details.
Chariots, www.gaysauna.co.uk, Popular chain of gay saunas, with branches at the following locations: Shoreditch: 1 Fairchild Street, EC2A 3NS, Waterloo: 101 Lower Marsh, SE1 7AB, 020 7401 8484, Limehouse: 574 Commercial Road, E14 7JD, 020 7791 2808, Streatham: 292 [rear of] Streatham High Road, SW16 6HG, 020 8696 0929, Farringdon: 57 Cowcross Street, EC1M 6BX, 020 7251 5553, Vauxhall: 63-64 Albert Embankment, SE1, 020 7247 5333
The Fort,131 Grange Road, Bermondsey, SE1 3AL, Themed cruising/fetish/sex bar.
Hard On, monthly @ Hidden, 100 Tinworth Street, SE11 5EQ, www.hardonclub.co.uk, Rubber and fetish sex club for gay and bisexual men and women.
The Hoist, Arch 47b & 47c, South Lambeth Road, SW8 1RH, 020 7735 9972, www.thehoist.co.uk, Fetish sex club with strict dress codes, check website for details.
Nudity, first Fridays @ Hidden, 100 Tinworth Street, SE11 5EQ, Nude men's dance/play club.
Purrrr, 87 Fortess Road, Kentish Town NW5, www.purrrr.co.uk, Monthly S&M play club for Lesbians.
General Information • Timeline |
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London Timeline
A timeline of significant events in London's history.
50: | The Romans found Londinium, building the first London Bridge.
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61: | Queen Boudicca burns Londinium down.
100: | Londinium becomes the capital of Roman Britain.
200: | The Romans build the London Wall.
410: | Roman occupation ends and Londinium is largely abandoned for many years.
604: | King Aethelbert of Kent completes the first St Paul's Cathedral.
700: | The Saxons build Lundenwic a mile to the west of old Londinium.
851: | The Vikings burn Lundenwic down (starting to see a pattern, here?)
878: | Alfred The Great defeats the Vikings and establishes a new settlement
within the Roman Walls.
1013: | The Viking King Canute besieges London.
1066: | William The Conqueror becomes the first king to be crowned at Westminster Abbey.
1088: | William The Conqueror builds the Tower Of London.
1097: | William Rufus builds Westminster Hall—later part of the Houses Of Parliament.
1176: | The wooden London Bridge is replaced by a stone structure.
1343: | 'The Canterbury Tales' author Geoffrey Chaucer is born in London.
1348: | The Black Death wipes out between a third and half of London's population in 18 months.
1381: | Peasants revolt, storming the Tower Of London.
1599: | William Shakespeare's theatre company The Chamberlain's Men build the Globe Theatre.
1605: | Guy Fawkes' Gunpowder Plot fails to blow up the Palace Of Westminster.
1635: | Hyde Park opens to the public.
1649: | King Charles I is beheaded at Whitehall.
1665: | The Great Plague kills a fifth of London's population (starting to see another pattern, here?)
1666: | The Fire of London destroys 60% of the city, including St Paul's Cathedral,
but wipes out the plague. This really must have been a great year.
1708: | The new St Paul's Cathedral is completed by Sir Christopher Wren.
1732: | Downing Street becomes the home of the Prime Minister.
1750: | Westminster Bridge is built.
1814: | Lord's Cricket Ground is opened.
1829: | Robert Peel establishes the Metropolitan Police force, policemen known as 'Bobbies' or 'Peelers'.
1831: | London becomes the world's biggest city.
1834: | The Houses Of Parliament are built.
1843: | Nelson's Column is completed in Trafalgar Square.
1851: | Six million people gawp at newfangled technology and design at The Great Exhibition.
1858: | The Great Stink inspires the 19th century's biggest civil engineering project—London's sewerage system.
1863: | The first London Underground line is built.
1876: | The Albert Memorial to Queen Victoria's husband Prince Albert is completed.
1877: | The first Wimbledon Championship takes place. A Brit wins, but only Brit's are playing.
1884: | An imaginary line through Greenwich Royal Observatory is internationally accepted as the Prime Meridian. Except by the French.
1887: | Arthur Conan Doyle publishes the first Sherlock Holmes story 'A Study In Scarlet.'
1888: | Jack The Ripper's first victim, Mary Ann Nichols, is murdered.
1908: | London hosts the Olympics for the first time.
1915: | German Zeppelin airships launch first air raids on London, ultimately killing
over 700 people.
1923: | Wembley Stadium is built in 300 days, costing £750,000.
1940: | The Blitz begins—German bombs kill over 30,000 Londoners by the end of WW2 and destroy large areas of the city.
1946: | Heathrow Airport opens for commercial flights.
1948: | The second London Olympics is held.
1951: | The Royal Festival Hall is built as part of the Festival Of Britain.
1952: | The Great Smog, caused by a combination of fog and coal smoke,
kills 4000 people in five days.
1956: | The Clean Air Act puts an end to London's smog problems.
1965: | The Notting Hill Carnival is established by West London's Caribbean community
1966: | England win the FIFA World Cup at Wembley stadium, better still, against Germany.
1969: | The Beatles play their last ever gig on the roof of the Apple building.
1976: | The Sex Pistols play at the first 'International Punk Festival' at the 100 Club on Oxford Street.
1981: | The first London Marathon.
1983: | Six people are killed when the IRA bombs Harrods.
1991: | London's tallest building, One Canada Square (better known as Canary Wharf), is completed.
2000: | Ken Livingstone becomes London's first directly-elected Mayor.
2005: | 52 people are killed by four suicide bombers on Underground trains and a bus.
2007: | The rebuilt Wembley Stadium is completed after four years, costing £778 million.
2008: | Boris Johnson defeats Red Ken in the London Mayoral Election with a promise to re-instate the Routemaster.
2011: | Royal Wedding mania.
2012: | London's third Olympics held; Danny Boyle adapts NHS as West End spectacular.
2012: | Queen Elizabeth II celebrates her Diamond Jubilee with a rainy-day boat show.
2013: | Prince George of Cambridge born.
General Information • Media |
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London is an egotist—it just loves to talk about itself. As you might expect, there's a vast array of print and online publications, not to mention radio stations, designed to let the city do exactly that. Single-handedly forcing the environmental movement back twenty years are freebie dailies The Metro and the more fiscally orientated City A.M. Free weeklies to look out for include Stylist on Wednesday's for girls, ShortList on Thursday's for boys and Sport on Friday's for, well, sports enthusiast. The Aussies are pushing TNT at tube stations on Monday, but it lacks the wider appeal. A newer addition to the freesheet line-up is the substantial Evening Standard, which went free in January 2009, and is the preferred news-roundup du jour of suburbanites and city types alike, if only for the sudoku and quick crossword puzzles. Online, www.thisislocallondon.co.uk condenses forty local newspapers into 'one online voice'. On the wireless, Capital Radio broadcasts an irksome parade of popular hits and frenetic DJs, whilst Heart and Magic corner the market on lip-trembling power ballads, mid-paced chart rock and wacky quizzes. All of the British Broadcasting Corporation's national radio stations—including the snazzy, young(ish) Radio 1 and ovaltine-drinkers' choice Radio 2—are based in London, as is (surprisingly) BBC London, a decent option for weekend sports coverage. Cooler, urban types are more likely to be tuning into Kiss FM (dance, hip hop), Smooth FM (jazz, soul) or Choice (dancehall, roots), while alternative rockers tune their dials anguishedly to XFM, and the talkative indulge in unreserved subjectivity over at LBC. Of course, the undisputed king of alternative London broadcasting is Resonance FM, a 'community run' station. Expect everything from 'Calling All Pensioners' to live psycho-geographic wanders around city's warped dark streets. Un-licensed and illegal pirate radio stations offer a slightly un-hinged ear into the fringes of London's musical society. Twiddle your dials around the extreme ends of the FM spectrum for pirate stalwarts Rude FM and Kool FM. On the telly-box, the latest news is spoon-fed to you on ITV's London Tonight show and delivered in short slots at the end of the BBC and ITV national news programs. For those actually risking going outside, Time Out remains the socialite's sacred text.
Print
The Evening Standard Northcliffe House, 2 Derry Street, W8 5TT, 020 7938 6000, Newly reinstated as a freesheet, it continues to be London's favourite journey home read.
Metro Northcliffe House, 2 Derry Street, W8 5TT, 020 7651 5200, Free underground daily from same stable.
City AM New London Bridge House, 25 London Bridge St, SE1 9SG, 020 7015 1200, Free morning business bulletin for city-goers.
Sport Third Floor, Courtyard Building, 11 Curtain Road, EC2A 3LT, 0207 375 3175 Free sports overview every Friday.
TimeOut London 251-255 Tottenham Court Road, Universal House, W1T 7AB, 0207 813 3000, Listings & reviews across the city. Pretty damned comprehensive.
Literary Review 44 Lexington Street, W1 0LW, 020 7437 9392, Fortnightly publication for the bookish.
London Gazette PO Box 7923, SE1 5ZH, 020 7394 4517, Capital's oldest paper—official journals record of the government.
The London Magazine 32 Addison Grove, W4 1ER, 020 8400 5882, Bi-monthly Arts reviews.
TNT London 14-15 Childs Place, Earls Court, SW5 9RX, 020 7373 3377, Info and opinion for the antipodean set.
Loot 31 John Street, WC1N 2AT, 0871 222 5000, Classifieds: flats, bought/sold and lonely hearts.
The Voice GV Media Group Ltd, Northern & Shell Tower, 6th Floor, 4 Selsdon Way, E14 9GL, 020 7510 0340, African-British national.
Polish Express 603 Cumberland House, 80 Scrubs Lane, NW10 6RF, 020 8964 4488, News and info for the Polish community.
Live Listings Magazine Keith Villa (House), 102 Mallinson Rd, SW11 1BN, 020 7207 2734 Guide to what's on in multicultural London.
ShortList 6 Emerald Street, London, WC1N 3QA, 020 7242 5873, A Thursday freebie for metrosexuals.
Sport 18 Hatfields, London SE1 8DJ, 020 7959 7800, A free Friday magazine dedicated to, you guessed it, sports.
Stylist 6 Emerald Street, London, WC1N 3QA, 020 7242 5873, London's first free women's glossy. Handed out on Wednesdays.
Public Radio
FM
89.1 BBC Radio Two: Middle-aged music and chat.
91.3 BBC Radio Three: Classical.
93.5 BBC Radio Four: Current affairs, comfort listening.
94.9 BBC London: Chat, sport.
95.8 Capital FM: Chart, capers.
96.9 Choice FM: Hip Hop, R&B.
97.3 LBC: Phone in, chat.
98.8 BBC Radio 1: Pop, rock, more pop.
100.0 Kiss FM: Dance, urban.
100.9 Classic FM: Classical.
102.2 Smooth FM: Jazz, soul.
102.6 Essex FM: Audible in East London.
103.3 London Greek Radio: Um, Greek.
103.5 BBC Essex: Audible out East.
104.4 Resonance FM: Always bizzare, always brilliant.
104.9 Xfm: Alternative, rock.
105.4 Magic: Pop, slush.
105.8 Virgin Radio: Pop, rock.
106.2 Heart: Chart, pop.
106.6 Time: West London only.
107.3 Time: South East London only.
AM
252 Atlantic: Rock.
558 Spectrum International: Multi-ethnic.
648 BBC World Service: Global.
720 BBC Radio Four: Spoken word.
909 BBC Radio Five Live: Sport, phone in.
963 Liberty Radio: 70s, 80s pop.
1035 Ritz: Country.
1089 talkSPORT: Sports phone in.
1152 LBC News: News, weather.
1215 Virgin Radio: Pop, rock.
1305 Premier Radio: Christian.
1458 Sunrise: Asian.
1548 Capital Gold: Rock 'gold', sport.
1584 London Turkish Radio: Turkish community.
Essential London Books
The Diary of Samuel Pepys (1825): Samuel Pepys: eyewitness accounts of the Restoration, Great Plague and Fire of London from noted sixteenth century scribbler.
Oliver Twist; Hard Times; Great Expectations (1837, 1854, 1860): Charles Dickens: any Dickens novel paints Victorian London at its most exacting.
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886): Robert Louis Stevenson: the book that enthralled a city unnerved by Jack the Ripper.
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; The Hound of the Baskervilles (1892): Arthur Conan Doyle: classic whodunits featuring Holmes and Watson.
The Inimitable Jeeves (1923): P.G. Wodehouse: prewar upper-class tomfoolery in London Town.
Mrs Dalloway (1925): Virginia Woolf If you know London, you can follow Clarissa Dalloway every step of the way – in real time.
Londinium: London in the Roman Empire, John Morris (1982): London's rise from a Roman outpost into a debauched medieval mecca.
V For Vendetta (1982-1989): Alan Moore, The world's greatest comic writer blows up London in a fit of Anarchist fantasies.
London Fields (1989): Martin Amis: post-modern jaunt through London at the end of the millennium.
London – The Biography, and Illustrated London (2000): Peter Ackroyd: definitive, eight hundred page mother lode of remarkable city history, and lavish pictorial version.
London's Disused Underground Stations (2001): JE Connor: documenting forgotten, ghostly tube stations beneath the pavements.
London Orbital and Hackney That Rose Red Empire (2002): Iain Sinclair: London's premier scribe continues to fill our brains with joy despite being ripped off by devotee Peter Ackroyd.
The Clerkenwell Tales (2003): Peter Ackroyd: corking murder mystery set in the time of Chaucer.
Brick Lane (2003): Monica Ali: award winning coming-of-age tale centred on Brick Lane's Muslim community.
Art Deco London (2003): Colin Michael Hines: Wistful but enjoyable stroll around London's Art Deco heritage.
Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl (2005): Belle de Jour: steamy, real-life shenanigans ahoy.
From Here to Here (2005): Simmons, Taylor, Lynham, Rich: 31 top notch short stories about Circle Line destinations, includes Simon Armitage.
Secret London: Exploring the Hidden City, with Original Walks and Unusual Places to Visit (2006): Andrew Duncan: an explorer's dream.
The London Bombings: An Independent Inquiry (2006): Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed: balanced, subtle overview of 2005 Underground bombings.
Around London with Kids – 68 Great Things to See and Do (3rd edition; 2006): Eugene Fodor: should keep the little rascals from breaking into cars.
I Never Knew That About London (2007): Christopher Winn: Well, did you?
The London Encyclopaedia (2008): Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert: London's history and culture documented in minutest detail
Derelict London (2008): Paul Talling: The urban explorers' bible!
Essential London Songs
Lambeth Walk, Noel Gay/Douglas Furber (1937): All together! Doing the Lambeth Walk! Oi!
A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square, Judy Campbell (1940): Wartime cheer made famous by Vera Lynn.
London Pride, Sir Noel Coward (1941): Written during the Blitz, this sensational ballad gave comfort to Londoners being bombed nightly.
Maybe It's Because I'm a Londoner, Hubert Gregg (1944): Pearly Queen favourite crammed with WWII spirit.
A Foggy Day (In London Town), Ella Fitzgerald (1956): Definitive recording of Gershwin classic.
Waterloo Sunset, The Kinks (1967): Timeless paean to the nation's capital.
Consider Yourself, Lionel Bart (1968): Oliver Twist hoodwinked into a life of crime by the Artful Dodger, the rascal.
Primrose Hill, John and Beverly Martyn (1970). Folk rock's second couple never had to deal with Katie Frost and Kate Moss when they were watching the sun set, did they?
Streets Of London, Ralph McTell (1974). Cool folk dude destroys credibility forever with international monster hit.
Baker Street, Gerry Rafferty (1978): Feel that sax line, air that guitar.
London Calling, The Clash (1979): Joe Strummer paints an apocalyptic vision of a city in post-punk transition.
Electric Avenue, Eddy Grant (1983): Roots-rock champion name checks 80s Brixton scene.
London, The Smiths (1983): Morrissey lugubriously debates a trip south. Miserable shite.
West End Girls, Pet Shop Boys (1986): East London working class meets West London affluence in electro-pop classic.
Pump Up London, Mr. Lee (1988). Squelchy Chicago House dude makes London sound amazing whilst name checking every British town he can think of: Leeds! Manchester! Scatland!
Parklife, Blur (1994): Home counties-boys get cockney makeover while eyeing London's jogging scene.
Sunny Goodge Street, Donovan (2002). Folk crooner sings of a hippy London goneby.
The London Underground Song, Amateur Transplants (2005): Sweary, infectiously catchy and a comical ballad to the tube, rings painfully true.
Sheila, Jamie T (2006): Mr. T delivers an excellent poetic diatribe on what being young and hopeless in London is like.
Hometown Glory, Adele (2007): This song will make you fall in love with the city all over again.
Essential London Films
The 39 Steps (1935): Hitchcock adaptation of John Buchan novel.
Pygmalion (1938): Leslie Howard as Henry Higgins and Wendy Hiller as Eliza Doolittle prove Shaw's classic comedy does very well without music.
Great Expectations (1946): Rare Richard Attenborough acting outing in classic Dickens adaptation.
The Ladykillers (1955): Superb black comedy from the Ealing canon, with pre-Obi Wan Alec Guinness.
One Hundred and One Dalmations (1961): Innocent pelt-seeker tortured by 101 belligerent pups. For shame.
Mary Poppins (1964): Notable for Dick Van Dyke's confounding, lanky turn as cockney chimney sweep.
A Hard Day's Night (1964): Classic, swinging 60s' comedy from the Fab Four.
Alfie (1966): Caine in much-lauded role as audience-addressing lothario.
Carry On Doctor (1967): Critically-panned, guilty-pleasure raunchfest from Pinewood Studios.
The London Nobody Knows (1967): The greatest film about London ever. Period.
Oliver! (1968): Sprightly musical adaptation of Dickens classic.
A Clockwork Orange (1971) Kubrick's dystopian masterpiece was set in Thamesmead, which is still, "Feeling a bit shagged and fagged and fashed."
The Elephant Man (1980): John Merrick 'accepted' by London's polite Victorian-era society in David Lynch masterpiece.
An American Werewolf in London (1981): US student attacked on moors; gets haunted; romps with Jenny Agutter; becomes werewolf; slaughters innocents; is shot in alley; credits roll.
My Beautiful Launderette (1985): Hanif Kureishi's controversial depiction of cross-culture, same-gender love in the Thatcher-era.
Muppet Christmas Carol (1992): That Michael Caine, he sure can act. But he sure can't sing.
London (1994): Patrick Kellier's abstract ramble through 'the most unsociable and reactionary of cities.'
Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998): East End crime capers from Madonna's (not from the East End) husband.
Notting Hill (1999): Hugh Grant as mumbling, bumbling, lovesick fop.
Bridget Jones's Diary (2001): Rene Zellweger goes Sloane in adaptation of Helen Fielding novel.
28 Days Later (2002): Us Londoners finally erupt in pandemic rage at how slow tourists are on the tube.
Love Actually (2003): Expansive Richard Curtis romcom with Grant in slightly-less mumbly, slightly-more bumbly form.
Shaun of the Dead (2003): Fighting off zombies at the local pub. Hilarious.
The Kings Speech (2010): A stuttering King finds his voice and wins a few Academy Awards for his efforts.
General Information • Toilets |
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There can't be anything worse than the inconvenience of trying to find a convenience when nature takes an unexpected hold of your nether regions; you may choose to follow the lead of many a Saturday evening reveller and use a public doorway, but is it really worth the £80 fine that will be levied if caught in the act (and let's face it, it's hard to conceal the evidence)?
Unfortunately, London has seen a recent decline in the provision of public toilet facilities, as local councils seem to have decided that they are under no obligation to provide such a service; you'll also be hard pushed to find a toilet attendant manning a lavatory these days, and the dubious goings-on in some loos may not be quite what you had in mind, unless your name has a "Michael" in it. Most surviving public toilets seem also to emit their own particular aroma of...well, you don't really have to use your imagination. But don't get down in the dumps!
The most obvious place to go to when in need is McDonald's. Despite what some may say about their food, their outlets are the place to go when caught short and not wishing to pay to pee. Usually maintained and cleaned throughout opening hours, they can also be used inconspicuously and without purchasing anything; and let's face it, you can't move without the glow of those golden arches following you across London. It's also a safe bet to use Starbucks, Caffe Nero and Costa Coffee bars, although they often have a policy of access to toilets by key only, which can be a bit of a bummer (groan).
It may seem like a good idea to visit pubs or bars solely for their toilets, but you might find yourself being hauled out by an irked landlord mid-act. Furthermore, don't expect luxury; pub toilets are usually fairly scummy and often not furnished with toilet paper. It's also unlikely to find a men's cubicle that will have a working lock in it; do you really wish to have an unwanted visitor whilst on the throne? Exceptions are the Wetherspoon's chain, which prides itself on having toilets cleaned on the hour, and the nicest of gastro pubs, which can offer commodious and clean facilities (at least during the day). Otherwise, if desperate, at least go for a pub or bar that's busy.
Also bear in mind that if you find yourself in need in the City of Westminster, you can use a toilet text service from your mobile phone! Known as SatLav, texting the word 'Toilet' to 80097 will result in a message being sent to your phone informing you of the nearest public convenience. It may prove to be the most relieving 25p you'll ever spend in London...
A good and extensive list of London public toilets can be found at www.lastrounds.co.uk/public_toilets.html.
If none of the afore-mentioned places are available, there are other options:
Other street public toilets—yes, those bizarre futuristic looking structures on some of London's central streets are toilets. Known as sanisettes or "superloos", there is a charge to use them and once in, you've got 15 minutes before the door automatically opens (don't get extended stage-fright). They're self-cleaning, which usually means that they're in a right state, and are also quite popular with junkies and prostitutes, so best saved for when extremely desperate.
There are also a few pop up toilettes which, although intended for the right use, unfortunately stink like hell and fortunately return back there during the day. These are only suitable for (drunk) men and rise to the challenge of channelling away an evening's excesses from 7pm to 6am. Located at notorious 'wet spots' in the West End, they are linked to the main sewerage system; taking the piss, indeed...
Stations—including almost all large railway stations and a few central London tube stations. There will usually be a cost for these facilities though (around 30p).
Department Stores—All the large ones, including John Lewis, Selfridges, Debenhams and Harrods. Smaller shops rarely have toilets for public use.
Supermarkets—many larger branches of Sainsbury's and Marks & Spencer.
Museums—the majority of London's large museums and galleries are free to enter (erm, and have toilets).
Libraries—most libraries will have an area of salvation for the needy.
Universities and Colleges—and you get to pass yourself off as a student or lecturer (in need of the loo).
Hospitals—you can also drop in on that relative that you always meant to visit, or maybe leave a stool sample; just try not to leave with a superbug.
Parks—not on the grass, please.
Hotels—larger hotels shouldn't pose a problem.
General Information • Hospitals |
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London has some of the finest hospitals in the world, attracting top-notch specialists who carry-out state-of-the-art procedures—the trick is, getting in to see one of them. An appointment at a specific hospital, or with a specialist, requires a referral from your GP and plenty of patience. In an emergency go to your nearest A&E—bring a book and some earplugs. On the weekends after eleven, waiting times for non-urgent problems can be measured in aeons, but rest assured, if something is seriously wrong you'll be seen very quickly—lucky ol' you. For non serious injuries or illnesses, find your nearest Minor Injuries Unit or Walk-in Centre on www.nhs.uk. You'll spend less time hanging around and free up A&E for critical cases and over-cidered teens needing stomach pumps. The ever-friendly 24 hr NHS Direct 0845 4647 is also always available for advice.
If you have the money, numerous private sector hospitals and clinics are available to cure what ails you, or to pander to your hypochondriacal needs. You won't necessarily get better treatment, but there'll be less waiting, more pampering and more grapes by your bedside. For information, start at www.privatehealth.co.uk.
General Information • Libraries |
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Overview
Librarians love nothing more than a warm cardigan and a complex cataloguing system, nevertheless, they've done themselves proud with London's libraries. London boasts an enormous, if somewhat eccentric and confusing, network of over 360 libraries. In 2009 the Chief Librarians initiative passed and 4,000 libraries in England, Wales and Northern Ireland can now be easily accessed and used for all library services including checking out books, as long as you have an existing library card and proof of address. This excludes the elite British institutions (see below) and all books must be returned to a library in the same area.
London's libraries vary enormously in subject, range and facilities, with some accessible for free, some for a fee, some with an appointment and some only if you are very very nice and give the curator a chocolate digestive. But the treat of such a large network, apart from the world-class breadth, depth and quality of collections, is that many of the libraries have a unique personality to make them a treasured part of London. For example, £10 will get you a day's membership to the London Library (Map 23), an atmospheric labyrinth where you can browse alongside ghosts of past members including Dickens, Tennyson and Darwin, and feel several IQ points higher than before you went in. In Tower Hamlets, libraries are now "Ideas Stores" (Map 92, , ), because Tower Hamlets is, like, cool. In addition to the books, magazines, music and internet facilities which are available at most public libraries, these superb spaces also offer activities such as free PopLaw legal advice clinics, homework clubs and jazz classes. The borough has built four of these wonders; find them in Bow, Whitechapel, Canary Wharf and on East India Dock Road. London linguists are spoiled with the excellent French Institute (Map 36), Instituto Cervantes (Map 19) and the Goethe Institut (Map 37), while more cunning linguists may prefer the eye-opening gynaecological collection among the 2.5 million medical-related works in the Wellcome Library (Map 4). Poets should meander their way to the Saison Poetry Library (Map 104), ensconced within the South Bank Centre, for a little inspiration. Artists will enjoy the National Art Library (Map 36), which nestles within the V&A Museum. You can use many of London's academic and specialist libraries through the Inspire London scheme, which grants one-day reference access to collections throughout London; ask your local library to refer you.
However, the Daddy of them all is the British Library (Map 78). This behemoth receives a copy of every publication printed in the UK and Ireland, and requires 625km of shelving space to accommodate its 150million items. But it's just such a tease. You cannot borrow books, and to even access the collections you need to obtain a Reader Pass, via an introductory discussion to establish why you need it and whether you're likely to doodle on the books. This requires two forms of ID, no compromise: refer to www.bl.uk for the latest guidelines. Once you have your pass you can access the Reading Rooms, albeit with your personal belongings in a clear plastic bag (or stored in a locker). But if you just fancy seeing the Magna Carta, Shakespeare in Quarto or some Beatles manuscripts, you can access the book-free visitor areas without appointment and still gain an impressive look at one of the world's greatest information resources.
General Information • Police |
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General Information
Important phone numbers:
All emergencies: 999
Non-emergencies: 101
Anti-terrorism hotline: 0800 789 321
Crime Stoppers: 0800 555 111
Neighbourhood Watch: 020 79934709
Missing Persons: 0500 700 700
Complaints: 08453 002 002
Websites:
www.met.police.uk
www.cityoflondon.police.uk (Separate police force specifically covering the Square Mile).
www.btp.police.uk (Separate police force specifically covering public transport).
General Information • London Postcodes Map |
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General Information • Hotels |
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Overview
London hotels can be sources of hopelessly romantic creativity. In 1899 Claude Monet painted the Houses of Parliament from his balcony at the Savoy hotel. About 100 years later, Fay Weldon moved in with her typewriter as writer in residence. If you've got visitors in town, fancy giving Claude a run for his money, or just can't face going back to your dump of a flat, you'll need the services of a hotel. When choosing your hotel, think carefully about what kind of London you're looking to experience and whom the room is for. We've identified a few of the usual suspects for whom you may find yourself booking a hotel room, and heartily offer you our best suggestions for each. Just don't expect to emerge from any of them clutching a masterpiece penned overnight.
Only the Best, Daah-ling
So you need to find a hotel for a VIP client who will accept nothing but the best. Where to start? Since you don't have to cover the bill yourself, here is where you can really dig into London hospitality at its most deluxe. Start by trying to book The Ritz (Map 9), with its amazing views of Green Park, Rococo detailing and killer high tea. Brown's (Map 9) is a stunning five-star and was the first hotel in London to have a lift. There is also the Dorchester (Map 9), and its neighbour the Hilton Park Lane (Map 9), where you may see a celebrity stumbling back to their quarters at four in the morning, if you're very, very lucky. The Landmark (Map 76) is a wonderfully Victorian retreat in the centre of ritzy Marylebone and has a rather fine atrium. But the granddaddy of luxury London must be the Savoy (Map 24). This elegant old-timer stunk of old money until its temporary closure in 2007 for a £100 million spruce-up. It was built on the location of the Savoy Palace, which burned down during the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. We say let them eat cake (and tea).
A Dirty Weekend
This can be any weekend where a Londoner decides booze-goggled sex and/or quick-to-bed access after a night of clubbing is worthy of dishing out the dosh on an über-chic central hotel. It's one (giant) step up from splurging on a taxi and is the realm of the London boutique hotel where location is everything. Hazlitt's (Map 12) is right in the middle of Soho yet still wonderfully intimate. Andaz Hotel (Map 8) (formerly Great Eastern Hotel) is in the heart of the City, with funky Shoreditch on its doorstep, whilst the 'modern English' style of the Charlotte Street Hotel (Map 3) is painfully hip and sophisticated.
The Tea-and-Crumpet Tourist
Then there's the hotel for your sweetly naïve cousin that sees London through rose-tinted Ray Bans: full of scones, Mary Poppins and the chimes of Big Ben. You wouldn't want to burst her cute little bubble, would you? Not to worry, there are plenty of hotels to satisfy the Harrods tourist. San Domenico House London (Map 46) is a Chelsea boutique hotel that is about as warm and cuddly as a cup of sugary tea. The Rookery (Map 15), built amongst a row of once derelict Georgian townhouses in Clerkenwell, is cluttered with museum-worthy furniture, open fires and ye oldey worldey frippery. Or, if she can't bear to be too far away from Buckingham Palace, there's the nearby Windermere (Map 20).
Parents in Town?
If your parents have spent their nest egg on bailing you out of your London-induced debt, they will probably want to get the most out of London for the least money possible. But if the hotel you pick for their stay is anything short of perfect, you'll never hear the end of it. If they have loyalty cards with any of the bigger hotel chains, now is a good time to use them. The London Bridge Hotel (Map 22) is an independent four-star that usually has good deals and is conveniently close to Borough Market and London Bridge station. Gower Street has a wealth of small family-run hotels at reasonable prices, including the Cavendish (Map 23), within stumbling distance of the British Museum. There's also the nearby Crescent Hotel (Map 4), next to Russell Square. If you miss home cooking, get your 'rents a serviced apartment with a kitchenette. Marlin Apartments and Think London have a few different properties, often ripe for the celeb sighting as pop stars are known to hitch up their wagons there during drawn-out tours.
In Lieu of a Couch to Crash On
Then you get your university friend still in strong denial of the real world, who refuses to get a real job. The amount of times this sponger has crashed on your sofa has been enough to send your might-be-the-one girl/boyfriend packing. Instead of blaming him/her for your future life of loneliness, banish them from the flat and call in the services of one of London's cheapies. They do exist, you just have to look hard. The Hoxton Hotel (Map 84), an urban cheap boutique founded by the owner of Pret a Manger, is famous for its £1 hotel room sales. Cheap but cheerful chain Premier Inn (multiple locations) boasts rooms from £29 a night. Sometimes short-term rental companies, like Airbnb (www.airbnb.com), offer shared facility flats at very cheap prices. This is perfect if a guest is wishing to stay for a week or more. Airbnb has over 9,000 listings in London, which start as low as £10 a night. This can be a necessary and friendly alternative to endless weeks of friends imposing on your hospitality.
Where to Stick Your Best Friend From School
(And Her Husband, Two Perfect Kids and a Dog)
Unfortunately, for some people visiting London, a dodgy guesthouse isn't going to cut it. You want to show them how your city can be just as perfect as their countryside home and how not jealous you are of them! Of course, they don't see the point in paying tons either. This is where the few and far between bed and breakfasts come out of the woodwork. Most of these are small, so book in advance. London's best is the warm and welcoming Bay Tree House and Annex B&B (Out of coverage). Great for families or singletons alike, it's in New Southgate (about 25 minutes by tube from central London) but can be a relaxing retreat. Barclay House (Map 43) is a hidden gem in Fulham Broadway (make sure you write down the address as it's not signposted and can blend in). Aster House (Map 45) is a bit pricier but close enough to posh High Street Kensington to give a glimpse of how the other half live.
With all these hotels, compare prices online, ask for their best rate and/or call for last minute deals, you may be surprised at the reductions available. Good offers mean you can pay less than you'd think for the best, and London does really have the best.
General Information • Landmarks |
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As you might expect from a site constantly inhabited since the Roman invasion of Britain, and probably before, London has managed to assemble a vast array of good, bad and ugly landmarks. The city is, in fact, stuffed with them, and the following is a slightly subjective rumination on a small proportion of some of the most noteworthy.
Historical
London gracefully bears a massive weight of history, and many of its landmarks reflect this. One of the oldest is the remains of the Temple of Mithras (Map 16) on Walbrook, built by the Romans when London was Londinium. Parts of the London Wall (Map 18), also originally built by the Romans, still exist, the best fragments are around Tower Hill station. In Medieval times London became a bustling place; celebrate one of its most beautiful churches by visiting the oddly named St Giles' Cripplegate (Map 7), which is ensconced within the brutal Barbican Centre (Map 7), a landmark itself. By the 1600s, London was bustling so hard it got the plague and then some idiot burnt the entire city down in 1666. Celebrate three days of the Great Fire by climbing to the top of the 202 feet high Monument (Map 18), before visiting post-fire architect Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral (Map 16). Into the 18th century, things became a little more sophisticated and some of London's prettiest domestic architecture bloomed. Stroll down Bloomsbury's Doughty Street (Map 5), stopping at Charles Dickens' House, for perfectly proportioned Georgian elegance. The Victorians had a huge impact on London, with whole tracts of the city bearing the stamp of the starched times of chimney sweeps and empire bashing. For the lighter side of Victorian London, poke about the museums quarter from the Victoria & Albert Museum (Map 37) up to the Albert Memorial (Map 36). For the darker, dodge the elderly at the St Pancras Hospital (Map 78), an ex-workhouse.
Tourist Bait
London has a host of over-exposed landmarks that are honey to the swarms of tourist worker-bees but over-rated in the eyes of many Londoners. We don't necessarily share this view, but if you want to venture beyond the crowds at Big Ben (Map 22), try some of the following. The aforementioned St Paul's Cathedral (Map 16) is an absolute wonder, although try the smaller Southwark Cathedral (Map 106) for a more intimate option. The British Museum (Map 4) is a beauty made fairer by its recent courtyard renovation; peruse the library to see where Marx pondered upon 'Das Kapital'. The Burlington Arcade (Map 10) is how shopping should be. The crypt under St Mary-le-Bow Church (Map 16) is 11th century weirdness complete with its own vegetarian restaurant. The Thames is long enough to provide you with your own spot of riverside tranquillity. If you're scared of bridges, burrow under the river at the Greenwich Foot Tunnel (Map 120), or chug across it on the free Woolwich Ferry. For a weekend mooch, try the Grand Regent's Canal (Map 71).
Modern Landmarks
The 20th century blessed the city with some opinion splitting contributions. The Hayward Gallery (Map 104) and National Theatre (Map 104) are both concrete frighteners which we are learning to love. Despite originally housing a power station, Tate Modern (Map 105) has been more graciously received. Meanwhile, further down the river, long abandoned Battersea Power Station (Map 133) will be undergoing major developments in 2013 and will be replaced by some form of flashy money-without-substance monstrosity. The BT Tower (Map 3) is like a 1960s lighthouse for central London drunks. The Lloyds Building (Map 18) and Tower 42 (Map 18) are both absorbing odes to the banker and glare menacingly at new rival One Canada Square (or Canary Wharf Tower) (Map 100). A more recent contribution to the city is the Canary Wharf Underground Station (Map 100). Until at least 2014 the 150-year squabble over what to put in Trafalgar Square's (Map 24) fourth and only empty plinth rages on. Expect modern, classic and performance art in this space for the time being, at least, until they add a statue of Britain's future supreme commander Rupert Murdoch strangling Lady Justice in 2014.
Lowbrow
In these clean times of starchitects, steel and glass, a few minutes spent gawping at Elephant and Castle (Map 105) shopping centre is enough to remind anyone how awry a landmark can go. Even a quick squizz at the nearby Faraday Memorial (Map 105) may not lift your gloom, largely as it now forms the body of a clogged roundabout. However, London can do lowbrow with the best of them, starting with the Westway Flyover (Map 31): a noisy, dusty shard of concrete to remind you that the car is still king. The disused Kingsway Tram Tunnel (Map 4) is a forgotten piece of prime underground real estate and Centre Point (Map 4) and Millbank Tower (Map 21) are good examples of dodgy skyscrapers that no-one needed. Battersea Park Gasometers (Map 133) are imposing monsters, whereas Lots Road Power Station (Map 50) is fast becoming London's trendiest disused power station. If you must jump upon band wagons, keep your eyes peeled around east London for art left on walls by Banksy. Mobile lowbrow starts with a trip on a Routemaster, despite the buses being withdrawn in 2005, two heritage routes are still running. Lowbrow (along with logic, aesthetic quality and planning) finishes with Euston Station (Map 78), which is, simply, disgusting.
Map 1 • Marylebone (West)
Marble Arch | Oxford St & Park Ln | Randomly plonked gateway to nowhere.
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Speakers' Corner | Cumberland Gate & Park Ln | It's easy—stand on the corner and listen to the 'speeches.'
Map 2 • Marylebone (East)
Hertford House | Manchester Sq & Hinde St | Terribly twee home of the Wallace Collection.
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Jimi Hendrix Memorial Blue Plaque | 23 Brook St | Jimi lived here. Some bloke called Handel lived next door.
Map 3 • Fitzrovia
BT Tower | 60 Cleveland St | A 574 foot tall official government secret until 1993.
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Charlotte Street | Charlotte St | Restaurant strip for the advertising in-crowd.
Middlesex Hospital | Mortimer St & Cleveland St | Closed-down and spooky-looking.
Pollock's Toy Museum | 1 Scala St | Brimming with delightful, traditional toys and Dickensian atmosphere.
Sinner Winner Man | 216 Oxford St | Are you a sinner? Or a winner? London's top preacher's patch.
Tottenham Court Road | Tottenham Ct Rd | Buy your electronics 'ere, innit?
Map 4 • Bloomsbury (West)
The British Museum | Great Russell St & Museum St | Newly-covered Great Court is architectural manna.
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Centre Point | 101 New Oxford St | Ugly skyscraper looking kinda out of place.
Kingsway Tram Tunnel | Theobalds Rd & Southampton Row | Spooky remnant of London's defunct Tram network.
SOAS | Thornhaugh St | University focused on Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
Senate House | Malet St & Torrington Sq | Ominous art deco building; Orwell's Ministry of Truth.
Student Central | Malet St | University of London's giant students' union.
Tavistock Square | Tavistock Sq | Has a statue of Gandhi looking as cool as ever.
University College London | Gower St | London's "Global University," upholding progressive ideals since 1826.
Map 5 • Bloomsbury (East)
The Dickens House Museum | 48 Doughty St | Unassuming from the outside, mecca for Dickens' fans on the inside.
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Doughty Street | Doughty St & Guilford St | Exquisite Georgian street in heart of literary land.
Gray's Inn Field | Theobald's Rd | Holborn Hideaway.
Map 7 • Barbican / City Road (South)
Barbican Centre | Silk St & Whitecross St | An architectural eyesore. Bloody good events though.
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Bunhill Fields | 38 City Rd | 120 thousand dead people, including William Blake. All buried, luckily.
Church of Saint Bartholomew the Great | 6 Kinghorn St | Stroll in for your daily dose of frankincense and choir song.
LSO St Luke's | 161 Old St | Home to the London Symphony Orchestra. Peaceful gardens for relaxation.
St. Giles-without-Cripplegate | Fore St & Wood St | Medieval church which defied the Blitz. Catch an organ recital.
Map 8 • Liverpool Street / Broadgate
Fulcrum at Broadgate | Broadgate | Richard Serra's overwhelming steel megalith.
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Map 9 • Mayfair / Green Park
50 Berkeley Square | 50 Berkeley Sq | The most haunted house in all of London town!
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Apsley House | 149 Piccadilly | "Number One, London"—former hip address of Duke of Wellington.
Buckingham Palace | The Mall | Unofficial HQ for Fathers For Justice.
Down Street Station | Down St & Piccadily | Bricked-up Underground station.
The Turtles didn't live here.
Hard Rock Cafe | 150 Old Park Ln | Original location; check out free Vault memorabilia collection downstairs.
Map 10 • Piccadilly / Soho (West)
Burlington Arcade | Burlington Arcade & Piccadilly | Welcoming shoppers since 1819.
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Carnaby Street | Carnaby St | Will anything innovative ever come from here again?
Kingly Court | Kingly St & Foubert's Pl | Flash the cash to cut a dash.
Statue of Eros | Piccadilly Circus | God of Love, smothered in pigeon crap: a cautionary tale.
Map 11 • Soho (Central)
Huge Tree In Pub (Waxy O'Connor's) | 14 Rupert St | No, you're not drunk, it really is a tree.
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John Snow Water Pump | Broadwick St | Source of 1854 Cholera outbreak identified by Snow.
Berwick Street Market | Berwick St & Rupert St | Arrive early for traditional Cockney trader songs / off-duty hookers.
Map 12 • Soho (East)
Denmark Street | Denmark St & Charing Cross Rd | Guitar land. 'Enter Sandman' forbidden in most stores.
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FA Headquarters | 25 Soho Sq | Home of English football's top brass.
Old Compton Street | Old Compton St | Dubious gay hub.
The Phoenix Garden | 21 Stacey St | A beautiful green mini-oasis in the middle of the city.
Soho Square | Soho Sq | Great atmosphere on hot summer days.
Map 13 • Covent Garden
Oasis Lido | 32 Endell St | A lido in central London! In a 50s housing estate!
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Seven Dials | Upper St Martin's Ln & Earlham St | Slum area in the past. Now great for shopping!
Map 14 • Holborn / Temple
Aldwych tube station | Strand & Surrey St | Creepy abandoned tube station. With a photo booth... of doom?
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BBC Bush House | Aldwych & Kingsway | London calling the world, since 1940.
Hatton Garden | Hatton Garden | Historic jewelry and diamond district
Inner Temple Garden | Inner Temple | So peaceful even the lawyers look relaxed.
Lincoln's Inn Fields | High Holborn & Chancery Ln | Largest public square in London.
The Old Curiosity Shop | 13 Portsmouth St | The oldest shop in London is truly Dickensesque.
Royal Courts of Justice | Strand & Bell Yard | Witness justice meted out to all, even the McCartneys.
Sir John Soane's Museum | 13 Lincoln's Inn Fields | Spooky museum dedicated to the great 18th century architect.
Site of Sweeny Todd's Barber Shop | 186 Fleet St | Swing by for a demon haircut and lovely pie.
Somerset House | Strand | 18th century palace, beautiful fountains; has various modern functions.
Map 15 • Blackfriars / Farringdon
Daily Express Building | 121 Fleet St | Art Deco sleeper.
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Millennium Bridge | Millennium Bridge | Footbridge famous for wobbling alarmingly when it was opened.
Postman's Park | King Edward St & Little Britain | Tile memorial for 'average' people who did really cool things.
Map 16 • Square Mile (West)
The Guildhall | Gresham St & Basinghall St | Big, posh, old... Like Prince Phillip but less entertaining.
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St Mary le Bow Church | Cheapside & Bow Ln | A historic place for City tycoons to save their souls.
St. Paul's Cathedral | St. Paul's Church Yard & Cannon St | Magnificence since 604AD.
Temple of Mithras | Queen Victoria St & Queen St | 3rd century Roman temple foundations. Discovered 1954 and moved here.
Map 17 • Square Mile (East)
Bank of England | Threadneedle St | The 'Old Lady' still churns out the pounds.
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London Stone | 111 Cannon St | Possibly used by Romans to measure all distances in Britannia.
Threadneedle Street | Threadneedle St & Prince's St | London's original Grope Cunt Lane. Seriously, it's a true story.
Map 18 • Tower Hill / Aldgate
The Gherkin | 30 St Mary Axe | Phwoar.
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Leadenhall Market | Leadenhall Market | Designed by Horace Jones (Billingsgate and Smithfield Markets)
The Lloyds Building | 1 Lime St | Dystopia's nicer side.
London Wall | Cooper's Row & Trinity Sq | Ruins, should be re-built to keep Northerners out.
The Monument | Monument St & Fish St Hill | Climb 311 coronary-inducing steps for unique, unsung London views.
Pudding Lane | Pudding Ln | Starting point for Great Fire of 1666. No smoking.
Royal Raven Lodgings | Wakefield Tower | Want to upgrade your pokey flat? Become a raven.
Soup Kitchen for the Jewish Poor | Brune St & Tenter Ground | The kitchen's gone; the stunning ornate façade is still there.
Thames Clipper | Tower Pier
Tower 42 (Natwest Tower) | 25 Old Broad St | One of London's skyscrapers. Great view (and restaurant) at top.
Tower of London | The Tower of London | Kings and Queens. Surprisingly insightful, annoyingly expensive.
Map 20 • Victoria / Pimlico (West)
Little Ben | Victoria St & Vauxhall Bridge Rd | Big Ben's runty kid brother.
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Westminster Cathedral | 42 Francis St | Yep, impressive.
Map 21 • Pimlico (East)
Millbank Tower | 21 Millbank | Ugly sore thumb. And Labour Party HQ!
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Map 22 • Westminster
Big Ben | House of Commons | The world's most famous clock and pretty damn cool.
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Bolan Rock Shrine | Queen's Ride, Putney | Memorial shrine where 70s rock star Marc Bolan died.
Field of Remembrance | Victoria St & Dean's Yard | Sea of crosses and poppies to honour veterans.
New Scotland Yard Sign | 8 Broadway | It spins!! Just like on the telly!!
Smith Square | Smith Sq | Square with great concert venue--watch out for MPs.
UK Parliament | Victoria St & Abingdon St | Parliament buildings where you can watch government debates.
Westminster Tube Station | Bridge St & Victoria Embankment | A daunting, soulless, engineering playground. Good and bad both extinct here...
Map 23 • St. James's
Economist Plaza | 25 St James's St | Rotating sculpture installations from bratty young artists.
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Giro the Nazi Dog | 9 Carlton House Terrace | London's sole Nazi memorial. You'd think there'd be more...
Leicester Square | Leicester Sq | Tragic, tacky, always inexplicably heaving. Avoid.
TKTS | Leicester Square & St Martin's St | Cheapo tickets to sometimes worth-seeing shows.
Map 24 • Trafalgar Square / The Strand
10 Downing Street | 10 Downing St | The Prime Minister's house.
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The Actors' Church | 29 Bedford St | Somewhat hidden and unique church long-associated with thesps.
The Banqueting House | Whitehall & Horse Guards Ave | Unsullied Renaissance cum-shot. Still does private parties.
Cleopatra's Needle | Embankment | Ancient-Egyptian Empire esoterica, with additional Luftwaffe-era 'distressed' styling.
Eleanor Cross | Charing Cross Station, The Strand | A mourning King's tribute to his expired Queen.
Jane Austen Residence | 10 Henrietta St | The first Bridget Jones' bachelorette crashed here for a time.
Right-hand Drive Street | Savoy Ct | Britain's only right-hand-drive street. Like being on holiday! (Ish)
Sewer Lamp | Carting Lane & Strand | Lit by the power of your bowels.
St Martin-in-the-Fields | St Martin's Pl & Duncannon St | Was indeed surrounded by fields once. Just TRY to imagine!
Top Secret Tunnels | 6 Craig's Ct | Government's WWII tunnels, 100ft below London. But shhh: top secret.
Trafalgar Square | Trafalgar Sq | Hardly an oasis but space to sit, look and think.
Map 25 • Kensal Town
Trellick Tower | 5 Golborne Rd | Grade II listed 1960s council estate inspiring love/hate reactions.
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Map 29 • Notting Hill Gate
Portobello Road Market | 223 Portobello Rd | Antiques, clothes, food and more. A London institution.
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Map 31 • Paddington
Paddington Bear Statue | Paddington Station | The statue's pleasant. But they're milking it with the crap shop.
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Tony Blair's house | Connaught Square & Seymour St | Promise not to do anything naughty now.
Westway Flyover | | Coolest car route into London
Map 33 • Shepherd's Bush
BBC Television Centre | Wood Ln & Ring Rd | Treasure it before the BBC moves out in 2013.
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Map 34 • West Kensington / Olympia
Kyoto Garden (Holland Park) | 100 Holland Park Ave | Traditional Japanese Garden in Holland Park offering peace and tranquility.
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Map 35 • Kensington
Kensington Palace Gardens | Kensington Palace Gardens | Billionaire's Row. Stunning street to amble down and gawp at the mansions.
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Map 36 • South Kensington / Gloucester Rd
Albert Memorial | Kensington Gardens | The shiniest balding head in town.
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Royal Albert Hall | Kensington Gore | One stunner of a music hall, inside and out.
Map 37 • Knightsbridge
Holy Trinity Brompton | Brompton Rd & Knightsbridge | Historic HTB is home to the Alpha course. Even Guy Ritchie's been!
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Victoria & Albert Museum | Cromwell Rd & Thurloe Pl | Victorian treasure trove, building a beauty itself.
Map 42 • Baron's Court
Empress State Buidling | Lillie Rd & North End Rd | Awesome Art Deco building now a scary cult center.
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Map 43 • West Brompton / Fulham Broadway / Earl's Court
Stamford Bridge | Fulham Road & Moore Park Rd | That's not sweat you smell but money at Chelsea FC's HQ.
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Map 46 • Sloane Square
Saatchi Gallery | Duke of York HQ, King's Rd | See rich dude's great art collection, for free.
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Map 48 • Fulham
Putney Bridge Tube Pill Box | Putney Bridge Station | "We will fight them on the platforms!"
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Map 50 • Sand's End
Lots Road Power Station | 27 Lots Rd | Pint-sized power station, now disused.
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Map 51 • Highgate
Highgate Cemetery | 1 Swain's Ln | Eerily gothic home to Karl Marx and The Highgate Vampire.
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Karl Marx's grave | Highgate Cemetry | Exactly what it says on the tin.
Map 52 • Archway (North)
Parkland Walk Nature Reserve | Parkland Walk | Hedgehogs and graffiti to be spotted along this abandoned railway.
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Suicide Bridge | Hornsey Ln & Archway Rd | Former London entry point, now very much an exit point.
Map 53 • Crouch End
Abandoned Warehouse | Parkland Walk & Crouch End Hill | Dereliction galore along one of the best walks in London.
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Map 55 • Harringay
Railway Fields Nature Reserve | 381 Green Lanes | Calm oasis at former railway depot near Green Lanes station.
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Map 56 • Hampstead Village
Hampstead Observatory | Lower Terrace & Hampstead Grove | The highest point in London, and open to the public!
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Map 57 • Hampstead Heath
John Keats House | 38 Heath Hurst Rd | Here lived a writer whose name was writ with water.
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Lawn Road Flats | Lawn Rd & Garnett Rd | c.1934 modern living. Learn to love concrete.
Map 60 • Archway
Banksy's Hitchhiking Charles Manson | Tally Ho Corner (off Highgate Hill) | Early stencil by internationally renowned graff artist.
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Dick Whittington's Cat | 89 Highgate Hill | Small stone statue of obscure Mayor's cat.
Map 62 • Finsbury Park
North London Central Mosque (Finsbury Park) | 7 St Thomas's Rd | New name, ethos for once controversial, now myth-dispelling, mosque.
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Map 63 • Manor House
The Castle Climbing Centre | Green Lanes & Lordship Park | Fake castle, real climbers.
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Map 64 • Stoke Newington
Newington Green Church | 39 Newington Green | 'ERECTED 1708, ENLARGED 1860'...well, it made us laugh.
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Map 67 • Belsize Park
Freud Statue | Fitzjohn's Ave, opposite Maresfiend Gardens Junction | Statue by Oscar Nemon near the psychoanalyst's Hampstead home.
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St Stephen's | Rosslyn Hill | Gothic awesomeness. Currently being restored to its former glory.
Map 68 • Kilburn High Road / Abbey Road
Abbey Road Zebra Crossing | 3 Abbey Rd | Go on. Take THAT photo. You know you want to.
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Map 70 • Primrose Hill
3 Chalcot Square | 3 Chalcot Sq | Home of poet Sylvia Plath, 1960-61.
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Map 71 • Camden Town / Chalk Farm / Kentish Town (West)
Camden Market | Camden Lock Pl | Shop, hang, drink, listen, pose, watch, chill, rock, laugh.
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Grand Regents Canal | Grand Regents Canal | London's best bike lane. Or canoe to Birmingham.
The Roundhouse | Chalk Farm Rd & Crogsland Rd | Prominent round building and historic performance venue.
Map 74 • Holloway Road / Arsenal
Gillespie Park | 191 Drayton Park | Weird and wonderful nature park along the train tracks.
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Map 75 • Highbury
St Paul's Shrubbery | St Paul's Rd & Northampton Park | All Monty Python jokes welcome, in fact, positively encouraged.
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Map 76 • Edgeware Road / Marylebone (North)
Sherlock Holmes' House | 221 Baker St | It's elementary my dear Watson!
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Map 77 • Mornington Crescent / Regent's Park
Euston Tower | 286 Euston Rd | Quite an impressive erection.
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Greater London House | 180 Hampstead Rd | Crazy Art Deco building.
Map 78 • Euston
The British Library | 96 Euston Rd | Prestigious research library with unmatched collection.
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Camden High Street | Camden High St & Delancey St | 'Alternative' tourist mecca.
Cheney Road | Cheney Rd & Weller's Ct | "Chaplin, "Alfie" and many more were filmed on these cobbles.
Euston Station | Eversholt St & Doric Way | So ugly it's oogly.
Platform 9¾ | King's Cross Station | This Harry Potter thing has gone way too f'ing far.
St Pancras Station | St Pancras Way | Listed Gothic frontage, massive modern Eurostar hangar behind.
St Pancras | Pancras Rd & Euston Rd | Ex-Victorian workhouse turned superbug den.
Map 80 • Angel / Upper St
Angel Station Roof | Angel | You can get on the roof here, you epic teens.
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The Bull | 100 Upper St | Hands up: who loves beer?
Map 81 • Canonbury
Gladiators Paving Slab | 10 Canonbury St | Logo of fighty telly show built into pavement. Me neither.
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Map 82 • De Beauvoir Town / Kingsland
Suleymaniye Mosque | 212 Kingsland Rd | Striking minaret silhouetted against Shoreditch Church spire and Broadgate Tower.
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Map 84 • Hoxton
Hoxton Square | Hoxton Sq | Great in summer. Buy some cans and join the hipsters.
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Village Underground | 54 Holywell Ln | How did they get the trains up there?
White Cube | 48 Hoxton Sq | Jay Jopling's homage to modern art
Map 85 • Stoke Newington (East)
Abney Park Cemetery | Stoke Newington High St & Rectory Rd | Egyptian revival-style, spooky nature reserve.
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Map 86 • Dalston / Kingsland
Centreprise | 136 Kingsland High St | Multi-cultural art centre, cafe, bookshop and venue.
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Holy Trinity, The Clowns Church | Beechwood Rd & Kirkland Walk | Every Feb, clowns mourn Grimaldi. In full costume.
Map 87 • Hackney Downs / Lower Clapton
London Orphan Asylum | Lower Clapton Rd & Linscott Rd | Grandiose remains of historic site now beloved of enviornmental artists.
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The Strand Building | 29 Urswick Rd | Beautiful Art Deco building, NOT the subject of Roxy Music song.
Sutton House | 2 Homerton High St | Music and arts in the oldest house in East London.
Map 88 • Haggerston / Queensbridge Rd
Geffrye Museum | 136 Kingsland Rd | English interior design from 1600 to today.
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St Mary's Secret Garden | 50 Pearson St | A bit calm amongst the bees and the butterflies.
Map 89 • London Fields / Hackney Central
London Fields Lido | London Fields Westside | Open-air swimming for hardy Hackney folk.
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Map 91 • Shoreditch / Brick Lane / Spitalfields
Brick Lane Mosque | 59 Brick Ln | The area's changes reflect on the building – once a synagogue, now a mosque.
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Christ Church Spitalfields | 2 Fournier St | Star architect Nicholas Hawksmoor's pretty masterpiece.
Dennis Severs' House | 18 Folgate St | Candle-lit cellar, parlour, smoking room - step 300 years back in time.
Spitalfields Market | 105 Commercial St | No bargains but certainly one-of-a-kind fashions.
Sweet Toof Graffiti Alley | Pedley St & Brick Ln | Signature sweeties and skulls – just off Brick Lane.
Ten Bells | 84 Commercial St | Where Jack the Ripper got his victims.
Truman's Brewery | 91 Brick Lane | Beautiful old building now a hip weekend market. That's progress...
Map 92 • Bethnal Green
Bethnal Green Tube Station | Bethnal Green Tube Station | Scene of the worst civilian loss of the Second World War.
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London Buddhist Centre | 51 Roman Rd | Get your freak om.
Map 93 • Globe Town / Mile End (North)
Art Pavilllion | 221 Grove Rd | Arts center seemingly designed by the Teletubbies.
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Mile End Climbing Wall | Haverfield Rd & Grove Rd | Classic climbing centre - one of London's big three.
Map 95 • De Beauvoir Town / Kingsland
The Sun HQ | 1 Virginia Street | It's probably not legal to stake out Page 3 girls.
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Map 96 • Whitechapel (East) / Shadwell (West) / Wapping
Battle of Cable Street Mural, St George's Hall | 236 Cable St | Celebrating an almighty multi-faith bashing of a 1930s fascist march.
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Blind Beggar Pub | 337 Whitechapel Rd | A killing here finally led to Ronnie Kray doing porridge.
Map 98 • Mile End (South) / Limehouse
Ragged School Museum | 46 Copperfield Rd | Barnado's school 'for the deserving poor' turned East End museum.
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Map 100 • Poplar (West) / Canary Wharf (West)
Canary Wharf Tower | 1 Canada Sq | You can smell the money yards away. Look, don't touch.
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Canary Wharf Tube Station | Canary Wharf | Norman Foster's Jewel in the Jubilee Line Extension.
Map 102 • Millwall
The Docklands Sailing & Watersport Centre | 235 Westferry Rd | Award-winning sailing centre.
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Map 104 • South Bank / Waterloo / Lambeth North
County Hall | Westminster Bridge Rd & Belvedere Rd | One of London's most historical and vast buildings.
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The Hayward Gallery | Southbank Centre | Revered and reviled bruiser.
The London Eye | Westminster Bridge Rd | Two words: Tourist. Trap. Nice view though.
Low Tide at South Bank | South Bank | Go for a walk on the exposed riverbed.
National Theatre | Waterloo Rd & Upper Ground | South Bank centre-piece, looked like it was from 2050 in 1960.
The Pier at OXO Tower | Barge House St & Upper Ground | Screw OXO! Have a picnic on the pier instead.
South Bank Book Market | Under Waterloo Bridge | Little-known outdoor market; heaps of vintage and second-hand reads.
Waterloo Bridge | Waterloo Bridge | When tired with London, come here and watch the sunset.
Map 105 • Southwark / Bankside (West)
Buskers' Archway | Southbank | Excellent acoustics make the decorated tunnel a coveted buskers' spot.
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Elephant & Castle | Elephant & Castle | Everything that was wrong with 60s town planning. Concrete hell.
Michael Faraday Memorial | Elephant & Castle | He gave us electromagnetism, we gave him a roundabout.
The Ring | 72 Blackfriars Rd | London's first boxing ring was here; now a characterful pub.
Shakespeare's Globe | 21 New Globe Walk | The Bard's famous playhouse reconstructed.
Tate Modern | Bankside | Herzog and de Meuron dazzler.
Map 106 • Bankside (East) / Borough / Newington
Borough Market | 8 Southwark St | London's best food market. Enjoy the free samples.
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Cross Bones Graveyard | Redcross Way & Union St | Medieval resting place for London's ladies of the night.
Female Gladiator | 159 Great Dover St | 1st centruy AD grave of London's very own Xena.
The Golden Hinde | Clink St & Stoney St | Amazing replica of Francis Drake's Tudor war ship.
The London Tombs | 2 Tooley St | Lesser known Tower experience—beware the plague pits.
Mint Street Park | Southwark Bridge Rd & Marshalsea Rd | Open space on the site of the old Evelina Children's Hospital.
Old Operating Theatre Museum | 9 St Thomas St | Macabre ancient operating theatre, with gallery for eager spectators.
The Shard | 32 London Bridge St | 72-storey Renzo Piano glass pyramid along the river.
Southwark Cathedral | Cathedral St & Montague Close | Worth the diversion to see Chaucer and Shakespeare's stomping grounds.
St George the Martyr | Borough High St & Tabard St | Look for the homage to Dickens.
Winchester Palace | Clink St & Storey St | Random 13th century ruins with remarkable rose window.
Map 107 • Shad Thames
City Hall | Queen's Walk, More London | Dubbed 'The Testicle' by Mayor Ken Livingston. Nice.
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Design Museum | Shad Thames | Fairly unsatisfying shows - drool-worthy bookshop.
Fashion and Textile Museum | 83 Bermondsey St | DAH-ling, it's just fabulous!
Floating Gardens | 31 Mill St | Gardens. Mad tramps. On Boats. What else do you want?
HMS Belfast | Morgan's Lane & Tooley St | Floating WW2 killing machine, much beloved of children.
Stompie | Mandela Way & Page's Walk | Sounds like a baby elephant. But it's a Soviet tank.
Tower Bridge | Tower Bridge Road | Messing about on the water.
Map 110 • Rotherhithe (West) / Canada Water
Brunel Museum | Railway Ave & Rotherhithe St | Where engineering geeks can seek refuge from being picked on.
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Map 111 • Rotherhithe (East) Surrey Quays
Surrey Docks Farm | Rotherhithe St & Salter Rd | Show the kids what their bacon used to look like.
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Map 113 • Walworth
East Street Market | Walworth Rd & East St | Gloriously useless stuff.
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Heygate Estate | Deacon Way & Heygate St | A testament to urban planning gone horribly wrong.
Map 114 • Old Kent Road (West) / Burgess Park
The Animatronic Fireman | Old Kent Rd | Be afraid. Be very afraid.
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Peckham Library | 122 Peckham Hill St | Groundbreaking modern architecture or huge, carelessly dropped Tetris block?
Map 116 • South Bermondsey
Millwall FC Stadium | Zampa Road & Bolina Rd | A football mecca for somebody?
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Map 120 • Greenwich
Cutty Sark Gardens | King William Walk & Romney Rd | Where the Archbishop of Canterbury was murdered in 1012.
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Greenwich Foot Tunnel | Greenwich Church St & Thames St | Walk/crawl/skip/limp under the Thames.
Map 126 • New Cross
Ben Pimlott Building | University of London, New Cross | A building of cheerful, dreary, warped, modern fascist fun.
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Map 131 • Vauxhall / Albert Embankment
Lambeth Palace | Lambeth Palace Rd & Lambeth Rd | Where the Archbishop of Canterbury lives; no, not in Canterbury, stupid.
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Secret Intelligence Service HQ (MI6) | 85 Vauxhall Cross | Real life James Bonds in a not-so-secret location.
Vauxhall City Farm | 165 Tyers St | So that's where an egg comes from.
Map 133 • Battersea (East)
Battersea Dogs' Home | 4 Battersea Park Rd | Re-house a pooch. Now does cats too.
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Battersea Park Gasometers | Queenstown Rd & Prince of Wales Dr | Rusting monsters.
Battersea Power Station | 188 Kirtling St | The world's most beautiful power station, surely.
Map 140 • Clapham Junction / Northcote Rd
Northcote Road | Northcote Rd | Middle-class marketing-types mecca.
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Map 143 • Clapham High Street
Clapham Common Air-Raid Shelter | Clapham High St | The depths of government paranoia.
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Map 144 • Stockwell / Brixton (West)
Brixton Market | Electric Ave & Electric Ln | Caribbean flavours, smells and sounds.
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Electric Avenue | Electric Ave & Brixton Rd | First shopping area in Britain lit by electricity, in 1880.
Map 145 • Stockwell / Brixton (East)
Stockwell Bowls | Stockwell Rd & Stockwell Park Walk | 70's concrete skatepark, take quads and get beaten-up.
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Map 152 • Tooting Broadway
Gala Bingo Hall | 50 Mitcham Rd | Bingo hall with Grade One listed interior.
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Arts & Entertainment • The V & A |
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General Information
NFT Map: | 37
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Address: | Cromwell Road
London SW7 2RL
Phone: | 020 7942 2000
Website: | www.vam.ac.uk
Hours: | 10am – 5.45pm daily. Select areas open until 10pm every Friday. National Art Library open 10am – 5.30pm daily and 6.30 on Fridays. Check website for areas/ activities that require booking. Closed 24th, 25th and 26th of December.
Admission: Free to the permanent collection. There is a charge for temporary exhibitions. Tickets have an allotted time slot and although they can be purchased on the day, it is recommended you book ahead of time by phone or online, especially with the more popular exhibitions.
Overview
The Victoria and Albert Museum, or the V&A, calls itself the world's greatest museum of art and design and nowhere has there ever been such an eclectic collection of objects inducing so many 'ooooohs', 'aaaaahs' and 'holy shits!'. With a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects, pretty much all on display in the 145 galleries, you can go everyday for a lifetime and be blown over by something you hadn't noticed before. For the tourist and non-tourist alike, the V&A is a wonderful maze of cultural ramblings. You'll get lost, overwhelmed and flustered, but we promise you won't get bored.
The V&A is a cabinet of curiosities of gargantuan proportions, boasting 5000 years of art and design, in every medium imaginable (from wax dioramas to a little black dress made of bras), spread over seven levels and organised by five themes—Asia, Europe, Materials & Techniques, Modern and Exhibitions. The trouble is where to start. You'll no doubt spend the first 10 minutes mesmerised by the glass Chihuly chandelier over the information booth, but what you do afterwards depends on how much time you have. Got hours? Avoid structure and just wander. Got an hour? Take a look at the map, see what strikes your fancy and head straight there. Just don't forget to hit up the gift shop afterwards—it's killer.
The Greatest Hits
There's no real method to the V&A's madness. Despite their best efforts to categorise everything, Vivienne Westwood gowns are just a stumble away from 1000 year-old Buddhas. But this is a great thing. The best advice is really to ditch the guidebook and go with your instincts. To make sure you take in the best stuff, start in the basement (having arrived through the Tunnel Entrance from the tube station), where you'll find the 17th century Cabinet of Curiosities—predecessors to the modern museum—which will get you in the right mind set. Weaving past bits and pieces of Versailles, you emerge onto the ground floor (Level 1) which covers fashion, Asia and both Medieval and Renaissance Europe. Highlights of which include the cast courts, which boast a life-size replica of Trajan's Column in plaster, then onto ancient samurai swords and spectacular kimonos in Asia, the Ardabil Carpet—the largest and most amazing Islamic carpets in existence dating from 1539 (lit up on the hour and half-hour), an extensive costume room covering everything from 18th century crinolines to Juicy Couture worthy of Paris Hilton, and lastly, Raphael's cartoons—massive sketches for a 1515 commission of tapestries that now hang in the Vatican. Before heading on, stop for a tea in the Morris, Gamble & Poynter Rooms café for teacakes in 1860s arts and crafts surroundings. Level 2 consists of the tucked away British Galleries, including the Great Bed of Ware as well as the endearing Lord and Lady Clapham dolls bedecked in miniature turn-of-the-18th century outfits. Up again on Level 3, you'll find the Materials & Techniques rooms, with its vast collections of silver, ironwork and musical instruments, as well as some dynamite paintings. Don't miss Rossetti's The Daydream and then Ron Arad's Chair in the modern rooms. This floor also houses the National Art Library—an art history student's research dream (you have to get a reading pass to study here though). Level 4 has a wonderfully tactile display of glasswork, as well as architecture and more British Galleries from 1760-1900. If you've made it this far, you deserve a knighthood.
Arts & Entertainment • The British Museum |
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General Information
NFT Map: | 4
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Address: | Great Russell Street, WC1B 3DG
Phone: | 020 7323 8299 (information) or 020 7323 8181 (exhibition tickets)
Website: | www.britishmuseum.org
Hours: | The galleries open daily 10am – 5.30pm and until 8.30pm on Fridays. The Great Court is open 9am – 6pm and 8.30pm on Fridays. Check website for planned maintenance causing gallery closures. Closed 1st of January and 24th, 25th and 26th of December.
Admission: | Free, with a charge for some special exhibitions.
Overview
Unless you're Indiana Jones, combining archaeological expertise with the swashbuckling energy to defeat obnoxious school groups, then do not attempt to cover the British Museum in a day. With 13 million items covering two million years of human history in almost 100 permanent and temporary galleries, you are better off treating yourself to different sections when the mood takes you—a perk of having one of the world's largest museums on your doorstep and open for free.
At 250 years, it is also the oldest museum in the world, but forget preconceptions of dusty urns and endless Roman coins—they're there if that's your bag, but this is a very modern organisation. The permanent displays include some of the world's most fascinating treasures, while the temporary exhibitions bring London a chance to break and lose artefacts which have seen some of the greatest moments of history, such as the recent display of drawings by Michelangelo, Raphael, Leonardo, and some other Renaissance scribblers who didn't make Ninja Turtle status.
However, while preserving artefacts to inspire its visitors, the Museum can also be seen as a testament to the great British pastime of looting. Some of the shining lights of its collection were acquired under the shadiest of circumstances, and the countries which were plundered so that snotty kids could chortle at the genitalia of their sculptures are increasingly vocal about getting the items back. For example the Elgin Marbles, rechristened with their pleasantly playful English name after the earl who helped himself to them, are huge slabs hacked from the 2500 year old Athenian Parthenon (albeit Elgin's entire nose later rotted off due to syphilis: a gratifying example of one-upmanship by nature). The legality of this move is hotly debated, but apart from the damage to the Parthenon, the Marbles undeniably suffered when they were cut into smaller pieces for transport to Britain, and when rowdy schoolboys bopped the leg off a centaur in 1961. The Museum holds firm that returning debated items would empty the museums of the world, but it has extended the occasional olive branch to ease the controversy; compensation was paid for the display of drawings stolen by Nazis, and they returned the Tasmanian Ashes (aboriginal human remains) to Australia after a 20-year battle.
The Greatest Hits
The Great Court is not just a Greatest Hit of the Museum, but of London as a whole. Being "the world's largest covered public square" may sound too niche an accolade to be impressive, but it really is stunning. The 150 year old Reading Room at its centre is a delight, both for the excellent library and for the wall-mounted list of major historical figures who have sought inspiration within its round walls. Whatever your ethics on plunder, some of the most morally-dubious exhibits are among the absolute must-sees: the Elgin Marbles in Room 18 are remarkable, while the Rosetta Stone in Room 4 gives you the irresistible buzz of seeing something so legendary up close, or as close at the backpacked hordes will allow, in your own town. A whole Moai Statue from Easter Island is in Room 24, the Lewis Chessmen set is in Room 42, and the Mausoleum of Halikarnassos exhibition displays some of the last remaining fragments of one of the Seven Wonders of the World. However, it is the stories of heartache, adventure, mystery and passion behind the items which bring them to life. Asking the steward of Rooms 62-3 how the mummies came to be in the museum, or seeing the pages from The Book of the Dead which recorded lives of the deceased, is a fascinating way to gain insight to people around the world and throughout time. And if that's a bit too deep, just head to one of the four shops for a mummy-shaped pencil case or replica Rosetta Stone.
Arts & Entertainment • The Natural History Museum |
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General Information
NFT Map: | 36
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Address: | Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD
Phone: | 020 7942 5000
Website: | www.nhm.ac.uk
Hours: | Daily 10 am–17.50 pm (Last admission 17.30) "After Hours" events run on the last Friday of each month during Nov–Apr. 24–26 Dec: closed.
Admission: | Free access to most of the Museum. Fee charged for some special exhibitions (free to Members).
Overview
Visiting the Natural History Museum is like reading National Geographic, if it was edited by JK Rowling. As imagination-tingling to adults as it is to kids, you can mull over serious questions about genetic modification and the environmental cost of modern life, while walking inside a termite mound or knocking on a petrified tree.
With more than 70 million specimens in their collection, you simply won't see it all at once, or for most of us—ever. But with free entry, regularly refreshed exhibits and unforgettable special exhibitions, it's worth dropping in when you have the opportunity. Grab a free map at the entrance to work out your route, which is colour-coded for a (slightly) easier life: Red Zone for the planet and forces of nature; Green for ecology and the environment; Blue for dinosaurs, mammals and biology; and Orange for the Wildlife Garden and behind-the-scenes peeks.
Weekends are inevitably heaving with hyperactive button-pressing families, spellbound tourists and Londoners trying to rebuild the brain cells they killed off with the night before's drinking; weekdays are amok with school groups. But don't let this put you off. If there's a queue outside the main entrance on Cromwell Road, and you don't fancy killing time by spotting all the different creatures carved around the entrance arch, pop 'round the side to Exhibition Road entrance and you'll fast-track yourself in. You can go early or late for fewer crowds, or stick with the permanent exhibitions, which are superb but not as sexy as the world-class special exhibitions which draw in the masses. Or, if all else fails, just shove the kids out the way: they're smaller than you and the buttons are so much fun to press.
The Greatest Hits
Anyone who didn't see the Dinosaur Exhibition as a child really missed out: run here and rectify the situation immediately if you haven't been, or revisit and enjoy the modernised exhibits if you have. The Mammals Exhibition will get you wondering exactly how someone stuffs a giraffe, and gives you a chance to get close to the gaping jaws of a hippo. For a different perspective on this room, go up to the balcony around it: watching people stare agog at the brilliantly-displayed blue whale is as entertaining as the exhibits themselves. For proof that even history geeks can make the earth move for you, visit the Power Within exhibition which recreates an earthquake (though don't expect a Universal Studios experience. The will is there, bless, but the budget just isn't...). Watch blushing parents introduce their kids to the birds and the bees in the Human Biology section, where an 8-times-life sized model of a foetus will put you off pregnancy forever. The Wildlife Garden is an oasis of serenity open from April–October, or you can impress a date (or not, depending on your coordination) by ice-skating next to the stunning Victorian building from November–January.
The Museum's Special Exhibitions are superb—check the website for current information. The annual Veolia Wildlife Photographer of the Year, October–April, is utterly inspirational, while a varying daily programme of events includes lectures, behind the scenes tours of the botany department, and fossil workshops for kids. Due to the success of the children's version, the museum is now running Dino Snores sleepovers for adults, which includes a three course meal, life drawing classes and an all night monster movie marathon. So if you fancy yourself as Ben Stiller in Night at The Museum start saving, as the stay will cost you a whopping £175.
Like the creatures it displays (except for the Dodo—you'll find one in the Green Zone), the museum keeps evolving. Aptly, the latest major development is the Darwin Centre, where you can stoke your nightmares by checking out the giant tarantulas, experience life in a cocoon (like life in a London flat, but more spacious), and watch scientists at work. You might not think that watching scientists analysing and cataloguing bits of plant would be much of a spectator sport, but an hour in the centre will whiz by and leave you bursting with new knowledge to irritate your mates with.
Arts & Entertainment • The Science Museum |
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General Information
NFT Map: | 36
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Address: | Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2DD.
Phone: | 0870 870 4868
Website: | www.sciencemuseum.org.uk
Hours: | Open 10 am–6 pm every day except 24 to 26 December. check website for special school holiday and summer opening hours.
Admission: | Free, but charges apply to IMAX 3D Cinema, simulators & a few special exhibitions.
Overview
Museum and Science. Two words known to strike fear into the heart of many a child. And many a grown-up, come to that. But the Science Museum is one of the most visited museums in London. How so? Perhaps it's the heady mix of mildly erotic pistons and shafts; 60s room-sized computers and Bakelite ashtrays; special effects simulators and the mighty IMAX theatre? Or maybe it is the multitude of buttons; red and blue and green actual buttons, as well as Minority Report-style touch screens? We know they're aimed at kids, but we like. Oh and levers, did we mention levers?
The museum has its origins in the popular Great Exhibition of 1851. Prince Albert (no laughing in the back please) suggested the extra cash made by the Exhibition be used to found a number of educational establishments. Following a number of building moves and expansions the Science Museum as we know and love it opened in 1885.
The Greatest Hits
The museum's 300,000 gidgets, gadgets and gizmos attract 2.5 million visitors a minute or something, but venture above the third floor, to the medical floors, and you will have the place almost to yourself. The most popular area is the main drag along the ground floor which includes Exploring Space hung with real life space probes and other relics that look like they've come from the Doctor Who costume and props department, and Making of the Modern World featuring Stephenson's Rocket, to titillate your dormant trainspotter.
The third floor's Launchpad area has as many interactive displays as an 8-year-old could ever want. Parents hope their little darlings are actually learning something as they race from exhibit to exhibit whirling wheels, spinning liquids in plastic tubes and grimacing through head-sized lenses till tiredness or RSI sets in. For younger kids the tactile Pattern Pod on the ground floor makes up for its lack of buttons by its immensely pleasing shape.
The museum has its own Imax to impress the grown-ups and to make whimpering children cower as 3D Rexes loom into their faces. Don't even think about going in with a hangover. A huge silver hoop joins the Energy exhibition on the second to the ground floor. Answer a question on a nearby monitor, (don't worry they are easy) and watch your initials and age whiz around the inside of the ring. But what's that BUZZ? Like a huge electric fly killer? It's the inspired 'don't touch' display—irresistible for the naughtiest in the class, one small electric shock later, the rest of the lemmings race over for a turn. Hilarious.
Arts & Entertainment • The Tates |
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General Information
Tate Britain:
NFT Map: | 21
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Address: | London SW1P 4RG
Phone: | 020 7887 8888
Website: | www.tate.org.uk/britain
Hours: | Open 10am – 6pm Saturday to Thursday, and until 10pm on Fridays. Last admission to special exhibitions is 45 minutes before closing time.
Tate Modern:
NFT Map: | 105
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Address: | London SE1 9TG
Phone: | 020 7887 8888
Website: | www.tate.org.uk/modern
Hours: | Open 10am—6pm daily. Last admission to special exhibitions is 45 minutes before closing time.
Overview
In a city renowned for its galleries and museums, London's Tate galleries shine from the banks of the Thames. The first Tate was founded in 1897 as the National Gallery of British Art, but was renamed soon afterwards after its main patron Henry Tate—he of Tate and Lyle and the sugar cube. Originally on the site of the former Millbank Prison (where Tate Britain remains), the gallery gradually expanded and divided its collection over the four sites, two in London, one in Liverpool and the last in St Ives. In London, Tate Britain houses British art dating from 1500 to the present day, while Tate Modern was created to house—yes you've guessed it—more modern work from 1900 to the present day, and is reportedly the most visited modern art gallery in the world.
The two Tates carry the same trendy Tate logo and the shops contain much of the same avant-garde merchandise with a great range of children's stuff available in both. But while the more traditional Tate Britain more closely resembles the National Gallery in architectural and artistic flavour, Tate Modern has a very hip feel and draws a slightly broader audience, in part due to its location on the increasingly buzzy South Bank.
Both museums have popular restaurants and cafes, but to encourage those without a membership to sign up, each offers an exclusive members' room. These provide the best views, nicest toilets, designated staff and ever so slightly self-important customers, and are always a safe bet to impress a date.
Tate Modern
Based in the former Bankside Power Station, Tate Modern has proved to be an extremely popular attraction for tourists and Londoners alike since its opening in 2000. It houses the national collection of modern art, so expect plenty of inspirational and challenging works alongside exhibits that
look like your cat sicked them up. The temporary art installations of the five-storey tall Turbine Hall provide much of the draw to the gallery. This huge space displays specially commissioned works from October to April of each year—a programme which was intended to run for only five years, but was extended due to its popularity. Quirky exhibitions fill the vast Turbine Hall, like Olafur Eliasson's 'Weather Project' which encouraged visitors to lie back on the floor in their thousands, gazing at the shadows cast by the synthetic sun. Ai Wei Wei's Sunflower Seeds, in 2010/11, was probably his most ambitious and attention-grabbing work before going MIA—ironically and probably due to the unwanted exposure it brought to the Chinese government. That and the fact punters had to be forbidden from walking on the seeds due to the fine dust the porcelain they were made from produced which could have been inhaled and damage the lungs. Again, ironically. As always, we await with baited breath who will fill the Turbine Hall and with what. If it all seems like you could have created better art yourself, then try one of the gallery's excellent workshops or courses and give it a go.
Tate Britain
The Tate Britain boasts the most comprehensive collection of British art in the world, and is home to the annual and unmissable Turner Prize show. Stone steps lead up to the portico and once inside, the Duveen Galleries' ethereal sculptures lie straight ahead, giving the first taste of a breathtaking collection of artwork. Tate Britain's collection is divided chronologically and dedicates space exclusively to notable artists, such as Turner, Blake and Constable. The gallery also includes significant works by William Hogarth, Stanley Spencer and Francis Bacon. Look out for the themed guides to suit your mood, such as "The I've Just Split Up", "The I'm In A Hurry" and "The I Haven't Been Here For Ages" collections: a highly endearing way ease you through the 500 years of exhibits.
Arts & Entertainment • The National Gallery |
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General Information
NFT Map: | 24
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Address: | Trafalgar Square
London WC2N 5DN
Phone: | 020 7747 2885
Website: | www.nationalgallery.org.uk
Hours: | 10 am–6 pm daily, Fridays until 9 pm.
Admission: Free to the permanent collection and temporary exhibitions in the Sunley Room, Room 1 and The Space on Level 2. There is a charge for temporary exhibitions held on Level 2 in the Sainsbury Wing. Tickets have an allotted time slot and although they can be purchased on the day, it is recommended you book them ahead of time online, especially with the more popular exhibitions.
Overview
The National Gallery is home to one of the best and largest collections of Western European painting in the world, coming in at around 2100 paintings on display at any one time. An emphasis on Western and painting is needed. If you're looking for Roman antiquities or Persian miniatures, head for the British Musuem or the V&A—this is not where you're going to get it. Furthermore, if you're into anything post-Impressionist, make an about face for the Tate Britain. This is a celebration of the arts of Europe in all their old-school occidental glory. Taking the surprisingly manageable tour around the galleries (most of which are on one floor) will leave you wowed by how many works of art you will recognise. This is a collection that has been branded deep into your subconscious—with its oh-yeah-that-one Turners, Hogarths, Rembrandts and Leonardos. Bring a date and even the most culturally challenged will be able to impress.
The collection came into being in 1824 when the House of Commons paid £57,000 for 38 paintings belonging to a banker, using his Pall Mall home as the exhibition space. Compared to the Louvre, calling a few paintings in some guy's house the National Gallery was a little too embarrassing for the British public. So the great and the good demanded the Government pull their finger out and get to work on a purpose-built gallery worthy of a national art collection. In 1832, architect William Wilkins was given the job, constructing the recognisable porticoed façade in an up-and-coming area known as Trafalgar Square, called by one trustee 'the very gangway of London'. The most recent addition to the gallery is the Sainsbury Wing, designed in 1991 by leading contemporary architects Robert Venturi and Scott Brown after much controversy. Prince Charles, notoriously fussy when it comes to architecture, dismissed one suggested design as "a monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved and elegant friend".
The National Gallery can be tackled in one exhausting afternoon, if you put your mind to it. Take advantage of the fancy benches, as many of the more epic paintings are best viewed from a distance. Be sure to get lost in the many smaller galleries, which house some dynamite, lesser-known, works. If you're feeling hungry, the National Dining Rooms is a critically acclaimed (read: expensive) restaurant, serving up the best in British fare. If you're feeling like a little culinary nationalism, the more casual National Café serves a very good cream tea.
The Greatest Hits
Starting with the Sainsbury Wing, the collection snakes around, covering European painting in chronological order from 1250 to 1900. There are a lot of paintings and it can get slightly overwhelming, so if you're pressed for time and want to make sure you've 'done' the National Gallery, try one of their 60 minute taster tours or pick up their guide to the 30 must-see paintings. Don't miss the Arnolfini Portrait (signed with 'Van Eyck was here' above the mirror—hilarious), Botticelli's Venus and Mars, The Wilton Diptych, and Uccello's The Battle of San Romano. Moving onto the 1500-1600 range, you'll recognise Leonardo's cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, 'The Ambassadors' by Hans Holbein the younger (the one where you have to crouch to see the skull), the still-hilarious portrait of A Grotesque Old Woman by Quinten Massys (a 1664 example of the classic conundrum—a 64 year-old trying desperately to look 16) and Titian's Bacchus and Ariadne. Moving on, the collection houses a rather large collection of Dutch masters, including Rembrandt, Rubens and van Dyck. If you're sick of 2-D, a rather cool contraption is Samuel von Hoogstraten's peepshow. Peer through the peep hole in this painted box for an eye-popping view of the interior of a Dutch house. Very cool. A trip to the museum is never complete without viewing a Gainsborough, Turner and Hogarth, all of which are housed in the 1700-1900 galleries. Do not miss Hogarth's Marriage a la Mode a comical rendition of an 18th century arranged marriage—in a series of six paintings. Last but not least, onto the juxtaposition of three epic 19th century history paintings depicting corporal punishment with chilling realism—Manet's Execution of Maximillian, Delaroche's Lady Jane Gray and Puvis de Chavanne's Beheading of St John the Baptist. What a way to end it all, quite literally.
Arts & Entertainment • The O2 |
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General Information
Address: | Peninsula Square, London, SE10 0DX
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Website: | www.theO2.co.uk
General Information: | 020 8463 2000
Tickets: | 0871 984 0002
Overview
Exactly how the Millennium Dome transformed itself from national embarrassment and vortex for millions of taxpayers' money to the slick new home of groovy events is a bit of a mystery. Or maybe it's blindingly obvious—suits are better than politicians at this kind of thing. Anyway, on the outside it looks the same—the oversized lovechild of a jellyfish and hedgehog. Inside, gone are the attractions and concepts of 1999, aimed at celebrating all things British, so visionary that visitors stayed away in droves. Instead, the contents of an above-average high street have been stuffed inside—generic bistro food and wine bars, a multi-screen cinema. Whoope-doo you might think. But hold on—people come for the music. No really, they do.
Enter the O2 Arena or its little sis, the IndigO2 (see what they did there?) and be very impressed. The Arena has been engineered to provide sight lines that older venues can only dream of. The air conditioning—usually a rarity at London gigs, actually works. The acoustics have to be heard to be believed. It might not be a destination venue for mosh-loving purists and those who like the sweat and beer to fly, but if you like your music with a bit of comfort and luxury, you know, like toilets that work and don't stink of piss (548 of them!) then the 02 is well worth a look. Wheelchair users are catered for with fully accessible facilities. London seems to have its first venue that feels like some real thought has gone into its creation. If the organisers get their act together and diversify the bands appearing, including more that veer away from mainstream bands then it could become unstoppable.
How to Get There—Driving
Driving to the O2 isn't as daft as it might sound considering its location—previously un-chartered industrial wastelands of south east London. 2,000 parking spaces can be reserved in advance. With decent road links, traveling after rush hour should be bearable. The A102 linking north and south London runs through the Blackwall Tunnel, right next to the venue.
How to Get There—Mass Transit
In theory, the O2 has excellent transport links no matter how you travel. In practice, there's a good chance that your gig coincides with engineers digging up the precise bit of track you need to travel on. Check www.tfl.gov.uk before you travel. But when everything is working, then the Jubilee line at nearby North Greenwich connects directly with Waterloo and London Bridge. The Docklands Light Railway is one stop away and several bus routes drop off right outside. But the best way to arrive has to be by boat—the high speed Thames Clipper runs every 20-30 minutes. from several piers including Greenwich, Embankment and Waterloo. It's not only relaxing, but you get to see London at its best on the trip.
How to Get Tickets
Ticketmaster. Naturally. Try Gumtree and Craigslist for swaps, unwanted tickets and scum-of-the-earth touts.
Arts & Entertainment • Cinemas |
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Life in London can sometimes seem like one continuous, eventful film, but if you like your plots to take place on screen then the city has a lot to offer. Going to catch a flick in London can often unravel like some kind of Indiana Jones-esque adventure—the Holy Grail being a reasonably-priced ticket in a clean, comfortable theatre, that can only be sought after battling hundreds of tourists and fellow Londoners all with the same thought. Every year 164 million people visit London's cinemas; now that's a fair few ticket stubs. Thankfully, by leaving The Twilight Zone (a.k.a. the tourist trap of the West End) there are plenty of cinematic treasures to be plundered. Whatever genre of film takes your fancy, whatever time of night and whether you want a velour seat and popcorn or a leather chair and glass of champagne, you are sure to find it in the nation's capital.
For those who are desperate to catch Spielberg's latest offering, and are crazy enough to stick it out in the West End, chain cinemas abound. You'll find Odeon (Maps 1, , , , , , , , & ), Vue (Maps 12, , , & ) and Cineworld (Maps 11, , , , , & ) theatres all over London. If you're brave, or just fancy seeing a star or two at one of the regular premiers, Odeon Leicester Square (Map 23) (made up of two separate theatres) could be for you. Another monster on the square is the historic Empire (Map 11), seating an impressive 1,300 patrons is a landmark in itself, although she is a slightly faded leading lady these days. Beware though. While the price of a cinema ticket in the big smoke is normally enough to make you choke on your Butterkist, wandering into any of the theatres in Leicester Square may force you to re-mortgage with prices as high as £22.50 a ticket at peak times. Apollo West End Multiplex (Map 23) on Lower Regent Street was formerly the home of Paramount Pictures in the UK but now houses five small, luxurious theatres showing the latest flicks on general release.
It's not hard to find cinemas offering art house and independent films in London. Finding a good one, however, can be more of a challenge. The Barbican (Map 7) is always a good bet, and you can take in an exhibition before your film to really beef up your grey matter. We highly recommend the Curzon Soho (Map 11) offering not only a wide range of cinematic gems but also a plush bar to loosen you up for that three hour Kurasawa number. Remember if the queue is snaking along the pavement, tickets can be bought at the bar downstairs too. Check out the cinema's cousin in Mayfair (Map 9) as well as the slightly shabby Renoir (Map 5) in Brunswick Square. Cineworld Chelsea (Map 45) on the lustrous King's Road is one of London's premier art houses with two-seaters available for the perfect smooching experience. The Gate (Map 29) in Notting Hill was created from a restaurant in 1911 and now offers independent releases in a luxurious setting. BFI Southbank (Map 104) specializes in film through the ages as well as hosting frequent events. Who would have thought old Charlie would help us save our pennies? The Prince Charles Cinema (Map 11) off Leicester Square sits in a perfect location and offers revivals, cult and foreign language films for as low as £1.50. Now that's a bloody bargain. For those with a penchant for 'le cine' courtesy of our French neighbours visit Cine Lumiere (Map 36) in South Kensington. Uber-cool Clapham has an equally trendy art house cinema, the Clapham Picturehouse (Map 143), Dalston's Art Deco gem the Rio Cinema (Map 86) is worth a look, while Bloomsbury offers up The Horse Hospital (Map 4)—the name's almost as avant-garde as the films they show. Just leave Dobbin behind.
There are some wonderful cinematic experiences to be had too. BFI IMAX (Map 104) is housed in a curious circular building, south of Waterloo Bridge, with the biggest screen in the UK—the size of five double-decker buses. Then there are those three magic words—The Electric Cinema (Map 29) on Portobello Road. Grab a Pinot Grigio, rest your derriere on a soft leather seat and munch away at home-made ice cream all the way from sunny Hampshire while catching the latest Polish release. We now have the first British cinema to be opened in the 21st century: Shortwave (Map 107), popped up in 2009 in the stylish Bermondsey Square, and among its 50 seats are some which were shrewdly rehoused from the Electric Cinema. And treat your mates to another round and a packet of crisps, because there are increasing numbers of mini-cinemas in pubs and bars such as The Garrison (Map 107) and The Roxy (Map 106).
Arts & Entertainment • Bookshops |
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It seems that every pub, bench and bridge in London has a tale to tell of past literary greats mulling over their troubles, weeping over lovers lost or launching themselves into the Thames. Ours is a city saturated in literary history and literature-lovers, with an abundance of bookshops and diversity of readers. While so many other retailers are homogenising, our independent bookshops—with their knowledgeable staffs and their often narrow focus—remain as eclectic and enthusiastic as ever. As well as a great selection of specialist independent stores, London is also home to dozens of second-hand bookshops, book markets, a literature festival, a major international book trade fair, and Europe's largest bookshop.
General
The Foyles flagship store on Charing Cross Road (Map 12) is a London institution, with a history as eccentric as its stock. Along with mainstream books and best-sellers, it offers a good range of second hand and out-of-print books, as well as a specialist Antiquarian department and a chilled jazz café. Venerable Hatchard's (Map 10) has been hawking books for over 200 years, making it London's oldest bookstore. The London Review Bookshop (Map 4) offers a huge range of constantly updated books with an intellectual bent and intellectual staff. Metropolitan Books (Map 6) is small but perfectly stocked, and Phil the owner makes time for any customer seeking advice or a friendly chat. Kids can find a bookshop wonderland in Tales on Moon Lane (Map 128) while parents can find the books they grew up with at Ripping Yarns (Map 51). The excellence of the independent stores has meant the chains have had to up their game—and loath though we are to say it, some, such as academic specialists Blackwells (Maps 4, & ) has gotten it very right indeed. In particular, Waterstone's in Piccadilly (Map 23) attracts all sorts of excitable superlatives, being the largest bookshop in Europe, running a range of literary activities to complement their stock, and even hosting a bar with some of the finest views of London.
Second Hand
Sadly, the world-renowned status Charing Cross Road used to command as the Mecca of second-hand bookstores is fading, and those who go looking for the genteel expertise immortalised in Helene Hanff's bestseller 84 Charing Cross Road will find a "Med Kitchen" (shudder) at number 84. Many shops still cling to their ideals however, such as Any Amount of Books (Map 12) selling titles from as little £1 and offering a leather-binding service so your books can furnish your room as well as your mind. Good places to start if you are scouting for quality second-hand bookshops are: the tardis-like The Bookshop (Map 129) staffed by bookworms who have read everything (or so it seems) and can always help you find a gem; John Sandoe (Map 46) for true bookshop charm (rickety staircases, passionate staff, enchanting atmosphere); and the Trinity Hospice (Map 136) and Oxfam Bookshops (Maps 38, , )—not only an astonishingly cheap and broad collection of works, but all for charidee.
Specialist
Finding a bookshop devoted to your passion is like finding a club of old friends, and London caters for all tastes. Bored of cheese toasties? Books for Cooks (Map 29) smells as good as the recipes look, as they're tested in their kitchen first, while in-store cooking workshops teach new skills to avid customers. Sci-Fi nerds will be in their element at Forbidden Planet (Map 179). Gekoski (Map 4) stocks a good range of modern first editions, or for older and rarer first editions try Henry Sotheran (Map 10): a unique, but pricey, treat for any enthusiast. Head to Atlantis (Map 4) for all your occult needs (though no doubt the Spirits had already tipped you off on that one). Arty types are extensively catered for: The Photographers' Gallery (Map 3), a treat in itself, has a substantial shop stocking photography titles, artists' monographs and unusual cameras; the ICA Bookshop (Map 23) is a great destination for art and film fans, and you can take in an exhibition while you're there; Travis & Emery (Map 24) stocks a vast range of music books and scores; comic geeks can get their fix at Gosh! (Map 4). And for those with a passion for passion, pop along to the book section of Coco de Mer (Map 13). Head to Artwords (Map 84) for books on—nope, I'll see if you can guess. Or to Chappell (Map 11) to supplement your Abba Hits keyboard book with some of their 50,000 music titles. Motor Books (Map 24), surprisingly London's only shop dedicated to motoring, rail, aviation and military books, is the ideal repository for your menfolk when you need some peace.
Travel
Feeling lethargic? Head to one of the city's superb travel bookshops to have your energy restored. Stanford's (Map 13) has been inspiring London for 150 years, with its enormous collection of travel books and maps. A bookshop for travellers who like to read, Daunt Books (Maps 2, , & ) arranges all its books by geographical location, so even its fiction, cookbooks and history are shelved by country. Or to learn any of over 150 languages, head to Grant & Cutler (Map 10), the UK's largest foreign-language specialist.
Politics
Bookmarks (Map 4) stocks left-leaning works on a huge range of issues and takes a lively role in political activism, giving it a real and infectious sense of purpose. Also hugely right-on, both representing and driving several lefty social movements, is Housmans (Map 78). Or for a more balanced approach with political works across the parties and even the odd Minister browsing for ideas, try Westminster Bookshop (Map 22).
Talks and Events
Publishing is a cut-throat business, and many writers have to sell their soul to get noticed. For them, it means an endless round of book signings and talks; for us, it means a fabulous chance to hobnob with our favourite authors. Most bookshops host occasional signings, but for regular events from the most celebrated authors, the big boys predictably have all the clout. Foyles (Maps 12, , , ) and Waterstone's (see p.489) attract huge names: recent guests have included JK Rowling, Louis de Bernières, Salman Rushdie and AS Byatt. Stanford's (Map 13) offers opportunities to hear well-known travel editors, writers and photographers for an inspirational and sometimes career-changing evening. For intellectually stimulating debates and literary discussions, check out the London Review Bookshop (Map 4) and Bookmarks (Map 4). Some events are free, some as much as a theatre ticket, but all should be booked in advance to ensure a place.
Arts & Entertainment • Theatre |
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Yep you've heard the news. Theatre in the capital is all commercial. Predictable. Repetitive. Uncontroversial. If you believe the whingers, it's all boring stuff. Don't, because it's not. Yes, the West End, that heartland of commercial theatre around Shaftesbury Avenue, is filled with tourist-grabbing, crowd-pleasing musicals. Yes, there are more star-dominated, tried-and-tested plays than ever. Yes, the Mousetrap is still taking up the space at St Martin's after 58 years of we-bloody-well-know-whodunit.
But all that's only half the story. To find the other half, look beyond the glittering billboard signs to find the daring, small West End theatres, such as the Donmar Warehouse (Map 13), bringing the innovative and unusual to Theatreland. There are the Off-West End theatres that proudly fly the flag for new writers, unafraid of being political, controversial and in-yer-face: The Royal Court (Map 19), The Soho (Map 11), The Bush (Map 33). There are the unconventional, anarchic ensemble companies, such as PunchDrunk, shaking up things all the way from the fringe to the West End, while innovative short-play evenings are popping up at pubs across the city (see below).
But let's not forget the cracking double-whammy of the National Theatre (Map 104) and The Old Vic (Map 104), two artistic powerhouses currently going from strength to strength. At the National, the unstoppable Nicholas Hytner brings original works to this Southbank concrete colossus (coupled with a £10-tickets offer), while down the road, Hollywood-star-turned-theatre-connoisseur Kevin Spacey is returning the Old Vic into its former glory. The refurbished Young Vic (Map 104), meanwhile, is one of the best places to see fresh, new theatre (and get drunk afterwards). And, whatever you do, you're never far from a good Shakespeare production.
Keeping It Real in the West End
The Donmar Warehouse (Map 13), the West End's smallest theatre, has gained a reputation for being one of Theatreland's most innovative, yet still crowd-pleasing houses. It's quite common for good new plays that have successfully kicked off at a fringe or Off-West End venue to transfer to the West End, such as Tom Stoppard's guitars-meet-politics cracker Rock'n'Roll. Dean Street's Soho Theatre (Map 11) hunts out some of the most original, fearless or hilarious theatre around, while the Comedy Theatre (Map 23) may play it a little more safe but packs its shows with jaw-dropping casts. The West End is also a great place to catch up on those classics you always wanted to see but never got round to: from Beckett to Shakespeare.
Off-West End & The Fringe—The Best
The underground-led, breakneck guerrilla heyday might be over, but theatre outside the West End is in rude health. Head to rough-around-the-edges Dalston, where the Arcola Theatre (Map 86) continues to thrive in its scruffy ex-factory home, thanks to eclectic programming, an early-fringe-days feel and heaps of creative energy. The tiny Bush Theatre (Map 33) has long been a fierce champion of new work, and after being rescued by a star-studded tantrum in the face of funding cuts in 2008 it will doubtless continue to discover exciting new talent. So will The Royal Court (Map 19) on Sloane Square, which is one of London's finest. For new, innovative work, also keep your eyes on the Battersea Arts Centre (Map 140), to watch what others will pay £50 to see next year (such as its premiere of Jerry Springer The Opera while other theatres nervously wrung their hands).
Theatre can't change society? Try telling that to the conviction-led crew of Kilburn's The Tricycle (Map 65)—easily London's most radical and most dedicated, political theatre. Islington's Almeida (Map 80) is far more conventional, but pretty—and that's got to count for something. If you're up for a laugh, check The Hackney Empire (Map 87), a turn-of-the-century music hall, hosting some of London's best variety shows. The Old Red Lion (Map 80), home inside an Islington pub, stubbornly clings to its unconventional, ale-fuelled fringe attitude, while Battersea's Theatre 503 (Map 132) is as provocative as ever. Be surprised.
If the thought of being in a theatre at all is too bourgeois for you, then you're still well catered for. London thesps it up wherever it can so you're never too far from a performance and its sometimes unwitting audience. Recent outings have included an opera about domesticity and flatpack furniture in the Wembley Ikea, and a thriller performed in an office while the audience watch with binoculars and audiophones from the terrace opposite. Or if it's sunny, squeeze among the crowds and their bottles of rosé for the occasional performances at The Scoop.
Tickets
If you know what you're after, check the theatre's website—they will either have their own system, a link to a ticket selling site, or provide a phone number. If not, check www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk, which lists shows by name, theatre and genre. The site also displays shows that are just opening, or just closing, and links straight to the appropriate ticketing website, once you have made your mind up. There's a handy map of all West End venues, too.
Fancy a bargain? The iconic TKTS ticket booth on Leicester Square sells on-the-day tickets for most big shows, half-price. The queue can be mind-boggling, so go early. There's a £2.50 booking fee, but it's included in the price shown. Many theatres also have their own discount schemes. If you don't mind standing, you can get Royal Court tickets for as little as 50p. Yes, that's 50p. Just show up between 6 pm and 6.30 pm on the day of the performance. The National has £5 standing tickets for all shows, but the view ain't always great.
Exciting & New
Enter the ensemble. They are multi-skilled, imaginative and are shaking the cosy, venue-obsessed Theatreland with a vengeance. Ensemble companies like PunchDrunk and Kneehigh are touring their way through London's venues in vigorously anarchic fashion. The result is increasingly physical, increasingly unconventional—and increasingly exciting theatre, which you'd be mad to miss.
PunchDrunk (punchdrunk.com) have gained a reputation for site-specific productions, inviting the audience to walk around and follow actors and themes as they please. Their 2006 treatment of Goethe's Faust at the National Theatre was widely hailed as one of the best things to have happened to British theatre in years. Kneehigh (www.kneehigh.co.uk) enjoy setting their nightmarish productions in outside mystical locations, but aren't afraid of West End constraints either. The award-winning Cheek by Jowl (www.cheekbyjowl.com), which have been producing Shakespeare and European classics since 1982, keep discovering hot talent—and ways to innovate.
If that's not grassroots enough, visit one of the themed short-play evenings that are popping up across town. Bringing together writers, actors and directors for twenty-minutes-or-so mini-shows, they have become a popular theatre alternative. Take your pick: Established organisers Nabokov (www.nabokov-online.com) have found a West End home at the Trafalgar Studios (Map 24) and relative newcomers DryWrite have made Whitechapel's The George Tavern (Map 97) their own. The message is spreading. What you thought was a boozer, really is a stage. The possibilities are endless.
Contemporary Dance
From small company shows to big stage spectacles, contemporary dance is having one hell of a ride. Sadler's Wells (Map 6) (www.sadlerswells.com), the grand old lady of dance venues, is still doing a fine job bringing some of the world's best dance to London. Check their Sadler's Wells Sampled programme, showcasing dazzling future talent for as little as £10. The Barbican (Map 7) (www.barbican.org.uk) has established itself as a reliable source of powerful dance performances, while the Royal Festival Hall (Map 104) attracts increasingly bold and interesting works to its refurbished riverside location. For London's most innovative dance performances, check The Place (Map 4), a stylish venue that combines performance, training and dance education (www.theplace.org.uk).
Arts & Entertainment • Museums & Galleries |
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There are many great things about London's vibrant art world. The best? It's free. Granted, if you want to see some of the big show-stopping exhibitions that pass through the Tates (Maps 21 & ), British Museum (Map 4), National Gallery (Map 23) and Royal Academy (Map 2) you'll have to pay quite a hefty sum, but overall, you can experience visual arts throughout the capital without coughing up much dough. This might be a contributing factor to London's sprawling art scene, as it is so easy to duck in and out of the capital's 300+ museums and galleries on a lunch break.
Of course, there are concentrations of art in locations around Piccadilly and Bond Street (check out Cork Street for its galleries, such as Messum (Map 10) and the Adam Gallery (Map 10), running parallel with Savile Row), the East End (funkier affair and an artistic hipster breeding ground—check out Vyner Street in Bethnal Green), South Kensington/Chelsea (a major culture scene as a result of the Great Exhibition of 1851) and various institutions dotted along the Thames (as seen from the Tate to Tate boat service). If your feeling really adventurous/ bored pretend you're really in the know and head to the New Cross, Peckham and Camberwell areas of South London where artists and galleries are pushing new boundaries in creativity/ pretentiousness. Great art is all over the this city, so get out your Oyster Card, and get ready to cover a lot of ground.
Starting with London's modern art, the Tate Modern (Map 105), with its massive smoke stack, has become a major London landmark. This is despite it only existing as a separate entity from the Tate Britain (Map 21) since 2000. Check out its spacious Turbine Hall, with often spectacular installations.
It's not surprising that the Tate Modern is often the London tourist's first stop these days, as the city has become well-known for contemporary art. Due in part to the too-cool-for-school London art scene of the 1990s, which saw the establishment of Turner Prizers Tracy Emin, Rachel Whiteread and Damien Hirst, and made a major mark under Saatchi's guiding light. This light has faded somewhat, as the movement's personalities have slowly sold out a little (Emin designing for Longchamp is a case and point). But certain London galleries remain as monuments to this explosion of counter-culture, and, in addition to the Saatchi Gallery (Map 46), these include the Serpentine Gallery (Map 30), Haunch of Venison (Map 10), and Victoria Miro (Map 31). Other inspiring alternatives include the Riflemaker (Map 10), South London Gallery (Map 122), Camden Arts Centre (Map 66), the White Cube at Mason's Yard (Map 23), Hoxton Square (Map 84), and Bermondsey (Map 107).
London is a city with a lot on offer, and if you're looking for something a bit more traditional, start with the National Gallery (Map 24) in Trafalgar Square, moving onto the National Portrait Gallery (Map 24) next door, which presents you with a who's who of British culture past and present. Stroll up Charing Cross Road to the awesome British Museum (Map 4) with its jaw-dropping two acre roof over the Great Court (yet another example of Norman Foster's obsession with glass and geometry). Be sure to take in the Parthenon Marbles, aka Elgin Marbles, before the Greek government makes any attempt to get them back. Then over to the not-nearly-praised-enough Wallace Collection (Map 2) behind Selfridge's for some tea and Watteau action. A traditional art-lover's tour of London is not over without a trip to the Royal Academy (Map 2) with its epic exhibitions and finally to the Tate Britain (Map 21), where the Pre-Raphaelites reign supreme.
Feeling a little non-conformist? London has a brilliant array of cultural institutions that offer more than just marble and canvas. From ceramics to dolls houses, kimonos to plaster casts of just about every great sculpture in the world—the V&A has it all (not to mention an awesome gift shop). Other alternatives to the mainstream include The Photographers' Gallery (Map 13) by Leicester Square, which not only squeezes in the best photographic exhibitions in town, but also boasts the best bookshop on the subject. Odd in its own way is the Museum of London (Map 7), which walks you through the history of the city from prehistoric times to the present day. Recent London museum gems also include the newly renovated London Transport Museum (Map 24), Fashion and Textile Museum (Map 107), Museum of Brands, Packaging and Advertising (Map 29) and the Design Museum (Map 107), with cars and video games in case you're stuck entertaining your nephew. Or check out one of London's hidden glories, from the The Vault at The Hard Rock Café (Map 9) by Hyde Park, or the mind blowing Hunterian Museum (Map 14) for fans of fetuses in jars and other macabre wonders (although be warned, do not go suffering from a weak stomach). The Horniman (*snigger*) Museum is a legacy of Victorian curiosity, starring an overstuffed walrus whose taxidermist didn't realise that walruses are supposed to have wrinkles.
The Geffreye Museum (Map 88) is a good one to check out when you're in Shoreditch and tired of being hip. Just up Kingsland Road from Flowers (Map 91) (a good British contemporary art gallery), this museum of domestic interiors runs through the history of Britain one living room at a time. Somewhat forgotten are the weird and wonderful Sir John Soane's Museum (Map 14), Leighton House (Map 35) and Dennis Severs' House (Map 91)—but we'll let you discover these gems for yourself.
So forget Pret a Manger—feed your soul in one of London's many museums and galleries. They certainly have more to offer than one of those crappy no bread sandwiches, anyway.
Arts & Entertainment • Nightlife |
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Overview
Stumbling out teary-eyed into the light, pallid skin wrecked by long hours in darkness and surrounded by strangers, it's hard to believe that this time last year we were counting out our coppers and begging our friends to buy us another drink. Okay, so we're not completely in the red and London's cash registers may not be overflowing with moolah as they once were but we've managed to open new bars, forget about old ones, sing ourselves raw in amateur karaoke sessions, break a few bones dancing in scary clubs we shouldn't be in—you know, the usual. What is scary though is how fast the night-time landscape is changing around us. These days walking around Soho is like picking your way through a war zone; with The Astoria and its surrounding area now bulldozed, it sometimes feels the heart of London's soul has been ripped out by greedy developers. Maybe it has, but we're not dwelling on all those bad vibes: we're too busy digging amateur folk in Stokey, or quaffing luxurious cocktails in the depths of Old Street, or down the front at some dingy gig hellhole in the depths of Brixton having the time of our sorry little lives. As you may have gathered by now, London's options are as endlessly varied as her tastes. And being children of the post-modern age (or is that post-post-modern age?) we've given up caring about tribalism and consistency and have dived head-first into everything at once. Economy, what economy?
Local Pubs for Local People
North to South, East to West, whether in Zone 1 or Zone 6 the London 'local' encapsulates the city itself. That calm beating heart of the old geezer talking of times gone by in Limehouse or the adrenaline-fuelled racing heart of the City's next 'big thing' in Farringdon—all echoing around a city that tells its stories, shares its woes and gets itself together over a pint of 'Pride' in the local boozer. The cavernous bowels of Dickens' favourite local Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese (Map 15) now provide tourist-free shelter for City folk. Borough's George Inn (Map 106), with a dazzling selection of ales, is as ancient as they get. The Lamb (Map 14) is where to go after your office job if you want to pretend you're a writer, while the Grade-II-listed Princess Louise (Map 4) is sparkling with old man-ness but in the heart of London. In Hampstead, it's got to be the pretty, and pretty hidden, Holly Bush (Map 56). And while it's been gentrified since it was run by the Kray's mum, The Carpenter's Arms (Map 91), is still a great, tiny little foreign beer-heaven. Modern rot has yet to set in at Highgate's old-school The Winchester (Map 52) and you can eyeball woodworm in the brilliant The Compton Arms (Map 80). The old-timers in Rotherhithe's dream-of-your-dad The Mayflower (Map 109), and Brixton's The Effra (Map 150) will have never heard of the 'Inter-web', never mind Facebook. Way out west, The Dove (Map 40) draws the local collective with its cosy fire, relaxed chatter and river spectacular.
Keep-It-Real Ale
The Carling brigade can take a hike, this town takes Price (sic) in its real brews. The Wenlock Arms (Map 83) proves we can do down-to-earth ale-enthusiast and The Jerusalem Tavern (Map 3) shows we can do fake ye olde times with amazing beer selection as well as any Lancashire local. Borough's Market Porter (Map 106) has a great selection, and is full of market traders counting their cash. Lovers of the Belgian stuff (and trendy Hackney-ites) will feel at home in The Dove (Map 89) and those after an even greater selection of European ales without the pretentiousness should head to Quinns (Map 71) in Camden. Too fancy? For great ale selections, there's The Royal Oak (Map 106) also in Borough, where the taps come courtesy of the Harveys brewery. Pitfield, Freedom and St Peter's, meanwhile, supply Islington's Duke of Cambridge (Map 83) with organic beer, if you like that kind of stuff. In Parson's Green The White Horse (Map 49) is a Victorian gem and the Roebuck (Map 38) provides Chiswick with an ever changing selection of local and national brews.
Good Mixers
While our ale keeps us down to earth, it's the lure of the cocktail that causes us to show off. Shaken or stirred, it doesn't matter. It's all about looking good with a long glass of the colourful sugary stuff dressed to the nines, glace cherry 'n all. For aesthetic hedonism we love Loungelover (Map 91) and Lounge Bohemia (Map 8). Martinis? You'll find us at the Charlotte Street Hotel (Map 3). At 5th View (Map 9) there's vistas of Big Ben with your Kir Royal and the secretive speak-easy mood of Milk & Honey (Map 10) comes with eight handy house rules, including "no star fucking." See also the plush Art Deco heaven that is Claridge's Bar (Map 2), while Montgomery Place (Map 29) serves Notting Hill a bit of old world cool. If you find yourself on Clapham High Street then you could do a lot worse than heading to The Loft (Map 143)—a modern, lush escape. One can feel studious while nursing a punch bowl at The Cinnamon Club (Map 22), nestled perfectly inside the old serenity of the Old Westminster Library. On the contrary, vivacious Buena Vista (Map 143) brings a bit of Havana to the streets of Clapham and is the perfect spot for a mojito.
Weirdos
Let's face it, sometimes the booze just isn't enough to keep you entertained. Destroying your internal organs with the stuff is just sometimes a little boring, right? Jamboree at Cable Street Studios (Map 97) is an artist-run warehouse space that does hipster rave-offs. The Windmill (Map 150) of Brixton is a handmade weirdo magnet and The Battersea Barge (Map 134) is a friendly old pub—on a very thin barge. The Coronet (Map 74) in Holloway has a desolate, nostalgic charm as does perhaps the weirdest pub of them all, the Palm Tree (Map 93), a celebration of British antiquity with crooners of a certain age most nights.
Smoker-Friendly
If the merciless prohibition regime of 2007 hasn't resulted in reluctant surrender, don't despair: from provisionally erected patios to all-year beer gardens to secret backdoors, London's ban-bashing creativity knows no boundaries. Great fag spots include the terrace at Proud (Map 71), overlooking Camden's roofs, the barbeque-and-beer-can courtyard of 93 Feet East (Map 91) and the tree-shaded garden of the Edinboro Castle (Map 77). Hang out in front of Highgate favourite The Flask (Map 51) or combine a late-night pint with a rollie in the backyard of the The Dolphin (Map 89). For clubbing, consider Egg (Map 79), where you're allowed to smoke in the massive garden. The Owl & Pussycat (Map 91) is not just a surprisingly pleasant pub in Shoreditch, it's also got a surprisingly nice garden, where smoking is not just allowed, dear friends, but encouraged.
We're Raving, We're Raving
While the fierce bass from the basement at Plastic People (Map 84) reverberates around Shoreditch, over at superclub Fabric (Map 15) the cool kids of the capital are bringing down the house with... er, a bit of House music. For the groovier seeking a smaller joint try Guanabara (Map 13). The ever-so-eclectic Notting Hill Arts Club (Map 29) continues to come up with exhilarating and inventive nights, as does Brick Lane's 93 Feet East (Map 91) and 333 (Map 84). Cargo (Map 84) is for those who like a deep seated couch with their DJ while Madame Jojo's (Map 11) provides exactly the kind of decadence we demand from Soho clubbing. As long as lip fuzz is still trendy there's always the Moustache Bar (Map 86) and for quirky, artsy fartsery head to Passing Clouds (Map 88), both in Dalston, natch. For serious rockabilly, find Ye Olde Axe (Map 91) gentlemen's club on Hackney Road, where the rock 'n' roll starts as soon as the last naked girl has disappeared behind the big-mirrored wall.
Great Bars
George Orwell's ideal pub was all about "draught stout, open fires, cheap meals, motherly barmaids and no radio." These days we'd maybe add music straight from a blog, handmade decor and a dangerous vibe. For some if not all of these try up-beat Jaguar Shoes (Map 91). Freud (Map 13) or the French House (Map 11) in the West End are also solid contenders for boho schlock. But there's so much more: crawl from Barrio North's (Map 80) caravan to the country-house of Lost Society (Map 142), from the Island Queen (Map 83) to the Moijto-fuelled Mau Mau (Map 29). We like standing next to (would-be) artists at the ICA Bar (Map 23) and actor types on the terrace of The Cut Bar (Map 104). Or in front of a movie screen, at Roxy Bar and Screen (Map 106). Later on, you'll find us nibbling cheese in Dalston's Jazz Bar (Map 82), dancing to trashy music at Da Vinci's (Map 104).
Best of the Rest
Want to feel exclusive? Members-only clubs are not only becoming ever more popular, but also ever more accessible. So there. Escape Shoreditch's terrifying hordes to the rooftop swimming pool of Shoreditch House (Map 91) or the boredom of Shepherd's Bush to the underground ex-toilets that have become Ginglik (Map 33). Of course, most of those in the know will drag you to the various warehouse raves that fire up every weekend. People like Real Gold (<http://wearerealgold.com>) are a good place to start if you fancy some of this awfulness. Remember it's not who you know but, oh wait, it is who you know.
To create your own entertainment and/or embarrass yourself, Lucky Voice (Maps 10, ) is one of many joints offering private karaoke booths for you and some people who will most probably cease to be your friends after they hear you massacre 'Time After Time.' Shoreditch's exposed brick joint The Book Club (Map 8) has a bit of 'Social Athletics' on the bill—ping pong, old chap? If relying on that notoriously joke-cracking ex-friend of a friend for your evening's amusement sounds a bit risky, consider these alternatives: The standard-setting Comedy Store (Map 11) (book in advance) and Covent Garden Comedy Club (Map 24), or, at the pub end of things, The Bedford (Map 148) and the Camden Head (Map 78). If you think that YOU should in fact provide the evening's amusement, well, the Poetry Café (Map 13) gives you the stage. Or stay at home and talk to yourself; it's cheaper.
Music, Sweet Music
London's veins are pumped by its mellifluous melodies, the driving sound of grime, the sneers of angry young men and the coos of sweet maidens. Whether you're dub-stepping in the dark or jamming along at folk night there'll be something to hear at any given time of the week.
Strummin' Mental
This city's music scene is in a constant state of flux with bands, venues and styles falling in and out of cool lists quicker than a Ramones song. What never changes though is that there always is a scene and with that scene comes the venue. The good news is that there are so many great places to do this in. Yes we've got our share of corporate megaliths (that means you O2) but for every church of Carling there are two or three brilliant dives like the punky Grosvenor (Map 145) or the ever-mobbed Stag's Head (Map 84).
For the sweatily inclined there are infinite choices. Bethnal Green's Star of Bethnal Green (Map 92) (formerly the Pleasure Unit), Highgate's Buffalo Bar (Map 80) and Angel's Lexington (Map 79) are as pant-wettingly indie as they come but if you like harder or weirder stuff the Camden Underworld (Map 71) does all the metals while Cafe Oto (Map 86) handles experimental and improv. The MacBeth (Map 84) is very popular yet somehow suffers from a fun bypass but Monto Water Rats (Map 5) is an unshakeable legend. The refurbished Old Blue Last (Map 84) or Vice Magazine party HQ has surfed to the crest of the trend wave fueled by young kids attempting to be sexually harassed by older men like in their favourite adverts for American Apparel. Mid-sized venues for mid-fame bands? The Scala (Map 78) is a brilliant converted cinema. The now legal Barden's Boudoir (Map 86) has come a long way since it was a dingy dive run by gangsters and of course the ICA (Map 23) is the 'art-space' par excellence for all artistes who insist on that 'e' at the end of 'artist.' The Amersham Arms (Map 126) is a good place to watch some twonks you've been told to like by Dazed. The city's electronic music scene generally piggy-backs the guitars, but check out Cable (Map 107) and Lightbox (Map 134).
As for the classics, the Shepherd's Bush Empire (Map 33) and the breathtakingly beautiful Bush Hall (Map 32) remain west London's finest, while Camden stalwart Koko (Map 71) keeps rocking in the free world. The north London show is being stolen by Roundhouse (Map 71), though, boasting a healthy "I am Legend"-attitude and some bloody horrible Anthony Gormley statues waiting to jump from the top. Brixton Academy (Map 145) might be slightly overrated, but its sky-like ceiling remains awesome. If you have to do stadium-size, do stadium-size in style and get your seat in the Royal Albert Hall (Map 36), which is increasingly luring good non-classical acts. The refurbishment of the Royal Festival Hall (Map 104), meanwhile, has kick-started more pop-oriented programming on the South Bank.
A World of Jazz and Blues
Camden's intimate Jazz Café (Map 71) seems to have no intention of stopping its relentless stream of first-rate jazz performances, getting in more soul, funk and pop at the same time, while Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club (Map 12), London's undisputed grandaddy of jazz original continues to offer up an eclectic programme of past and present. For some of the freshest jazz, alongside great contemporary folk and world music, head to Dalston, where the plush Vortex (Map 82) is a-buzz with free-spirited legends. On the other side of town, Fulham's small but perfectly formed 606 Club (Map 50) sets the tone with crammed, small tables within slobbering distance from the saxes. Catch excellent blues and singer/songwriter stuff every night of the week at Ain't Nothing But The Blues Bar (Map 10), or Denmark Street's 12 Bar Club (Map 12). Latin jazz breezes through the air at Archway's Caipirinha Jazz Bar (Map 52). For world music, the Barbican Centre (Map 7) leads the pack, but is easily beaten in atmosphere stakes by the Union Chapel (Map 80), an Islington church doubling as one of London's most beautiful venues and in scummy stakes by Dingwalls (Map 71) who continue to expand their programming. The home of folk is the brilliant Cecil Sharp House (Map 70). If classical music floats your boat, look beyond the obvious venues and settle amid the great acoustics of Chelsea's Cadogan Hall (Map 19), the historical brilliance of Hackney's Sutton House (Map 87) or the magnificent Wigmore Hall (Map 2), in Mayfair.
Arts & Entertainment • Restaurants |
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British food and British chefs had a pretty bad reputation until fairly recently; greasy piles of stodge topped off with gravy was the general consensus for what to expect in a London restaurant. A couple of years back France's premier chef Alain Ducasse upped the ante for the London dining scene by declaring it the 'restaurant capital of the world.' While there are still numerous naff cafes around they're far outnumbered by brilliant bistros, bountiful brunch places, bodacious BBQs and boatloads of other badass eateries.
As one of the most multicultural cities in the world, London is packed with cuisine from around the world, with some areas dedicated to a signature cuisine. We've got Jewish, Indian, Peruvian, Mexican, Vietnamese, Moroccan, hell even Mongolian. Visitors don't even have to look at a Yorkshire pudding, roast beef, a full English, or fish & chips if there're not so inclined but anyone would be a fool to miss out on some of the better English places.
Foodie trends come and go in this dusty old town so if you really want be down with the urban gourmands you'll need to know what's hot right now. It would be terribly embarrassing to be caught nibbling on sushi when munching on king ribs is the in thing. Then there's the staple and stable cool places that manage to keep the hungry masses happy no matter what's cool.
What you spend on food is as flexible as British weather too; street food provides some of London's most famed snacks while places like Hix's Tramshed dishes out minimalist done well, and old English favourites like The Ritz stick to the traditional-type menu its customers expect. For everyone else in between there's everything else in between. London even does Vegetarian, apparently.
Eating for Britain
In a country whose national dish is reportedly a Chicken Tikka Masala, pin-pointing what British cuisine actually is doesn't come easy. Taking a traditional approach we've got those archetypal dishes like the Sunday Roast, Full English, Fish & Chips, and Jellied Eels; if visitors believed every stereotypical image of the British it would stand to reason that these dishes make up our standard diet, along with bucket loads of builder's tea, of course.
Delve a little deeper though and you'll find a revolutionised British menu brought about by the demand of a newly sophisticated palate. We still do the soggy seaside favourite but you're just as likely to find grilled mackerel with potato salad on a chip-shop menu as you are a battered saveloy which is what you'll see at Poppie's in Spitalfields (Map 91). We still do Sunday lunch but you're more likely to be served the rarest of beef, a whole Poisson, or tenderloin pork than a leathery piece of gravied meat. Breakfast is a class of its own and though we're still to see a food revolution hit the East End pie shops, some things are best left as they are like the centuries-old F.Cooke (Map 89) on Broadway Market.
We're partial to a fusion, too; it's not unusual to see British tapas on a pub menu – expect things like mini toad-in-the-hole, bite sized beef wellington, and pork belly squares served with apple sauce. We're seeing things like whole Indian menus that are made entirely of British ingredients to keep the eco-warriors happy, and we're munching on American-style pulled pork that is smoked over English craft ales.
Our adopted second cuisine award goes to the Indian sub-continent whose spicy dishes us Brits consider to be synonymous with a night out on the tiles or a night in front of the telly. Samosas as a snack, bhajis on the way home from work, and a five course special of a Sunday eve; it's all good.
Hold the Pesticides
You'd think that with all the smog the city creates, and the pollution that's pumped around this place that Londoners would have come to accept the pesticides and chemicals often found in food; you would, of course, be wrong. London loves a good farmer's market and all organic café, and a good serving of local produce and meat. Weekly farmer's markets like those in Islington (Map 80), London Fields and Borough (Map 106) are credited with starting the trend for street food in London, a few years back. The vendors would cook each other's produce to sell to hungry shoppers which in turn created a demand for top end, tasty, chemical-free food.
Any café worth its salt uses free-range eggs, bacon from British pigs, lamb (from Wales not New Zealand), apples from Somerset orchards and oysters from Whitstable. There's certainly no crime in sticking to produce form British soils, serving misshapen tomatoes, and purple carrots, just be aware that more than a handful of 'organic' places like to charge over the odds for the pleasure of non-tainted meals.
Breakfast & Lunch—Brunch
Any good Londoner values their weekend days off like a dog loves his bone. The working week leaves time for no more than coffee and a croissant at breakfast time which is why we revel so much in a weekend brunch date. Be it with a lover, a group of rowdy friends, or visiting family members, we've developed the act of brunching into an art form in its own right.
You'll still see the off greasy spoon around, serving lukewarm baked beans, fatty bacon, and pebbly scrambled eggs but chances are that the dove grey (or Victorian green) painted shop two doors down will be packed to the proverbial rafters with a convivial young crowd of foodies and hipsters. There's a lot to be said for the Full English; it's a world-famous classic, and done well, it's the breakfast of kings. We've even branched out into providing grease-free breakfasts for the more delicate morning palate.
Nothing beats the Veggie Breakfast at the Counter Café (Near Map 94) in Hackney Wick, and Pavilion Café (Map 93) in Victoria Park is a close contender for feeding the east's foodies – kippers with potato cakes and poached eggs is a fantastic Irish classic. Caravan (Map 6) has enjoyed its time at the top for a City brunch and it looks set to stay in the number one spot for some time; the chefs here are renowned for mixing up exotic flavour and creating elixical hangover cures. For American treats The Breakfast Club (Map 80) is a firm favourite and with three locations there's a seat for everyone. Dukes Brew and Que (Map 82) is a sneaky American brekkie place vying for the winner's ribbon and Scandinavian-influenced Cooper and Wolf (Near Map 87) has some wholesome northern European options on offer for the more health conscious.
Street Is Sweet
Eating on the street might mean using a plastic fork and sitting on a kerb but it certainly doesn't mean dissecting your way through a soggy sarnie or pulling half-eaten burgers out of the bin. It does mean queuing for a while to eat at the best places, trying to decide which of the tempting street stalls to eat from, and possibly dripping mustard down your best top.
You can literally find everything on the streets of London; from cockroaches to sleeping people, dog shit and hypodermics. Quite delightfully you can also find the much more attractive options of food from all over the world – we've got Peruvian, Polish, Vietnamese, Mexican, French, and pretty much everything else you can think of.
The humble burger has enjoyed huge acclaim over the past year with stalls like Lucky Chip reinventing the British BBQ classic to resemble something much more palatable. Bahn Mi is a travelling Vietnamese baguette specialist that keeps chiming in reward for serving the best pork rolls in town, and the East. St collective have a permanent spot at Kings Cross where they present the baying public with things like The Wild Game Co (Map 11), and Engine with its haute-gourmet Hot Dogs. Even city centre workers have taken the bait for their bait though there is a heavy lean towards superfood salads and sushi in the city, the current bento leader is also perfectly positioned for visitors; right outside of Liverpool Street Station, Wasabi has a stall where you can pick up a salad, a couple of bits of sushi, and a delicious miso soup for less than a fiver.
Camden Market food used to be famous for all the wrong reasons; overcooked noodles, oily fried chicken, watery curry and cardboard pizzas, there's still plenty of that around but a newer set of stalls also caters to more refined tastes. What's on offer can be interchangeable but there are a few stalwarts that are worth a go. There's a French stall that does mushrooms and sauté potatoes in a Roquefort sauce and there's no exceptions made just because the chefs are serving from a stall instead of inside a restaurant; these things are literally sit-down-white-table-cloth standard.
The absolute upside to street food stalls, which we've cleverly held back 'til last, is the ability to enjoy top-notch, amazing food for a fraction of the price that a restaurant would charge for the same dish. We're talking £5-6 a go for a main meal that might be paella, Moroccan tagine, Goan curry, or an Argentinian steak. A little cake for afters should knock you back a couple of quid and will round off your stand-up meal quite nicely—Violet's (Map 89) lemon drizzle cake makes the proverbial icing on your day.
Doffing Hats to a Trend
The London food scene can be a fickle thing. One day it's Gin and Venison that's the reigning king of the food world and the next it's knocked off its perch by a BBQ rib and a craft beer. See, once the masses have caught onto a top secret food trend, the gourmands move on to new pastures where The Guardian is yet to report, and a license is yet to be passed.
We've lately seen some foodie revolutions, the death of others, and the birthing of a few. While the burger has surely enjoyed its time, one of the new kids on the block, Peruvian, is sticking around for a while, and crawling across the city like a drunk crab – the Last Days of Pisco pops up in venues across the city which can be a bit pesky if you turn up the day after it has moved on but their ceviche is possibly one of London's best new additions. Out in the West, the aptly named Ceviche (Map 12) does more of the fish-cooked-with-citrus thing and complements each dish with lashing of Peruvian firewater, Pisco which comes on its own, in dessert, and as a range of cocktails.
Onto another trend which is set to stay; the French have hors d'oeuvres the Spanish have tapas, the Swedish have smorgasbord and now the British have small plates, and we love them. Russell Norman's Polpo (Map 10) restaurants will remain as popular as ever to serve up shareable small plates in a New York diner-style setting. Expect to see things like Anchovy & Chickpea Crostini, Spicy Pork & Fennel Meatballs, and Rabbit & Chicory Salad, all made in perfect proportions whether you're planning to take a couple for yourself or share a load with friends.
Yauatcha (Map 10) is Soho's answer to the small plate influx where head chef Tong Chee Whee is renowned for combining complicated flavours and adding delicate notes to create things like Venison Puffs. Brawn (Map 91) on Columbia Road is in a class of its own when it comes to creating meaty feasts; the restaurant shamelessly rejoices in all things pig and waives any requests for a veggie option. The menu is dependent on season and on what the chefs feel like cooking; you might find salted ox tongue, pork scratching, or pickled wild boar here and it will all be delicious and meaty.
Pop-Up, Pop-Down
Providing a location for these pop up restaurants and supper clubs can be a challenge, mainly because the very nature of them means that most don't stay in the same place for too long, instead choosing to change venues every 3-6 months, allowing each little part of insular London to enjoy the experience.
Some of the more business-inclined places choose to pop in the same place, say, once a month, which makes it easier to pinpoint them but harder to actually get a table. Other that started as a travelling-circus version of a restaurant have settled into grown-up, permanent accommodation, or at least rented a kitchen to become semi-perm tenants. The Seagrass (Map 80) in Islington is one of the second type – started as a pop-up and matured to a mainstay; they take over a pie & mash shop three nights a week to serve up a menu heavy on game and fish, you're also invited to bring your own booze.
Disappearing Dining Club follows a similar vein. Having started as a pop-up group offering tea dances and three course dinners, it recently moved out of its student digs into a parently home on Brick Lane where they're operating under the name of Back in Five Minutes (Map 91). It's hidden behind a clothes shop, limited to thirty guests, and operates from Wednesday to Saturday.
Pay for What You Eat
It seems only sensible and fair that you should only pay for what you eat, right? Think about how much of your evening dining bill is often down to the sheer amount of booze you've put away though. Now imagine that you don't have to pay for that portion of the bill.
London has its fair share of bring your own bottle restaurants and the best part is that they're not all of one vein i.e Oriental, dingy, or in one place; even high-end Mayfair has BYOB bottle restaurants. There does seem to be a higher than normal number of BYOB eateries in the east but that's just because hipsters are skint, preferring to spend their cash on purple leggings and (il)legal highs.
By day Hurwendeki (Map 92) is a standard little coffee shop, tucked in a railway arch with a unique terrace, by night it is a Korean restaurant with perfect ambiance a brilliant, affordable menu and a BYOB policy. Little Georgia (Map 92) is a darling of a place; pretty pale green with a warm, inviting basement, and hearty portions of Georgian food is what to expect here. Kingsland Road is scattered with Vietnamese places where u can BYOB and while they're all fairly good Mien Tay (Map 91) is always packed out.
Key: £ : Under £10 / ££ : £10–£20 / £££ : £20–£30 / ££££ : £30–£40 / £££££: £40+
* : Does not accept credit cards./ † : Accepts only American Express / ††: Accepts only Visa and Mastercard
Time listed refers to kitchen closing time on weekend nights
Arts & Entertainment • Shopping |
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So are we still in the Recession? Who knows? Who cares? We're getting used to this boom and bust cycle but we've cut up all our credit cards. When it comes to retail, people will always spend whether money or no (that's how we got in this fine mess remember Stanley?), it's just that with little of the stuff about, people are more discerning about what they spend their hard earned cash/State Benefits on. And of course if we didn't spend we would never collectively crawl out of this endless dirge of gloom. As the well-observed slogan on the reusable eco-shopping bag from Modern Toss (available at Magma, Maps 5, ) says, "Buy More Shit Or We're All Fucked". Indeed. But if the economic crisis is teaching us anything it's to be more picky about what we purchase and for retailers not just to deliver the goods but also all the extras that we, as polite English people, so foolishly see as just "extras". Primarily what we mean is, that intangible thing that contributes to a satisfying shopping experience and brings a customer back to the same store again and again: excellent service—helpfulness, genuine smiles and interest in the product and the customer. Beautiful packaging, loyalty cards, discounts, samples, invites to in-store events all help, too. In an adverse way, consumers have never had more power than now to demand what they want or—as important—don't want. So just make sure you buy more cool shit as opposed to any old shit.
The British High Street is certainly changing and support for independent shops is growing. A leaning towards handmade items and crafts which support local designers and artisans—Columbia Road and Cheshire Street are hotspots for this kind of thing. Yes there are a lot of these shops cropping up that purely sell "beautiful things" like Of Cabbages And Kings (Map 64) and (if it's a beauty of a decaying kind you're looking for) Viktor Wynd's Shop of Horrors (Map 87) to name just a couple (and we like them). But when it comes to fashion we also like to know that a little bit of love has been sprinkled into the making of an item. Special mention here must go to Amy Anderson of Comfort Station (Map 91) who produces the most thoughtful and whimsical pieces of jewellery and Vivien of Holloway (Map 74) who has built a real niche following but whose fabulous 1950s tailoring would make any gal feel like a doll. Both have gorgeous, well-fitted, unique shop spaces, too. For blokes, Folk (Map 5) are renowned for their limited collections, particularly shoes which are hand-stitched (hence the price tag).
Part of this trend is Pop-Up Shops which are installed for a few months at a time sometimes displaying the work of a single designer/company or else a co-operative of independent designers. Not only is this a thrifty way of setting up shop in these uncertain times, it also provides a showcase for new young things so always worth a look. These tend to appear around Carnaby Street and Spitalfields, especially in the summer.
The Big Boys
When it comes to department stores, Selfridges (Map 2) is without a doubt the daddy of them all—arguably, (and the emphasis is on that word depending on your budget) you can just get everything you need from here but if you're strapped, at least go and marvel at the window displays. Harvey Nics (Map 37) and Harrods (Map 37) are very much for ladies who lunch, and the Knightsbridge set use them like corner shops—that's not to say they don't have their uses. For a more personal touch, Fenwick (Map 2) and Liberty (Map 10) are wonderful British institutions which take you far from the madding crowd. If all these close-quarters encounters get up your nose head to Whiteleys (Map 30) or the Behemoth that is Westfield Shopping Centre (Map 33).
Haute Et High Street
For flexing that plastic, Bond Street has always been the place to spend but Bruton Street, which branches off the main drag, is setting quite a precedent with Matthew Williamson (Map 9), Stella McCartney (Map 9) and Diane Von Furstenburg (Map 9) all in residence. Always one to mix things up and throw us off track, Marc Jacobs' (Map 9) London store is to be found on Mount Street—check out the Marc for Marc Jacobs range for affordable designer garb—by which we mean £3 and upwards. Yes, really. If you want to feel like Alice down the rabbit hole, make a trip to Dover Street Market (Map 9), owned by Rei Kawakubo of Comme Des Garçons—a real experience even if you're not buying. Throwing down the gauntlet when it comes to experiential retail is LN-CC (Map 86). For those of us in the real world, Topshop (Map 3) is the grand kahuna of high street shopping—seventh heaven on three floors for fashionistas. For super-slick, sharp ready-to-wear you can't beat Spanish stores, Zara (Map 2) and Mango (Map 3) which both do high street with an edge and turnover is pretty quick to ensure their stock remains covetable. New contenders for higher end high-street include Cos (Map 10) and Hoss Intropia (Map 10), and let's not forget our Stateside cousins who have sent ripples of excitement through the fash pack by opening flagship stores of Anthropologie, Banana Republic, and Abercrombie & Fitch (Map 10) all in the big smoke. There are also little shopping oases to be found in the capital. St Christopher's Place is hidden behind the hustle and bustle of Oxford Street and houses cool European brands like Marimekko (Map 2) alongside more familiar fare. Kingly Court (behind Carnaby Street—itself a great shopping spot for trend-led labels) has independent boutiques. The area around Seven Dials in Covent Garden which includes Neal's Yard is eclectic with high-end boutiques like Orla Kiely (Map 13) on Monmouth and skatewear at Slam City Skates (Map 13) and Superdry (Map 13) on Earlham. Edgy fashion abounds out East: head to Good Hood (Map 84) to start your shopping crawl.
Back to the Future
'Vintage' seems to be the term for anything over five years old nowadays but London's vintage (and secondhand) scene is thriving. Some of the best-known, best-loved shops include Rellik (Map 25) in Portobello, Annie's (Map 80) in Islington (a favourite of La Moss), and Beyond Retro (Map 91) and Absolute Vintage (Map 91) in Shoreditch (famous hunting ground for stylists). If you want to hear what the young, stylish and clueless get up to head to Rokit (Maps 13, ) and eavesdrop on the staff's mindnumbing conversations. For genuine thrift, the turnover of goods in our charity shops is mind-boggling. Oxfam Dalston (Map 86) is renowned for being a good rummage: it's hit and miss but then that's the nature of the thrifting beast. Most hardy shoppers will happily tread the city twice over for good charity shop finds but if you want some certainty of finding designer threads you can't beat the British Red Cross (Map 45) where you will discover the likes of Ralph Lauren, Armani and pairs of Manolos amongst the usual flotsam and jetsam. The Octavia Foundation Charity Shop (Map 35) is also a reliable source of local celebrities' cast-offs from like, yesterday. For all you true vintage fashion fiends who want to mingle with like-minded souls and find genuine vintage togs (i.e. pre-1980s) the Frock Me! Vintage Fashion Fair (Map 45) and Anita's Vintage Fashion Fair (Map 135) are unequalled for choice and variety. Wake up and smell the mould.
Keep on Running, Cycling, Skating Etc.
Lillywhite's (Map 10) is the obvious place to go for cheap sportswear—it has earned a bit of a bargain basement tag where once it was prestigious (the Lillywhites were instrumental in the game of cricket during the 19th century) but it doesn't stop the shoppers pouring in, and tourists buying their favourite London football team shirts. A good indie chain is Runners Need (Map 20). If it's sweatshop-made kit you're after head to Niketown (Map 2), which is as scary as the name suggests. Though we're no Amsterdam, the economic shitstorm has inspired many Londoners to don skintight clothes and take to two wheels. If you're after a battered old charmer of a bike, Recycling (Map 112) does a fab job at selling secondhand wheels. If you've had your designer bike nicked, head down to Brick Lane at the weekend and buy it off some dodgy geezer. Slam City Skates (Map 13) is the only dedicated place for Southbank skaters to get their duds.
Home Sweet Home
John Lewis (Map 2) is a British standard (read: very sensible) and has been the store of choice for middle-class couples' wedding lists for decades. With fantastic staff (who all get a share of the profits) and well-made stuff, their maxim is "never knowingly undersold." Twentytwentyone (Map 80) is a designer's wet dream selling originals as well as new items. So impressive is their collection that they often lend out furniture to film companies who want the authentic look of an era on set. SCP (Maps 30, ) is perfect for unnecessary-yet-tasteful knick-knacks. The wonderfully named Timorous Beasties (Map 6) make wickedly amusing wallpapers—their most famous being a toile de jouy design for modern days (spot the alcopop-drinking chavs and the Gherkin in the background). Labour and Wait (Map 91) does the retro home stuff better than most. If you want personable, "Where can I find one of these?" type of service try Russell's Hardware & DIY (Map 151) in Tooting or KTS The Corner (Map 86) in Dalston.
Electricity for You and Me
Apple have done a very good job at monopolising our lives and getting everyone to 'Think Different,' so why you'd need to go anywhere other than the Apple Store (Map 10) we're not sure. However, traditionally, Tottenham Court Road is the hideout for the anally retentive hi-fi nut and the nerdoid pirate radio enthusiast a-like. The area positively thrums with electricity. In all cases it's best to shop around, play prices against each other and barter until you get the lowest price—often cash payment will get you well below the RRP. Computer Exchange (Map 3) is the one-stop shop for gaming, DVDs, computing and phones, which—as the name suggests—will part-exchange and knock money off for cash transactions. For audiovisual, Richer Sounds (Map 106) is a trusted chain, and if we're talking electronics in the purist sense, Maplin (Map 3) is geek central. Whether you'll get anyone who knows what they're talking about is another matter. Photography enthusiasts should check out the London Camera Exchange (Map 24) for old-school SLRs and digital cameras and Red Dot Cameras for Leicas (Map 7).
Food for Thought
We like our food in London and the more diverse the better. Whether it's chowing down on burgers from Lucky Chip and Vietnamese baguettes from Banh Mi 11 down Broadway Market (Map 89) or fresh scallops and some raclette down Borough Market (Map 106) before moseying on down to Maltby Street Market (Map 107) for gelato, we're not afraid to say, "Please Sir, I want some more" (mainly because we're paying for it). Whitecross Street (Map 7) also has an impressive selection of foodie stalls. We have New York (and in particular, the Magnolia Bakery) to thank for the invasion of cupcake stores but the original and best is the Hummingbird Bakery (Maps 29, ) which makes Red Velvet cupcakes that taste like little pieces of baked orgasm. Just try and restrain yourself from licking the last morsels of frosting from the paper. Nostalgia for old style sweetie shops can be bought at Mrs. Kibble's Olde Sweet Shop (Map 10) whether your fetish is for cola cubes, sherbet flying saucers or Wham bars. Numerous Italian delis can be found around the city selling cured meats, buffalo mozzarella, biscotti and everything else that Mama used to make—I Camisa & Son (Map 11) is small but crammed full of delicacies, while Spiazzo (Map 53) is bigger and sparklier. Organic freaks can bypass the rather average Whole Foods chain and head to local independent places like The Grocery (Map 91) or Mother Earth (Map 75). For the cheapest and best coffee-to-go in Soho try the Algerian Coffee Stores (Map 11). Looking for Unicum? Look no further than Gerry's Spirits Shop (Map 11) where you can find obscure liquors like Zubrowka Bison Grass Vodka and good quality Cachaça.
Art and Craft Supplies
Crafty types and closet Van Goghs can pick up supplies at Cass Art's (Map 80) three-storey flagship store in Islington. There's everything here for aspiring Manga cartoonists and weekend watercolourists alike, and lots of fun bits and pieces for school holiday/rainy day projects in the basement. Much of the high quality stock can be found at cut-price throughout the year—stock up on Moleskine note and sketchbooks which are frequently marked down. The London Graphic Centre (Map 13) has more design-led stock as well as fine art material attracting architects and graphic designers. Known for its greeting cards and stationery, Paperchase (Map 3) on Tottenham Court Road also has—true to its name—an astonishing array of handmade papers on its top floor—from flocked designs to fibrous papers made with dried flowers. You've got to love Blade Rubber (Map 4) just for its name, and for keeping sketches, photos, and memories intact. Wyvern Bindery (Map 6) is one of few of its kind to offer book-making services.
Axes, Saxes, Drums, Strums...
Traditionally, Tin Pan Alley (real name: Denmark Street) has always been the hub of musical creativity in the city. Back in the day when rents were affordable, a community grew up around this little side street which went on to see Jimi Hendrix and The Beatles record in the basements, and a young Elton John sitting on the rooftops penning "Your Song". Nowadays you may spot Jack White trying out a Digitech Whammy or Jonny Greenwood looking for some new toy to replace his Marshall Shred Master. If we had to choose a couple, we'd bug Macari's (Map 12) for cheapness and Wunjos (Map 12) for friendliness. There are plenty of independent music stores to be found in London's boroughs, and often they are specialists, happy to have a natter about what exactly it is that you're looking for and what the weather's like. Try Top Wind (Map 104) for all your flute needs, Duke of Uke (Map 91) for banjo and ukulele-lovers, though the staff are a little arsey, and Phil Parker (Map 1) for all you jazz cats needing a hand with your brass. For the medieval troubadour in your life, Hobgoblin (Map 3) has its own luthier who makes lutes. Try Ray Man (Map 71) in Camden for unusual ethnic instruments and drone boxes. For the largest collection of sheet music in Europe, Chappell of Bond Street (Map 11) (now on Wardour Street but they've kept the name) is your destination. One thing though, will you instrument shop assistants please stop jamming while you're talking to us?
Music Nonstop
The slow, painful death of the CD can be seen in almost every indie music store in London, and it coincides with the financial doom and gloom that has befallen Virgin Records, Zavvi and Sanctuary (thankfully we still have one branch of Fopp (Map 12) left). Bizarrely, the death march of the traditional record shop has become a moonwalk: more and more boutique record shops are springing up selling new and used wax. The Berwick Street vinyl epicenter may have been drained of late, but other parts of London have become haunts for us of haunched posture and good taste. Sister Ray (Map 11) is forever teetering on the edge, but Reckless Records (Map 11) seems here to stay. If you find yourself on the Essex Road, have a gander at Flashback (Maps 53, ) and Haggle Vinyl (Map 83): you're sure to find something to please and appeal in the former and appall in the latter. The Music & Video Exchange (Map 29) in Notting Hill was way ahead of its time and has been the swapshop of choice for years, it's still the king as far as we're concerned. When south of the river, do as Camberwellians do and drop in at Rat Records (Map 121). To guarantee a withering look from a record shop lifer go and discuss the use of naivety in Legowelt's output at Phonica (Map 10) in Soho. Many a muso's all-round fave, Sounds of the Universe (Map 11) is owned by the Soul Jazz label.
Antiques and Bric-A-Brac, Flea Markets and Stalls
There may have been a time, dear reader, when markets sold fleas. And brics and bracs. Perhaps we used to know what these elusive words meant. Frankly, we numbskulls at NFT don't care about etymology unless it's secondhand and collectable. First stop on many shoppers' lists—both serious collectors and weekend browsers—are Alfie's Antique Market (Map 76) and Gray's Antique Market (Map 2). Here you'll find art, antiques, jewellery, vintage clothing and rare books all housed under one roof.
Once the centre of the Britpop phenomenon in the '90s and a thriving mini-metropolis for vintage and antique stalls, Camden is now rather anaesthetised, but packs of German and French kids on school trips still rifle through the emo and goth gear that overfloweth. There is some gold to be found in shops like Episode (Map 71) and Rokit (Map 71), and Aldo Liquidation (Map 71) is good for a bargain (or practising your rugby tackle). Certainly the place still has atmosphere.
Well-known to scavengers, Camden Passage (Map 80) in Angel rather confusingly, is a welcome retreat from the mallrat-filled N1 centre across the road in Islington. The Mall and also Pierrepoint Arcade (tucked away behind the passage) offer a cornucopia of clothing, jewelry, military paraphernalia, homewares, prints, and a host of other bits and bobs. On Saturdays, market stalls set up in the street and surprises like original Givenchy earrings from 1978 (4 quid!) can be salvaged from amongst the knick-knacks. This is another brilliant little vintage bazaar continually threatened by chains and redevelopment. Go protest by buying any old crap.
Brick Lane (Map 91) also opens up on Sunday and in the summer there is a real carnival feel with fruit and veg, plumbing and DIY bits and pieces, electricals, toiletries, furniture (dentist's chair anyone?), clothes, DVDs lining the lane and spilling into Sclater Street. Watch your bags and all the silly haircuts. Brick Lane also has the added advantage of having many a watering hole and curry house where you can stop and people-watch if it all makes you want to go all 'Falling Down' on their asses. If that's not your thing, (Up)Market is held in the Truman Brewery (Map 91) every Sunday and showcases new designers as well as housing some vinyl, vintage and gourmet street food. Spitalfields Market (Map 91) has been tarted up to be a sanitized precinct of chain stores but there are still some unusual boutiques and independent shops.
The triumvirate of hipster markets consists of Columbia Road Market (Map 91), Broadway Market (Map 89), and Chatsworth Road Market (just north of Map 90). Also in the East is Roman Road Market (Map 94). It's proper gorblimey, lor' love a duck cockerney territory but you may find yourself soaking up the atmosphere more than finding anything of real interest. If Lady Luck is stroking your inner thigh you get some great bargains Sarf of the river at Deptford Market (Map 119).
Though certainly not as bountiful in treasure as the car boot sales of other parts of the country, London does have some. The best in Zone 2 is definitely the Battersea Car Boot Sale (Map 141), a sprawling mess that kicks off around midday is a godsend to all us alcoholics and narcoleptics.
Street Index
A
Abberley Mews | | B2
---|---|---
Abbeville Mews | | B1
Abbeville Road | | B2
| | A1/A2
Abbey Close | | A2
| | B1
Abbey Drive | | A2
Abbey Gardens | | B1
| | B1
Abbey Orchard Street | | A2
Abbey Road | | B1
| | A1/A2/B2
Abbey Street | | A2/B1/B2
| | A1
Abbeyfield Road | | B1/B2
Abbot Street | | B1
Abbot's Place | | B1
Abbots Close | | A1
Abbots Gardens | | B2
Abbots Lane | | A1
Abbots Terrace | | A2
Abbotsbury Close | | A1/A2
Abbotsbury Road | | A1/A2
Abbotshade Road | | A2
Abbotswood Road | | A1/B1
Abchurch Lane | | A2/B2
Abdale Road | | A2
Aberavon Road | | B2
Abercorn Close | | B1
Abercorn Place | | B1
Abercorn Walk | | B1
Abercorn Way | | A1
Abercrombie Street | | B2
Aberdare Gardens | | B2
Aberdeen Lane | | B1
Aberdeen Park | | A2/B1
Aberdeen Place | | A1
Aberdeen Road | | A2
Aberdour Street | | B1
Abersham Road | | B2
Abingdon Close | | B2
Abingdon Road | | B1
Abingdon Street | | A2
Abingdon Villas | | B1/B2
Abinger Grove | | B2
Abinger Mews | | A2
Abinger Road | | A1
Ablett Street | | B1
Abney Gardens | | A1
Abyssinia Close | | A1
Abyssinia Road | | A1
Acacia Close | | A2
Acacia Gardens | | B2
Acacia Place | | A1
Acacia Road | | B2
| | A1/B1
Acanthus Drive | | A1
Acanthus Road | | B1
Acfold Road | | A1
Achilles Close | | A2
Achilles Street | | A1
Achilles Way | | A1
Acklam Road | | B1/B2
Ackmar Road | | A1
Ackroyd Drive | | A1
Acland Crescent | | A2
Acol Road | | B1
Acorn Walk | | A2
Acre Drive | | B1
Acre Lane | | B2
| | A1/A2
Acris Street | | B1
Acton Mews | | A1
Acton Street | | A2
Ada Place | | A2
Ada Road | | A1/A2
Ada Street | | B1
Adair Road | | A1/A2
Adam & Eve Mews | | B1/B2
Adam Street | | A2
Adam Walk | | A1
Adams Court | | A2
Adams Mews | | A1
Adams Place | | B1
Adams Row | | A1
Adamson Road | | B2
Adderley Grove | | B2
Addington Road | | B1
| | B2
Addington Square | | A2
| | A1
Addington Street | | B1
Addison Avenue | | B1
Addison Bridge Place | | B1
Addison Crescent | | A1
Addison Gardens | | B2
Addison Place | | B1
Addison Road | | B1
| | A1/B2
Addle Hill | | B2
Addle Street | | A2
Adelaide Close | | A1
Adelaide Grove | | A1
Adelaide Road | | B1/B2
| | A2
| | A1/A2
| | A1
Adelaide Street | | A1
Adelina Grove | | A2
| | A1
Adelina Mews | | B2
Adeline Place | | B1
Adelphi Terrace | | A2
Aden Grove | | B1
Adeney Close | | A2
Adie Road | | A2
Adler Street | | A1
Admiral Place | | A2
| | A2
Admiral Walk | | B2
Admirals Gate | | B1
Admirals Walk | | A1/A2
Admirals Way | | B2
Admiralty Close | | B2
Adolphus Road | | B2
| | A1
Adolphus Street | | B2
| | A2
Adpar Street | | A2
Adrian Mews | | B2
Adys Road | | A2
| | A1
Affleck Street | | B2
Afghan Road | | B2
Agar Grove | | B2
| | B1/B2
| | A1
Agar Place | | B1
Agar Street | | A1
Agate Road | | A2
Agatha Close | | B2
Agdon Street | | B2
Agincourt Road | | A1/B1/B2
Agnes Street | | B1
Ainger Mews | | A1
Ainger Road | | A1
Ainsdale Drive | | A1
Ainsley Street | | B2
Ainsworth Close | | B2
Ainsworth Road | | B2
Ainsworth Way | | A2
Aintree Street | | B1
Air Street | | B2
Airdrie Close | | A2
Airedale Avenue | | B1
Airedale Avenue South | | B1
Airedale Road | | B2
Airlie Gardens | | A1
Aisgill Avenue | | A2
Aiten Place | | B2
Aitken Close | | A2
Akenside Road | | A1
Akerman Road | | A1/B1
Alaska Street | | A2
Alba Place | | A1
Albany Courtyard | | B1
Albany Mews | | B1
Albany Road | | B1
| | B1/B2
| | A1/B1
Albany Street | | A1/B1
Albemarle Street | | A2
Albemarle Way | | B2
Albert Avenue | | B1
Albert Bridge | | B2
Albert Bridge Road | | A1
| | A1
Albert Close | | B2
Albert Embankment | | A1/B1
Albert Gardens | | B2
Albert Gate | | A1
Albert Mews | | A1
| | B2
Albert Place | | A2
Albert Road | | B2
| | A1
Albert Square | | B1
Albert Street | | B1
| | A2
Albert Terrace | | B1
Albert Terrace Mews | | B1
Albert Way | | A1
Alberta Street | | A2
Albion Avenue | | A1
Albion Close | | B2
Albion Drive | | A1/A2
Albion Grove | | B1/B2
Albion Mews | | B2
| | B2
| | A1
| | A1
Albion Place | | A2
| | B2
Albion Road | | A1/B1
Albion Square | | A1
Albion Street | | B2
| | B1
Albion Terrace | | A1
Albion Way | | A2
Albrighton Road | | A1
Albury Street | | A1
Alconbury Road | | B2
Aldbridge Street | | A1
Aldburgh Mews | | B1
Aldebert Terrace | | B2
| | B1
Aldenham Street | | B1
Aldensley Road | | A2
Alder Close | | B2
Alder Mews | | A2
Alderbrook Road | | A1
Aldermanbury | | A2
Aldermanbury Square | | A2
Alderney Mews | | B1
Alderney Road | | B1
Alderney Street | | B1/B2
Aldersgate Street | | B1/B2
| | A2
| | A1
Alderson Street | | A1
Alderton Road | | A1
Alderville Road | | B1
Aldford Street | | A1
Aldgate | | A2
Aldgate High Street | | A2
| | A1
Aldine Place | | A1
Aldine Street | | A1
Aldis Street | | A1
Aldred Road | | A2
Aldrich Terrace | | B1
Aldridge Road Villas | | A2
Aldsworth Close | | B2
Aldwych | | B1/B2
Aldwych Underpass | | B1
Alexander Mews | | A1
Alexander Place | | B1
Alexander Road | | B2
| | B1
Alexander Square | | B1
Alexander Street | | A1
Alexandra Avenue | | A2
Alexandra Close | | B1
Alexandra Cottages | | B2
Alexandra Grove | | A1
Alexandra Place | | B1
Alexandra Road | | B2
| | B1
Alexandra Street | | A1
Alexis Street | | B1/B2
Alfearn Road | | A2
Alford Place | | B2
Alfoxton Avenue | | A2
Alfred Mews | | A1
Alfred Place | | A1
Alfred Road | | A1
Alfred Street | | B2
Alfreda Street | | A2
Alfriston Road | | B2
Algarve Road | | B1
Alice Court | | A1
Alice Lane | | A1
Alice Street | | B1
Alice Walker Close | | A2
Alie Street | | A1
Aliwal Road | | A1
Alkerden Road | | A1
Alkham Road | | A1
All Saints Close | | B2
All Saints Passage | | B1
All Saints Road | | A1
All Saints Street | | B1/B2
All Souls Place | | B1
Allan Barclay Close | | A1
Allard Gardens | | A2
Allardyce Street | | B1
Allcroft Road | | A2
Allen Edwards Drive | | B1/B2
Allen Road | | B1/B2
| | A1
Allen Street | | B1/B2
Allendale Close | | B1
Allensbury Place | | A1
Allerton Road | | A2/B2
Allestree Road | | A1
Allfarthing Lane | | A1
Allgood Street | | A2
Allhallows Lane | | B1
Allingham Mews | | A1
Allingham Street | | A1
Allington Street | | A1/A2
Allison Road | | A1
Allitsen Road | | B1
Allnutt Way | | A1
Alloa Road | | A2/B2
Alloway Road | | B2
Allport Mews | | A2
Allsop Place | | A1
Alma Grove | | B1
Alma Road | | A2
| | B1
Alma Square | | B1
Alma Street | | A2
Alma Terrace | | A2
Almeida Street | | B2
Almeric Road | | A1
Almington Street | | B2
| | A2
Almond Close | | B2
Almond Road | | B1
Almorah Road | | B1
Alperton Street | | A2
Alpha Close | | B2
Alpha Grove | | A1
Alpha Place | | B2
Alpha Road | | B2
Alpha Street | | B2
Alpine Grove | | B1
Alpine Road | | A2
Alroy Road | | B1
Alsace Road | | A1
Alscot Road | | B2
Alscot Way | | B2
Altenburg Gardens | | A1/A2
Althea Street | | B1
Althorp Road | | B1
Althorpe Grove | | A1
Althorpe Mews | | A1
Alton Street | | B2
Alvanley Gardens | | A1
Alverton Street | | B1/B2
Alvey Street | | A1
Alvington Crescent | | B1
Alwyne Lane | | A1
Alwyne Place | | A1
Alwyne Road | | A1
Alwyne Square | | A1/A2
Alwyne Villas | | A1/B1
Amazon Street | | A1
Ambassador Square | | B2
Ambassador's Court | | B1
Amber Wharf | | B1
Ambergate Street | | A2/B2
Amberley Road | | B2
Ambler Road | | B2
Ambleside Close | | A1/A2
Ambrosden Avenue | | A2
Ambrose Street | | B2
Amelia Street | | A2
| | A1
Amen Corner | | B2
America Square | | B2
America Street | | A2
Amerland Road | | B2
Amersham Grove | | A1
Amersham Road | | A2/B2
Amersham Vale | | B2
| | A2
Amhurst Park | | A1
Amhurst Road | | A1/A2/B2
| | B1/B2
| | A2
Amhurst Terrace | | A2
Amiel Street | | B2
Amies Street | | A1
Amner Road | | A2
Amor Road | | A2
Amott Road | | A1
Amoy Place | | A1
Ampton Place | | A2
Ampton Street | | A2
Amsterdam Road | | A2
Amwell Street | | A1
Anatola Road | | A2
Anchor Mews | | A2
| | A2
Anchor Street | | B2
Anchor Yard | | A2
Ancill Close | | A2
Andalus Road | | B1
Anderson Road | | A2
Anderson Street | | A1
Anderton Close | | A1
Andover Place | | A2
Andover Road | | A2
Andre Street | | A2
| | B1
Andrew Borde Street | | A2
Andrew Place | | B1
Andrew's Road | | B1
Anerley Street | | A1
Anfield Close | | B2
Angel Court | | A1
Angel Mews | | B1
| | B2
Angel Passage | | B2
Angel Street | | B2
Angel Walk | | B2
Angell Park Gardens | | B2
Angell Road | | B2
Angler's Lane | | A2
| | B1
Anglo Road | | A2
Angus Street | | A1
Anhalt Road | | A1
Anley Road | | B1
Ann Lane | | B2
Ann Moss Way | | A2
Ann's Close | | A1
Ann's Place | | A2
Anna Close | | A2
Annabel Close | | A2
Annandale Road | | A1
Annette Crescent | |
Annette Road | | B2
| | A1
Annie Besant Close | | A2
Anning Street | |
Annis Road | | B2
Ansdell Road | | B2
Ansdell Street | | A2/B2
Ansdell Terrace | | B2
Ansell Road | | B1
Anselm Road | | B2
Ansleigh Place | | B1
Anson Road | | A1
Anstey Road | | A1
Anstice Close | | B1
Anthony Street | | A2
Antill Road | | B2
| | B1
Antill Terrace | | A2
Anton Street | | B2
Antrim Grove | | B2
Antrim Road | | B2
Apollo Place | | B2
Apothecary Street | | B2
Apple Tree Yard | | A2
Appleby Road | | A1
Appleby Street | | B1
Appledore Close | | A1
Appleford Road | | A1/A2
Applegarth Road | | B2
| | A2
Appold Street | | B2
Apprentice Way | | A2
Approach Road | | A2
| | A1
April Street | | A2
Apsley Way | | B1
Aquila Street | | B1
Aquinas Street | | A2
Arbery Road | | B2
Arbour Square | | A2/B2
Arbutus Street | | A1
Arcadia Street | | B2
Arch Street | | B1
Archangel Street | | A2
Archdale Road | | A1/B1
Archel Road | | A1/A2
Archer Square | | A2
Archer Street | | B1
Archery Close | | B2
The Arches | | B2
Archibald Mews | | A1
Archibald Road | | A1
Archibald Street | | A2
Archie Street | | A1
Archway Close | | A1
Archway Mall | | A1
Archway Mews | | A2
Archway Road | | A2
| | A1/B1
| | A1
Arcola Street | | A1
Arctic Street | | A2
Ardbeg Road | | B2
Arden Crescent | | A1/B1
Ardilaun Road | | A2
Ardleigh Road | | A1/A2
Ardshiel Close | | A1
Argon Mews | | B1
Argyle Place | | B2
Argyle Road | | B1
Argyle Square | | A1
Argyle Street | | A1
Argyle Way | | A2
Argyll Close | | A2
Argyll Road | | A1
Argyll Street | | A2
Ariel Road | | A1
Ariel Way | | A1/A2
Aristotle Road | | B2
Arklow Road | | B1/B2
Arkwright Road | | A2
| | A1
Arlesey Close | | B2
Arlesford Road | | A1
Arlingford Road | | B1
Arlington Avenue | | B1
| | A2
Arlington Place | | B2
Arlington Road | | B1
| | A1
Arlington Square | | A2
Arlington Street | | A2
| | A1
Arlington Way | | A2
Armadale Road | | B2
Armagh Road | | A2
Arminger Road | | A1
Armour Close | | B1
Armoury Way | | B1/B2
Armstrong Road | | B2
Arne Street | | B2
Arneway Street | | B2
Arnhem Place | | A1
Arnold Circus | | A1
Arnold Road | | B2
| | A2
Arnould Avenue | | A2
| | A1
Arnside Street | | B1/B2
Arodene Road | | A2
Arran Walk | | A1
Artesian Road | | A2/B2
Arthur Road | | B2
Arthur Street | | B2
Artichoke Hill | | B1
Artichoke Place | | B1
Artillery Lane | | B2
| | A1
Artillery Place | | B1
Artillery Row | | B1
Arundel Close | | B1
Arundel Gardens | | B1
Arundel Grove | | B2
| | A2
Arundel Place | | A1
Arundel Square | | B1/B2
| | A1
Arundel Street | | B2
Arundel Terrace | | A1
Arvon Road | | B2
Ascalon Street | | A2
Ascham Street | | A2
Ascot Road | | B2
| | B2
Ash Grove | | B1
Ashanti Mews | | B2
Ashbourne Grove | | A2/B1
| | B2
Ashbourne Road | | B2
Ashbridge Street | | B1
Ashbrook Road | | A1/A2
Ashburn Gardens | | B1
Ashburn Place | | B1
| | A1
Ashburnham Grove | | B1
Ashburnham Place | | B1
Ashburnham Retreat | | B1
Ashburnham Road | | B1
Ashbury Road | | A2/B1
Ashby Grove | | A2
Ashby Road | | B2
Ashby Street | | B2
Ashchurch Park Villas | | A1
Ashcombe Street | | B2
Ashcroft Road | | B2
Ashdown Crescent | | B2
Ashdown Walk | | B2
Ashdown Way | | A1
Ashenden Road | | A2
Asher Way | | B2
Ashfield Street | | A2
| | A1
Ashfield Yard | | A1
Ashford Street | |
Ashington Road | | B1
Ashland Place | | A1
Ashley Crescent | | B2
Ashley Gardens | | B1
Ashley Place | | A2
Ashley Road | | B1/B2
Ashlone Road | | A1
Ashmere Grove | | B2
Ashmill Street | | B1
Ashmole Place | | A2
Ashmole Street | | A1
Ashmore Close | | A1
Ashmore Road | | A2
| | A1
Ashmount Road | | B2
Ashness Road | | B2
Ashton Street | | A2
Ashvale Road | | A1
Ashwin Street | | B1
Ashworth Close | | B1
Ashworth Road | | A2
Aske Street | |
Askew Road | | A1
Askill Drive | | B2
Aslett Street | | A1
Asolando Drive | | A1
Aspen Close | | A2
Aspen Gardens | | B2
Aspen Way | | A2
| | A2
Aspenlea Road | | A1
Aspern Grove | | B1
Aspinden Road | | B1
Aspley Road | | B2
Assam Street | | A1
Assata Mews | | B1
Assembly Passage | | A2
Astbury Road | | A2
Aste Street | | A1
Astell Street | | A2/B2
Astle Street | | A2
Aston Street | | A1
Astoria Walk | | B1
Astrop Mews | | A2
Astrop Terrace | | A2
Astwood Mews | | B1
Asylum Road | | B1
| | A1
Atalanta Street | | A2
Atheldene Road | | B1
Athelstane Grove | | B1
Athelstane Mews | | B1
Atherden Road | | A2
Atherfold Road | | A2
Atherstone Mews | | B1
Atherton Street | | B2
Athlone Close | | B2
Athlone Street | | A2
Atkins Road | | A2
| | B1/B2
| | B1
Atlantic Road | | A1/B1
| | B2
Atlas Mews | | B1
| | B2
Atney Road | | A2
Atterbury Road | | B1
Atterbury Street | | A2
Attneave Street | | B1
Atwood Road | | B2
Aubert Park | | A2
| | A1
Aubert Road | | A1
Aubrey Place | | B1
Aubrey Road | | B1
| | A1
Aubrey Walk | | B1
Auburn Close | | B2
Auckland Road | | A1
Auckland Street | | B1
Auden Place | | B1
Audley Close | | B2
Audley Square | | A1
Audrey Street | | B2
Augusta Street | | B2
Augustine Road | | B2
| | A2
Augustus Close | | A2
Augustus Street | | B2
Auriga Mews | | B1
Auriol Road | | B1
Austin Friars | | A2
Austin Friars Passage | | A2
Austin Road | | A2
Austin Street | | A1
Austral Street | | B2
Avalon Road | | A2
Avarn Road | | A2
Ave Maria Lane | | B2
Avebury Street | | A1
Aveline Street | | B2
Avenell Road | | B2
| | A2
| | A1
The Avenue | | A2
| | A2
| | A2/B2
| | B1
| | A2
| | A2
Avenue Close | | B2
Avenue Road | | A2
| | A1
| | B2
| | A1/B1
Averill Street | | A2
Avery Farm Row | | B2
Avery Row | | B2
Avis Square | | B2
Avoca Road | | A2/B2
Avocet Close | | A1
Avondale Park Gardens | | B1
Avondale Park Road | | B1
Avondale Rise | | A2
Avondale Square | | A1
Avonley Road | | A1/B1
Avonmore Place | | B1
Avonmore Road | | B1/B2
Avonmouth Street | | B1
Axminster Road | | B1/B2
Aybrook Street | | A1
Aylesbury Road | | B2
Aylesbury Street | | B1/B2
Aylesford Street | | B1/B2
Aylward Street | | A1/A2
Aynhoe Road | | A2
Ayres Street | | A1
Ayrsome Road | | A2
Ayrton Road | | A2
Aytoun Place | | A1
Aytoun Road | | A1
Azania Mews | | A2
Azenby Road | | B2
Azof Street | | B2
B
Baalbec Road | | B1
---|---|---
Babmaes Street | | A2
Baches Street | | B1
Back Church Lane | | A1/A2/B2
Back Hill | | B2
Back Lane | | A2
| | B1
Backhouse Place | | A1
Bacon Grove | | B2
Bacon Street | | A1/A2
Bacons Lane | | B1
Bacton Street | | A1
Baden Place | | A2
Badminton Road | | A2
Badsworth Road | | A2
Baffin Way | | A2
Bagley's Lane | | A2
| | A1
Bagshot Street | | A1/B1
Baildon Street | | B1
Bailey Mews | | B1
Bainbridge Street | | B1
Baird Street | | A2
Baker Street | | A2
| | B2
Baker's Mews | | B1
Baker's Rents | | A1
Baker's Row | | B2
| | B1
Bakers Field | | A2
Bakers Hall Court | | B1
Bakery Close | | B1
Bakery Place | | A1
Balaclava Road | | B1
Balcombe Street | | B2
Balcorne Street | | B1
Balderton Street | | B1
Baldwin Crescent | | A1
Baldwin Street | | A2
Baldwin Terrace | | B1
Baldwin's Gardens | | A2
Bale Road | | A1
Balfe Street | | B1
Balfern Grove | | B2
Balfern Street | | B2
Balfour Mews | | A1
Balfour Place | | A1
Balfour Road | | A2
Balfour Street | | A1/A2
Balham Grove | | A1/B1
Balham High Road | | B2
| | A2/B1
| | A1/A2
Balham Hill | | A2
Balham New Road | | B1
Balham Park Road | | B1/B2
Balham Station Road | | B1
Balladier Walk | | B2
Ballance Road | | A2
Ballantine Street | | A2
Ballast Quay | | B2
Ballater Road | | B1
Ballingdon Road | | A2
Balls Pond Place | | A1
Balls Pond Road | | A1/A2
Balmer Road | | B1
Balmes Road | | B1/B2
Balmoral Grove | | B2
Balmore Street | | A1
Balniel Gate | | B2
Baltic Court | | A2
Baltic Place | | B2
Baltic Street East | | A2/B2
Baltic Street West | | B1/B2
Balvaird Place | | B2
Bamber Road | | A1
Bamborough Gardens | | B1
Banbury Road | | B1/B2
Banbury Street | | B2
Bancroft Road | | B2
| | B1
Banfield Road | | A2
Banim Street | | A2/B2
Banister Mews | | B2
The Bank | | B2
Bank End | | A1
Bank Street | | B2
Bankside | | A2
Bankton Road | | B1
Banner Street | | A2/B2
Banning Street | | B2
Bantry Street | | A1
Banyard Road | | A1
Baptist Gardens | | A1
Barb Mews | | B1
Barbara Castle Close | | B2
Barbauld Road | | B1/B2
Barbon Close | | B1
Barchard Street | | B2
Barchester Street | | B2
Barclay Close | | A2
Barclay Road | | B1
Bard Road | | B1
Bardolph Road | | A2
Bardsey Place | | A1
Bardsley Lane | | A1
Barfett Street | | A2
Barfleur Lane | | A2
Barford Street | | B1
Barforth Road | | A2
Barge House Street | | A2
Barge Lane | | A1
Baring Street | | B1
Bark Place | | B1
Barker Drive | | B2
| | A2
Barker Mews | | B1
Barker Street | | B1
Barkston Gardens | | A2
Barkworth Road | | B1
Barlborough Street | | A1
Barlby Road | | A1
Barleycorn Way | | A1
Barlow Place | | A2
Barlow Road | | A1
Barlow Street | | A2
Barmouth Road | | A1
Barn Street | | A1
Barnabas Road | | A2
Barnaby Place | | A1
Barnard Mews | | A1
Barnard Road | | A1
Barnard's Inn | | B2
Barnardo Gardens | | B2
Barnardo Street | | B1/B2
Barnby Street | | B2
| | B1
Barnes Street | | A1/B1
Barnes Terrace | | B2
Barnet Grove | | A2
Barnett Street | | A2
Barnfield Close | | B2
Barnfield Place | | B2
Barnham Street | | A1
Barnsbury Grove | | A1
Barnsbury Park | | A1
Barnsbury Road | | B1
Barnsbury Square | | A1
Barnsbury Street | | A1/A2
Barnsbury Terrace | | A1
Barnsdale Avenue | | A2/B2
Barnsdale Road | | A1
Barnsley Street | | B1/B2
Barnwell Road | | B1
Barnwood Close | | B1
Baron Street | | B1
Baroness Road | | A2
Barons Court Road | | A1
Barons Keep | | B1
Barons Place | | A2
Barque Mews | | A1
Barrett Street | | B1
Barretts Grove | | B2
Barriedale | | B1
Barringer Square | | B2
Barrington Close | | B2
Barrington Road | | A1
| | A1
| | B2
Barrow Hill Road | | B1
Barrowgate Road | | A1
Barry Avenue | | A1
Barry Road | | B1/B2
Barset Road | | B2
Barter Street | | B2
Bartholomew Close | | B1
| | A2
| | B1
Bartholomew Lane | | A1/A2
Bartholomew Place | | B1
Bartholomew Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
Bartholomew Square | | A2
Bartholomew Street | | B2
Bartholomew Villas | | B1
Bartle Road | | A1
Bartlett Close | | B2
Bartlett Court | | B2
Barton Close | | A1
| | B1
Barton Road | | A1
Barton Street | | A2
Basevi Way | | A2
Basil Street | | A2/B2
Basin Approach | | B1
Basing Court | | A1
Basing House Yard | |
Basing Place | |
Basing Street | | A1
Basingdon Way | | A2
Basinghall Avenue | | A2
Basinghall Street | | A2
Basire Street | | /B1
Baskerville Road | | A2
Basnett Road | | B2
Bassano Street | | B2
Bassett Road | | B1
| | A1
Bassett Street | | A2
Bassingham Road | | A1
Bastwick Street | | A1
Basuto Road | | A1
Batavia Mews | | A1
Batavia Road | | A1
Batchelor Street | | B1
Bate Street | | A1
Bateman Street | | A2
| | A1
Bateman's Row | |
Bath Close | | A1
Bath Court | | B2
Bath Place | |
Bath Road | | A2
| | A1
Bath Street | | A2
Bath Terrace | | B1
Bathurst Mews | | B1
Bathurst Street | | B1
Batley Place | | B1
Batley Road | | B1
Batman Close | | A2
Batoum Gardens | | B1
Batten Street | | A1
Battersea Bridge | | B2
Battersea Bridge Road | | A1/B2
Battersea Church Road | | A1
Battersea High Street | | A1/B1
Battersea Market | | B1
Battersea Park Road | | B2
| | A1/A2/B1
| | A1/A2
Battersea Rise | | B2
| | A1/A2/B1
Battishill Street | | A2
Battle Bridge Lane | | A1
Battle Bridge Road | | B2
Battledean Road | | B2
Batty Street | | A2
Bavaria Road | | A1
Bavent Road | | B2
Bawdale Road | | B2
Bawtree Road | | A2
Baxendale Street | | A2
Baxter Road | | A1
Bayford Mews | | B2
Bayford Street | | B2
Bayham Place | | A1
Bayham Street | | B1
| | A1
Bayley Street | | B1
Baylis Road | | A2/B2
Baynes Mews | | B1
Baynes Street | | B2
Bayonne Road | | A2
Bayston Road | | B1
| | B1
Bayswater Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Baythorne Street | | A1
Baytree Road | | A2
Bazely Street | | A2
Beachcroft Way | | B1
Beacon Hill | | B2
Beaconsfield Road | | B2
| | B1
Beaconsfield Terrace Road | | B1
Beadon Road | | A1
Beak Street | | B1/B2
Beale Place | | A2
Beale Road | | A1/A2
Bear Alley | | B2
Bear Gardens | | A2
Bear Lane | | A1
Beaton Close | | A1
Beatrice Place | | B2
Beatrice Road | | A2
| | B2
Beatty Road | | B2
Beatty Street | | A1
Beauchamp Place | | B2
Beauchamp Road | | A1
Beauchamp Street | | A2
Beauclerc Road | | A2
Beaufort Gardens | | B2
Beaufort Street | | B2
Beaufoy Walk | | B2
Beaulieu Close | | A2
Beaumont Avenue | | A1/A2
Beaumont Crescent | | A2
Beaumont Grove | | A2
Beaumont Mews | | A1
Beaumont Place | | A1
Beaumont Rise | | B1
Beaumont Square | | A2
Beaumont Street | | A1/A2
Beauval Road | | B2
Beavor Lane | | B2
Beccles Street | | A1
Beck Road | | B1
Becket Street | | B2
Beckford Place | | B1
Beckway Street | | A2
| | A1
Beckwith Road | | B2
Bective Place | | A1
Bective Road | | A1
Bedale Street | | A1/A2
Bedford Avenue | | B1
Bedford Close | | B1
Bedford Court | | A1
Bedford Gardens | | A1
Bedford Hill | | B1/B2
Bedford Place | | B2
Bedford Road | | A1
| | A2/B2
Bedford Row | | B1
| | A2
Bedford Square | | B1
Bedford Street | | B1
| | A1
Bedford Way | | A2
Bedfordbury | | A1
Bedlam Mews | | A2
Bedser Close | | A1
Beech Close | | B2
Beech Street | | B1/B2
Beech Tree Close | | A1
Beechcroft Road | | B2
| | A1
Beechdale Road | | B2
Beechmore Road | | A1
Beechwood Road | | B1
Beehive Close | | A1
Beehive Place | | B2
Beeston Place | | B1
| | A2
| | A1
Beira Street | | A2
Bekesbourne Street | | B1
Belfast Road | | A1
Belfort Road | | B2
Belfry Close | | B1
Belgrade Road | | B2
Belgrave Gardens | | A1
Belgrave Mews North | | A1/A2
Belgrave Mews South | | A2
Belgrave Mews West | | A1/A2
Belgrave Place | | A2
Belgrave Road | | A2/B2
Belgrave Square | | A2
Belgrave Street | | A2/B2
Belgrave Yard | | A2
Belgrove Street | | A1
Belinda Road | | A2
Belitha Villas | | A1
Bell Inn Yard | | A2
Bell Lane | | A2
Bell Lane (Pettycoat Lane) Market | | A2
Bell Street | | B1
Bell Street Market | | B1
Bell Wharf Lane | | B2
Bell Yard | | B2
Bell Yard Mews | | A1
Bellamy Close | | A2
| | B1
Bellamy Street | | A1
Bellefields Road | | B2
| | B1
Bellenden Road | | A1/B1
| | A2
Belleville Road | | B1
Bellevue Road | | B1
Bellgate Mews | | B2
Bellina Mews | | A2
Bellmaker Court | | B1
Belmont Close | | A1/B1
Belmont Road | | B1
Belmont Street | | A1
Belmore Lane | | B1
Belmore Street | | B1
Belsham Street | | A2
Belsize Avenue | | B1/B2
Belsize Court | | A2
Belsize Crescent | | B1
Belsize Grove | | B2
Belsize Lane | | B2
| | B1/B2
Belsize Mews | | B1
Belsize Park | | B2
| | B1
Belsize Park Gardens | | B1/B2
Belsize Park Mews | | B1
Belsize Place | | B1
Belsize Road | | B1
| | A1
Belsize Square | | B1
Belsize Terrace | | B1
Belthorn Crescent | | B1
Belton Way | | A2
Beltran Road | | B2
Belvedere Buildings | | B2
Belvedere Place | | B1
Belvedere Road | | A1
Bemerton Street | | A2/B2
Bemish Road | | A1
Ben Jonson Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
Benbow Road | | A2
Benbow Street | | A1
Bendall Mews | | B1
Bendemeer Road | | A1
Benedict Road | | B1
Bengeworth Road | | A1
Benham Close | | A2
Benhams Place | | B1
Benhill Road | | A1/B1
Benjamin Close | | B1
Benjamin Mews | | B2
Benjamin Street | | A2
Bennerley Road | | B1
Bennet Street | | A1
Bennet's Hill | | B2
Bennett Road | | B2
| | A2
Bennett Street | | B1
Benson Quay | | B2
Benthal Road | | B2
| | A2
Bentham Road | | A2
Bentinck Mews | | B1
Bentinck Street | | B1
Bentley Road | | A2
Benwell Road | | A1/B2
Benwick Close | | B1
Benworth Street | | B2
Benyon Road | | B1
Berber Place | | A1
Berber Road | | B2
Bere Street | | B2
Beresford Road | | A1
| | B2
Beresford Terrace | | B2
Berestede Road | | B1
Bergen Square | | B2
Berger Road | | A2
Berghem Mews | | B2
Bergholt Mews | | B2
Bering Square | | B2
Berisford Mews | | B2
Berkeley Gardens | | A1
Berkeley Mews | | A2
Berkeley Road | | A1
Berkeley Square | | A2
Berkeley Street | | A2
Berkley Grove | | A2
Berkley Road | | A1/A2
Bermondsey Square | | B1
Bermondsey Street | | A1/B1
Bermondsey Wall East | | A2
| | A1
Bermondsey Wall West | | A1
Bernard Street | | B2
| | B1
Bernays Grove | | B2
Berners Mews | | B2
Berners Place | | B2
Berners Road | | B1
Berners Street | | B2
Bernhardt Crescent | | A1/B1
Berriman Road | | B1
Berry Place | | B2
Berry Street | | B2
Berryfield Road | | A2
Berthon Street | | A2
Bertram Street | | A1
Berwick Mews | | A2
Berwick Street | | B1
| | A1/B1
Beryl Road | | B1
Besant Place | | A2
Bessborough Gardens | | B2
Bessborough Place | | B2
Bessborough Street | | B2
Bessemer Road | | B2
Besson Street | | B1
Bessy Street | | B2
Bestwood Street | | A2
Beswick Mews | | A1
Beta Place | | B1
Bethnal Green Road | | A1/A2
| | B1/B2
Bethwin Road | | B2
| | A1/A2
Betterton Street | | B1
Bettridge Road | | B1
Betts Street | | B1
Bev Callender Close | | A1
Bevan Street | | A2
Bevenden Street | | B1
Beverley Close | | A2
Beverley Road | | A2
| | B1
Beversbrook Road | | B1
Beverston Mews | | A2
Beverstone Road | | A2
Bevill Allen Close | | A2
Bevin Close | | A2
Bevin Way | | A1
Bevington Road | | B1
Bevington Street | | A2
Bevis Marks | | A1
Bewdley Street | | A1
Bewick Street | | A1
Bewley Street | | B2
Bianca Road | | B1
Bickenhall Street | | A2
Bickersteth Road | | A2/B2
Bickerton Road | | A1/A2
Bickley Street | | A1
Bicknell Road | | A1
Bidborough Street | | A2
| | A1
Bidbury Close | | B1
Biddestone Road | | A1
Biddulph Road | | A2
Bidwell Street | | A1
Biggerstaff Street | | B1
Biggs Row | | A1
Bigland Street | | A1/A2
Billing Place | | B2
Billing Road | | B2
Billing Street | | B2
Billington Road | | B1/B2
Billiter Square | | B1
Billiter Street | | B1
Billson Street | | B2
Bina Gardens | | A1
Binfield Road | | B2
Bingfield Street | | A1/A2
Bingham Place | | A1
Bingham Street | | A1
Binney Street | | B1
Binns Road | | A1
Birch Close | | A2
Birchfield Street | | A1
Birchin Lane | | A2
Birchington Road | | A1
| | B1
Birchlands Avenue | | B2
Birchmore Walk | | B1/B2
Birchwood Drive | | A1
Bird in Bush Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
Bird Street | | B1
Birdcage Walk | | B2
| | A1
Birdhurst Road | | B1
| | B1
Birdsfield Lane | | A2
Birkbeck Mews | | B1
Birkbeck Road | | B1
Birkbeck Street | | B2
Birkdale Close | | A2
Birkenhead Street | | A1
Birkwood Close | | B2
Birley Street | | A2
Birnam Road | | A2
Biscay Road | | B1
Bisham Gardens | | B1
Bishop Kings Road | | B1
Bishop Street | | B1
Bishop Wilfred Wood Close | | B2
Bishop's Avenue | | B1
Bishop's Court | | B2
| | B2
Bishop's Park Road | | B1
Bishop's Road | | A1
Bishops Bridge | | A1
Bishops Bridge Road | | B1/B2
| | A1
Bishops Road | | B2
| | A1/A2
| | A2
Bishops Terrace | | A1
Bishops Way | | A2
| | A1
Bishopsgate | | B2
| | A2
Bishopsgate Churchyard | | B2
Bishopswood Road | | A1
Bittern Street | | A1/B1
Black Friars Lane | | B2
Black Horse Court | | B2
Black Lion Lane | | B2
Black Prince Road | | A1
| | B1/B2
Black Swan Yard | | A1
Blackall Street | | A1
Blackbird Yard | | A2
Blackburn Road | | A2
Blackburne's Mews | | B2
Blackfriars Bridge | | B1/B2
| | A1
Blackfriars Court | | B2
Blackfriars Passage | | B2
Blackfriars Road | | A1/B1
Blackheath Hill | | B2
Blackheath Road | | B2
| | B1
Blackhorse Road | | B1
Blacklands Terrace | | A1/A2
Blackpool Road | | B2
Blacks Road | | B2
Blackshaw Road | | B1
Blackstock Mews | | B2
Blackstock Road | | B2
| | B1
Blackthorn Street | | A2
Blacktree Mews | | B2
Blackwall Lane | | A2/B2
Blackwall Tunnel | | A2/B2
Blackwater Street | | B2
Blackwood Street | | B2
Blade Mews | | A1
Blades Court | | A1
Blagrove Road | | B1
Blair Close | | B2
Blake Gardens | | A2
Blake Street | | A1
Blakemore Gardens | | B2
Blakeney Close | | A2
Blakenham Road | | B1
| | A1
Blakes Road | | B1
| | A2
Blanch Close | | A1
Blanchard Way | | A1
Blanchedowne | | A2
Blandfield Road | | A2
Blandford Square | | B2
Blandford Street | | A2
| | A1/B1
Blantyre Street | | B2
Blasker Walk | | B2
Blechynden Street | | A1
Bledlow Close | | A1
Bleeding Heart Yard | | A1
Blenheim Court | | B2
Blenheim Crescent | | A2
| | A1
Blenheim Gardens | | B1/B2
Blenheim Grove | | B1/B2
Blenheim Road | | B2
Blenheim Street | | B2
Blenheim Terrace | | B1
Blenkarne Road | | A1
Bletchley Street | | B2
Bletsoe Walk | | A2
Blissett Street | | B2
Blithfield Street | | B2
Bloemfontein Avenue | | A1
Bloemfontein Road | | A1/B1
Bloemfontein Way | | A1
Blomfield Mews | | A1
Blomfield Road | | B1/B2
Blomfield Street | | B2
Blomfield Villas | | A2
Blondel Street | | A1
Bloom Park Road | | A1
Bloomburg Street | | A1
Bloomfield Place | | A2
Bloomfield Road | | A2
Bloomfield Terrace | | B2
Bloomsbury Place | | B2
| | B1
Bloomsbury Square | | B2
Bloomsbury Street | | B1
| | A1
Bloomsbury Way | | B1/B2
| | B1
Blore Close | | B1
Blossom Street | | B1
Blount Street | | B1
Blucher Road | | A2
Blue Anchor Lane | | B2
Blue Anchor Yard | | B1
Blue Ball Yard | | A1
Bluebell Close | | B2
Bluelion Place | | A1
Blundell Close | | A2
Blundell Street | | A1/A2
Blyth Close | | A2
Blythe Mews | | B2
Blythe Road | | B1/B2
| | B1
| | A2
Blythe Street | | A1
Blythwood Road | | B2
Boadicea Street | | B2
Boardwalk Place | | A2
Boat Lifter Way | | A1
Bob Marley Way | | B1
Bobbin Close | | A2
Bocking Street | | B1
Bodney Road | | B1
Bohemia Place | | A2
Bohn Road | | A1
Boleyn Road | | B2
| | A2
Bolina Road | | A2
Bolingbroke Grove | | A1/B1
| | A1
Bolingbroke Road | | B2
Bolingbroke Walk | | A1
Bolney Street | | B1
Bolsover Street | | A1
Bolton Crescent | | B1
Bolton Gardens | | A2
Bolton Gardens Mews | | A2
Bolton Road | | A1
Bolton Street | | B2
The Boltons | | A2
Boltons Place | | A2
Bombay Street | | B2
Bomore Road | | B1
Bonar Road | | A1
Bonchurch Road | | B1
Bond Street | | A1
Bondway | | A2
Bonham Road | | A1
Bonhill Street | | A1
Bonner Road | | A2
| | A1
Bonner Street | | A1
Bonneville Gardens | | A1
Bonnington Square | | A1
Bonny Street | | B2
Bonsor Street | | A2
Booker Close | | B1
Boot Street | |
Booth Close | | B2
Booth's Place | | B1
Boothby Road | | A1
Borough High Street | | A1/A2/B1
Borough Road | | B1/B2
| | B1
Borrett Close | | B2
Borrodaile Road | | B2
Borthwick Street | | A1
Boscastle Road | | B2
Boscobel Place | | A2
Boscobel Street | | B1
Boscombe Road | | B1
| | B2
Boss Street | | A2
Boston Gardens | | B1
Boston Place | | B2
Boston Street | | B2
Bosun Close | | B2
Boswell Street | | B1
Bosworth Road | | A1
Bothwell Street | | A2
Botolph Lane | | B1
Botts Mews | | B2
Botts Passage | | B2
Boulcott Street | | B2
The Boulevard | | A2
| | B2
Boundaries Road | | B1/B2
| | B1
Boundary Lane | | B1
Boundary Road | | B1
| | A1/A2
| | A1
Boundary Row | | A2
Boundary Street | | A1
Bourchier Street | | B2
Bourdon Place | | A2
Bourdon Street | | A2
Bourke Close | | A2
| | B1
Bourlet Close | | B1
Bourne Place | | A1
Bourne Road | | A1/B1
Bourne Street | | B2
Bourne Terrace | | A1/A2
Bournemouth Close | | B2
Bournemouth Road | | B2
Boutflower Road | | A1
Bouverie Mews | | A2
Bouverie Place | | B2
Bouverie Road | | A1/A2
Bouverie Street | | B1
Bovingdon Close | | A1
Bovingdon Road | | A2
| | A1
Bow Common Lane | | A2
| | A1/A2/B2
Bow Road | | B1/B2
Bow Street | | B2
Bowater Close | | B1
Bowden Street | | A1
Bowditch | | A1/A2
Bowen Street | | B2
Bower Street | | B2
Bowerdean Street | | A2
Bowerman Avenue | | B1
Bowfell Road | | A1
Bowhill Close | | A2/B2
Bowie Close | | B2
Bowl Court | | A2
Bowland Road | | B2
Bowland Yard | | A1
Bowling Green Lane | | B1
Bowling Green Place | | A2
Bowling Green Street | | B1
| | A2
Bowling Green Walk | |
Bowmans Mews | | B2
| | B1
Bowmans Place | | B1
Bowood Road | | A2
Bowyer Place | | A2
| | A1
Bowyer Street | | A2
Boxworth Grove | | B2
Boyd Street | | A1
Boyfield Street | | B1
Boyle Street | | B1
Boyne Terrace Mews | | B2
Boyson Road | | B1/B2
Boyton Close | | B2
Brabant Court | | B1
Brabazon Street | | B2
Brabourn Grove | | B2
Bracey Street | | A1
Bracken Avenue | | A2
Brackenbury Gardens | | A2
Brackenbury Road | | A2
Brackenfield Close | | A1
Brackley Road | | A2
Brackley Street | | B2
Brackley Terrace | | A2
Bracklyn Close | | A1
Bracklyn Court | | A2
Bracklyn Street | | A1
Bracknell Gardens | | A1
Brad Street | | A2
Bradbourne Street | | A1
Bradbury Mews | | A2
Bradbury Street | | A2
Braden Street | | B1
Bradenham Close | | B2
Brading Terrace | | A1
Bradley Close | | A2
| | B1
Bradley Mews | | B1
Bradmead | | A1
Bradmore Park Road | | A2/B2
Bradstock Road | | A2/B2
Bradwell Street | | B1
Brady Street | | B1
Braemar Close | | A2
Braes Street | | B1
Braganza Street | | A1/B2
Braham Street | | A1
Braidwood Street | | A1
Braintree Street | | B2
Bramah Green | | B2
Bramalea Close | | A2
Bramber Road | | B1/B2
Bramcote Grove | | B1
Bramerton Street | | B1
Bramfield Road | | B1
Bramford Road | | B1
Bramham Gardens | | A2
Bramlands Close | | A1
Bramley Crescent | | A1
Bramley Road | | A1
Brampton Road | | B2
Bramshaw Road | | B2
Bramshill Gardens | | A1
Bramwell Mews | | B2
Branch Hill | | A1
Branch Place | | A1
Branch Road | | B1
Branch Street | | A2
Brand Close | | A1
Brand Street | | B2
Brandlehow Road | | A1
Brandon Road | | A1
Brandon Street | | A1/A2
Brandreth Road | | A2
Brangton Road | | B2
Branksea Street | | A2
Branksome Road | | A1
Bransdale Close | | B1
Brantwood Road | | B1
Brasenose Drive | | A1
Brassey Road | | A1
Brassey Square | | B1
Bravington Place | | A2
Bravington Road | | A2
Bray Crescent | | A2
Bray Place | | A1
Brayards Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
Brayburne Avenue | | A2
| | A1
Brayfield Terrace | | A1
Bread Street | | B2
Bream's Buildings | | B2
Brechin Place | | A1
Brecknock Road | | B1
| | A2
| | A1/B1
Brecon Mews | | B1
Brecon Road | | B1
Bredgar Road | | A2
Breer Street | | B2
Breezers Hill | | B2
Bremner Road | | A1
Brendon Street | | A1
Brenthouse Road | | A2
Brenton Street | | B1
Bressenden Place | | A2
Brett Close | | A2
Brett Road | | B1
Brettell Street | | B2
Brewer Street | | B2
| | B1
Brewery Road | | B2
Brewhouse Lane | | B1
| | A2
Brewhouse Walk | | A2
Brewhouse Yard | | B2
Briant Street | | B1
Briarwood Road | | B2
Briary Close | | A2
Brick Court | | B2
Brick Lane | | A1/A2/B1
Brick Lane Street Market | | A2/B1
Brick Street | | B1/B2
Bride Lane | | B1
Bride Street | | B1
Brideale Close | | B2
Bridel Mews | | B2
Brides Place | | B2
Bridewain Street | | A2
Bridewell Place | | B2
| | B1
Bridford Mews | | A1
Bridge Approach | | A2
Bridge Avenue | | B2
Bridge Close | | A1
Bridge Gardens | | B1
Bridge House Quay | | B2
Bridge Lane | | A1/B2
Bridge Meadows | | B1
Bridge Park | | B1
Bridge Place | | A2
Bridge Street | | A2
Bridge View | | B2
Bridge Yard | | A2
Bridgefoot | | B1
Bridgeman Road | | A2
Bridgeman Street | | B1
Bridgend Road | | A2
Bridgeport Place | | B2
Bridges Court | | B1
Bridges Place | | A2
Bridgewater Square | | B2
Bridgewater Street | | B2
Bridgeway Street | | B1
Bridle Lane | | B2
Bridport Place | | B1
| | A1
Bridport Terrace | | B1
Bridstow Place | | A2
Brief Street | | B1
Brierly Gardens | | A1
Brig Mews | | A1
Briggeford Close | | A2
Brightlingsea Place | | B1
Brightman Road | | B1
Brighton Road | | B2
Brighton Terrace | | B2
Brightwell Crescent | | A1/A2
Brill Place | | B1/B2
Brindley Street | | B1/B2
Brinsley Street | | A2
Brisbane Street | | A1
Briset Street | | A2
Briset Way | | A2
Bristol Gardens | | B1
Bristol Mews | | B1
Briston Grove | | B2
Britannia Close | | B2
Britannia Road | | B2
| | A2
| | B2
Britannia Row | | A1
Britannia Street | | A2
Britannia Walk | | B1
Britannia Way | | A2
British Grove | | B1
British Grove Passage | | B1
British Grove South | | B1
British Street | | A1
Britten Street | | B1/B2
Britton Street | | B1
| | A2
Brixton Hill | | A2/B1/B2
Brixton Hill Place | | B1
Brixton Oval | | A2
Brixton Road | | B1
| | A2/B2
| | B2
| | A1/A2/B1
Brixton Station Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
Brixton Station | | B2
Road Street Market | | B1
Brixton Water Lane | | B1
| | A2
Broad Lane | | B2
Broad Sanctuary | | A2
Broad Street Avenue | | B2
Broad Walk | | B1
Broad Yard | | A1
Broadbent Close | | B2
Broadbent Street | | A2
Broadfield Lane | | A1
Broadhinton Road | | A1
Broadhurst Close | | B1
Broadhurst Gardens | | B2
| | B1
Broadlands Close | | A1/A2
Broadlands Road | | A1/A2
Broadley Street | | B1
Broadley Terrace | | B1
Broadstone Place | | A1
Broadwall | | A2
Broadwater Road | | A1
Broadway | | A1
The Broadway | | A2
Broadway Market | | B1
Broadway Market Mews | | B1
Broadway Mews | | A1
Broadwick Street | | A2/B2
| | A1
Brocas Close | | A2
Brock Place | | A2
Brock Street | | B1
Brockham Street | | B1
Brocklebank Road | | A1
Brocklehurst Street | | A2/B2
Brodia Road | | A2
Brodie Street | | A1
Brodlove Lane | | B1
Brodrick Road | | B1
Broken Wharf | | B1
Brokesley Street | | B1
| | A1
Bromar Road | | A1/A2
Bromehead Street | | A2
Bromell's Road | | B1
Bromfelde Road | | A2
Bromfield Street | | B1
Bromley Place | | A2
Bromley Street | | A2/B2
Brompton Park Crescent | | B1
Brompton Place | | B2
Brompton Road | | A2/B1/B2
Brompton Square | | B1
Bromwich Avenue | | A2
Brondesbury Road | | B1
Brondesbury Villas | | A1
Bronsart Road | | B1
| | A2
| | A1
Bronti Close | | B2
Bronze Street | | A2
Brook Close | | A2
Brook Drive | | B2
| | A1/A2
Brook Gate | | B2
Brook Green | | A1/A2
Brook Mews North | | B2
Brook Street | | B1/B2
| | B1
Brook's Mews | | B1
Brooke Road | | B1/B2
| | A1/A2/B2
Brooke Street | | A2
Brookes Market | | A2
Brookfield | | A1
Brookfield Park | | A2
Brookmill Road | | B2
Brooksbank Street | | A1
Brooksby Street | | A1
Brooksby's Walk | | A2
Brookside Road | | A1
Brookville Road | | A1
Broome Way | | A1
Broomfield Street | | B2
Broomgrove Road | | A1
Broomhill Road | | B1
Broomhouse Lane | | B1
Broomhouse Road | | B1
Broomsleigh Street | | A1/A2
Broomwood Road | | B1/B2
Brough Close | | B2
Brougham Road | | A2
| | B1
Broughton Drive | | A1
Broughton Gardens | | A2
Broughton Road | | A1/B1
Broughton Road Approach | | A2
Broughton Street | | A2
| | A1
Brown Hart Gardens | | B1
Brown Street | | A1
Browning Close | | B2
Browning Mews | | A2
Browning Street | | A1
Brownlow Mews | | B2
Brownlow Road | | A2
Brownlow Street | | A2
Browns Lane | | A2
Brownswood Road | | B1
Broxash Road | | A2
Broxwood Way | | B2
Bruce Close | | A1
Bruce Hall Mews | | B2
Bruce Road | | B2
Brudenell Road | | A1/B2
Bruford Court | | A2
Bruges Place | | B2
Brune Street | | A2
Brunel Road | | A2
| | A1/B1
Brunswick Court | | A1
Brunswick Gardens | | B2
| | A1/A2
Brunswick Mews | | A2
Brunswick Park | | B1
Brunswick Place | | A2
| | B1
Brunswick Quay | | B1
Brunswick Road | | A2
Brunswick Square | | B1
Brunswick Villas | | A1/A2
Brunton Place | | B1
Brushfield Street | | B2
| | A1/A2
Brussels Road | | A2
Bruton Lane | | A2
Bruton Place | | A2
Bruton Street | | A2
Bryan Road | | A2
Bryanston Mews East | | A2
Bryanston Mews West | | A1
Bryanston Place | | A1
Bryanston Square | | A2
Bryanston Street | | B1/B2
Bryanstone Road | | A2
Bryantwood Road | | B2
Bryett Road | | B1
Brynmaer Road | | A1
Bucharest Road | | A1
Buck Street | | B1
Buckfast Street | | A2
Buckhold Road | | B1
Buckhurst Street | | B2
Buckingham Gate | | B2
| | A2
| | A1
Buckingham Mews | | B2
| | A2
Buckingham Palace Road | | B2
| | A1/B1
Buckingham Place | | B2
Buckingham Road | | A1/A2
Buckingham Street | | A1/A2
Buckland Crescent | | B2
| | B1
Buckland Street | | A1
Buckle Street | | A1
Bucklersbury | | B2
Buckley Road | | B1
Buckmaster Close | | B1
Buckmaster Road | | A1
Bucknall Street | | A2
Bucknell Close | | B1
Buckner Road | | A2
Buckters Rents | | A2
Buer Road | | B2
Bugsby's Way | | B2
Bulinga Street | | A2
Bull Yard | | A2
Bullace Row | | A2
Bullards Place | | B1
Bullen Street | | B2
Buller Close | | A2
Bullied Way | | A1
Bullivant Street | | A2
Bulmer Mews | | B1
Bulmer Place | | B1
Bulstrode Place | | B1
Bulstrode Street | | B1
Bulwer Street | | A1
Bunhill Row | | A2/B2
Bunhouse Place | | B2
Bunning Way | | A2
Bunsen Street | | A2
Burbage Close | | B2
Burbage Road | | B1
Burchell Road | | A1
Burcote Road | | A2
Burder Close | | A2
Burder Road | | A2
Burdett Mews | | B1
| | B1
Burdett Road | | B2
| | A2
| | A1/B1
| | A1
Burdett Street | | B2
Burford Walk | | A1
Burge Street | | B2
---|---|---
Burgess Street | | B1
Burgh Street | | B1
Burghley Road | | B2
| | A2
Burgos Grove | | B2
Burgoyne Road | | B2
| | A2
Burland Road | | B2
Burleigh Place | | B1
Burleigh Street | | A2
Burlington Close | | B1
Burlington Gardens | | B1
Burlington Lane | | B1/B2
Burlington Mews | | B1
Burlington Place | | B1
Burlington Road | | B1/B2
Burma Road | | B1
| | A2
Burnaby Street | | B1
Burnbury Road | | B1/B2
Burne Street | | B1
Burnett Close | | A1
Burney Street | | A2
Burnfoot Avenue | | A1
Burnham Close | | A1
Burnham Street | | B2
Burnhill Close | | A1
Burnley Road | | A1
Burns Road | | A1
Burnsall Street | | B2
Burnside Close | | A2
Burnthwaite Road | | B2
| | A2
Burntwood Close | | B2
Burntwood Grange Road | | B2
Burntwood Lane | | B2
| | B1
Buross Street | | A2
Burr Close | | B1
Burrell Street | | A1
Burrells Wharf Square | | B2
Burrow Road | | A1
Burrows Mews | | A1
Burslem Street | | A2
| | A1
Burstock Road | | A2
Burston Road | | B1
Burtley Close | | A2
Burton Grove | | B2
Burton Lane | | A2
Burton Mews | | B2
Burton Place | | A2
Burton Road | | B1
| | B1
Burton Street | | A2
Burwell Close | | A2
Burwood Place | | A1
| | B2
Bury Close | | A2
Bury Court | | A1
Bury Place | | B2
Bury Street | | A1
| | A1
Bury Walk | | A2
Busby Place | | B2
Busby Street | | A2
Bush Cottages | | B1
Bush Lane | | B1
Bush Road | | B1
| | A1
Bushell Street | | B2
Bushey Hill Road | | B2
Bushnell Road | | A2
Bushwood Drive | | A1
Butcher Row | | B2
Bute Gardens | | A1/A2
Bute Street | | B2
Butler Street | | A1
Butterfield Close | | A2
Butterfly Walk | | B2
Buttermere Close | | B2
Buttermere Drive | | B2
Buttermere Walk | | B2
Butterwick | | A1/B1/B2
Buttesland Street | | B1
Buxted Road | | A1
| | A1
Buxton Mews | | A2
Buxton Road | | A2
Buxton Street | | B1/B2
Byam Street | | B2
Byfield Close | | A2
Bygrove Street | | B2
Bylands Close | | A2
Byng Place | | A1
Byng Street | | B1/B2
Byrne Road | | B2
Byron Close | | A2
Byron Court | | B2
Byron Mews | | B2
| | A1
Bythorn Street | | B1
Byton Road | | B2
Byward Street | | B1/B2
Bywater Place | | A2
Bywater Street | | A1
Bywell Place | | B1
C
Cabbell Street | | A1
---|---|---
Cable Place | | B2
Cable Street | | B1/B2
| | A1/B2
| | B1/B2
Cabot Square | | B2
Cabul Road | | B2
Cactus Close | | B2
Cade Road | | B2
Cadell Close | | A2
Cader Road | | A1
Cadet Drive | | B1
| | A1
Cadet Place | | B2
Cadiz Street | | B1
Cadmus Close | | B2
Cadogan Gardens | | A2
Cadogan Gate | | A2
Cadogan Lane | | A1
Cadogan Place | | A1/B1
Cadogan Square | | B2
| | A2
Cadogan Street | | A1/A2
Cadoxton Avenue | | A1
Caedmon Road | | A1
Cahill Street | | B2
Cahir Street | | B2
Caird Street | | A2
Cairns Road | | B1
Caistor Mews | | B1
Caistor Road | | B1
Caithness Road | | B2
| | A2
Calabria Road | | B1
Calais Gate | | A1
Calais Street | | A1
Calbourne Road | | B2
Caldecot Road | | B2
Caldervale Road | | A1
Caldwell Street | | B1/B2
Cale Street | | A1/A2
| | A1
Caleb Street | | A1
Caledonia Street | | B2
Caledonian Road | | A1/B1
| | B2
| | A2/B1/B2
Caledonian Square | | B2
Caledonian Wharf | | B2
Calico Row | | A1
Callcott Street | | B1
Callendar Road | | A2
Callingham Close | | B1
Callow Street | | B1/B2
Calshot Street | | B2
Calthorpe Street | | B2
Calton Avenue | | B1
Calverley Grove | | A2
Calvert Avenue | | A1
Calvert Street | |
Calvin Street | | B1
Calypso Crescent | | B1
Calypso Way | | A1
Cambalt Road | | B1
Camberwell Church Street | | B2
| | B1
Camberwell Glebe | | B1
Camberwell Green | | A2
| | A1/B1
Camberwell Grove | | B1/B2
| | A1
Camberwell New Road | | B1/B2
| | A1/A2
Camberwell Road | | B1
| | A2
Camberwell Station Road | | A2
Camborne Mews | | A2
Cambray Road | | B2
Cambria Road | | A1
Cambria Street | | A2
| | A1
Cambridge Avenue | | A1
Cambridge Crescent | | A2
Cambridge Gardens | | B1
| | A1
Cambridge Gate | | B1
Cambridge Gate Mews | | B1
Cambridge Grove | | B2
Cambridge Heath Road | | A2/B1/B2
| | A2
Cambridge Place | | A2
Cambridge Road | | A2
| | A1
Cambridge Square | | B2
Cambridge Street | | B1/B2
Cambridge Terrace | | B1
Cambridge Terrace Mews | | B1
Camden Gardens | | B2
Camden High Street | | B1
| | A1
Camden Lane | | B1
Camden Lock Place | | B1
Camden Mews | | B1/B2
| | B1
Camden Park Road | | B1
Camden Passage | | B2
Camden Road | | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
| | A2/B1/B2
| | A1
Camden Square | | B2
Camden Street | | B2
| | A1
Camden Terrace | | B2
Camden Walk | | B2
Camdenhurst Street | | B1
Camellia Street | | B2
Camelot Street | | B2
Camera Place | | B2
Camerton Close | | B2
Camilla Road | | B2
Camlet Street | | A1
Camley Street | | A2/B2
Camomile Street | | B2
| | A1
Campana Road | | A1
Campbell Road | | B2
| | A2
Campdale Road | | B2
Campden Grove | | A1
Campden Hill | | A1
Campden Hill Gardens | | B1
Campden Hill Place | | B1
Campden Hill Road | | B1
| | A1
Campden Hill Square | | B1
Campden House Close | | A1
Campden Street | | B1
Camperdown Street | | A1
Camplin Street | | A1/B1/B2
Canada Square | | B2
Canada Street | | A1/B1
Canal Approach | | B2
Canal Boulevard | | B2
Canal Close | | A2
Canal Grove | | B2
Canal Path | | B1
Canal Street | | B2
Canal Walk | | B1
Cancell Road | | A1
| | B2
Candahar Road | | B2
Candover Street | | B1
Candy Street | | A2
Canfield Gardens | | B2
| | B1
Canfield Place | | B1
Canford Road | | A2/B2
Canning Cross | | B1
Canning Place | | A1
Canning Place Mews | | A1
Canning Road | | B1
Cannon Drive | | A1
Cannon Hill | | A1
Cannon Lane | | B2
Cannon Place | | B2
Cannon Street | | B2
| | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Cannon Street Road | | A1
Canon Beck Road | | A1
Canon Row | | B1
Canon Street | | A1
Canonbury Crescent | | /A2
Canonbury Grove | | A1/B1
Canonbury Lane | | A2
Canonbury Park North | | B2
| | A1
Canonbury Park South | | B2
| | A1
Canonbury Place | | A1
Canonbury Road | | A2
| | B1
Canonbury Square | | A2
Canonbury Street | | /A1
Canonbury Villas | | B1
Canonbury Yard | |
Canonbury Yard West | | A1
Canrobert Street | | A1/A2/B1
Cantelowes Road | | B2
Canterbury Crescent | | B1
Canton Street | | B1
Cantrell Road | | A1
Canute Gardens | | B2
| | B1
Capel Court | | A2
Capener's Close | | A1
Capern Road | | B1
Capland Street | | A1
Capper Street | | A1
Capstan Road | | A1
Capstan Square | | A2
Capstan Way | | A2
Caradoc Close | | A2
Caravel Mews | | A1
Carbis Road | | B2
Carburton Street | | A1
Cardale Street | | A1
Carden Road | | A2
Cardigan Road | | A2/B2
Cardigan Street | | B2
Cardinal Bourne Street | | B2
Cardinal Place | | A1
Cardinals Way | | B2
Cardine Mews | | B2
Cardington Street | | B2
Cardozo Road | | B2
Cardross Street | | A2
Cardwell Road | | A2
Carew Close | | B1
Carew Street | | B1
Carey Gardens | | B2
| | B1
Carey Lane | | A1
Carey Street | | B2
Carfax Place | | B1
Carfree Close | | A1
Cargill Road | | B1
Carisbrooke Gardens | | B2
Carker's Lane | | A1
Carleton Road | | B1
| | A1
Carlile Close | | B2
Carlingford Road | | B2
Carlisle Avenue | | B2
Carlisle Lane | | B1
| | A2
Carlisle Mews | | B1
Carlisle Place | | A2
Carlisle Road | | A2
Carlisle Street | | A2
Carlisle Way | | A2
Carlos Place | | A1
Carlow Street | | A1
Carlton Drive | | B1/B2
Carlton Gardens | | A2
Carlton Grove | | A1
Carlton Hill | | A1/A2/B2
Carlton House Terrace | | A2
Carlton Road | | A1
Carlton Square | | B1
Carlton Street | | A2
Carlton Vale | | A2
Carlwell Street | | B1
Carlyle Mews | | B1
Carlyle Place | | A1
Carlyle Square | | B1
Carmarthen Place | | A1
Carmel Court | | A2
Carmelite Street | | B1
Carmen Street | | B2
Carmichael Close | | A2
Carmichael Mews | | A2
Carminia Road | | B2
Carnegie Street | | B2
Carnie Lodge | | A2
Carnoustie Drive | | A2
Carnwath Road | | B2
Carol Street | | B2
Caroline Close | | B1
Caroline Place | | B1
| | A2
Caroline Place Mews | | B1
Caroline Street | | B2
Caroline Terrace | | B2
Carpenter Street | | A2
Carpenters Mews | | B2
Carpenters Place | | B1
Carr Street | | A2/B1
Carrara Close | | A1
Carrara Mews | | B2
Carriage Drive East | | A1
Carriage Drive North | | A1
| | A1
Carriage Drive South | | A1
| | A1
Carriage Drive West | | A1
Carriage Place | | B1
Carrick Mews | | A1
Carrington Street | | B2
Carrol Close | | B1
Carron Close | | B2
Carroun Road | | A1
Carter Lane | | B2
Carter Place | | B1
Carter Street | | B2
Carteret Street | | A2
Carteret Way | | A1
Carters Yard | | B1
Carthew Road | | A2
Carthew Villas | | A2
Carthusian Street | | B1
| | A2
Cartier Circle | | B1
Carting Lane | | A2
Carton Street | | A2
Cartwright Gardens | | A2
Cartwright Street | | B1
Cartwright Way | | A1
Carver Road | | B1
Carysfort Road | | B2
| | B1
Casella Road | | B1
Casey Close | | A2
Casimir Road | | A2
Casino Avenue | | B1/B2
Caspian Street | | A1
Cassidy Road | | A2
Cassilis Road | | A2
Cassland Road | | B1/B2
Casson Street | | B2
Castellain Road | | A1/B1
Castelnau | | B2
| | B1
Castelnau Row | | B2
Casterton Street | | A2
Castle Baynard Street | | B2
| | B1/B2
Castle Lane | | A2
Castle Mews | | A2
Castle Place | | A1
Castle Road | | A2/B2
Castle Yard | | B2
| | A1
Castlebrook Close | | A1/A2
Castlehaven Road | | A2/B1/B2
Castlemain Street | | B2
Castlereagh Street | | A1
Castletown Road | | A1
Castleview Close | | A1
Castor Lane | | A2
Catesby Street | | A2
Cathay Street | | A1
Cathcart Hill | | B1
Cathcart Road | | B2
| | B1
Cathcart Street | | A2
Cathedral Street | | A1
Catherall Road | | B2
Catherine Griffiths Court | | B1
Catherine Grove | | B1
Catherine Place | | B2
Catherine Street | | B2
| | B1
Catherine Wheel Alley | | A1
Catherine Wheel Yard | | A1
Cathles Road | | A2
Cathnor Road | | B1
Catlin Street | | A2
Cato Road | | B2
Cato Street | | A1
Cator Street | | B2
| | A1
Catton Street | | A1
Caulfield Road | | B1
The Causeway | | B1
Causton Road | | B1
Causton Street | | A2/B2
Cautley Avenue | | A2
Cavalry Gardens | | B1
Cavaye Place | | B1
Cavell Street | | A2
Cavendish Avenue | | B2
Cavendish Close | | A2
Cavendish Mews North | | A1
Cavendish Mews South | | B1
Cavendish Place | | B2
Cavendish Road | | B2
| | A1
| | A2/B2
| | A1/B1
Cavendish Square | | B2
Cavendish Street | | A1
Caversham Flats | | B1
Caversham Road | | B1/B2
Caversham Street | | B2
Caxton Grove | | B2
Caxton Road | | A1/B1
Caxton Street | | A1
Cayton Place | | A2
Cayton Street | | A2
| | B2
Cazenove Road | | A1/A2
| | A2
Cecile Park | | A2
| | B1
Cecilia Road | | A2/B2
Cedar Close | | A2
Cedar Court | |
Cedar Way | | A2
Cedarne Road | | B1
Cedars Mews | | B2
| | B1
Cedars Road | | B1
Celandine Close | | B1
Celandine Drive | | A1
Celbridge Mews | | A1
Celia Road | | A2
Centaur Street | | A2
Central Avenue | | A1
| | A1
| | A1
Central Street | | A1/A2
Centre Street | | A2
Centric Close | | B1
Centurion Close | | A2
Centurion Lane | | A2
Century Mews | | B2
Cephas Avenue | | B2
| | A2
Cephas Street | | B2
Cerise Road | | A2
Cerney Mews | | B2
Cervantes Court | | B1
Cester Street | | B2
Ceylon Road | | B2
Chadwell Street | | A2
Chadwick Road | | B2
| | B1
Chadwick Street | | B1/B2
Chagford Street | | B2
Chalcot Crescent | | A1/B1
Chalcot Gardens | | B2
Chalcot Road | | /B1
Chalcot Square | | A2
Chaldon Road | | B1
Chale Road | | B1
Chalk Farm Road | | A1/B1
Chalk Hill Road | | A2
Challoner Crescent | | A2
Challoner Street | | A1
Chaloner Court | | A1
Chalton Street | | B1
Chamber Street | | B1
Chamberlain Street | | A1
Chambers Road | | A2
Chambers Street | | A1/A2
Chambon Place | | B2
Chambord Street | | A2
Champion Grove | | A2
Champion Hill | | A2
| | A1
Champion Park | | A2
Chance Street | | A1
Chancel Street | | A1
Chancellors Road | | B1
Chancellors Street | | B1
Chancery Lane | | A2/B2
Chandler Street | | B1
Chandler Way | | B1
| | A1
Chandlers Mews | | B1
Chandos Place | | A1
Chandos Street | | B2
Chantrey Road | | B2
Chantry Close | | B1
Chantry Street | | A1
Chapel Court | | A1
Chapel Gate Mews | | A2
Chapel House Street | | B2
| | B1
Chapel Market | | B1
Chapel Place | | B2
| | B1
| |
Chapel Side | | B2
Chapel Street | | A1
| | A2
Chapel Way | | B2
Chapel Yard | | B1
Chaplin Close | | A2
Chapman Place | | B2
Chapman Street | | A1/A2
Chapone Place | | A2
Chapter Road | | B2
Chapter Street | | A1
Chardin Road | | A1
Chardmore Road | | A2
| | A2
Charecroft Way | | B2
Chargrove Close | | A2
Charing Cross | | A1/B1
Charing Cross Road | | B1
| | A2/B2
| | A1
Chariot Close | | A2
Charlbert Street | | B1
Charles Barry Close | | A2
Charles Coveney Road | | A1
Charles II Street | | A2
Charles Lane | | B1
Charles Place | | B2
Charles Square | | B1
Charles Street | | A1/A2
Charleston Street | | A1
Charleville Road | | A1
Charlmont Road | | A1/A2/B1
Charlotte Despard Avenue | | A2
Charlotte Mews | | B2
| | A1
| | B1
Charlotte Place | | A2
Charlotte Road | |
Charlotte Row | | B2
Charlotte Street | | A2/B2
Charlotte Terrace | | B2
Charlow Close | | B2
Charlton Kings Road | | A1
Charlton Place | | B2
Charlwood Place | | B2
Charlwood Road | | A1
Charlwood Street | | B2
| | A1
Charlwood Terrace | | A1
Charnock Road | | A1/A2
Charnwood Gardens | | A1/B1
Charrington Street | | B1
Chart Street | | B1
Charterhouse Buildings | | B1
Charterhouse Mews | | A2
Charterhouse Road | | A2
Charterhouse Square | | B1
| | A2
Charterhouse Street | | A2
| | A1/A2
Charteris Road | | B1
Chartfield Avenue | | B1
Chartfield Square | | B1
The Chase | | A1/B1
Chasefield Road | | B1
Chaseley Street | | B1
Chatfield Road | | A1
Chatham Place | | A2
Chatham Road | | B1/B2
Chatham Street | | A2
Chatsworth Road | | A2
Chatterton Mews | | B1
Chatterton Road | | B2
| | B1
Chatto Road | | B2
Chaucer Drive | | B1
| | A2
Chaucer Road | | B1
Cheam Street | | B1
Cheapside | | B2
| | A1/B2
Cheesemans Terrace | | A1/A2
Chelmer Road | | A2
Chelmsford Close | | B2
Chelsea Bridge | | B2
Chelsea Bridge Road | | B2
Chelsea Embankment | | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Chelsea Harbour Drive | | A2
Chelsea Manor Gardens | | B2
Chelsea Manor Street | | B2
Chelsea Park Gardens | | B2
Chelsea Square | | A1/B1
Chelsea Wharf | | B2
Chelsham Road | | A2
Cheltenham Terrace | | A1
Chelverton Road | | A1
Chenies Mews | | A1
Chenies Place | | B2
Chenies Street | | A1
Cheniston Gardens | | B2
Chepstow Close | | B2
Chepstow Crescent | | B2
Chepstow Place | | B2
Chepstow Road | | A2/B2
Chepstow Villas | | B1/B2
Chequer Street | | B2
Cherbury Street | | A1
Cheriton Square | | B1
Cherry Garden Street | | A1
Cherry Tree Close | | B1
Cherrywood Close | | B2
Cherrywood Drive | | B1
Chertsey Street | | B1
Cheryls Close | | A1
Chesham Close | | A2
Chesham Mews | | A1
Chesham Place | | A1/A2
Chesham Street | | A2
Cheshire Close | | B1/B2
Cheshire Street | | A2/B2
Cheshire Street | | A2/B2
Street Market | |
Chesholm Road | | B2
Chesilton Road | | A1
Chesney Street | | A1
Chesson Road | | A2/B1
Chester Close | | A2
Chester Close North | | B1
Chester Close South | | B1
Chester Cottages | | B2
Chester Court | | B1
Chester Crescent | | B2
Chester Gate | | B1
Chester Mews | | A2
Chester Place | | B1
Chester Road | | A1
| | B1
Chester Row | | B2
Chester Square | | A2/B2
Chester Square Mews | | A2
Chester Street | | A2
| | B2
| | B1
Chester Terrace | | B1
Chester Way | | A1
Chesterfield Gardens | | A1
| | B2
| | B2
Chesterfield Grove | | B2
Chesterfield Hill | | A1/A2
Chesterfield Mews | | B2
Chesterfield Street | | A1
Chesterfield Way | | A2
Chesterford Gardens | | A2
Chesterton Close | | B1
Chesterton Road | | B1
| | A1/A2
Chestnut Alley | | B2
Chestnut Close | | A1
| | B2
Chestnut Court | | B2
Chestnut Grove | | B2
| | B1
Chettle Court | | B2
Chetwode Road | | A1
Chetwynd Road | | B1/B2
Cheval Place | | B1/B2
Cheval Street | | A1
Cheverton Road | | B2
Cheyne Court | | B2
Cheyne Gardens | | B2
Cheyne Mews | | B2
Cheyne Row | | B1
Cheyne Walk | | B2
| | B1/B2
Chicheley Street | | A1
Chichester Road | | A2
Chichester Street | | B2
| | B1
Chichester Way | | A2
Chicksand Street | | B1/B2
Chiddingstone Street | | A1
Chigwell Hill | | B1
Chilcot Close | | B2
Child's Place | | A1
Child's Street | | B2
Childebert Road | | B1
Childeric Road | | A1
Childerley Street | | B2
Childers Street | | B1/B2
Chillington Drive | | A1
Chillingworth Road | | B1
Chiltern Road | | A2
Chiltern Street | | A1
Chilton Grove | | A2
Chilton Street | | A2
Chilworth Mews | | B1
Chilworth Street | | B2
| | B1
China Hall Mews | | B2
Ching Court | | B1
Chipka Street | | A1
Chipley Street | | B1
Chippenham Gardens | | A2
Chippenham Mews | | B2
Chippenham Road | | A2/B1/B2
Chipstead Street | | A2
Chisenhale Road | | A2
| | A1
Chiswell Street | | B2
Chiswick Common Road | | A1/A2
Chiswick High Road | | A1/A2
| | B1
Chiswick Lane | | A2/B2
Chiswick Lane South | | B2
Chiswick Mall | | B2
| | B1
Chiswick Square | | B2
Chiswick Wharf | | B2
Chitty Street | | A2/B2
Chivalry Road | | B1
Cholmeley Crescent | | B2
Cholmeley Park | | B2
| | A1/B1
Choppins Court | | B1
Choumert Grove | | B2
Choumert Mews | | B1
Choumert Road | | B1/B2
Chow Square | | A1
Chrisp Street | | B2
Christchurch Avenue | | A1
Christchurch Hill | | B2
Christchurch Road | | A1
Christchurch Square | | B2
Christchurch Street | | B2
| | B1
Christchurch Terrace | | B1
Christchurch Way | | B2
Christian Street | | A2/B2
Christie Road | | B2
Christina Square | | A1
Christina Street | | A2
Christopher Close | | A2
Christopher Place | | B1
Christopher Street | | B1/B2
Chryssell Road | | B2
Chubworthy Street | | A2
Chudleigh Street | | A2/B2
Chumleigh Street | | B1
Church Avenue | | B2
Church Crescent | | B1
Church Gate | | B1
Church Lane | | A2
| | B1/B2
| | A2
Church Road | | A2
| | A2
Church Row | | B1
Church Street | | A2
| | B2
| | B1
Church Terrace | | A2
Church Walk | | B1
Churchcroft Close | | B2
Churchfields | | A2
Churchill Gardens Road | | B2
Churchill Place | | B1
Churchill Road | | B2
Churchill Walk | | A1
Churchway | | B1
Churchwell Path | | A2
Churchyard Row | | A2
Churton Place | | A2
Churton Street | | A2/B2
Chusan Place | | A1
Cicada Road | | B1
| | A1
Cicely Road | | A2/B2
Cinnamon Close | | A1
Cinnamon Row | | A1
Cinnamon Street | | B1
Circus Mews | | A2
Circus Place | | B1
Circus Road | | B1/B2
Circus Street | | A1/B2
Cirencester Street | | A1
Citadel Place | | B1
Citizen Road | | A1
City Garden Row | | B1
City Road | | A2
| | A1/B1
| | B1
| | B1/B2
| | B1
Clabon Mews | | B2
Clack Street | | B1
Claire Place | | A1
Clancarty Road | | B1/B2
Clanricarde Gardens | | B2
Clapham Common North Side | | A2
| | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Clapham Common South Side | | B1
| | A2
| | A1
Clapham Common West Side | | A2/B2
| | A2
| | A1
Clapham Crescent | | B1
Clapham High Street | | A2/B1/B2
Clapham Manor Street | | A1/B1
Clapham Park Road | | B1/B2
Clapham Road | | A2/B1/B2
| | A2
| | A1
Clapton Common | | A1
Clapton Square | | B2
Clapton Way | | A2
Clare Gardens | | A1
Clare Lane | |
Clare Market | | B1
Clare Mews | | A2
Clare Road | | B1
Clare Street | | A2
Claredale Street | | A1/A2
Claremont Close | | A2
Claremont Grove | | B1
Claremont Road | | A1
Claremont Square | | A1/A2
Claremont Street | | A1
Clarence Avenue | | A2/B2
Clarence Crescent | | A2
Clarence Gardens | | B1
Clarence Mews | | B2
| | A1
| | A1
Clarence Place | | B2
Clarence Road | | A2/B2
| | A2
Clarence Terrace | | B2
Clarence Walk | | A2
Clarence Way | | B1/B2
Clarendon Close | | B2
| | B1
Clarendon Cross | | B2
Clarendon Drive | | A1
Clarendon Gardens | | B2
Clarendon Grove | | B1
Clarendon Mews | | B2
Clarendon Place | | B2
Clarendon Road | | A2/B2
Clarendon Street | | B1/B2
Clarendon Terrace | | B2
Clareville Grove | | A1
Clareville Street | | A1
| | A1
Clarewood Walk | | A1
Clarges Mews | | A2
Clarges Street | | A2/B2
Claribel Road | | B1
Clarissa Street | | A1
Clark Street | | A2
| | A1
Clarke's Mews | | A2
Clarkson Row | | A2
Clarkson Street | | A2
Claude Road | | B2
Claude Street | | B1
Clave Street | | B1
Clavell Street | | A1/A2
Clavering Avenue | | A1
Claverton Street | | B2
Claxton Grove | | B2
Clay Street | | A2
Claybrook Road | | B2
Claylands Place | | A2
Claylands Road | | A1/A2
Clayton Crescent | | B2
Clayton Drive | | A1
Clayton Mews | | B2
Clayton Road | | A2/B2
Clayton Street | | B1
| | A2
Clearbrook Way | | A1
Clearwell Drive | | B1
Cleaver Square | | B1
Cleaver Street | | A1
Clegg Street | | B1
Clemence Street | | B2
Clement Avenue | | B2
Clements Lane | | B2
Clements Road | | A2/B2
Clennam Street | | A1
Clenston Mews | | A1
Clephane Road | | B2
| | A2
Clere Street | | A1
Clerkenwell Close | | B1
Clerkenwell Green | | B1
Clerkenwell Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
Clermont Road | | B2
Cleve Road | | B1
Cleveland Avenue | | A1
Cleveland Gardens | | B2
| | B2
Cleveland Grove | | A1
Cleveland Mews | | A2
Cleveland Place | | A2
Cleveland Road | | B1
Cleveland Row | | A1/B1
Cleveland Square | | B2
Cleveland Street | | A1/A2/B2
Cleveland Terrace | | B2
| | A1
Cleveland Way | | B2
| | A1/A2
Cleveleys Road | | A2
Clifden Mews | | A2
Clifden Road | | A1/A2
Cliff Road | | B1
Cliff Villas | | B1
Clifford Drive | | A1
Clifford Street | | B1
Clifton Court | | A1
Clifton Crescent | | A1
Clifton Gardens | | B1/B2
| | A1
Clifton Grove | | B2
Clifton Hill | | A1/A2
Clifton Place | | B1
| | A1
Clifton Rise | | A1
Clifton Road | | B2
| | A1
| | A2
Clifton Street | | A2/B2
Clifton Terrace | | B1
Clifton Villas | | B1
Clifton Way | | A1/A2
Clinger Court | | A1
Clink Street | | A1
Clinton Road | | B2
Clipper Close | | A1
Clipstone Mews | | A1
Clipstone Street | | A1
Clissold Crescent | | B2
| | B1
Clissold Road | | A1/B1
Clitheroe Road | | A2
| | A1
Cliveden Place | | B2
Cloak Lane | | B2
Clock Tower Mews | | A2
Clockhouse Place | | B2
Clonbrock Road | | B2
Cloncurry Street | | B2
| | B1
Clonmel Road | | A2
Cloth Fair | | B1
Cloth Street | | B1
Clothier Street | | A1
Cloudesdale Road | | B1
| | A2
Cloudesley Place | | B1
Cloudesley Road | | B1
Cloudesley Square | | B1
Cloudesley Street | | B1
Clover Mews | | B1
Club Row | | A1
Clunbury Street | | A1
Cluny Mews | | B1
Cluny Place | | B1
Cluse Court | | A1
Clyde Street | | B2
Clydesdale Road | | A1
Clyston Street | | B2
Coach & Horses Yard | | B1
Coach House Lane | | A2
Coach House Yard | | A2
Coach Yard Mews | | B2
Coate Street | | A1/A2
Coates Avenue | | A2
Cobb Street | | A2
Cobbett Street | | B1
Cobble Lane | | A2
Cobble Mews | | B1
Cobham Close | | B1
Cobham Mews | | B2
Coborn Road | | B1
Coborn Street | | B1
Cobourg Road | | A2/B2
Cobourg Street | | B2
Coburg Close | | A2
Cochrane Mews | | B2
Cochrane Street | | B2
Cock Lane | | B2
Cockpit Yard | | B1
Cockspur Court | | A2
Cockspur Street | | A2
| | A1
Code Street | | B2
Codling Close | | B2
Codrington Mews | | A1
Coin Street | | A2
Coity Road | | A2
Coke Street | | A1
Colas Mews | | B1
Colbeck Mews | | A2
Colberg Place | | A1
Colchester Street | | A1
Cold Blow Lane | | A1/A2
Cold Harbour | | B2
Coldbath Square | | B2
Coldharbour Lane | | B2
| | A1/A2
| | A1
| | A2
Coldharbour Place | | B2
Coldstream Gardens | | B1
Cole Street | | B1
Colebeck Mews | | A2
Colebert Avenue | | B2
Colebrooke Place | | B2
Colebrooke Row | | B1/B2
Coleford Road | | A2
Colegrove Road | | B2
Coleherne Mews | | A2
Coleherne Road | | A2
Colehill Gardens | | B1
Colehill Lane | | A1/B1
Coleman Fields | |
| | A2
Coleman Road | | B1
| | A2
Coleman Street | | B2
| | A2
Coleridge Close | | A2
Coleridge Gardens | | B2
| | B1
Coleridge Lane | | A2
Coleridge Road | | A1/A2
| | B1
Colestown Street | | B2
Colet Gardens | | A2
Coley Street | | B2
Colina Road | | A2
Collamore Avenue | | B2
Collard Place | | B1
College Approach | | A2
College Close | | B2
College Crescent | | B2
College Cross | | A2
College Grove | | A2
College Hill | | B2
College Mews | | A2
| | B2
College Place | | B1
| | A1
College Street | | B2
College Terrace | | B1
College Yard | | A1
Collent Street | | A1
Collett Road | | A2
Collier Street | | B1/B2
Collin's Yard | | B2
Collingbourne Road | | A1
Collingham Gardens | | A2
Collingham Place | | B2
Collingham Road | | B2
| | A2
Collingwood Street | | B1
Collins Road | | B2
| | A2
Collinson Street | | B2
Collison Place | | A2
Colls Road | | A2
Collyer Place | | A1
Colmar Close | | B1
Colmore Mews | | A1
Colnbrook Street | | B1
Cologne Road | | A2
Colombo Street | | A2
Colonnade | | B2
Colthurst Crescent | | B1
Coltman Street | | A1
Columbia Road | | A1/A2
Colvestone Crescent | | B1/B2
Colville Gardens | | A1
Colville Houses | | A1
Colville Mews | | A1/A2
Colville Road | | A1/B1
Colville Square | | A1
Colville Terrace | | A1/A2
Colwell Road | | B2
Colwick Close | | B1
Colwith Road | | A1
Colworth Grove | | A1
Comber Grove | | A2
Combermere Road | | A2/B1/B2
Comeragh Mews | | A1
Comeragh Road | | A1
Comet Place | | B1
Comet Street | | B1
Comfort Street | | B1
Commercial Road | | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
| | A1/B1/B2
| | B1/B2
| | A1
Commercial Street | | B1
Commercial Way | | B1/B2
| | A2
| | A1/A2
Commodity Quay | | B1
Commodore Street | | A1
Common Mile Close | | A2
Community Lane | | A1
Compayne Gardens | | B2
| | B1
Compton Avenue | | A2
Compton Close | | A2
| | A1
Compton Place | | A1
Compton Road | | B1
| | A1
Compton Street | | B2
Compton Terrace | | A2
Comus Place | | A2
| | A1
Comyn Road | | A1
Conant Mews | | B2
Concanon Road | | B1
Concert Hall Approach | | A1
Concorde Way | | A2
| | A1
Condell Road | | B2
Conder Street | | B1
Condray Place | | A1
Conduit Mews | | B1
Conduit Passage | | B1
Conduit Place | | B1
Conduit Street | | A1
Conewood Street | | B1
Congreve Street | | A1
Coniger Road | | A1
Coningham Road | | B1
Coningsby Road | | B1
Conistone Way | | A2
Conlan Street | | A1
Connaught Close | | B2
Connaught Place | | B1
| | B2
Connaught Road | | A1
Connaught Square | | B2
Connaught Street | | A1
| | B2
Connor Street | | B1
Cons Street | | A2
Consort Road | | A2/B2
| | B1
| | A2
Constantine Road | | A1/A2
Constitution Hill | | B2
Content Street | | A1
Convent Gardens | | A1
Conway Mews | | A2
Conway Street | | A1/A2
Conybeare | | A2
Conyer Street | | A2
Cookham Crescent | | A2
Cooks Road | | B1/B2
Coolhurst Road | | A1
Coomassie Road | | A2
Coombe Road | | A1/A2
Coombs Street | | B1
Coomer Mews | | B2
Coomer Place | | B2
Coomer Road | | B2
Cooper Close | | B2
Cooper's Row | | B2
Coopers Close | | B2
| | A2
Coopers Lane | | B2
Coopers Road | | A2
| | A1
Coopersale Road | | A2
Cope Place | | B1
Cope Street | | B1
Copeland Drive | | B2
Copeland Road | | B2
Copenhagen Place | | B2
| | B1
Copenhagen Street | | B1/B2
| | B1
Copleston Mews | | A2
Copleston Road | | A2
Copley Close | | B2
Copley Street | | A2
Copperas Street | | A2
Copperfield Road | | A2
Copperfield Street | | A2
Coppock Close | | B1/B2
Copthall Avenue | | B1
| | A1
Copthorne Avenue | | B2
Coptic Street | | B1
Coral Row | | A1
Coral Street | | B2
Coram Street | | A2
Corbden Close | | A1
Corbet Court | | A2
Corbet Place | | B1
Corbetts Lane | | B2
Corbetts Passage | | A2
Corbridge Crescent | | A2
Corby Way | | A2
Corbyn Street | | B2
| | A1
Cordelia Close | | A2
Cordelia Street | | B2
Cording Street | | B2
Corfield Street | | B2
Corinne Road | | B2
| | A2
| | A1
Cork Square | | B2
Cork Street | | B1
Cork Street Mews | | B1
Corlett Street | | B1
Cormont Road | | A1/B1
Cornelia Street | | A1
Corner House Street | | A1
Corney Reach Way | | B1
Corney Road | | B1
Cornford Grove | | B2
Cornhill | | A1/A2
Cornwall Avenue | | B2
Cornwall Crescent | | A2
Cornwall Gardens | | B2
| | B1
Cornwall Gardens Walk | | B2
Cornwall Grove | | B2
Cornwall Mews South | | B1
Cornwall Mews West | | B2
Cornwall Road | | A1
| | A2
Cornwall Street | | B2
Cornwall Terrace | | A1
Cornwall Terrace Mews | | A1
Cornwallis Road | | A2/B2
| | A1/B1
Cornwallis Square | | B2
Cornwood Drive | | A1
Coronation Avenue | | B2
Coronet Street | |
Corporation Row | | B1/B2
Corporation Street | | B2
Corrance Road | | B1
Corry Drive | | A1/B1
Corsham Street | | B1
Corsica Street | | B1
Cortayne Road | | B1
Corunna Road | | A2
Corunna Terrace | | B2
Cosbycote Avenue | | B1
Cosmo Place | | B2
Cossall Walk | | A1
Cosser Street | | B2
| | A2
Costa Street | | B2
Cosway Street | | B1
Cotall Street | | B1
Coteford Street | | B1/B2
Cotham Street | | A1
Cotleigh Road | | B1
Cotswold Mews | | A1
Cottage Green | | A1
Cottage Grove | | A2/B2
Cottage Place | | B1
Cottage Road | | B1
Cottage Street | | A1
Cottesbrook Street | | A2
Cottesloe Mews | | B2
Cottesmore Gardens | | B2
Cottingham Road | | A1
Cottington Street | | A1
Cotton Row | | A1
Cotton Street | | A2
Cottons Gardens | | A1
Cottons Lane | | A2
Cottrill Gardens | | B1
Coulson Street | | A1
Coulter Road | | A2
Councillor Street | | A2
Counter Street | | A2
Countess Road | | A2
County Grove | | A2
County Street | | B1
Courland Grove | | B1
Courland Street | | B1
Court Gardens | | B2
| | A1
Court Street | | A2
Courtauld Road | | B1
Courtenay Square | | B2
Courtenay Street | | B2
Courtfield Gardens | | B2
| | A2
Courtfield Mews | | B1
Courtfield Road | | B1
Courthope Road | | B2
Courtnell Street | | A2
Courtney Road | | B2
Courtside | | A1
The Courtyard | | A1
Cousin Lane | | B1
Coventry Close | | A1
Coventry Road | | B2
Coventry Street | | B1/B2
Coverdale Road | | B2
Coverley Close | | B2
Coverton Road | | A1
Cowcross Street | | A2
Cowick Road | | B1/B2
Cowley Road | | B2
Cowley Street | | B2
Cowling Close | | B1
Cowper Road | | B2
Cowper Street | | A1
Cowthorpe Road | | B1
Coxson Way | | A2
Crabtree Close | | B1
Crabtree Lane | | A1
Craddock Street | | A1
Craigs Court | | B1
Crail Row | | A2
Cramer Street | | A1
Crammond Close | | A2
Crampton Street | | A2
Cranbourn Street | | B2
Cranbrook Road | | A2
Cranbrook Street | | A1
Cranbury Road | | B1
Crane Grove | | B2
Crane Street | | A1
Cranford Street | | B2
Cranford Way | | A2
Cranleigh Mews | | B2
Cranleigh Street | | B1
Cranley Gardens | | A1/A2
Cranley Mews | | A1
Cranley Place | | A1
Cranmer Court | | A2
Cranmer Road | | A1
| | A2
Cranswick Road | | B1
Cranwell Close | | A2
Cranwood Street | | B1
Cranworth Gardens | | B2
Craven Hill | | B2
Craven Hill Gardens | | B1/B2
Craven Hill Mews | | B2
Craven Mews | | B2
Craven Park Road | | A1
Craven Road | | B2
| | B1
Craven Street | | A1/B1/B2
Craven Terrace | | B2
Crawford Mews | | A2
Crawford Passage | | B1
Crawford Place | | A1
Crawford Road | | B2
Crawford Street | | A1/A2
Crawthew Grove | | A2
| | A1/B1
Crayford Road | | A2
Crediton Hill | | A1
Credon Road | | B1
Creechurch Lane | | A1
Creechurch Place | | A1
Creed Lane | | B2
Creek Road | | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
Creekside | | A2/B2
Crefeld Close | | A2
Cremer Street | | A1/A2
Cremorne Road | | B1/B2
Crescent | | B2
Crescent Grove | | B1
Crescent Lane | | B1
| | A2
Crescent Place | | B1
Crescent Road | | A1/B1
Crescent Row | | A1/B1
Crescent Stables | | B1
Crescent Street | | A2
Cresford Road | | A2
| | A1
Cresset Road | | A1
Cresset Street | | B1
Cressfield Close | | B2
Cressida Road | | B2
Cressington Close | | B2
Cresswell Gardens | | A1
Cresswell Place | | A1
Cressy Court | | A1
| | A2
Cressy Place | | A2
Cressy Road | | A1/B1
Crestfield Street | | A1
Crewdson Road | | B2
Crews Street | | B1
Crewys Road | | B1
Crichton Street | | A2
Cricketfield Road | | A2/B1
Crieff Road | | A1
Crimscott Street | | B2
Crimsworth Road | | B1
Crinan Street | | B1
Cringle Street | | A2
Cripplegate Street | | B2
Crisp Road | | B1
Crispin Street | | A2
Cristowe Road | | B2
Criterion Mews | | A1
Crockerton Road | | A1
Croft Street | | A2
Croftdown Road | | B1/B2
| | A1
Crofters Way | | A2
Crofton Road | | B2
Crofts Street | | B1
Crogsland Road | | A1
Cromartie Road | | B1
Cromer Road | | B2
Cromer Street | | A1
Cromford Road | | A2
Crompton Street | | A2
Cromwell Avenue | | B2
| | B2
| | B1
Cromwell Crescent | | B1
Cromwell Gardens | | B2
| | B1
Cromwell Grove | | B1
Cromwell Mews | | B2
Cromwell Place | | B2
| | B1
Cromwell Road | | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
| | A1
Crondace Road | | A1/A2
Crondall Street | | /A2/B1
Cronin Street | | A1
Crooke Road | | B2
Crookham Road | | A2
Crooms Hill | | A2/B2
Crooms Hill Grove | | A2
Cropley Street | | A2
| | A1
Crosby Court | | A2
Crosby Row | | A2
Crosby Walk | | B1
Crosland Place | | B2
Cross Close | | B1
Cross Keys Close | | B1
Cross Road | | B2
Cross Street | | B2
| | B1
Crossfield Road | | B1
Crossfield Street | | B2
Crossford Street | | A1/A2
Crosslet Street | | A2
Crosslet Vale | | B1
Crossley Street | | B1
Crossthwaite Avenue | | A2/B2
Crosswall | | B2
Crossway | | B2
| | A2
Croston Street | | B1
Crouch End Hill | | A1/A2/B1
Crouch Hall Road | | A1/A2
Crouch Hill | | A2/B2
Crowborough Road | | A2
Crowder Street | | A1
Crowhurst Close | | A2
Crowland Terrace | | B1
Crown Close | | A1
Crown Mews | | B2
Crown Office Row | | B2
Crown Place | | A1
Crown Street | | A2
Crown Works | | A2
Crowndale Road | | A1
Crownstone Road | | A2
Crowther Close | | B2
Crowthorne Road | | A1
Croxley Road | | A1
Crozier Terrace | | A2
Crucifix Lane | | A1
Cruden Street | | A1
Cruikshank Street | | A1
Crusoe Mews | | A1
Crutched Friars | | B2
Crystal Palace Road | | A1/B1
Cuba Street | | B1/B2
Cubitt Street | | A2/B2
| | A1
Cubitt Terrace | | A2
| | A1
Cubitts Yard | | B1
Cudworth Street | | B1/B2
Culford Gardens | | A2
Culford Grove | | A2
Culford Mews | | A1
Culford Road | | A2/B2
Culling Road | | A2
Culloden Close | | A2
Cullum Street | | B1
Culmore Road | | A1/A2
Culmstock Road | | B2
Culross Street | | B2
Culvert Place | | A1
Culvert Road | | A1
Culworth Street | | B1
Cumberland Close | | B1
Cumberland Crescent | | B1
Cumberland Gardens | | A1
Cumberland Gate | | B1/B2
| | B2
Cumberland Market | | B1
Cumberland Mills Square | | B2
Cumberland Place | | B1
Cumberland Street | | B1/B2
Cumberland Terrace | | B1
Cumberland Terrace Mews | | A1/B1
Cumming Street | | B2
Cundy Street | | B2
Cunningham Place | | A1
Cupar Road | | A2
Cureton Street | | A2
Curlew Street | | A2
Cursitor Street | | B2
Curtain Road | | A2
| |
Curtis Street | | B2
Curtis Way | | B2
Curzon Gate | | A1
Curzon Street | | A1/A2
The Cut | | A2
| | A1
Cutcombe Road | | B2
Cuthbert Street | | A2
Cutler Street | | A1
Cutlers Square | | B1
Cutlers Terrace | | A2
Cyclops Mews | | B1
Cygnet Street | | A1
Cygnet Street Street Market | | A1
Cynthia Street | | B2
Cyntra Place | | A2
Cypress Place | | A2
Cyprus Close | | B1
Cyprus Place | | A1
Cyprus Street | | A2
| | A1
Cyrena Road | | B1
Cyril Mansions | | A1
Cyrus Street | | B2
Czar Street | | A1
D
D'Arblay Street | | A2
---|---|---
| | A1
D'Eynsford Road | | A1
D'Oyley Street | | B2
Dabin Crescent | | B1/B2
Dacca Street | | B2
Dacre Street | | A1
Dafforne Road | | A1
Dagmar Road | | A1/A2
| | B1/B2
Dagmar Terrace | | B2
Dagnall Street | | A1/A2
Dagnan Road | | A2
Dairy Farm Place | | A2
Dairy Mews | | B1
Daisy Lane | | B1/B2
Dakin Place | | A1
Dalberg Road | | B1
Dalby Road | | A2
Dalby Street | | A2
Dale Road | | B2
| | B2
Dale Row | | A2
Dale Street | | A1
Dalebury Road | | A1
Daleham Gardens | | B2
| | A1
Daleham Mews | | B1
Daley Street | | A2
Daley Thompson Way | | A1
Dalgleish Street | | B1
Daling Way | | A1
Dalling Road | | —
Dallington Street | | B2
Dalmeny Avenue | | A1
Dalmeny Road | | B2
| | B1
| | A1
Dalston Lane | | B1/B2
| | B1
Dalwood Street | | A2
Dalyell Road | | A2/B2
Dame Street | | A1
Damer Terrace | | B1
Damien Street | | A2
Dan Leno Walk | | B2
Danbury Street | | B1
Danby Street | | A2
Dancer Road | | A2
Dane Place | | A1
Dane Street | | A1
Danecroft Road | | B1
Danehurst Street | | A1
Daneville Road | | B2
| | B1
Daniel Close | | B1
Daniel Gardens | | B2
Dansey Place | | B2
Dante Place | | A2
Dante Road | | A2
Danube Street | | A2/B2
Danvers Road | | A1
Danvers Street | | B2
Daphne Street | | A1
Daplyn Street | | B2
Darenth Road | | A1
Darfield Way | | A1
Darien Road | | A2
Darlan Road | | A2
Darley Road | | B1
Darling Row | | B1
Darnley Road | | A2
| | A1
Darnley Terrace | | B1
Darrell Road | | B1
Darren Close | | B1
Darsley Drive | | B1
Dartford Street | | B1
Dartmouth Close | | A2
Dartmouth Hill | | B2
Dartmouth Park Avenue | | A1
Dartmouth Park Hill | | B2
| | A1/A2/B1
Dartmouth Park Road | | B1/B2
| | B1
Dartmouth Place | | B1
Dartmouth Row | | B2
Dartmouth Street | | A2
Dartmouth Terrace | | B2
Darville Road | | B1
Darwen Place | | A2
Darwin Street | | A2
Dashwood Road | | B1
Datchelor Place | | B1
Date Street | | B2
Dault Road | | A1
Davenant Road | | B2
Davenant Street | | B2
Daventry Street | | B1
Davey Close | | B1
Davey Street | | B2
David Mews | | A1
Davidge Street | | B1
Davidson Gardens | | A2
Davies Mews | | B1
Davies Street | | B1
| | A2
Dawes Road | | B1/B2
| | B1
Dawes Street | | A2/B2
Dawson Place | | B2
Dawson Street | | B2
Dayton Grove | | A2
De Barowe Mews | | A1
De Beauvoir Crescent | | B2
De Beauvoir Road | | A2/B2
De Beauvoir Square | | B2
De Crespigny Park | | B2
| | B1
De Laune Street | | B1
De Morgan Road | | B1
De Vere Gardens | | A1
De Vere Mews | | A1
De Walden Street | | A1
Deacon Mews | | B1
Deacon Way | | A1
Deal Porters Way | | B1
Deal Road | | B2
Deal Street | | B2
Deals Gateway | | B2
Dean Bradley Street | | B2
Dean Close | | A1
| | A2
Dean Farrar Street | | A2
Dean Ryle Street | | A2
Dean Stanley Street | | B2
Dean Street | | B2
| | A2/B2
Dean Trench Street | | B2
Dean's Yard | | A2
Deancross Street | | A2
Deanery Mews | | A1
Deanery Street | | A1
Deans Buildings | | A2
Deans Court | | B2
Deans Mews | | B2
Debnams Road | | B2
Decima Street | | B1
Deck Close | | A2
Deeley Road | | B2
| | B1
Deepdene Road | | A2
Deerdale Road | | A1
Defoe Close | | B2
| | B1
Defoe Place | | B1
Defoe Road | | A2
Delaford Road | | B1
Delaford Street | | B1
Delamere Terrace | | A2
Delancey Street | | A1/A2
| | A1
Delaware Road | | A1
Delawyk Crescent | | B1
Delhi Street | | B1
Dell's Mews | | A2
Della Path | | A1
Dellow Street | | B2
Delmare Close | | B2
Delorme Street | | A2
Delta Street | | A2
Delverton Road | | B2
Delvino Road | | A1
Dempster Road | | B1
Denbigh Close | | B1
Denbigh Mews | | A2
Denbigh Place | | B2
Denbigh Road | | B1
Denbigh Street | | A2/B2
Denbigh Terrace | | B1
Denewood Road | | A1
Denholme Road | | A1
Denis Way | | A2
Denman Place | | B2
Denman Road | | A1
Denman Street | | B2
Denmark Grove | | B1
Denmark Hill | | B2
| | A2
Denmark Place | | B2
Denmark Road | | A1/B2
Denmark Street | | A2
Denne Terrace | | B1/B2
Denning Close | | B1
Denning Road | | B2
Dennington Park Road | | A2
Denny Crescent | | A1
Denny Street | | A1
Denton Road | | A2
Denton Street | | B2
Dents Road | | A1
Denyer Street | | A1
Deodar Road | | A2
| | A1
Deptford Bridge | | B2
Deptford Broadway | | B2
Deptford Church Street | | A1/B2
Deptford Ferry Road | | B2
Deptford Green | | A1
Deptford High Street | | A1/B1/B2
Deptford High Street Street Market | | B1/B2
Deptford Strand | | A2
Deptford Wharf | | A2
Derby Gate | | B1
Derby Road | | B1
Derby Street | | A1
Derbyshire Street | | A2
| | B1
Dereham Place | |
Derek Walcott Close | | B2
Dericote Street | | B1
Dering Street | | B2
Derinton Road | | B1/B2
Derry Street | | A2
Derwent Grove | | A2
Desborough Close | | A2
Desborough Street | | A1
Desmond Street | | B1
| | A1
Despard Road | | A1
Deverell Street | | B2
Devereux Road | | B2
Devizes Street | | A1
Devon Gardens | | B2
Devon Street | | B1
Devonia Road | | B1
Devonport Mews | | B1
Devonport Road | | B1
Devonport Street | | B1
Devons Road | | A2
Devonshire Close | | A2
Devonshire Drive | | B1
Devonshire Grove | | B1
Devonshire Mews | | A1
Devonshire Mews North | | A2
Devonshire Mews South | | A2
Devonshire Mews West | | A2
Devonshire Place | | A2
| | B2
Devonshire Place Mews | | A2
Devonshire Road | | A1/B1
| | B1
Devonshire Row | | B2
Devonshire Row Mews | | A1
Devonshire Square | | A1
Devonshire Street | | A1/A2
| | A1
| | B1
Devonshire Terrace | | B2
Dewar Street | | A1
Dewey Road | | B1
Dewey Street | | A2
Dewhurst Road | | B1/B2
Dewsbury Terrace | | B1
Diamond Street | | A2
Diamond Terrace | | B2
Diana Close | | B2
Dibden Street | | B1
Dickens Square | | B1
Dickens Street | | A1/A2
Dickenson Road | | B2
Dieppe Close | | A2
Digby Crescent | | B1
Digby Road | | A2
Digby Street | | B2
| | B1
Diggon Street | | A2
Dighton Court | | B2
| | B1
Dighton Road | | A2
| | B1
Dignum Street | | B1
Digswell Street | | B2
Dilke Street | | B1
Dimes Place | | B2
Dimson Crescent | | A2
Dingle Gardens | | A2
Dingley Place | | A2
Dingley Road | | A1/A2
Dingwall Road | | B1
Dinmont Street | | A2
Dinsmore Road | | A2
Disbrowe Road | | B1
Disney Mews | | B2
Disney Place | | A1
Disney Street | | A1
Disraeli Road | | B1/B2
Diss Street | | A2
Distaff Lane | | B2
Distillery Lane | | B1
Distillery Road | | B1
Distin Street | | B2
Ditchburn Street | | A2
Dixon Road | | A1
Dobson Close | | B1
Dock Hill Avenue | | A2
Dock Street | | B1
Dockers Tanner Road | | B1
Dockhead | | A1
Dockley Road | | A1
Docwra's Buildings | | A1
Dod Street | | B1
Doddington Grove | | B2
Doddington Place | | B2
Dodson Street | | B2
Dog Kennel Hill | | A1/A2
Dolben Street | | A1
Dolby Road | | B2
Dolland Street | | B2
Dolman Road | | A1
---|---|---
Dolman Street | | B1
Dolphin Close | | A1
Dolphin Lane | | A2
Dombey Street | | B1
Domett Close | | A2
Domingo Street | | A1/B2
Dominion Street | | B1
Don Phelan Close | | A1
Donato Drive | | B1
Doncaster Gardens | | B2
Donegal Street | | B2
Doneraile Street | | B2
| | B1
Dongola Road | | A1
Donne Place | | B1
Doon Street | | A1
Dora Street | | B2
Dora Way | | A2
Dorchester Court | | B1
Dorchester Drive | | B1
Dorchester Grove | | B2
Doria Road | | A1
Doric Way | | B1
Dorking Close | | B2
Dorlcote Road | | A2
Dorman Way | | B1
Dormay Street | | B1
Dorncliffe Road | | B1
Dorothy Road | | A1
Dorrell Place | | B2
Dorrington Street | | A2
Dorrit Street | | A1
Dorset Buildings | | B1
Dorset Close | | B2
Dorset Rise | | B1
Dorset Road | | A2
| | A1/B1
Dorset Square | | B2
Dorset Street | | A2
| | A1
Dorton Close | | A2
Dorville Crescent | | A1
Doughty Mews | | B1
Doughty Street | | B2
Douglas Road | | A1
Douglas Street | | A1
Douglas Way | | B1
| | A2
Douglas Way Street Market | | B1/B2
Doulton Mews | | A1
Douro Place | | B2
Douthwaite Square | | B2
Dove Court | | A2
Dove Mews | | A1
Dove Road | | A1
Dove Row | | B2
| | A1
Dove Walk | | B2
Dovehouse Street | | A1/B1
Dover Street | | A2
Dover Yard | | A2
Dovercourt Road | | B2
Doverfield Road | | B1
Doves Yard | | B1
Doveton Street | | B2
Dowdney Close | | B2
Dowgate Hill | | B1
Dowlas Street | | A1/A2
Down Place | | B2
Down Street | | A1/B1
Down Street Mews | | B1
Downers Cottages | | B2
Downfield Close | | B2
Downham Road | | B1/B2
Downhills Park Road | | A2
Downing Street | | B1
Downs Park Road | | A2/B2
| | B1
Downs Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
Downsbury Mews | | B1
Downshire Hill | | B2
Downside Crescent | | B1
Downtown Road | | A2
Dowrey Street | | B1
Dowson Close | | A2
Doyce Street | | A2
Doynton Street | | A1
Draco Street | | B1
Dragon Road | | B1
Dragoon Road | | A2/B1
Drake Close | | A2
Drake Street | | B1
| | A1
Drakefield Road | | A1
Drakeley Court | | A2
Drakes Courtyard | | A1
Drappers Way | | B2
Dray Gardens | | A2
Draycott Avenue | | B1
| | A1
Draycott Close | | A1
Draycott Mews | | B2
Draycott Place | | A1/A2
Draycott Terrace | | A2
Drayford Close | | A1
Draymans Mews | | B2
Drayson Mews | | A1
Drayton Gardens | | A1
Drayton Park | | A2/B2
Drayton Park Mews | | B2
Dresden Close | | A1
Dresden Road | | B2
Driffield Road | | A1
The Drive | | B1
Droop Street | | A2
Drovers Place | | A1
Druid Street | | A1/A2
Drum Street | | A1
Drummond Crescent | | B1
Drummond Gate | | B2
Drummond Road | | A2
Drummond Street | | B1/B2
Drury Lane | | A1/A2/B2
| | B1
Dryden Street | | B2
Drylands Road | | A1
Drysdale Place | |
Drysdale Street | |
Dublin Avenue | | B1
Ducal Street | | A2
Duchess Mews | | B2
Duchess of Bedford's Walk | | A2
| | A1
Duchess Street | | B2
| | B1
Duchy Street | | A2
Ducie Street | | B1
Duck Lane | | A1
Duckett Mews | | B2
Duckett Road | | B2
Duckett Street | | A1
Dudley Street | | A1
Dudmaston Mews | | A1
Dudrich Mews | | B2
Duff Street | | B2
| | A2
Dufferin Avenue | | B2
Dufferin Street | | B2
Dufour's Place | | A2
Dugard Way | | A1/A2
Duke of Wellington Place | | B1
Duke of York Square | | A2
Duke of York Street | | A2
Duke Road | | A1/B1
Duke Shore Place | | A1
Duke Street | | B1
| | B1
| | A1
Duke Street Hill | | A2
Duke's Mews | | B1
Duke's Road | | A2
Duke's Yard | | B1
Dukes Avenue | | A1
Dukes Lane | | A2
Dukes Place | | A1/A2
Dulas Street | | B1
Dulford Street | | A1
Dulka Road | | B2
Dulwich Lawn Close | | B2
Dulwich Road | | B1/B2
Dulwich Village | | B1
Dumbarton Road | | B1
Dumont Road | | A2
Dumpton Place | |
Dunboyne Road | | B1
Dunbridge Street | | B2
| | B1
Duncan Road | | B1
Duncan Street | | B1/B2
Duncan Terrace | | B1/B2
Duncannon Street | | A1
Dunch Street | | A2
Duncombe Road | | B2
Dundas Road | | B2
Dundee Street | | B1
Dunelm Street | | A2
Dunford Road | | A1
Dunloe Street | | B1/B2
Dunlop Place | | A1
Dunn Street | | A1
Dunnage Crescent | | A1
Dunollie Place | | A2
Dunollie Road | | A2
Dunraven Street | | B2
Dunsany Road | | B2
| | A1
Dunsmure Road | | A1
Dunstable Mews | | A2
Dunster Court | | B1
Dunsterville Way | | A2
Dunston Road | | A1/B1
| | A2/B2
Dunston Street | | A1
Dunton Road | | B1
| | A1
Dunworth Mews | | A1
Duplex Ride | | A1
Durand Gardens | | B1/B2
Durant Street | | A2
Durfey Place | | A1
Durham House Street | | A2
Durham Place | | B1
Durham Road | | A2
| | B1
Durham Row | | A1
Durham Street | | B1
Durham Terrace | | A1
Durham Yard | | A1
Durlston Road | | A2
Durnford Street | | A2
Durrell Road | | B1
Durward Street | | B2
Durweston Mews | | A2
Durweston Street | | A2
Dutch Yard | | B1
Dutton Street | | B2
Dwight Court | | B1
Dylan Road | | A2
Dylways | | A2
| | B1
Dymock Street | | B2
Dyne Road | | A1
Dynevor Road | | A2/B2
Dynham Road | | B1
Dyott Street | | B1
| | A2
Dysart Street | | B2
E
Eade Road | | B2
---|---|---
Eagle Close | | B1
Eagle Court | | A2
Eagle House Mews | | A2
Eagle Mews | | A2
Eagle Place | | A1
Eagle Street | | A1
Eagle Wharf Road | | A2
| | A1
Eagling Close | | A2
Eamont Street | | B1
Eardley Crescent | | A1
Earl Street | | B2
Earlham Street | | A2
| | B1
Earls Court Gardens | | B2
| | A1
Earls Court Road | | B1/B2
| | A1/A2
Earls Court Square | | A1/A2
Earls Terrace | | B2
Earls Walk | | B1
Earlsferry Way | | A2
Earlsfield Road | | A1/B1
Earlsthorpe Mews | | A2
Earlstoke Street | | B2
Earlston Grove | | B2
Early Mews | | B1
Earnshaw Street | | B1
| | A2
Earsby Street | | B1
Easley's Mews | | B1
East Arbour Street | | A2
East Dulwich Grove | | A2/B1
East Dulwich Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
East Ferry Road | | B2
| | A1/B1
East Gardens | | B1
East Harding Street | | B1
East Heath Road | | A2/B2
| | A1
East Hill | | B2
| | B1
East India Dock Road | | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
East Lane | | A1
East Mount Street | | A2
East Parkside | | A2
East Pier | | B1
East Poultry Avenue | | A2
East Road | | B2
| | B1
East Row | | A1
East Smithfield | | B1/B2
East Street | | A2/B1/B2
| | A1
East Surrey Grove | | A1
East Tenter Street | | A1
Eastbourne Mews | | A1
Eastbourne Road | | B2
Eastbourne Terrace | | A1/B1
Eastbury Grove | | B2
Eastbury Terrace | | A2
Eastcastle Street | | B1/B2
Eastcheap | | B2
| | B1
Eastcote Street | | A2
Eastfield Street | | A2
Eastfields Avenue | | A2
Eastlake Road | | B1
Easton Street | | B1
Eastwood Close | | B1
Eaton Close | | B2
Eaton Drive | | A1/B1
Eaton Gate | | B2
Eaton Lane | | A1
Eaton Mews North | | A2
Eaton Mews South | | A2
Eaton Mews West | | B2
Eaton Place | | A2/B2
Eaton Row | | A2
Eaton Square | | A2/B2
Eaton Terrace | | B2
Eaton Terrace Mews | | B2
Eatonville Road | | A1
Eatonville Villas | | A1
Ebbisham Drive | | A1
Ebenezer Street | | B2
| | B1
Ebley Close | | B2
Ebner Street | | A2
Ebor Street | | A1
Eburne Road | | B1
Ebury Bridge | | B1
Ebury Bridge Road | | B1
Ebury Mews | | A2
Ebury Mews East | | A2
Ebury Square | | B2
Ebury Street | | A2/B2
Eccles Road | | A1/A2
Ecclesbourne Road | |
Eccleston Bridge | | A1/A2
Eccleston Mews | | A2
Eccleston Place | | A2
Eccleston Square | | B1/B2
Eccleston Square Mews | | A2/B2
Eccleston Street | | A2
Eckford Street | | B2
Eckstein Road | | A1
Edbrooke Road | | B2
Eddiscombe Road | | A1
Eden Close | | B1
Eden Grove | | B1
Edenbridge Close | | A2
Edenbridge Road | | B2
Edenham Way | | B2
Edenhurst Avenue | | B2
Edensor Gardens | | B1
Edensor Road | | B1
Edenvale Street | | B2
Edgar Kail Way | | A1
Edgarley Terrace | | A1/B1
Edge Street | | B2
Edgel Street | | A2
Edgeley Lane | | B2
Edgeley Road | | A1/B2
Edgware Road | | A1/B1
| | A1/B1
Edinburgh Close | | A2
Edinburgh Gate | | A2
Edis Street | |
Edison Road | | A1
Edith Grove | | B1
Edith Road | | B1
Edith Row | | A2
Edith Terrace | | B1
Edith Villas | | B2
Edith Yard | | B1
Edithna Street | | A1
Edmund Street | | A1
Edna Street | | A1
Edric Road | | A1
Edward Mews | | B1
Edward Place | | B2
Edward Square | | A2
Edward Street | | B2
| | A1
| | A1
Edwardes Square | | B2
| | B1
Edwards Cottages | | A2
Edwards Lane | | A1
Edwards Mews | | B2
| | A2
Edwin Street | | B2
Eel Brook Close | | A2
Eel Brook Studios | | A2
Effie Place | | B1
Effie Road | | B1
Effingham Road | | A1
Effra Parade | | B1
Effra Road | | A2
Egbert Street | |
Egerton Crescent | | B1
Egerton Drive | | B1
Egerton Gardens | | B1
Egerton Gardens Mews | | B1
Egerton Place | | B1
Egerton Road | | A1
Egerton Terrace | | B1/B2
Eglantine Road | | B2
| | B1
Eglington Court | | B2
Eglon Mews | | A1
Egmont Street | | B2
Elaine Grove | | B2
Elam Close | | B1
Elam Street | | B1
Eland Road | | B1
Elba Place | | A1
Elbe Street | | A1
Elcho Street | | A1
Elcot Avenue | | B2
Elder Avenue | | A2
Elder Street | | B1
Elder Walk | | B1
Elderfield Place | | B2
Elderfield Road | | A2
Eldon Grove | | A2
Eldon Road | | B2
Eldon Street | | B2
Eleanor Close | | A2
Eleanor Road | | A1
Eleanor Street | | A2
Electric Avenue | | B2
Electric Avenue Street Market | | B2
Electric Lane | | B2
| | A2
Elephant & Castle | | B2
| | A2
Elephant Lane | | A2
Elephant Road | | A2
Elf Row | | B1
Elfindale Road | | B1
Elfort Road | | A2
Elgar Close | | B1
Elgar Street | | B2
Elgin Avenue | | A2
| | B1/B2
| | A1/A2
| | A1
Elgin Crescent | | A2/B2
| | A1
Elgin Mews | | A1
Elgin Mews North | | A2
Elgin Mews South | | A2
Elgood Close | | B1
Elia Mews | | B2
Elia Street | | B2
| | B1
Elias Place | | A2
Eliot Mews | | B1
Elizabeth Avenue | |
| | B1
Elizabeth Bridge | | A1
Elizabeth Close | | B2
| | B2
Elizabeth Court | | B2
Elizabeth Fry Road | | B2
Elizabeth Mews | | B2
Elizabeth Square | | A2
Elizabeth Street | | A2/B2
| | A1
Elkstone Road | | B2
Ella Mews | | A1
Ella Road | | B2
Ellaline Road | | A1
Ellen Street | | A2
Ellerby Street | | B2
Ellerdale Close | | A1
Ellerdale Road | | B1
| | A1
Ellerslie Road | | A1/A2
Ellerton Road | | B1/B2
Ellery Street | | B1
Ellesmere Road | | B1
| | A1
Ellesmere Street | | B2
Ellingfort Road | | A2
Ellington Street | | B1/B2
Elliott Road | | A1
| | A1
Elliott Square | | A2
Elliott's Place | | B2
Elliotts Row | | B1
| | A2
Ellis Street | | B1
Ellsworth Street | | A2
Elm Close | | A2
Elm Court | | B2
Elm Grove | | B2
| | B1
Elm Park | | B2
Elm Park Gardens | | A2/B2
| | A1/B1
Elm Park Lane | | B2
Elm Park Mansions | | B1/B2
Elm Park Road | | B2
| | B1
Elm Place | | A2
Elm Row | | A2
Elm Street | | B2
Elm Tree Close | | B2
Elm Tree Road | | B1/B2
Elmbourne Road | | A2
Elmcroft | | A1
Elmfield Avenue | | A1
Elmfield Road | | B1/B2
Elmfield Way | | B1/B2
Elmhurst Street | | A1
Elmington Road | | A1
Elmore Street | |
| | B1
Elms Crescent | | A1/A2
Elms Mews | | B2
Elms Road | | A1
Elmstone Road | | A2
Elmwood Court | | A2
Elmwood Road | | B2
Elnathan Mews | | B1
Elphinstone Street | | A2
Elrington Road | | B2
Elsa Street | | A1
Elsdale Street | | A1/B1
Elsden Mews | | A1
Elsham Road | | B2
Elsie Road | | A2
Elsley Road | | B1
Elspeth Road | | A2
Elsted Street | | A2
| | A1
Elswick Street | | A1
Elsworthy Rise | | A2
Elsworthy Road | | A1/A2
Elsworthy Terrace | | A2
Elsynge Road | | B2
Elthiron Road | | A1
Elthorne Road | | A1/A2
Elton Place | | B2
Eltringham Street | | A1
Elvaston Mews | | B1
Elvaston Place | | B1
Elverton Street | | A1
| | B1
Elwin Street | | A2
Elwood Street | | B1
| | A2
Ely Place | | A1
Elyne Road | | B2
Elysium Place | | B2
Elysium Street | | B2
Elystan Place | | A1
Elystan Street | | A1
Elystan Walk | | B1
Emba Street | | A2
Embankment | | B2
| | A1
Embankment Gardens | | B1
Embankment Place | | B2
Emden Street | | A1
Emerald Street | | B1
Emerson Street | | A2
Emery Hill Street | | A2
| | A1
| | B1
Emery Street | | B2
Emlyn Road | | A1
Emma Street | | A2
Emmanuel Road | | B2
| | B2
Emmott Close | | A2
Emperor's Gate | | B2
| | B1
Empire Square | | B1
Empire Wharf Road | | B2
Empress Approach | | A1
Empress Mews | | B2
Empress Place | | A1
Empress Street | | B1
Emu Road | | A2
Endell Street | | A1/B1
Endlesham Road | | A2/B2
Endsleigh Gardens | | A1/A2
Endsleigh Place | | A2
Endsleigh Street | | A2
Endwell Road | | B1
Endymion Road | | B1/B2
| | B2
Enfield Road | | B2
Enford Street | | A2
| | B1
Englands Lane | | B2
Englefield Road | | A2
| | B1/B2
| | A1
Englewood Road | | A2
English Grounds | | A1
English Street | | A1
Enid Street | | A1
Ennis Road | | B1
Ennismore Avenue | | A1
Ennismore Gardens | | A1
Ennismore Gardens Mews | | A1
Ennismore Mews | | A1
Ennismore Street | | B1
Ensign Street | | B2
Ensor Mews | | A1
Enterprise Way | | A1
Enterprize Way | | A1/A2
Epirus Mews | | B2
Epirus Road | | B2
Epping Close | | B1
Epping Place | | A1
Epple Road | | A2
Epworth Street | | A1
Equity Square | | A2
Erasmus Street | | A2
Eric Street | | B2
| | A2
Ericcson Close | | B1
Erlanger Road | | B1
Ernest Street | | A2
| | A1
Ernshaw Place | | B2
Errington Road | | B1
Errol Street | | B2
Erskine Mews | | A1
Erskine Road | | A1
Esmeralda Road | | B2
Esmond Street | | A2
Essendine Road | | A1
Essex Court | | B2
Essex Gardens | | B2
Essex Road | | B2
| | A2/B1
| | A1
| | A1
Essex Street | | B2
Essex Villas | | A1
Essian Street | | A1
Estcourt Road | | B1
Este Road | | B2
| | A1
Estelle Road | | B2
Esterbrooke Street | | A1
Eswyn Road | | A2
Eternit Walk | | B1
Ethel Street | | A1
Ethelbert Street | | B2
Ethelburga Street | | A1
Ethelden Road | | A1
Ethnard Road | | B2
Eton Avenue | | B2
| | B1
Eton College Road | | A2
Eton Garages | | B1
Eton Road | | A1/A2
Eton Villas | | A2
Etta Street | | B1
Eugenia Road | | A2
Europa Place | | A2
Eustace Road | | B2
| | B1
Euston Grove | | B1
Euston Road | | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Euston Square | | B1
Euston Street | | B2
Evandale Road | | B1
| | A2
Evangelist Road | | A2
Evelina Road | | B1/B2
Evelyn Court | | A1
Evelyn Gardens | | A1/A2
Evelyn Street | | A2
| | A1/B1/B2
| | A1
Evelyn Walk | | A1
Evelyn Yard | | B2
Evenwood Close | | B2
Everatt Close | | B2
Evergreen Square | | A1
Everilda Street | | B2
Evering Road | | A1/A2
| | A2
Everington Street | | A2
Everleigh Street | | B1
Eversholt Street | | A1/B1
Evershot Road | | B2
| | A2
Eversleigh Road | | A1/A2/B1
Everthorpe Road | | A2
Everton Buildings | | B2
Evesham Street | | A2
Evesham Walk | | B1
| | B2
Evesham Way | | B2
Ewald Road | | B2
Ewart Place | | A2
Ewe Close | | B2
Ewer Street | | A2
Ewhurst Close | | A2
Exeter Mews | | B1
| | B2
Exeter Road | | A1
Exeter Street | | B1
| | A2
Exeter Way | | A1
Exhibition Road | | A2/B2
Exmouth Market | | B1
Exmouth Mews | | B2
Exmouth Place | | B1
Exmouth Street | | A1
Exon Street | | A1
Exton Street | | A2
Eyot Gardens | | B1
Eyot Green | | B1
Eyre Court | | B2
Eyre Street Hill | | B2
Eythorne Road | | A1
| | B2
Ezra Street | | A2
F
Fabian Road | | B2
---|---|---
Fair Street | | A1/A2
Fairbairn Green | | A1
Fairbridge Road | | A1/A2
Fairburn Court | | B2
Fairchild Close | | B1
Fairchild Place | | A2
Fairchild Street | |
Fairclough Street | | A1/A2
Fairfax Place | | B1
| | B1
Fairfax Road | | A1
| | B1
Fairfield Drive | | B2
Fairfield Gardens | | A2
Fairfield Road | | A2
| | A1
Fairfield Street | | A2/B2
Fairfoot Road | | A2
Fairhazel Gardens | | B2
| | B1
Fairholme Road | | A1
Fairholt Road | | A2
Fairholt Street | | B1
Fairmead Road | | B1/B2
Fairmount Road | | B2
Fakruddin Street | | B2
Falcon Grove | | A1
Falcon Lane | | A1
Falcon Road | | B2
| | A1
Falcon Terrace | | A1
Falconberg Court | | A2
Falconberg Mews | | A1/A2
Falkirk Street | |
Falkland Place | | A2
Falkland Road | | A1
| | A2
Fallow Court | | A2
Falmouth Road | | B1/B2
Fane Street | | A2
Fann Street | | B2
Fanshaw Street | |
Faraday Close | | B1
Faraday Road | | B1
Fareham Street | | A2
Farleigh Place | | A1
Farleigh Road | | A1/A2
Farm Close | | B1
Farm Lane | | B1
Farm Place | | B1
Farm Street | | A1
Farmer Street | | B2
Farmers Road | | A1
Farncombe Street | | A2
Farnell Mews | | A2
Farnham Place | | A2
Farnham Royal | | B2
Faroe Road | | B2
Farrance Street | | B1
Farrer Road | | A1
Farrier Street | | B2
Farrier Walk | | B1
Farringdon Lane | | B1
Farringdon Road | | B1
| | A1
Farringdon Street | | A1/B1/B2
Farrins Rents | | A2
Farrow Lane | | A2
| | A1
Farrow Place | | B2
Farthing Fields | | B1
Fashion Street | | B1
Fassett Road | | B2
Fassett Square | | B2
Faulkner Street | | B1
Faunce Street | | B2
Favart Road | | A1
Fawcett Close | | B1
Fawcett Street | | B2
| | B1
Fawe Park Road | | A1/A2
Fawe Street | | B2
Fawley Road | | A2
| | A1
Fawnbrake Avenue | | B2
| | A1/B1
Featherstone Street | | A2
Featley Road | | B2
Felden Street | | A1
Felgate Mews | | B2
Felix Avenue | | A2
Felix Place | | B1
Fellbrigg Road | | B1
Fellbrigg Street | | B1
Fellows Court | | B1
Fellows Road | | B2
| | B1
| | A2
| | A1
Felmersham Close | | B2
Felsberg Road | | B1
Felsham Road | | A1/A2
Felstead Gardens | | B1
Felton Street | | A1
Fenchurch Avenue | | B1
Fenchurch Buildings | | B1
Fenchurch Place | | B2
Fenchurch Street | | B2
| | B1/B2
Fendall Street | | B2
Fenelon Place | | B2
Fenham Road | | A2
Fenn Street | | A2
Fenner Close | | B1
Fenner Square | | A2
Fenning Street | | A2
Fentiman Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
Fenton Close | | B2
| | A1
Fenwick Grove | | A1
Fenwick Place | | A2
Fenwick Road | | A1
Ferdinand Place | | A1
Ferdinand Street | | A1/B1
Fergus Road | | B1
Ferguson Close | | B1
Ferme Park Road | | A1/B1
Fermoy Road | | A2
Fern Close | | A2
Fern Street | | A2
Fernbank Mews | | A2
Ferncliff Road | | A2/B2
Ferndale Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
Ferndene Road | | A1/A2
Fernhead Road | | A1/B1
Fernhurst Road | | A1
Fernlea Road | | B1/B2
Fernsbury Street | | A1
Fernshaw Road | | B1
Fernside Road | | B2
Ferntower Road | | B1
Ferrey Mews | | A2
Ferriby Close | | A1
Ferrier Street | | A2
Ferris Road | | B1
Ferron Road | | A1
Ferry Lane | | B2
Ferry Street | | B1/B2
Festing Road | | B2
Fetter Lane | | A2/B2
Ffinch Street | | B1
Field Road | | A1
Field Street | | A2
Fieldgate Street | | A1/A2
| | A1
Fieldhouse Road | | B1
Fielding Road | | B2
Fielding Street | | B1
Fieldview | | B1/B2
Fieldway Crescent | | B2
Fife Terrace | | B2
Filey Avenue | | A2
| | A2
Filmer Road | | B1
| | A1
Finborough Road | | A2/B2
| | B2
Finch Lane | | A2
Finch Mews | | A1
Finchley Place | | B2
Finchley Road | | —
| | B2
Findon Road | | B1
Finland Street | | B2
Finlay Street | | B2
Finnis Street | | B1
Finsbury Avenue | | B2
Finsbury Circus | | B1/B2
Finsbury Market | | B2
Finsbury Park Avenue | | B2
Finsbury Park Road | | B2
| | B1
Finsbury Pavement | | B1
Finsbury Square | | B1
Finsbury Street | | B2
Finsen Road | | A1
Fir Grove Road | | A2
Fir Trees Close | | A2
Firbank Road | | B1
Fircroft Road | | A1
Firecrest Drive | | A1
First Avenue | | A2
First Street | | B2
Firth Gardens | | B1
Fish Street Hill | | B1
Fisher Close | | A2
Fisher Street | | A1
Fishermans Drive | | A2
Fishers Court | | B1
Fishers Lane | | A1
Fisherton Street | | A1
Fitzalan Street | | A1
Fitzgeorge Avenue | | B1
Fitzhardinge Street | | A2
Fitzhugh Grove | | A2
Fitzjames Avenue | | B1
Fitzjohn's Avenue | | B1
| | B2
| | A1
Fitzmaurice Place | | A2
Fitzroy Mews | | A1
Fitzroy Park | | B1
Fitzroy Road | | /B1
Fitzroy Square | | A2
Fitzroy Street | | A2
Fitzroy Yard | | B1
Fitzwarren Gardens | | B1
Fitzwilliam Road | | B2
| | A1
Five Bell Alley | | A1
Fives Court | | A2
Fiveways Road | | B1
| | B2
Flamborough Street | | B1
Flamborough Walk | | B1
Flanchford Road | | A2
Flanders Crescent | | B2
Flanders Road | | A2
| | A1
Flanders Way | | A1
Flank Street | | B1
Flask Walk | | B1/B2
Flaxman Court | | A1
Flaxman Road | | B1/B2
| | A2
Flaxman Terrace | | A2
Fleece Walk | | B2
Fleet Road | | A1/B1
Fleet Square | | A2
Fleet Street | | B2
| | B1/B2
Fleet Street Hill | | B2
Fleetwood Street | | A2
Fleming Close | | B1
Fleming Court | | A2
Fleming Road | | B2
Fletcher Street | | B2
Fleur de Lis Street | | B1
Flint Street | | A2
Flinton Street | | A1
Flitcroft Street | | A2
Flockton Street | | A1
Flodden Road | | A1
Flood Street | | B2
Flood Walk | | B2
Flora Close | | B2
Flora Gardens | | B1
Floral Street | | B1
Florence Road | | A1
| | B1
| | B2
Florence Street | | A2
Florence Terrace | | B2
Florence Way | | B2
Florfield Road | | A2
Florian Road | | A2
Florida Street | | A2
| | A1
Floris Place | | A2
Flowers Mews | | A1
Flowersmead | | A1
Foley Street | | B1
Folgate Street | | B2
| | B1
Folly Mews | | A1
Folly Wall | | A2
Fontarabia Road | | B2
Fonthill Mews | | B1
Fonthill Road | | B1
Forbes Street | | A2
Forburg Road | | A2
Ford Close | | A1
Ford Road | | A1
Ford Square | | A2
Ford Street | | A1
Fordham Street | | A2
| | A1
Fordingley Road | | A1
Fordwych Road | | A1
Fore Street | | B2
Fore Street Avenue | | B2
Foreign Street | | B1
Foreshore | | A2
Forest Grove | | B1
Forest Road | | B1/B2
| | A1
Forest Way | | A2
Forfar Road | | A2
Forge Place | | A1
Forman Place | | A2
Formosa Street | | B1
Forset Street | | A1
Forster Road | | B1
Forston Street | | A2
Forsyth Gardens | | B2
Fort Road | | B1
Fort Street | | A1
Fortescue Avenue | | A2
Fortess Grove | | A2
Fortess Road | | B2
| | A2
Fortess Walk | | A2
Fortess Yard | | A2
Forthbridge Road | | B2
Fortnam Road | | B2
Fortuna Close | | B1
Fortune Green Road | | A2
Fortune Place | | A1
Fortune Street | | B2
Forum Close | | A2
Fosbury Mews | | B1
Foscote Mews | | B2
Foskett Road | | B2
Foster Lane | | A1
Foubert's Place | | A2
Foulden Road | | A1/A2
Foulden Terrace | | A1
Foulis Terrace | | A1
Foulser Road | | A1
Foundry Close | | A2
Foundry Mews | | B2
Fount Street | | B1
Fountain Court | | B2
Fountain Green Square | | A2
Fountain Mews | | B1
Fountain Place | | A1
| | B2
Fountayne Road | | A2
Four Seasons Close | | B2
Fournier Street | | B1
Fowey Close | | B2
Fowler Close | | A2
Fowler Road | | B1
Fownes Street | | A1
Fox Close | | B2
Fox & Knot Street | | A2
Foxbourne Road | | A2
Foxham Road | | B1
Foxley Close | | B2
Foxley Road | | B1
| | A1
Foxley Square | | A1
Foxmore Street | | A1/B2
Framfield Road | | B2
Frampton Park Road | | A2
Frampton Street | | A1
Francis Chichester Way | | A2
Francis Close | | B2
Francis Street | | A2
| | B1
Francis Terrace | | B2
Francis Terrace Mews | | B2
Franciscan Road | | A2/B1/B2
| | A2
Franconia Road | | A1
Frankfurt Road | | B1
Frankham Street | | B1/B2
Frankland Close | | B1
Frankland Road | | B2
Franklin Square | | A2
Franklin's Row | | B2
Fraser Street | | A1/B1
Frazier Street | | B2
Frean Street | | A1
Fred White Walk | | B2
Freda Corbett Close | | B2
Frederic Mews | | A1
Frederica Street | | A2
Frederick Close | | B2
Frederick Crescent | | A1
Frederick Road | | B2
Frederick Square | | A2
Frederick Street | | A2
Frederick Terrace | | A1
Frederick's Place | | A2
Frederick's Row | | A2
Freedom Street | | A1
Freegrove Road | | B2
Freeling Street | | A2
Freemantle Street | | A1
Freke Road | | B2
Fremont Street | | B2
French Place | |
Frensham Street | | B1
Frere Street | | B2
Freshfield Avenue | | A1
Freshwater Close | | B2
Freshwater Road | | B2
Freston Road | | A1/B1
| | A2
Frewin Road | | B2
Friars Mead | | A2
Friary Court | | B1
Friary Road | | B2
| | A2
Friday Street | | B1
Frideswide Place | | A1
Friend Street | | A2
Friendly Place | | B1
Friendly Street | | B2
Frigate Mews | | A1
Frimley Way | | B1
Frinton Road | | B2
Friston Street | | B2
Frith Street | | A1
Frithville Gardens | | A2
Frobisher Road | | A1/A2
Frogley Road | | A2
Frogmore | | B1
Frognal | | A1/B1
| | A2
Frognal Close | | A2
Frognal Court | | A2
Frognal Gardens | | A1
Frognal Lane | | A1/A2
Frognal Rise | | A1
Frognal Way | | A2
Frome Street | | B1
Froude Street | | A1
Fryday Grove Mews | | B1
Fulbourne Street | | B2
Fulbrook Road | | B1
Fulford Street | | A1
Fulham Broadway | | B1
Fulham High Street | | B1/B2
Fulham Palace Road | | B1/B2
| | A1/A2/B2
| | A1/B1
Fulham Park Gardens | | B2
Fulham Park Road | | B2
Fulham Road | | B1
| | B1/B2
| | A2/B1
| | A1/A2
| | A1
| | A2/B1/B2
Fuller Close | | A2
Fullerton Road | | A2/B2
| | B1
Fullwoods Mews | | B1
Fulmead Street | | A1
Fulton Mews | | B1
Furber Street | | A1
Furley Road | | B2
| | A2
Furlong Road | | B2
Furness Road | | B1
Furnival Street | | A2/B2
Furrow Lane | | A1
Furze Street | | A2
Furzedown Road | | B2
Fyfield Road | | B2
Fynes Street | | A1
G
Gables Close | | A2
---|---|---
Gage Street | | B1
Gainford Street | | B1
Gainsborough Court | | B2
Gainsborough Gardens | | B2
Gainsborough Road | | A1
Gainsford Street | | A2
Gairloch Road | | B2
Gaisford Street | | B1
Galatea Square | | A2
Galbraith Street | | A1
Gale Street | | A2
Galen Place | | B2
Galena Road | | B2
Gales Gardens | | B2
Galesbury Road | | A1
Galleon Close | | A1
Galleywall Road | | B1
Gallia Road | | B1
Galsworthy Avenue | | A1
Galsworthy Terrace | | A1/B1
Galveston Road | | A2
Galway Close | | B1
Galway Street | | A2
Gambetta Street | | A1
Gambia Street | | A1
Gandolfi Street | | B1
Garbutt Place | | A1
Gard Street | | A1
Garden Court | | B2
Garden Mews | | B2
Garden Place | | A1
Garden Road | | B1
Garden Row | | B1
Garden Street | | A2
Garden Terrace | | B1
Garden Walk | |
The Gardens | | A1/A2
Gardners Lane | | B1
Gardnor Road | | B2
Garfield Mews | | B2
Garfield Road | | B2
Garford Street | | A1
Garlick Hill | | B2
Garlinge Road | | A1
Garnault Mews | | B1
Garnault Place | | B1
Garner Street | | A1
Garnet Street | | B2
Garnett Road | | B1
Garnham Street | | B1
Garnies Close | | B2
Garratt Lane | | B2
| | B1
| | A1
Garratt Terrace | | A1
Garrett Street | | A2
Garrick Close | | B1
Garrick Street | | B2
| | B1
Garrison Road | | A2
Garter Way | | A2/B2
Gartons Way | | A1
Garway Road | | B1
Gascoigne Place | | A1
Gascony Avenue | | B1
Gascoyne Road | | B2
Gaskarth Road | | A2
Gaskell Street | | A2
Gaskin Street | | B2
Gaspar Close | | B2
Gaspar Mews | | B2
Gassiot Road | | B1
| | A2
Gastein Road | | B2
Gataker Street | | A1
Gatcombe Road | | B1
Gate Mews | | A1
Gate Street | | A1
Gateforth Street | | B1
Gateley Road | | B2
Gatesborough Street | | A2
Gateway | | B1
Gateway Mews | | A1
Gathorne Street | | A1
Gatliff Road | | B1
Gatonby Street | | A1
Gatton Road | | A1
Gauden Close | | A1
Gauden Road | | A1/A2
Gaunt Street | | B2
Gautrey Road | | B2
Gavel Street | | A2
Gaverick Mews | | B1
Gaviller Place | | A2
Gawber Street | | B2
Gayfere Street | | B2
Gayhurst Road | | A2
| | A1
Gayton Crescent | | B2
Gayton Road | | B2
Gayville Road | | B2
Gaywood Street | | B1
Gaza Street | | B2
Gearing Close | | B2
Geary Street | | B1
Gedling Place | | A2
Gee Street | | A1
Geffrye Street | | B1
Geldart Road | | A2
Geldeston Road | | A2/B2
| | A2
Gellatly Road | | B2
Geneva Drive | | A1
Geoffrey Close | | B2
George Beard Road | | A2
George Inn Yard | | A2
George Lowe Court | | A1
George Mathers Road | | A2
George Mews | | B2
George Row | | A1
George Street | | A1/A2
| | B1
George Yard | | B1
| | A2
George's Road | | B1
Georges Square | | B2
Georgette Place | | B2
Georgiana Street | | B2
Georgina Gardens | | A2
Gerald Mews | | B2
Gerald Road | | B2
Geraldine Road | | B1
| | A1
Geraldine Street | | B2
Gerard Place | | B1
Gerards Close | | B1
Gernon Road | | A2
Gerrard Place | | B1
Gerrard Road | | B2
| | B1
Gerrard Street | | B1
Gerridge Street | | B2
Gertrude Street | | B1/B2
Gervase Street | | A1
Ghent Way | | B1
Gibbon Road | | B2
Gibbs Green | | A2
Gibraltar Walk | | A2
Gibson Close | | B2
Gibson Gardens | | A1
Gibson Road | | A2/B2
Gibson Square | | B1/B2
Gideon Road | | B1/B2
Giesbach Road | | A1
Giffin Street | | B1/B2
Gifford Street | | A2
Gilbert Place | | B2
Gilbert Road | | A1
Gilbert Street | | B1
Gilbey Road | | A1
Gilbeys Yard | | B1
Gildea Street | | B1
Gilden Crescent | | B2
Gilkes Crescent | | B1
Gill Street | | A1
Gillespie Road | | B2
| | B1
| | A2
Gillett Street | | A2
Gillies Street | | A2
Gillingham Mews | | A2
Gillingham Row | | A2
Gillingham Street | | A2
Gilpin Close | | A1
Gilstead Road | | A1
Gilston Road | | A1/B1
Giltspur Street | | A2/B2
Giraud Street | | B2
Girdlers Road | | A2
Gironde Road | | B2
| | A2
Glading Terrace | | A1
Gladsmuir Road | | B1
| | A1
Gladstone Place | | A2
Gladstone Street | | B2
| | B1
Gladwell Road | | B1
Gladwyn Road | | A1
Gladys Road | | A1
Glaisher Street | | A1/A2
Glamis Place | | B1
Glamis Road | | B1
Glanville Road | | A1
Glasford Street | | B2
Glasgow Terrace | | B2
Glass Street | | B2
Glasshill Street | | A1
Glasshouse Fields | | B2
Glasshouse Street | | B1/B2
Glasshouse Walk | | B1
Glasshouse Yard | | B1
Glasslyn Road | | A1
Glastonbury Place | | B1
Glastonbury Street | | A1
Glaucus Street | | A2
Glazbury Road | | B1
Glebe Close | | A1
Glebe Place | | B1
Glebe Road | | A1
Glebe Street | | A1
Gledhow Gardens | | A1
Gledstanes Road | | A1
Glegg Place | | A1
Glen Terrace | | B2
Glenaffric Avenue | | B2
Glenarm Road | | B2
Glenbrook Road | | A2
Glenburnie Road | | A1
Glendall Street | | B1
Glendarvon Street | | A1
Glendower Place | | B2
Gleneagles Close | | A2
Glenelg Road | | A1
Glenfield Road | | B1
Glenfinlas Way | | A1
Glengall Causeway | | A1
Glengall Grove | | A1
Glengall Road | | B1
| | B2
Glengall Terrace | | B2
Glengarnock Avenue | | B2
Glengarry Road | | B2
Glenhurst Avenue | | B1
Glenilla Road | | B2
Glenloch Road | | B2
Glenmore Road | | B2
Glenrosa Street | | B2
Glentham Gardens | | B2
Glentham Road | | B2
| | B2
| | B1
Glenthorne Mews | | B2
Glenthorne Road | | B2
| | A1
Glentworth Street | | B2
Glenville Grove | | A2
Glenwood Road | | A2
Glenworth Avenue | | B2
Gliddon Drive | | A1
Gliddon Road | | B1
| | A1
Globe Pond Road | | A2
| | A2
Globe Road | | A2/B2
| | A2
Globe Street | | B1
Globe Terrace | | B2
Globe Yard | | B1
Gloucester Avenue | | /A2
Gloucester Circus | | A2
Gloucester Crescent | | B1
Gloucester Drive | | B2
| | A1
Gloucester Gardens | | B2
Gloucester Gate | | A1
Gloucester Gate Mews | | A1
Gloucester Mews | | B2
Gloucester Mews West | | B2
Gloucester Place | | A2
| | B2
Gloucester Place Mews | | A2
Gloucester Road | | A1/B1
| | A1
Gloucester Square | | B2
| | B2
Gloucester Street | | B2
Gloucester Terrace | | A1/A2/B2
Gloucester Walk | | A1
Gloucester Way | | B2
Glycena Road | | B1
Glyn Road | | A2
Glyn Street | | B1
Glynde Mews | | B2
Godalming Road | | B2
Goddard Place | | B2
Godfrey Street | | B2
Goding Street | | B1
Godley Close | | B1
Godley Road | | B1/B2
Godliman Street | | B2
Godman Road | | B2
Godolphin Road | | B1
Godwin Close | | A2/B2
Golborne Gardens | | A2
Golborne Mews | | B1
Golborne Road | | A2/B1
Golborne Road Street Market | | B1
Golden Cross Mews | | A1
Golden Lane | | A2/B2
Golden Square | | B2
Goldhawk Mews | | B1
Goldhawk Road | | B1
| | A2/B1
| | A1/A2
Goldhurst Terrace | | B2
| | B1
Golding Street | | A1
Goldington Crescent | | A1/B1/B2
Goldington Street | | B2
Goldman Close | | A2
Goldney Road | | B2
Goldsboro Road | | B1
Goldsmith Road | | A2
Goldsmith Street | | A1
Goldsmith's Row | | B1
| | A2
| | A1/A2
Goldsmith's Square | | A1
Goldsworthy Gardens | | A2
Goldwin Close | | A2
Gomm Road | | A2/B2
Gonson Street | | A2
Gonville Street | | B2
Goodge Place | | B2
Goodge Street | | B2
Goodhart Place | | B1
Goodinge Close | | B1
Goodman's Stile | | A1
Goodmans Court | | B2
Goodmans Yard | | B2
Goods Way | | B2
Goodwin Close | | B1
Goodwin Road | | B1
Goodwin Street | | B1
Goodwood Road | | A2
| | A1
Gophir Lane | | B1
Gopsall Street | | A1
Gordon Close | | A1
Gordon Grove | | B1
Gordon House Road | | B1
Gordon Place | | A1/A2
Gordon Road | | B2
| | B1
Gordon Square | | A2
Gordon Street | | A1
Gore Road | | B2
| | B1
Gore Street | | A1/B1
Gorham Place | | B1
Goring Street | | A1
Gorleston Road | | B2
Gorleston Street | | B1
Gorst Road | | A1
Gorsuch Place | | A1
Gorsuch Street | | A1
Gosberton Road | | B2
Gosfield Street | | A1
Goslett Yard | | A2
Gosling Way | | B2
Gosset Street | | A2
Gosterwood Street | | B1
Goswell Road | | A2
| | A1/B1
Gottfried Mews | | B2
Gough Square | | B1
Gough Street | | B2
Gould Terrace | | B2
Goulden House Approach | | B2
Goulston Street | | A2
Goulston Street (Pettycoat Lane) Market | | A2
Goulton Road | | B2
Govan Street | | A2
Gowan Avenue | | A1
Gower Close | | A1
Gower Court | | A1
Gower Mews | | B1
Gower Place | | A1
Gower Street | | A1/B1
| | B2
Gower's Walk | | A1
Gowlett Road | | A1
Gowrie Road | | B2
Grace Jones Close | | B2
Gracechurch Street | | A2/B2
Graces Mews | | B1
Graces Road | | B1/B2
Grafton Crescent | | A2
Grafton Gardens | | B2
Grafton Mews | | A2
Grafton Place | | B1
Grafton Road | | B2
| | A2
Grafton Square | | B2
| | A1/B1
Grafton Street | | A2
Grafton Terrace | | B1
Grafton Way | | A1/A2
| | A1
Grafton Yard | | A2
Graham Road | | B2
| | A1/A2
Graham Street | | B1
Graham Terrace | | B2
Granard Road | | A1
Granary Road | | B2
Granary Square | | A1
Granary Street | | B2
Granby Street | | A2
Granby Terrace | | B2
Grand Avenue | | A2
Grand Junction Wharf | | B1
Grand Parade Mews | | B2
Grand Union Close | | B1
Grand Union Crescent | | B1
Grand Union Walk | | B2
Grandison Road | | B2
Granfield Street | | A1
The Grange | | B2
Grange Grove | | B1
| | A1
Grange Road | | A2
| | B1/B2
| | B1
Grange Street | | A1
Grange Walk | | B1/B2
Grange Walk Mews | | B2
Grange Yard | | B2
Grangeway | | B1
Gransden Avenue | | A2
Grant Road | | A2
| | A1
Grant Street | | B1
Grantbridge Street | | B1
Grantham Place | | B1
Grantham Road | | B1
| | A1
Grantley Street | | B1
Grantully Road | | A1/A2
Granville Place | | B2
| | B2
Granville Road | | B1
Granville Square | | A1
Granville Street | | A1
Grape Street | | A1
Gratton Road | | B2
Gravel Lane | | A2
Gray Street | | A2
Gray's Inn Road | | A1/A2/B2
| | A2
Gray's Inn Square | | A2
Gray's Yard | | B1
Grayling Road | | A1
Grayshott Road | | A1/B1
Grazebrook Road | | A1
Great Castle Street | | B2
| | B1
Great Central Street | | B2
Great Chapel Street | | B2
| | A2
Great Chart Street | | A1
Great Church Lane | | B2
Great College Street | | A2
Great Cumberland Mews | | A1/B1
Great Cumberland Place | | A2/B2
Great Dover Street | | A1/B1/B2
Great Eastern Street | | /B1
Great George Street | | A2
Great Guildford Street | | A2
| | A1
Great James Street | | B1
Great Marlborough Street | | A1/A2
Great Maze Pond | | A2
Great New Street | | B1
Great Newport Street | | B2
Great Ormond Street | | B1
Great Percy Street | | A1
Great Peter Street | | B1/B2
Great Portland Street | | A1/B1
| | B1
Great Pulteney Street | | B2
Great Queen Street | | A2/B2
Great Russell Street | | B1/B2
Great Scotland Yard | | B1
Great Smith Street | | A2/B2
Great Spilmans | | B1
Great St. Thomas Apostle | | B2
Great Suffolk Street | | A1/A2/B2
| | B1
Great Sutton Street | | B2
Great Swan Alley | | A1
Great Titchfield Street | | A1/B1
Great Tower Street | | B1
Great Trinity Lane | | B2
Great West Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
| | B1
Great Western Road | | A2/B2
| | A2
Great Winchester Street | | B2
Great Windmill Street | | B2
| | B1
Greatfield Close | | B1
Greatorex Street | | B2
Greek Street | | A1
Greek Yard | | A1
Green Arbour Court | | B2
Green Bank | | B1
Green Dale | | B1
Green Dale Close | | B1
Green Dragon Court | | A1/A2
Green Dragon Yard | | B1
Green Hundred Road | | B2
Green Lanes | | A2/B1/B2
| | A1/B2
| | B1
| | A2
Green Street | | B2
Green Terrace | | B2
Green Walk | | B1
Greenacre Square | | A2
Greenaway Gardens | | A2
Greenberry Street | | B1
Greencoat Place | | A2
| | A1
| | B1
Greencoat Row | | B1
Greencroft Gardens | | B2
| | B1
Greenfield Road | | A1/A2
Greenham Close | | B2
Greenhill | | B1
Greenhill's Rents | | A2
Greenland Mews | | B2
Greenland Place | | B1
Greenland Quay | | B1
Greenland Road | | B1/B2
Greenland Street | | B1
Greenman Street | | B1
Greenroof Way | | A2
Greenside Road | | A1
Greenway Close | | B2
Greenwell Street | | A1
Greenwich Church Street | | A2
Greenwich High Road | | B2
| | A1/A2/B1
Greenwich Quay | | A2
Greenwich South Street | | A1/B1
Greenwich View Place | | A2
Greenwood Place | | A1
Greenwood Road | | B2
| | A1
Greet Street | | A2
Gregory Place | | A2
Greig Terrace | | B2
Grenade Street | | A1
Grenard Close | | A1
Grendon Street | | B2
Grenfell Road | | A1/B1
| | B2
Grenville Mews | | B1
| | B2
Grenville Place | | B1
Grenville Road | | B1/B2
Grenville Street | | B1
Gresham Place | | A1
Gresham Road | | A1
| | B1/B2
Gresham Street | | A1/A2
Gresley Road | | B2
Gresse Street | | B2
Greswell Street | | B1
Greville Mews | | A1
Greville Place | | A1
Greville Road | | A1
Greville Street | | A2
| | A1
Grey Eagle Street | | B1
Greycoat Place | | B1
Greycoat Street | | A1
| | B1
Greyhound Road | | B2
| | A1/B1
| | A1/A2
Griggs Place | | B1
Grimsby Street | | B2
Grimshaw Close | | A2
Grimston Road | | B2
Grimwade Close | | B1
Grindal Street | | B1
Grinling Place | | B2
Grinstead Road | | B2
| | A1
Grittleton Road | | B2
Grocer's Hall Court | | B2
Groom Crescent | | A1
Groom Place | | A2
Groombridge Road | | B1/B2
Groomfield Close | | B1
Grosvenor Avenue | | B2
Grosvenor Cottages | | B2
Grosvenor Crescent | | A2
Grosvenor Crescent Mews | | A1/A2
Grosvenor Gardens | | A2
Grosvenor Gardens Mews | |
East | | B1
North | | A2
South | | A2
Grosvenor Gate | | A1
Grosvenor Hill | | A2
Grosvenor Park | | B1
| | A2
Grosvenor Place | | A2
Grosvenor Road | | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Grosvenor Square | | B2
| | B1
| | A1
Grosvenor Street | | A1/A2
Grosvenor Terrace | | B1
| | A1
Grosvenor Wharf Road | | B2
Grotto Passage | | A1
The Grove | | B1
| | B2
Grove Cottages | | B2
Grove End Road | | B1/B2
| | A1
Grove Gardens | | A2
Grove Hall Court | | B1
Grove Hill Road | | A1
Grove Lane | | B1
| | A2
| | A1
Grove Mews | | A1
| | B1
Grove Park | | B2
Grove Place | | B2
| | A2
Grove Road | | B1
| | A2/B2
Grove Street | | A1/A2/B2
Grove Terrace | | B1/B2
Grove Terrace Mews | | B2
Grove Vale | | A2
Grove Villas | | A1
Grovedale Road | | A1
Grovelands Close | | B1
Groveway | | B2
Grummant Road | | A1
Grundy Street | | B2
Gubyon Avenue | | B2
| | B1
Guildford Grove | | B1
Guildford Road | | B2
Guildhouse Street | | A2
Guilford Place | | B1
Guilford Street | | B2
| | B1/B2
Guinness Close | | B2
Guinness Square | | B1
Guion Road | | A1
Gulliver Street | | B2
Gun Street | | A1
Gunmakers Lane | | A1
Gunners Road | | B2
Gunstor Road | | B2
Gunter Grove | | B1
Gunterstone Road | | B1
Gunthorpe Street | | B1
Gunton Road | | A2
Gunwhale Close | | A2
Gurney Road | | B2
Guthrie Street | | A2
Gutter Lane | | A1
Guy Street | | A2
Gwalior Road | | A1
Gwendolen Avenue | | A1/B1
Gwendolen Close | | B1
Gwendwr Road | | B1
Gwyn Close | | A1
Gwynne Close | | B2
Gwynne Place | | A1
Gwynne Road | | B1
Gylcote Close | | B2
H
Haarlem Road | | A2
---|---|---
Haberdasher Street | | B1
Habitat Close | | B1
Hackford Road | | B2
Hackford Walk | | B2
Hackney Road | | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
Haddo Street | | A1
Haddonfield | | A1
Hadleigh Close | | B2
Hadleigh Street | | B2
Hadley Gardens | | A1
Hadley Street | | A2/B2
Hadrian Close | | A2
Hadrian Mews | | A1
Hafer Road | | A1
Haggerston Road | | A1/B1
Hague Street | | B1
Hainton Close | | A2
Halcomb Street | | A2
Halcrow Street | | A2
Haldane Road | | B2
Haldon Road | | B2
Hale Street | | A2
Hales Street | | B1
Half Moon Court | | B1
Half Moon Crescent | | B2
Half Moon Lane | | B2
| | B1/B2
Half Moon Street | | B2
Halford Road | | B2
| | B1
Haliday Walk | | A1
Halidon Close | | B2
Halkin Mews | | A1
Halkin Place | | A1
Halkin Street | | A2
Hall Gate | | B1
Hall Place | | A2
Hall Road | | B1
Hall Street | | A1
Hallam Mews | | A1
Hallam Street | | A1/B1
Halley Street | | A1/A2
Halliford Street | |
| | B1
Halliwell Road | | A1
Halpin Place | | A2
Halsbury Road | | A1
Halsey Mews | | A1
Halsey Street | | B2
| | A1
Halsmere Road | | A1
Halstead Court | | B1
Halton Cross Street | | B1
Halton Place | | B1
Halton Road | | A2
| | B1
Hambalt Road | | A2
| | A1
Hamble Street | | B1
Hamilton Close | | A1
| | A2
Hamilton Gardens | | B1
Hamilton Lane | | A1
Hamilton Mews | | B1
Hamilton Park | | A1
Hamilton Park West | | A2
Hamilton Place | | A1/B1
| | B2
Hamilton Square | | A2
Hamilton Street | | B2
| | B1
Hamilton Terrace | | A1/B1
The Hamlet | | A2
Hamlet Gardens | | B2
Hamlet Way | | A2
Hamlets Way | | A2
| | A1
Hammersmith Bridge | | B2
Hammersmith Bridge Road | | B2
| | B1
Hammersmith Broadway | | A1
Hammersmith Flyover | | B2
| | B1
Hammersmith Grove | | A2
| | A1
Hammersmith Road | | B1
| | A1/A2
Hammond Street | | B1
Hamond Street | | A2
---|---|---
Hampden Close | | B2
Hampden Gurney Street | | A1
Hampden Road | | B1
Hampshire Hog Lane | | B1
Hampshire Street | | B1
Hampson Way | | B1
Hampstead Grove | | A1/A2
Hampstead High Street | | B1
Hampstead Hill Gardens | | A1
Hampstead Lane | | A1/B1
Hampstead Road | | A2/B2
| | A1
Hampstead Square | | A2
Hampton Close | | A2
Hampton Court | | A2
Hampton Street | | A2
Hana Mews | | B2
Hanbury Mews | | A2
Hanbury Street | | B1/B2
Handel Street | | A1
Handforth Road | | A2
Handley Road | | B1
Hankey Place | | B2
Hanley Gardens | | B2
Hanley Road | | B2
Hannay Lane | | B1
Hannell Road | | B1
Hannibal Road | | A2
Hannington Road | | B1
Hanover Gardens | | A2
Hanover Gate | | A2
Hanover Park | | A2
Hanover Place | | A1
Hanover Square | | B2
Hanover Street | | B2
Hanover Terrace | | B2
Hanover Terrace Mews | | B2
Hans Crescent | | A2/B2
Hans Place | | B2
Hans Road | | B2
Hans Street | | B2
Hansard Mews | | B2
Hanscomb Mews | | B1
Hansler Road | | B2
Hanson Close | | A2
Hanson Street | | A1
Hanway Place | | B2
Hanway Street | | B2
Harben Road | | B1
Harberson Road | | B1
Harberton Road | | B2
Harbet Road | | A2
Harbinger Road | | B2
Harbledown Road | | A1
Harbord Close | | B1
Harbord Street | | B1/B2
Harbour Avenue | | A2
Harbour Exchange Square | | A1
Harbour Road | | A1
Harbut Road | | A2
Harcombe Road | | B2
Harcourt Street | | A1
Harcourt Terrace | | A2
Harders Road | | B2
Hardess Street | | A1
Harding Close | | B1
Hardinge Street | | B1
Hardwick Street | | A1/B1
Hardwicke Mews | | A1
Hardwicks Way | | B1
Hardwidge Street | | A1
Hardy Close | | A2
Hare & Billet Road | | B2
Hare Court | | B2
Hare Marsh | | B2
Hare Row | | A2
Hare Walk | | A2
Harecourt Road | | B2
Haredale Road | | A1
Harewood Avenue | | B1/B2
Harewood Place | | B2
Harewood Row | | B1
Harford Mews | | B2
Harford Street | | B2
| | A1
Hargrave Park | | A2
Hargrave Place | | B1
Hargrave Road | | A1
Hargwyne Street | | A1/B1
Haringey Park | | A2
Harley Gardens | | A1
Harley Grove | | B2
Harley Place | | B2
Harley Road | | A2
Harley Street | | A2/B2
Harleyford Road | | A1
Harleyford Street | | A2
Harmony Place | | A1
Harmood Grove | | B1
Harmood Place | | A1
Harmood Street | | A1/A2/B1
Harmsworth Mews | | B2
Harmsworth Street | | B1/B2
Harold Road | | A1
Harp Lane | | B1
Harper Road | | B1
Harpley Square | | B1
Harpsden Street | | A2
Harpur Mews | | B1
Harpur Street | | B1
Harriet Close | | A2
Harriet Street | | A1
Harriet Walk | | A1
Harringay Gardens | | A2
Harringay Road | | A2
Harrington Gardens | | A2
| | A1
Harrington Road | | B2
Harrington Square | | A2
| | B1
Harrington Street | | B2
Harris Street | | A1
Harrison Street | | A1
Harrow Lane | | A1
Harrow Place | | A1
Harrow Road | | A1/A2
| | B1/B2
| | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
Harroway Road | | B1
Harrowby Street | | A1
Harrowgate Road | | B2
Hart Street | | B2
Hartham Close | | B2
Hartham Road | | B2
Hartington Road | | A2/B2
Hartismere Road | | B2
Hartlake Road | | A2
Hartland Road | | B1/B2
Hartley Street | | A1
Hartnoll Street | | B1
Harton Street | | B2
Harts Lane | | B2
Hartswood Road | | A2
Hartwell Street | | B1
Harvey Road | | A2
| | A1
Harvey Street | | A1
Harwood Road | | B1
| | A2
Harwood Terrace | | A1
Haselrigge Road | | B2
Hasker Street | | B2
Haslam Close | | A2
Haslam Street | | A1
Haslemere Road | | B1/B2
Hassard Street | | A2
Hassett Road | | A2
Hastings Close | | A2
Hastings Street | | A2
| | A1
Hatcham Park Mews | | B1
Hatcham Park Road | | B1/B2
Hatcham Road | | B2
Hatchard Road | | A2/B2
Hatchers Mews | | A1
Hatfield Close | | B1
Hatfields | | A2
Hatherley Gardens | | A2
Hatherley Grove | | B1
Hatherley Street | | A2
| | A1
Hathorne Close | | B1
Hatley Road | | B1
Hatteraick Street | | B1
Hatton Garden | | B2
| | A2
Hatton Place | | A1
Hatton Row | | A1
Hatton Street | | A1/B1
Hatton Wall | | A2
| | A1
Haul Road | | B2
Haunch of Venison Yard | | B2
Havannah Street | | A1
Havelock Street | | A2/B1
Havelock Terrace | | A1
Haven Mews | | A2
| | A2
Haven Street | | B1
Haverfield Road | | B2
Haverhill Road | | B2
| | B1
Havering Street | | B1
Haverstock Hill | | A2/B2
| | A2
| | A1
Haverstock Road | | B2
Haverstock Street | | B1
Havil Street | | A2
Hawes Street | | A2
Hawgood Street | | B2
Hawke Place | | A2
Hawks Mews | | B2
Hawksley Road | | A1
Hawksmoor Mews | | A1
Hawksmoor Street | | A2
Hawkstone Road | | B2
Hawley Crescent | | B1
Hawley Mews | | B1
Hawley Road | | B1/B2
Hawley Street | | B1
Hawthorn Avenue | | A2
Hawthorn Crescent | | B1
| | A2
Hawthorne Close | | A2
Hawtrey Road | | A2
Hay Hill | | A2
Hay Street | | A1
Hay's Lane | | A2
Hay's Mews | | A1/A2
Haycroft Road | | A1
Haydens Place | | A1
Haydon Street | | B2
Haydon Way | | B1
Hayes Grove | | A2
Hayes Place | | B1
Hayfield Passage | | A2
Hayfield Yard | | A2
Hayles Street | | B1
| | A2
Hayman Street | | B2
Haymarket | | B1
| | A2
Haymerle Road | | B1
Hayne Street | | A2
Hayter Road | | A1/A2
Hayward's Place | | B2
Hazel Close | | A2
| | B2
Hazelbourne Road | | A2
Hazellville Road | | B1
Hazlebury Road | | A2
| | B1
Hazlewell Road | | B1
Hazlewood Crescent | | A1/A2
Hazlitt Mews | | B1
Hazlitt Road | | B1
Head Street | | A2/B2
Head's Mews | | B2
Headfort Place | | A2
Headington Road | | B1
Headlam Road | | A2/B2
Headlam Street | | B1/B2
Heald Street | | A2
Healey Street | | A2
Hearn Street | | A2
Hearn's Buildings | | A2
Hearnshaw Street | | A1
Hearnville Road | | B2
Heath Hurst Road | | A1
Heath Road | | A1/A2
Heath Side | | B2
Heath Street | | A2/B1/B2
Heathcote Street | | A1
Heather Close | | B1
| | A1
Heather Walk | | A1
Heathfield Avenue | | A2
Heathfield Gardens | | A1
Heathfield Road | | A1/A2
Heathfield Square | | A1/A2
Heathfield Street | | B2
Heathmans Road | | A1
Heathville Road | | B2
Heathwall Street | | A2
| | B1
Heaton Road | | B2
| | B2
Heaven Tree Close | | B2
Heaver Road | | B1
Hebdon Road | | B1
Heber Road | | B2
| | B1
Hebron Road | | A2
Heckfield Place | | B2
Heckford Street | | B2
Heddington Grove | | B1
Heddon Street | | B1
Hedger Street | | A2
Hedgers Grove | | A2
Hedingham Close | |
Hedley Row | | B1
Heiron Street | | B2
Helby Road | | A2
Helen's Place | | B2
Helena Place | | B2
Helena Square | | A2
Hellings Street | | B2
Helmet Row | | A2
Helmsley Place | | B1
Helsinki Square | | B2
Hemans Street | | A1
Hemberton Road | | A2
Hemingford Road | | A2/B2
| | A1
Hemingway Close | | B1
Hemming Street | | B2
Hemstal Road | | B1
Hemsworth Court | | A2
Hemsworth Street | | A1/A2
Hemus Place | | B2
Henderson Drive | | A1
Henderson Road | | A2
Hendham Road | | A1
Hendre Road | | A1
Hendrick Avenue | | A1/A2
Heneage Street | | B1
Heneagle Lane | | A1
Henfield Close | | A1
Henley Drive | | B1
Henley Street | | A2
Henniker Mews | | B1
Henning Street | | B2
Henrietta Close | | A1
Henrietta Mews | | A1
Henrietta Place | | B1/B2
Henrietta Street | | A1
Henriques Street | | A2
Henry Dent Close | | A2
Henry Doulton Drive | | B2
Henry Jackson Road | | A1
Henry Road | | A1
Henshall Street | | A1
Henshaw Street | | A2
Henstridge Place | | B1
Henty Close | | A1
Hepburn Mews | | B2
Hepworth Walk | | B1
Herald Street | | B2
Herald's Place | | A1
Herbal Hill | | B1
Herbert Crescent | | B2
Herbert Street | | B1
Herbrand Street | | A2/B2
Hercules Place | | B1
Hercules Road | | B2
| | A2
Hercules Street | | B1
Hereford Mews | | B2
Hereford Place | | A2
Hereford Retreat | | B1
Hereford Road | | B2
| | B2
Hereford Square | | A1
Hereford Street | | A2
Hereward Road | | B1
Heritage Close | | A2
Heritage Place | | B1
Hermes Close | | B1
Hermes Street | | B2
Hermit Place | | A1
Hermit Street | | A2
Hermitage Road | | B2
Hermitage Row | | B2
Hermitage Street | | A1
Hermitage Wall | | B2
Herndon Road | | B2
| | B1
Herne Hill | | B2
| | B1
Herne Hill Road | | A2
| | A1
Herne Place | | B2
Heron Drive | | B1
Heron Place | | A2
Heron Quay | | B1/B2
Heron Road | | A2
Herondale Avenue | | B2
Herrick Road | | B1
Herrick Street | | A2
Hertford Place | | A2
Hertford Road | | A2/B2
Hertford Street | | A1
Hertslet Road | | B2
| | A1
Hertsmere Road | | A1/A2
Hesewall Close | | A1
Hesketh Place | | B1
Heslop Road | | B2
Hesper Mews | | A2
Hesperus Crescent | | B2
Hessel Street | | A1
Hestercombe Avenue | | A2/B1
Heston Street | | B2
Hetherington Road | | B2
Hetley Road | | B1
Hewett Street | | A2
Hewison Street | | A2/B2
Hewitt Road | | A1
Hewlett Road | | A1
Heyford Avenue | | A2
Heygate Street | | A1
Heysham Lane | | A1
Heyworth Road | | A2
Hibbert Street | | A1
Hickin Street | | A1
Hicks Close | | A2
Hicks Street | | B2
Hide Place | | A1
High Holborn | | B2
| | A1
| | A1/A2
High Road | | A1
High Street Colliers Wood | | B1
High Timber Street | | B1/B2
Higham Road | | A2
Highbank Way | | B2
Highbury Corner | | B2
Highbury Crescent | | B1
Highbury Grange | | A1/A2
Highbury Grove | | A1/B1
Highbury Hill | | A2
| | A1
Highbury New Park | | B2
| | A2/B1/B2
Highbury Park | | B1
| | A1
Highbury Place | | B2
| | B1
Highbury Quadrant | | B1/B2
Highbury Station Road | | A2
Highbury Terrace | | B1
Highbury Terrace Mews | | B2
Highcroft Road | | B1/B2
Highfields Grove | | B1
Highgate Avenue | | A2/B2
Highgate Close | | A1
Highgate High Street | | B1/B2
Highgate Hill | | B2
| | A1
Highgate Road | | A1/B1
| | A1/A2
Highgate West Hill | | B1
| | A1/A2
Highlands Close | | B2
Highshore Road | | B1/B2
The Highway | | B2
| | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Highwood Road | | B2
Hilary Close | | B2
Hilda Locket Walk | | A2
Hildreth Street Market | | B1
Hildyard Road | | B1
Hilgrove Road | | B1
Hill Gate Walk | | A1
Hill Road | | B1
Hill Street | | A1/A2
Hillbeck Close | | B1
Hillbrook Road | | A1/B1
Hillbury Road | | A2
Hillcrest | | A2
Hilldrop Crescent | | A1/B1
Hilldrop Lane | | A1/B1
Hilldrop Road | | A1
Hillery Close | | A2
Hillfield Court | | B2
Hillgate Place | | B1/B2
| | A1
Hillgate Street | | B1
Hilliards Court | | B1/B2
Hillier Road | | B2
Hillingdon Street | | B2
| | B1
Hillman Street | | A2
Hillmarton Road | | A2/B2
| | B1
Hillmead Drive | | A1
Hillrise Road | | B1
Hills Place | | B1
Hillsboro Road | | B1
Hillside Close | | A1
Hillside Gardens | | A2
Hillside Road | | A1
Hillsleigh Road | | B1
Hilltop Road | | B1
Hillway | | B1
| | A2
Hillyard Street | | B2
Himley Road | | A1/B2
Hinckley Road | | A1
Hind Grove | | B1
Hinde Mews | | B1
Hinde Street | | B1
Hindmans Road | | B1
Hindmarsh Close | | B2
Hindrey Road | | B1
Hinton Road | | A2
| | A1
Hippodrome Mews | | B2
Hippodrome Place | | B2
Hitchin Square | | A1
Hithe Grove | | B1
Hobart Place | | A2
Hobday Street | | B2
Hobury Street | | B1/B2
Hocker Street | | A1
Hockett Close | | A1
Hodes Row | | B2
Hodister Close | | A2
Hodnet Grove | | B2
Hofland Road | | B2
Hogan Mews | | A1
Hogan Way | | A2
Hogarth Lane | | B1
Hogarth Road | | B2
Hogarth Roundabout Flyover | | B1/B2
Holbeach Mews | | B1
Holbeck Row | | A2
Holbein Mews | | B2
Holbein Place | | B2
Holborn | | A2
Holborn Place | | A1
Holborn Viaduct | | A2
| | B1/B2
Holbrook Close | | A2
Holcombe Street | | B2
Holcroft Road | | B1
Holden Street | | A1
Holdernesse Road | | A1
Holford Mews | | A1
Holford Place | | A1
Holford Road | | A2
Holford Street | | A1
Holgate Avenue | | A2
Holland Gardens | | A1
Holland Grove | | A1
| | B2
Holland Park | | B2
| | A1
Holland Park Avenue | | B1/B2
| | B1
| | B2
Holland Park Gardens | | B1
| | A1
Holland Park Mews | | B2
Holland Park Road | | B2
Holland Place | | A2
Holland Road | | B2
| | A1/B1/B2
Holland Street | | A1/A2
| | A1
Holland Villas Road | | A1
Hollar Road | | B1
Hollen Street | | A1
Holles Street | | B2
Holliday Square | | A2
Hollingbourne Road | | B1
Holloway Road | | A1/B2
| | B1/B2
| | A1/B1/B2
Holly Bush Hill | | A1
Holly Bush Vale | | B1
Holly Grove | | B1
Holly Hill | | A1
Holly Lodge Gardens | | B1
Holly Mews | | A1
Holly Mount | | A1
Holly Park | | B2
Holly Road | | A1
Holly Street | | B1
| | A1
Holly Walk | | A1/B1
Hollybush Gardens | | A2
Hollybush Place | | B2
Hollydale Road | | A1/B2
Hollydene | | A2
Hollymount Close | | B2
Hollywood Mews | | B1
Hollywood Road | | A2
| | B1
Holm Oak Close | | B1/B2
Holm Oak Mews | | A2
Holman Road | | B1
Holmbury Court | | A1
Holmcote Gardens | | B2
Holmdale Road | | A2
Holmdene Avenue | | B1
Holmead Road | | B2
Holmes Close | | A1
Holmes Place | | B1
Holmes Road | | A2
| | A1
Holmes Terrace | | A2
Holmesdale Road | | A1
Holmleigh Road | | A1
Holmside Road | | A2
Holsworthy Square | | B2
Holton Street | | B1
Holwood Place | | B1
Holyhead Close | | A2
Holyoak Road | | A2
Holyoake Court | | A2
Holyport Road | | A1
Holyrood Street | | A1
Holywell Close | | B1
Holywell Lane | | A2
| |
Holywell Row | | A2
Home Road | | B2
Homefield Road | | B1
Homefield Street | | A2
Homer Drive | | B1
Homer Row | | A1
Homer Street | | A1
Homerton Grove | | A2
Homerton High Street | | B2
| | A1/A2
Homerton Row | | A1/A2
Homerton Terrace | | A1
Homestead Road | | B2
| | A2
Honduras Street | | A2
Honeybourne Road | | A1
Honeybrook Road | | A1/B1
Honeywell Road | | B1/B2
Hooper Street | | A1/B1
Hooper's Court | | A2
Hope Close | | B2
Hope Street | | A1/A2
Hopetown Street | | B1
Hopewell Street | | A1
Hopewell Yard | | A1
Hopgood Street | | A1
Hopkins Street | | A1/B1
Hopkinsons Place | | B1
Hopping Lane | | A1
Hopton Street | | A1
Hopwood Road | | B2
Horatio Place | | B2
Horatio Street | | A2
Horbury Crescent | | B1
Horbury Mews | | B1
Horder Road | | A1
Hormead Road | | A2
Hornbeam Close | | A2
Hornbeam Square | | A2
Hornblower Close | | B1
Hornby Close | | B2
Hornsey Lane | | B2
| | B1/B2
| | B1
Hornsey Lane Gardens | | B1/B2
Hornsey Rise | | B1
Hornsey Rise Gardens | | B1
Hornsey Road | | B1
| | A1/A2/B2
| | A1/B1
Hornsey Street | | B1
Hornshay Street | | B2
Hornton Place | | A2
Hornton Street | | A1/A2
Horse & Dolphin Yard | | B2
Horse Guards Avenue | | B1
Horse Guards Road | | B2
| | B1
Horse Yard | | B2
Horseferry Place | | A1
Horseferry Road | | A1/A2
| | B1/B2
| | B1
Horsell Road | | B2
Horselydown Lane | | A2
Horsemongers Mews | | B1
Horseshoe Close | | B2
Horseshoe Mews | | A1
Horsford Road | | A1/A2
Horsley Street | | B2
Hortensia Road | | B2
| | B1
Horton Road | | A1
Hosack Road | | B2
Hosier Lane | | A2
Hospital Road | | A2
Hotham Road | | A1
Hothfield Place | | B1
Hotspur Street | | B2
Houghton Close | | B2
Houghton Street | | B1
Houndsditch | | B2
| | A1/A2
Houseman Way | | A1
Howard Mews | | A1
Howard Road | | B1/B2
Howards Lane | | B1
Howbury Road | | B2
Howden Street | | A1
Howell Walk | | A2
Howick Place | | A2
| | B1
Howie Street | | A1
Howitt Close | | B2
Howitt Road | | B2
Howland Mews East | | A2
Howland Street | | A2
Howland Way | | A2/B2
Howletts Road | | B2
Howley Place | | A1
Hows Street | | B1
Hoxton Market | |
Hoxton Square | |
Hoxton Street | | /A1/A2
Hoyland Close | | B2
Hoyle Road | | A1
Hubert Grove | | A1
Huddart Street | | A1
Huddleston Close | | A2
Huddleston Road | | B2
| | A1
Hudson's Place | | A2
Huggin Court | | B2
Hugh Dalton Avenue | | B2
Hugh Gaitskell Close | | B2
Hugh Mews | | A2
Hugh Street | | A1/A2/B1
Hugo Road | | B1
Hugon Road | | B2
Huguenot Place | | B1
| | B1
Huguenot Square | | A2
Hull Close | | A2
Hull Street | | A2
Hullbridge Mews | | B1
Hulme Place | | B1
Humbolt Road | | B1
Humphrey Street | | A2
Hungerford Lane | | A1/B1
Hungerford Road | | B1/B2
Hungerford Street | | A2
Hunsdon Road | | A1
Hunslett Street | | A1
Hunt Close | | A2
Hunter Close | | B2
| | B2
Hunter Street | | A1
Huntingdon Street | | A2
Huntley Street | | A1
Hunton Street | | B2
Huntsman Street | | A2
Huntsworth Mews | | B2
Hurley Crescent | | A2
Hurlingham Gardens | | B2
Hurlingham Road | | B2
| | B1
Hurlingham Square | | B2
Hurlock Street | | B1
Huron Road | | A2
Hurst Avenue | | A2
Hurst Street | | B2
Huson Close | | A2
Hutchings Street | | A1
Hutton Street | | B1
Hyde Lane | | A1
Hyde Park Corner | | B1
Hyde Park Crescent | | B2
Hyde Park Gardens | | B1/B2
Hyde Park Gardens Mews | | B1/B2
Hyde Park Gate | | A1
Hyde Park Gate Mews | | A1
Hyde Park Square | | B2
Hyde Park Square Mews | | B2
Hyde Park Street | | B2
Hyde Road | | A1
Hyde Street | | A1
Hyde Vale | | B2
Hydes Place | | A2
Hydethorpe Road | | B2
| | B2
Hyndman Street | | B2
Hyson Road | | B1
I
Ibbott Street | | B2
---|---|---
Ickburgh Road | | A1/A2
Ida Street | | A2
Idlecombe Road | | A2
Idol Lane | | B1
Idonia Street | | A2
Iffley Road | | A2/B2
Ifield Road | | A2/B2
Ifor Evans Place | | B1
Ilchester Gardens | | B1
Ilchester Place | | A2
Ilderton Road | | A1/B1/B2
| | A2
Iliffe Street | | A2
Iliffe Yard | | A2
Ilminster Gardens | | A1
Imber Street | | A1
Imperial Avenue | | B2
Imperial College Road | | B2
Imperial Crescent | | B2
Imperial Road | | A1
Imperial Square | | A1
Imre Close | | A1
Independent Place | | A2
Inderwick Road | | A1
Indescon Court | | A2
India Street | | B2
Indigo Mews | | B2
| | A2
Industry Terrace | | B1
Ingate Place | | B1
Ingelow Road | | A1
Ingersoll Road | | A1
Ingestre Place | | A2
Ingestre Road | | B2
Inglebert Street | | A1
Ingleborough Street | | A1
Ingleby Road | | B1
Inglemere Road | | B2
Inglethorpe Street | | B1/B2
Ingleton Street | | A2
Inglewood Close | | B2
Inglewood Road | | A2
Inglis Street | | B1
Ingram Close | | A2
Ingrave Street | | A2
Ingress Street | | A1
Inkerman Road | | A2
Inman Road | | B1
Inner Circle | | A1
Inner Temple Lane | | B2
Innes Street | | B1
Institute Place | | B1
Inver Court | | B1
Invermead Close | | A2
Inverness Gardens | | A2
Inverness Mews | | B1
Inverness Place | | B1
Inverness Street | | B1
Inverness Terrace | | B1
Invicta Close | | B2
Invicta Plaza | | A1
Inville Road | | B2
Inworth Street | | B2
Ion Square | | A2
Irene Road | | A1
Ireton Street | | A2
Iron Mill Road | | B2
Ironmonger Lane | | B2
Ironmonger Row | | A2
Ironmongers Place | | B1/B2
Ironside Close | | A1
Irving Grove | | A2
Irving Mews | | A2
Irving Road | | B2
Irving Street | | A1
Isabel Street | | B2
Isabella Mews | | A2
Isabella Road | | A1
Isabella Street | | A2
Isambard Mews | | A2
Isambard Place | | A1
Island Road | | A2
| | A1
Island Row | | B1/B2
Isledon Road | | B1
Islington Green | | B2
Islington High Street | | B1/B2
Islington Park Mews | | A2
Islington Park Street | | A2
Islip Street | | A1/B2
Ivanhoe Road | | A2
Ivatt Place | | A2
Iveagh Close | | B2
Iveley Road | | A2
Iverna Court | | B2
Iverna Gardens | | B2
Iverson Road | | A1/A2
Ives Street | | A1
Ivimey Street | | A2
Ivor Place | | B2
Ivor Street | | B2
Ivory Square | | A1
Ivy Court | | A2
Ivy Gardens | | A2
Ivy Road | | A1
Ivy Street | | A1/A2
Ivybridge Lane | | A2
Ivychurch Lane | | A1
Ixworth Place | | A2
| | A1
J
Jacaranda Grove | | A1
---|---|---
Jack Walker Court | | A1
Jackman Street | | B1
Jackson Close | | B1
Jackson Road | | A1
Jacksons Lane | | A2
Jacob Street | | A1
Jacob's Well Mews | | B1
Jaggard Way | | B1
Jago Walk | | A1
Jamaica Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
Jamaica Street | | A1/A2
James Collins Close | | A2
James Court | |
James Joyce Walk | | A2
James Street | | B1
Jameson Street | | B2
Jamestown Road | | B1
Jamuna Close | | A2
Jane Street | | A2
Janet Street | | A1
Janeway Place | | A2
Janeway Street | | A2
Jansen Walk | | A2
Japan Crescent | | B2
Jardine Road | | B2
Jarrow Road | | B1
Jarvis Road | | A2
Jay Mews | | A2
Jebb Avenue | | B1/B2
Jedburgh Street | | B2
Jeffreys Place | | B2
Jeffreys Road | | A2
Jeffreys Street | | B2
Jeger Avenue | | B1
Jelf Road | | B1
Jenner Road | | B1
| | A2
Jennings Road | | B2
Jephson Street | | B1
Jerdan Place | | B1
Jeremiah Street | | A2
Jermyn Street | | A1
Jerningham Road | | B2
Jerome Crescent | | A1
Jerome Street | | B1
Jerrard Street | |
Jersey Street | | B2
Jervis Court | | B2
Jervis Road | | B2
Jessica Road | | B1
Jessop Road | | A2
Jessop Square | | B2
Jew's Row | | A2
Jewry Street | | B2
Jeypore Road | | A1
Joan Street | | A2
| | A1
Jocelyn Street | | A1
Jockey's Fields | | B1
Jodane Street | | A1
Jodrell Road | | A2
Johanna Street | | B2
John Adam Street | | A1/A2
John Archer Way | | A2
John Ashby Close | | B1
John Campbell Road | | A2
John Carpenter Street | | B1
John Felton Road | | A1
John Fisher Street | | B1
John Harrison Way | | A2
John Islip Street | | A2/B2
John Maurice Close | | A2
John Parker Square | | A2
John Princes Street | | B2
John Roll Way | | A2
John Ruskin Street | | B2
| | B1
John Silkin Lane | | A2
John Smith Avenue | | B2
John Spencer Square | | A1
John Street | | B2
John Williams Close | | A1
John's Mews | | B1
Johnson Close | | A2
Johnson Street | | B1
Johnson's Place | | B2
Johnston Close | | B2
Joiner Street | | A2
Joiner's Arms Yard | | B2
Joiners Place | | A2
Jonathan Street | | B1
Joseph Hardcastle Close | | A2
Joseph Powell Close | | A2
Joseph Street | | A1
Josephine Avenue | | A2
Joubert Street | | A1
Jowett Street | | A1
Jubilee Crescent | | A2
Jubilee Place | | A1
Jubilee Street | | A1
Judd Street | | A1
Juer Street | | A1
Julia Street | | B2
Julian Place | | B1
Julius Nyerere Close | | B2
Junction Approach | | A1
Junction Mews | | B2
Junction Place | | B2
Junction Road | | A2/B1/B2
| | A1
Juniper Crescent | | A1/B1
Juniper Drive | | A1
Juniper Street | | B1
Juno Way | | B1
Jupiter Way | | B1
Justice Walk | | B1
Jutland Close | | A2
Juxon Street | | A2
K
Kambala Road | | B1
---|---|---
Kassala Road | | A1
Katherine Close | | A2
Katherine Square | | B1
Kathleen Road | | A2
Kay Road | | A1
Kay Street | | A1
Kay Way | | A1
Kean Street | | B2
Keats Close | | A1
| | A2
Keats Grove | | B2
| | A1
Keble Place | | A1
Keel Close | | A2
Keeley Street | | B2
Keens Yard | | B1
Keetons Road | | A2
Keighley Close | | A2
Keildon Road | | A1
Keith Connor Close | | A1
Kell Street | | B1
Kellett Road | | B1
Kellino Street | | B1
Kelly Avenue | | A1
Kelly Mews | | B1
Kelly Street | | A2/B2
Kelman Close | | A2
Kelmore Grove | | A1
Kelmscott Road | | B1
Kelross Road | | A1/A2
Kelsey Street | | B1
Kelso Place | | B2
Kelvedon Road | | A2
Kelvin Road | | A2
Kember Street | | A2
Kemble Street | | B2
Kemerton Road | | A1
Kemplay Road | | B2
Kemps Drive | | A2
Kempsford Gardens | | A1
Kempsford Road | | A1
Kempson Road | | A2
Kempthorne Road | | A1
Kenbury Street | | B2
Kenchester Close | | A2/B2
Kendal Close | | A1
Kendal Place | | B1
Kendal Street | | A1
| | B2
Kendall Place | | A1
Kender Street | | B1
Kendoa Road | | B2
Kendrick Mews | | B2
Kendrick Place | | A1
Kenilford Road | | A2
Kenilworth Court | | A1
Kenilworth Road | | A2
Kenmure Road | | B1/B2
Kenmure Yard | | B1
Kennard Street | | A2
Kennet Close | | A2
Kennet Road | | B1
Kennet Street | | B2
Kennet Wharf Lane | | B2
Kenning Street | | A1
Kenninghall Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
Kennings Way | | A1
Kennington Green | | B1
Kennington Lane | | A1/A2
| | B1/B2
Kennington Oval | | A1/A2
Kennington Park Gardens | | B1
Kennington Park Place | | B1
Kennington Park Road | | A1/A2/B1
Kennington Road | | B2
| | A1/B1
Kenrick Place | | A1
Kensal Road | | A1/A2
Kensington Church Court | | A2
Kensington Church Street | | B2
| | A1/A2
Kensington Church Walk | | A2
Kensington Court | | A2
Kensington Court Mews | | A2
Kensington Court Place | | A2
Kensington Gardens Square | | B1
Kensington Gate | | A1
Kensington Gore | | A1/A2
Kensington High Street | | B1/B2
| | A1/A2/B1
Kensington Mall | | B2
Kensington Palace Gardens | | B2
Kensington Park Gardens | | B1
Kensington Park Mews | | A1
Kensington Park Road | | A1/B1/B2
Kensington Place | | B1/B2
Kensington Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
| | A1
Kensington Square | | A2
Kent Street | | B1/B2
Kent Terrace | | B2
Kent Yard | | A1
Kentish Buildings | | A1
Kentish Town Road | | A2/B1/B2
| | A1/A2/B1
Kenton Road | | A1/A2/B2
Kenton Street | | A1
Kenway Road | | B2
| | A1
Kenwood Avenue | | B1
Kenwyn Road | | B2
Kenyon Street | | A2/B1
Kepler Road | | B2
| | B1
Keppel Street | | B1
Kerbela Street | | A2
Kerbey Street | | B2
Kerfield Crescent | | B1
Kerfield Place | | B1
Kerrison Road | | B2
Kerry Path | | B1
Kerry Road | | B2
Kershaw Close | | A1
Kersley Mews | | B2
Kersley Road | | A2
Kersley Street | | B2
| | A1
Kerwick Close | | A2
Keston Road | | A2/B2
| | A1
Kestrel Avenue | | B1
Keswick Road | | B2
Kett Gardens | | A2
Key Close | | B2
Keyse Road | | B2
Keystone Crescent | | B1
Keyworth Street | | B1/B2
Kezia Mews | | B2
Kezia Street | | B2
Khyber Road | | B2
Kibworth Street | | B1
Kiffen Street | | A1
Kilburn High Road | | A1/B1
| | A1
Kilburn Park Road | | A1/A2
| | A1
Kilburn Place | | B1
Kilburn Priory | | A1
Kilburn Vale | | A1
Kildare Gardens | | A1
Kildare Terrace | | A1
Kildoran Road | | A1
Kilkie Street | | B1/B2
Killarney Road | | A1
Killick Street | | B1/B2
Killowen Road | | A1
Killyon Road | | A1
Kilmaine Road | | A1
Kilmarsh Road | | B2
Kilmington Road | | B1
Kiln Place | | B2
| | B1
Kilner Street | | B1
Kimbell Gardens | | A1
Kimberley Avenue | | B2
Kimberley Gardens | | B2
Kimberley Road | | A1
Kimpton Road | | A1
Kinburn Street | | A1
Kincaid Road | | A2
Kinder Street | | A1/A2
King Arthur Close | | A2
King Charles Street | | B1
King David Lane | | B1
King Edward III Mews | | A1
King Edward Street | | B2
King Edward Walk | | B2
King Edwards Road | | B2
King George Street | | B2
King Henry Street | | B2
King Henry's Reach | | B1
King Henry's Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
King Henry's Walk | | A2
King Henrys Walk | | A2
King James Court | | B2
King James Street | | B1/B2
King John Court | |
King John Street | | A2
King & Queen Street | | A1
King Square | | A1
King Stairs Close | | A2
King Street | | B1
| | A2/B2
| | A1/A2
| | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
| | A1
King William Street | | A1/A2/B2
King William Walk | | A2
King's Avenue | | B2
| | A2/B2
King's Cross Bridge | | A2
King's Cross Road | | A2
| | A1/B1
King's Mews | | B2
King's Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
| | A1/A2/B1
| | A2
King's Scholars' Passage | | A2
King's Terrace | | A1
Kingdon Road | | A2
Kingfield Street | | B2
Kingham Close | | B2
| | A1
Kinghorn Street | | B1
Kinglake Street | | A1
Kingly Street | | A2
Kings Arms Yard | | A2
| | A1
Kings Bench Street | | A1
Kings Bench Walk | | B2
Kings College Road | | B1
Kings Crescent | | B1
Kings Gardens | | B1
Kings Grove | | A1
Kings Head Yard | | A2
Kings Mews | | A2
Kings Place | | B1
Kingsbury Road | | A2
Kingsbury Terrace | | A2
Kingscote Street | | B2
Kingsdale Gardens | | A2
Kingsdown Close | | A1
| | B1
Kingsdown Road | | B2
| | A1/B1
Kingsford Street | | B1
Kingsgate Place | | B1
Kingsgate Road | | B1
Kingshold Road | | B1
Kingsland Green | | A2
Kingsland High Street | | B1
Kingsland Passage | | A2
Kingsland Road | | B1
| | A1/B1
| | A1
Kingsland Road Street Market | | B1
Kingsley Mews | | B2
Kingsley Place | | B2
Kingsley Street | | B1
Kingsmere Close | | A1
Kingsmere Place | | A2
Kingsmill Terrace | | B2
Kingstown Street | | B1
Kingsway | | A1/B1
Kingswear Road | | A1
Kingswood Road | | B1
Kingwood Road | | B2
| | A1
Kinloch Street | | A1
Kinnerton Place North | | A1
Kinnerton Place South | | A1
Kinnerton Street | | A1
Kinnerton Yard | | A1
Kinnoul Road | | B1
Kinsale Road | | A1
Kipling Street | | A2
Kirby Grove | | A1
Kirby Street | | A1
Kirk Street | | B1
Kirkstall Avenue | | B2
Kirkwall Place | | B2
| | A1
Kirkwood Road | | B1
Kirtling Street | | A2
Kitcat Terrace | | B2
Kite Place | | A1
Kite Yard | | A1
Kitson Road | | A1
Kiver Road | | B2
Klea Avenue | | A1
Knapp Road | | A2
Knapton Mews | | B2
Knaresborough Place | | B2
Knatchbull Road | | A1/A2/B1
Knebworth Road | | B2
Knighten Street | | B2
Knightrider Street | | B2
Knights Walk | | A1
Knightsbridge | | B1
| | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
Knightsbridge Green | | A2
Knivet Road | | B1
Knoll Road | | B2
Knottisford Street | | A1
Knowle Close | | B1
Knowsley Road | | A1
Knox Street | | A2
Knoyle Street | | A2
Kotree Way | | B2
Kramer Mews | | A1
Kreedman Walk | | B2
Kylemore Road | | A1
Kynance Mews | | B2
| | B1
Kynance Place | | B1
Kynaston Road | | A2
Kyrle Road | | B2
| | A2
Kyverdale Road | | A1/A2
| | A2
L
Laburnum Close | | A2
---|---|---
Laburnum Street | | B1
Lacey Walk | | B2
Lackington Street | | B1
Lacon Road | | B1
Lacy Road | | A1
Ladbroke Crescent | | A2
Ladbroke Gardens | | B1
Ladbroke Grove | | A1/B1
| | A1/B1
Ladbroke Mews | | B2
Ladbroke Road | | B2
| | B1
Ladbroke Square | | B1
Ladbroke Terrace | | B1
Ladbroke Walk | | B1
Lady Margaret Road | | B1/B2
| | A2
Lady Somerset Road | | B2
| | A1
Lafone Street | | A2
Lagado Mews | | A2
Lairs Close | | B2
Laitwood Road | | B2
Laker Place | | B1
Lakeside Road | | B1/B2
Lakis Close | | B1
Lalor Street | | B1
Lamb Lane | | B1/B2
Lamb Street | | B1
Lamb Walk | | A1
Lamb's Buildings | | B2
Lamb's Conduit Street | | B1
Lamb's Passage | | B2
Lambert Road | | A1
Lambert Street | | A1
Lambeth Bridge | | A2
Lambeth High Street | | A1/B1
Lambeth Hill | | B2
Lambeth Palace Road | | B1
| | A1
Lambeth Road | | B2
| | B1
| | A1/A2
Lambeth Walk | | A2
Lamble Street | | B2
Lambolle Place | | B1/B2
Lambolle Road | | B1
Lambourn Road | | A1/B1
Lambourne Grove | | A2
Lambrook Terrace | | A1
Lambs Mews | | B2
Lambton Place | | B1
Lambton Road | | B1
Lamerton Street | | A1
Lamington Street | | B2
Lamlash Street | | A2
Lammas Road | | B2
Lammermoor Road | | A2
Lamont Road | | B1/B2
Lampard Grove | | A1/A2
Lampern Square | | A1
Lampeter Square | | B1
Lamplighter Close | | B2
Lanark Mews | | B2
Lanark Place | | B2
Lanark Road | | A2/B2
Lanark Square | | A1
Lancaster Close | | B2
Lancaster Court | | B2
| | B2
| | A2
Lancaster Drive | | B1
| | B2
Lancaster Gate | | B2
Lancaster Grove | | B1
Lancaster Mews | | B2
| | B2
Lancaster Place | | B1
Lancaster Road | | A1/A2
| | A1
| | B1
| | A1
Lancaster Street | | B1
Lancaster Terrace | | B2
| | B1
Lancefield Street | | A2
Lancell Street | | A2
Lancelot Place | | A2
Lanchester Way | | B1
Lancing Street | | B1
Landcroft Road | | B2
Landells Road | | B1
Landmann Way | | B1
Landon Place | | B2
Landon Walk | | A1
Landons Close | | B2
Landor Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
Landridge Road | | B1/B2
Landrock Road | | B1
Landseer Road | | B2
| | B1
The Lane | | B1
Lanesborough Place | | A2
Lanfranc Road | | A2
Lanfrey Place | | A2
Lang Street | | B2
Langbourne Avenue | | A2
| | A1
Langbourne Place | | B2
Langdale Close | | B1
Langdale Road | | A1/B1
Langdale Street | | A1
Langdon Park Road | | A1/B1
Langford Close | | B2
| | A2
Langford Green | | A1
Langford Mews | | A1
Langford Place | | B2
Langford Road | | A1
Langham Place | | B2
| | B1
| | B1
Langham Street | | B1
Langholm Close | | B2
Langland Gardens | | A2
Langley Lane | | A2
Langley Street | | B1
Langston Hughes Close | | A2
Langthorn Court | | A1
Langthorne Street | | A1/B1
Langton Close | | B2
Langton Road | | A1
Langton Street | | B1
Langtry Place | | A1
Langtry Road | | A1
Lanhill Road | | A2/B2
Lansdowne Crescent | | B2
| | B1
Lansdowne Drive | | A1/B1
Lansdowne Gardens | | B2
Lansdowne Mews | | B2
Lansdowne Place | | B2
Lansdowne Rise | | B2
Lansdowne Road | | B2
Lansdowne Terrace | | B1
Lansdowne Walk | | B2
Lansdowne Way | | B1/B2
| | B1
Lant Street | | A1
Lanterns Court | | A2
Lanvanor Road | | B1/B2
Lapford Close | | A1
Larch Close | | A2
| | B2
| | B1
Larcom Street | | A1
Larissa Street | | A2
Lark Row | | A2
Larkhall Lane | | B2
| | A1/A2
Larkhall Rise | | A2
| | A1
Larnach Road | | A1
Latchmere Road | | B2
| | A2
| | A1/B1
Latchmere Street | | B2
Latona Road | | B1
Lattimer Place | | B1
Laud Street | | B1
Lauderdale Road | | A1/B2
Launcelot Street | | A2
Launceston Place | | A1/B1
Launch Street | | A1
Laundress Lane | | A2
Laundry Road | | B1
Laura Place | | B2
Laurel Bank Gardens | | B2
Laurel Close | | A2
| | A1
Laurel Street | | B1/B2
Laurence Pountney Hill | | B2
Laurence Pountney Lane | | B2
Laurie Grove | | A1
Laurier Road | | B2
| | B1
Lauriston Road | | B1
Lausanne Road | | B2
Lavell Street | | B1
Lavender Close | | B2
Lavender Gardens | | A2
Lavender Grove | | A2
Lavender Hill | | A1/A2
| | B1/B2
Lavender Road | | A2
| | A2
Lavender Sweep | | A1
Lavender Terrace | | A1
Lavender Walk | | A1
Lavers Road | | B2
Laverton Mews | | A2
Laverton Place | | A2
Lavina Grove | | B1
Lavington Street | | A2
Law Street | | B2
Lawford Road | | B1
| | B2
Lawless Street | | A1
Lawn House Close | | B2
Lawn Lane | | A2
Lawn Road | | B1
Lawrence Buildings | | B1
Lawrence Close | | B2
Lawrence Lane | | A2
Lawrence Street | | B1
Lawton Road | | B2
Laxley Close | | A1
Laxton Place | | B1
Layard Road | | B1
Laycock Street | | A2
Laystall Street | | B2
Laytons Buildings | | A1
Lea Bridge Road | | A2
Lea Square | | A2
Leacroft Avenue | | A1
Leadenhall Place | | B1
Leadenhall Street | | A2
| | B1/B2
Leake Street | | A1/B1
Leamington Road Villas | | A2
Leamore Street | | B2
Leather Lane | | B2
| | A2
Leather Road | | A2
Leatherdale Street | | B2
| | B1
Leathermarket Court | | A1
Leathermarket Street | | A2
| | A1
Leathwaite Road | | A2/B2
Lebanon Gardens | | B1
Lebanon Road | | B2
Leckford Road | | B1
Lecky Street | | A2
Leconfield Road | | B1
| | A2
Ledbury Mews North | | B2
Ledbury Mews West | | B2
Ledbury Road | | A2/B2
Ledbury Street | | B2
Lee Street | | A1
Leeds Place | | A2
Leeke Street | | A2
Leerdam Drive | | A2
Lees Place | | B2
Leeson Road | | B1
Leeway | | A2
Legard Road | | B1
Legion Close | | A1
Legion Terrace | | A2
Leicester Street | | B2
Leigh Hunt Street | | A1
Leigh Road | | A1
Leigh Street | | A2
| | A1
Leighton Crescent | | A2
Leighton Grove | | A2
| | A1
Leighton Place | | A2
Leighton Road | | A1/A2/B2
| | B1
Leinster Gardens | | B2
Leinster Mews | | B2
Leinster Place | | B1
Leinster Square | | B2
Leinster Terrace | | B1/B2
Leith Yard | | B1
Lelitia Close | | A2
Leman Street | | A1/B1
Len Freeman Place | | B2
Lena Gardens | | B1
Lendal Terrace | | B2
Lennox Gardens | | B2
Lennox Gardens Mews | | B2
Lennox Road | | B1
Lenthall Road | | A2
Leo Street | | A1
Leonard Place | | B2
Leonard Street | | A1/A2
Leontine Close | | B2
| | A2
Leopards Court | | A2
Leopold Mews | | B2
Leopold Street | | A1
Leppoc Road | | A2
Leroy Street | | B1
Lerry Close | | A2
Lessar Avenue | | A2
Lessingham Avenue | | B1/B2
Leswin Place | | B1
Leswin Road | | B1
| | A1
Letchworth Street | | B1
Letterstone Road | | B1
Lettice Street | | A2
Lettsom Street | | B1
Levehurst Way | | A2
Lever Street | | A1/A2
Leverett Street | | A1
Leverton Place | | A2
Leverton Street | | A2
Leweston Place | | A1
Lewis Street | | B2
Lewisham Road | | B1
Lewisham Way | | A1/B2
Lexham Gardens | | B1/B2
Lexham Gardens Mews | | B2
Lexham Mews | | B1
Lexington Street | | A2/B2
Lexton Gardens | | B2
Leybourne Road | | B2
Leybourne Street | | B1
Leyden Street | | A2
Leydon Close | | A2
Leylang Road | | A2
Liardet Street | | B1
Liberia Road | | B1
Liberty Mews | | A1
Liberty Street | | B1
Libra Road | | A2
Library Place | | B2
Library Street | | B1
Lichfield Road | | B2
| | B1
Lidcote Gardens | | A1
Liddell Road | | A1
Lidfield Road | | B1
Lidgate Road | | A2
Lidiard Road | | B1
Lidlington Place | | B1
Lidyard Road | | A1
Lifford Street | | A1
Lighter Close | | A1
Lighterman Mews | | B2
Lightermans Road | | A2
Ligonier Street | | A1
Lilac Place | | B1
Lilestone Street | | B1/B2
Lilford Road | | B1/B2
Lilian Close | | B1/B2
Lilley Close | | B2
Lillian Road | | B2
Lillie Road | | A2/B1/B2
| | A1/B1
| | A2
Lillie Yard | | B1
Lillieshall Road | | A2/B1/B2
Lily Place | | A1
Lilyville Road | | A2
Limburg Road | | A1
Lime Close | | B2
Lime Grove | | B2
Lime Street | | B1
Limeburner Lane | | B2
Limeharbour | | B1
| | A1
Limehouse Causeway | | A1
Limehouse Link | | B2
| | B1
| | A1/A2
Limerick Close | | A2
Limerston Street | | B1/B2
The Limes | | B2
Linacre Close | | A2
Lincoln Street | | A1
Lincoln's Inn Fields | | A1/A2/B1
Linden Gardens | | B2
| | A1
Linden Grove | | B1
Linden Mews | | B2
| | A1
Linden Passage | | A1
Lindfield Gardens | | A2
Lindfield Street | | B1
Lindley Street | | A2
Lindore Road | | A1
Lindrop Street | | B2
Lindsay Square | | B2
Lindsell Street | | B1
Lindsey Street | | A2
Linford Street | | B2
Lingham Street | | A1
Linhope Street | | B2
Link Street | | A1
Links Road | | B2
Links Yard | | B1
Linkway | | B2
Linnell Road | | B2
Linnet Mews | | A2
Linom Road | | B2
Linscott Road | | B2
Linsey Street | | A2/B1
Linstead Street | | A1
Lintaine Close | | B1
Linthorpe Road | | A1
Linton Street | |
| | A2
Linver Road | | B1
Linwood Close | | B2
Lion Yard | | B2
Lionel Mews | | A1
Lipton Road | | B2
Lisburne Road | | A2
Lisford Street | | A1
Lisgar Terrace | | B2
Lisle Close | | B2
Lisle Street | | B2
Lissenden Gardens | | B1
Lisson Grove | | A1/B1
Lisson Street | | B1
Liston Road | | B2
Listowel Close | | A2
Listria Park | | A2
Litchfield Street | | B2
| | B1
Lithos Road | | A1/A2
Little Albany Street | | B1
Little Argyll Street | | A1
The Little Boltons | | A2
Little Britain | | A2/B2
Little Chester Street | | A2
Little College Street | | B2
Little Dean's Yard | | A2
Little Dimocks | | B2
Little Dorrit Court | | A1
Little Edward Street | | B1
Little Essex Street | | B2
Little George Street | | A2
Little Green Street | | B1
Little New Street | | B1
Little Newport Street | | B2
Little Portland Street | | B1
Little Russell Street | | B1/B2
Little Sanctuary | | A2
Little Smith Street | | A2
Little Somerset Street | | A2
Little St. James's Street | | A1/B1
Little Titchfield Street | | B1
Little Trinity Lane | | B2
Littlebury Road | | A1
Littlefield Close | | B1
Livermere Road | | A1
Liverpool Grove | | B2
Liverpool Road | | B1/B2
| | A1/A2/B1
Liverpool Street | | B2
Livesey Place | | B2
Livingstone Place | | B1
Livingstone Road | | A2
Livonia Street | | A1
Lizard Street | | A2
Llewellyn Street | | A1
Lloyd Baker Street | | A1
Lloyd Square | | A1
Lloyd Street | | A1
Lloyd's Avenue | | B2
Lloyd's Row | | B2
Loanda Close | | A1
Loats Road | | B1
Lochaline Street | | B1
Lochinvar Street | | A1/B1
Lock Mews | | B2
Lockesfield Place | | B1
Lockhart Close | | B1
Lockhart Street | | A1
Lockington Road | | A1
Locksley Street | | A2
Lockton Street | | A1
Lockwood Square | | A2
Lockyer Street | | A2
Loddiges Road | | A2
Loder Street | | A2
Lodge Road | | A1/A2
Loftie Street | | A2
Lofting Road | | A2
| | A1
Loftus Road | | A2
Logan Place | | B1
Lolesworth Close | | B1
Lollard Street | | A1
| | A2/B2
Loman Street | | A2
Lomas Drive | | A2
Lomas Street | | B2
Lombard Lane | | B1
Lombard Road | | B1
Lombard Street | | A1/A2/B2
Lombardy Place | | B1
Lomond Grove | | A1
Loncroft Road | | B1
Londesborough Road | | B2
London Bridge | | B2
London Bridge Street | | A2
London Fields East Side | | B1
London Fields West Side | | A1
London Lane | | A1/A2
London Mews | | B1
London Road | | B1/B2
| | B2
London Street | | B1
| | A1/B1
London Wall | | B2
| | B1/B2
Long Acre | | B2
| | B1/B2
Long Lane | | B1
| | A2
| | A1/A2/B2
| | A1/B1
Long Meadow | | B1
Long Road | | B1
| | B1
Long Street | | A1
Long Walk | | B1
Long Yard | | B1
Longbeach Road | | B1
Longfellow Way | | A2
Longford Street | | B1
Longhedge Street | | A2
Longhope Close | | B1
Longlands Court | | B1
Longley Road | | B1/B2
Longley Street | | B1
Longmead Road | | A1
Longmoore Street | | A2
Longnor Road | | B1
Longridge Road | | B1
Longshore | | A1/A2
Longville Road | | A2
Lonsdale Mews | | A1
Lonsdale Place | | A1
Lonsdale Road | | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
| | A1/B1/B2
| | B2
| | B1
Lonsdale Square | | A1/B1
Loraine Road | | A1
Lord Amory Way | | B1
Lord Hills Bridge | | A1
Lord Hills Road | | A2
Lord Napier Place | | B2
Lord North Street | | B2
Lord Roberts Mews | | B2
Lordship Grove | | A1
Lordship Lane | | A2/B2
Lordship Park | | B2
Lordship Park Mews | | B2
Lordship Place | | B1
Lordship Road | | A2
| | A1
Lordship Terrace | | A1
Lorenzo Street | | A2
Loring Road | | B1
Loris Road | | B1
Lorn Road | | A1
Lorne Close | | A2
Lorne Gardens | | B2
Lorne Road | | A1
Lorrimore Road | | B2
| | B1
Lorrimore Square | | B2
Lothair Road North | | B1/B2
Lothair Road South | | B1
Lothbury | | A1
Lothian Road | | A1
Lots Road | | B1/B2
| | A2
Loubet Street | | B2
Loudoun Road | | B1
| | A2/B2
Lough Road | | B1
Loughborough Park | | A2/B1
Loughborough Road | | B1
| | A1/A2
| | A2
Loughborough Street | | B2
Louisa Close | | B2
Louisa Gardens | | A2
Louisa Street | | A2
Louise Bennett Close | | B2
Louisville Road | | A1
Louvaine Road | | A2/B2
Love Lane | | A2
Love Walk | | B2
| | B1
Lovegrove Street | | A2
Lovegrove Walk | | B2
Lovelinch Close | | B2
Lovell Place | | B2
Loveridge Mews | | A1
Loveridge Road | | A1
Lovett's Place | | A2
Lowden Road | | B2
| | A1
Lowell Street | | B1
Lower Addison Gardens | | B2
Lower Belgrave Street | | A2
Lower Clapton Road | | A2/B2
Lower Grosvenor Place | | B1
Lower James Street | | B2
Lower John Street | | B2
Lower Marsh | | A2/B1/B2
Lower Marsh Street Market | | A2/B1
Lower Merton Rise | | A2
Lower Richmond Road | | A1/A2
Lower Road | | A1/A2
| | B1/B2
| | B1
| | A1/A2
Lower Robert Street | | A2
Lower Sloane Street | | A2/B2
Lower Terrace | | A1/A2
Lower Thames Street | | B2
| | B1/B2
Lowfield Road | | A1
Lowman Road | | A1
Lowndes Close | | A2
Lowndes Court | | A2
Lowndes Place | | A2
Lowndes Square | | A1
Lowndes Street | | A1
Lowood Street | | B2
Lowth Road | | B2
Lowther Gardens | | A2
Lowther Road | | B1
---|---|---
Loxham Street | | A1
Loxley Road | | B2
Lubbock Street | | B1
Lucan Place | | A1
Lucas Street | | B2
Lucerne Mews | | B2
Lucerne Road | | A1
Lucey Road | | B1
Lucey Way | | B2
Lucien Road | | B2
Ludgate Broadway | | B2
Ludgate Circus | | B2
Ludgate Hill | | B2
Ludgate Square | | B2
Ludlow Street | | A1
Ludwick Mews | | A1
Lugard Road | | A1/B1
Luke Street | | A1/A2
Lukin Street | | A1/B1
Lulworth Road | | B1
Lumley Street | | B1
Lupton Street | | B2
| | A2
Lupus Street | | B2
| | B1
Luralda Gardens | | B2
Lurgan Avenue | | B2
Lurline Gardens | | A1/B1
| | A2
Luscombe Way | | A2
Lushington Terrace | | B2
Luton Place | | B2
Luton Street | | A1
Lutton Terrace | | B2
Luxborough Street | | A1
Luxemburg Gardens | | A1
Luxford Street | | A2
Luxmore Street | | B2
Luxor Street | | B1
Lyal Road | | A1/B1
Lyall Mews | | A2
Lyall Mews West | | A2
Lyall Street | | A2
Lydford Road | | A1
Lydon Road | | B2
Lyford Road | | A2/B2
Lygon Place | | A2
Lyham Close | | B1
Lyham Road | | B2
| | A1/B1
Lyme Street | | B2
Lyminge Gardens | | B2
Lymington Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
Lympstone Gardens | | B2
Lyn Mews | | B2
| | B1
Lynbrook Grove | | B1
Lyncott Crescent | | B2
Lyndhurst Gardens | | A2/B1
Lyndhurst Grove | | B2
| | B1
Lyndhurst Road | | A1/A2
Lyndhurst Square | | B1
Lyndhurst Terrace | | A1
Lyndhurst Way | | A1/B1
Lynette Avenue | | A2
Lynmouth Road | | A1/A2
Lynn Road | | A2
Lynton Road | | A2
| | B1/B2
| | B1
Lynwood Road | | A1/B1
Lyon Street | | A2
Lyons Place | | A1
Lyons Walk | | B1
Lysander Grove | | A1
Lysander Mews | | A1
Lysia Street | | A1
Lysias Road | | A1
Lytcott Grove | | B2
Lyte Street | | A2
Lytham Street | | B2
Lyttelton Close | | A2
Lytton Grove | | B1/B2
Lyveden Road | | B1/B2
M
Mabledon Place | | A2
---|---|---
Mablethorpe Road | | B1
Macaulay Road | | B1/B2
Macbeth Street | | B2
Macclesfield Bridge | | B1
Macclesfield Road | | A1/A2
Macclesfield Street | | B2
Macdonald Road | | A1
Macduff Road | | A2
Mace Close | | B1
Mace Street | | A1
Macfarland Grove | | B1
Macfarlane Road | | A1
Macfarren Place | | A2
Mackay Road | | A1
Mackennal Street | | B1
Mackenzie Road | | B1
Mackeson Road | | A2
Mackintosh Lane | | A2
Macklin Street | | A2
Mackrow Walk | | A2
Macks Road | | B2
Mackworth Street | | B2
Macleod Street | | B1
Maclise Road | | B1
Macmillan Way | | B2
Maconochies Road | | B2
Macquarie Way | | B1
Macroom Road | | A1
Maddams Street | | A2
Maddox Street | | A1
Madinah Road | | B2
Madras Place | | B2
Madrigal Lane | | A1
Madron Street | | A1
Magdala Avenue | | A2
| | A1
Magdalen Mews | | A2
Magdalen Road | | A2/B1
Magdalen Street | | A1
Magdalene Close | | B2
Magee Street | | B1
Magnin Close | | A2
Magnolia Place | | B2
Maguire Street | | A2
Mahogany Close | | A2
Maida Avenue | | A1/A2
Maida Vale | | A1/B1
| | A1
Maiden Lane | | A1
| | A1
| | A1
Maiden Place | | B1
Maidenstone Hill | | B2
Maidstone Buildings Mews | | A1
Maidstone Street | | B2
Maismore Street | | B1
Maitland Park Road | | B1
| | A1
Maitland Park Villas | | B1
Major Close | | A1
Major Road | | A2
Makepeace Avenue | | A2
| | A1
Makins Street | | A1
Malabar Street | | A1
Malam Gardens | | A2
Malcolm Place | | B2
Malcolm Road | | B2
Malden Crescent | | A1
Malden Place | | B1/B2
Malden Road | | B1/B2
| | A1
Maldon Close | |
| | A2
Malet Place | | A1
Malet Street | | A1/B1
Malfort Road | | A1
The Mall | | B2
| | B1/B2
| | B1
Mall Road | | B2
Mallams Mews | | B2
Mallinson Road | | B1
Mallord Street | | B2
Mallory Street | | B1/B2
Mallow Street | | A2
Malmesbury Road | | B1/B2
Malpas Road | | B1
| | B1/B2
Malt Street | | A1
Malta Street | | B2
Maltby Street | | A2
Malthouse Drive | | B2
Maltings Place | | A1
| | A1
Malton Mews | | A2
Malton Road | | A1
Maltravers Street | | B2
Malva Close | | B2
Malvern Close | | B2
Malvern Mews | | A2
Malvern Road | | A2
| | A2
Malvern Terrace | | B1
Malwood Road | | A1
Managers Street | | B2
Manaton Close | | B2
Manbre Road | | B1
Manchester Drive | | A1
Manchester Grove | | B1
Manchester Mews | | B1
Manchester Road | | B2
| | —
Manchester Square | | B1
Manchester Street | | A1/B1
Manchuria Road | | A2
Manciple Street | | B2
Mandalay Road | | A2
Mandarin Street | | A1
Mandela Street | | A1
| | B2
Mandela Way | | B1/B2
| | A1
Mandeville Mews | | B2
Mandeville Place | | B1
Mandrake Road | | A1
Mandrell Road | | A1
Manette Street | | A1/A2
Manfred Road | | A2/B1
Manger Road | | B2
Manilla Street | | B1/B2
Manley Court | | A2
Manley Street | | /B1
Manningford Close | | A2
Manningtree Street | | A1
Manor Avenue | | B2
Manor Court | | A1
Manor Gardens | | B1
Manor Grove | | B1/B2
Manor Place | | A2/B2
| | A1
Manor Road | | A2
| | A1
Manorfield Close | | B1
Manresa Road | | B1
Manse Road | | A2
Mansell Street | | A1/B1
Mansfield Mews | | B2
Mansfield Road | | B2
Mansfield Street | | B2
Mansford Street | | A1
Mansion Close | | B2
Mansion House Place | | A1
Mansion House Street | | A1
Manson Mews | | A1
Manson Place | | A1
Mantilla Road | | B2
Mantua Street | | A2
Mantus Close | | B2
Mantus Road | | B2
Manville Gardens | | A2
Manville Road | | A2
Manygates | | B2
Mape Street | | B1
Maple Close | | A2
Maple Leaf Square | | A2
Maple Place | | A2
Maple Street | | A2
| | A1
Mapledene Road | | A1/A2
Maples Place | | A2
Mapleton Crescent | | B2
Maplin Street | | B2
| | A2
Marble Arch | | B1/B2
Marble Quay | | B1
Marcella Road | | A2
Marchant Street | | A2
Marchbank Road | | A2
Marchmont Street | | A2
Marchwood Close | | A2
Marcia Road | | A1
Marcilly Road | | B1/B2
Marco Road | | A2
Marcon Place | | B1
Marcus Garvey Way | | B1
Marcus Street | | B2
Marcus Terrace | | B2
Mare Street | | B2
| | A2/B1/B2
Maresfield Gardens | | A2/B2
Margaret Buildings | | A1
Margaret Ingram Close | | B2
Margaret Road | | A1
Margaret Street | | B2
| | B1
Margaretta Terrace | | B2
Margate Road | | A1
Margery Street | | A1
Margravine Gardens | | B2
| | A1
Margravine Road | | B2
| | A1
Marham Gardens | | B2
Maria Close | | B2
Maria Terrace | | A2
Marian Place | | A2
Marian Square | | A2
Marian Street | | A2
Marigold Street | | A2
Marine Street | | A1
Marinefield Road | | A1
Mariners Mews | | A2
Maritime Quay | | B1/B2
Maritime Street | | A1
Marius Passage | | A2
Marius Road | | A1/A2
Marjorie Grove | | B1
Marjorie Mews | | B2
Mark Lane | | B1
Mark Street | | A1
Market Approach | | B2
Market Lane | | B1
Market Mews | | A1
Market Place | | B1
Market Road | | B2
Market Yard Mews | | A1
Markham Place | | A1
Markham Square | | A1
Markham Street | | A1
Marl Road | | A2
Marlborough Avenue | | A2/B2
Marlborough Close | | A2
Marlborough Court | | A2
Marlborough Gate House | | B2
Marlborough Grove | | A1
Marlborough Hill | | A2/B2
Marlborough Place | | B1/B2
Marlborough Road | | B1
| | A2/B2
Marlborough Street | | A2
Marlborough Yard | | B2
Marloes Road | | B2
Marlow Way | | A2
The Marlowes | | A1
Marmion Mews | | B2
Marmion Road | | B2
Marmont Road | | A2
Marney Road | | B1
Maroon Street | | A1/A2
Marquess Road | | A1
Marquis Road | | A1
| | B1
Marriott Road | | B2
| | A2
Marryat Square | | A1
Marsden Road | | A2
Marsden Street | | A1
Marsh Street | | B2
Marsh Wall | | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Marshall Close | | A1
Marshall Street | | A2/B2
Marshalls Place | | A1
Marshalsea Road | | A1
Marsham Street | | A2
| | B2
Marshfield Street | | A2
Marsland Close | | B2
Marston Close | | B1
Martaban Road | | A2
Martara Mews | | B1
Martel Place | | B2
Martello Street | | A1/A2
Martello Terrace | | A1
Martha Court | | A2
Martha Street | | B2
Martha's Buildings | | A2
Martin Lane | | B2
Martindale Road | | A2
Martineau Mews | | A2
Martineau Road | | A2
Martineau Street | | B1
Marton Road | | A2
Martys Yard | | B1
Marville Road | | A1
Marvin Street | | A2
Mary Ann Gardens | | A1/B1
Mary Datchelor Close | | A1
Mary Place | | B1
Mary Seacole Close | | A1
Mary Street | | A2
Marylands Road | | B2
Marylebone Flyover | | A2
| | B1
Marylebone High Street | | A1/A2
Marylebone Lane | | B1
Marylebone Mews | | B2
Marylebone Passage | | B1
Marylebone Road | | A1
| | A1/A2
| | A2
| | B1/B2
| | B1
Marylebone Street | | A1
Marylee Way | | B2
Maryon Mews | | A1
Masbro Road | | B2
Mascotte Road | | A1
Maskelyne Close | | A1
Mason Close | | A2
Mason Street | | A2
Mason's Yard | | A1
Masons Arms Mews | | B2
Masons Place | | A1
Massie Road | | B2
Massingberd Way | | B2
Massinger Street | | A1
Massingham Street | | B2
| | B1
Masters Drive | | A2
| | B1
Masters Street | | A1
Masthouse Terrace | | B1
Mastmaker Road | | B2
Matham Grove | | A2
Matheson Road | | B2
Matilda Street | | A2/B2
Matlock Close | | B1
Matlock Street | | A1
Matthew Parker Street | | A2
Matthews Street | | A1
Matthias Road | | B1/B2
Mattingley Way | | B1
Mattison Road | | A1
Maud Chadburn Place | | A2
Maud Wilkes Close | | A2
Maude Road | | B1/B2
Mauleverer Road | | A1
Maunsel Street | | A1
Mauritius Road | | B2
Maury Road | | B2
| | A2
Mawbey Place | | A1
Mawbey Road | | A2
Mawbey Street | | B2
Mawson Lane | | B2
Maxted Road | | A1
Maxwell Road | | B2
| | A2
May Street | | A2
Maya Close | | B2
Mayall Road | | B1/B2
Maybury Mews | | B2
Mayfair Mews | | A1
Mayfair Place | | A2
Mayfield Avenue | | A2
Mayfield Close | | B1
| | A2
Mayfield Road | | A1
| | A1
Mayflower Close | | B1
Mayflower Road | | A2
Mayflower Street | | A2
Mayford Close | | B1
Mayford Road | | B1/B2
Maygood Street | | B2
Maygrove Road | | A1/A2
Maynard Close | | B2
Maynards Quay | | B2
Maysoule Road | | A1/A2
Mayton Street | | B2
Mazenod Avenue | | B1
McAuley Close | | A2
McCall Close | | A2
McCrone Mews | | B1
McCullum Road | | A2
McDermott Close | | B1
McDermott Road | | B2
| | A1
McDowall Road | | A2
McGregor Road | | A1
McKerrell Road | | A2
McLeod's Mews | | B2
McMillan Street | | A1
McNeil Road | | B1
Mead Place | | A1
Mead Row | | B2
Meadcroft Road | | B1/B2
Meadow Mews | | A1
Meadow Place | | A2
Meadow Road | | A1
Meadow Row | | B1
Meadowbank | | A1
Meadowbank Close | | A1
Meard Street | | B2
Meath Street | | B1
Mecklenburgh Place | | B1
Mecklenburgh Square | | B1/B2
Mecklenburgh Street | | B2
Medburn Street | | B1
Median Road | | B2
Medina Grove | | B1
Medina Road | | B1
Medlar Street | | A2
Medley Road | | A2
Medway Buildings | | A1
Medway Mews | | B1
Medway Road | | A1/B1
Medway Street | | B2
Medwin Street | | B1
Meeting Fields Path | | A2
Meeting House Alley | | B1
Meeting House Lane | | A2
| | A1
Mehetabel Road | | A2
| | A1
Melbourne Grove | | A2/B2
Melbourne Mews | | B2
Melbourne Place | | B1
Melbourne Square | | B2
Melbray Mews | | B2
Melbury Court | | A2/B2
Melbury Drive | | A2
Melbury Road | | A2/B2
Melcombe Place | | B2
Melcombe Street | | B2
Meldon Close | | A1
Melgund Road | | B2
Melina Place | | B1
Melina Road | | B1
Melior Place | | A1
Melior Street | | A2
Mellish Street | | A1/A2
Mellison Road | | A1
Melody Lane | | B1
Melody Road | | B1
| | A1
Melon Place | | A2
Melon Road | | A1
Melrose Gardens | | B1
Melrose Terrace | | B1
Melton Street | | B2
Melville Place | | B1
Melyn Close | | A1
Memel Court | | B1
Memel Street | | B2
Mendip Road | | A1
Mendora Road | | B1
Menotti Street | | B2
Mentmore Terrace | | A2/B1
Mepham Street | | A1/A2
Mercator Place | | B2
Mercer Street | | A2
| | B1
Merceron Street | | B1
Mercers Mews | | B2
Mercers Place | | A1
Mercers Road | | B1/B2
Merchant Street | | B1
| | A1
Mercier Road | | B2
Mercury Way | | B1
| | A1
Meredith Street | | B2
Meridian Place | | B1
Merivale Road | | A2
Merlin Street | | A1
Mermaid Court | | A1/A2
Merrick Square | | B1
Merrington Road | | B1
Merrow Street | | B2
Merrow Walk | | B2
Merthyr Terrace | | B1
| | A1
Merton Avenue | | A1
Merton Rise | | B1
Merton Road | | B1
Meru Close | | B1
Mervan Road | | B1
Messina Avenue | | B1
Meteor Street | | B2
Methley Street | | B1
Metropolitan Close | | B2
The Mews | |
Mews Street | | B2
Mexfield Road | | A2
Meymott Street | | A2
Meynell Crescent | | B1/B2
Meynell Gardens | | B1
Meynell Road | | B2
Meyrick Road | | A2
Micawber Street | | B2
Michael Road | | A1
Micklethwaite Road | | B1
Middle Field | | A1
Middle Lane | | A2
Middle Lane Mews | | A2
Middle Row | | A1
Middle Street | | B1
Middle Temple Lane | | B2
Middle Yard | | A2
Middlesex Court | | B1
Middlesex Street | | B2
| | A1/A2
Middleton Drive | | A2
Middleton Grove | | B1/B2
Middleton Mews | | B2
Middleton Road | | A1/A2
Middleton Street | | A2
Midford Place | | A2
Midhope Street | | A1
Midhurst Way | | A1
Midland Place | | B2
Midland Road | | B2
Midlothian Road | | A2
Midmoor Road | | B2
Midship Close | | A2
Milborne Grove | | B1
Milborne Street | | A1
Milcote Street | | B1
Mildenhall Road | | A2
Mildmay Avenue | | A1
Mildmay Grove North | | A1
Mildmay Grove South | | A1
Mildmay Park | | B1
| | A1
Mildmay Place | | A2
Mildmay Road | | B1
| | A1/A2
Mildmay Street | | A1
Mile End Place | | B1
Mile End Road | | B1/B2
| | B1
| | A2
| | A1/A2
Miles Place | | B1
Miles Street | | A2
Milford Lane | | B2
Milk Street | | A2
Milk Yard | | B2
Milkwell Yard | | B2
Milkwood Road | | A2/B2
Mill Lane | | A2
Mill Place | | B1
Mill Pond Close | | B1
Mill Row | | A2
Mill Street | | A1
| | A2
| | A1
Mill Yard | | B1
Millard Close | | B2
Millbank | | A2/B2
| | B2
Millbrook Road | | B2
Millender Walk | | A2
Millennium Drive | | A2
Millennium Place | | A2
Millennium Way | | A2
Miller Street | | A1
Miller's Avenue | | A1
Miller's Terrace | | A1
Millers Court | | B1
Millers Way | | B1
Millfield Lane | | A1
Millfield Place | | A1
Millfields Road | | A2
Millgrove Street | | A1
Millharbour | | B2
| | A2
Milligan Street | | A1
Millman Mews | | B1
Millman Street | | B1
Millmark Grove | | B1
Mills Court | |
Millshott Close | | B1
Millstream Road | | A2
Millwall Dock Road | | A1
Millwood Street | | A2
Milman's Street | | B2
Milner Place | | B2
Milner Square | | A2
Milner Street | | B2
Milson Road | | B2
| | B1
Milton Avenue | | A1
Milton Close | | A2
Milton Court | | B2
Milton Court Road | | B1
Milton Grove | | B1
Milton Park | | A1/B2
Milton Place | | B1
Milton Road | | B2
| | B2
Milton Street | | B2
Milverton Street | | B1
Milward Street | | A2
Mimosa Street | | A2
Mina Road | | A1
Mincing Lane | | B1
Minera Mews | | B2
Minerva Close | | A2
Minerva Street | | A2
Minet Road | | B1
| | A1
Minford Gardens | | B1/B2
Ming Street | | A2
Minories | | A2/B2
Minshull Street | | B1
Minson Road | | B2
Mint Street | | A1
Mintern Street | | A1
Minton Mews | | A1
Mirabel Road | | B2
Miranda Close | | A2
Miranda Road | | A1
Mission Place | | A2
Mitali Passage | | A1
Mitcham Road | | A1/A2/B2
Mitchell Street | | A2
Mitchison Road | | A1
Mitford Road | | B1
The Mitre | | A1
Mitre Court | | B2
Mitre Road | | A2
Mitre Square | | A2
Mitre Street | | A1/A2
Moat Place | | A1
Moberly Road | | A2/B2
mod29W-2006-451 | | B2
Modbury Gardens | | A1
Moelwyn Hughes Court | | B1
Moffat Road | | B1
Molasses Row | | A1
Molesford Road | | A1
Molly Huggins Close | | B2
Molyneux Drive | | B2
Molyneux Street | | A1
Mona Road | | B2
Monck Street | | B2
Monclar Road | | A1
Moncorvo Close | | A1
Moncrieff Place | | B2
Moncrieff Street | | B2
Monkton Street | | A1
Monkwell Square | | B2
Monmouth Place | | B1
Monmouth Road | | B1
Monmouth Street | | A1/B1
Monnery Road | | B2
Monnow Road | | B2
Monro Way | | A1
Monsell Court | | B2
Monsell Road | | B2
| | B1
Monson Road | | A1/B1
Montagu Mansions | | A2
Montagu Mews North | | A2
Montagu Mews South | | A2
Montagu Mews West | | A2
Montagu Place | | A2
Montagu Row | | A2
Montagu Square | | A2
Montagu Street | | A2
Montague Close | | A2
Montague Place | | B1
Montague Road | | A1
| | B2
Montague Square | | A2
Montague Street | | B2
| | A2
Montaigne Close | | A2
Montana Road | | A2
Montclare Street | | A1
Monteagle Way | | A2
| | A2
Montefiore Street | | A1
Montego Close | | B1
Montem Street | | A2
Montenotte Road | | A1
Montford Place | | B2
Montgomery Street | | B1
Montholme Road | | B2
Monthope Road | | B2
Montpelier Grove | | A2
Montpelier Mews | | A2
Montpelier Place | | A1/A2
| | B1
Montpelier Road | | A1
Montpelier Square | | A1/A2
Montpelier Street | | A2/B2
Montpelier Terrace | | A1
Montpelier Walk | | A1/B1
Montreal Place | | B1
Montrose Court | | A2
Montrose Place | | A2
Montserrat Road | | A2
Monument Street | | B2
| | B1
Monza Street | | B1
Moodkee Street | | B1
Moody Road | | A1
Moody Street | | B1
Moon Street | | B2
Moor Lane | | B2
Moor Place | | B2
Moor Street | | A2
Moore Park Road | | B2
| | A2
Moore Street | | B2
Moorfields | | B2
Moorgate | | B1
| | A1
Moorgate Place | | A1
Moorhouse Road | | A2
Moorland Road | | A1
Mora Street | | A2
Morant Street | | A2
Morat Street | | B2
Moravian Place | | B2
Moravian Street | | A2
Moray Mews | | B1
Moray Road | | A2
| | B1
Mordaunt Street | | B2
Morden Wharf Road | | A2
More Close | | B1
Morecambe Close | | A2
Morecambe Street | | A1
Moreland Street | | A1
Morella Road | | A1
Moreton Close | | B2
Moreton Place | | B2
Moreton Street | | A1/B1
Moreton Terrace | | B2
Moreton Terrace Mews North | | B2
South | | B2
Morgan Road | | B2
| | B1
Morgan Street | | B2
| | B1
Morgans Lane | | A1
Moriatry Close | | A2
Morie Street | | A2
Moring Road | | B2
Morland Mews | | A1
Morley Street | | B2
Morna Road | | B2
Morning Lane | | A2
| | A1
Mornington Avenue | | B2
Mornington Crescent | | A2
| | A1
Mornington Grove | | B2
| | A2
Mornington Mews | | A2
Mornington Place | | A2
Mornington Road | | A2
Mornington Street | | A2
Mornington Terrace | | A1/A2
Morocco Street | | A1
Morpeth Grove | | B1
Morpeth Road | | B1
Morpeth Street | | A1/B1
Morpeth Terrace | | A2
Morris Place | | B1
Morris Road | | B2
Morris Street | | A2
Morrish Road | | B1
Morrison Road | | A2
Morrison Street | | B1
Morshead Road | | A1
Morten Close | | A2
Mortimer Crescent | | A1
Mortimer Market | | A1
Mortimer Place | | A1
Mortimer Road | | B2
Mortimer Square | | A2
Mortimer Street | | B1/B2
Mortimer Terrace | | B1
Morton Close | | A2
Morton Mews | | A2
Morton Place | | A2
Morton Road | |
Morval Road | | B1
Morville Street | | B2
Morwell Street | | B1
Moscow Place | | B1
Moscow Road | | B2
| | B1
Moseley Row | | B2
Moss Close | | B2
Mossbury Road | | A1
Mossford Street | | A2
Mossop Street | | B2
| | A1
Mostyn Grove | | B2
Mostyn Road | | B1
| | B2
Motcomb Street | | A1
Mothers' Square | | B2
Motley Avenue | | A2
Motley Street | | A2
Moulins Road | | B2
| | B1
The Mount | | A1
Mount Court | | A1
Mount Mills | | A1
Mount Pleasant | | B2
Mount Pleasant Crescent | | B2
Mount Pleasant Villas | | B2
Mount Row | | A1/A2
The Mount Square | | A2
Mount Street | | A1/A2
Mount Street Mews | | A2
Mount Terrace | | A2
Mount Vernon | | A1
Mount View Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
Mountague Place | | A1
Mountbatten Mews | | B1
Mountfort Crescent | | A1
Mountfort Terrace | | A1
Mountgrove Road | | B1
Mountview Court | | A2
Mowatt Close | | A2
Mowlem Street | | A2
Mowll Street | | B2
Moxon Street | | A1
Moye Close | | A1
Moylan Road | | B1
Muir Drive | | A2
Muir Road | | A2
| | A1
Muirfield Close | | B1
Muirfield Crescent | | A2
Mulberry Close | | B1
| | B1
Mulberry Mews | | A2
Mulberry Place | | B1
Mulberry Road | | A1
Mulberry Street | | A1
Mulberry Walk | | B2
Mulgrave Road | | B2
Mulkern Road | | B1
| | A2
Muller Road | | A2
Mullet Gardens | | A1
Mulready Street | | B1
Multon Road | | A2/B2
Mulvaney Way | | A2
Mumford Court | | A2
Mumford Mills | | B2
Mumford Road | | B2
Muncaster Road | | A2/B2
Mund Street | | A2
Munden Street | | B1
Mundy Street | |
Munro Mews | | B1
Munro Terrace | | B2
Munster Road | | B1
| | A2
| | A1/A2/B2
| | B1
Munster Square | | B1
Munton Road | | A1
Murdock Street | | B2
Muriel Street | | B2
Murphy Street | | B2
Murray Grove | | B2
| | B1
Murray Mews | | B2
Murray Street | | B2
Musard Road | | B1
Musbury Street | | A1
Muscatel Place | | A2
Muschamp Road | | A2
Muscovy Street | | B2
Museum Lane | | B2
Museum Street | | B2
| | A1
Musgrave Crescent | | A1/A2
Musjid Road | | B1
Mustow Place | | B2
Muswell Hill Road | | A2
Mutrix Road | | B1
Mutton Place | | A2
Myatt Road | | A1
Myddelton Passage | | A2
Myddelton Square | | A2
Myddelton Street | | B1/B2
Myddleton Avenue | | B1
Myers Lane | | B1
Mylius Close | | B1
Mylne Street | | A2
Myrdle Street | | A1
Mysore Road | | A2
N
Nag's Head Court | | B2
---|---|---
Nairne Grove | | B2
Nankin Street | | B1/B2
Nansen Road | | B2
Nant Street | | A2
Nantes Close | | A1/B1
Naoroji Street | | A1
Napier Avenue | | B2
| | B2
Napier Close | | B1
| | A2
Napier Grove | | A2/B2
Napier Place | | B2
Napier Road | | B1/B2
Napier Terrace | | A2
Napoleon Road | | A1
Narbonne Avenue | | A2
| | A1
Narborough Street | | B2
Narcissus Road | | A2
Narford Road | | B2
Narrow Street | | B2
| | B1
| | A1
Naseby Close | | B1
Nash Street | | B1
Nasmyth Street | | A2
Nassau Street | | B1
Nassington Road | | A1/A2
Nathaniel Close | | B1
Navarino Grove | | A1
Navarino Road | | B2
| | A1
Navarre Street | | A1
Navy Street | | A1
Naylor Road | | B2
| | A2
| | A1
Nazareth Gardens | | B2
Nazrul Street | | A1
Neal Street | | A1/B1
Neal's Yard | | B1
Nealden Street | | A1
Neate Street | | B2
Neathouse Place | | A2
Nebraska Street | | B1
Neckinger | | A2/B2
Neckinger Street | | A1
Needham Road | | B2
Needleman Street | | A2/B2
Nella Road | | A1
Nelldale Road | | B1
Nelson Gardens | | A1
Nelson Place | | B1
Nelson Road | | A1
| | A2
Nelson Square | | A1
Nelson Street | | A1/A2
Nelson Terrace | | B1
Nelson's Row | | B1/B2
Nelsons Yard | | A1
Nepaul Road | | B2
Neptune Street | | B1
Nesham Street | | B2
Ness Street | | A1
Netheravon Road | | B1
Netheravon Road South | | B2
| | B1
Netherfield Road | | A1
Netherford Road | | A2
Netherhall Gardens | | A2/B2
| | A1
Netherhall Way | | A2
Netherleigh Close | | B1
Netherton Grove | | B1
Netherwood Place | | B1
Netherwood Road | | B1/B2
Netherwood Street | | A1
Netley Street | | B2
Nettleton Road | | B2
Nevada Street | | A2
Nevern Place | | A1
Nevern Road | | B1
Nevern Square | | B1
| | A1
Nevill Road | | B2
Neville Close | | B2
| | A2
Neville Gill Close | | B1
Neville Street | | A1
Nevinson Close | | B2
Nevis Road | | B2
New Bond Street | | B2
| | A1/B1
New Bridge Street | | B1/B2
New Burlington Mews | | B1
New Burlington Place | | A1
New Burlington Street | | B1
New Butt Lane | | B2
New Butt Lane North | | B2
New Cavendish Street | | A1/B2
| | A1
New Change | | A1
New Charles Street | | A1
New Church Road | | B1
| | A2
| | A1
New College Mews | | A2
New Compton Street | | A2
New Court | | B2
New Crane Place | | B2
New Cross Road | | B1/B2
| | A2
| | B1/B2
| | A1/A2
New End | | B2
New End Square | | B2
New Fetter Lane | | A2/B2
New Globe Walk | | A2
New Goulston Street | | A2
New Inn Broadway | |
New Inn Passage | | B1
New Inn Square | |
New Inn Street | |
New Inn Yard | |
New Kent Road | | B2
| | A2
| | A1/A2
| | A1
New King Street | | A1
New Kings Road | | B2
| | A1/A2/B1
New London Street | | B1/B2
New North Place | | A2
New North Road | | B1
| | B1
| | A1/B1
New North Street | | B1
New Oxford Street | | B1/B2
New Park Road | | B1
New Quebec Street | | A2
New Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
New Spring Gardens Walk | | B1
New Square | | B2
New Street | | B2
New Street Square | | B1
New Union Close | | A2
New Union Street | | B2
New Wharf Road | | B1
Newark Street | | A2
Newburgh Street | | A2
Newburn Street | | B2
Newbury Mews | | A1
Newbury Street | | B1
Newby Place | | A1
Newby Street | | A1
Newcastle Close | | B1
Newcastle Place | | A2
Newcastle Row | | B1
Newcombe Street | | B2
Newcomen Road | | A2
Newcomen Street | | A1/A2
Newcourt Street | | B1
Newell Street | | A1
Newent Close | | B1
Newgate Street | | B2
Newhams Row | | A1
Newick Road | | A2
Newington Barrow Way | | B2
| | B1
Newington Butts | | A2
Newington Causeway | | B2
| | B1
Newington Green | | B1
Newington Green Road | | B1
| | A1
Newlands Quay | | B2
Newman Passage | | B2
Newman Street | | B2
Newman Yard | | B2
Newman's Court | | A2
Newman's Row | | A2
Newnham Terrace | | A2
Newnton Close | | A2
Newport Place | | B2
Newport Street | | A2/B1
Newton Place | | B1
Newton Road | | B1
Newton Street | | B2
| | A2
Newtons Yard | | B1
Newtown Street | | B1
Nicholas Lane | | B2
Nicholas Mews | | B1
Nicholas Road | | B2
Nicholay Road | | A2
Nicholl Street | | B2
Nichols Close | | A1
Nicholson Street | | A1
Nicosia Road | | A2
Nigel Playfair Avenue | | B2
Nigel Road | | A1
Nightingale Lane | | A1/A2/B1
| | A1
Nightingale Mews | | A2
| | A1
Nightingale Place | | B1
Nightingale Road | | A2
| | A1
Nightingale Square | | B2
Nightingale Walk | | A1
Nile Close | | A2
Nile Street | | B2
| | B1
Nile Terrace | | B2
Nimrod Passage | | A2
Nine Elms Lane | | A2
| | A1
Niton Street | | A1
Noble Street | | B2
| | A1
Noel Road | | B2
| | B1
Noel Street | | A2
| | A1
Nolan Way | | A1
Norbiton Road | | B2
Norburn Street | | A2
Norcott Road | | B2
| | A2
Norfolk Avenue | | A1
Norfolk Crescent | | B2
Norfolk Mews | | B1
Norfolk Place | | B2
Norfolk Road | | A1
| | B1
Norfolk Row | | A1
Norfolk Square | | B1/B2
Norfolk Square Mews | | B2
Norfolk Terrace | | A1
Norgrove Street | | B1
Norland Place | | B2
Norland Road | | A2
Norland Square | | B1/B2
Norman Grove | | A1
Norman Road | | A1
Norman Street | | A2
Normanby Close | | B1
Normand Mews | | A1
Normand Road | | A1/B1
Normandy Road | | B2
Norris Street | | A2
Norroy Road | | A1
North Audley Street | | B2
North Bank | | A1
The (North Carriage Drive) Ring | | B1
The North Colonnade | | B2
| | A1/B1
North Crescent | | A1
North Cross Road | | B2
| | B1
North End Crescent | | B2
North End Road | | B1/B2
| | A1/A2/B2
| | B1
North End Road Street | | B2
Market | | B1
North Eyot Gardens | | B1
North Flockton Street | | A1
North Gower Street | | B2
North Grove | | B1
North Hill | | A2
North Lodge Close | | B1
North Mews | | B2
North Passage | | A1
North Road | | A2/B1/B2
| | B1/B2
North Row | | B2
North Side Wandsworth Common | | B1/B2
North Street | | A2/B2
North Tenter Street | | A1
North Terrace | | B1
North Verbena Gardens | | B2
North Villas | | B2
North Wharf Road | | A2
Northampton Grove | | B2
| | A1
Northampton Park | | B2
| | A1
Northampton Road | | B1
Northampton Square | | B2
Northampton Street | | B1
Northbourne Road | | B2
Northburgh Street | | B2
Northchurch | | A2
Northchurch Road | |
| | B1
Northchurch Terrace | | B2
Northcote Mews | | A1
Northcote Road | | A1/B1
Northcote Road Street Market | | A1/B1
Northdown Street | | B1
Northey Street | | B1
Northfield Road | | A1
Northfields | | A2
Northiam Street | | B1/B2
Northington Street | | B1/B2
Northlands Street | | B2
Northolme Road | | A2
Northpoint Square | | B2
Northport Street | | A1
Northumberland Alley | | B2
Northumberland Avenue | | B1/B2
Northumberland Place | | A2
Northumberland Street | | A1/B1
Northumbria Street | | B2
Northview | | B1
Northway Road | | A1
Northwest Place | | B1
Northwick Close | | A1
Northwick Terrace | | A1
Northwold Road | | A1/A2
| | A2
Northwood Road | | A1
Norton Folgate | | A2/B2
Norway Gate | | B2
Norway Place | | B2
Norway Street | | A1
Norwich Street | | B2
Norwood Road | | B2
Notley Street | | A1
Notting Hill Gate | | B1/B2
Nottingdale Square | | B1
Nottingham Court | | B1
Nottingham Place | | A1
Nottingham Road | | B1
Nottingham Street | | A1
Nottingham Terrace | | A1
Novello Street | | A1
Noyna Road | | A1
Nugent Road | | B1
Nugent Terrace | | B1
Nunhead Crescent | | A2
Nunhead Green | | B1
Nunhead Grove | | B1
Nunhead Lane | | B1
| | A2
Nunhead Passage | | A2
Nursery Close | | B1
| | B1
Nursery Lane | | B1
Nursery Road | | A2
| | B2
Nursery Row | | A2
Nutbrook Street | | A1
Nutcroft Road | | B2
Nutfield Road | | A2
Nutford Place | | A1
Nutley Terrace | | B2
Nutt Street | | B2
Nuttall Street | | A2
Nutwell Street | | A1
Nynehead Street | | B1
| | A2
Nyton Close | | B1
O
O'Leary Square | | A1
---|---|---
O'Meara Street | | A1
Oak Hill Park | | A1
Oak Hill Park Mews | | A1
Oak Hill Way | | A1
Oak Lane | | A1
Oak Park Mews | | B1
Oak Place | | B2
Oak Tree Road | | A2
Oak Village | | B2
| | B1
Oakbank Grove | | A1
Oakbury Road | | B2
| | B1
Oakden Street | | A1
Oakeshott Avenue | | A2
| | A1
Oakfield Court | | B2
Oakfield Road | | B2
| | A1/A2
Oakfield Street | | B2
Oakford Road | | B2
Oakhill Place | | A2
Oakhill Road | | A1/A2/B1
| | A1
Oakhurst Grove | | A1/B1
Oakington Road | | B2
Oakington Way | | B2
Oaklands Grove | | A1
Oaklands Place | | B1
Oakley Crescent | | B1
Oakley Gardens | | B2
| | A1
Oakley Place | | A2
Oakley Road | | B1
Oakley Square | | A1/B1
Oakley Street | | B1/B2
Oakley Yard | | A2
Oakmead Road | | B1
Oakwood Court | | A1/A2
Oakwood Lane | | A2
Oat Lane | | A1
Oberstein Road | | A2
Oborne Close | | B1
Observatory Gardens | | A1
Observatory Mews | | B2
Occupation Road | | A1
Ocean Street | | A1
Ockendon Mews | | A1
Ockendon Road | | A1/B1
Octavia Mews | | A2
Octavia Street | | A1
Octavius Street | | B1
Odessa Street | | B2
Odger Street | | A1
Offerton Road | | A1
Offley Road | | A2
Offord Road | | A2
| | A1
Offord Street | | A2
Oglander Road | | A2
Ogle Street | | A1
Oil Mill Lane | | B2
Okeburn Road | | B1/B2
Olaf Street | | A2
Old Bailey | | B2
Old Barrack Yard | | A1
Old Bellgate Place | | A1
Old Bethnal Green Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
Old Bond Street | | B1
Old Brewers Yard | | B1
Old Brewery Mews | | B2
Old Broad Street | | B2
| | A2
Old Brompton Road | | B2
| | A1/A2
| | A1
| | A1
Old Buildings | | B2
Old Burlington Street | | B1
Old Castle Street | | A2
Old Castle Street (Pettycoat Lane) Market | | A2
Old Cavendish Street | | B2
Old Chelsea Mews | | B2
Old Church Road | | B2
Old Church Street | | A1/B1
Old Compton Street | | B2
| | A1/A2
Old Court Place | | A2
Old Dairy Mews | | B1
Old Devonshire Road | | B1
Old Fleet Lane | | B2
Old Ford Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
Old Forge Mews | | B1
Old Forge Road | | A1
Old Gloucester Street | | B1
Old Hospital Close | | B1
Old Jamaica Road | | A1
Old James Street | | A2
Old Jewry | | A2/B2
Old Kent Road | | B2
| | B1
| | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
| | A1/B1/B2
| | B1
| | A1/A2
Old Manor Yard | | A1
Old Marylebone Road | | A1
Old Montague Street | | B1/B2
Old Nichol Street | | A1
Old North Street | | B1
The Old Orchard | | A2
Old Palace Yard | | A2
Old Paradise Street | | A1/A2
Old Park Avenue | | A2
Old Park Lane | | A1/B1
Old Pye Street | | A1/A2
Old Quebec Street | | B2
Old Queen Street | | A2
Old Royal Free Place | | B1
Old Royal Free Square | | B1
Old School Close | | A2
Old School Square | | B1
Old Seacoal Lane | | B2
Old South Lambeth Road | | A2
Old Square | | A2/B2
Old Street | | A1/A2/B1
| | A1
| | B1
Old Town | | B2
Old York Road | | A2
Oldbury Place | | A1
Oldfield Grove | | A1
Oldfield Mews | | B2
Oldfield Road | | A2/B2
Oldhill Street | | A2
| | A2
Oldridge Road | | B2
| | A1/B1
Olga Street | | A2
Olinda Road | | A1
Oliver Mews | | B1
Olivers Yard | | A1
Ollerton Green | | A2
Olliffe Street | | A2
Olmar Street | | B1
Olney Road | | B2
| | B1
Olympia Mews | | B1
Olympia Way | | B1
Omega Close | | A2
Omega Place | | B2
Omega Street | | B2
Ondine Road | | A2
| | A1
Onega Gate | | B2
Ongar Road | | B1
Onslow Crescent | | A1
Onslow Gardens | | A1/A2
| | A1
Onslow Mews East | | A1
Onslow Mews West | | A1
Onslow Square | | B2
| | A1/A2
Onslow Street | | A1
Ontario Street | | B1/B2
Ontario Way | | A1
Opal Street | | A1/A2
Openview | | B1
Ophir Terrace | | A1
Oppidans Mews | | A1
Oppidans Road | | A1
Orange Place | | B2
Orange Street | | A2
Orange Yard | | A2
Oransay Road | | A2
Oratory Lane | | A1
Orb Street | | A2
Orbain Road | | B1
Orbel Street | | A1/B1
Orchard Close | | B1
| |
Orchard Mews | | A1
| | B1
Orchard Place | | B1
Orchard Road | | A1
Orchard Street | | B2
Orchardson Street | | A1
Orde Hall Street | | B1
Ordell Road | | B2
Ordnance Hill | | A1/B1
Ordnance Mews | | B1
Oriel Court | | B1
Oriel Drive | | A1
Oriel Road | | A2
Orient Street | | B1
| | A2
Orkney Street | | A1
Orlando Road | | B2
Orleston Mews | | B2
Orleston Road | | B2
Orme Court | | B1
Orme Court Mews | | B1
Orme Lane | | B2
| | B1
Orme Square | | B1
Ormeley Road | | B1/B2
Ormiston Grove | | A1
Ormond Close | | B1
Ormond Mews | | B1
Ormond Road | | B2
Ormond Yard | | A2
Ormonde Gate | | B1
Ormonde Place | | B2
Ormonde Terrace | | B2
Ormsby Place | | B2
Ormsby Street | | B1
Ormside Street | | B1
Ornan Road | | B2
Orpheus Street | | B2
Orsett Street | | B2
Orsett Terrace | | B2
Orsman Road | | A2
Orton Street | | B2
Orville Road | | B1
Osbaldeston Road | | A2
| | A2
Osbert Street | | A1
Osborn Close | | A2
Osborn Street | | B1
Osborne Grove | | B1
Osborne Road | | A1
Oscar Faber Place | | B2
Oscar Street | | B2
Oseney Crescent | | B2
Osier Mews | | B2
Osier Street | | B2
Osiers Road | | A1
Oslo Square | | B2
Osman Road | | B1
Osnaburgh Street | | B1
Osnaburgh Terrace | | B1
Ospringe Road | | A2
Osram Court | | B1
Ossian Mews | | B1
Ossian Road | | B2
| | B1
Ossington Buildings | | A1
Ossington Close | | B2
Ossington Street | | B2
Ossory Road | | A1
Ossulston Street | | B1
Osten Mews | | B2
Osterley Road | | B2
Osward Road | | B2
Oswin Street | | B1
Oswyth Road | | B2
Othello Close | | A1
Otterburn Street | | B2
Otto Street | | B2
Ouseley Road | | B2
Outer Circle | | A1/A2
| | B1
| |
| | A2/B2
| | A1/B1
Outram Place | | B1
Outwich Street | | A1
The Oval | | A2
Oval Place | | A1/B1
Oval Road | |
| | B1
Oval Way | | B2
Overbury Road | | B2
Overstone Road | | A2/B2
Overton Road | | A2/B2
Ovex Close | | A2
Ovington Gardens | | B1/B2
Ovington Mews | | B2
Ovington Square | | B2
Ovington Street | | B2
Owen Street | | A2
Owen's Row | | A2
Owgan Close | | A1
Oxberry Avenue | | B1
Oxendon Street | | B2
| | A2
Oxenford Street | | A2
Oxestalls Road | | A1
Oxford Court | | B1
Oxford Drive | | A1
Oxford Gardens | | B1
| | A1
Oxford Gate | | A2
Oxford Road | | A1
| | A1
| | A2/B2
Oxford Square | | B2
Oxford Street | | B2
| | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Oxley Close | | A1
Oxonian Street | | A2
Oyster Row | | B1
P
Pablo Neruda Close | | A2
---|---|---
Pace Place | | A2
Packington Square | | A1
Packington Street | | A1
Padbury Court | | A2
Paddenswick Road | | A1/B1/B2
Paddington Green | | A2
Paddington Street | | A2
| | A1
Padfield Road | | A1
Pagden Street | | A1
Page Street | | A2
Pageant Crescent | | A2
Pageantmaster Court | | B2
Pages Walk | | B1/B2
Pages Yard | | B2
Paget Street | | A2
Pagnell Street | | A1
Painsthorpe Road | | A2
Pakeman Street | | B2
Pakenham Close | | B2
Pakenham Street | | B2
Palace Avenue | | A2
Palace Court | | B2
Palace Gardens Mews | | B2
Palace Gardens Terrace | | B2
| | A2
Palace Gate | | A1
Palace Green | | A2
Palace Mews | | B2
| | B2
Palace Place | | B2
Palace Street | | B2
| | A2
Palatine Avenue | | B2
Palatine Road | | B2
Palemead Close | | B1
Palfrey Place | | A1/A2/B1
Palgrave Gardens | | B2
Palissy Street | | A1
Pall Mall | | A1/A2
Pall Mall East | | A2
Palliser Road | | A1
Palmer Place | | B1
Palmer Street | | A1
Palmers Road | | A2
Palmerston Road | | A1
Palmerston Way | | A1
Pancras Lane | | B2
Pancras Road | | B2
Pandian Way | | B2
Pandora Road | | A2
Pankhurst Close | | B1
Panmure Close | | A1
Panton Street | | A2
Papworth Gardens | | B1
The Parade | | B1
| | A1
Paradise Road | | B2
| | A1
Paradise Row | | A2
Paradise Street | | A1
Paradise Walk | | B1
Paragon Mews | | A2
Paragon Road | | A2
Pardon Street | | B2
Pardoner Street | | B2
Parfett Street | | A1
Parfrey Street | | B1
Paris Garden | | A2
The Park | | A2
Park Avenue South | | A1
Park Close | | A2
| | B1
Park Crescent | | A2
| | A1
Park Crescent Mews East | | A1
Park Crescent Mews West | | A2
Park End | | A1
Park Hill | | B2
| | A2
Park Lane | | B2
| | A1/B1
Park Place | | A1
| | B1
| | B1
Park Place Villas | | A1
Park Road | | A1/A2
| | A2
| | A2/B2
Park Road North | | A1
Park Square East | | B1
Park Square Mews | | A2
Park Square West | | A2
Park Street | | B2
| | A2
| | A1
Park View Mews | | A1
Park Village East | | A1/A2/B2
Park Village West | | A1
Park Walk | | B1/B2
Park West | | B2
Park West Place | | B2
Parker Mews | | A2
Parker Street | | A2
Parkers Row | | A1
Parkfield Road | | A1
Parkfield Street | | B1
Parkgate Road | | A1
Parkham Street | | A1
Parkhill Road | | B1
Parkhill Walk | | B1
Parkholme Road | | B2
Parkhouse Street | | B1
Parkhurst Road | | B1
| | A2
Parklands | | B2
Parkside Crescent | | B1
Parkside Road | | A1
Parkthorne Road | | B2
Parkview Court | | B1
Parkville Road | | B2
Parkway | | B1
| | A1
Parliament Court | | A1
Parliament Hill | | A1/A2
Parliament Square | | A2
Parliament Street | | B1
Parma Crescent | | A1
Parmiter Street | | A2
Parnell Road | | A2/B2
Parnham Street | | B1
Parolles Road | | B2
Parr Street | | A2
| | A1
Parry Street | | A2
Parsonage Street | | B2
Parsons Green | | A1
Parsons Green Lane | | A2
| | A1
Parthenia Road | | A1
Partington Close | | B1
Parvin Street | | B1
Pascal Street | | A1
Pasley Close | | B2
Passmore Street | | B2
Pastor Street | | A2
Patcham Terrace | | B1
Pater Street | | B1
Patience Road | | B2
Patio Close | | A2
Patmore Street | | B2
Patmos Road | | A1
Patriot Square | | A2
Patshull Place | | B1
Patshull Road | | B1
Patten Road | | A2
Patterdale Road | | A2
Paul Street | | A1
Paulet Road | | B1
Paultons Square | | B2
| | B1
Paultons Street | | B2
| | B1
Pauntley Street | | A1
Paveley Drive | | A1
Paveley Street | | A2/B2
The Pavement | | B2
| | B1
Pavilion Road | | A2/B2
| | A2
Pavilion Street | | B2
Paxton Road | | B1
Paxton Terrace | | B2
Payne Street | | B2
Peabody Avenue | | B1
Peabody Close | | B2
| | B1
Peachwalk Mews | | A2
Peacock Street | | A2
Peacock Yard | | A2
Pear Close | | A1
Pear Place | | A2
Pear Tree Close | | B1
Pear Tree Court | | B1
Pear Tree Street | | A1
Peardon Street | | A1
Pearl Street | | B2
Pearman Street | | B2
Pearscroft Court | | A1
Pearscroft Road | | A1
Pearse Street | | B1
Pearson Close | | A2
Pearson Mews | | B2
Pearson Street | | B1
Peartree Lane | | B1
Peary Place | | A1
Peckett Square | | A1
Peckford Place | | A1/B2
Peckham Grove | | B1
| | A2
Peckham High Street | | A1/A2
Peckham Hill Street | | B2
| | A2
Peckham Park Road | | B1/B2
Peckham Road | | B1/B2
| | A1
Peckham Rye | | A2/B2
Pecks Yard | | B1
Peckwater Street | | A2
Pedlars Walk | | B2
Pedley Street | | B2
Peel Grove | | A2
Peel Passage | | B1
Peel Street | | B1
Peerless Street | | A2
Pegasus Close | | A2
Pegasus Place | | A2
Pekin Close | | B2
Pekin Street | | B1/B2
Pelham Close | | B2
Pelham Crescent | | A2
Pelham Place | | B1
Pelham Street | | B2
| | B1
Pelier Street | | B1
Pellant Road | | B1
Pellatt Road | | B2
| | B1
Pellerin Road | | B2
Pelling Street | | B1
Pelter Street | | A1/A2
Pemberton Gardens | | B2
| | B1
Pemberton Place | | A2
Pemberton Road | | A1
Pemberton Row | | B1
Pemberton Terrace | | B2
Pembridge Crescent | | B1
Pembridge Gardens | | B2
Pembridge Mews | | B2
Pembridge Place | | B2
| | B1
Pembridge Road | | B2
Pembridge Square | | B2
Pembridge Villas | | B2
Pembroke Avenue | | A2
Pembroke Close | | A2
Pembroke Gardens | | B2
Pembroke Gardens Close | | B2
Pembroke Mews | | B1
| | B2
Pembroke Place | | B1
Pembroke Road | | B2
| | B1
Pembroke Square | | B1
Pembroke Street | | A2
Pembroke Studios | | B2
Pembroke Villas | | B1
Pembroke Walk | | B1
Pembry Close | | B2
Pembury Place | | B1
Pembury Road | | B1
Pemell Close | | B2
Penally Place | | B1
Penang Street | | B1
Penarth Street | | B1/B2
Pencombe Mews | | B1
Pencraig Way | | B2
Pendennis Road | | A2
Penderyn Way | | A1
Pendulum Mews | | B1
Penfold Place | | B1
Penfold Street | | A1/B1
Penford Street | | B1
Penn Road | | A2/B2
Penn Street | | A1
Pennack Road | | B2
Pennant Mews | | B2
Pennard Road | | B1
Pennethorne Close | | B2
Pennethorne Road | | A2
Pennington Street | | B2
| | B1
Penny Mews | | B1
Pennyfields | | A2
Penpoll Road | | A1/A2
Penrith Close | | B2
Penrith Road | | B2
Penrose Grove | | B1
Penrose Street | | B1
Penry Street | | A1
Penryn Street | | B1
Pensbury Place | | B2
Pensbury Street | | B2
Penshurst Road | | B1/B2
Pentland Gardens | | B2
Pentland Street | | A1
Pentney Road | | B2
Penton Grove | | B1
Penton Place | | A2
Penton Rise | | A1
Penton Street | | B1
Pentonville Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
| | B1
Pentridge Street | | A1
Penywern Road | | A1
Penzance Place | | B1/B2
Penzance Street | | B1
Pepler Mews | | B2
Pepper Street | | A2
| | A1
| | A2
Pepys Road | | B2
Pepys Street | | B2
Perceval Avenue | | B2
---|---|---
Perch Street | | A2
Percival Street | | B2
Percy Circus | | A1
Percy Mews | | B2
Percy Street | | B2
Percy Yard | | A1
Perham Road | | A1
Perkin's Rents | | B2
Perkins Square | | A1
Perren Street | | A2
Perrers Road | | B1
Perrin's Walk | | B1
Perrins Court | | B1
Perrins Lane | | B1
Perrymead Street | | A2
Perryn Road | | A2
Perrys Place | | B2
Perseverance Place | | B2
Perth Road | | A1/B1
Peter Street | | B1
Peterboat Close | | A2/B2
Peterborough Mews | | B1
Peterborough Road | | A1/B1/B2
Peterborough Villas | | A2
Petergate | | A1
Petersham Lane | | A1/B1
Petersham Mews | | B1
Petersham Place | | B1
Petherton Road | | A2/B2
Petley Road | | A1
Peto Place | | B1
Petticoat Lane Street Market | | A1/A2
Petty France | | A2
| | A1
Petty Wales | | B2
Petworth Street | | A1
Petyt Place | | B1
Petyward | | A1
Peyton Place | | A2
Phelp Street | | B2
Phene Street | | B2
Philbeach Gardens | | B1
| | A2
Philchurch Place | | A2
Philip Lane | | B2
Philip Walk | | A2
Phillimore Gardens | | A2
| | A1/B1
Phillimore Gardens Close | | B1
Phillimore Place | | A1
Phillimore Walk | | A1/B1
Phillipp Street | | A2
Philpot Lane | | B1
Philpot Square | | B2
Philpot Street | | A2
Phipp Street | | A2
Phipp's Mews | | A2
Phoenix Close | | A1
Phoenix Place | | B2
Phoenix Road | | B1
Phoenix Street | | A2
Phoenix Wharf Road | | A2
Physic Place | | B1
Piccadilly | | A2/B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Piccadilly Circus | | B2
Pickard Street | | A1
Pickering Close | | B1
Pickering Mews | | B1
Pickering Street | | B1
Pickets Street | | A1
Pickfords Wharf | | B1
Pickwick Street | | B1
Pickworth Close | | B2
Picton Place | | B1
Picton Street | | A1
Pier Head | | B1
Pier Street | | A2
Pier Terrace | | A2
Pigott Street | | B1
Pilgrim Street | | B2
Pilgrim's Lane | | B2
Pilgrimage Street | | B1/B2
Pilgrims Place | | B2
Pilgrims Way | | B2
Pilkington Road | | B2
Pilot Close | | B1
Pilton Place | | A1
Pimlico Road | | B2
| | B1
Pinchin Street | | B2
Pindar Street | | B2
Pindock Mews | | B1
Pine Close | | A2
Pine Grove | | A2
Pine Street | | B1
Pineapple Court | | A2
Pinefield Close | | A1
Pioneer Street | | A1
Piper Close | | B1
Pirie Close | | A2
Pitfield Street | | /A1/B1
Pitman Street | | A2
Pitsea Place | | B2
Pitsea Street | | B2
Pitt Street | | A1
Pitt's Head Mews | | A1
Pixley Street | | B1
Plantain Place | | A2
Platina Street | | A1
Plato Road | | B1
The Platt | | A1
Platt Street | | B1
Playfair Street | | B1
Playfield Crescent | | B2
Playford Road | | B1
Playhouse Yard | | B2
Pleasant Place | | B1
Plender Street | | A1
Plender Street Market | | A1
Pleshey Road | | A1
Plevna Street | | A1
Pleydell Avenue | | A1
Pleydell Street | | B1
Plimsoll Close | | B2
Plimsoll Road | | B2
Plough Court | | B2
Plough Place | | B2
Plough Road | | A2
Plough Street | | A1
Plough Terrace | | A2
Plough Way | | A1/A2
| | A1
Plough Yard | | A2
Ploughmans Close | | A2
Plover Way | | B2
Plumbers Row | | A1
Plumbridge Street | | B1
Plummer Road | | B2
Plumtree Court | | B1
Plymouth Wharf | | B2
Plympton Place | | B1
Plympton Street | | B1
Pocock Street | | A1/A2/B1
Podmore Road | | A2
Poets Road | | B1
Point Close | | B2
Point Hill | | B2
Point Pleasant | | A2
| | A1
Pointers Close | | B2
Poland Street | | B1
| | A2
Pollard Close | | A1
Pollard Row | | A1
Pollard Street | | A1
Pollen Street | | B2
Pollitt Drive | | A1
Polperro Mews | | A1
The Polygon | | B2
Polygon Road | | B1
Pomell Way | | A2
Pomeroy Street | | A2
Pomfret Road | | A2
Pomoja Lane | | B2
Pond Mead | | B1
Pond Place | | A2
Pond Square | | B1
Pond Street | | A1
Ponler Street | | A1
Ponsford Street | | A1
Ponsonby Place | | B2
Ponsonby Terrace | | B2
Pont Street | | A1
| | B2
Pont Street Mews | | B2
Ponton Road | | A2
| | A1
Pontypool Place | | A2
Poole Road | | A1
Poole Street | | A1
Pooles Buildings | | B2
Pooles Lane | | B1
Pooles Park | | B1
Poolmans Street | | A2
Poonah Street | | B1
Pope Street | | A2
Popes Road | | B2
| | B1
Popes Road Street Market | | B2
Popham Road | | /B1
Popham Street | | B1
Poplar Bath Street | | A1
Poplar Grove | | B1
Poplar High Street | | A2
| | A1/A2
Poplar Place | | B1
Poplar Road | | A2
| | A1
Poplar Walk | | A1/B1
Poppins Court | | B1
Porchester Close | | A2
Porchester Gardens | | B1
Porchester Gardens Mews | | B1
Porchester Place | | B2
Porchester Road | | A1/B1
Porchester Square | | A1/A2
Porchester Terrace | | B1
Porchester Terrace North | | A2/B2
Porden Road | | A2
Porlock Street | | A2
Portbury Close | | B2
Portelet Road | | B1
Porten Road | | B2
Porter Square | | A1
Porter Street | | A2
| | A1
| | A1
Porteus Road | | A1/A2
Portgate Close | | A1
Portia Way | | A2
Portinscale Road | | B2
| | B1
Portland Avenue | | A1
Portland Gardens | | B2
Portland Grove | | B1
Portland Mews | | A1
Portland Place | | B2
| | A1/B1
Portland Rise | | A1
Portland Road | | B2
Portland Square | | B1
Portland Street | | A2/B2
Portman Close | | A2
Portman Gate | | B1
Portman Mews South | | B2
Portman Place | | B2
Portman Square | | A2/B2
Portman Street | | B2
Portnall Road | | A2
| | A1
Portobello Mews | | B1
Portobello Road | | A1/B1
| | A1/B1/B2
Portobello Road Street | | B1
Market | | A1/B1
Portpool Lane | | A2
Portsea Mews | | B2
Portsea Place | | B2
Portslade Road | | A2
Portsmouth Street | | B1
Portsoken Street | | B2
Portugal Street | | B1/B2
Post Office Court | | A2
Post Office Way | | A1
Potier Street | | B2
Pott Street | | B2
Potters Close | | A2
Potters Fields | | A1
Potters Road | | B2
Pottery Lane | | B1/B2
Pottery Street | | A2
Poulton Close | | B1
Poultry | | B2
Pountney Road | | B1
Powell Road | | A1/A2
Powerscroft Road | | B2
Powis Gardens | | A1
Powis Mews | | A2
Powis Place | | B1
Powis Square | | A1/A2
Powis Terrace | | A2
Powlett Place | | A1
Pownall Road | | B2
| | B1
Poynders Gardens | | B1
Poynders Road | | A1/A2/B1/B2
Poynings Road | | B1
Poyntz Road | | A1
Poyser Street | | A2
Praed Mews | | B2
Praed Street | | A1
| | B1/B2
Prague Place | | A1
Prah Road | | B2
Prairie Street | | A2
| | A1
Pratt Mews | | A1
Pratt Street | | A1
Pratt Walk | | A2
Prebend Gardens | | A1
Prebend Street | |
| | A1
Premiere Place | | A1
Prescot Street | | B1
Prescott Place | | B1
President Drive | | B1
President Street | | A1
Prested Road | | A1
Preston Close | | A1
Prestons Road | | A2/B2
Prestwood Street | | B2
Price Close | | A1
Price's Street | | A1
Prices Mews | | B2
Prideaux Place | | A1
Prideaux Road | | A1
Prima Road | | A2
Primrose Close | | B2
Primrose Gardens | | B2
Primrose Hill | | B1
Primrose Hill Road | | B2
| | A1
Primrose Hill Studios | | B1
Primrose Mews | | A1
Primrose Square | | B1
Primrose Street | | B2
Primrose Walk | | A1
Prince Albert Road | | B1/B2
| | B1
Prince Arthur Mews | | B1
Prince Arthur Road | | B1
| | A1
Prince Consort Road | | A1/A2
Prince George Road | | B2
Prince of Orange Lane | | A1
Prince of Wales Drive | | A1
| | A1
| | A1/A2
Prince of Wales Gate | | A1
Prince of Wales Passage | | B2
Prince of Wales Road | | A1/A2
Prince of Wales Terrace | | A2
| | A1
| | A1
Prince Regents Mews | | B2
Prince Street | | B2
| | A1
Princedale Road | | B1/B2
Princelet Street | | B1
Princes Close | | A1
| | B2
Princes Gardens | | A2
| | A1
Princes Gate | | A2
| | A1
Princes Gate Court | | A2
Princes Gate Mews | | B2
| | B1
Princes Mews | | B2
Princes Place | | A1
| | B1
Princes Riverside Road | | A2
Princes Square | | B2
| | B1
Princes Street | | B2
| | A1
Princes Yard | | B2
Princess Crescent | | B1
Princess Louise Close | | A2
Princess May Road | | B2
Princess Mews | | B1
Princess Road | | /B1
Princess Street | | B1
Princeton Court | | A1
Princeton Street | | A1/A2
Print Village | | B1
Printer Street | | B1
Printers Inn Court | | B2
Printers Mews | | A1
Printing House Yard | | A1
Prior Bolton Street | | A1
Prior Street | | B2
Prioress Street | | B2
Priory Court | | B1
Priory Gardens | | A2
| | A2
Priory Grove | | B2
Priory Mews | | B2
Priory Park Road | | B1
Priory Road | | A1
| | B1/B2
Priory Terrace | | B1
Priory Walk | | A1
Pritchard's Road | | A2
Priter Road | | A2
Probert Road | | B1
Procter Street | | A1
Promenade Approach Road | | B1
Prospect Cottages | | A2
Prospect Place | | B1
| | B2
| | B1
Prospect Street | | A1
Prospero Road | | B2
| | A1
Prothero Road | | B1
Prout Road | | A2
Providence Close | | B2
Providence Court | | B2
Providence Yard | | A2
Provost Road | | A2
Provost Street | | B1
Prowse Place | | B2
Prusom Street | | B1/B2
Pudding Lane | | B1
Puddle Dock | | B2
Pulross Road | | B1/B2
Pulteney Close | | A2
Pulteney Terrace | | B2
Pulton Place | | B1
Pump Court | | B2
Pump House Close | | B1
Pump House Mews | | B1
Pump Lane | | A2
Pumping Station Road | | B1/B2
Pundersons Gardens | | A2
Purbrook Street | | A2
Purcell Crescent | | A2
Purcell Street | | A1/A2
Purchese Street | | B2
Purley Place | | A2
Purser's Cross Road | | A2
| | A1
Putney Bridge | | B1
Putney Bridge Approach | | B1/B2
Putney Bridge Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
| | A1/B1
Putney High Street | | A1/A2/B1
Putney Hill | | B1
Pynfolds | | A1
Pyrland Road | | B2
Pytchley Road | | A1/A2
Q
The Quadrangle | | B2
---|---|---
Quadrangle Close | | B1
Quadrant Grove | | B1
Quaker Court | | B1
Quaker Street | | B1
Quantock Mews | | B2
Quarrendon Street | | A1
Quarry Road | | A1
The Quarterdeck | | A1
Quebec Mews | | A2
Quebec Way | | A1/B1
Queen Anne Mews | | B2
Queen Anne Road | | A2/B2
Queen Anne Street | | B1/B2
Queen Anne's Gate | | A1/A2
Queen Caroline Street | | B2
| | A1/B1
Queen Elizabeth Street | | A1/A2
Queen Elizabeths Close | | B2
Queen Elizabeths Walk | | A2/B2
| | A1
Queen Margaret's Grove | | A1
Queen Square | | B2
| | B1
Queen Square Place | | B2
Queen Street | | A2
| | B2
Queen Street Place | | B2
Queen Victoria Street | | B2
| | B2
Queen's Circus | | A1
Queen's Crescent | | A1/A2
Queen's Elm Square | | A1
Queen's Gate | | A1/A2/B2
| | A1
Queen's Gate Gardens | | B1
Queen's Gate Mews | | A1
Queen's Gate Place | | B1
Queen's Gate Place Mews | | B1
Queen's Gate Terrace | | A1
Queen's Grove | | B2
| | A1
Queen's Grove Mews | | B2
Queen's Head Street | | A1
Queen's Row | | B2
Queen's Terrace | | B2
Queenhithe | | B2
Queens Club Gardens | | A1/B1
Queens Drive | | B2
| | B1/B2
Queens Gardens | | B2
Queens Head Yard | | A1
Queens Mews | | B1
Queens Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
| | B1
Queens Yard | | A1
Queensberry Mews West | | B2
Queensberry Place | | B2
Queensberry Way | | B2
Queensborough Mews | | B1
Queensborough Passage | | B1
Queensborough Studios | | B1
Queensborough Terrace | | B1
Queensbridge Road | | B2
| | A2/B2
Queensbury Street | |
Queensdale Crescent | | A2
Queensdale Place | | B1
Queensdale Road | | B1/B2
| | A2
Queensdale Walk | | B1
Queensdown Road | | A1
Queensland Road | | A1
Queensmead | | A1
Queensmill Road | | A1
Queenstown Mews | | B1
Queenstown Road | | A1/B1
| | A1
Queensville Road | | B2
Queensway | | B1
Quemerford Road | | A1/B1
Quernmore Road | | B1/B2
Querrin Street | | B2
Quex Mews | | B1
Quex Road | | B1
Quick Road | | A1
Quick Street | | B1
Quick Street Mews | | B1
Quickswood | | A2
| | A1
Quill Street | | B2
Quilp Street | | A1
Quilter Street | | A2
Quorn Road | | A1
R
Rabbit Row | | B2
---|---|---
Raby Street | | B1
Racton Road | | B2
Radbourne Road | | B1/B2
Radcliffe Road | | B2
Radcot Street | | B1
Raddington Road | | B1
Radipole Road | | A1
Radlett Place | | A1
Radley Court | | A2
Radley Mews | | B2
Radnor Mews | | B2
Radnor Place | | B2
Radnor Road | | B2
| | B1
Radnor Street | | A2
Radnor Terrace | | B2
Radnor Walk | | B2
| | B1
Radstock Street | | A1
Raeburn Street | | B1
Raft Road | | A1
Raglan Street | | A1
Railey Mews | | A2
Railton Road | | B1/B2
Railway Approach | | B2
| | A2
Railway Avenue | | A1/B1
Railway Mews | | A2
| | B2
Railway Rise | | A2
Railway Street | | B2
Rainbow Avenue | | B2
Rainbow Street | | B1
| | A2
Raine Street | | B1
Rainham Close | | B1
Rainsborough Avenue | | A2
| | A1
Rainsford Street | | B2
Rainville Road | | A1
Raleana Road | | B2
Raleigh Gardens | | B2
Raleigh Street | | A1
Ralston Street | | B1
Ram Place | | A2
Ram Street | | B2
Rame Close | | A2
Ramilles Close | | A1/B1
Ramillies Place | | A2
Ramillies Street | | B1
| | A2
Rampart Street | | A1/A2
Rampayne Street | | A2/B1/B2
Ramsay Mews | | B1
Ramsdale Road | | A2
Ramsden Road | | A2/B2
| | B1
Ramsey Mews | | B1
Ramsey Street | | A2
Ramsey Walk | | B2
| | A2
Ramsgate Street | | B2
Randall Close | | A1
Randall Place | | A1
Randall Road | | B1
Randall Row | | B1
Randell's Road | | A1
Randolph Avenue | | A2/B2
Randolph Crescent | | B2
Randolph Gardens | | A2
Randolph Mews | | B2
Randolph Road | | B2
Randolph Street | | B2
Ranelagh Avenue | | B2
Ranelagh Bridge | | A1
Ranelagh Gardens | | A2
| | B2
Ranelagh Grove | | B2
Ranelagh Road | | B2
Rangers Square | | B2
Rangoon Street | | B2
Ranmere Street | | B2
Rannoch Road | | A1
Ranston Street | | B1
Ranwell Close | | A1
Ranwell Street | | A1
Raphael Street | | A2
Rashleigh Street | | A1
Ratcliffe Cross Street | | B2
Ratcliffe Lane | | B2
| | B1
Rathbone Place | | B2
Rathbone Street | | B2
Rathcoole Avenue | | A2
Rathcoole Gardens | | A2
Rathgar Road | | A2
Rathmell Drive | | A2
Rattray Road | | B1
Raul Road | | B2
Raveley Street | | A2
Raven Row | | A2
Ravenet Street | | B1
Ravenfield Road | | A1
Ravenna Road | | B1
Ravenscourt Avenue | | B2
Ravenscourt Gardens | | A2/B2
Ravenscourt Park | | A2/B2
Ravenscourt Place | | B1
Ravenscourt Road | | A1/B1
Ravenscourt Square | | A2
Ravenscroft Street | | A2
Ravensdale Road | | A1
Ravensdon Street | | B1
Ravenshaw Street | | A1
Ravenslea Road | | B1/B2
Ravensmede Way | | B1
Ravenstone Street | | B1
Ravenswood Road | | B1/B2
Ravent Road | | A2
Ravey Street | | A2
Rawlings Street | | A1
Rawson Street | | A2
Rawstorne Place | | A2
Rawstorne Street | | A2
Ray Street | | B1
Ray Street Bridge | | B1
Raydon Street | | A1
Raymond Buildings | | B1
Raymouth Road | | B1
Rayners Road | | B2
Raynham Road | | B2
Raynor Place | |
Reachview Close | | B2
Reading Lane | | A1/A2
Reapers Close | | A2
Reardon Path | | B1
Reardon Street | | B1
Reaston Street | | A1/B1
Reckitt Road | | A1
Record Street | | B1/B2
Recovery Street | | A1
Rector Street | | A1
Rectory Grove | | A2/B2
Rectory Lane | | B2
| | A2/B2
Rectory Road | | A1/B1
| | A2/B1
Rectory Square | | A2
Reculver Road | | A2
| | A1
Red Anchor Close | | B1
Red House Square | | A2
Red Lion Close | | B2
Red Lion Row | | B1
Red Lion Square | | A1
Red Lion Street | | B1
| | A2
Red Lion Yard | | A1
Red Place | | B2
Red Post Hill | | B2
| | B1
Red Square | | B1
Redan Place | | B1
Redan Street | | B2
Redan Terrace | | B1
Redbridge Gardens | | A2
Redburn Street | | B2
| | B1
Redcar Street | | A2
Redcastle Close | | B1
Redchurch Street | | A1
Redcliffe Gardens | | A2/B2
| | B1
Redcliffe Mews | | A2
Redcliffe Place | | B2
Redcliffe Road | | B1
Redcliffe Square | | A2
Redcliffe Street | | A2/B2
Redcross Way | | A1
Reddins Road | | B1
Rede Place | | B2
Redesdale Street | | B2
Redfield Lane | | B1/B2
Redfield Mews | | B2
Redgate Terrace | | B2
Redgrave Road | | A1
Redhill Street | | B1
Redington Gardens | | A1
Redington Road | | A1
Redman's Road | | A1/A2
Redmead Lane | | B2
Redmore Road | | B2
Redriff Road | | B1/B2
Redruth Road | | B1
Redstart Close | | A1
Redston Road | | A1
Redvers Street | | A1
Redwing Mews | | A1
Redwood Close | | B2
| | A2
Redwood Mews | | A1
Reece Mews | | B2
Reed Place | | B2
Reedham Street | | B1
| | A1
Reedholm Villas | | B1
Reedworth Street | | A1
Rees Street | | A2
Reeves Mews | | A1
Reform Street | | A1
Regal Close | | B2
Regal Lane | |
Regal Place | | A2
| | B1
Regal Row | | A1
Regan Way | | A2
Regency Mews | | A1
Regency Street | | A2/B2
Regeneration Road | | A1
Regent Place | | B1
Regent Road | | B2
Regent Square | | A1
Regent Street | | B1
| | A1/B1/B2
| | A2
Regents Bridge Gardens | | A2
Regents Mews | | B2
Regents Park Road | | /A1/A2/B1
Regents Park Terrace | | B1
Regents Row | | B2
| | B1
Regina Road | | B2
Reginald Road | | B2
Reginald Square | | B2
Regis Place | | B1
Regis Road | | A2
| | A1
Regnart Buildings | | B2
Reighton Road | | B2
Reizel Close | | A1
Relay Road | | A1
Relf Road | | A1
Reliance Square | |
Relton Mews | | A2
Rembrandt Close | | B2
| | A2
Remington Street | | B1
Remnant Street | | A1
Rendlesham Road | | A2
| | A1
Renforth Street | | B1
Renfrew Road | | A1/A2
Renmuir Street | | B2
Rennie Street | | A2
Rephidim Street | | B2
Reporton Road | | A1
Repton Street | | B1/B2
Reservoir Road | | B1
Resolution Way | | B2
Reston Place | | A1
Restoration Square | | A1
Retcar Close | | A1
Retford Street | | A1
Retreat Place | | A2
| | A1
Reveley Square | | A2
Reverdy Road | | B1
Rex Place | | A1
Rheidol Mews | | A1
Rheidol Terrace | | A1
Rhoda Street | | A1
Rhodes Street | | B1
Rhodesia Road | | A2
| | A1
Rhodeswell Road | | A2/B2
Rhondda Grove | | B2
Rhyl Street | | A1/A2
Ribbon Dance Mews | | B1
Ricardo Street | | B2
Rich Lane | | A1
Rich Street | | A1
Richard Street | | A1/A2
Richards Place | | B2
Richardson Close | | A1
Richardson's Mews | | A2
Richbell Place | | B1
Richborne Terrace | | A1/B1
Richford Street | | A2
Richmond Avenue | | B2
| | B1
Richmond Buildings | | A2
Richmond Crescent | | B1
Richmond Grove | | A2
Richmond Mews | | A2
Richmond Road | | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
Richmond Terrace | | B1
Richmond Way | | B2
Rickett Street | | B1
Rickman Street | | B2
Rickthorne Road | | B1
Ridge Road | | B1/B2
Ridgeway Gardens | | B2
Ridgeway Road | | A2
Ridgewell Close | |
Ridgmount Gardens | | A1
Ridgmount Place | | B1
Ridgmount Road | | B2
Ridgmount Street | | A1/B1
Riding House Street | | B1
Ridings Close | | B2
Ridley Road | | B1/B2
Rifle Street | | B2
Rigault Road | | B1/B2
Rigden Street | | B2
Rigge Place | | B2
Riley Road | | A2
Riley Street | | B2
Rinaldo Road | | B1
Ring Road | | A1
Ringcroft Street | | B2
Ringford Road | | B2
| | B1
Ringmer Avenue | | A1
Ringmer Gardens | | A1
Ringwood Gardens | | A2/B2
Ripon Road | | B2
Ripplevale Grove | | A2
| | A1
Risborough Street | | A2
Risdon Street | | B1
Risinghill Street | | B2
Rita Road | | A2
Ritchie Street | | B1
Ritherdon Road | | A2
Ritson Road | | B2
Rivaz Place | | A1
River Barge Close | | A2
River Place | | B1
River Street | | A1
River Terrace | | B1
Rivercourt Road | | B1
Riversdale Road | | B1/B2
Riverside Drive | | B1
Riverside Gardens | | B2
Riverton Close | | A1
Riverview Gardens | | A1
Rivington Place | |
Rivington Street | |
Rixon Street | | A1
RK | | B2
Roads Place | | A1
Roan Street | | A1/A2
Robert Adam Street | | A2
| | B1
Robert Burns Mews | | B2
Robert Close | | B2
Robert Dashwood Way | | A2
Robert Keen Close | | B2
Robert Lowe Close | | A2
Robert Street | | A2
| | B1/B2
Robert's Place | | B1
Roberta Street | | A2
Roberts Close | | A1
Roberts Mews | | A2
Robertson Street | | A1/A2
Robeson Street | | A1
Robin Court | | B1
Robin Grove | | A2
Robin Hood Lane | | A2
Robinscroft Mews | | B1
Robinson Road | | A2
| | B1
Robinson Street | | B2
Robsart Street | | A1/A2
Rochelle Close | | B1/B2
Rochelle Street | | A1
Rochester Mews | | B1
Rochester Place | | B1
Rochester Road | | B2
| | B1
Rochester Row | | A2
| | A1
| | B1
Rochester Square | | B1
Rochester Street | | B1
Rochester Terrace | | B1
Rochester Walk | | A1
Rochford Street | | B1
Rock Grove Way | | B2
Rock Street | | B2
Rockingham Street | | B2
| | B1
Rockland Road | | B2
Rockley Road | | B2
Rocliffe Street | | B1
Roden Court | | B2
Roden Street | | B2
Rodenhurst Road | | A1/A2
Roderick Road | | A2
Roding Mews | | B2
Rodmarton Street | | A2
Rodney Place | | A1
Rodney Road | | A1/A2
Rodney Street | | B2
Rodwell Road | | B2
| | B1
Roffey Street | | A1
Roger Street | | B1/B2
Rokeby Road | | B2
Rokesly Avenue | | A1
Roland Gardens | | A1
Roland Mews | | A2
Roland Way | | A1
| | B2
Rollins Street | | B2
Rollit Street | | B1
Rolls Buildings | | B2
Rolls Road | | A2
| | A1
Rollscourt Avenue | | B1
Rolt Street | | B1
Roman Road | | A1
| | B2
| | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
Roman Way | | B1
| | A1
Romberg Road | | A1/A2
Romero Close | | A2
Romford Street | | A1
Romilly Road | | B2
Romilly Street | | A1
Romney Close | | A2
| | B1
Romney Mews | | A1
Romney Road | | A2
Romney Street | | B2
Rona Road | | B2
Rona Walk | | A2
Ronald Street | | B1
Ronalds Road | | B2
Rood Lane | | B1
Rookery Road | | B2
| | B1
Rookstone Road | | A1
Rope Street | | B1/B2
Rope Walk Gardens | | A1
Ropemaker Road | | B2
Ropemaker Street | | B2
Ropemakers Fields | | B1
Roper Lane | | A2
Ropery Street | | A2
| | A1
Ropewalk Mews | | A2
Ropley Street | | A2
Rosa Alba Mews | | A1
Rosaline Road | | B1
Rosary Gardens | | A1
Rosaville Road | | B2
Roscoe Street | | A2/B2
Rose Alley | | A2
Rose & Crown Yard | | A1/A2
Rose Street | | B1
Rosebank Gardens | | A1
Roseberry Gardens | | B2
Roseberry Place | | B1
Roseberry Street | | B2
| | B1
Rosebery Avenue | | B2
| | A2/B1/B2
Rosebery Gardens | | A1
Rosebery Mews | | B1
Rosebery Road | | A2
| | B1
Rosebury Road | | B2
| | B1
Rosedale Court | | A1
Rosedew Road | | A1
Rosefield Gardens | | A2
Rosehart Mews | | B2
Rosehill Road | | B1
Roseleigh Avenue | | A1
Rosemary Road | | B2
Rosemary Street | | B1
Rosemont Road | | A2
Rosemoor Street | | A1
Rosenau Crescent | | A1
Rosenau Road | | A1
Roseneath Road | | A2
Roserton Street | | A1
Rosethorn Close | | B2
Rosina Street | | A2
Rosmead Road | | B2
Rosoman Place | | B1
Rosoman Street | | B1
Rossendale Way | | B2
| | A2
Rossetti Mews | | A1
Rossetti Road | | A2
Rossington Street | | A2
Rossiter Road | | B1/B2
Rosslyn Hill | | B1
| | A2
Rosslyn Park Mews | | A2
Rossmore Road | | B1/B2
Rostrevor Avenue | | A1
Rostrevor Road | | A1
Rotary Street | | B1
Rotherfield Street | |
| | B1
Rotherhithe New Road | | B1/B2
| | A2
| | A2
| | A1
Rotherhithe Old Road | | B2
| | B1
Rotherhithe Street | | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
| | A2/B2
Rotherhithe Tunnel | | B1/B2
| | A1/B1
Rotherhithe Tunnel | | B1
Approach | | B1
Rotherwood Road | | A1
Rothery Street | | B2
Rothsay Street | | B1
Rothwell Street | | A1
Rotterdam Drive | | A2
Rouel Road | | A1/B1
Rounton Road | | A2
Roupell Street | | A2
Rousden Street | | B2
Routh Road | | A2
Routledge Close | | A2
Rowallan Road | | A2
Rowan Road | | A2
Rowan Terrace | | A2
Rowan Walk | | A2
Rowberry Close | | B1
Rowcross Street | | A2
Rowditch Lane | | A1
Rowe Lane | | B2
Rowena Crescent | | B2
Rowfant Road | | B2
Rowhill Road | | B2
Rowington Close | | A2
Rowland Hill Street | | A1
Rowlands Close | | A2
Rowley Gardens | | B2
Rowley Way | | A1/A2
Rowntree Close | | A2
Rowstock Gardens | | B1
Roxby Place | | B1
Royal Avenue | | B1
Royal Close | | B1
Royal College Street | | B2
| | A1
Royal Crescent | | B1
| | A2
Royal Crescent Mews | | A2
Royal Duchess Mews | | A2
Royal Exchange Avenue | | A2
Royal Hill | | A2/B2
Royal Hospital Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
Royal Mint Street | | B1
Royal Naval Place | | A2
Royal Oak Road | | A1
Royal Oak Yard | | A1
Royal Place | | B2
Royal Road | | B1/B2
Royal Street | | A2
Royal Victor Place | | A1
Royalty Mews | | A2
Roydon Street | | B1
Royston Street | | A1
Rozel Road | | A2
Rubens Place | | B1
Ruby Street | | B2
Ruby Triangle | | B2
Rudall Crescent | | B2
Rudloe Road | | A1
Rudolf Place | | A2
Rufford Street | | A1
Rufus Street | |
Rugby Street | | B1
Rugg Street | | A1
Ruislip Street | | B1
Rum Close | | B2
Rumbold Road | | B2
Rumsey Road | | A2
| | B1
Runcorn Place | | B1
Rupack Street | | A2
Rupert Gardens | | A1
Rupert Road | | A1
| | B1/B2
Rupert Street | | B1/B2
Rupert Street Market | | B2
Rusbridge Close | | A2
Rush Hill Mews | | B2
Rush Hill Road | | B2
Rusham Road | | A2
Rushcroft Road | | A2
Rushmead | | A1
Rushmore Road | | A2
Rushton Street | | A1
Rushworth Street | | B1/B2
Ruskin Walk | | B1
Russell Close | | B2
Russell Court | | A1
Russell Gardens | | A1
Russell Gardens Mews | | A1
Russell Grove | | B2
Russell Place | | B2
Russell Road | | A1/B1
| | A1
Russell Square | | B2
Russell Street | | B2
Russia Court | | A2
Russia Dock Road | | A2
Russia Lane | | A2
Russia Row | | A2
Rust Square | | A1
Ruston Mews | | A2
Ruston Street | | A2
Rutherford Street | | A1
Ruthven Street | | B1
Rutland Gardens | | A1
| | B2
Rutland Gardens Mews | | A1
Rutland Gate | | A1
Rutland Gate Mews | | A1
Rutland Grove | | B2
Rutland Mews | | A1
Rutland Mews East | | B1
Rutland Mews South | | B1
Rutland Place | | B1
Rutland Road | | B1
Rutland Street | | B1
Rutley Close | | B1
Ruvigny Gardens | | A1
Ryde Vale Road | | B2
Ryder Drive | | A2
| | B1
Ryder Mews | | A1
Ryder Street | | A1
Ryder Yard | | A1
Ryders Terrace | | B1
Rydon Street | |
Rydston Close | | A2
Rye Lane | | A2/B2
Rye Walk | | B1
Ryecroft Street | | A2
Ryland Road | | A2
Rylett Road | | A2
Rylston Road | | B1/B2
Rymer Street | | B2
Rysbrack Street | | A2
S
Sabine Road | | B1
---|---|---
Sable Street | | A2
Sackville Street | | B1
Saddle Yard | | A1
Saffron Hill | | B1
| | A1
Saffron Street | | A1
Sage Mews | | B2
Sage Street | | B2
Sage Way | | A2
Sail Street | | A2
Sainfoin Road | | A2
Saint Paul's Mews | | A1
Salamanca Place | | B1
Salamanca Street | | B1
Salcombe Road | | B2
Salcott Road | | B1/B2
Sale Place | | B2
Sale Street | | A2
Salem Road | | B1
Salford Road | | B2
Salisbury Close | | A2
Salisbury Court | | B1
Salisbury Mews | | B2
Salisbury Place | | A2
| | A1
Salisbury Road | | A2
Salisbury Square | | B1
Salisbury Street | | B1
Salmon Lane | | B2
| | B1/B2
Salmon Street | | B2
Salter Road | | A2
| | A2/B2
Salter Street | | A1
Salterford Road | | A2
Salters Hall Court | | B1
Salterton Road | | B2
Saltoun Road | | B1
| | A2
Saltram Crescent | | A2
Saltwell Street | | A2
Salutation Road | | B2
Samels Court | | B2
Samford Street | | B1
Sampson Street | | B2
Samuel Close | | A2
| | A1
Samuel Street | | B2
Samuels Close | | B2
Sancroft Street | | A1
| | B2
The Sanctuary | | A2
Sanctuary Mews | | B2
Sanctuary Street | | A1
Sand's End Lane | | A1
Sandale Close | | B2
Sandall Road | | B2
Sandalwood Close | | A1
Sandbourne Road | | B1
Sandbrook Road | | B2
Sandell Street | | A2
Sanderson Close | | B1
Sanderstead Close | | B1
Sandgate Lane | | B1
Sandgate Street | | B2
Sandilands Road | | A2
| | A1
Sandison Street | | A1
Sandland Street | | A2
Sandlings Close | | B2
Sandmere Road | | B2
| | B1
Sandpiper Close | | A2
Sandridge Street | | A1
Sandringham Gardens | | A2
Sandringham Road | | B1/B2
Sandwell Crescent | | A2
Sandwich Street | | A1
Sandy's Row | | A1
Sanford Street | | B2
| | A2
| | A1
Sanford Terrace | | B1
Sanford Walk | | A2
Sangora Road | | B2
Sans Walk | | B1/B2
Sansom Street | | A1
Santley Street | | B1
Santos Road | | A2
Sapphire Road | | A1
Saracen Street | | B1
Sardinia Street | | B1
Sarsfeld Road | | B1/B2
Satchwell Road | | A2
Sattar Mews | | A1
Saunders Close | | A1
Saunders Ness Road | | A2/B2
Saunders Street | | A2
Savage Gardens | | B2
Savannah Close | | A1
Savernake Road | | A2/B2
Savile Row | | A1/B1
Savona Street | | A2
Savoy Court | | A2
Savoy Hill | | A2
Savoy Mews | | A2
Savoy Place | | A2
Savoy Row | | A2
Savoy Steps | | A2
Savoy Street | | A2
Savoy Way | | A2
Sawmill Yard | | A1
Sawyer Street | | A2
| | A1
Saxby Road | | B1
Saxon Road | | B1
Sayes Court Street | | B2
Scala Street | | B2
Scampston Mews | | A1
Scandrett Street | | B1
Scarborough Road | | A1/A2
Scarborough Street | | B1
Scarsdale Place | | B2
Scarsdale Villas | | B1/B2
Scawen Road | | B2
| | A1
Scawfell Street | | B2
Sceptre Road | | B2
Scholars Road | | B2
Scholefield Road | | A2
Schonfeld Square | | B2
Schoolbank Road | | B2
Schoolbell Mews | | A2
Schoolhouse Lane | | B2
Schooner Close | | A2
| | A1
Schubert Road | | A2
Sclater Street | | A1
Sclater Street Street Market | | A1
Scoble Place | | A2
Scolars Place | | A2
Scoresby Street | | A1
Scotland Place | | B1
Scotswood Street | | B1
Scott Ellis Gardens | | A1
Scott Lidgett Crescent | | A1/A2
Scott Russell Place | | B2
Scott Street | | B1
Scotts Road | | B1/B2
Scout Lane | | B2
Scovell Road | | B2
Scriven Street | | A1
Scrutton Close | | B2
Scrutton Street | | A1/A2
Scylla Road | | B1
| | A2
Seabright Street | | B1
Seaford Street | | A1
Seaforth Crescent | | B2
Seagrave Road | | A1/B1
Seal Street | | A2
Searle Place | | B2
Searles Close | | A1
Searles Road | | A2
Sears Street | | A1
Sebastian Street | | B2
Sebbon Street | | A2
Secker Street | | A2
Second Avenue | | A2
Sedan Way | | A1
Sedding Street | | B2
Seddon Street | | B2
Sedgmoor Place | | A2
Sedgwick Street | | A2
Sedleigh Road | | B2
Sedlescombe Road | | B2
| | B1
Seely Road | | B2
Seething Lane | | B2
Sekforde Street | | B2
Selborne Road | | B2
Selby Street | | B2
Selden Road | | B2
Selkirk Road | | A1
Sellincourt Road | | A1/B2
Selsdon Way | | A1
Selsea Place | | B2
Selsey Street | | B1
Selwood Place | | A2
Selwyn Road | | B1
Semley Place | | B2
Senior Street | | A1/A2
Senrab Street | | A2
Serenaders Road | | A2
Serjeants Inn | | B2
Serle Street | | B2
Serman Lane | | B2
Serpentine Road | | A1
Setchell Road | | B2
Setchell Way | | B2
Seth Street | | B1
Settles Street | | A2
Settrington Road | | B2
Seven Sisters Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
| | A1/A2
Seven Stars Yard | | B1
Severnake Close | | B1
Severus Road | | A1
Seville Mews | | B2
Seville Street | | A1
Sevington Street | | B2
Seward Street | | A1
Sewardstone Road | | A1
Sextant Avenue | | A2
Seymour Mews | | A2
| | B1
Seymour Place | | A1
| | B1
Seymour Road | | A1
Seymour Street | | B1/B2
Seymour Walk | | B1
Seyssel Street | | B2
Shacklewell Green | | A2
Shacklewell Lane | | A1/A2/B1
Shacklewell Road | | A2
Shacklewell Row | | A2
Shacklewell Street | | A2
Shad Thames | | A2
Shadwell Pierhead | | B1
Shaftesbury Avenue | | B1
| | B2
| | B1/B2
| | A1/A2/B1
| | A1
Shaftesbury Mews | | B1
| | A1
Shaftesbury Road | | B1/B2
Shaftesbury Street | | B2
| | A1
Shafto Mews | | B2
Shafton Road | | B1
Shakespeare Road | | A2/B2
Shakspeare Mews | | B1
Shakspeare Walk | | B1/B2
Shalcomb Street | | B1
Shalfleet Drive | | A1
Shamrock Street | | A1
Shand Street | | A1
Shandon Road | | A1
Shandy Street | | A2
| | A1
Shanklin Road | | A1/A2
Shannon Grove | | B2
Shannon Place | | B1
Shardcroft Avenue | | B2
| | B1
Shardeloes Road | | B1/B2
Sharon Gardens | | B2
Sharpleshall Street | | A1
Sharratt Street | | B2
Sharsted Street | | B1/B2
Shaw Crescent | | A2
Shaw Road | | A1
Shawbury Road | | B2
Shawfield Street | | B2
Shearling Way | | B2
Sheba Place | | B1
Sheen Grove | | B1
Sheep Lane | | B1
Sheepcote Lane | | A1
Sheffield Street | | B1
Sheffield Terrace | | A1
Shelburne Road | | A1
Sheldon Place | | A1
Sheldrake Place | | A2
Shelford Place | | B2
Shelgate Road | | A2/B1
Shelley Close | | B1
Shellness Road | | B1
Shellwood Road | | A1
Shelmerdine Close | | A1
Shelton Street | | B1
Shenfield Street | | A2
| | B1
Shenley Road | | B2
Shepherd Street | | A1/A2
Shepherdess Place | | B2
Shepherdess Walk | | A2/B2
Shepherds Bush Green | | B1/B2
Shepherds Bush Market | | B2
Shepherds Bush Place | | B2
Shepherds Bush Road | | B1
| | A1
Shepherds Close | | A1
Shepherds Hill | | A2
| | A1/A2
| | A1
Shepherds Lane | | A2
Shepherds Walk | | B1
Sheppard Drive | | A2
Shepperton Road | |
| | B1
Sheppey Walk | | A2
Sheraton Street | | A1
Sherborne Lane | | B2
Sherborne Street | | B1
Sherbrooke Road | | B1/B2
Sheridan Street | | A2
Sheringham Road | | B1
Sherlock Mews | | A1
Sherriff Road | | A1/B2
Sherwood Gardens | | B2
| | A2
Sherwood Street | | B2
Shetland Road | | B2
Shillibeer Place | | A1
Shillingford Street | | A2/B2
Ship & Mermaid Row | | A2
Ship Yard | | B2
Shipka Road | | B1/B2
Shipton Street | | A2
Shipwright Road | | B2
Shipwright Yard | | A1
Shirbutt Street | | A2
Shirland Mews | | A1
Shirland Road | | A1/A2
| | A1/B1
Shirley Grove | | B2
Shirlock Road | | B2
Shoe Lane | | A1/B1
Shoot Up Hill | | A1
Shooters Hill Road | | B2
Shore Place | | B2
Shore Road | | B2
Shoreditch High Street | | A2
| | A1
Shoreham Close | | B2
Shorncliffe Road | | A1
Shorrolds Road | | B2
Short Road | | B1
Short Street | | A2
Shorter Street | | B2
Shortlands | | A2/B2
Shorts Gardens | | A1/B1
Shottendane Road | | A2
Shoulder of Mutton Alley | | B1
Shouldham Street | | A1
Shrewsbury Mews | | A2
Shrewsbury Road | | A2
Shrewton Road | | B2
Shropshire Place | | A1
Shroton Street | | B1
Shrubbery Close | | A1
Shrubland Road | | A2
| | B1
Shurland Gardens | | B2
Shuttle Street | | B2
Shuttleworth Road | | B1/B2
Sibella Road | | A1
Sidbury Street | | A1
Siddons Lane | | B2
Sidford Place | | A2
Sidings Mews | | A1
Sidmouth Street | | A1/A2
Sidney Grove | | A2
Sidney Road | | A1
Sidney Square | | A2
| | A1
Sidney Street | | A2
Sidworth Street | | B1/B2
Sigdon Passage | | B1
Sigdon Road | | B2
| | B1
Signmakers Yard | | A1
Silbury Street | | B1
Silchester Road | | A1
Silesia Buildings | | A2
Silex Street | | B1
Silk Street | | B2
Silver Close | | A2
Silver Road | | A2
Silver Walk | | A2
Silverbirch Walk | | A1
Silverthorne Road | | B1
| | A1/A2
Silverton Road | | A1
Silvester Road | | B2
| | B1
Silvester Street | | B1
Silwood Street | | B2
| | A2
Simms Road | | B1/B2
Simon Close | | B1
Simpson Street | | B1/B2
Simpsons Road | | A1
Simrose Court | | B1
Sinclair Gardens | | B2
Sinclair Road | | B2
| | A1/B1
Singer Street | | A1
Singleton Close | | B1
Sir John Kirk Close | | A2
Sirdar Road | | B1
| | B2
Sise Lane | | B2
Sispara Gardens | | B2
Sister Mabel's Way | | B2
Sisters Avenue | | B1
Sistova Road | | B1/B2
Sisulu Place | | B2
Skelgill Road | | A1
Skelton Close | | B1
Skelwith Road | | A1
Sketchley Gardens | | A2
Skinner Court | | A2
Skinner Place | | B2
Skinner Street | | B1/B2
Skinners Lane | | B2
Skipworth Road | | B1
Slaidburn Street | | B1
Slaney Place | | B1
Slater Mews | | B2
Sleaford Street | | A2
Slievemore Close | | B2
Slingsby Place | | B1
Slippers Place | | A1
Sloane Avenue | | B1
| | A1
Sloane Court East | | B2
Sloane Court West | | B2
Sloane Gardens | | B2
Sloane Square | | B2
Sloane Street | | A2/B2
| | A2
Sloane Terrace | | B1/B2
Sly Street | | A1
Smallbrook Mews | | B2
Smalley Close | | B1
Smardale Road | | A2
Smart Street | | A1
Smart's Place | | A2
Smeaton Street | | B2
Smedley Street | | A1/A2
Smith Close | | A2
Smith Square | | B2
Smith Street | | B1
Smith Terrace | | B1
Smith's Court | | B2
Smithfield Street | | A2
Smiths Yard | | B1
Smithy Street | | A1/A2
Smokehouse Yard | | A2
Smugglers Way | | A2
Smyrks Road | | A1
Smyrna Road | | B1
Smythe Street | | A1
Snow Hill | | A1/B2
Snow Hill Court | | B2
Snowbury Road | | B1
Snowsfields | | A2
| | A1
Soames Street | | A2
Soho Square | | A1
Soho Street | | B2
Sojourner Truth Close | | A2
Solander Gardens | | B2
Solebay Street | | A1/A2
Solent Road | | A2
Soley Mews | | A1
Solon New Road | | B2
| | B1
Solon Road | | B1
Solway Close | | B1
Solway Road | | A1
Somerfield Road | | B2
Somerfield Street | | A1
Somerford Grove | | A1
Somerford Street | | B1
Somerford Way | | A2
Somerleyton Road | | A1/B1
Somers Close | | B1
Somers Crescent | | B2
Somers Mews | | B2
Somers Road | | B2
Somerset Gardens | | B2
Somerset Square | | A1
Somerville Avenue | | A1
Sonderburg Road | | B1
Sondes Street | | B2
Sophia Square | | A2
Sopwith Way | | A1
Sorrell Close | | A2
Sotheby Road | | A2
Sotheran Close | | B1
Sotheron Road | | A2
Soudan Road | | A1
Souldern Road | | A2
South Audley Street | | A1
South Black Lion Lane | | B2
South Bolton Gardens | | A2
South Carriage Drive | | B1
| | A1
| | A2
| | A1/A2
The South Colonnade | | B2
| | B1
South Crescent | | B1
South Eaton Place | | B2
South Edwardes Square | | B2
South End | | B2
South End Close | | A1
South End Green | | A1
South End Road | | A1
South End Row | | B2
South Grove | | B1
South Hill Park | | A1/A2
South Island Place | | B2
South Lambeth Place | | A2
South Lambeth Road | | B1
| | A2/B2
| | B1
South Molton Lane | | B1
South Parade | | A1
South Park Mews | | B2
South Place | | B1
South Place Mews | | B1
South Sea Street | | B2
South Side | | A1
South Square | | A2
South Street | | A1
South Tenter Street | | B1
South Terrace | | B1
South Villas | | B2
South Wharf Road | | A1/B2
Southall Place | | A2
Southam Street | | A1
Southampton Buildings | | A2
Southampton Place | | B2
Southampton Road | | B1
Southampton Row | | B2
| | A1
Southampton Street | | A2
Southampton Way | | A1/A2
Southborough Road | | B1/B2
Southcombe Street | | B1
Southcote Road | | B1
Southcott Mews | | B1
Southcroft Road | | B2
Southern Grove | | B1
| | A1
Southern Row | | A1
Southern Street | | B2
Southerngate Way | | A2
| | A1
Southerton Road | | A2/B2
Southey Road | | B2
Southfields Road | | B1
Southgate Grove | | B1
Southgate Road | | A1/B1
Southill Street | | B2
Southolm Street | | B1
Southview Close | | A2
Southville | | B1
Southwark Bridge | | B2
| | A1
Southwark Bridge Road | | B2
| | A1
Southwark Park Road | | B1/B2
| | A1/B1
Southwark Street | | A1/A2
| | A1
Southwater Close | | B2
Southway Close | | B2
Southwell Gardens | | B1
Southwell Road | | A1
Southwick Mews | | B2
Southwick Place | | B2
Southwick Street | | B2
Southwold Road | | A2
Southwood Avenue | | A2/B2
Southwood Lane | | A2/B1/B2
Southwood Lawn Road | | A2
Southwood Smith Street | | B1/B2
Sovereign Close | | B1/B2
Sovereign Crescent | | A2
| | A2
Sovereign Mews | | B1
Spa Road | | B2
| | A1
Spafield Street | | B1
Spanby Road | | A2
Spanish Place | | B1
Spanish Road | | B1
Sparsholt Road | | B2
Spear Mews | | A1
Spears Road | | B1
Spedan Close | | A1
Speechly Mews | | B1
Speedwell Street | | B1
Speedy Place | | A1
Speldhurst Road | | B1
Spelman Street | | B2
Spence Close | | B2
Spencer Mews | | B1
| | B1
Spencer Park | | B2
Spencer Place | | A2
Spencer Rise | | B2
Spencer Road | | A1
| | B2
Spencer Street | | B2
Spencer Walk | | B1
| | A1
Spenser Grove | | B2
Spenser Road | | B1
Spenser Street | | A1
Spensley Walk | | A1
Spert Street | | B1
Spicer Close | | B1
Spindrift Avenue | | B2
| | B1
Spital Square | | B2
| | B1
Spital Street | | B2
Spital Yard | | B1
Spode Walk | | A1
Sportsman Mews | | B2
Sprimont Place | | A1
Spring Gardens | | A2
| | B1
Spring Mews | | A2
Spring Park Drive | | A2
Spring Passage | | A1
Spring Place | | A2
Spring Street | | B1
Springall Street | | A1
Springdale Mews | | A2
Springdale Road | | B1
| | A2
Springfield Lane | | A1
Springfield Road | | A1
Springfield Walk | | A1
Springhill Close | | A2
Springtide Close | | A2
Springvale Terrace | | B2
Springwood Close | | B2
Spur Road | | B2
| | A2
Spurgeon Street | | B2
Spurling Road | | A2
Spurstowe Road | | B1
Spurstowe Terrace | | B1
The Square | | B1
Square Rigger Row | | A1
Squires Mount | | B2
Squirries Street | | A2
SR East Cross Route | | A2
St. Agnes Close | | B2
St. Agnes Place | | B1
St. Alban's Place | | B2
St. Albans Grove | | B2
St. Albans Road | | A2
| | A1
St. Albans Street | | A2
St. Albans Terrace | | B2
St. Alphage Gardens | | B2
St. Alphonsus Road | | B1
St. Andrew Street | | A2
| | B1
St. Andrew's Court | | B1
St. Andrew's Hill | | B2
St. Andrews Close | | B1
St. Andrews Road | | A1
St. Andrews Square | | A1
St. Ann's Crescent | | B2
| | A1
St. Ann's Gardens | | A1
St. Ann's Hill | | B2
| | A1
St. Ann's Park Road | | A1
St. Ann's Road | | A2/B2
| | A1
St. Ann's Street | | A2/B2
St. Ann's Terrace | | B1
St. Anne Street | | A1
St. Anne's Close | | A2
St. Anne's Row | | A1
St. Annes Passage | | A1
St. Anns Road | | B1
| | A2
St. Anns Villas | | A2
St. Anselm's Place | | B1
St. Anthonys Close | | B2
St. Augustines Road | | B2
| | B1
St. Barnabas Close | | B1
St. Barnabas Street | | B2
St. Barnabas Terrace | | A2
St. Barnabas Villas | | B2
St. Benedict's Close | | A2
St. Benet's Place | | B2
St. Botolph Street | | A2
St. Bride Street | | B1
St. Catherine's Mews | | B2
St. Chad's Place | | A2
St. Chad's Street | | A1
St. Charles Place | | A2
St. Charles Square | | A1/B1
| | A1/A2
St. Clare Street | | B2
St. Clement's Lane | | B1
St. Clements Street | | A1
St. Clements Yard | | B2
St. Crispins Close | | A1
St. Cross Street | | A2
| | A1
St. Cyprian's Street | | B1
St. Davids Close | | B1
St. Davids Square | | B1
St. Dionis Road | | B2
| | A1
St. Donatts Road | | B1
St. Dunstan's Hill | | B1
St. Dunstan's Lane | | B1
St. Dunstans Road | | B1/B2
St. Edmunds Close | | B2
St. Edmunds Square | | A1
St. Edmunds Terrace | | B1/B2
St. Elmos Road | | A2
St. Ermin's Hill | | A1
St. Ervans Road | | B1/B2
St. Francis Road | | A1
St. Gabriel's Close | | B2
St. George Street | | B2
| | A1
St. George's Close | | B2
St. George's Drive | | B1/B2
St. George's Square | | B1
St. George's Square Mews | | B1/B2
St. Georges Avenue | | B2
| | B1
St. Georges Circus | | B1
St. Georges Court | | B2
St. Georges Fields | | B2
St. Georges Mews | | A1
| | B2
| | A1
St. Georges Road | | B2
| | B1
St. Georges Square | | B1
| | A1
St. Georges Terrace | | A1
St. Georges Way | | B1/B2
St. Gerards Close | | A1
St. Giles High Street | | A2
St. Giles Passage | | A2
St. Giles Road | | A1/B2
St. Helena Road | | A2
| | A1
St. Helena Street | | A1
St. Helens Gardens | | A1
St. Helens Place | | A2
St. Hilda's Road | | B2
St. James Grove | | A1
St. James Mews | | A2
St. James Street | | B1
St. James's | | A1
St. James's Avenue | | A1
St. James's Close | | A1
St. James's Court | | A2
| | A1
St. James's Crescent | | B2
St. James's Drive | | B1
| | A1
St. James's Gardens | | B1
St. James's Market | | A2
St. James's Passage | | A2
St. James's Place | | A1
St. James's Road | | A2/B2
| | A2/B2
St. James's Square | | A2
St. James's Street | | A2
St. James's Terrace | | B2
St. James's Terrace Mews | | B2
St. James's Walk | | B2
St. John Street | | A2/B2
| | A2
St. John's Avenue | | B1/B2
St. John's Church Road | | B2
St. John's Close | | B2
St. John's Crescent | | B2
St. John's Gardens | | B2
St. John's Hill | | A2/B1/B2
| | A1
St. John's Hill Grove | | A2/B2
St. John's Lane | | A2
St. John's Mews | | B2
St. John's Place | | A2
St. John's Road | | A1
St. John's Square | | B2
| | A2
St. John's Villas | | B2
St. John's Wood Court | | A1
St. John's Wood High Street | | B1
St. John's Wood Park | | B1
| | A1
St. John's Wood Road | | A1/A2
St. John's Wood Terrace | | B1
St. Johns Grove | | A1
St. Johns Villas | | A1
St. Johns Way | | B2
| | B1
| | A1/A2
St. Josephs Close | | B1
St. Josephs Street | | B1
St. Jude Street | | A2
St. Jude's Road | | A2
St. Katharine's Way | | B1
St. Katharines Precinct | | A1
St. Lawrence Street | | A2
St. Lawrence Terrace | | B1
St. Lawrence Way | | B2
| | A2
St. Leonard's Terrace | | B1/B2
St. Leonards Road | | A2
St. Leonards Square | | A1
St. Loo Avenue | | B2
St. Luke's Avenue | | B2
St. Luke's Close | | A2
St. Luke's Street | | A2
St. Lukes Mews | | A1
St. Lukes Road | | A1/A2
St. Margaret's Court | | A1
St. Margaret's Street | | A2
St. Margarets Avenue | | A2
St. Margarets Lane | | B2
St. Mark Street | | A1
St. Mark's Grove | | B2
St. Marks Close | | A2
| | A1
| | B1
St. Marks Crescent | |
St. Marks Place | | A2
St. Marks Rise | | B1/B2
St. Marks Road | | A1/A2
St. Marks Square | | B1
St. Martin's Lane | | B2
| | A1
St. Martin's Place | | A1
St. Martin's Road | | A1
St. Martin's Street | | A2
St. Martin's-le-Grand | | B2
| | A1
St. Martins Close | | A1
St. Mary Abbots Place | | B2
St. Mary Abbots Terrace | | B2
St. Mary at Hill | | B1
St. Mary Axe | | A1
St. Mary's Gardens | | A1
St. Mary's Gate | | B2
St. Mary's Grove | | A1
St. Mary's Mews | | B1
St. Mary's Place | | B2
St. Mary's Road | | B2
St. Mary's Walk | | A1
St. Marychurch Street | | A2
| | A1
St. Marys Mansions | | A2
St. Marys Path | | B2
St. Marys Square | | A2
St. Marys Terrace | | A2
St. Matthew Street | | B1
St. Matthew's Road | | A2
St. Matthew's Row | | A2
St. Maur Road | | A2
St. Michael's Mews | | B2
St. Michael's Road | | A1
St. Michaels Gardens | | B1
---|---|---
St. Michaels Street | | A1
| | B2
St. Mildred's Court | | A1
St. Nicholas Glebe | | A2
St. Olaf's Road | | A1
St. Olav's Square | | B1
St. Oswald's Place | | B1
St. Oswulf Street | | A2
St. Pancras Way | | B2
| | B1
| | A2
St. Paul Street | |
| | A1/A2
St. Paul's Avenue | | A2
St. Paul's Churchyard | | B2
St. Paul's Crescent | | B2
| | A1
St. Paul's Place | | A1
St. Paul's Road | | B1/B2
| | A2
| | A1
St. Paul's Terrace | | B2
St. Pauls Way | | A2
| | A2/B1
St. Peter's Avenue | | A1
St. Peter's Close | | A2
| | A1
St. Peter's Grove | | B2
St. Peter's Place | | B2
St. Peter's Road | | B2
St. Peter's Square | | B1/B2
| | A1
St. Peter's Villas | | B2
St. Peter's Way | | B2
St. Peters Mews | | A2
St. Peters Street | | B2
| | A1/B1
St. Peters Terrace | | A1
St. Petersburgh Mews | | B1
St. Petersburgh Place | | B2
St. Philip Square | | A1
St. Philip Street | | A1
St. Philip's Road | | B2
St. Philip's Way | |
St. Rule Street | | A2
St. Saviour's Road | | A1
St. Silas Place | | A1
St. Stephen's Road | | A1/B1
St. Stephens Avenue | | B1
St. Stephens Close | | B2
St. Stephens Crescent | | A1
St. Stephens Gardens | | A2
| | A1
| | B1
St. Stephens Mews | | A1
St. Stephens Terrace | | B1
St. Swithin's Lane | | B1
St. Thomas Street | | A2
| | A1
St. Thomas's Gardens | | A1
St. Thomas's Place | | A2
St. Thomas's Road | | B2
St. Thomas's Square | | A2
St. Thomas's Way | | B2
St. Vincent Street | | A1
Stable Yard | | B1
| | A1
Stable Yard Road | | B1
Stables Way | | B2
Stacey Street | | A2
| | A1
Stackhouse Street | | A2
Stadium Street | | B1/B2
Staff Street | | B1
Stafford Close | | A2
Stafford Place | | B2
Stafford Road | | A2
| | B1
Stafford Street | | A2
Stafford Terrace | | A1
Staffordshire Street | | A2
Stag Place | | B2
Stainer Street | | A2
Staining Lane | | A1
Stainsbury Street | | A1
Stainsby Road | | B1
Stalbridge Street | | B1
Stalham Street | | A1
Stamford Brook Avenue | | A1/A2
Stamford Brook Gardens | | A2
Stamford Brook Road | | A1/A2
Stamford Court | | A2
Stamford Hill | | A1
| | A1
Stamford Road | | A2/B2
Stamford Street | | A1/A2
| | A1
Stamp Place | | A2
Stanbury Road | | A1/B1
Standard Place | |
Standish Road | | B2
Stane Grove | | A2
Stanfield Road | | B1
Stanford Place | | A1
Stanford Road | | B2
Stanford Street | | A1
Stanhope Close | | A2
Stanhope Gardens | | B1/B2
| | A1
| | B2
Stanhope Gate | | A1
Stanhope Mews East | | B1
Stanhope Mews South | | A1
Stanhope Mews West | | B1
Stanhope Place | | B2
Stanhope Road | | A2/B2
Stanhope Row | | A1
Stanhope Street | | B1/B2
Stanhope Terrace | | B2
| | B1
Stanier Close | | A2
Stanlake Mews | | B2
Stanlake Road | | A2/B2
Stanlake Villas | | B2
Stanley Close | | A2
Stanley Crescent | | B1
Stanley Gardens | | B1
| | B2
Stanley Gardens Mews | | B1
Stanley Grove | | A2
| | A1
Stanley Road | | B2
Stanley Street | | A2
Stanley Terrace | | B1
Stanmer Street | | B2
Stanmore Street | | B2
Stannard Mews | | B2
Stannard Road | | B2
Stannary Street | | B1
Stansfield Road | | B2
Stanswood Gardens | | A2
Stanway Street | | A2
Stanwick Road | | B2
Stanworth Street | | A2
Staple Street | | B2
Staples Close | | A2
Stapleton Hall Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
Stapleton Road | | A1
Star Place | | B1
Star Road | | A1/A2
Star Street | | A1
| | B2
Star Yard | | B2
Starboard Way | | A2
Starcross Street | | B2
Statham Grove | | B2
Station Approach | | B2
| | A1
| | A1/A2/B1
Station Avenue | | A2
Station Passage | | A1
Station Path | | A2
Station Place | | B2
Station Road | | B1
Station Terrace | | A2
Staunton Street | | B2
Stave Yard Road | | A2
Staveley Close | | A2
| | A1
| | A1
Stavordale Road | | A2
Stayner's Road | | B2
Stead Street | | A1/A2
Stean Street | | A1
Stebondale Street | | B2
Stedham Place | | B1
Steedman Street | | A2
Steel's Lane | | B1
Steeles Mews North | | A2
Steeles Mews South | | A2
Steeles Road | | A1/A2
Steeple Close | | B1
Steers Way | | A2
Stella Road | | B2
Stellman Close | | A2
Stephan Close | | B1
Stephen Mews | | B2
Stephen Place | | A2
Stephen Street | | B2
Stephendale Road | | B2
| | A1/B1
Stephenson Way | | B2
Stepney Causeway | | B2
Stepney Green | | A2
Stepney High Street | | A2
Stepney Way | | A2
| | A1/A2
Sterling Gardens | | A2
Sterling Street | | A1
Sterndale Road | | B1/B2
Sterne Street | | B1/B2
Sternhall Lane | | B2
Sterry Street | | B2
Steve Biko Road | | B1
| | A2
Stevedore Street | | B1
Stevenage Road | | A1/B1/B2
Stevens Avenue | | A1
Stevens Street | | A2
Stevenson Crescent | | A2
Stew Lane | | B2
Steward Street | | A1
Stewart Street | | B2
| | A2
Stewart's Grove | | A2
Stewart's Road | | A1/A2/B2
Stillington Street | | A2
| | A1
Stirling Road | | A2
Stock Orchard Crescent | | A1/B1
Stock Orchard Street | | B1
Stockholm Road | | B2
Stockholm Way | | B2
Stockhurst Close | | A1
Stocks Place | | A1
Stockwell Avenue | | B2
Stockwell Gardens | | B1
| | A1
Stockwell Green | | A2
Stockwell Lane | | A1
Stockwell Mews | | A2
Stockwell Park Crescent | | B1
| | A1
Stockwell Park Road | | B1
| | A1/B1
Stockwell Park Walk | | B1
Stockwell Road | | A2/B2
| | B1
Stockwell Street | | A2
Stockwell Terrace | | B1
Stoke Newington | | B2
Church Street | | A1/A2
Stoke Newington Common | | B1/B2
Stoke Newington | | A1/B1
High Street | | A1
Stoke Newington Road | | A1
Stokenchurch Street | | A2
Stone Buildings | | A2
Stone Close | | A2
Stone Hall Gardens | | B2
Stone Hall Place | | B2
Stonecutter Street | | B1
Stonefield Street | | B1
Stoneleigh Mews | | B1
Stoneleigh Place | | B1
Stoneleigh Street | | B1
Stonells Road | | B2
Stonenest Street | | A2
Stones End Street | | B1
Stoney Lane | | A2
Stoney Street | | A1
Stoneyard Lane | | A2
Stonhouse Street | | B1
Stonor Road | | B2
Stopes Street | | A1
Stopford Road | | B2
Store Street | | B1
Storers Quay | | B2
Storey's Gate | | A2
Stories Mews | | B1
Stories Road | | A1
Storks Road | | A2
Stormont Road | | A1
| | B1/B2
Story Street | | A2
Stothard Street | | B2
Stott Close | | A2
Stoughton Close | | B1
Stourcliffe Street | | A1
Stowage | | A1/A2
Stowe Road | | B1
Stradbroke Road | | A2
Stradella Road | | B1
Strafford Street | | A1
Strahan Road | | B2
Straightsmouth | | A1/A2
Straker's Road | | A2
Strand | | B1/B2
| | A1/A2
Strangways Terrace | | B2
Stranraer Way | | A2
Strasburg Road | | B1
| | A2
Stratford Avenue | | B2
Stratford Grove | | A1
Stratford Place | | B1
Stratford Road | | B1/B2
Stratford Villas | | B1
Strath Terrace | | A2
Strathblaine Road | | A2/B2
Strathearn Place | | B1/B2
Strathleven Road | | A1
Strathmore Gardens | | B2
Strathnairn Street | | B2
Strathray Gardens | | B1
Stratton Street | | A2
Strattondale Street | | A1
Streatham Place | | B1
Streatham Street | | B1
Streathbourne Road | | A2
Streatley Place | | B2
Street Market | | A2
| | B2
| | A2/B2
| | A2
Strickland Row | | A1/A2
Strode Road | | A2
Stroud Green Road | | B2
| | A1/B1/B2
Strouts Place | | A1
Strutton Ground | | A1/B1
Strype Street | | A1
Stuart Road | | A2
Stubbs Drive | | A2
| | A1
Stucley Place | | B1
Studd Street | | B2
Studdridge Street | | A2/B1/B2
Studholme Street | | A1
Studio Place | | A1
Studland Street | | B2
Studley Road | | B2
Stukeley Street | | A2
Sturdy Road | | B2
Sturge Street | | B2
Sturgeon Road | | B2
Sturmer Way | | B1
Sturry Street | | B2
Sturt Street | | B2
Stutfield Street | | A2
Styles Gardens | | A1
Sudbourne Road | | A1/A2
Sudbrooke Road | | A2
Sudeley Street | | B1
Sudlow Road | | B1
Sudrey Street | | A1
Suffolk Lane | | B1
Suffolk Place | | A2
Suffolk Road | | B1
Suffolk Street | | A2
Sugden Road | | B1
Sulgrave Gardens | | B1
Sulgrave Road | | B1
Sulina Road | | B1
Sulivan Road | | B1/B2
Sullivan Close | | A2
Sullivan Road | | A1
Sultan Street | | A2
Sumatra Road | | A2
Sumburgh Road | | A2
Summercourt Road | | A1
Summerhouse Road | | A2
Summerley Street | | B1
Summers Street | | B2
Summerskill Close | | A2
Sumner Avenue | | A1
Sumner Place | | A1
Sumner Place Mews | | A1
Sumner Road | | B2
| | A1
Sumner Street | | A2
Sumpter Close | | B2
Sun Court | | A2
Sun Passage | | A1
Sun Road | | A2
Sun Street | | B1/B2
Sun Walk | | B1
Sunbury Lane | | A1
Sunderland Terrace | | A1
Sundra Walk | | A2
Sunlight Square | | B2
Sunningdale Close | | A2
Sunnyside Road | | B1
Sunray Avenue | | A2/B2
Sunset Road | | A1
Surma Close | | B2
Surr Street | | B2
Surrendale Place | | B2
Surrey Canal Road | | B2
| | B1/B2
Surrey Gardens | | B2
Surrey Grove | | A1
Surrey Lane | | A1
Surrey Quays Road | | B1/B2
| | B1
Surrey Row | | A1
Surrey Square | | A1
Surrey Street | | B2
Surrey Terrace | | A1
Surrey Water Road | | A2
Susannah Street | | B2
Sussex Close | | A1
Sussex Gardens | | A1
| | B1/B2
| | B2
Sussex Mews East | | B1
Sussex Mews West | | B1
Sussex Place | | B1
| | B1
| | B2
Sussex Square | | B1
Sussex Street | | B2
Sussex Way | | A2
| | A1/B1/B2
Sutherland Avenue | | B2
| | B1/B2
Sutherland Place | | A2
Sutherland Road | | B1
Sutherland Row | | B1
Sutherland Square | | B1
Sutherland Street | | B1/B2
Sutherland Walk | | B1
Sutterton Street | | A2
Sutton Lane | | B2
Sutton Place | | B2
Sutton Row | | A1/A2
Sutton Square | | B2
Sutton Street | | A1/B1
Sutton's Way | | B2
Swaby Road | | B1
Swaffield Road | | A1
Swain Street | | A2
Swains Lane | | B1
| | A2
Swains Road | | B1
Swallow Place | | B2
Swallow Street | | B1
Swan Lane | | B2
Swan Mead | | B1
Swan Road | | A1/B1
Swan Street | | B1
Swan Walk | | B2
| | B1
Swan Yard | | A2
Swanage Road | | A1
Swandon Way | | A2
Swanfield Street | | A1
Swanscombe Road | | A2
| | A1/A2
Swaton Road | | A2
Sweden Gate | | B2
| | A1
Swedenborg Gardens | | A1
Sweeney Crescent | | A2
Swift Street | | A1
Swinbrook Road | | B1
Swindon Street | | A2
Swinford Gardens | | B2
Swinton Place | | A2
Swinton Street | | A2
Swiss Terrace | | B1
Sybil Mews | | B1
Sybil Phoenix Close | | B2
Sycamore Avenue | | A2
Sycamore Gardens | | A2
Sycamore Mews | | B2
Sycamore Street | | B1
Sydner Mews | | A2
Sydner Road | | A2
Sydney Close | | A1
Sydney Mews | | A1/A2
Sydney Place | | A2
Sydney Street | | A2/B2
Sylvan Grove | | B1
Sylvester Road | | A2
Symes Mews | | A1
Symington Mews | | A2
Syminster Mews | |
Symons Street | | A2
T
Tabard Street | | A1/B1/B2
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Tabernacle Street | | A1
Tableer Avenue | | B1
| | A1
Tabley Road | | A2
Tabor Road | | A2
Tachbrook Mews | | A2
Tachbrook Street | | A2/B2
| | B1
Tadema Road | | B1
Tadmor Street | | A1
Taeping Street | | B2
Tailworth Street | | B2
Takhar Mews | | B2
Talacre Road | | A2
Talbot Court | | B2
Talbot Road | | A1/A2
| | A1
| | A2
| | A1
Talbot Square | | B1
Talbot Yard | | A1
Talfourd Place | | A1
Talfourd Road | | B2
Talgarth Road | | B1
| | B1/B2
Tallis Street | | B1
Talma Road | | B1
Tamar Close | | A2
Tamworth Street | | B1
Tancred Road | | B1
Tankerton Street | | A1
Tanner Street | | A1/A2
Tanners Hill | | B1/B2
| | B2
Tanners Mews | | B2
Tannington Terrace | | B2
Tansley Close | | B1
Tanswell Street | | A2
Tantallon Road | | B2
Tanza Road | | A2
Taplow Street | | B2
Tapp Street | | B1
Tara Mews | | A1/A2
Tarbert Road | | B1
Tariff Crescent | | A1
Tarling Street | | A2
Tarn Street | | B1
Tarragon Close | | A2
Tarver Road | | A2
Tarves Way | | A1
Tasker Road | | B1
Tasman Road | | A1/B1
Tasso Road | | B1
Tatham Place | | B2
Tatton Crescent | | A1
Tatum Street | | A2
| | A1
Tauheed Close | | B1
Taunton Mews | | B2
Taunton Place | | B2
Tavern Lane | | A2
Taverner Square | | A1
Taverners Close | | B1
Tavistock Close | | B2
| | A2
Tavistock Crescent | | A1/A2
Tavistock Place | | A2
| | A1
Tavistock Road | | A1/A2
Tavistock Square | | A2
Tavistock Street | | B1
| | A2
Tavistock Terrace | | B1
Taviton Street | | A2
Tawny Way | | B1
| | A1
Taybridge Road | | B2
Taylor Close | | B2
Tayport Close | | A2
Teak Close | | A2
Teale Street | | A2
Tedworth Gardens | | B1
Tedworth Square | | B1
Teesdale Close | | A1
Teesdale Street | | A1
Teignmouth Close | | B1
Telegraph Place | | B2
Telegraph Street | | A1
Telephone Place | | A2
Telferscot Road | | B2
Telford Road | | A1/B1
Telford Terrace | | B2
Tell Grove | | A2
Temeraire Street | | B1
Temperley Road | | A2
| | A1
Templar Street | | B1
Temple Avenue | | B1
Temple Lane | | B1
Temple Place | | B1/B2
Temple Street | | A2
Temple West Mews | | B1
Temple Yard | | A2
Templecombe Road | | B2
Templeton Place | | B1
| | A1
Templeton Road | | B2
Templewood Avenue | | A1
Templewood Gardens | | A1
Tench Street | | B1
Tenda Road | | B2
Tenison Way | | A1
Tenniel Close | | B1
Tennis Street | | A2
Tennyson Street | | A1
Tent Street | | B1
Tenter Ground | | A2
Tenterden Street | | B2
Teredo Street | | B1
Terminus Place | | A1/A2
The Terrace | | B1
Terrace Road | | A1/B1
Terrapin Road | | A2
Tetcott Road | | B1
Teversham Lane | | B2
Thackeray Road | | A1
Thackeray Street | | A2
Thame Road | | A2
Thames Avenue | | A2
Thames Circle | | B1
Thames Crescent | | B1
Thames Place | | A1
Thames Street | | A1/A2
Thane Villas | | B1
Thane Works | | B1
Thanet Street | | A1
Thavies Inn | | B1
Thaxton Road | | A2
Thayer Street | | A1/B1
Theatre Street | | A2
Theberton Street | | B1/B2
Theed Street | | A2
Theobald Street | | B2
Theobald's Road | | B1/B2
Theresa Road | | B2
Thermopylae Gate | | B1
Thessaly Road | | A2/B2
| | B1
Third Avenue | | A2
Thirleby Road | | A2
Thirsk Road | | B1
| | B2
Thistlewaite Road | | A2
Thistlewood Close | | A2
Thomas Baines Road | | A2
Thomas Darby Court | | A1
Thomas Doyle Street | | B1
Thomas More Street | | B1/B2
Thomas Place | | B2
Thomas Road | | B1
Thompsons Avenue | | A2
Thorburn Square | | B1
Thoresby Street | | B2
Thornbury Road | | A2
| | B1
Thornbury Square | | B1
Thorncliffe Road | | A2
Thorncombe Road | | B1/B2
Thorncroft Street | | B1/B2
Thorndike Close | | B1
Thorndike Road | | A2
Thorndike Street | | A1
Thorne Road | | B2
Thorney Crescent | | A1
Thorney Street | | A2
Thornfield Road | | B1/B2
Thorngate Road | | B2
Thornham Street | | A1
Thornhaugh Street | | A2/B2
Thornhill Bridge Wharf | | B2
Thornhill Crescent | | A2
Thornhill Grove | | A1
Thornhill Road | | A1/B1
Thornhill Square | | A2
Thornton Avenue | | A2
Thornton Gardens | | B2
Thornton Place | | A2
Thornton Road | | B2
Thornton Street | | A2
Thornville Street | | B2
Thorparch Road | | B1
Thorpe Close | | B1
Thorpedale Road | | B2
| | A1/A2
Thoydon Road | | A2
Thrale Street | | A1
Thrawl Street | | B1
Threadneedle Street | | A1/A2
Three Colt Street | | A1
Three Colts Lane | | B2
Three Cups Yard | | A2
Three Kings Yard | | B1
Three Oak Lane | | A2
Threshers Place | | B1
Throgmorton Avenue | | B1
| | A2
Thurland Road | | A1
Thurleigh Avenue | | A2
Thurleigh Road | | A1/A2
Thurloe Close | | B1
Thurloe Place | | B2
| | B1
Thurloe Place Mews | | B2
Thurloe Square | | B1
Thurloe Street | | B2
Thurlow Road | | A1/A2
Thurlow Street | | A2
| | B1
Thurlow Terrace | | B1
Thurtle Road | | B1
Tibberton Square | | B1
Tiber Close | | A2
Tiber Gardens | | B1
Tidey Street | | A2
Tidworth Road | | A2
Tiger Way | | A1
Tilbury Close | | B2
Tile Kiln Lane | | B1
Tile Yard | | A1
Tilehurst Road | | B1/B2
Tileyard Road | | A1
Tilia Road | | B2
Tiller Road | | A1/A2
Tillett Square | | B2
Tillett Way | | A2
Tillings Close | | B2
Tillman Street | | A2
Tilney Court | | A2
Tilney Street | | A1
Tilson Close | | B1
Tilson Gardens | | B1
Tilton Street | | B1
Timber Mill Way | | A1
Timber Pond Road | | A2
Timber Street | | B2
Timberland Close | | A1
Timberland Road | | A2
Time Square | | B1
Timothy Close | | A1
Tindal Street | | A1
Tinsley Road | | A2
Tintagel Crescent | | A2
Tintern Close | | B2
Tintern Street | | B1
Tinworth Street | | B1
Tipthorpe Road | | B2
Tisdall Place | | A2
Titchborne Row | | B2
Titchfield Road | | B2
Titchwell Road | | B2
Tite Street | | B1
Titmuss Street | | B2
Tiverton Road | | B2
Tiverton Street | | B2
Tivoli Road | | A1
Tobago Street | | B1
Tobin Close | | B1
| | A1
Toby Lane | | A1
Token Yard | | A2
Tokenhouse Yard | | A1
Tollbridge Close | | A2
Tollet Street | | B1
Tollhouse Way | | A1
Tollington Park | | A2
| | B1
Tollington Place | | A2
Tollington Road | | A1
Tollington Way | | B1/B2
Tolmers Square | | B2
Tolpuddle Street | | B1
Tolsford Road | | B1
Tomlins Grove | | B2
Tomlins Terrace | | A2
Tomlinson Close | | A2
Tompion Street | | B2
Tonbridge Street | | A1
Tonsley Hill | | A2/B2
Tonsley Place | | A2/B2
Tonsley Road | | B2
Tonsley Street | | A2
Tony Cannell Mews | | A2
Took's Court | | B2
Tooley Street | | A2
| | A1/A2
Tooting Bec Road | | A1/A2/B2
Tooting Grove | | A1
Tooting High Street | | A1/B1
Topham Street | | B1
Topsfield Close | | A1
Topsham Road | | A1/B2
Tor Gardens | | A1
Torbay Street | | B2
Torquay Street | | A1
Torrens Road | | A2
Torrens Street | | B1
Torrey Drive | | A2
Torriano Avenue | | A1/B1
Torriano Cottages | | B2
Torriano Mews | | A1
Torrington Place | | A1
| | B2
Torrington Square | | A1
Tothill Street | | A1/A2
Tottenham Court Road | | A1/B1
Tottenham Lane | | A2
| | A1/A2
Tottenham Mews | | B2
Tottenham Road | | A1/A2
Tottenham Street | | B2
Totterdown Street | | A1/A2
Toulmin Street | | A1/B1
Toulon Street | | A2
Tournay Road | | B2
Tower Bridge | | A2
Tower Bridge Approach | | B1
Tower Bridge Road | | A2/B1
Tower Close | | A2
Tower Court | | A2
Tower Hill | | B2
Tower Mill Road | | B1
Tower Royal | | B2
Tower Street | | A2
Town Court Path | | A2
Town Hall Road | | A2
Townley Road | | B1/B2
Townley Street | | A1
Townmead Road | | B2
| | A2/B1/B2
Townsend Mews | | B1
Townsend Street | | A2
| | A1
Townsend Yard | | B2
Townshend Road | | B1
Toynbee Street | | A2
Toynbee Street Market | | A2
Tradescant Road | | A2/B2
Trafalgar Avenue | | A2/B2
Trafalgar Close | | B1
Trafalgar Gardens | | B2
| | A2
Trafalgar Square | | A1/B1
Trafalgar Street | | B2
Trafalgar Way | | A1/A2
Trahorn Close | | B2
Tranby Place | | A2
Tranley Mews | | A1
Tranmere Road | | B1
Transept Street | | A1
| | B1
Transom Close | | A1
Transom Square | | B2
Tranton Road | | A2
Travers Road | | B1
Treadgold Street | | B1
Treadway Street | | A2
Treaty Street | | B2
Trebeck Street | | A2
Trebovir Road | | A1
Treby Street | | A2
Trecastle Way | | A1
Tredegar Mews | | B1
Tredegar Road | | B1/B2
Tredegar Square | | B1
Tredegar Terrace | | B1
Trederwen Road | | B1
Trefoil Road | | B1
Tregaron Avenue | | B2
Tregarvon Road | | B2
Tregothnan Road | | A2
| | A1
Tregunter Road | | A2/B2
| | A1
Treherne Court | | A2
Trelawn Road | | B1
Tremadoc Road | | B2
Tremlett Grove | | A2/B2
Tremlett Mews | | B2
Trenchold Street | | A2
Trent Road | | A1
Tresham Crescent | | A2/B2
Tressell Close | | A2
Trevanion Road | | B1
Trevelyan Road | | A1/B1/B2
Treveris Street | | A1
Treverton Street | | A1
Trevithick Street | | A1
Trevor Place | | A2
Trevor Square | | A2
Trevor Street | | A2
Triangle Place | | B1
Triangle Road | | B1
Trident Street | | B1
Trig Lane | | B1
Trigon Road | | A1
Trim Street | | B2
Trinder Gardens | | B2
Trinder Road | | B2
Trinidad Street | | A1
Trinity Church Passage | | B1
Trinity Church Road | | A1
Trinity Church Square | | B1
Trinity Close | | B1
Trinity Court | | B2
Trinity Crescent | | A1
Trinity Gardens | | B1/B2
Trinity Grove | | B2
Trinity Mews | | A1
Trinity Road | | A2
| | B1/B2
| | A1/A2
| | B1
| | A1
Trinity Square | | B2
Trinity Street | | B1/B2
Trio Place | | B1
Troon Close | | B1
Troon Street | | B2
Trossachs Road | | B1
Trothy Road | | B2
Trott Street | | B1
Troutbeck Road | | B2
Trouville Road | | A1
Troy Town | | A1
Truman's Road | | B2
Trump Street | | A2
Trundle Street | | A1
Trundleys Road | | A1/A2/B2
Trundleys Terrace | | A1
Truro Street | | A1
Trussley Road | | B1
Tryon Crescent | | B2
Tryon Street | | A1
Tudor Close | | B1
| | B2
Tudor Grove | | B2
Tudor Road | | B2
Tudor Street | | B2
| | B1
Tufnell Park Road | | B1/B2
| | B1
| | B1
Tufton Street | | A2/B2
Tulse Hill | | A2
Tunis Road | | A2/B2
Tunley Road | | B2
Tunnel Avenue | | A2
Tunnel Road | | A2
Tunstall Road | | B2
Turenne Close | | B1
Turin Street | | A2
Turk's Head Yard | | A1
Turks Row | | B2
Turle Road | | A2
Turlewray Close | | A2
Turnagain Lane | | B1
Turnberry Close | | B1
Turnberry Quay | | A1
Turnchapel Mews | | B1
Turner Close | | A1
Turner Place | | B1
Turner Street | | A2
Turners Road | | A2
Turneville Road | | A1/A2
Turnham Green Terrace | | A1/A2
Turnham Green Terrace Mews | | A2
Turnmill Street | | B1
| | A1/A2
Turnpike Close | | A2
Turpentine Lane | | B1/B2
Turquand Street | | A1
Turret Grove | | A2
Turville Street | | A1
Twig Folly Close | | A2
Twine Court | | B2
Twisden Road | | B2
Twyford Street | | B2
Tyburn Way | | B1
Tyers Gate | | A1
Tyers Street | | B1
Tyers Terrace | | B1
Tyler Close | | B1
Tyndale Court | | B2
Tyndale Lane | | A2
Tyndale Terrace | | A2
Tyneham Road | | A2/B2
Tynemouth Road | | B2
Tynemouth Street | | A1
Type Street | | A1
Tyrawley Road | | A2
Tyrrell Road | | B1/B2
Tysoe Street | | B1
Tyssen Road | | B1
Tyssen Street | | A2
| | B1/B2
Tytherton Road | | B1
U
Udall Street | | A2
---|---|---
Ufford Street | | A2
| | A1
Ufton Grove | | B1
Ufton Road | | B2
Uhura Square | | B2
Ulster Place | | A2
Ulva Road | | B1
Ulverscroft Road | | B1
Umberston Street | | A1
Umfreville Road | | B1/B2
Underhill Road | | B1
Underhill Street | | B1
Undershaft | | A1
Underwood Road | | B2
Underwood Row | | B2
Underwood Street | | B2
Undine Road | | A1/B1
Undine Street | | A2
Union Court | | A2
Union Drive | | A2
Union Grove | | B1
| | A1
Union Road | | A1/A2
Union Square | | A1
Union Street | | A1/A2
| | A1
Union Walk | | A1
University Street | | A1
Unwin Close | | B1
Unwin Road | | A2
Upbrook Mews | | B2
Upcerne Road | | B1
Upham Park Road | | A1
Upland Mews | | B1
Upland Road | | B1/B2
Uplands Road | | A2
Upnor Way | | A1
Upper Addison Gardens | | B2
| | A1
Upper Bank Street | | A2/B2
Upper Belgrave Street | | A2
Upper Berkeley Street | | A1/A2
Upper Brockley Road | | B2
Upper Brook Street | | B2
Upper Cheyne Row | | B1
Upper Clapton Road | | A2
Upper Grosvenor Street | | A1
Upper Ground | | A1/A2
Upper Hampstead Walk | | B2
Upper James Street | | B2
Upper John Street | | B2
Upper Mall | | B2
| | B1
Upper Marsh | | B1
| | A2
Upper Montagu Street | | A2
Upper North Street | | B2
| | A2
Upper Park Road | | B1
Upper Phillimore Gardens | | A1
Upper Richmond Road | | A1/B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Upper St. Martin's Lane | | B2
| | B1
Upper Street | | A2/B1/B2
Upper Tachbrook Street | | A2
Upper Terrace | | A1/A2
Upper Thames Street | | B2
| | B2
| | B1/B2
Upper Tollington Park | | A1/A2/B1
Upper Tooting Park | | A1
Upper Tooting Road | | A1/B1
| | A1
Upper Tulse Hill | | B1
Upper Wimpole Street | | A2
Upper Woburn Place | | A2
Upstall Street | | B1
Urban Mews | | B2
Urlwin Street | | B1
Ursula Mews | | A1
Ursula Street | | A1
Urswick Road | | B2
Usborne Mews | | A1
Usher Road | | A2/B2
Usk Road | | A1
Usk Street | | A1
Utopia Village | |
Uverdale Road | | B1
Uxbridge Road | | A1/B1/B2
| | B1
Uxbridge Street | | B1/B2
V
Val McKenzie Avenue | | B1
---|---|---
The Vale | | B2
Vale Close | | B1
Vale End | | A2
Vale Grove | | B2
Vale of Health | | A2
Vale Road | | B2
Vale Row | | B1
Vale Royal | | A1
Vale Terrace | | B2
Valentia Place | | A1
Valentine Place | | A2
Valentine Road | | A1/A2
Valette Street | | A2
Vallance Road | | A2/B2
Valmar Road | | B2
Valnay Street | | A2
Valonia Gardens | | B2
Vanderbilt Road | | B1
Vandon Street | | A1
Vandy Street | | B2
Vane Close | | B1
Vane Street | | A1
Vansittart Street | | B1
Vanston Place | | B1
Vant Road | | A2
Vantage Mews | | B2
Vantage Place | | B1
Varcoe Road | | B1
Varden Street | | A1/A2
Vardens Road | | B2
Varna Road | | B1
| | A1
Varndell Street | | B1/B2
Vassall Road | | A1
| | B2
Vauban Street | | A1
Vaughan Avenue | | A1
Vaughan Road | | A1
Vaughan Street | | B2
Vaughan Way | | B2
Vaughan Williams Close | | B1
Vauxhall Bridge | | B2
Vauxhall Bridge Road | | A2
| | B2
Vauxhall Grove | | A2
| | A1
Vauxhall Street | | B2
Vauxhall Walk | | B1
Vawdrey Close | | B2
Venables Street | | B1
Vencourt Place | | B2
Venetia Road | | B1
Venetian Road | | B2
Venn Street | | B1
Ventnor Road | | A2
Vera Road | | A1
Verbena Gardens | | B1
Verdun Road | | B2
Vere Street | | B2
Vereker Road | | A1
Verity Close | | A1
Vermont Road | | B2
Verney Road | | A2
| | B1/B2
Verney Way | | A2
Vernon Mews | | B1
Vernon Place | | B2
Vernon Rise | | A1
Vernon Road | | B2
Vernon Square | | A1
Vernon Street | | B1
Vernon Yard | | B1
Verona Court | | A2
Veronica Road | | A2
Verran Road | | B1
Verulam Street | | A2
Vesta Road | | B1
Vestry Mews | | B2
Vestry Road | | B2
Vestry Street | | B1
Viaduct Place | | B1
Viaduct Street | | B1
Vicarage Crescent | | A1/B1
Vicarage Gardens | | A2
Vicarage Gate | | A2
Vicarage Grove | | A1
Vicars Close | | B2
Vicars Road | | B2
Viceroy Road | | B2
Victoria Avenue | | B2
Victoria Embankment | | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
| | A2
| | A2/B2
Victoria Gardens | | B1
Victoria Grove | | A1
Victoria Grove Mews | | B2
Victoria Mews | | B2
| | B1
| | B1
Victoria Park Road | | B1/B2
| | B1/B2
Victoria Park Square | | A2
Victoria Rise | | A1/B1
Victoria Road | | A1/B1
| | B2
| | A1
| | B1
Victoria Square | | B1
| | A1
Victoria Street | | B1
| | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
Victoria Terrace | | A1
Victoria Yard | | A2
Victorian Grove | | B2
Victorian Road | | B2
Victory Place | | B1
| | A1
Victory Way | | A2
View Close | | A1
View Road | | A1/A2
Vigo Street | | B1
Viking Close | | B1
Villa Road | | B2
Villa Street | | B2
Village Way | | B2
| | B1
Villiers Street | | A1
Vince Street | | B1
Vincent Close | | A2
Vincent Square | | A1
Vincent Street | | A1/A2
Vincent Terrace | | B2
| | B1
Vine Court | | A1
Vine Hill | | B2
Vine Lane | | A1
Vine Street | | B1
| | B2
Vine Street Bridge | | B1
Vine Yard | | A1
Vinegar Street | | B1
Vineyard Walk | | B1
Vining Street | | A1
Violet Close | | B2
Violet Hill | | B1
Violet Road | | A2
Violet Street | | B2
Virgil Street | | A2
Virginia Road | | A1/A2
Virginia Street | | B2
Viscount Street | | B2
Vivian Comma Close | | B2
Vivian Road | | A2
Vivian Square | | A2
Voltaire Road | | A2/B1/B2
Vorley Road | | A1
Voss Street | | A2
| | B1
Vulcan Road | | B1
Vulcan Square | | B2
Vulcan Terrace | | B1
Vulcan Way | | B1
Vyner Street | | A2
W
Wadding Street | | A1
---|---|---
Wades Place | | A2
Wadeson Street | | A2
Wadham Gardens | | A2
Wadham Road | | A2
Wadhurst Road | | A2
Wager Street | | A1
Waghorn Street | | A1
Wagner Street | | A2
Waite Street | | B2
Wakefield Mews | | A1
Wakefield Street | | A1
Wakeford Close | | A1
Wakeham Street | | A1
Wakehurst Road | | B1/B2
Wakeling Street | | B2
Wakley Street | | A1
Walberswick Street | | B2
Walbrook | | A1
Walburgh Street | | A1
Walcorde Avenue | | A1
Walcot Square | | A1
Walcott Street | | A1
Waldemar Avenue | | B1
Walden Street | | A2
Waldo Close | | A1
Waldron Mews | | B1
Wales Close | | A1
Waley Street | | A1
Walford Road | | B2
Walham Grove | | B1
Walham Yard | | B1
Walkers Court | | B2
Walkers Place | | A1
Wall Street | | A1
Wallace Road | | B2
Waller Road | | B1
Waller Way | | A1
Wallgrave Road | | B2
Wallis Close | | A2
Wallwood Street | | B1
Walmer Place | | A1
Walmer Road | | A1/B1
Walmer Street | | B1
Walnut Close | | B2
Walnut Tree Walk | | A1
| | A2
Walpole Mews | | B2
Walpole Street | | A1
Walsingham Place | | A2
Walsingham Road | | A1
Walt Whitman Close | | A2
Walter Street | | B1
Walter Terrace | | A2
Walters Close | | A1
Walterton Road | | A2
| | A1/B1
Walton Close | | A2
Walton Place | | B2
Walton Street | | B2
Walworth Place | | B1
Walworth Road | | A2
| | A1/B1
Wandle Road | | A1
Wandon Road | | B2
Wandsworth Bridge | | B2
Wandsworth Bridge Road | | A2/B2
Wandsworth Common | | B1
West Side | | A1
Wandsworth High Street | | B1/B2
Wandsworth Plain | | B1
Wandsworth Road | | B1
| | A2/B1
| | A1/A2/B1
| | A1
Wanless Road | | A2
| | A1
Wanley Road | | A2
| | A1
Wansdown Place | | B1
Wansey Street | | A1
Wapping Dock Street | | B1
Wapping High Street | | B2
| | B1/B2
Wapping Lane | | B1
Wapping Wall | | B2
| | B1
Warbeck Road | | B2
Warburton Close | | A2
Warburton Road | | B1
Warburton Street | | B1
Ward Road | | B1/B2
Wardalls Grove | | A1
Warden Road | | A2
Wardens Grove | | A2
Wardle Street | | A2
Wardo Avenue | | A1
Wardour Mews | | A1
Wardour Street | | B2
| | A1/B2
Warham Road | | A1
Warham Street | | A1
Warley Street | | B1
Warlock Road | | A1/B1/B2
Warlters Close | | A2
Warlters Road | | A2
Warltersville Road | | B1
Warmington Road | | B1
Warndon Street | | A2
Warneford Street | | B2
Warner Place | | A2
Warner Road | | A2/B2
Warner Street | | B2
Warner Yard | | B2
Warren Mews | | A1
Warren Street | | A1/A2
Warrender Road | | B2
Warriner Gardens | | A1/A2
Warrington Crescent | | B1/B2
Warrington Gardens | | B1
Warwick Avenue | | B1
| | A1
Warwick Court | | B2
Warwick Crescent | | A1
Warwick Gardens | | B2
| | B1
| | B2
Warwick House Street | | A2
Warwick Lane | | B2
Warwick Place | | B1
Warwick Place North | | B2
Warwick Road | | B2
| | B1
| | A1
Warwick Row | | B2
| | A2
Warwick Square | | B2
| | B2
Warwick Square Mews | | B2
Warwick Street | | B2
Warwick Way | | A2/B1/B2
Warwick Yard | | B2
Water Lane | | B1
| | B2
| | A2
| | A1
Water Street | | B2
Water Tower Place | | B2
Watercress Place | | B2
Waterfall Terrace | | B1
Waterford Road | | B1/B2
| | A2
Watergate | | B2
Watergate Street | | A1
Waterhouse Close | | B2
| | A2
Wateridge Close | | A1
Waterloo Bridge | | B1
| | A1
Waterloo Close | | A1
Waterloo Gardens | | A1
Waterloo Place | | A2
Waterloo Road | | A1/A2/B2
Waterloo Terrace | | A2
Waterlow Road | | B1
Waterman Street | | A1
Waterman Way | | B1
Watermeadow Lane | | B2
Waterside Close | | A2
| | A2
Waterside Place | |
Waterson Street | | A1
Waterworks Road | | B2
Watford Close | | A1
Watkinson Road | | B1
Watling Court | | B2
Watling Street | | B1/B2
| | B1
Watney Market | | A2
Watney Street | | A2/B2
Watson Close | | B1
Watson's Street | | B1
Watsons Mews | | A1
Watts Grove | | A2/B2
Watts Street | | B1
| | A1
Watts Way | | A2
Wavel Mews | | B1
Wavendon Avenue | | A1
Waveney Close | | B2
Waverley Place | | B2
| | B2
Waverley Road | | A1
Waverley Walk | | A1
Waverton Road | | B1
Waverton Street | | A1
Wayford Street | | B2
Wayland Avenue | | B2
Waynflete Square | | A1
Waynflete Street | | B1
Weald Close | | A2
Wear Place | | B1
Weatherley Close | | A1
Weaver Street | | B2
Weavers Way | | A2
Webb Street | | B1
Webber Row | | B2
Webber Street | | A2/B2
| | B1/B2
Webbs Road | | A1/B1/B2
Webster Road | | A2
Wedderburn Road | | A1/B2
Wedlake Street | | A2
Wedmore Gardens | | B1
Wedmore Mews | | B2
Wedmore Street | | B1/B2
Weedington Road | | B2
| | A2
Weekley Square | | A2
Weighhouse Street | | B1
Weimar Street | | A2
Weir Road | | B2
| | B1
Weir's Passage | | B1
Weiss Road | | A1
Welbeck Street | | A1
Welbeck Way | | B1/B2
Welby Street | | B1
Welham Road | | A2
Well Court | | B2
Well Road | | B2
Well Street | | B2
| | A1/B1
Well Walk | | B2
Welland Mews | | B2
Welland Street | | A2
Wellclose Square | | B2
Wellclose Street | | B2
Weller Street | | A1
Wellesley Avenue | | A1
Wellesley Place | | B1
Wellesley Road | | B2
Wellesley Street | | A2
Wellesley Terrace | | B2
Wellfit Street | | A2
Wellington Buildings | | B1
Wellington Close | | B2
Wellington Court | | B2
Wellington Grove | | B2
Wellington Mews | | A2
Wellington Place | | B1
| | A2
Wellington Road | | B2
| | A2
Wellington Row | | A2
Wellington Square | | B1
Wellington Street | | B2
| | B1
Wellington Way | | B2
| | A2
Wells Mews | | B1/B2
Wells Place | | A1
Wells Rise | | B2
Wells Road | | B1
Wells Square | | A2
Wells Street | | B1
Wells Terrace | | B1
Wells Way | | A2
| | B1
| | A1
Wells Yard South | | B1
Welmar Mews | | B2
Welsford Street | | B1
Welshpool Street | | B1
Welstead Way | | A1
Weltje Road | | B1
Welwyn Street | | B2
Wembury Mews | | B1
Wembury Road | | B1
Wendle Court | | A2
Wendle Square | | A1
Wendon Street | | A2
Wenlock Road | | B2
Wenlock Street | | B2
| | A1
Wennington Road | | A2
Wentworth Crescent | | A2
Wentworth Mews | | A2
Wentworth Street | | A2
| | B1
Wentworth Street (Pettycoat Lane) Market | | A2
Werrington Street | | B1
Werter Road | | A1
Wesley Close | | B1
Wesley Street | | A1
Wesleyan Place | | B1
Wessex Street | | B2
West Arbour Street | | A2
The (West Carriage Drive) Ring | | B1
| | A1
West Central Street | | B1
West Cottages | | A2
West Cromwell Road | | B2
| | B1
West Cross Route | | A2/B2
West Eaton Place | | B2
West Eaton Place Mews | | B2
West End Lane | | A2/B1/B2
| | A1
West Garden Place | | B2
West Gardens | | B2
West Green Road | | B2
West Grove | | B2
West Halkin Street | | A1
West Hampstead Mews | | B2
West Harding Street | | B2
West Heath Road | | A2
West Hill | | B1/B2
| | B1
West Hill Court | | A1
West Hill Road | | B1
West India Avenue | | B1
West India Dock Road | | A1/A2
West Lane | | A1
West Mall | | B2
West Mews | | B2
West Parkside | | A2
West Pier | | B1
West Poultry Avenue | | A2
West Road | | B1
| | B2
| | A2
West Smithfield | | A2
West Square | | B2
| | B1
West Street | | A2/B2
| | A2
West Tenter Street | | B1
West Warwick Place | | B2
Westacott Close | | B1
Westbourne Bridge | | A2
| | A1
Westbourne Crescent | | B2
Westbourne Crescent Mews | | B2
Westbourne Gardens | | A1
Westbourne Grove | | B1/B2
| | B1
Westbourne Grove Mews | | B2
Westbourne Grove Terrace | | B1
Westbourne Park Road | | A1/A2
| | A1
Westbourne Park Villas | | A1
Westbourne Road | | B1
| | A1
Westbourne Street | | B1
Westbourne Terrace | | A1/B1
Westbourne Terrace Mews | | B2
Westbourne Terrace Road | | B1
| | A1
Westbridge Road | | A1
Westbury Street | | A2
Westcott Road | | B2
Westcroft Square | | B2
Westdean Close | | B2
Western Lane | | A2
Western Mews | | B2
Western Place | | A1
Western Road | | B2
Western Terrace | | B1
Westferry Circus | | B1
Westferry Road | | A1/B1
| | A1/B1/B2
| | B1
Westfield Close | | B1
Westfield Way | | B2
Westgate Street | | B1
Westgate Terrace | | A2
Westgrove Lane | | B2
Westland Place | | B2
Westlands Terrace | | A2
Westminster Bridge | | A2
Westminster Bridge Road | | B1/B2
Westminster Gardens | | A2
Westmoreland Place | | B1/B2
Westmoreland Road | | B1/B2
Westmoreland Street | | A2
Westmoreland Terrace | | B1/B2
Weston Park | | A2
| | A1/A2
Weston Rise | | A2
Weston Street | | A2/B2
Weston Walk | | B2
Westover Road | | A1
Westport Street | | B2
Westway | | A1
| | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
| | A1/A2
Westwick Gardens | | B1/B2
Wetherby Gardens | | A2
| | A1
Wetherby Mews | | A2
Wetherby Place | | A1
Wetherell Road | | B2
Wexford Road | | B1
Weybridge Court | | A2
Weyhill Road | | A1
Weymouth Mews | | A2
Weymouth Street | | A1/A2
| | A1
Weymouth Terrace | | B1
Whadcote Street | | B1
Wharf Place | | A2
Wharf Road | | B2
| | B1
| | B1/B2
Wharfdale Road | | B1
Wharfedale Street | | A2
Wharton Street | | A1
Whateley Road | | B2
| | B1
Wheat Sheaf Close | | B2
Wheatlands Road | | A1
Wheatley Street | | A1
Wheatsheaf Lane | | A1
| | A2
Wheatsheaf Terrace | | A2
Wheatstone Road | | B1
Wheelwright Street | | A2
| | A1
Wheler Street | | A1/B1
Whetstone Park | | A1/A2
Whewell Road | | B1
Whidborne Street | | A1
Whiskin Street | | B2
Whistler Mews | | A1
Whistler Street | | B2
Whistlers Avenue | | A1
Whiston Road | | B1/B2
| | A2
Whitacre Mews | | B1
Whitby Street | | A1
Whitcher Close | | A2
Whitcher Place | | B1
Whitchurch Road | | B1
Whitcomb Street | | B2
| | A2
White Bear Place | | B2
White Church Lane | | A1
White Church Passage | | A1
White City Close | | A2
White City Road | | A2
| | A1
White Conduit Street | | B1
White Hart Street | | A1
White Hart Yard | | A2
White Horse Lane | | B1
| | A2
White Horse Mews | | B2
White Horse Road | | A2/B2
| | A1
White Horse Street | | A2/B2
White Horse Yard | | A2
White Kennett Street | | A1/A2
White Lion Court | | A2
White Lion Hill | | B2
White Lion Street | | B1
White Post Street | | A2
White Swan Mews | | B1
White's Row | | A2
White's Square | | B2
Whitechapel High Street | | A1
Whitechapel Road | | A1
| | A1/A2
Whitecross Street | | A2/B2
Whitefriars Street | | B1
Whitehall | | B1
Whitehall Court | | B1
Whitehall Gardens | | B1
Whitehall Park | | B1/B2
Whitehall Place | | B1
Whitehaven Street | | B1
Whitehead Close | | A1
Whitehead's Grove | | A1
Whites Grounds | | A1
Whitethorn Street | | A2
Whitfield Place | | A2
Whitfield Street | | A2/B2
Whitgift Street | | A1
Whitman Road | | B2
Whitmore Road | | B2
| | A2
Whitnell Way | | B1
Whittaker Street | | B2
Whittingstall Road | | A2
Whittlesey Street | | A2
Whorlton Road | | A2
Wick Road | | A1/A2
Wickersley Road | | A2
Wickford Street | | B2
Wickham Close | | A2
Wickham Road | | B2
Wickham Street | | B1
Wicklow Street | | A2
Wickwood Street | | B1
Widdenham Road | | A1
Widegate Street | | A1
Widley Road | | A1
Wightman Road | | A1/B1
Wigmore Place | | B2
Wigmore Street | | B2
| | B1/B2
Wigton Place | | B1
Wilberforce Mews | | B1
Wilberforce Road | | B2
| | B1
Wilbraham Place | | B1
Wilby Mews | | B1
Wilcox Road | | A2
Wilcox Road Market | | A2
Wild Court | | B2
Wild Goose Drive | | A2
Wild Street | | B2
Wild's Rents | | B2
| | A1
Wilde Close | | A2
Wilde Place | | A2
Wilderness Mews | | B1
Wilfred Street | | B2
| | A2
Wilkes Street | | B1
Wilkin Street | | A2
Wilkin Street Mews | | A2
Wilkinson Street | | B1
Wilks Place | | A2
Willard Street | | A1
Willes Road | | A2
Willesden Lane | | B1
William Close | | B1
William IV Street | | A1
William Margrie Close | | B2
William Mews | | A1
William Morris Way | | B2
William Road | | B1
William Square | | A2
William Street | | A1
Williams Buildings | | B2
Williams Close | | A1
Williamson Street | | A2
Willingham Close | | A2
Willingham Terrace | | A2
Willington Road | | A2
| | B1
Willis Street | | B2
Willoughby Mews | | B2
Willoughby Road | | A2
| | B1/B2
Willoughby Street | | B1
Willow Bank | | B2
Willow Bridge Road | | A1
Willow Court | | A2
Willow Place | | A2
Willow Road | | B2
Willow Street | | A1/A2
Willow Tree Close | | A1
Willow Walk | | B2
Willowbrook Road | | B2
Willowdene | | A1
Wilman Grove | | A1
Wilmer Gardens | | A2
Wilmer Place | | A2
Wilmington Square | | B1
Wilmington Street | | A1
Wilmot Close | | A2
Wilmot Place | | B2
| | B1
Wilmot Road | | A2
Wilmot Street | | B1/B2
Wilna Road | | A1/B1
Wilsham Street | | B1
Wilshaw Street | | B1
Wilson Grove | | A2
Wilson Road | | B1
Wilson Street | | A2/B1/B2
Wilsons Place | | B2
Wilsons Road | | B2
Wilton Avenue | | A2
Wilton Crescent | | A1/A2
Wilton Mews | | A2
Wilton Place | | A1
Wilton Road | | A2
Wilton Row | | A1/A2
Wilton Square | | B1
Wilton Street | | A2
Wilton Terrace | | A1
Wilton Villas | |
| | B1
Wilton Way | | B2
| | A1/A2
Wiltshire Close | | A1
Wiltshire Gardens | | B2
Wiltshire Road | | B1/B2
Wiltshire Row | | A1
Wimbolt Street | | A2
Wimbourne Street | | A2
| | A1
Wimpole Mews | | A2
Wimpole Street | | A2/B2
Winans Walk | | A1
Winchelsea Close | | B1
Winchendon Road | | A2
Winchester Mews | | B2
Winchester Place | | B1
| | B1
Winchester Road | | B1
| | B2
Winchester Square | | A1
Winchester Street | | B1/B2
Winchester Walk | | A1
Wincott Street | | A1
Windermere Road | | A1
Winders Road | | B1/B2
Windlass Place | | A1
Windmill Close | | B2
Windmill Drive | | A1
Windmill Hill | | A1/A2
Windmill Mews | | A1
Windmill Road | | A1
| | B2
| | A1
Windmill Row | | B1
Windmill Street | | B2
Windmill Walk | | A2
Windrose Close | | A2
Windrush Close | | A2
Windsock Close | | A1
Windsor Gardens | | B1
Windsor Road | | B1/B2
Windsor Street | | A1
Windsor Terrace | | B2
Windsor Walk | | B1
Windsor Way | | B1
Windspoint Drive | | B2
Windus Road | | A1
Wine Close | | B2
Winforton Street | | B2
Winfrith Road | | B1
Wingate Road | | A1
Wingfield Mews | | A1
Wingfield Street | | A1
Wingford Road | | B1
Wingmore Road | | A1
Wingrave Road | | A1
Winifred Grove | | B1
Winkley Street | | A2
Winnett Street | | B1
Winscombe Street | | A1
Winsham Grove | | B2
Winslade Road | | A1
Winsland Mews | | B1
Winsland Street | | B1
Winsley Street | | B1
Winslow Road | | B1
Winstanley Road | | A2
Winston Road | | B1
Winterton Place | | B1
Winterwell Road | | A1
Winthorpe Road | | A2
Winthrop Street | | B2
Wiseton Road | | B1
Wisley Road | | B2
Witan Street | | B2
Witanhurst Lane | | B1
Witherington Road | | B2
Witley Road | | A1
Wivenhoe Close | | B2
Wixs Lane | | B2
Woburn Place | | A2
Woburn Square | | A2
Woburn Walk | | A2
Wodeham Gardens | | B2
Wodehouse Avenue | | A2
| | A1
Wolfe Crescent | | B2
Wolftencroft Close | | B1
Wollaston Close | | A2
Wolseley Road | | A1
Wolseley Street | | A1
Wolsey Mews | | A1/B1
Wolsey Road | | A1
Wolsey Street | | A2
Wolverley Street | | B1
Wolverton Gardens | | A1
Womersley Road | | B1
Wontner Close | | B1
Wontner Road | | B2
Wood Close | | A2
Wood Lane | | A1/B1
| | A2
Wood Street | | B2
| | A1/A2/B2
| | B1
Woodall Close | | A1
Woodberry Down | | A2
Woodberry Grove | | B2
| | A2
Woodbine Terrace | | A1
Woodbridge Close | | B1
Woodbridge Street | | B2
Woodbury Street | | A1
Woodchester Square | | A1
Woodchurch Road | | B1
Woodcroft Mews | | A2
Woodfall Road | | B1
Woodfall Street | | B1
Woodfarrs | | A2
Woodfield Gardens | | B1
Woodfield Place | | B1
Woodfield Road | | B2
| | B1
Woodger Road | | B1
Woodhouse Close | | A1
Woodland Crescent | | B2
Woodland Street | | B1
Woodland Walk | | B1
Woodlands Park Road | | A2
Woodlands Way | | A1
Woodlawn Close | | B1
Woodlawn Road | | A1/B2
| | B1
Woodlea Road | | A1
Woodley Close | | B2
Woodmere Close | | B2
Woodquest Avenue | | B1
Woodrush Close | | A2
Woods Mews | | B2
Woods Place | | B1
Woods Road | | A2
| | A1
Woodseer Street | | B1/B2
Woodsford Square | | A1
Woodside Mews | | B2
Woodsome Road | | B1/B2
Woodstock Grove | | B2
Woodstock Mews | | A2
Woodstock Road | | A1/B1
Woodstock Street | | B1/B2
Woodstock Terrace | | A1
Woodview Close | | B2
Woodville Road | | B2
| | A2
Woodwell Street | | B1
Woodyard Close | | A2
Wooler Street | | B2
Woolf Mews | | A2
Woollaston Road | | B1
Woolmore Street | | A2
Woolneigh Street | | B2
Woolstaplers Way | | B1
Wooster Place | | A2
Wootton Street | | A2
Worcester Mews | | A1
Wordsworth Place | | B1
Wordsworth Road | | B2
| | A2
Worfield Street | | A1
Worgan Street | | B1
| | B1
World's End Passage | | B2
Worlidge Street | | B1
Worlingham Road | | A2
Wormwood Street | | B2
Wornington Road | | A1/B1/B2
Woronzow Road | | A1/B1
Worship Street | | A1/A2
Worsley Grove | | A1
Worsopp Drive | | B1
| | A1
Wotton Road | | B2
Wray Crescent | | A2
Wren Road | | B1
Wren Street | | B2
Wrigglesworth Street | | A1
Wrights Lane | | A2/B2
Wrights Road | | A1/A2
Wrotham Road | | B2
| | A2
Wroughton Road | | B2
| | A2
Wroxton Road | | B2
Wyatt Close | | B2
Wyatt Road | | B1
Wybert Street | | B1
Wychwood End | | B2
Wyclif Street | | B2
Wycliffe Road | | A2
Wycombe Place | | A1
Wycombe Square | | B1
Wye Street | | B1
| | A2
Wyfold Road | | A1
Wyllen Close | | B2
Wymering Road | | A1
Wynan Road | | B2
Wyndham Crescent | | B1
Wyndham Mews | | A2
Wyndham Place | | A2
Wyndham Road | | A1/A2
Wyndham Street | | A2
Wyneham Road | | B2
Wynford Road | | B2
Wynne Road | | A1
Wynnstay Gardens | | B1
Wynter Street | | A1
Wynyard Terrace | | B2
Wynyatt Street | | B2
Wythburn Place | | A1
Wyvil Road | | A2
Y
Yabsley Street | | A2
---|---|---
Yalding Road | | B1
Yardley Street | | A1/B1
Yarmouth Place | | B2
Yarnfield Square | | A2
Yeate Street | | B1
Yeldham Road | | B1
Yelverton Road | | B1
Yeo Street | | A2/B2
Yeoman Street | | A2
Yeoman's Row | | B1/B2
Yeomans Yard | | B1
Yerbury Road | | B1
Yoakley Road | | A1/A2
Yoke Close | | B2
Yonge Park | | B1
York Bridge | | A1
York Buildings | | A2
York Gate | | A1
York Grove | | A2
York House Place | | A2
York Mews | | A1
York Place | | A1/A2
York Rise | | B2
York Road | | A1/B1
| | B1
| | A2
| | A1/A2/B1
York Square | | B1
York Street | | A1/A2
York Terrace East | | A1/A2
York Terrace West | | A1
York Way | | B1
| | B2
| | A1/B1
Yorkshire Close | | B2
Yorkshire Grey Place | | B1
Yorkshire Grey Yard | | A1
Yorkshire Road | | B1
Yorkton Street | | B2
Young Street | | A2
Young's Buildings | | A2
Yukon Road | | A2
Z
Zampa Road | | B2
---|---|---
Zander Court | | A1
Zealand Road | | A2
Zennor Road | | B2
Zenoria Street | | A2
Zoar Street | | A2
Zoffany Street | | A2
NOT FOR TOURISTS™ Guidebooks
Tired of your own city?
You buy the ticket, we'll be the guide.
Not For Tourists™
www.notfortourists.com
Boston • Brooklyn • Chicago • London • Los Angeles • New York City • Philadelphia • San Francisco • Seattle • Washington DC
NOT FOR TOURISTS™ Custom Books
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We can put your organization's logo or message on NFT using custom foil stamps of your (or our) design. Not For Tourists Guidebooks make great gifts for employees, clients, and promotional events.
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Not For Tourists"
www.notfortourists.com
Boston • Brooklyn • Chicago • London • Los Angeles • New York City • Philadelphia • San Francisco • Seattle • Washington DC
This contains two maps:
A brilliant BUS map of London, provided by Quickmap Ltd
(www.quickmap.com)
and...
A standard UNDERGROUND map, provided by Transport for London
(www.tfl.gov.uk)
Use them well!
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaBook"
}
| 1,355
|
Q: Adding More Than One @EnvironmentObject to NavigationView How does one add more than 1 EnvironmentObject to a NavigationView. So I have 2 EnvironmentObjects that are really basic, this is how they look like.
class NavigationEnvironmentObject: ObservableObject {
@Published var isShowingChildView: Bool = false
}
class FullNameEnvironmentObject: ObservableObject {
@Published var firstName = ""
@Published var middleName = ""
@Published var lastName = ""
}
I have 3 views, view 1 is the first name & also the root view, view 2 is the middle name & view 3 is the last name. Now this is how I added my EnvironmentObjects to my root view of my navigation.
struct RootView: View {
let firstName = "Jane"
@StateObject var navigationEO = NavigationEnvironmentObject()
@StateObject var fullNameEO = FullNameEnvironmentObject()
var body: some View {
NavigationView {
ZStack {
Color.red
VStack(spacing: 20) {
Text(firstName)
.font(.title)
.fontWeight(.bold)
.foregroundColor(.white)
NavigationLink(isActive: $navigationEO.isShowingChildView, destination: { ChildView1() }) {
Button {
fullNameEO.firstName = firstName
navigationEO.isShowingChildView = true
} label: {
Text("Middle Name Screen")
.fontWeight(.semibold)
.foregroundColor(.red)
.frame(maxWidth: .infinity, minHeight: 44)
.background(.white)
.cornerRadius(8)
}
}
}
.padding(.horizontal)
}
.ignoresSafeArea()
.navigationTitle("First Name")
}
.environmentObject(navigationEO)
.environmentObject(fullNameEO)
}
}
Okay so here is the problem that I'm facing right now. When I add my 2 EnvironmentObject in the NavigationView like above it's giving me a weird behavior. So when I click the the middle name screen button from rootView it takes me to ChildView1. Now when I click the last name screen button from ChildView1 it goes to ChildView2 but instantly goes back to ChildView1. I don't know why this is happening.
Here is how my other 2 views look like so it can be easily replicated.
struct ChildView1: View {
let middleName = "Unknown"
@EnvironmentObject var fullNameEO: FullNameEnvironmentObject
@State var isShowingChildView2: Bool = false
var body: some View {
ZStack {
Color.green
VStack(spacing: 20) {
Text(middleName)
.font(.title)
.fontWeight(.bold)
.foregroundColor(.white)
NavigationLink(isActive: $isShowingChildView2, destination: { ChildView2() }) {
Button {
fullNameEO.middleName = middleName
isShowingChildView2 = true
} label: {
Text("Last Name Screen")
.fontWeight(.semibold)
.foregroundColor(.green)
.frame(maxWidth: .infinity, minHeight: 44)
.background(.white)
.cornerRadius(8)
}
}
.isDetailLink(false)
}
.padding(.horizontal)
}
.ignoresSafeArea()
.navigationTitle("Middle Name")
}
}
struct ChildView2: View {
let lastName = "Doe"
@EnvironmentObject var fullNameEO: FullNameEnvironmentObject
@EnvironmentObject var navigationEO: NavigationEnvironmentObject
var body: some View {
ZStack {
Color.purple
VStack(spacing: 20) {
Text(lastName)
.font(.title)
.fontWeight(.bold)
.foregroundColor(.white)
Button {
fullNameEO.lastName = lastName
navigationEO.isShowingChildView = false
} label: {
Text("Pop to root view")
.fontWeight(.semibold)
.foregroundColor(.purple)
.frame(maxWidth: .infinity, minHeight: 44)
.background(.white)
.cornerRadius(8)
}
}
.padding(.horizontal)
}
.ignoresSafeArea()
.navigationTitle("Last Name")
}
}
Want to know why this is happening. Would appreciate any help
A: Okay, figured out a way to do it. All I had to do is add isDetailLink modifier to my navigation link in my RootView.
NavigationLink(isActive: $navigationEO.isShowingChildView, destination: { ChildView1() }) {
Button {
navigationEO.isShowingChildView = true
fullNameEO.firstName = firstName
} label: {
Text("Middle Name Screen")
.fontWeight(.semibold)
.foregroundColor(.red)
.frame(maxWidth: .infinity, minHeight: 44)
.background(.white)
.cornerRadius(8)
}
}
.isDetailLink(false)
Don't really know what this does but it works, hopefully this helps someone out there having the same problem as me.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 2,510
|
\section{Introduction}
Bosonization of $(1+1)$-dimensional field models has been widely investigated along the years \cite{5}; and has its historical roots
in the investigations of Klaiber on Thirring Model \cite{1}, and Lowestein and Swieca on Schwinger model \cite{2}. And, since Coleman's
proof of the equivalence between the massive Thirring and sine-Gordon models \cite{6}, the concept of bosonization has been claimed
as a remarkable tool to obtain some nonperturbative information of $(1+1)$-dimensional theories; the bosonization
prescription is now well-understood and rigorously established at both operator and functional frameworks \cite{7,20}.
The bosonization of two-dimensional models at finite temperature also receives largely attention nowdays \cite{16}.
Although it was a common belief, that the bosonization was a exclusive property of $(1+1)$-dimensional theories, where there is,
indeed, no spin to distinguish fermions from boson; the need of a powerful tool to extract nonpertubative content
from $(2+1)$-dimensional field theories, leads to a development of the bosonization to such theories \cite{21}; which
has its intrinsic pathologies and also, rich and beauty properties. However, the most bosonization treatments in
$(2+1)$-dimensional theories regard to a perturbative calculation of the fermionic determinant. Those $(2+1)$-dimensional theories,
abelian and non-abelian ones, had a renew interest at different perspectives which had lead to a growing in its development in the last few years \cite{8}.
At both scenarios, $(1+1)$-dimensional and $(2+1)$-dimensional theories, lie into: the nonperturbative or pertubative evaluation of the fermionic determinant and the noninvariance of the measure under chiral transformations \cite{10}, the crucial role in the path-integral bosonization. It is the chiral Jacobian which conceives the Wess-Zumino term in the abelian and non-abelian $(1+1)$-dimensional field theories \cite{20}. These features of the path-integral prescription will be explored, here, to perform the bosonization of a massive Thirring-like model which has local gauge invariance; such model is known as massive gauged Thirring model (MGTM).
The gauged Thirring model (GTM) was originally proposed as a generalization of usual Thirring model, where the local gauge
symmetry was implemented by the Hidden Local Symmetry technique \cite{11,15}. However, one of the most interesting features of GTM was pointed out by
Kondo in his proposal of GTM \cite{12}; where not only an auxiliary scalar field is introduced but a kinetic term for the gauge field as well.
The GTM, at classical level and strong coupling regime, behaves as electrodynamics with fermions (for $g\rightarrow\infty$) or,
as a fermionic current-current self-interaction (for $e^{2}\rightarrow\infty$) field theory; where, at $(1+1)$-dim., the first model
is know as Schwinger model (SM), and the second, as Thirring model (TM). Furthermore, it was recently proved that the equivalence between
GTM and SM and TM, at $(1+1)$-dim., it is also present at quantum level \cite{14}. Such
equivalence was proved through of a nonpertubative quantization, and further analysis of respective Green's functions and Ward-Fradkin-Takahashi identities.
Therefore, inspired by those points stressed above, we will perform here the path-integral bosonization of the $(1+1)$-dim. MGTM.
After defining the dynamics of the MGTM by its Lagrangian density, we study and analyze some important points as: how the gauge field
decouples from the fermionic ones, the choice of an appropriated gauge choice, in particular, how the $R_{\xi}$-gauge
is crucial for the results; the mass expansion in the transition amplitude which allows not only, the separation on the
boson and fermion sectors -- which simplifies the calculation of the vacuum expectation value of operators, through Wightman's functions --
but also, afterwards, establishes and performs the analysis by the strong coupling limits, of the isomorphisms present in the MGTM.
Our main reason for studying the bosonization of MGTM lies in extending the previous result of isomorphism between the massless models and also to
the massive ones. We shall perform, in the Sect.~\ref{sec:1}, the derivation of the bosonization of massive gauged Thirring model in the path-integral framework and prove, in the Sect.~\ref{sec:2}, its equivalence with massive Schwinger and Thirring models. In the Sect.~\ref{sec:3} we present our final remarks and perspectives.
\section{Path-Integral Bosonization}
\label{sec:1}
The dynamics of MGTM is defined by the following Lagrangian density \cite{12,14},
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{L}=\bar{\psi}\left( i\widehat{\partial }+\widehat{A}\right) \psi -
\bar{\psi}\psi +\frac{1}{2g}\left( A_{\mu }-\partial _{\mu }\theta \right)
^{2}-\frac{1}{4e^{2}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }, \label{eq 1}
\end{equation
which is invariant under the local gauge transformations
\begin{equation}
\psi ^{\prime }\left( x\right) =e^{i\sigma \left( x\right) }\psi \left(
x\right) ,~A_{\mu }^{\prime }\left( x\right) =A_{\mu }\left( x\right)
+\partial _{\mu }\sigma \left( x\right) ,~\theta ^{\prime }\left( x\right)
=\theta \left( x\right) +\sigma \left( x\right) . \label{eq 1.1}
\end{equation
The $\theta $-field into Eq.$\left( \ref{eq 1}\right) $ was introduced
following the St\"{u}ckelberg procedure to incorporate the local gauge
symmetry. Also, the system is defined into a Minkowskian $(1+1)$-dimensional
space-time; with the following choice of representation for the Dirac
\gamma $-matrices and also the metric
\begin{equation}
\gamma _{0}=\sigma _{1}=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
0 & 1 \\
1 &
\end{array
\right) ;\gamma _{1}=-i\sigma _{2}=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
0 & -1 \\
1 &
\end{array
\right) ;\gamma _{5}=\gamma _{0}\gamma _{1}=\sigma _{3}=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 0 \\
0 & -
\end{array
\right) ;\eta _{\mu \nu }=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 0 \\
0 & -
\end{array
\right) ,
\end{equation
the $\gamma $-matrices satisfy the algebra:
\begin{equation}
\{\gamma _{\mu },\gamma _{\nu }\}=2\eta _{\mu \nu };\gamma _{\mu }\gamma
_{5}=\epsilon _{\mu \nu }\gamma ^{\nu };\epsilon _{\mu \nu }=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
0 & 1 \\
-1 &
\end{array
\right) .
\end{equation
It is possible to write the gauge field, following the Helmholtz's theorem, a
\begin{equation}
A_{\mu }\left( x\right) =\partial _{\mu }\eta \left( x\right) -\tilde
\partial}_{\mu }\phi \left( x\right) , \label{eq 1.2}
\end{equation
where we have defined the notation $\tilde{v}_{\alpha }=\epsilon _{\alpha \mu }v^{\mu }$. A
suitable gauge condition for the MGTM is the $R_{\xi }-$gauge which has the form:
\begin{equation}
R_{\xi }=\partial _{\mu }A^{\mu }\left( x\right) +\frac{\xi }{g}\theta
\left( x\right) ; \label{eq 1.3}
\end{equation
an important feature, inherent in the choice of the $R_{\xi }-$gauge, is that in
the quantization procedure of MGTM, it is allowed the $\theta $-field to decouple
from the other fields. Indeed, the gauge condition $\left( \ref{eq 1.3
\right) $, combined with $\left( \ref{eq 1.2}\right) $,\ allow us write
\begin{equation}
\square \eta \left( x\right) +\frac{\xi }{g}\theta \left( x\right) =0.
\label{eq 1.4}
\end{equation
Now, with the decomposition of gauge field $\left( \ref{eq 1.2}\right) $, we
have an interaction between the fermionic fields with the scalar ones,
$\eta $ and $\phi $; thus, in the way to cancel out, partially, such coupling between the fields,
we perform the following change in the fermionic variables
\begin{equation}
\psi \left( x\right) =\exp \left[ i\left( \eta \left( x\right) -i\gamma
_{5}\phi \left( x\right) \right) \right] \chi \left( x\right) ,~\bar{\psi
\left( x\right) =\bar{\chi}\left( x\right) \exp \left[ -i\left( \eta \left(
x\right) +i\gamma _{5}\phi \left( x\right) \right) \right] , \label{eq 1.5}
\end{equation
which correspond, in the path-integral framework, to the bosonization
realization in the operator approach. Under the change of variables, $\left(
\ref{eq 1.2}\right) $ and $\left( \ref{eq 1.5}\right) $, and identity
\left( \ref{eq 1.4}\right) $, the Lagrangian $\left( \ref{eq 1}\right) $ is
written a
\begin{equation*}
\mathcal{L}_{eff}\mathcal{=}\bar{\chi}i\widehat{\partial }\chi -m\bar{\chi
e^{-2i\gamma _{5}\phi }\chi +\frac{1}{2g}\left( \tilde{\partial}_{\mu }\phi
\right) ^{2}+\frac{1}{2g}\left( \frac{g}{\xi }\square +1\right) ^{2}\left(
\partial _{\mu }\eta \right) ^{2}+\frac{1}{2e^{2}}\phi \square ^{2}\phi ;
\end{equation*
however, we still have a remaining $\phi$ and fermionic fields interaction; but such interaction can be solved by an
appropriated pertubative mass expansion. However, before perform the mass expansion, we need to pay attention to some important
considerations regarding the bosonization in the path-integral framework. In such framework, it is the measure of the
original transition amplitude
\begin{equation*}
Z=N\int D\theta DA_{\mu }D\bar{\psi}D\psi \exp \left[ i\int d^{2}z\mathcal{L
\right] ,
\end{equation*
one of the most important objects in the theory and which, under the transformations $\left( \ref{eq 1.2}\right) $ and $\left(
\ref{eq 1.5}\right) $, changes its form as
\begin{equation*}
DA_{\mu }=J_{A}D\eta D\phi ;D\bar{\psi}D\psi =J_{F}D\bar{\chi}D\chi ,
\end{equation*
with $J_{A}=\exp \left( -\bigtriangledown ^{2}\right) $, which can be
absorved into normalization constant $N$; but, the fermionic Jacobian $J_{F}
, has a nontrivial expression due to the axial anomaly. However, due the
abelian character of the MGTM, its evaluation is direct
using the well-known results of fermionic determinant \cite{18}; and it results into
\begin{equation}
J_{F}=\exp \left[ -i\frac{1}{2\pi }\int d^{2}x\left( \partial _{\mu }\phi
\right) \left( \partial ^{\mu }\phi \right) \right] \label{eq 1.7a}
\end{equation
At this point, we have seen that the $\theta $-field has not participated in the bosonization process, i.e., does not have a
variables changes involving it; however, this is only possible due to our gauge choice $\left( \ref{eq 1.3}\right) $,
which leads to the identity $\left( \ref{eq 1.4}\right) $. From now on, we absorb the $\theta $-field
integration into the normalization constant. Therefore, after all changes of variables and manipulations, we then have the following transition amplitude
\begin{eqnarray}
Z_{MGTM}=N^{\prime }\int D\bar{\chi}D\chi D\phi D\eta \exp \Big[i\int d^{2}
\Big(\bar{\chi}i\widehat{\partial }\chi -m\bar{\chi}e^{-2i\gamma _{5}\phi
}\chi -\frac{1}{2g}\left( 1+\frac{g}{\xi }\square \right) ^{2}\eta \square
\eta && \notag \\
+\frac{1}{2e^{2}}\phi \square \left[ \square +M^{2}\right] \phi \Big
\Big],&& \label{eq 1.8}
\end{eqnarray
where we have $M^{2}=e^{2}\left( \frac{1}{\pi }+\frac{1}{g}\right) $. As we can see in the expression for $Z$ $\left( \ref{eq 1.8}\right) $, the
scalar field $\eta $ is totally decoupled from the other fields; and, hence, also can be absorved in the normalization constant. Although the next step
in the path-integral quantization it is add sources to the fields on $\left(\ref{eq 1.8}\right) $, and defines the generating functional; it is sufficient to our intend -- solve exactly the bosonized MGTM and, thus, study its quantum isomorphisms -- perform a pertubative expansion in the fermionic mass, to then, finally, evaluate the respective Wightman's functions; hence, rewriting the amplitude transition $\left( \ref{eq 1.8}\right) $ in the form,
\begin{eqnarray}
Z_{MGTM} &=&N^{\prime \prime }\int D\bar{\chi}D\chi D\phi \exp \left[ i\int
d^{2}x\left( \bar{\chi}i\widehat{\partial }\chi +\frac{1}{2e^{2}}\phi
\square \left[ \square +M^{2}\right] \phi \right) \right] \notag \\
&&\times \underset{k=0}{\overset{\infty }{\sum }}\frac{\left( -im\right) ^{k
}{k!}\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{\prod }}\int d^{2}x_{i}\bar{\chi}\left(
x_{i}\right) e^{-2i\gamma _{5}\phi \left( x_{i}\right) }\chi \left(
x_{i}\right) , \label{eq 1.9}
\end{eqnarray
whose expression, immediatly, reads as
\begin{equation}
Z_{MGTM}=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\infty }{\sum }}\frac{\left( -im\right) ^{k
}{k!}\left\langle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{\prod }}\int dx_{i}\bar{\chi
\left( x_{i}\right) e^{-2i\gamma _{5}\phi \left( x_{i}\right) }\chi \left(
x_{i}\right) \right\rangle _{0}, \label{eq 1.11}
\end{equation
we are closer of finding the exact solution for the transition amplitude of MGTM. Here $\left\langle {\quad }\right\rangle _{0}$ stands for the vacuum
expectation value (vev)\ of an operator in a system of massless free fermions and massive free scalars. In order to evaluate $\left( \ref{eq 1.11
\right) $ we need to separate the bosonic and fermionic fields on the argument of vev. For this, we write
\begin{equation}
\bar{\chi}e^{-2i\gamma _{5}\phi }\chi =e^{-2i\phi }\bar{\chi}\frac{\left(
1+\gamma _{5}\right) }{2}\chi +e^{2i\phi }\bar{\chi}\frac{\left( 1-\gamma
_{5}\right) }{2}\chi , \label{eq 1.19}
\end{equation
such property leads to the new expression:
\begin{eqnarray}
Z_{MGTM} &=&\underset{n=0}{\overset{\infty }{\sum }}\frac{\left( -im\right)
^{2n}}{\left( n!\right) ^{2}}\int \left( \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\prod }
d^{2}x_{k}d^{2}y_{k}\right) \left\langle \exp \left( -2i\underset{j}{\sum
\left( \phi \left( x_{j}\right) -\phi \left( y_{j}\right) \right) \right)
\right\rangle _{0}^{bos}\times \notag \\
&&\times \left\langle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\prod }}\bar{\chi}\left(
x_{i}\right) \frac{\left( 1+\gamma _{5}\right) }{2}\chi \left( x_{i}\right)
\bar{\chi}\left( y_{i}\right) \frac{\left( 1-\gamma _{5}\right) }{2}\chi
\left( y_{i}\right) \right\rangle _{0}^{ferm}. \label{eq 1.12}
\end{eqnarray
The simplest term to evaluate $\left( \ref{eq 1.12}\right) $, is the
fermionic contribution, where the fermionic Wightman function is simply,
the free fermion propagato
\begin{equation}
S_{F}\left( x\right) =-\frac{1}{2\pi }\frac{\gamma ^{\mu }x_{\mu }}{x^{2}};
\label{eq 1.20}
\end{equation
to evaluate the fermionic part, we decompose the spinors in their components,
as
\begin{eqnarray}
\bar{\chi}\frac{\left( 1+\gamma _{5}\right) }{2}\chi &=&\bar{\chi}_{1}\chi
_{1}, \label{eq 1.21a} \\
\bar{\chi}\frac{\left( 1-\gamma _{5}\right) }{2}\chi &=&\bar{\chi}_{2}\chi
_{2}, \label{eq 1.21b}
\end{eqnarray
such manipulation leads to the well-known result:
\begin{equation}
\left\langle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\prod }}\bar{\chi}_{1}\left(
x_{i}\right) \chi _{1}\left( x_{i}\right) \bar{\chi}_{2}\left( y_{i}\right)
\chi _{2}\left( y_{i}\right) \right\rangle _{0}^{ferm}=\frac{1}{\left( 2\pi
i\right) ^{2n}}\frac{\overset{n}{\underset{i>j}{\prod }}\left(
c^{2}\left\vert x_{i}-x_{j}\right\vert ^{2}\left\vert y_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert
^{2}\right) }{\underset{i,j}{\overset{n}{\prod }}\left( c\left\vert
x_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert ^{2}\right) }; \label{eq 1.15}
\end{equation
where $c=e^{-\gamma }$, with $\gamma $ the Euler-Mascheroni constant. Now,
to calculate the bosonic part, we must first evaluate the scalar Wightman
function; defining it as
\begin{equation*}
\frac{1}{e^{2}}\square \left[ \square +M^{2}\right] \Delta \left( x\right)
=-\delta ^{\left( 2\right) }\left( x\right) ,
\end{equation*
see equation $\left( \ref{eq 1.9}\right) $; its solution is ready obtained
\begin{equation*}
\Delta \left( x\right) =\lambda ^{2}\int \frac{d^{2}k}{\left( 2\pi \right)
^{2}}\left[ \frac{1}{k^{2}}-\frac{1}{k^{2}-M^{2}}\right] e^{-ikx}=\lambda
^{2}\left( \Delta \left( 0;x\right) -\Delta \left( M^{2};x\right) \right) ,
\end{equation*
\begin{equation}
\Delta \left( x\right) =\lambda ^{2}\left( -\frac{1}{4\pi }\ln \left(
M^{2}c^{2}x^{2}\right) -\frac{1}{2\pi }K_{0}\left( \sqrt{M^{2}x^{2}}\right)
\right) . \label{eq 1.7}
\end{equation}
where $\lambda ^{2}=\frac{\pi }{1+\frac{\pi }{g}}$, and $K_{0}\left(
z\right) $ is the second-class modified Bessel's function \cite{25}. Then, we obtain
the well-known result,
\begin{equation}
\left\langle \exp \left( -2i\underset{j}{\sum }\left( \phi \left(
x_{j}\right) -\phi \left( y_{j}\right) \right) \right) \right\rangle
_{0}^{bos}=\exp \left[ 4\underset{i>j}{\sum }\left( \Delta \left(
x_{i}-x_{j}\right) +\Delta \left( y_{i}-y_{j}\right) -\Delta \left(
x_{i}-y_{j}\right) \right) \right] , \label{eq 1.13}
\end{equation
and substituing the $\Delta \left( x\right) $ expression, Eq.$\left( \ref{eq 1.7}\right) $,
into the above equation, yields to the following expression
\begin{eqnarray*}
\left\langle \exp \left( -2i\underset{j}{\sum }\left( \phi \left(
x_{j}\right) -\phi \left( y_{j}\right) \right) \right) \right\rangle
_{0}^{bos} =
\end{eqnarray*}
\begin{eqnarray}
&=&\left[ Mc\right] ^{\frac{2n\lambda ^{2}}{\pi }}\frac{\overset{
}{\underset{i>j}{\prod }}\left\vert x_{i}-x_{j}\right\vert ^{-\frac{2\lambda
^{2}}{\pi }}\left\vert y_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert ^{-\frac{2\lambda ^{2}}{\pi }
}{\underset{i,j}{\overset{n}{\prod }}\left\vert x_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert ^{
\frac{2\lambda ^{2}}{\pi }}} \label{eq 1.14a} \\
&&\times \exp \left[ -\frac{2\lambda ^{2}}{\pi }\underset{i>j}{\sum }\left(
K_{0}\left( M;\left\vert x_{i}-x_{j}\right\vert \right) +K_{0}\left(
M;\left\vert y_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert \right) -K_{0}\left( M;\left\vert
x_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert \right) \right) \right] . \notag
\end{eqnarray
Therefore, with the results $\left( \ref{eq 1.15}\right) $ and $\left( \re
{eq 1.14a}\right) $, we finally get the resulting expression for the
transition amplitude $\left( \ref{eq 1.12}\right) $, which is written as:
\begin{eqnarray}
Z_{MGTM} &=&\underset{n=0}{\overset{\infty }{\sum }}\frac{1}{\left(
n!\right) ^{2}}\left( \frac{m}{2\pi c}\left[ Mc\right] ^{\frac{\lambda ^{2}}
\pi }}\right) ^{2n}\int \left( \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\prod }
d^{2}x_{k}d^{2}y_{k}\right) \frac{\overset{n}{\underset{i>j}{\prod }
\left\vert x_{i}-x_{j}\right\vert ^{2\left( 1-\frac{\lambda ^{2}}{\pi
\right) }\left\vert y_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert ^{2\left( 1-\frac{\lambda ^{2}}
\pi }\right) }}{\underset{i,j}{\overset{n}{\prod }}\left\vert
x_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert ^{2\left( 1-\frac{\lambda ^{2}}{\pi }\right) }}
\notag \\
&&\times \exp \left[ -\frac{2\lambda ^{2}}{\pi }\underset{i>j}{\sum }\left(
K_{0}\left( M;\left\vert x_{i}-x_{j}\right\vert \right) +K_{0}\left(
M;\left\vert y_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert \right) -K_{0}\left( M;\left\vert
x_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert \right) \right) \right] . \label{eq 1.16}
\end{eqnarray
\section{Isomorphisms of Bosonized MGTM}
\label{sec:2}
At this point, we can study the equivalence of MGTM by applying the following limits: $g\rightarrow\infty$ and $e^{2}\rightarrow \infty$, to reproduce
the massive Schwinger and Thirring models, respectively, into the bosonized transition amplitude of MGTM $\left( \ref{eq 1.16}\right) $.
But first, we have that the function $K_{0}\left( z\right) $ has the following asymptotic limits \cite{25}
\begin{eqnarray*}
K_{0}\left( z\right) &\rightarrow &-\ln \left( z\right) -\gamma
;~~z\rightarrow 0, \\
K_{0}\left( z\right) &\rightarrow &0;~~z\rightarrow \infty .
\end{eqnarray*}
Now, by the limit: $e^{2}\rightarrow \infty \leftrightarrow M^{2}\rightarrow \infty $, was proved that GTM reproduces the Thirring model at
classical and quantum levels; here, from applying the limit into equation $\left( \ref{eq 1.16}\right) $, we get
\begin{eqnarray}
Z_{MTM} &=&\underset{e^{2}\rightarrow \infty }{\lim }Z_{MGTM}=\underset{n=0}
\overset{\infty }{\sum }}\frac{1}{\left( n!\right) ^{2}}\left( \frac{m}{2\pi
}\right) ^{2n}\int \left( \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\prod }
d^{2}x_{k}d^{2}y_{k}\right) \label{eq 1.17} \\
&&\times \frac{\overset{n}{\underset{i>j}{\prod }}c^{2\left( 1-\frac{\lambda
^{2}}{\pi }\right) }\left\vert x_{i}-x_{j}\right\vert ^{2\left( 1-\frac
\lambda ^{2}}{\pi }\right) }\left\vert y_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert ^{2\left( 1
\frac{\lambda ^{2}}{\pi }\right) }}{\underset{i,j}{\overset{n}{\prod }}c^{1
\frac{\lambda ^{2}}{\pi }}\left\vert x_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert ^{2\left( 1
\frac{\lambda ^{2}}{\pi }\right) }}, \notag
\end{eqnarray
which reproduces the well-known result of the bosonized massive Thirring model \cite{6,20}. Now, for the limit: $g\rightarrow \infty $, which reproduces
the Schwinger model in the classical and quantum levels, yields to
\begin{eqnarray}
Z_{MSM} &=&\underset{g\rightarrow \infty }{\lim }Z_{MGTM}=\underset{n=0}
\overset{\infty }{\sum }}\frac{1}{\left( n!\right) ^{2}}\left( \frac{m\mu }
2\pi }\right) ^{2n}\int \left( \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\prod }
d^{2}x_{k}d^{2}y_{k}\right) \label{eq 1.18} \\
&&\times \exp \left[ -2\underset{i>j}{\sum }\left( K_{0}\left( \mu
;\left\vert x_{i}-x_{j}\right\vert \right) +K_{0}\left( \mu ;\left\vert
y_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert \right) -K_{0}\left( \mu ;\left\vert
x_{i}-y_{j}\right\vert \right) \right) \right] , \notag
\end{eqnarray
where $\mu =e^{2}/\pi $; and, then, we also obtain the well-known result of the bosonized massive Schwinger
model \cite{2,20}.
With the results, Eqs.$(\ref{eq 1.17})$ and $(\ref{eq 1.18})$, we have proved the isomorphism between the MGTM
and the massive Thirring and Schwinger models, respectively; furthermore, we have extended the previous results
regarding the isomorphisms of the massless GTM \cite{14}, to the massive one.
\section{Remarks and conclusions}
\label{sec:3}
A path-integral bosonization of the massive gauged Thirring model was presented. Following a well-known, however well-established, script of path-integral
bosonization: separation of the gauge field in its divergence and divergenceless parts, and its partial-separation with the fermions,
through appropriated change of variables into fermions; such fermionic change of variables induces a chiral Jacobian in the measure of transition
amplitude; choice of a gauge condition, in the MGTM case, the $R_{\xi}$-gauge -- which allowed that the $\theta$-field was decoupled from other fields. Afterwards, we have made a pertubative expansion in the fermionic mass in the transition amplitude, allowing, then, that the resulting vacuum expectation
value of operators were easily evaluated through the well-known Wightman's functions. Furthermore, we performed in the final transition amplitude expression, equation $\left( \ref{eq 1.16} \right) $, an analysis regarding the strong coupling regime of the model; which, after the appropriated limits study, resulted the bosonized massive Schwinger model, for $g\rightarrow \infty $, and the bosonized massive Thirring model, for $e^{2}\rightarrow \infty $.
With these results, we generalized the previous results regarding the isomorphisms of massless GTM \cite{14} to the massive case.
Another nonpertubative properties involving two-dimensional massive fermionic field theories are under analysis; in particular, the extension
of previous analysis of MGTM to the case of $T \neq 0$, at both Green's functions and bosonization scenarios. We also believe that the extension of bosonization of MGTM, presented here, to the non-abelian case deserves a careful treatment \cite{17}. Progress regarding these issues are under development, and will be reported elsewhere.
\subsection*{Acknowledgements}
The authors would like to thank Professor Rodolfo Casana for carefully reading the manuscript. R.B. thanks CNPq for full support and B.M.P. thanks CNPq and CAPES for partial support.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
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| 3,635
|
José Albano Pontes Santos Moita Morais de Macedo, ou simplesmente Moita Macedo (Almeirim, Benfica do Ribatejo, 17 de Outubro de 1930 — Lisboa, 18 de Maio de 1983) é um pintor português.
Vida e obra
Moita Macedo nasceu em 17 de Outubro de 1930 em Benfica do Ribatejo. Ele nasceu no seio de uma família tradicional, onde sobressai a figura do avô, José Luís Santos Moita, médico, republicano, deputado da I Assembleia Constituinte e Governador Civil do Distrito de Santarém. A influência do avô foi determinante na formação de uma consciência e empenhamento social, traços marcantes da sua personalidade. Os grandes planos da campina ribatejana e do mar, duas alternantes da sua adolescência, são o ponto de partida para os primeiros desenhos.
Em 1951 casa com Maria José Ribeiro, vindo a ter cinco filhos, o mais novo dos quais Paulo Macedo. De 1954 a 1957 cumpre o serviço militar na Índia Portuguesa, contactando com artífices e artistas, trabalhando com eles o barro e o marfim. Executa trabalhos de restauro, nomeadamente o da Capela de Nossa Senhora do Mar, em Damão.
Início de carreira
Em 1959 inicia a sua actividade profissional nos escritórios da Siderurgia Nacional, onde trabalha durante 24 anos. Aqui toma contacto com o ferro e o aço, materiais que viria a utilizar em alguns dos seus trabalhos de pintura e escultura.
Em 1963 conhece Almada Negreiros na Cooperativa Gravura, a qual frequenta durante dois anos. Com Almada estuda e faz as primeiras experiências em gravura riscada sobre o vidro. Ainda em 1963, é premiado com um conjunto de trabalhos de gravação em marfim, nos II Jogos Florais do Trabalho.
Em 1964 desenha uma escultura em aço com 5 toneladas para as instalações do Clube do Pessoal da Siderurgia Nacional, associação da qual viria a ser Director das Actividades Culturais e Editor do Jornal Convívio. Um ano mais tarde, em 1965, conhece Artur Bual, o qual viria a influenciar a sua pintura.
Em 1972 e 1973 ilustra as capas de livros de Miguel Barbosa "O Irineu do Morro" e "Mulher Macumba", publicados em Portugal e no Brasil. Entre 1972 e 1974 dirige as Galerias Futura e Opinião.
Em 1973 expõe diversos trabalhos nas Galerias Futura e Opinião como Hiroxima, Apocalipse, Poema para Manuel Alegre entre outros, os quais suscitaram duras críticas da imprensa do regime. Entre 1973 e 1983, ele escreveu diversos textos de apresentação e crítica de pintura para catálogos de Francisco Simões, Silva Palmeira, Júlio Ferreira, Fernando Meneses, Maria Lucília Moita, Villar de Sousa, entre outros. Em 1980 Artur Bual retrata-o num acrílico de 2m x 1m.
Últimos anos e morte
Entre 1979 e 1983 Moita Macedo impulsionou as exposições de Pintura na Codilivro. Em 1980 organiza conjuntamente com Artur Bual e Francisco Simões a exposição Viagem ao Mundo da Linha, da Forma e da Cor a qual representou uma nova forma de expor arte, alargando o seu conceito. Em 1980 o seu busto é feito em bronze pelo escultor Francisco Simões. Em 1981 desenha alguns azulejos, efectuando uma breve incursão na arte da azulejaria. Em 1983 publica o livro Cantares de Amigo, conjuntamente com outros três poetas, culminando a divulgação da sua poesia até então feita em tertúlias, na imprensa regional e em programas de poesia na rádio.
Moita Macedo morreu em 18 de Maio de 1983, em Lisboa. No mesmo ano, tempos depois de seu falecimento, é homenageado com uma exposição na Codilivro – Lembrar Moita Macedo. Em Outubro de 1983 é homenageado com uma exposição no Clube de Pessoal da Siderurgia Nacional.
Em 1985 é homenageado com uma exposição na Associação de Estudantes do Instituto Superior de Economia onde participam Artur Bual, Cargaleiro, Francisco Simões, Silva Palmeira, Stella de Brito, Henrique Mourato, Isabel Seruca, Vítor Ferreira, Guy Ferreira, Álvaro Gonzaga, Mena Brito, Mário Silva, Hugo Beja, Júlio Ferreira, Maria Lucília Moita, Adão Rodrigues, Miguel Barbosa, Manuel Peliquito, entre outros.
Em 1993 é editado o livro Poema da Terra dos Homens Curvados, escrito na década de 70. Ainda em 1993 ele foi homenageado na Galeria de S. Bento numa exposição de Artur Bual, Francisco Simões, Mena Brito, Francisco Relógio e Miguel Barbosa.
Em 1997 são editadas pelo mestre António Inverno três serigrafias de obras de sua autoria.
Em 2000 Urbano Tavares Rodrigues escreve o prefácio para um novo livro de poesia ilustrado por Francisco Simões, editado em Outubro de 2002 pela Estar-editora.
Em 2001 Miguel Barbosa ilustra igualmente um livro da sua poesia, a publicar. Em Dezembro de 2002 é homenageado, na Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, no lançamento do seu livro Poemas em simultâneo com uma exposição da sua pintura, por Urbano Tavares Rodrigues, Francisco Simões e Maria João Fernandes.
Em 2003 o Centro Português de Serigrafia produz quatro serigrafias de obras suas e é editado o livro de Alice Tomaz Branco, Moita Macedo, Obra Plástica, editado pela Caleidoscópio.
Em 2005 é publicado o livro do Prof. Doutor António Batista Pereira, Moita Macedo Desenhos com prefácio do Prof. Doutor Vítor Serrão. Em 2006 é editado pela Universal um CD com a sua poesia dita por Maria Barroso, Rosa Lobato de Faria, José Fanha e Vítor de Sousa.
Prémios
2009 - É atribuído o seu nome a uma rua pela C.M. de Almeirim, em Almeirim.
2008 - É atribuído o seu nome a uma rotunda pela C.M. de Sintra, em Queluz.
2007 - É descerrada uma placa na casa onde viveu em Queluz, Sintra.
2005 Apresentação do livro "Moita Macedo Desenhos", da autoria do Prof. Doutor Fernando António Batista Pereira, com prefácio do Prof. Vítor Serrão, pelo autor, na galeria S. Mamede, Arte Doze e no Museu do Trabalho Michel Giacometti, Setúbal, em Dezembro, e na Cordeiros Galeria, Porto em Fevereiro de 2006.
2003 - Exposição de Homenagem na Galeria S. Mamede, intitulada "O prazer da Gestualidade".
2002 - Homenagem na Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Padrão dos Descobrimentos
2001 - É atribuido o seu nome a uma rua pela C.M. Almada, no Bairro dos Pintores, Capuchos
1993 - Homenagem na Galeria de S. Bento, Artur Bual, Francisco Simões, Mena Brito, Miguel Barbosa, Relógio
1985 - Homenagem de 20 pintores, no Instituto Superior de Economia
1983 - Homenagem no I Salão de Arte da Feira Popular; Homenagem na Codilivro
1972 - Placa de Prata, Exposição XI Aniversário da elevação de Queluz a Vila
1963 - Prémio II Jogos Florais do Trabalho; Prémio Gravura e Artes Plásticas, Siderurgia Nacional; Medalha de Bronze VIII Salão de Arte Moderna da Costa do Estoril
Ligações externas
Sítio oficial de Moita Macedo
Naturais de Almeirim (Portugal)
Pintores de Portugal
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
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Q: number of integral solutions Question from the interview at f2f interview at MS:
Determine the number of integral solutions of
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = N
where 0 <= xi <= N
So basically we need to find the number of partitions of N in at most 5 parts
Supposed to be solved with paper and pencil. Did not make much headway though, does anybody have a solution for this?
A: Assume numbers are strictly > 0.
Consider an integer segment [0, N]. The problem is to split it into 4 segments of positive length. Imagine we do that by putting 4 splitter dots between adjacent numbers. How many ways to do that ? C(N-1, 4).
Now, some numbers can be 0-s. Let k be number of non-zero numbers. We can choose them in C(5,k) ways, for each having C(N-1, k) splittings. Accumulating by all k in [0,5] range, we get
Sum[ C(5,k) * C(n-1,k); k = 0 to 5]
A: @Grigor Gevorgyan indeed gives the right way to figure out the solution.
think about when
1 <= xi
that's exactly dividing N points into 5 segments. it's equivalent to insert 4 "splitter dots" out of N-1 possible places ( between adjacent numbers). So the answer is C(N-1,4)
then what about when
0 <= xi
?
If you have the solution of X+5 points in
1 <= xi
whose answer is C(N-1,4)=C(X+5-1,4)=C(X+4,4)
then you simply remove one point from each set, and you have a solution of X points, with
0 <= xi
which means,the answer now is exactly equal to C(X+4,4)
A: Topcoder tutorials
Look for the section "Combination with repetition" : The specific case is explained under that section with diagrmatic illustration .(A picture is worth quite a few words!)
A: You have the answer here.
It is classical problem -
Number of options to put N balls in M boxes = c(M+N-1,N).
A: The combinations solution is more appropriate if a pen and paper solution was asked. It's also the classic solution. Here is a dynamic programming solution.
Let dp[i, N] = number of solutions of x1 + x2 + ... +xi = N.
Let's take x1 + x2 = N:
We have the solutions:
0 + N = N
1 + N - 1 = N
...
N + 0 = N
So dp[2, N] = N + 1 solutions.
Let's take x1 + x2 + x3 = N:
We have the solutions:
0 + (0 + N) = N
0 + (1 + N - 1) = N
...
0 + (N + 0) = N
...
Notice that there are N + 1 solutions thus far. Moving on:
1 + (0 + N - 1) = N
1 + (1 + N - 2) = N
...
1 + (N - 1 + 0) = N
...
Notice that there are another N solutions. Moving on:
...
N - 1 + (0 + 1) = N
N - 1 + (1 + 0) = N
=> +2 solutions
N + (0 + 0) = N
=> +1 solution
So we have dp[3, N] = dp[2, N] + dp[2, N - 1] + dp[2, N - 2] + ... + dp[2, 0].
Also notice that dp[k, 0] = 1
Since for each row of the matrix we need N summations, the complexity for computing dp[k, N] is O(k*N), which is just as much as would be needed for the combinatorics solution.
To keep the complexity for each row O(N), store s[i] = sum of the first i elements on the previous row. The memory used can also be reduced to O(N).
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 9,973
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The Murray Sisters perform dazzling equine Displays and Demonstrations for audiences nationwide. Sisters Siobhan and Anne Marie exhibit extraordinary horsemanship skills on stallions which they have ridden since infancy.
The four stallions have been performing together for over eight years now, with "Rico" and "Simba" being joined by "Spirit" in 2004 and the baby of the show "Cheyanne" completing the team in 2006. The performance can be adapted to suit any audience and includes Wild West and Spanish themes. The performance is spiced with humour when "Rico" sits on command and waves goodbye to the audience!
With over 300 performances in recent years at venues as varied as the "Battle of Flowers" in Guernsey to the "Gala Evening" at Hickstead, as well as appearances in London and the Home Counties, Stallions of Substance introduce new aspects to our displays year by year.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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| 248
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Q: function not identified javascript/ajax soap client So in trying to implement the following simple javascript SOAP client, I am running into this error:
Uncaught ReferenceError: soap is not defined soaptest.html:60
onclick soaptest.html:60
Here is the client:
<html>
<head>
<title>SOAP JavaScript Client Test</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function soap()
{
$(document).ready(function () {
$("#send").click(function (event) {
var wsUrl = "http://redactedurl.redactedurl.com/c";
var soapRequest =
'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> \
<soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" \
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" \
xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"> \
<soap:Body> \
<getApiFunction xmlns="http://tempuri.org/">
<zipCode>10032</zipCode>
<series>avalon</series>\
</getApiFunction> \
</soap:Body> \
</soap:Envelope>';
console.log(soapRequest);
$.ajax({
type: "post",
url: wsUrl,
contentType: "text/xml",
dataType: "xml",
data: soapRequest,
success: processSuccess,
error: processError
});
});
});
}
function processSuccess(data, status, req, xml, xmlHttpRequest, responseXML) {
$(req.responseXML)
.find('XMLNode')
.each(function(){
var id = $(this).find('xmlchildnode').text();
console.log(id);
});
}
function processError(data, status, req) {
alert(req.responseText + " " + status);
console.log(data);
console.log(status);
console.log(req);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form name="Demo" action="" method="post">
<div>
<input type="button" value="Soap" onclick="soap();" />
</div>
</form>
</body>
<html>
This is the first time I've ever tried working with AJAX, so I'm sure there are a otn of mistakes... any help will be greatly appreciated. Here is the SOAP request (in case this is necessary)
POST /apiname.asmx HTTP/1.1
Host: redactedurl.redactedurl.com
Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: length
SOAPAction: "http://tempuri.org/getApiFunction"
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
<soap:Body>
<getApiFunction xmlns="http://tempuri.org/">
<zipCode>string</zipCode>
<series>string</series>
</getApiFunction>
</soap:Body>
</soap:Envelope>
A: You're missing a backlash in front of these two lines:
<getApiFunction xmlns="http://tempuri.org/">
<zipCode>10032</zipCode>
That's causing your javascript to fail, which means that your soap function is never getting defined.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 7,884
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package org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.monitoring.opencensus;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import io.opencensus.trace.SpanId;
import io.opencensus.trace.Tracing;
import org.apache.ignite.IgniteCache;
import org.apache.ignite.IgniteCheckedException;
import org.apache.ignite.cache.CacheMode;
import org.apache.ignite.cache.query.SqlFieldsQuery;
import org.apache.ignite.cache.query.annotations.QuerySqlField;
import org.apache.ignite.configuration.CacheConfiguration;
import org.apache.ignite.configuration.IgniteConfiguration;
import org.apache.ignite.internal.IgniteEx;
import org.apache.ignite.internal.IgniteInternalFuture;
import org.apache.ignite.internal.TestRecordingCommunicationSpi;
import org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.cache.query.SqlFieldsQueryEx;
import org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.query.h2.twostep.messages.GridQueryNextPageRequest;
import org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType;
import org.apache.ignite.internal.util.typedef.internal.U;
import org.apache.ignite.spi.tracing.TracingConfigurationCoordinates;
import org.apache.ignite.spi.tracing.TracingConfigurationParameters;
import org.apache.ignite.spi.tracing.TracingSpi;
import org.apache.ignite.spi.tracing.opencensus.OpenCensusTracingSpi;
import org.apache.ignite.testframework.GridTestUtils;
import org.junit.Test;
import static java.lang.Integer.parseInt;
import static org.apache.ignite.cache.CacheMode.PARTITIONED;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.TestRecordingCommunicationSpi.spi;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.query.QueryUtils.DFLT_SCHEMA;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanTags.CONSISTENT_ID;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanTags.NAME;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanTags.NODE;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanTags.NODE_ID;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanTags.SQL_CACHE_UPDATES;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanTags.SQL_IDX_RANGE_ROWS;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanTags.SQL_PAGE_ROWS;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanTags.SQL_QRY_TEXT;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanTags.SQL_SCHEMA;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanTags.tag;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_CACHE_UPDATE;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_CMD_QRY_EXECUTE;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_CURSOR_CANCEL;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_CURSOR_CLOSE;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_CURSOR_OPEN;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_DML_QRY_EXECUTE;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_DML_QRY_EXEC_REQ;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_DML_QRY_RESP;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_FAIL_RESP;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_IDX_RANGE_REQ;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_IDX_RANGE_RESP;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_ITER_CLOSE;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_ITER_OPEN;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_NEXT_PAGE_REQ;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_PAGE_FETCH;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_PAGE_PREPARE;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_PAGE_RESP;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_PAGE_WAIT;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_PARTITIONS_RESERVE;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_QRY;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_QRY_CANCEL_REQ;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_QRY_EXECUTE;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_QRY_EXEC_REQ;
import static org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.tracing.SpanType.SQL_QRY_PARSE;
import static org.apache.ignite.spi.tracing.Scope.SQL;
import static org.apache.ignite.spi.tracing.TracingConfigurationParameters.SAMPLING_RATE_ALWAYS;
import static org.apache.ignite.testframework.GridTestUtils.runAsync;
/**
* Tests tracing of SQL queries based on {@link OpenCensusTracingSpi}.
*/
public class OpenCensusSqlNativeTracingTest extends AbstractTracingTest {
/** Number of entries in test table. */
protected static final int TEST_TABLE_POPULATION = 100;
/** Page size for queries. */
protected static final int PAGE_SIZE = 20;
/** Test schema name. */
protected static final String TEST_SCHEMA = "TEST_SCHEMA";
/** Key counter. */
private final AtomicInteger keyCntr = new AtomicInteger();
/** {@inheritDoc} */
@Override protected TracingSpi<?> getTracingSpi() {
return new OpenCensusTracingSpi();
}
/** {@inheritDoc} */
@Override protected IgniteConfiguration getConfiguration(String igniteInstanceName) throws Exception {
return super.getConfiguration(igniteInstanceName)
.setCommunicationSpi(new TestRecordingCommunicationSpi());
}
/** {@inheritDoc} */
@Override public void before() throws Exception {
super.before();
IgniteEx cli = startClientGrid(GRID_CNT);
cli.tracingConfiguration().set(
new TracingConfigurationCoordinates.Builder(SQL).build(),
new TracingConfigurationParameters.Builder()
.withSamplingRate(SAMPLING_RATE_ALWAYS).build());
}
/**
* Tests tracing of UPDATE query with skipped reduce phase.
*
* @throws Exception If failed.
*/
@Test
public void testUpdateWithReducerSkipped() throws Exception {
String prsnTable = createTableAndPopulate(Person.class, PARTITIONED, 1);
SpanId rootSpan = executeAndCheckRootSpan(
"UPDATE " + prsnTable + " SET prsnVal = (prsnVal + 1)", TEST_SCHEMA, true, false, false);
checkChildSpan(SQL_QRY_PARSE, rootSpan);
SpanId dmlExecSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_DML_QRY_EXECUTE, rootSpan);
List<SpanId> execReqSpans = checkSpan(SQL_DML_QRY_EXEC_REQ, dmlExecSpan, GRID_CNT, null);
int fetchedRows = 0;
int cacheUpdates = 0;
assertEquals(GRID_CNT, execReqSpans.size());
for (int i = 0; i < GRID_CNT; i++) {
SpanId execReqSpan = execReqSpans.get(i);
checkChildSpan(SQL_PARTITIONS_RESERVE, execReqSpan);
checkSpan(SQL_QRY_PARSE, execReqSpan, 2, null);
SpanId iterSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_ITER_OPEN, execReqSpan);
checkChildSpan(SQL_QRY_EXECUTE, iterSpan);
fetchedRows += findChildSpans(SQL_PAGE_FETCH, execReqSpan).stream()
.mapToInt(span -> getAttribute(span, SQL_PAGE_ROWS))
.sum();
List<SpanId> cacheUpdateSpans = findChildSpans(SQL_CACHE_UPDATE, execReqSpan);
cacheUpdates += cacheUpdateSpans.stream()
.mapToInt(span -> getAttribute(span, SQL_CACHE_UPDATES))
.sum();
checkChildSpan(SQL_ITER_CLOSE, execReqSpan);
checkChildSpan(SQL_DML_QRY_RESP, execReqSpan);
}
assertEquals(TEST_TABLE_POPULATION, fetchedRows);
assertEquals(TEST_TABLE_POPULATION, cacheUpdates);
}
/**
* Tests tracing of multiple MERGE query.
*
* @throws Exception If failed.
*/
@Test
public void testMultipleMerge() throws Exception {
String prsnTable = createTableAndPopulate(Person.class, PARTITIONED, 1);
checkDmlQuerySpans("MERGE INTO " + prsnTable + "(_key, prsnVal) SELECT _key, 0 FROM " + prsnTable,
true, TEST_TABLE_POPULATION);
}
/**
* Tests tracing of single MERGE query.
*
* @throws Exception If failed.
*/
@Test
public void testSingleMerge() throws Exception {
String prsnTable = createTableAndPopulate(Person.class, PARTITIONED, 1);
checkDmlQuerySpans("MERGE INTO " + prsnTable + "(_key, prsnId, prsnVal) VALUES (" + keyCntr.get() + ", 0, 0)",
false, 1);
}
/**
* Tests tracing of UPDATE query.
*
* @throws Exception If failed.
*/
@Test
public void testUpdate() throws Exception {
String prsnTable = createTableAndPopulate(Person.class, PARTITIONED, 1);
checkDmlQuerySpans("UPDATE " + prsnTable + " SET prsnVal = (prsnVal + 1)",
true, TEST_TABLE_POPULATION);
}
/**
* Tests tracing of DELETE query.
*
* @throws Exception If failed.
*/
@Test
public void testDelete() throws Exception {
String prsnTable = createTableAndPopulate(Person.class, PARTITIONED, 1);
checkDmlQuerySpans("DELETE FROM " + prsnTable, true, TEST_TABLE_POPULATION);
}
/**
* Tests tracing of multiple INSERT query.
*
* @throws Exception If failed.
*/
@Test
public void testMultipleInsert() throws Exception {
String prsnTable = createTableAndPopulate(Person.class, PARTITIONED, 1);
checkDmlQuerySpans("INSERT INTO " + prsnTable + "(_key, prsnId, prsnVal) VALUES" +
" (" + keyCntr.incrementAndGet() + ", 0, 0)," +
" (" + keyCntr.incrementAndGet() + ", 1, 1)", false, 2);
}
/**
* Tests tracing of single INSERT query.
*
* @throws Exception If failed.
*/
@Test
public void testSingleInsert() throws Exception {
String prsnTable = createTableAndPopulate(Person.class, PARTITIONED, 1);
checkDmlQuerySpans("INSERT INTO " + prsnTable + "(_key, prsnId, prsnVal) VALUES" +
" (" + keyCntr.incrementAndGet() + ", 0, 0)", false, 1);
}
/**
* Tests tracing of distributed join query which includes all communications between reducer and mapped nodes and
* index range requests.
*
* @throws Exception If failed.
*/
@Test
public void testDistributedJoin() throws Exception {
String prsnTable = createTableAndPopulate(Person.class, PARTITIONED, 1);
String orgTable = createTableAndPopulate(Organization.class, PARTITIONED, 1);
SpanId rootSpan = executeAndCheckRootSpan(
"SELECT * FROM " + prsnTable + " AS p JOIN " + orgTable + " AS o ON o.orgId = p.prsnId",
TEST_SCHEMA, false, true, true);
checkChildSpan(SQL_QRY_PARSE, rootSpan);
checkChildSpan(SQL_CURSOR_OPEN, rootSpan);
SpanId iterSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_ITER_OPEN, rootSpan);
List<SpanId> execReqSpans = checkSpan(SQL_QRY_EXEC_REQ, iterSpan, GRID_CNT, null);
int idxRangeReqRows = 0;
int preparedRows = 0;
int fetchedRows = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < GRID_CNT; i++) {
SpanId execReqSpan = execReqSpans.get(i);
checkChildSpan(SQL_PARTITIONS_RESERVE, execReqSpan);
SpanId execSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_QRY_EXECUTE, execReqSpan);
List<SpanId> distrLookupReqSpans = findChildSpans(SQL_IDX_RANGE_REQ, execSpan);
for (SpanId span : distrLookupReqSpans) {
idxRangeReqRows += getAttribute(span, SQL_IDX_RANGE_ROWS);
checkChildSpan(SQL_IDX_RANGE_RESP, span);
}
preparedRows += getAttribute(
checkChildSpan(SQL_PAGE_PREPARE, execReqSpan), SQL_PAGE_ROWS);
checkChildSpan(SQL_PAGE_RESP, execReqSpan);
}
SpanId pageFetchSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_PAGE_FETCH, iterSpan);
fetchedRows += getAttribute(pageFetchSpan, SQL_PAGE_ROWS);
checkChildSpan(SQL_PAGE_WAIT, pageFetchSpan);
SpanId nexPageSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_NEXT_PAGE_REQ, pageFetchSpan);
preparedRows += getAttribute(
checkChildSpan(SQL_PAGE_PREPARE, nexPageSpan), SQL_PAGE_ROWS);
checkChildSpan(SQL_PAGE_RESP, nexPageSpan);
List<SpanId> pageFetchSpans = findChildSpans(SQL_PAGE_FETCH, rootSpan);
for (SpanId span : pageFetchSpans) {
fetchedRows += getAttribute(span, SQL_PAGE_ROWS);
checkChildSpan(SQL_PAGE_WAIT, span);
List<SpanId> nextPageSpans = findChildSpans(SQL_NEXT_PAGE_REQ, span);
if (!nextPageSpans.isEmpty()) {
assertEquals(1, nextPageSpans.size());
SpanId nextPageSpan = nextPageSpans.get(0);
preparedRows += getAttribute(
checkChildSpan(SQL_PAGE_PREPARE, nextPageSpan), SQL_PAGE_ROWS);
checkChildSpan(SQL_PAGE_RESP, nextPageSpan);
}
}
assertEquals(TEST_TABLE_POPULATION, fetchedRows);
assertEquals(TEST_TABLE_POPULATION, preparedRows);
assertEquals(TEST_TABLE_POPULATION, idxRangeReqRows);
checkSpan(SQL_QRY_CANCEL_REQ, rootSpan, mapNodesCount(), null);
assertFalse(findChildSpans(SQL_CURSOR_CLOSE, rootSpan).isEmpty());
}
/**
* Tests tracing of SELECT query with parallelism.
*
* @throws Exception If failed.
*/
@Test
public void testSelectWithParallelism() throws Exception {
int qryParallelism = 2;
String prsnTable = createTableAndPopulate(Person.class, PARTITIONED, qryParallelism);
SpanId rootSpan = executeAndCheckRootSpan("SELECT * FROM " + prsnTable,
TEST_SCHEMA, false, false, true);
SpanId iterOpenSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_ITER_OPEN, rootSpan);
List<SpanId> qryExecspans = findChildSpans(SQL_QRY_EXEC_REQ, iterOpenSpan);
assertEquals(GRID_CNT * qryParallelism, qryExecspans.size());
}
/**
* Tests tracing of the SQL query next page request failure.
*
* @throws Exception If failed.
*/
@Test
@SuppressWarnings("Convert2MethodRef")
public void testNextPageRequestFailure() throws Exception {
String prsnTable = createTableAndPopulate(Person.class, PARTITIONED, 1);
IgniteEx qryInitiator = reducer();
spi(qryInitiator).blockMessages((node, msg) -> msg instanceof GridQueryNextPageRequest);
IgniteInternalFuture<?> iterFut = runAsync(() ->
executeQuery("SELECT * FROM " + prsnTable, TEST_SCHEMA, false, false, true));
spi(qryInitiator).waitForBlocked(mapNodesCount());
qryInitiator.context().query().runningQueries(-1).iterator().next().cancel();
spi(qryInitiator).stopBlock();
GridTestUtils.assertThrowsWithCause(() -> iterFut.get(), IgniteCheckedException.class);
handler().flush();
checkDroppedSpans();
SpanId rootSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_QRY, null);
SpanId cursorCancelSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_CURSOR_CANCEL, rootSpan);
SpanId cursorCloseSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_CURSOR_CLOSE, cursorCancelSpan);
SpanId iterCloseSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_ITER_CLOSE, cursorCloseSpan);
checkSpan(SQL_QRY_CANCEL_REQ, iterCloseSpan, mapNodesCount(), null);
List<SpanId> pageFetchSpans = findChildSpans(SQL_PAGE_FETCH, rootSpan);
for (SpanId pageFetchSpan : pageFetchSpans) {
List<SpanId> nextPageReqSpans = findChildSpans(SQL_NEXT_PAGE_REQ, pageFetchSpan);
if (!nextPageReqSpans.isEmpty()) {
assertEquals(1, nextPageReqSpans.size());
checkChildSpan(SQL_FAIL_RESP, nextPageReqSpans.get(0));
}
}
}
/**
* Tests tracing of the CREATE TABLE command execution.
*/
@Test
public void testCreateTable() throws Exception {
SpanId rootSpan = executeAndCheckRootSpan("CREATE TABLE test_table(id INT PRIMARY KEY, val VARCHAR)",
DFLT_SCHEMA, false, false, null);
checkChildSpan(SQL_QRY_PARSE, rootSpan);
checkChildSpan(SQL_CMD_QRY_EXECUTE, rootSpan);
}
/**
* Executes DML query and checks corresponding span tree.
*
* @param qry SQL query to execute.
* @param fetchRequired Whether query need to fetch data before cache update.
*/
private void checkDmlQuerySpans(String qry, boolean fetchRequired, int expCacheUpdates) throws Exception {
SpanId rootSpan = executeAndCheckRootSpan(qry, TEST_SCHEMA, false,false,false);
checkChildSpan(SQL_QRY_PARSE, rootSpan);
SpanId dmlExecSpan = checkChildSpan(SQL_DML_QRY_EXECUTE, rootSpan);
if (fetchRequired) {
checkChildSpan(SQL_ITER_OPEN, dmlExecSpan);
int fetchedRows = findChildSpans(SQL_PAGE_FETCH, null).stream()
.mapToInt(span -> getAttribute(span, SQL_PAGE_ROWS))
.sum();
assertEquals(expCacheUpdates, fetchedRows);
}
int cacheUpdates = findChildSpans(SQL_CACHE_UPDATE, dmlExecSpan).stream()
.mapToInt(span -> getAttribute(span, SQL_CACHE_UPDATES))
.sum();
assertEquals(expCacheUpdates, cacheUpdates);
}
/**
* Checks whether parent span has a single child span with specified type.
*
* @param type Span type.
* @param parentSpan Parent span id.
* @return Id of the the child span.
*/
protected SpanId checkChildSpan(SpanType type, SpanId parentSpan) {
return checkSpan(type, parentSpan,1, null).get(0);
}
/**
* Finds child spans with specified type and parent span.
*
* @param type Span type.
* @param parentSpanId Parent span id.
* @return Ids of the found spans.
*/
protected List<SpanId> findChildSpans(SpanType type, SpanId parentSpanId) {
return handler().allSpans()
.filter(span -> parentSpanId != null ?
parentSpanId.equals(span.getParentSpanId()) && type.spanName().equals(span.getName()) :
type.spanName().equals(span.getName()))
.map(span -> span.getContext().getSpanId())
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
/**
* Obtains integer value of the attribtute from span with specified id.
*
* @param spanId Id of the target span.
* @param tag Tag of the attribute.
* @return Value of the attribute.
*/
protected int getAttribute(SpanId spanId, String tag) {
return parseInt(attributeValueToString(handler()
.spanById(spanId)
.getAttributes()
.getAttributeMap()
.get(tag)));
}
/**
* Executes query with specified parameters.
*
* @param sql SQL query to execute.
* @param schema SQL query schema.
* @param skipReducerOnUpdate Wether reduce phase should be skipped during update query execution.
* @param distributedJoins Whether distributed joins enabled.
* @param isQry {@code True} if query is SELECT, {@code False} - DML queries, {@code null} - all remainings.
*/
protected void executeQuery(
String sql,
String schema,
boolean skipReducerOnUpdate,
boolean distributedJoins,
Boolean isQry
) {
SqlFieldsQuery qry = new SqlFieldsQueryEx(sql, isQry)
.setSkipReducerOnUpdate(skipReducerOnUpdate)
.setDistributedJoins(distributedJoins)
.setPageSize(PAGE_SIZE)
.setSchema(schema);
reducer().context().query().querySqlFields(qry, false).getAll();
}
/**
* Executes specified query and checks the root span of query execution.
*
* @param sql SQL query to execute.
* @param schema SQL query schema.
* @param skipReducerOnUpdate Wether reduce phase should be skipped during update query execution.
* @param distributedJoins Whether distributed joins enabled.
* @param isQry {@code True} if query is SELECT, {@code False} - DML queries, {@code null} - all remainings.
*/
protected SpanId executeAndCheckRootSpan(
String sql,
String schema,
boolean skipReducerOnUpdate,
boolean distributedJoins,
Boolean isQry
) throws Exception {
executeQuery(sql, schema, skipReducerOnUpdate, distributedJoins, isQry);
handler().flush();
checkDroppedSpans();
return checkSpan(
SQL_QRY,
null,
1,
ImmutableMap.<String, String>builder()
.put(NODE_ID, reducer().localNode().id().toString())
.put(tag(NODE, CONSISTENT_ID), reducer().localNode().consistentId().toString())
.put(tag(NODE, NAME), reducer().name())
.put(SQL_QRY_TEXT, sql)
.put(SQL_SCHEMA, schema)
.build()
).get(0);
}
/**
* @return Name of the table which was created.
*/
protected String createTableAndPopulate(Class<?> cls, CacheMode mode, int qryParallelism) {
IgniteCache<Integer, Object> cache = grid(0).createCache(
new CacheConfiguration<Integer, Object>(cls.getSimpleName() + "_" + mode)
.setIndexedTypes(Integer.class, cls)
.setCacheMode(mode)
.setQueryParallelism(qryParallelism)
.setSqlSchema(TEST_SCHEMA)
);
for (int i = 0; i < TEST_TABLE_POPULATION; i++)
cache.put(keyCntr.getAndIncrement(), cls == Organization.class ? new Organization(i, i) : new Person(i, i));
return TEST_SCHEMA + '.' + cls.getSimpleName();
}
/**
* Checks that no spans were dropped by OpencenCensus due to exporter buffer overflow.
*/
private void checkDroppedSpans() {
Object worker = U.field(Tracing.getExportComponent().getSpanExporter(), "worker");
long droppedSpans = U.field(worker, "droppedSpans");
assertEquals("Some spans were dropped by OpencenCensus due to exporter buffer overflow.",
0, droppedSpans);
}
/**
* @return Reducer node.
*/
protected IgniteEx reducer() {
return ignite(GRID_CNT);
}
/**
* @return Number of nodes in cluster except reducer.
*/
protected int mapNodesCount() {
return GRID_CNT;
}
/** */
public static class Person {
/** */
@QuerySqlField(index = true)
private int prsnId;
/** */
@QuerySqlField
private int prsnVal;
/** */
public Person(int prsnId, int prsnVal) {
this.prsnId = prsnId;
this.prsnVal = prsnVal;
}
}
/** */
public static class Organization {
/** */
@QuerySqlField(index = true)
private int orgId;
/** */
@QuerySqlField
private int orgVal;
/** */
public Organization(int orgId, int orgVal) {
this.orgId = orgId;
this.orgVal = orgVal;
}
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 8,493
|
The death of prominent Indianapolis political blogger Gary Welsh three weeks ago has officially been ruled a suicide, the Marion County Coroner's Office said.
Welsh, who wrote the popular conservative blog Advance Indiana, died May 1 of a gunshot wound. He was 53. Indianapolis police said they investigated his death as a "tragic suicide."
The coroner's office said it issued a death certificate Thursday that listed suicide as the official cause of Welsh's death. The official manner of death was listed as a single gunshot wound to the chest. The coroner's office said the final rulings confirmed preliminary findings.
Welsh's body was found in a stairwell at the Lockerbie Glove Factory Lofts, 430 N. Park Ave. Witnesses who called 911 to report the death said a gun was found next to the body.
Paul Ogden, in his blog Ogden on Politics, said a gathering is planned "to remember and celebrate the life" of Welsh. The event is scheduled for 6:30-8 p.m. June 2 at the Northside Knights of Columbus, 2100 E. 71st St.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
| 582
|
Ming Warrior Online Pokies
Wed, Jul 17th, 2019 | 9:25PM by Charlotte Lee Last Updated Fri, Jan 8th, 2021 | 6:35AM
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Look out for the silver coin which takes its place as the scatter symbol. The coin shows an Eastern inscription and pays 2x, 20x and 100x when appearing 3, 4 or 5 times on the reels respectively. You'll also gain entry into one of the following two free spins bonus features.
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It's already blatantly clear that you want to be entered into the second feature, where any win will be multiplied by six times more than the other feature. For example, if you land the top prize of five horses in a row in the first feature, you'll win 2,000 coins after the multiplier is applied. Land the same five horses in the second feature and you'll win 8,000 coins after the multiplier is applied.
When you begin either of the features, you'll be awarded with an initial 10 free spins. Any time you land another two coins on the same spin, you'll be awarded with an additional 5 free spins. Needing just 2 scatters to retrigger is to your advantage, as these will happen on a regular basis – so don't be surprised if this feature lasts a lot longer than the initial 10 free spins.
Ming Warrior Pokies: The Base Game and Setup
This Ainsworth designed pokie features the popular 5×3 reel set up, with a total of 20 win-lines that pay from left to right. The highest paying horse symbol pays 1,000 coins for a standard 5 in a row win, easily the highest paying in the game. Three attached blades pay 3,000 coins, while the Ming Warrior's sword in a display pays 2,000. A silver flag showing the image of a peacock is the final themed symbol and pays 150 coins for the maximum five.
The low end of the pay table features the usual playing cards 9, 10, J, Q, K and A.
The Ming Warrior himself acts as the wild symbol. During the base game he appears on reels 2, 3 and 4 and will substitute for any other symbol apart from the coin.
Eye-Catching Battlefield – Ming Warrior Pokie Design
The overall design of Ming Warrior is in two distinct parts. The backdrop to the game features steps leading up to an ancient temple. There are large pillars featuring a pair of dragons on either side of the scene. This image is bathed in blue, giving it an eye-catching appeal.
The reels themselves show a battle scene in the background, with an army of Ming Warriors charging on horseback towards the enemy. This is a black and white scene with just a tinge of red, making for a very effective design. The range of warrior symbols add a nice splash of colour and bring the striking scenes behind to life.
Will Ming Warrior see you Win the Casino Battle?
Ming Warrior is an engaging and graphically impressive pokie from Ainsworth. With the historic backdrop and the battle scene on the reels, you'll be drawn in from the start. The game play is engaging, especially when you land the feature and you won't be sure which multiplier will be applied. Half the battle is landing the 8x multiplier – if you do, you're almost assured of a big winning feature!
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
| 9,077
|
Replacement Level Baseball Blog
Trumpeting Larry Walker's Hall of Fame case since 2015
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Bumgarnering Around with Pitching Stats
Posted on July 11, 2011 by Bryan
Here's an email exchange with Ryan Marston, who shares none of my sports allegiances, but does share my passion for objective sports analysis, and even some of my DNA (we're first cousins). The initial topic (Madison Bumgarner's strange outing on June 21) is a bit outdated, but the theories discussed are timeless.
Bryan writes:
Last night, Madison Bumgarner gave up eight runs on nine hits in 1/3 of an inning. He struck out one (Carl Pavano, trying desperately to record Minnesota's ninth straight hit to open the game), walked none, and gave up no home runs. That gives him a 0.00 FIP, as the only outcome entirely within his control was a positive one, the strikeout. His ERA, on the other hand, was 216.00, as all eight runs were earned.
Fangraphs' WAR calculation is based on FIP, so last night's outing will actually increase Fangraphs' perception of his value. Baseball-reference's calculation uses runs scored, so his bWAR will take a big hit after last night. Obviously, the true measure of Bumgarner's outing is somewhere between FIP's estimate, which says he was perfect, and ERA's, which says he was worse than Alfredo Aceves, who walked five batters in a row with two outs in the second.
How do we bridge this gap? Can we take anything from last night's events in our effort to establish a single statistic that best estimates a pitcher's value?
Ryan writes:
This is an interesting question, and a good example of why there really is (and probably can't be) a perfect pitching stat — either you put too much weight on true outcomes, or not enough.
If you used xFIP in Bumgarner's calculation instead of FIP, it would probably be a good start, if I understand it correctly (that it counts fly balls as "possible" home runs, instead of actual homers) since four of the nine balls in play were fly balls. And since three of those four were line drives, there was a good chance of him getting knocked around a little bit regardless of defense or luck.
My best guess as to what would improve the formula would be to temper the true outcomes with potential ones. If we can say how good a pitcher is when everything is under his control (FIP), and we know when it's out of his hands, balls will land for hits about 30% of the time, why not combine the two? Regress to the mean, so we don't put too much stock into defense or luck?
In this case, that would mean assuming that only two or three of the balls the Twins put in play against Bumgarner would become hits, instead of all nine. Which may or may not be true; there's only so much data we can extract from a box score. On a luckier day, it's possible all nine balls would land in someone's glove, and we'd be hearing Jon Miller say that "Bumgarner's perfect through three." But maybe if we can take a closer look at FB/LD/GB data, instead of just assuming .300 BABIP, we can parse out what kind of day the guy was actually having, and what kind of pitcher he is.
Great call on xFIP, which adjusts FIP to account for expected home runs based on fly ball rates. Baseball Prospectus's SIERA takes the concept even further, crediting pitchers for high ground ball rates only if they have high walk rates and rewarding high fly ball rates only if they have high strikeout rates. It's a much more involved formula, and demands more knowledge than I have of certain types of pitchers and the consequences of their most common outcomes and tendencies, but it inches closer to the potential outcomes you're looking for.
I agree that no single stat can be perfect because there is no perfect balance between true outcomes and actual outcomes, but SIERA (or Skill-Interactive ERA) seems to be as close as anyone has come. Unfortunately, I can't find a SIERA leaderboard to tell me what effect the game in question had on Bumgarner's SIERA (I'm not a BP subscriber).
Your analysis was so spot-on that I think you missed the easy answer, which is not to trust any metric in a one-game sample size. If every pitcher pitched 10,000 innings, ballpark and era factors notwithstanding, I think we would start to see all these percentage metrics lining up. Jon Lester would have a 3.10 ERA with a 3.10 FIP and ERA+ and xFIP and SIERA and whatever else measures run prevention and is scaled to ERA. Joe Blanton would be at 4.25 in every metric and Aneury Rodriguez would be a 4.80 pitcher, as everyone would have the same percentage of ground balls finding gloves and everyone's HR/FB rate would normalize. Halfway through this year, Bumgarner's fWAR (which is 2.1, by the way) is far better than his bWAR (0.6). By the end of this season, there will still be a difference, but only because of the severity of his luck (or hittability) in one game. When Bumgarner retires, this game will have had no material effect on his numbers and his ERA and his FIP will be within a few hundredths of each other.
One reason I bring this up is because I've tried to sell Season Score as a middle ground between the two WARs. I wish I could point to Bumgarner's Game Score (a grisly 2) and say that it accurately placed it between some pitcher's slightly worse outing and another pitcher's slightly better one, but Game Score isn't perfect (and I'm sure Bill James never intended for it to be). It's not the worst Game Score of the season (Jaime Garcia dropped a -6 in late May, but that took a few more bad innings), but I believe it's the worst score since that game.
Anyway, if there's one major shortcoming of Season Score, it's that it leans too heavily on actual outcomes, and differentiates between various types of success/failures rather arbitrarily. A hit deducts two points while a walk only deducts one, which may make some sense in that a hit could be a double or a homer, but the walk is more likely the pitcher's fault, and should probably be penalized at least as harshly. I love the extra point for each strikeout, but it pales in comparison to the two-point bonus for finishing any inning after the fourth. An NL pitcher might get an early hook because his spot is due up in the batting order, costing him five points for an inning he could have otherwise completed, and he can't even make up those five points by adding three Ks to his ledger.
I may be reaching here, but are there any lessons Bumgarner's outing can teach us about the value of Season Score?
I do think Season Score is a valuable middle ground. It obviously can't tell us everything about a pitcher, but does a much better job than, say, Quality Starts, at telling us how valuable a pitcher's starts have been of the course of a long year or career. (Which makes me wonder: have you figured out who the leaders in "Career Score" are?)
Of course, Vin Mazzaro is usually a starter, with a Season Score of -3 over four starts this year. Against the Indians in May he only made seven outs on his way to giving up 14 runs, all of them earned. Surely that would have done a number on his Season Score had Kyle Davies not started that day. (His two runs allowed in the first third of an inning only brought his down five points.)
I'm sure there are plenty of examples of the opposite happening: some guy like Livan Hernandez throwing a complete game shutout despite not having his best stuff. Lots of fly outs and line drives into the shortstop's glove might not be the ideal way to get through a game, but it does the job. Much like a quarterback being penalized for a interception after hitting his stone-handed receiver right on the fingertips, or credited with a touchdown for a terrible throw into traffic, it's always be difficult to assign credit or blame to an individual in any sport. The fact is, over a long season the best and most durable pitchers will find their way to the top of that Season Score list, and I think it's as good a way as any to measure someone's successes by combining outcomes that are controllable and predictable with ones that aren't.
I'm glad you're on board with Season Score. I'd love to take a look at Career Score, but I think I'd need your help with the technology. Park adjustments and a more accurate replacement level for Season Score will come first.
Mazzaro's case is another one in which Season Score falls short of telling the whole story, but as Bumgarner's case teaches us (and as you mention), no stat will every perfectly measure all of a pitcher's contributions.
I'll end this debate with another question, this one more rhetorical than answerable. What's more valuable in a pitching statistic: accuracy or accessibility? I think we both agree that SIERA is a better measure of a pitcher's effectiveness than ERA, FIP, Season Score, and probably the two versions of WAR, but that's based largely on the assumption that the formula works. FIP and FIP+ are conveniently scaled to ERA, but will there ever be a time when the average fan can look at a few box scores and figure out a pitcher's FIP in his head, the way many fans can with ERA?
I'm more likely to get behind a stat that considers more variables than "earned" runs, gives more credit to pitchers who pitch more innings, and values strikeouts more than other outs, but the more elaborate the formula becomes, the more the general public will dismiss the results. Tell someone that Zack Greinke has been among the best pitchers in the NL this year because he has a great SIERA and you're bound to hear "yeah, but his ERA is almost 6, idiot". I'm not saying we need to cater to the unwashed masses, but there's got to be some value to transparency.
Thanks for taking the time to argue with me. I'll let the readers take it from here.
This entry was posted in Giants, Royals, Season Score. Bookmark the permalink.
4 Responses to Bumgarnering Around with Pitching Stats
Jonathan C. Mitchell says:
I love FIP but more for future predictions than current indication of what actually occured. I use both WARs but lean more towards rWAR than fWAR for pitchers and vice-versa for position players.
Thanks for commenting, Jonathan. If you're not a fan of FIP as a reflective stat, I understand why you would prefer rWAR for pitchers. Care to expand on why you prefer fWAR for position players?
CCX says:
Hmm. The point about Vin Mazzaro is a good one. There are rare occasions when even a quality starting pitcher is tapped for a relief appearance, either because the season or half is about to end and there's nothing to lose, or because the game is just going on too long. I remember a few years back when Edinson Volquez was pitching out of his mind early in the season, and was 7-1 with a 1.34 ERA when he was called into action in the 17th inning of a 9-9 tie against the Padres. This would obviously not affect his Season Score at all, and his ERA dropped a little to 1.31 while his record dropped to 7-2 after giving up 0 ER in 1.2 innings, where after retiring the first four batters he faced (one of them a strikeout) he allowed a walk, then struck out the next batter before a Joey Votto error extended the 18th, at which point the ensuing Adrian Gonzalez walkoff home run produced three unearned runs. I don't know how FIP works, but he faced 8 batters and allowed one home run and one walk while striking out two.
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2017 Baseball Preview, Part II
2017 Baseball Preview
2017 Hall of Fame Ballot
2016 Other Award Ballots
2016 Cy Young Ballots
Postseason Awards
Season Score
*High Heat Stats
Baseball: Past and Present
Call to the Pen
Every Hall of Famer
Flagrant Fan
Garlic Fries and Baseball
Hall of Stats
Hot Corner Harbor
Joe Posnanski
MLB Dirt
On Deck Circle
Value Over Replacement Grit
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Two Killed In Small Plane Crash Near I-93
Sam Evans-Brown, NHPR
New Hampshire State Police say there's been a plane crash near Interstate 93 in Hooksett. The state's Department of Safety confirms that two people have died, a man and a woman.
State Police have identified the victims as Herman and Doris Hassinger, both age 83, of Rhode Island.
Herman Hassinger was ejected from the plane, and landed in the woods near the side of the highway. Doris Hassinger was found still inside the craft.
Police say the small plane may have hit a light pole alongside I-93 northbound, sending it crashing into the woods next to the highway.
Bill Boynton at the Department of Transportation says the plane came to rest on the shoulder area next to the guard rail at 1:15 p.m today. The wreck is visible from the highway.
Area of accident site
"It's in the area of exit 10, mile marker 26.2, and northbound traffic is being impacted with 2 of three lanes in that location closed at this point."
Boynton says FAA and the National Transportation Safety Board are going to be in charge of the investigation.
The medical examiner is now on the scene.
Police say they do not know why the plane was flying so low as to hit the pole.
The 1974 Beech A36 Fixed Wing Single-Engine is registered to Herman Hassinger Architects out of Block Island, Rhode Island.
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William Ansah (ou Unsah) Sessarakoo, est un prince Fante, né à Anomabu (anciennement Annamaboe) vers 1736 et rendu célèbre par son séjour à Londres où il est présenté à la cour du roi Georges II. Ce séjour londonien a été immortalisé par un portrait de lui réalisé par le peintre Gabriel Mathias en 1749.
Enfance
William Ansah Sessarakoo naît vers 1736 à Annamaboe. Cette ville, située dans l'actuel Ghana, est alors une ville florissante et l'un des principaux ports exportateurs d'esclaves africains le long de la côte occidentale de l'Afrique. Le père de Sessarokoo, John Bannishee Corrantee est cabocere en chef, c'est-à-dire chef d'Annamaboe. À ce titre, il fait partie de l'élite marchande africaine et joue un rôle important dans la traite négrière.
En 1747, Corrantee décide d'envoyer son fils à Londres pour parfaire son éducation... et jouer un rôle d'espion : comme Anglais et Français rivalisaient pour obtenir son soutien, Corrantee est bien décidé à jouer au mieux de leurs dissensions. Il a déjà envoyé un autre de ses fils à Paris dans ce même but. Si tout se passe bien pour ce dernier, qui arrive effectivement à Paris, .
Esclavage
Devenu esclave, les perspectives de Sessarakoo sont bien sombres. Pourtant après plusieurs années, la chance lui sourit. Un marin originaire d'Annamaboe le reconnaît et rapporte à son père le sort fait à son fils. Corrantee demande alors aux Anglais sa libération et il l'obtient : les Anglais souhaitent regagner les bonnes grâces de Corrantee et rattraper les dégâts que la perte de son fils avait entraînés dans leurs relations. Les Anglais le ramènent donc à Londres où il est accueilli avec les honneurs dus à un prince.
Séjour londonien
Retour à Annamaboe
William Ansah Sessarakoo embarque à Londres en 1750 pour retourner à Annamaboe.
Articles connexes
Côte de l'Or ;
Commerce triangulaire.
Bibliographie
Wylie Sypher, The African Prince in London, Jour. Hist. Ideas, 2, 2 (1941) 237-47
Références
Personnalité ghanéenne du XVIIIe siècle
Date de naissance non renseignée (XVIIIe siècle)
Date de décès non renseignée (XVIIIe siècle)
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Battle of Northampton
The Yorkist leaders having fled from the Battle of Ludford Bridge on 12 October 1459, went into self-imposed exile. Richard, Duke of York went to Ireland; Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury; and Edward, Earl of March went to Calais in France.
On 26 June 1460, Salisbury and Warwick returned to England, landing at Sandwich in Kent with an army of two thousand men; they then marched to London gathering support as they went. By the time they reached London on 2 July their army had built to around ten thousand.
Warwick and his Yorkist army tried to gain control of the Lancastrian held Tower of London, but it held firm. Warwick left Salisbury with a small army in London to block the Tower, while he marched the main army north to confront Henry VIs force.
Henrys force had been staying in Coventry, but hearing of the Yorkist march north, Henry moved his army to Northampton and camped in the grounds of Delapre Abbey with their back to the River Nene. They constructed a water-filled ditch in front of them, topped with stakes.
Warwick arrived with his army and sent a delegation to negotiate, but they were turned away by Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham.
At 2 o'clock in the afternoon on 10 July 1460 the Yorkist army advanced. They were divided into three sections; Warwick commanded the centre, the Earl of March leading the vanguard and Lord Fauconberg the rear. Warwick ordered his men that only lords and knights were to be slain.
The Lancastrian army sent a hail of arrows towards their enemy, but the driving rain made it impossible to use their cannons.
Due to the treachery of Lancastrian Lord Grey of Ruthin, the battle was not to last long.
When Warwick, reached the Lancastrian left flank, Lord Greys men laid down their weapons and allowed Yorkist forces to access the royal camp.
The battle was over in under thirty minutes, the Lancastrian forces fled; many drowned while trying to cross the River Nene.
While trying to protect King Henry VI; the Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Shrewsbury, Lord Egremont, Lord Beaumont and Sir William Lucy were killed.
Henry VI was captured and taken to London. The Lancastrian force guarding the Tower of London soon surrendered.
Fought - 10 July 1460
Location - Northampton, Northamptonshire
House of York and House of Lancaster
York Unknown
Lancaster Unknown
Leaders (York)
Edward, Earl of March
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick
William Neville, Lord Fauconberg
Leaders (Lancaster)
Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
Edmund, Lord Grey
Victory - House of York
Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham (Lancaster)
John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury (Lancaster)
Lord Egremont (Lancaster)
Lord Beaumont (Lancaster)
Tagged as: Junior Middle Ages
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Object of the week- Joey the monkey
Joey the monkey
JOey the monye, on display as part of Danger Zone at Abbey House
Everyday objects with hidden dangers on display in the new exhibition
Despite his slightly sinister appearance, this cheeky monkey actually has a touching tale to tell.
Currently on display at Abbey House Museum, the soft toy is part of an exhibition exploring some of history's hidden hazards but came to the museum thanks to a gesture of brotherly love.
Dating from around 1968-69, the monkey was originally made by Chad Valley for Woolworths.
It was bought for a young Terry Gudgeon by his older brother after the youngster banged his head on a counter in the Briggate branch of Woolworths in Leeds city centre.
Christened Joey, it is on display as part of an exhibition called Danger Zone, which looks at the potentially deadly risks people unwittingly took through exposure to seemingly innocuous items like medicines, food and even the clothes they wore.
Among the other objects on display are a bottle of potassium chlorate pastilles used to soothe sore throats in the 1880s. Although supposedly beneficial, as the name suggests, the sweets actually contained potassium chlorate which could spontaneously combust in the owner's pocket.
And a top hat manufactured in around the 1840s contains mercury, which was commonly used at the time.
As a consequence, workers who made hats were often aggressive due to heavy metal poisoning, the origin of the well-known phrase 'mad as a hatter.'
Kitty Ross, Leeds Museums and Galleries' curator of social history, said: "The sheer range of items we have on display really does illustrate how our perception and awareness of danger is something which continues to develop through the decades.
"Every new danger we are able to spot helps inform our knowledge of the world around us so in their own small way, each of the items we have on display here has contributed to making our lives safer."
Danger Zone runs at Abbey House Museum until December 31. For more details including admission prices, opening hours and the programme of talks, please visit: https://www.leeds.gov.uk/museumsandgalleries/abbeyhouse/exhibitions/danger-zone
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Tag Archives: brandon mcgowan
Training camp cuts roundup
Ex-Jet Jerricho Cotchery. Image via Wikipedia
In this post, we'll discuss the players released during training camp. This will include players cut until the first cutdown on August 30. (For players released earlier, check out this link to our pre-camp cuts analysis.)
Vikings (cut OT Bryant McKinnie) – We discussed McKinnie's release in this post.
Cowboys (cut C Andre Gurode) – Gurode has made the Pro Bowl the last five years, but the nine-year vet's play no longer matches his price tag. It'll be interesting to see what contingency plan the Cowboys have in mind, but it's clear that Gurode still has enough in the tank to be at least an above-average center for someone.
Bills (cut OLB Aaron Maybin) – Maybin, a former first-round pick, was an utter disappointment in Buffalo. He never provided much of a pass rush, and so his impact was negligible. His talent may earn him a look elsewhere, but it's hard to see someone who was such a complete bust completely turning his career around. The Bills, under a regime different than the one that drafted Maybin, cut the cord after two seasons, indicating they thought he was a hopeless case.
Jets (cut WR Jerricho Cotchery) – Cotchery has been a decent starter for the Jets, but after the Jets spent big money for Santonio Holmes and Plaxico Burress, his price tag proved to be too much. So the Jets (who also lost Braylon Edwards and Brad Smith) will likely try to add a veteran as the third receiver until Jeremy Kerley develops. Cotchery latched on with the Steelers.
Saints (cut OT Jon Stinchcomb and DE Alex Brown) – Stinchcomb had started every game at right tackle the past five seasons for the Saints, and he made a Pro Bowl just two seasons ago in 2009. But his play slipped last year, and he's not the heavy-duty run blocker the Saints seem to prefer at this point. So New Orleans saved $2 million plus and released him. Still, he's good enough to start elsewhere, especially for a West Coast offense team. Brown, whom the Saints added last season, is a decent starting defensive end because he's OK against both the pass and the run, but he's no longer an impact guy. He lost his job as the Saints upgraded across the D-line and his pricetag no longer matched his expected contribution.
Bengals (cut DT Tank Johnson, CB Fred Bennett and QB Jordan Palmer) – The Bengals gave the troubled defensive tackle a chance, and it worked out beautifully in 2009. But last season, Johnson's performance fell off. If he can prove he's healthy and stay on his best behavior, Johnson could still latch on as a backup DT elsewhere. Bennett, a former Texans starter, has completely fallen off the map. Palmer (the brother of Carson Palmer) lost a roster spot after the additions of Andy Dalton and Bruce Gradkowski.
Titans (cut DT Jovan Haye) – Haye was a starter for the Titans in 2008-2009, but he lost his starting gig last year and then lost his roster spot this year. Still, he provides experience at a position of need, so he should find a job somewhere.
Broncos (cut RB LenDale White) – The Broncos signed White after the Titans and Seahawks gave up on him, but he got hurt last preseason and missed the entire year. After adding Willis McGahee, White became expendable for Denver.
Steelers (cut WR Limas Sweed) – Sweed, a former second-round pick, was supposed to replace Plaxico Burress in the Steelers' offense, but injuries and inconsistency limited his impact. Instead, later draftees like Mike Wallace, Emmanuel Sanders, and Antonio Brown emerged, making Sweed extraneous. Some team will really be looking at the way-back machine if it is to give him a second chance.
Ravens (cut FB Jason McKie and OT Oniel Cousins) – McKie is a decent fullback, but after the Ravens upgraded with Vonta Leach, he became expendable. Given the dearth of teams that use a fullback, McKie could have trouble finding work. Cousins entered camp as a potential starter at right tackle but lost the job and then a roster spot. The addition of Bryant McKinnie made Cousins an expendable piece.
Eagles (cut DE Ricky Sapp) – Sapp, a fifth-round pick in 2010, was battling knee injuries and roster depth before he left the Eagles early in camp. Given their depth, the Eagles decided to cut Sapp instead of keeping his rights.
Patriots (cut safeties Brandon McGowan and James Sanders) – McGowan, who was a starter at free safety for the Patriots in 2009, had fallen behind youngsters Patrick Chung and Brandon Meriwether at the position. So he was released. The more surprising cut was Sanders, who was a starter and a regular last year and a starter in the third preseason game two days before his release. He's still good enough to fit in somewhere.
Redskins (cut PK Shayne Graham) – Graham lost out in a kicking competition with Graham Gano. The vet will likely become an injury replacement somewhere before the season is out.
Rams (cut LBs David Vobora and Na'il Diggs) – Vobora, a former Mr. Irrelevant, was a stat-minded favorite, but his talent wasn't going to justify a roster spot. It'll be interesting to see if an analytics-driven team gives him a shot. (UPDATE: Seattle did.) Diggs is a solid veteran who is a replacement level starter at best. He will find work as an injury fill-in at some point.
Lions (cut RB Mike Bell, DT Montavious Stanley, and PK Dave Rayner) – Bell, one of the running backs whom the Lions signed after Mikel Leshoure's injury, failed to make an impact to win a job. Stanley provides decent depth at tackle but lost a job on Detroit's deep line. Rayner did a good job filling in for Jason Hanson last year, but Hanson's back for his 20th year in Detroit.
Jaguars (cut WR Tiquan Underwood) – Underwood, a former sixth-round pick, becomes the first draft pick of the Gene Smith era to be cut in Jacksonville. His three years were underwhelming, and the Jags have added a ton of other receivers in the draft since he was selected.
Bears (cut DE Vernon Gholston and DT Tank Tyler) – Tyler, an ex-Chief and Panther, has never lived up to his draft status as he's bounced around the league. But he's not nearly the bust that Gholston, a former sixth overall pick, was. The Bears took a shot on Gholston as a reclamation project, but it obviously didn't take. (Meanwhile, Amobi Okoye, a similar case, has performed pretty well.)
Chargers (cut LS David Binn) – Binn played 17 years for the Chargers, but he's always been small for a long snapper and no longer holds up. The Chargers' special teams problems last season ultimately led to many changes, including this one.
Tagged as aaron maybin, alex brown, andre gurode, baltimore ravens, brandon mcgowan, braylon edwards, buffalo bills, chicago bears, cincinnati bengals, dallas cowboys, dave rayner, david binn, david vobora, denver broncos, detroit lions, donte whitner, Football Relativity, fred bennett, james sanders, jason mckie, jerricho cotchery, jon stinchcomb, jordan palmer, jovan haye, lendale white, limas sweed, mike bell, montavious stanley, na'il diggs, new england patriots, new orleans saints, new York jets, NFL, NFL Free Agency, NFL free agents, oniel cousins, philadelphia eagles, pittsburgh steelers, ricky sapp, san diego chargers, San Francisco 49ers, shayne graham, st. louis rams, tank johnson, tank tyler, tennessee titans, tiquan underwood, vernon gholston, washington redskins
Free-agency review – post-draft through May
The free agent moves should start slowing down at this point, but there are still enough of them that it's worth comparing them. This relativity comparison includes moves starting after draft day all the way through the the month of May. If you want to see previous comparisons, check out this post and move back from there.
10 – Seahawks (keep LB Leroy Hill; add CB Ken Lucas, FB Justin Griffith and LS Bryan Pittman) – Hill was Seattle's franchise player, but the team pulled the tag off of him after drafting Aaron Curry. But the team still wanted to keep Hill, and so they ended up hammering out a long-term deal with him. Instead of a one-year, $8 million deal, Hill gets a six-year pact worth up to $38 million with $15.5 million guaranteed. He's a solid player who will team with Curry and Lofa Tatupu to give Seattle a terrific (if expensive) linebacker trio. Lucas was a Seahawk for six years before moving to Carolina for big free-agent dollars. He's a big physical corner who doesn't have great speed but doesn't need it for his style of play. It wasn't that long ago that Lucas was a top-5 corner in the league. In fact, the Seahawks never were able to replace Lucas' physicality after he left following the '04 season. He probably shouldn't be a No. 1 corner anymore, but he's still a solid No. 2. Griffith is the prototypical fullback for a West Coast offense. Pittman had spent five-plus years as the Texans' long snapper before being sidelined in the StarCaps case last year. He is a professional long snapper who fills a spot that's been a void in Seattle the last couple of years.
10 (con't) – Dolphins (add DE Jason Taylor) – Taylor and the Dolphins had an acrimonious divorce last offseason, as Taylor went Dancing with the Stars while new team grand poobah Bill Parcells laid down the law. The Fins dealt Taylor to Washington, but knee and calf injuries limited Taylor's effectiveness. He played in 13 games, but managed just 3.5 sacks. After the season, Taylor decided he would rather spend the offseason at home in Florida than in the 'Skins training program, so he asked for his release (and gave up $8 million in the process). Now, he lands back with Miami on a one-year, $1.1 million deal. Taylor had a great career in Miami (117 sacks in 11 years), and he really wants to be a Dolphin again. The team hopes that he can go opposite of Joey Porter to accelerate the team's pass rush. Motivation shouldn't be a question for Taylor, who seems excited to be back. And in a limited role, he should still be a quality contributor. All in all, it's a good investment for the Dolphins, who get a pass rusher and a fan favorite for a budget-conscious price. In the end, the Dolphins got a second-rounder from Washington but only lost Taylor's services for a year.
9 – Bengals (add S Roy Williams) – Williams had some good seasons as an in-the-box safety in Dallas, even reaching Pro Bowl level. But over recent years, his performance has plummeted as his coverage inadequacies have been exposed. That, plus a hefty price tag, led the Cowboys to cut the cord. Now he heads to Cincinnati, where he's reunited with ex-Cowboys defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer. Zimmer knows what Williams does well and what he can't do, which gives the Bengals a little better than average chance to use Williams well. Plus, his veteran leadership could help a team that's slowly building a new defensive nucleus around LBs Keith Rivers and Rey Maualuga. On a short-term, incentive-laden deal, it's easy to see why Cincinnati would take this shot.
9 (con't) – 49ers (add CB Dre Bly) – The 49ers replaced Walt Harris, who blew out his ACL in minicamp, with Bly, a fellow veteran who has been a long-term starter in Denver, Detroit, and St. Louis and has 40 career interceptions and Pro Bowl nods in '03 and '04.. Bly isn't as big as Harris, and he's more of a gambler, but he will provide the expertise and veteran play that San Fran needs across from Nate Clements. Bly is also three years younger, and so while he's not in his prime anymore, he's not that far past it. It will be interesting to see if Bly's ball-hawking style fits Mike Singletary's approach as well as Harris' more physical play did. But given how late in free agency Harris' injury happened, Bly is about the best option the 49ers could have come up with. They needed corner help badly, and they got it in this veteran.
8 – Lions (add LB Larry Foote, OTs Jon Jansen and Ephriam Salaam, OG Toniu Fonoti, and DEs Eric Hicks and Jason Hunter) – Foote had been cut in Pittsburgh for salary-cap reasons. Not only is Foote a Michigan native and alum, he's an extremely solid inside 'backer on running downs. He has limitations and probably shouldn't be trying to drop into coverage, but he is a quality NFL starter who definitely upgrades Detroit's lion-up. (Sorry.) It's only a one-year deal, but if Foote provides leadership that term could be extended. Regardless, the Lions' defense is better today because Foote is there. Jansen quickly latched on with the Lions on a one-year, minimum-salary deal. Like ILB Larry Foote, he's a Michigan alum who comes home to try to help the first steps of Detroit's rebuilding process. He might not start, but he provides depth at a trouble spot and should help to mentor '08 first-rounder Gosder Cherilus. That's a good deal for the Lions at the vet minimum. Salaam has started 129 games in his 11 NFL seasons, but he became a backup in Houston last year. Still, given the fact that Detroit didn't draft a tackle this year, Salaam could find a role for a single season, even with Jansen now around. Hicks and Fonoti are veterans who may not have much left but who are worth a look for a team as talent-depleted as Detroit. Hunter lost his spot in Green Bay when the Packers moved to a 3-4 defense, but he can contribute as a 4-3 end in Detroit.
7 – Browns (add CB Rod Hood and WR Mike Furrey) – Hood, who had started the last two years for the Cardinals, was shoved aside after Arizona added Bryant McFadden. Hood is a big, physical corner who is apt to give up the big play but is an asset against the run and is good enough to start. He steps into a weak spot on the depth chart in Cleveland, and he should surpass Corey Ivy, Eric Wright, or Brandon McDonald to continue as a starter there. As long as the Browns don't count on him for much man coverage, Hood will help. Meanwhile, the Browns are in serious upheaval at wide receiver. They've cut the cord on Joe Jurevicius, and we now must expect Donte Stallworth to miss some time with legal matters related to a deadly car accident he was involved in last year. And that doesn't even address the persistent Braylon Edwards trade rumors. So Cleveland has tried to reload at receiver, by signing David Patten and drafting Brian Robiskie and Mohammed Massaquoi in the second round. Now they add Mike Furrey, who bounced through the XFL and the Arena League before establishing himself as a legit NFL receiver. Furrey's best success has come in Mike Martz systems in St. Louis and Detroit, and he doesn't have great size, but it's still easy to see him as an effective inside receiver. If nothing else, he'll try hard and give some level of certainty at a very uncertain position for Cleveland.
6 – Colts (kept LB Freddie Keiaho and DT Ed Johnson) – The Colts didn't tender Keiaho a contract as a restricted free agent even though he was a starter last season. But they're bringing him back on a one-year deal to help in a problem area. Keiaho's small, but he makes enough plays to warrant some snaps. Johnson is a talented defensive tackle who the Colts let go last year after a drug-possession arrest. He fits a need, and the Colts are making it clear that Johnson has a supershort leash. But if he takes advantage of another chance, he'll help.
6 (con't) – Saints (add DE Anthony Hargrove) – Hargrove sat out the entire '08 season after his third violation of the league's substance abuse policy. He has been reinstated, which makes him valuable to the Saints, who need DE depth for the first four games of the season pending the disputed suspensions of DEs Will Smith and Charles Grant. Both of those starters face four-game bans for using performance-enhancing substances, but they are appealing in court, and no final decision has come down. So Hargrove ends up being a talented insurance policy if he can stay clean.
5 – Patriots (add LB Paris Lenon S Brandon McGowan) – Lenon led the Lions in tackles last year with 121, but he figures in more as a backup in New England. He adds depth and probably fills the roster spot that injured third-round pick Tyrone McKenzie would have occupied. McGowan missed all of last season with an injury, but the former Bear is a physical safety who can step in if rookie Patrick Chung isn't ready to go for the Pats. With Rodney Harrison likely done, the Pats are wise to add some depth at safety.
5 (con't) – Raiders (add FB Lorenzo Neal, RB Gary Russell, TE J.P. Foschi and S Keith Davis) – Neal has long been the best blocking fullback in the league. He's still a hammer who can help open holes for Oakland's talented running backs. Russell is a backup type who had a short-yardage role in Pittsburgh last year. But he's unlikely to get many carries or even make the opening-game roster with Darren McFadden, Justin Fargas, and Michael Bush ahead of him on the depth chart. Davis played seven years in Dallas and established himself as a special-teams ace, and last year he started half the year at safety. The Raiders probably need someone better to start, but Davis can be a good backup and a very good contributor on specialty units.
4 – Broncos (add LB Nick Griesen and RB Darius Walker) – Griesen was a backup in Baltimore, and so he knows the 3-4 defense and could fit in for Denver, which is implementing the defense but is still looking for players to start, much less fill roles. Walker showed some promise during his two years in Houston, but he's not of the caliber of Denver's top running backs Knowshon Moreno, Correll Buckhalter, or even holdover Peyton Hillis.
4 (con't) – Bears (add LB Pisa Tinoisamoa and TE Michael Gaines) – Tinoisamoa has limitations, but he fits in as a two-down linebacker alongside Brian Urlacher and Lance Briggs in Chicago. The Tower (of Pisa) knows Bears coach Lovie Smith from the St. Louis days, so the defense will be familiar. Tinoisamoa is a clean-up tackler who doesn't make a ton of big plays, but he won't need to with superstars Briggs and Urlacher there. He should help to stabilize the defense and allow Briggs and Urlacher a bit more freedom to attack, both of which are advantages for the Bears. This seems to be a good fit for the Tower. Gaines is a bulky blocking tight end who doesn't figure as a receiving threat behind Greg Olsen and Desmond Clark but could be useful as a jumbo-package role player. It's a shame the Bears have three legit tight ends but such a paucity of wideouts.
3 – Chiefs (add C Eric Ghiacius) – Ghiacius started all 16 games at center for the Bengals last year, and he'll compete with Rudy Niswanger for a starting job in K.C. Ghiacius is a marginal NFL starter, but it will help the Chiefs to have another veteran around for the sake of depth and competition.
3 (con't) – Steelers (add WR Shaun McDonald, P Dirk Johnson and RB Verron Haynes) – McDonald had a big year in '07 with Detroit, but when Mike Martz left his role in the offense diminished. McDonald is small but quick. He fits in as a third or fourth receiver in Pittsburgh, but having a veteran like him around is smart because the Steelers still don't know how second-year WR Limas Sweed will develop. Johnson, who punted in 13 games for the Cardinals last season, is a marginal NFL punter, but he will at least provide some competition at a spot that was a problem for Pittsburgh last year. Haynes was a long-time Steeler who didn't play last year. He could end up as a backup running back in a bit role.
2 – Ravens (add QB John Beck and WR Kelley Washington) – After the emergence of Joe Flacco last year, the Ravens don't really have a quarterback need. They have a young starter and a young promising backup in Troy Smith. But Ravens offensive coordinator Cam Cameron drafted Beck in the second round when he was the head coach in Miami, and so he obviously sees potential in him. So the Ravens gave Beck a one-year contract that could last longer because Beck, with just two years of service time, will be controlled by the Ravens for at least one additional season. This is a low-risk move that could pay off in terms of a future trade if Cameron can restore the luster Beck once had as a prospect. Washington is a big, rangy receiver who had some success as a receiver in Cincinnati but never lived up to his potential. Then he went to New England and became a standout special-teamer, which speaks well of his character as a teammate. He'll find a special-teams role in Baltimore and provide needed depth at receiver, but it's unlikely that he'll move too far up the depth chart.
2 (con't) – Redskins (add WR Roydell Williams and OT Jeremy Bridges) – The Redskins won't have WR depth until second-year players Devin Thomas and Malcolm Kelly develop, so they take a flier on Williams, a former Titan who didn't play last season. If he provides competition for Thomas and Kelly, he will have done his job. Bridges started 28 games at guard and tackle in Carolina over the past three seasons, but repeated legal troubles led the Panthers to cut the cord. He needs to be on a short leash, but he is good enough to at least provide quality depth.
1 – Jaguars (add QB Todd Bouman) – Bouman, a third-stringer who was let go in Baltimore after the Ravens acquired John Beck, could move up a spot to No. 2 in Jacksonville if he can beat out Cleo Lemon. You don't want Bouman to start, but he's a pro who knows the offense and won't kill you as a short-term fill-in.
1 (con't) – Cardinals (add OT Oliver Ross and TE Dominique Byrd) – Ross is a 10-year vet who spent the last two seasons on injured reserve after a decent career in Dallas and Arizona. At this point, he's probably a long shot to contribute, but why not take a shot if you're the Cardinals? Byrd is a former Rams prospect who didn't play last year but could figure into a muddle tight-end situation for the Cards.
1 (con't) – Giants (add G Tutan Reyes and TE George Wrighster) – Reyes is a huge guard who has been around since 2000. He started three games in Jacksonville last year, but he's probably better off as a backup who provides veteran wile and can fill in in a pinch. Wrighster is another former Jaguar who has 94 career catches but is more of a backup who will fall in line behind Kevin Boss in New York.
1 (con't) – Jets (keep TE Bubba Franks) – Franks, a former first-round pick, was an adequate blocker with the Jets last year. He should be a solid complement to receiving threat Dustin Keller once again.
1 (con't) – Panthers (add OG Justin Geisinger) – Geisinger was a reserve for the Redskins last year, but he could find a roster spot in Carolina. The Panthers have lost their top three OL backups this offseason, and they showed last offseason a strategy bring in low-cost vets and let them compete for jobs. Geisinger at least provides such competition. He's also the first free-agent addition of the offseason for the cap-strapped Panthers.
1 (con't) – Rams (add WR Tim Carter) – Carter once showed potential with the Giants, but injuries kept him from making an impact. New Rams coach Steve Spagnuolo must have seen enough to remember Carter and give him another shot. Unfortunately for Carter, it's a long shot.
1 (con't) – Texans (add LB Boomer Grigsby) – Grigsby is an undersized 'backer who can play inside and on special teams.
Tagged as anthony hargrove, arizona cardinals, baltimore ravens, brandon mcgowan, bryan pittman, bubba franks, carolina panthers, chicago bears, cincinnati bengals, cleveland browns, darius walker, denver broncos, detroit lions, dirk johnson, dominique byrd, dre bly, ed johnson, ephriam salaam, eric ghiacius, eric hicks, Football Relativity, freddie keiaho, gary russell, george wrighster, indianapolis colts, jacksonville jaguars, jason hunter, jason taylor, jeremy bridges, john beck, jon jansen, justin geisinger, justin griffith, kansas city chiefs, keith davis, kelley washington, ken lucas, larry foote, leroy hill, lorenzo neal, miami dolphins, michael gaines, mike furrey, new england patriots, new orleans saints, new york giants, new York jets, NFL Free Agency, nick griesen, oakland raiders, oliver ross, paris lenon, pisa tinoisamoa, pittsburgh steelers, roy williams, roydell williams, San Francisco 49ers, seattle seahawks, shaun mcdonald, st. louis rams, tim carter, todd bouman, toniu fonoti, tutan reyes, verron haynes, washington redskins
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
| 965
|
GE Aviation annually support an established competition involving approximately 100 primary schools in Gloucestershire. Students need to construct an engineering solution to a specified problem using K'nex. Winning teams from each school are brought together to compete in the K'nex Challenge grand final….
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
| 8,003
|
Q: Param is missing Rails 4 I have a controller 'news_controller.rb' for interfacing with a database. When I try to create a database row item (I do it by an automated script making post requests), I get the following error
ActionController::ParameterMissing (param is missing or the value is empty: news): app/controllers/api/news_controller.rb:57:in `news_params'app/controllers/api/news_controller.rb:28:in `create'
When I use params[:category], params[:headline] etc., inside the create action, then it works fine. What are the possible causes and solutions for this?
Here's my controller code:
module Api
class NewsController < Api::ApiController
respond_to :json
def index
@news = News.all
respond_with :news => @news
end
def show
@news = News.find(params[:id])
respond_with :news => @news
end
def new
@news = News.new
respond_with :news => @news
end
def edit
@news = News.find(params[:id])
respond_with :news => @news
end
def create
if !News.exists?(headline: params[:headline])
#@news = News.new(:category => params[:category], :headline => params[:headline], :content => params[:content], :image_url => params[:image_url])
@news = News.new(news_params)
if @news.save
respond_with :news => @news
else
respond_with @news.errors
end
end
end
def update
@news = News.find(params[:id])
if @news.update(news_params)
respond_with :news => @news
else
respond_with @news.errors
end
end
def destroy
@news = News.find(params[:id])
@news.destroy
respond_to do |format|
format.json { head :no_content }
end
end
private
def news_params
params.require(:news).permit(:category, :headline, :content, :image_url)
end
end
end
A: Your params has value
params = { category: 'value', headline: 'value', .... }
When you use news_params you expect your params to be formatted like
params = { news: { category: 'value', headline: 'value', .... }}
But that is not the case.
This is why it works when you use
@news = News.new(:category => params[:category], :headline => params[:headline], :content => params[:content], :image_url => params[:image_url])
And does not work with
@news = News.new(news_params)
# news_params is nil
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 7,847
|
var express = require('express');
var request = require('request');
var mongo = require('mongoose');
var configDB = require('../config/db.js');
mongo.connect(configDB.url);
//var db = mongo.db("mongodb://localhost:27017/mycvapp", { native_parser: true });
module.exports = function(app, passport) {
app.post('/userlogin', passport.authenticate('local-login', {
successRedirect: '/cvupload', // redirect to the secure profile section
failureRedirect: '/login', // redirect back to the signup page if there is an error
failureFlash: true // allow flash messages
}));
app.post('/userregister', passport.authenticate('local-signup', {
successRedirect: '/login', // redirect to the secure profile section
failureRedirect: '/register', // redirect back to the signup page if there is an error
failureFlash: true // allow flash messages
}));
app.get('/logout', function(req, res) {
req.logout();
res.redirect('/');
});
app.get('/currentuser', function(req,res){
res.json(req.user);
//console.log(user.local.usertype);
//console.log('users1');
//return users1.local.usertype;
});
};
// route middleware to make sure a user is logged in
function isLoggedIn(req, res, next) {
// if user is authenticated in the session, carry on
if (req.isAuthenticated())
return next();
// if they aren't redirect them to the home page
res.redirect('/');
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 1,076
|
<h2 class="indent">{{ name }}</h2>
<div id="sample-container" class="col-sm-12">
{{ sample_html }}
{% if caption %}
<div class="caption text-center text-muted">
{{ caption }}
</div>
{% endif %}
</div>
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 461
|
{"url":"https:\/\/solvedlib.com\/n\/questionpointsuperin-endent-interested-in-determining-whethe,10429595","text":"QUESTIONPOINTsuperin-endent interested in determining whethe males and females have different SCOres used -o sort students into magner schools_dardized tes- tharThe\n\nQuestion:\n\nQUESTION POINT superin-endent interested in determining whethe males and females have different SCOres used -o sort students into magner schools_ dardized tes- thar The superintendent tesrs this claim by recordingthe standardized test scores for random sampl of 38 ma sudents and 38 femal students: The average test score forthe mal students is 165 points with known s-andard deviation of 24 points The average tes-score fortne femal students is 183 points wich known standard deviation of 21 points_ A- a 0.025, there sufficien- evidence of difference meat test scores bezween mal and femal sudenrs? Le-the scores ofthe mal sudentsbe the first sample and the scores of the femal sudentbe the zecond sampl Determine tne test statistic tO represent -his data_ Roundyour answer -o the nearest hundredth Provide your answer below: 3.48 FEEDBACK\n\nSimilar Solved Questions\n\nTwo parallel rods are each 0.39 m in length. They are attached at their centers to...\nTwo parallel rods are each 0.39 m in length. They are attached at their centers to a spring that is initially neither stretched nor compressed. The spring has a spring constant of 220 N\/m. When 1200 A of current is in each rod in the same direction, the spring is observed to be compressed by 2.7 cm....\nOn June 13, the board of directors of Siewert Inc, declared a 2-for-1 stock split on...\nOn June 13, the board of directors of Siewert Inc, declared a 2-for-1 stock split on its 120 million, $5 par, common shares, to be distributed on July 1. The market price of Siewert common stock was$23 on June 13 Prepare the journal entry to record the stock split if it is not to be effected in the...\n9 ) ((m^ Xv TT-tanxIttenxSin 2X\n9 ) ((m^ Xv TT -tanx Ittenx Sin 2X...\nHW: Consider the linear second order ODEy\"' + 4y = cos(3t) with initial conditions y(0) =1 y (0) = 2 1. Find Y(p), where Y is the Laplace transform of y: You can follow example 8.10. 2. Use partial fractions to break Y upintoasum of expressions which you can find in the table on p. 207.3. Find y.\nHW: Consider the linear second order ODE y\"' + 4y = cos(3t) with initial conditions y(0) =1 y (0) = 2 1. Find Y(p), where Y is the Laplace transform of y: You can follow example 8.10. 2. Use partial fractions to break Y upintoasum of expressions which you can find in the table on p. 207. 3...\n(20 Points)(-1) (+1) n4ni) Determine the interval of convergence for the power seriesarctan IFind the Maclaurin Series for f (x)\n(20 Points) (-1) (+1) n4n i) Determine the interval of convergence for the power series arctan I Find the Maclaurin Series for f (x)...\nA camera weighing $10 \\mathrm{N}$ falls from a small drone hovering $20 \\mathrm{m}$ overhead and enters free fall. What is the gravitational potential energy change of the camera from the drone to the ground if you take a reference point of $(a)$ the ground being zero gravitational potential energy? (b) The drone being zero gravitational potential energy? What is the gravitational potential energy of the camera (c) before it falls from the drone and (d) after the camera lands on the ground if th\nA camera weighing $10 \\mathrm{N}$ falls from a small drone hovering $20 \\mathrm{m}$ overhead and enters free fall. What is the gravitational potential energy change of the camera from the drone to the ground if you take a reference point of $(a)$ the ground being zero gravitational potential energy?...\nShaker Stairs Co. designs and builds factory-made premium wooden stairways for homes. The manufactured stairway components...\nShaker Stairs Co. designs and builds factory-made premium wooden stairways for homes. The manufactured stairway components spindles, risers, hangers, hand rails) permit installation of stairways of varying lengths and widths. All are of white oak wood. Budgeted manufacturing overhead costs for the y...\nThere are 7 girls in a bus\nThere are 7 girls in a bus. Each girl has 7 backpacks. In each backpack, there are 7 big cats. For every big cat there are 7 little cats. ( There is no Bus driver.) How many legs are there in the bus?...\n34 For the following series, test the series for convergence Ensure that the integral test is utilized. Write \"c\" is the series converges, write \"d\" if it diverges: If the integral test cannot be applied write \"NA'ne ~8nn=1In(3n)b8n nen=]n + 2 d (-3) \"=]nln(8n) n=\"=]\n34 For the following series, test the series for convergence Ensure that the integral test is utilized. Write \"c\" is the series converges, write \"d\" if it diverges: If the integral test cannot be applied write \"NA' ne ~8n n=1 In(3n) b 8n ne n=] n + 2 d (-3) \"=] nln...\n17. [-\/0.4 Points]DETAILSSAPCALCBR1 7.2.015.MY NOTESASK YOUR TEACHERPRACTICE ANOTHERFind the first partial derivatives of the function. f(x, Y) = xfx(x, Y)fy(x, y)Additional MaterialseBook\n17. [-\/0.4 Points] DETAILS SAPCALCBR1 7.2.015. MY NOTES ASK YOUR TEACHER PRACTICE ANOTHER Find the first partial derivatives of the function. f(x, Y) = x fx(x, Y) fy(x, y) Additional Materials eBook...\nUse (iii) of the rank of a matrix by row reduction theorem to find the rank of the given matrix:\nUse (iii) of the rank of a matrix by row reduction theorem to find the rank of the given matrix:...\n8.26 Encapsulate the Name class. Modify the existing code shown below to make its fields private,...\n8.26 Encapsulate the Name class. Modify the existing code shown below to make its fields private, and add appropriate accessor methods to the class named getFirstName, getMiddleInitial, and getLastName. code: class Name { private String firstName; private String middleNames; private String lastName;...\nTPe Of acicUnknownM3ABalanc & Chemital Qquahon forntutralizahin 0f_aud Witn Nq0hSamct 25.0Semflr 2 2S.0SumPlt 25.0Volvme_of acid (ml)Burettc reaclins cf_Nad Intal(m)4.841.053.09Burrette reccling 0fNaoh, Firal (mL)21S023.2325,02Volume Of NacH; disPensed_ (my)Melar concentvuticn (f NAH ( Pxt A)Xmnolar Concantrution &f Acic Jolunon (M)Avrrage molar Concentruhon Ofacul Solvhon (M)\nTPe Of acic Unknown M3A Balanc & Chemital Qquahon forntutralizahin 0f_aud Witn Nq0h Samct 25.0 Semflr 2 2S.0 SumPlt 25.0 Volvme_of acid (ml) Burettc reaclins cf_Nad Intal(m) 4.84 1.05 3.09 Burrette reccling 0fNaoh, Firal (mL) 21S0 23.23 25,02 Volume Of NacH; disPensed_ (my) Melar concentvuticn ...\nCategorize the groups attached to the ring in salicylamide as activators, deactivators, ortho\/para directors, or meta directors. Predict the product(s) of the reaction .\nCategorize the groups attached to the ring in salicylamide as activators, deactivators, ortho\/para directors, or meta directors.\u00a0Predict the product(s) of the reaction.4 (1,2).png4 (2,2).png...\nDon James purchased a new automobile for $28,000. Don made a cash down payment of$7,000...\nDon James purchased a new automobile for $28,000. Don made a cash down payment of$7,000 and agreed to pay the remaining balance in 30 monthly installments, beginning one month from the date of purchase. Financing is available at a 24% annual interest rate. (FV of $1, PV of$1, FVA of $1, PVA of$1,...\nThe plots of two gases at STP are shown below. One of the gases is $1.0 \\mathrm{L}$ of helium, and the other is $1.0 \\mathrm{L}$ of bromine. Which plot corresponds to each gas and why? (A) Curve A is helium and curve B is bromine because helium has a smaller molar mass than bromine. (B) Curve A is helium and curve B is bromine because the average kinetic energy of bromine is greater than the average kinetic energy of helium. (C) Curve A is bromine and curve B is helium because helium has a small\nThe plots of two gases at STP are shown below. One of the gases is $1.0 \\mathrm{L}$ of helium, and the other is $1.0 \\mathrm{L}$ of bromine. Which plot corresponds to each gas and why? (A) Curve A is helium and curve B is bromine because helium has a smaller molar mass than bromine. (B) Curve A is h...\nSuppose that you randomly assign 12 people to \u00e2\u20ac\u0153training group\u00e2\u20ac\u009dand \u00e2\u20ac\u0153nontraining group\u00e2\u20ac\u009d equally. For this problem, assume thatthese 12 people are identical except that only 6 of them have highability whereas the other 6 people have low ability. In this case,how many ways can you divide 12 people to these two groups? Howmany cases are perfectly imbalanced? In other words, how many casesare the most imbalanced assignment of these 12 people into the\u00e2\u20ac\u009dtraining group\u00e2\u20ac\u009d and \u00e2\u20ac\u009dnon-training gro\nSuppose that you randomly assign 12 people to \u00e2\u20ac\u0153training group\u00e2\u20ac\u009d and \u00e2\u20ac\u0153nontraining group\u00e2\u20ac\u009d equally. For this problem, assume that these 12 people are identical except that only 6 of them have high ability whereas the other 6 people have low ability. In this case, how many ways ca...\nA mass weighing 9 lb stretches a spring 8 in. The mass is pulled down an...\nA mass weighing 9 lb stretches a spring 8 in. The mass is pulled down an additional 7 in and is then set in motion with an initial upward velocity of 2 ft\/s. No damping is applied. a. Determine the position u of the mass at any time t. Use 32 ft\/s as the acceleration due to gravity. Pay close attent...\nRequired information [The following information applies to the questions displayed below.) Park Co. is considering an...\nRequired information [The following information applies to the questions displayed below.) Park Co. is considering an investment that requires immediate payment of $26,945 and provides expected cash inflows of$8,500 annually for four years. Park Co. requires a 7% return on its investments. 1-a. Wha...\nThanks What is quorum sensing (members, role)? What molecular systems allow for this process to occur?...\nThanks What is quorum sensing (members, role)? What molecular systems allow for this process to occur? Two-component signal transduction: How does this mechanism allow for response to the extracellular environment?...\nFind &ll solutions to the liccar system using the Gauss-Jordan elimination and matrix notation: (Show your work) (6 pts )31 - y + 2 =12 Zx + Sy ~Zz 3y =0(6) 23 + dy - 2 =- 8 3 - 5w + 2 32 ~63+2 = 1\nFind &ll solutions to the liccar system using the Gauss-Jordan elimination and matrix notation: (Show your work) (6 pts ) 31 - y + 2 =12 Zx + Sy ~Zz 3y =0 (6) 23 + dy - 2 =- 8 3 - 5w + 2 32 ~63+2 = 1...\n3. Compute () and (2) for the ground state of the harmonic oscillator potential (you will have to...\n3. Compute () and (2) for the ground state of the harmonic oscillator potential (you will have to look up the form of the wavefunction). 3. Compute () and (2) for the ground state of the harmonic oscillator potential (you will have to look up the form of the wavefunction)....\n4. Consider demand function Q marginal cost mc. Suppose a shareholder owns 60% of firm 1...\n4. Consider demand function Q marginal cost mc. Suppose a shareholder owns 60% of firm 1 and 30% of firm 2. If this 600-100P in a market with two firms with constant shareholder has control over firm 1, how will s\/he want firm 1 to choose its production level q1 in response to firm 2's productio...\nRochester Heating Systems, Inc. calculates its predetermined overhead rate on a quarterly basis. The following estimates...\nRochester Heating Systems, Inc. calculates its predetermined overhead rate on a quarterly basis. The following estimates were made for the current year Quarterly Predetermined Overhead Estimated Estimated Rate (per Manufacturing Direct-Labor direct-labor Hours 25,000 16,000 Overhead hour) First quar...\nQ4. For & weak acid dissociation: HA (aq) Hzo (I) 7 H;O' (aq) A (aq)K, ofHA is = 2.9 1076 and [HA] mi is 0.31 moVL_ Calculate [Hjo ]:[10 Points]b: Calculate percent dissociation of the acid[10 Points]Calculate pK,[10 Points]\nQ4. For & weak acid dissociation: HA (aq) Hzo (I) 7 H;O' (aq) A (aq) K, ofHA is = 2.9 1076 and [HA] mi is 0.31 moVL_ Calculate [Hjo ]: [10 Points] b: Calculate percent dissociation of the acid [10 Points] Calculate pK, [10 Points]...\nOn planet 4, you fire a projectile from the ground at an initial speed of 49.4 ms at an angle of 48.2 degrees above the horizontal: The projectile lands 36.3 m away from the launch point: What is the value of g for planet 4? 66.8 m\/s^2 50.1 m\/s^2 26.5 m\/s^2 19.9 m\/sc2\nOn planet 4, you fire a projectile from the ground at an initial speed of 49.4 ms at an angle of 48.2 degrees above the horizontal: The projectile lands 36.3 m away from the launch point: What is the value of g for planet 4? 66.8 m\/s^2 50.1 m\/s^2 26.5 m\/s^2 19.9 m\/sc2...\nFind tne coordinate vector of p(x) 8 ~ * + 4x\" with respect to the basis & 7{1,1+%,-1+*}0f72[plb\nFind tne coordinate vector of p(x) 8 ~ * + 4x\" with respect to the basis & 7{1,1+%,-1+*}0f72 [plb...\nHow do you graph using the intercepts for x-4y=33?\nHow do you graph using the intercepts for x-4y=33#?...\n27-03 Convex Mirror The convex mirror shown in the drawing forms a virtual image of an...\n27-03 Convex Mirror The convex mirror shown in the drawing forms a virtual image of an arrow at x = x2 - 29.7 cm. The image of the tip of the arrow is located at y = y2 6.9 cm. The magnitude of the focal length of the convex mirror is 55 cm 1) What is X1, the x-coordinate of the object arrow?. cm Su...\nPart a-d 2 A paint sprayer pumps air through a constriction in a 0.025- m diameter pipe, as shown in the figure. The flow causes the pressure in the constricted area to drop and paint rises up th...\npart a-d 2 A paint sprayer pumps air through a constriction in a 0.025- m diameter pipe, as shown in the figure. The flow causes the pressure in the constricted area to drop and paint rises up the feed tube and enters the air stream. The speed of the air stream in the 0.025-m diameter sections i...\nProve the following indefinite integral formulas. Here \u00ce\u00a6(x) and\u00cf\u2020(x) are the CDF and PDF of a standard normal.(a) R z \u00e2\u02c6\u2019\u00e2\u02c6\u017e x 2\u00cf\u2020(x)dx = \u00ce\u00a6(z) \u00e2\u02c6\u2019 z\u00cf\u2020(z);(b) R z \u00e2\u02c6\u2019\u00e2\u02c6\u017e(\u00cf\u2020(x))2dx = (2\u00e2\u02c6\u0161 \u00cf\u20ac) \u00e2\u02c6\u20191\u00ce\u00a6(z \u00e2\u02c6\u0161 2)\nProve the following indefinite integral formulas. Here \u00ce\u00a6(x) and \u00cf\u2020(x) are the CDF and PDF of a standard normal. (a) R z \u00e2\u02c6\u2019\u00e2\u02c6\u017e x 2\u00cf\u2020(x)dx = \u00ce\u00a6(z) \u00e2\u02c6\u2019 z\u00cf\u2020(z); (b) R z \u00e2\u02c6\u2019\u00e2\u02c6\u017e(\u00cf\u2020(x))2dx = (2\u00e2\u02c6\u0161 \u00cf\u20ac) \u00e2\u02c6\u20191\u00ce\u00a6(z \u00e2\u02c6\u0161 2)...\n(WMS 2.115) Five identical bowls are labeled 2.3.45_ Bowl contains 5 black balls with 1.23.45_ All other balls are white (there are five balls total in each bowl)_ bowl is randomly selected and two balls are randomly selected (without replacement) from the contents of the bowl. Using the laws theorems\/rules from ecture and defining relevant events:What is the probability that both balls selected are white? Given that both balls selected are white; what is the probability that bowl 3 was selected\n(WMS 2.115) Five identical bowls are labeled 2.3.45_ Bowl contains 5 black balls with 1.23.45_ All other balls are white (there are five balls total in each bowl)_ bowl is randomly selected and two balls are randomly selected (without replacement) from the contents of the bowl. Using the laws theore...\nYou are describing the basic concept of network classes to a group of high school students...\nYou are describing the basic concept of network classes to a group of high school students attending a technology workshop. In a standard IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) networking structure, network addressing classes are defined by the number of networks allowed within a class and the number of...\nWhat is the frequency of light that would excite the electron of a hydrogen atom (a) From stale with prineipal quantum number stale (b) What about troni\nWhat is the frequency of light that would excite the electron of a hydrogen atom (a) From stale with prineipal quantum number stale (b) What about troni...","date":"2022-08-09 02:19:35","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 0, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 1, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 0, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.5220521688461304, \"perplexity\": 3506.6653584680585}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": false, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2022-33\/segments\/1659882570879.37\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00144.warc.gz\"}"}
| null | null |
Article 21
----
L'adoption simple n'exerce de plein droit aucun effet sur la nationalité de
l'adopté.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 3,529
|
Acadia National Park Motor Roads, Bar Harbor, Hancock County, ME
Significance: Motorists visiting Acadia National Park enjoy a variety of experiences on the park's acclaimed road system. The principal park road is the Park Loop Road, a 20-mile circuit around the eastern half of Mount Desert Island. The road provides visitors with access to the park's varied terrain, including the island's only sand beach, the tallest headlands on the nation's eastern coast, long narrow lakes or "ponds" scoured by glaciers in centuries past, and climbs the shoulder of the highest mountain (from which the Cadillac Mountain Road leads to the summit). The motor roads were first proposed in the early 1920s by industrialist and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller, Jr., who at the time was constructing a major carriage road network on the island. Rockefeller sought to provide motorists with an opportunity to visit the park without making demands to use his beloved carriage paths, and he funded several segments of the Park Loop Road, including the old "Mountain Road" along Eagle Lake and Jordan Road, and the popular seaside sections, the Ocean Drive and Otter Cliffs segments. The road was completed in a collaborative effort between Rockefeller, the National Park Service, and the Bureau of Public Roads.
Unprocessed Field note material exists for this structure: N326
Survey number: HAER ME-11
Building/structure dates: 1923-1958 Initial Construction
conservation and restoration
acadia national park motor roads
bureau of public roads
civilian conservation corps
george dorr
charles eliot
historic american engineering record
jet lowe
neil maher
stephen mather
george wharton pepper
gifford pinchot
paul d simpson
hubert work
Historic American Engineering Record, creator
Rockefeller, John D
Dorr, George
Mather, Stephen
Pepper, George Wharton
Work, Hubert
Pinchot, Gifford
Eliot, Charles
Simpson, Paul D
Maher, Neil, historian
Bar Harbor, 44.38761, -68.20391
No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html
Explore: thomas cole
Explore: george wharton pepper
Cadillac Mountain Road, Between Park Loop Road & Cadillac Mountain Summit, Bar Harbor, Hancock County, ME
Explore: acadia national park motor roads
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
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These simple yet striking clip-on earrings were created in 2006 by Andrew. Each earring consists of a circular piece of dark blue cut glass pressed into a base of hot pink resin. The simplicity of these earrings means they can be worn with a variety of outfits and are suitable for most occasions. As with all of Andrew's jewellery they are a unique piece of hand made wearable art.
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
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Companion Code for the book "Creating Games With WebGL"
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
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\section{I}
\vspace{1.5cm}
\maketitle
The neutrino CP phase, $\delta_{CP}$, is an important parameter in the PMNS parameterization.
It is related to neutrino CP violation effects and can be observed from Jarlskog invariant the $J_{CP}$ \cite{BrancoReview}.
It also plays a key role in astronomy and cosmology.
This phase was predicted using several differently motivated models in \cite{NuCPVmodel1,NuCPVmodel2}.
Recently, a $\delta_{CP}$ that is consistent with T2K data has been obtained from the Yukawaon model, which replaces the SM Yukawa couplings with the VEVs of Yukawaon scalars \cite{YukawaonModel}.
It has also been predicted using various newly proposed new mechanisms, such as the $SU(3)$ gauge family symmetry proposed in \cite{SU3FamilySym} and the $\Delta(27)$ flavour symmetry proposed in \cite{Delta27Sym}.
Moreover, the leptonic CP phase has also been inferred through global fits to data from neutrino experiments by various research groups \cite{GlobalFitOld1,GlobalFitOld2,GlobalFitOld3}. More recently updated optimized values can been found in Refs.\cite{GlobalFit20141,GlobalFit20142}.
However, to data, it has not been directly measured in experiments.
Future neutrino experiments including long-baseline facilities, superbeams and neutrino factories, are planned to measure the phase angle.
From the statistical point of view, a central value of the phase alone is not sufficient to determine
its distribution on a cycle. Its error must also be considered.
In this paper, a constraint on the deviation of the leptonic CP violation angle is proposed based on statistics to ensure that it is determinate on a cycle.
Our motivation is to investigated the properties of this statistical constraint and its implications for neutrino experiments, especially reactor experiments.
The paper is organized as follows. Firstly, neutrino oscillation and decay probabilities, including the Earth matter effect, are reviews. The error on $\delta_{CP}$ is derived from the neutrino transformation probability. All contributions from phenomenological parameters are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the neutrino beam energy $E$ and detecting distance $L$ of the reactor from the reactor to achieve a suppression of the error on $\delta_{CP}$. The results require a set of $E$ and $L$ values that is different from that required to achieve significant probability. A statistical constraint, i.e. the error on $\delta_{CP}$ must be less than $\pi/4$, is proposed as a requirement for the distinguishability of $\delta_{CP}$. Then, we recommend a definition of efficiency factor $\eta$ to describe the range below $\pi/4$ on a $2\pi$ cycle of $\delta_{CP}$. The values of $\eta$ that correspond to current experiments are calculated, and the corresponding distinguishable ranges of the leptonic CP phase are also shown. To obtain full coverage of all possible $\delta_{CP}$ values, a combined $\eta$ based on multiple detectors is considered. Finally, a short summary is given.
Let us review neutrino oscillations as a starting point. Neutrino oscillation experiments can be understood in terms of rotations between the mass eigenstates $\nu_i$ ($i=1,2,3$) and the weak gauge eigenstates $\nu_\alpha$ ($\alpha=e,\mu,\tau$) as follows
\begin{eqnarray*}
\nu_\alpha=U_{\alpha i}\nu_i
\end{eqnarray*}
Here, $U$ is the PMNS matrix and can be written in the form of $VK$. Generally, $V$ is parameterized as three 1-dimensional rotations
\begin{eqnarray*}
V=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1&0&0\\
0&c_{23}&s_{23}\\
0&-s_{23}&c_{23}
\end{array}\right)
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}c_{13}&0&s_{13}e^{-i\delta_{CP}}\\
0&1&0\\
-s_{13}e^{i\delta_{CP}}&0&c_{13}
\end{array}\right)
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}c_{12}&s_{12}&0\\
-s_{12}&c_{12}&0\\
0&0&1
\end{array}\right)
\end{eqnarray*}
with the Majorana phase $K=\text{diag}(1,e^{i\delta_1},e^{i\delta_2})$.
The mixing angles $\theta_{12}$ and $\theta_{23}$ have been precisely measured by solar and atmospheric oscillation experiments. $\theta_{13}$ is also known from Daya Bay, RENO and T2K experiments. At present, the latest global fit results corresponding to the NH and the IH are given in \cite{GlobalFit20141} (as listed in Tab.\ref{tab.paravalue}).
\begin{table}[htdp]
\caption{Neutrino oscillation parameters for NH and IH respectively.}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c}
\hline\hline
parameter & NH & IH
\\
\hline
$\sin^2\theta_{12}/10^{-1}$ & $3.23\pm 0.16$ & $3.23\pm0.16$
\\
$\sin^2\theta_{23}/10^{-1}$ & $5.67^{+0.32}_{-1.28}$ & $5.73^{+0.25}_{-0.43}$
\\
$\sin^2\theta_{13}/10^{-2}$ & $2.34\pm0.20$ & $2.40\pm0.19$
\\
\hline
$\Delta m_{21}^2[{10^{-5}\text{eV}^2}]$ & $ 7.6^{+0.19}_{-0.18}$ & $ 7.6^{+0.19}_{-0.18}$
\\
$|\Delta m_{31}^2|[{10^{-3}\text{eV}^2}]$ & $ 2.48^{+0.05}_{-0.07}$ & $ 2.38^{+0.05}_{-0.06}$
\\
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\label{tab.paravalue}
\end{table}%
However, the leptonic CP violation parameter is still unknown. With the increasingly precise measurement capabilities of upcoming neutrino experiments, the effect of the leptonic CP phase must be considered.
When the matter effect must be considered for long-distance detection experiments in which the neutrinos pass through the Earth, the oscillation probability becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
&&P_{\nu_\mu\rightarrow\nu_e}\simeq\sin^2\theta_{23}\sin^22\theta_{13}\frac{\sin^2[(1-A)\Delta]}{(1-A)^2}
\nonumber\\
&&~~~~+\alpha\sin2\theta_{13}\sin2\theta_{12}\sin2\theta_{23}\cos\theta_{13}\frac{\sin[(1-A)\Delta]\sin [A\Delta]}{A(1-A)}\cos(\delta_{CP}+\Delta)
\nonumber\\
&&~~~~+\alpha^2\cos^2\theta_{23}\sin^22\theta_{12}\frac{\sin^2[A\Delta]}{A^2}
\label{eq.MattEff}
\end{eqnarray}
with $A=2E V/\Delta m^2_{31}$, {$\alpha=\Delta m_{21}^2/\Delta m_{31}^2$} and $\Delta=\Delta m^2_{31}L/(4E)$ \cite{MatterEff,WPneutrino}. Here, $E$ and $L$ respect the neutrino beam energy and the distance between the source and the detector, respectively.
With the aid of the error transfer formula, the standard deviation of $\Delta\delta_{CP}$ can be calculated using Eq.(\ref{eq.MattEff}), such that it depends on the errors of all phenomenological parameters, including the beam energy $E$ and the distance $L$, as follows:
\begin{eqnarray}
\left[\delta(\delta_{CP})\right]^2&=&F_1\left[\delta(\sin^2\theta_{12})\right]^2
+F_2\left[\delta(\sin^2\theta_{13})\right]^2
+F_3\left[\delta(\sin^2\theta_{23})\right]^2
\nonumber\\
&&+F_4\left[\delta(\Delta m_{31}^2)\right]^2
+F_5\left[\delta(\Delta m_{21}^2)\right]^2
+F_6\left[\delta E\right]^2
\end{eqnarray}
with the abbreviated function $F_i=F_i(\theta,\Delta m^2, E, L,\delta_{CP})$.
The errors on the probability $P_{\nu_\mu\rightarrow\nu_e}$ and the distance $L$ are treaded ideally.
In Fig. \ref{fig.DeltaCP}, the contributions to $\Delta\delta_{CP}$ for various experimental scenarios are analyzed on a $2\pi$ cycle of $\delta_{CP}$ for select detector parameters, $E$ and $L$. For convenience, the energy resolution is set to zero.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{DeltaCP}
\caption{Contributions to the error of leptonic CP phase from phenomenological parameter measurements and detector performances at fixed beam energy and detecting distance (a) $L=1$km and $E=5$MeV; (b)$L=300$km and $E=0.5$GeV; (c) $L=1$km and $E=10$GeV; (d)$L=700$km and $E=10$GeV. Red dotted line labels statistical limit $\Delta\delta_{CP}=\pi/4$.}
\label{fig.DeltaCP}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
The deviation of the CP phase directly affects the means of its measured values in terms of its statistical distribution. To obtain a separable $\delta_{CP}$ on a $2\pi$ cycle, the maximum of the standard deviation must be limited such that $\Delta\delta_{CP}=\pi/4$, which corresponds to $95\%$ C.L. ($2\sigma$) on a half of cycle. In Fig. \ref{fig.DeltaCP}, a total deviation of the CP phase of below $\pi/4$ means that $\delta_{CP}$ can be distinguished when it is locateed in the corresponding interval. Otherwise, it will be statistically uncertain.
Fig. \ref{fig.DeltaCP} exhibits two notable characteristics. The first is the existence of singular points.
There are always two singular points where $\Delta\delta_{CP}$ tends toward infinity.
They originate from the vanishing sine function in the denominator
\begin{eqnarray}
\sin(\delta_{CP}+\Delta)=0
\label{eq.singularpoint}
\end{eqnarray}
that occurs when differentiating the second term of Eq.(\ref{eq.MattEff})
{$$\delta[\cos(\delta_{CP}+\Delta)]=\sin(\delta_{CP}+\Delta)\delta(\delta_{CP}).$$}
Obviously, the distance between these two singular points is $\pi$.
The second notable characteristics of the figure is the variability in which parameter's error dominates the uncertainty, which differ for different detection parameters.
The regions of the $E$-$L$ plane corresponding to parameter error contributions of more than 30\% (and 70\%) are depicted in Fig. \ref{fig.dominant}.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{dominant}
\caption{Dominant contributions to $\Delta\delta_{CP}$ from two errors of $\Delta m_{31}^2$ and $\Delta\sin^2\theta_{23}$.}
\label{fig.dominant}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
From the above results, it is apparent that there are two competing requirements on the beam energy $E$ and distance $L$ for suppressing the error on the leptonic CP violation and increasing the transformation probability. Fig. \ref{fig.diffreq} illustrates the corresponding different regions in the plane of $E$ and $L$. It is possible to satisfy both requirements by choosing $E$ and $L$ from an area of intersection.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{diffreq}
\caption{Two competitive requirements to $E$ and $L$: significant probability vs. suppressed error of $\delta_{CP}$. }
\label{fig.diffreq}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
A matter of concern is how to describe the discrimination powers of a detector with respect to an arbitrary leptonic CP violation on a $2\pi$ cycle.
One can introduce an efficiency factor $\eta$ to characterise the effect:
\begin{eqnarray*}
\eta(E,L)=\frac{\text{the total of intervals below } \Delta\delta_{CP}=\pi/4 \text{on a circle}}{2\pi}.
\end{eqnarray*}
A larger value of $\eta$ indicates a larger range in which $\delta_{CP}$ can be determined. A vanishing $\eta$ indicates that the CP violating phase is indistinguishable CP violation on a $2\pi$ cycle.
When $\eta$ tends toward $1$, the CP violatingphase can be statistically determined regardless of its measured value. Because of the singular points, it is not possible to achieve an efficiency factor $\eta$ that is equal to 1, even for a detector with perfect energy resolution $\Delta E=0$ that is located at the optimum distance from the source.
Fig. \ref{fig.eta} shows that the efficiency factor can be determined based on the beam energy $E$ and the distance $L$ of a detector. In the low energy region, the efficiency factor $\eta$ appears to oscillate because of the bottom-lifting effect when $E$ and $L$ depart from their optimum values. As the flat bottom of the curve approaches the constraint line $\Delta\delta_{CP}=\pi/4$, the interval below the constraint line will vary rapidly.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{eta}
\caption{Efficiency factor vs. beam energy at fixed distance $L$ (1) $L=0.5km$; (2) $L=1km$; (3) $L=50km$; (4) $L=500km$.}
\label{fig.eta}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
In practical terms, neutrino detection experiments always span a finite energy region, and the effect of this range of investigated energies should be expressed in terms of a combined efficiency factor $\eta^*$ that represents the union of all distinguishable intervals for energies $E_i$ running over all possible detection regions:
\begin{eqnarray}
\eta^*=\bigcup_{E_i}\left(\text{intervals below }\Delta_{CP}=\pi/4\text{ at fixed }E_i\right).
\label{eq.ComplexEta}
\end{eqnarray}
In Fig. \ref{fig.cometa}, the combined efficiency factors of several major neutrino experiments are plotted. The efficiency factor at a given energy $E_i$ can be read out from the sum of the horizontal segments. The projection onto the $\delta_{CP}$ axis of all areas for a given detector represents its maximum distinguishable range.
We find that, at present, there is a blind zone around $\delta_{CP}=3\pi/3$. If the leptonic CP phase is located in this blind zone, then these neutrino experiments will not be able to determine it statistically. To fill in this zone, a new detector must be considered.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{cometa1IH}
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{cometa1NH}
\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{cometa2IH}
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{cometa2NH}
\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{cometa3IH}
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{cometa3NH}
\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{cometa4IH}
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{cometa4NH}
\caption{Complexed efficiency factors of neutrino experiments for NH and IH. Black segments at the bottom of each subfigures show all possible distinguishable region of $\delta_{CP}$.
Energy resolutions of detectors has been considered actually.}
\label{fig.cometa}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
In summary, we has investigated the properties of the error on the leptonic CP violation under a proposed statistical constraint that requires $\delta_{CP}$ to be less than $\pi/4$ for its value to be distinguishale on a cycle. In particular, the energy and distance for the neutrino detector were considered. An efficiency factor $\eta$, was defined to describe the discrimination power of a detector for CP violation. The combined $\eta^*$ values for major neutrino experiments were calculated, and these values provide a clear picture of the distinguishable range of $\delta_{CP}$. In the future, the $\eta^*$ value will be studied further when the relevant phenomenological parameters can be measured more exactly.
\section*{acknowledgement}
We thank our colleague, Dr. Rong Li for helpful discussions.
|
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Goats are browsing animals by nature who would naturally consume more mineral rich higher vegetation from trees and shrubs, as well as grasses. Therefore goats have quite high and critical mineral requirements, and may more easily become depleted on pasture based systems where they are prevented from free range foraging.
Mineral supplementation is therefore generally recommended for all goat farming operations in confined conditions, whereas free ranging feral goats in pastoral regions are able to overcome potential deficiencies by consuming a huge variety of forage across vast acreages.
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{"url":"https:\/\/9to5science.com\/why-are-mu_0-and-epsilon_0-which-appear-in-electrostatics-and-magnetostatics-related-to-the-speed-of-light-which-appears-in-electrodynamics","text":"# Why are $\\mu_0$ and $\\epsilon_0$, which appear in electrostatics and magnetostatics, related to the speed of light which appears in electrodynamics?\n\n20,015\n\n## Solution 1\n\nThe best way to understand this is through relativity. Magnetic fields are not constant anything--- they are not really static. They appear when charges are moving. This relates the two constants $\\epsilon_0$ and $\\mu_0$ by the following argument:\n\nConsider two charged parallel lines. They repel electrostatically by an amount determined by the field of a charged line at distance r from the center: $\\rho\\over 2\\pi \\epsilon_0 r$, so they get pushed apart by a force f per unit length which is equal to:\n\n$$f_E = {\\rho^2 \\over 2\\pi \\epsilon_0 R}$$\n\nWhere R is their separation. This force is repulsive.\n\nIf you look at the same wires in a frame moving in the direction of the wire, the electric field is still static, $E={\\rho'\\over 2\\pi \\epsilon_0 r}$, where $\\rho'$ is the boosted charge density, while there is now a static magnetic field given by Ampere's law $\\mu_0 \\rho' v \\over 2\\pi r$, and this creates a magnetic force by the Lorentz force:\n\n$$f_B = {\\mu_0 \\rho'^2 \\over 2\\pi R} v^2$$.\n\nAnd this force is attractive.\n\nThe electric and magnetic forces have to cancel as the speed of your frame approaches the speed of light, in order for the total motion to slow down as required by relativistic time dilation. This means that at v=c, the two forces must be equal and opposite, so that\n\n$$\\mu_0 c^2 - {1\\over\\epsilon_0} = 0$$\n\nSo that the relation follows from relativity. Historically, of course, relativity came after.\n\n## Solution 2\n\nIn order to answer your question, let's follow the derivation of the electromagnetic wave equations in reverse from the final wave equations describing the propagation of electromagnetic waves to the Maxwell equations from which they are derived.\n\nAt the end of the derivation one indeed sees how \u03f50 and \u03bc0 end up appearing where one normally expects the square of wave's speed:\n\n$$\\nabla^2 {\\bf E} = \\frac{1}{c^2} \\frac{\\partial^2 {\\bf B}}{\\partial^2 t} = \\mu_0 \\epsilon_0 \\frac{\\partial^2 {\\bf B}}{\\partial^2 t}$$ $$\\nabla^2 {\\bf E} = \\frac{1}{c^2} \\frac{\\partial^2 {\\bf E}}{\\partial^2 t} = \\mu_0 \\epsilon_0 \\frac{\\partial^2 {\\bf E}}{\\partial^2 t}$$\n\nThis shows how the speed of light in vacuum is related to \u03f50 and \u03bc0.\n\nGoing back, the derivation starts from the Maxwell equations, taken here in the absence of free charges and electric currents:\n\n$$\\nabla \\cdot {\\bf E} = 0$$ $$\\nabla \\cdot {\\bf B} = 0$$ $$\\nabla \\times {\\bf E} = - \\frac{\\partial {\\bf B}}{\\partial t}$$ $$\\nabla \\times {\\bf B} = \\mu_0 \\epsilon_0 \\frac{\\partial {\\bf E}}{\\partial t}$$\n\n(Note that by going from magnetic B field to H field you can make \u03bc0 disappear from the fourth and appear in the third equation.)\n\nThis shows that it isn't entirely correct to say that \u03f50 and \u03bc0 are associated with non-time-varying phenomena only: \u03f50 and \u03bc0 do participate in the description of a time-varying phenomenon, namely how the curl of one field depends on the rate of change of the other field.\n\nIf you write down Maxwell's equations in their full form without excluding free charges and currents, they'll look like this:\n\n$$\\nabla \\cdot {\\bf E} = \\frac{\\rho}{\\epsilon_0}$$ $$\\nabla \\cdot {\\bf B} = 0$$ $$\\nabla \\times {\\bf E} = - \\frac{\\partial {\\bf B}}{\\partial t}$$ $$\\nabla \\times {\\bf B} = \\mu_0 {\\bf J} + \\mu_0 \\epsilon_0 \\frac{\\partial {\\bf E}}{\\partial t}$$\n\nThe two extra appearances of \u03f50 and \u03bc0 are not related to electromagnetic waves (as the derivation of the wave equations assumes they're zeroed out) and are actually what you have alluded to in your question, i.e. that the constants are primarily known from electrostatics and magnetism. As you can see they are involved in more than that including time-varying phenomena related to how time variation in one of the two fields generates the other.\n\n## Solution 3\n\nIn addition to Ron Maimon's answer it is worth to mention that if you consider Maxwell equations in CGS system, $\\varepsilon_0$ and $\\mu_0$ do not come into those equations at all. Only speed of light does. Technically, these values are constants to describe relation between historically introduced units of (that time not connected) magnetic and electric field. There is no physics in these values themselves, only their product which is equal to $1\/c^2$ is meaningful.\n\nShare:\n20,015\n\nAuthor by\n\n### Revo\n\nUpdated on July 26, 2020\n\n\u2022 Revo over 2 years\n\n$\\epsilon_0$ and $\\mu_0$ appear in electrostatics and magnetostatics. When we include time varying fields we have electrodynamics and the appearance of c which turns out to be related to $\\epsilon_0$ and $\\mu_0$.\n\nMy question is: is there an intuitive way to understand why although $\\epsilon_0$ and $\\mu_0$ are associated with non-time-varying phenomenas, yet they are related to c which appear when we have time varying fields.\n\n\u2022 Ron Maimon about 11 years\nIt is incorrect to say that an electric field is a magnetic field that's changing or vice versa. if you have a constant magnetic field deceasing, there is always a center point where the electric field is zero, and the magnetic field is still changing there.\n\u2022 Ron Maimon about 11 years\nThis derivation assumes you know that the coefficient of the Maxwell term is $\\mu_0\\epsilon_0$. But this coefficient does not contribute in static situations. The question is why the static constants are related by the speed of light. This follows from Maxwell's displacement current argument, which gives the coefficient of the Maxwell term.\n\u2022 Terry Giblin about 11 years\nI would just like to say thank you to Ron. The simplest, yet one of the hardest thought experiment's, ever dreamt of in science. Today we simply take it for granted and forget its beauty. QFT in a nutshell.\n\u2022 Ron Maimon about 11 years\nHi Terry--- there is no need to thank me, I didn't discover the relation, it was known in Maxwell's time. The thought experiment is a little original, but it isn't that deep, it's a teaching tool. You can just upvote the answer, or leave a comment that says \"thanks\". The answer space is best left for things that answer the question. But I appreciate the kind thoughts, thank you. The same argument works in GR to understand why parallel beams of light do not attract (or repel), but antiparallel beams do, or in string theory to understand why parallel branes are stable, but antiparallel ones not.\nHow come two quantities separately are not physical while if multiplied the multiplication becomes physical? I never understood what it means whenever people say $\\epsilon_0$ and $\\mu_0$ are not physical (and what about $\\epsilon$ and $\\mu$ are they non physical too?)\nHow would we take into account the difference between dielectric material and air then if we are calculating the capacitance of a capacitor which is half filled with a dielectric material with permittivity $\\epsilon$?\nIt was you who mentioned $\\varepsilon$, not me. I was talking about $\\varepsilon_0$ only. If you see a physical meaning in a dielectric permittivity of a vacuum (maybe you may choose another vacuum at a will) probably you could explain it to me?","date":"2023-03-22 09:51:19","metadata":"{\"extraction_info\": {\"found_math\": true, \"script_math_tex\": 0, \"script_math_asciimath\": 0, \"math_annotations\": 0, \"math_alttext\": 0, \"mathml\": 0, \"mathjax_tag\": 0, \"mathjax_inline_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_display_tex\": 1, \"mathjax_asciimath\": 0, \"img_math\": 0, \"codecogs_latex\": 0, \"wp_latex\": 0, \"mimetex.cgi\": 0, \"\/images\/math\/codecogs\": 0, \"mathtex.cgi\": 0, \"katex\": 0, \"math-container\": 0, \"wp-katex-eq\": 0, \"align\": 0, \"equation\": 10, \"x-ck12\": 0, \"texerror\": 0, \"math_score\": 0.8072625398635864, \"perplexity\": 383.2050975925068}, \"config\": {\"markdown_headings\": true, \"markdown_code\": true, \"boilerplate_config\": {\"ratio_threshold\": 0.18, \"absolute_threshold\": 10, \"end_threshold\": 15, \"enable\": true}, \"remove_buttons\": true, \"remove_image_figures\": true, \"remove_link_clusters\": true, \"table_config\": {\"min_rows\": 2, \"min_cols\": 3, \"format\": \"plain\"}, \"remove_chinese\": true, \"remove_edit_buttons\": true, \"extract_latex\": true}, \"warc_path\": \"s3:\/\/commoncrawl\/crawl-data\/CC-MAIN-2023-14\/segments\/1679296943809.22\/warc\/CC-MAIN-20230322082826-20230322112826-00330.warc.gz\"}"}
| null | null |
#import "HL7Organizer.h"
@implementation HL7Organizer
@end
|
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| 9,596
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Primary objective achieved. Cleared to proceed to secondary objectives.What's the primary objective? Deliver Daisy to see her little brother before it's too late.Secondary objectives? We'll do a run down to Oregon on Sunday, then back up toward Eastern Washington on Wednesday.
|
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| 2,968
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Болва () е река в Калужка и Брянска област на Русия, ляв приток на Десна (ляв приток на Днепър). Дължина 213 km. Площ на водосборния басейн 4340 km².
Река Болва води началото си от южните части на Смоленско-Московското възвишение, в северозападната част на Калужка област на Русия, на 243 m н.в., на 1,5 km източно от село Каменка. По цялото си протежение тече предимно в южна посока през слабохълмисти райони, предимно в плитка долина. В долното си течение на известно разстояние служи за граница между Калужка и Брянска област, след което изцяло навлиза в Брянска област. Влива се отляво в река Десна (ляв приток на Днепър), на 144 m н.в., в чертите на град Брянск. Основни притоци: леви – Ковилинка, Дегна, Неруч, Неполот, Овсорок, Радица; десни – Песочная, Колчинка, Верешчевка. Има предимно снежно подхранване. Среден годишен отток в устието 22 m³/s. В долното си течение е плавателна за плиткогазещи съдове. По бреговете на реката са разположени множество населени места, в т.ч. градовете Киров и Людиново в Калужка област, градивете Фокино и Брянск и селищата от градски тип Любохна и Радица-Криловка в Брянска област.
Вижте също
Списък на реките в Русия (водосборен басейн на Атлантическия океан)
Източници
Реки в Калужка област
Реки в Брянска област
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"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
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Marra Developments Ltd v BW Rofe Pty Ltd, is a NSW Court of Appeal case on Australian company law, and is an authority for the proposition that an interim dividend was revocable until the dividend was paid, a declared final dividend was a debt payable by the company to the shareholder from the date stipulated for payment.
BW Rofe Pty Ltd was a shareholder in Marra Developments, which had declared a dividend. When the time came for the payment of the dividend, the directors of Marra declined to make payment. Marra had profits available when it declared the dividend. However, between the declaration of the dividend and the date upon which it was to be paid, the assets of Marra were revalued. The revaluation caused a diminution in the book value of Marra's assets which wiped out the company's profit for the year.
Marra obtained a declaration from the Supreme Court that the shareholder was not entitled to payment of the dividend, and the shareholder appealed to the Court of Appeal.
The Court of Appeal, Moffitt P, Hutley and Mahoney , unanimously upheld the appeal, holding that profits need only be available at the time the dividend is declared, not at the time when it is to be paid. Hutley JA held that an interim dividend was entirely provisional and anticipates the profits to be disclosed in the final accounts. In relation to a final dividend, as the dividend became payable on declaration, each shareholder became entitled to be paid the debt thereby created. Marra had argued that the subsequent events meant the dividend would not be payable out of profits. Hutley JA held that:
If from the profit and loss account ... there is sufficient to permit the declaration of the dividend, the losses between the end of the financial year in which these accounts are produced cannot be used to prevent, on legal grounds, the declaration and payment of a dividend, unless the subsequent revealed losses invalidate the
accounts themselves. Any other approach makes the right of a shareholder to a dividend which has been declared entirely capricious.
References
Supreme Court of New South Wales cases
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Q: expr substitution segmentation fault 'type error' I use z3 c++ api. I create a copy from exprs in expr_vector1 and store them in new expr_vector2 and then call
for(unsigned j = 0; j < exprs_vector1.size();++j){
expr v = exprs_vector1[j];
uint32_t size; // it is initialized somehow.
std::stringstream name;
name << v <<"_"<< i;
expr var(ctx);
if(v.is_bool())
var = sctx->ctx.bool_const(name.str().c_str());
else if(v.is_bv())
var = sctx->ctx.bv_const(name.str().c_str(), size);
exprs_vector2.push_back(var);
}
formula.substitute( expr_vactor1, expr_vector2); // this line causes error
but I get z3 exception with message "type error".
Note that these two vector have the same size and their expressions correspondingly have the same sort and exprs are kind of bool or bitvector. I can't guess the reason of this event.
the contents of vector1 :
|popcnt::i!0@1#1_1|
and in vector2 we have :
|\|popcnt::i!0@1#1_1\|_1|
both of above expressions are the sort of bitvector32.
the formula doesn't have any expressions of expr_vector1, can it be the reason of this exception?
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\section{Introduction}
Random numbers play essential roles in many fields, such as, cryptography\cite{Shannon1949OTP}, scientific simulations\cite{metropolis1949monte}, lotteries, and fundamental physics tests\cite{bell1964einstein}. These tasks rely on the unpredictability of random numbers, which generally cannot be guaranteed in classical processes. In computer science, random number generators (RNGs) are based on pseudo-random number generation algorithms\cite{knuth2014art}, which deterministically expand a random seed. Although the output sequences are usually perfectly balanced between 0s and 1s, a strong long-range correlation exists, which can undermine cryptographic security, cause unexpected errors in scientific simulations, or open loopholes in fundamental physics tests\cite{Kofler06,Hall10,Yuan2015CHSH}.
Many researchers have attempted to certify randomness solely based on the observed random sequences. In the 1950s, Kolmogorov developed the \emph{Kolmogorov complexity} concept to quantify the randomness in a certain string\cite{Kolmogorov1998387}. A RNG output sequence appears random if it has a high Kolmogorov complexity. Later, many other statistical tests\cite{marsaglia1996diehard,rukhin2001statistical,kim2004corrections} were developed to examine randomness in the RNG outputs. However, testing a RNG from its outputs can never prevent a malicious RNG from outputting a predetermined string that passes all of these statistical tests. Therefore, true randomness can only be obtained via processes involving inherent randomness.
In quantum mechanics, a system can be prepared in a superposition of the (measurement) basis states, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig:superposition}. According to Born's rule, the measurement outcome of a quantum state can be intrinsically random, i.e. it can never be predicted better than blindly guessing. Therefore, the nature of inherent randomness in quantum measurements can be exploited for generating true random numbers. Within a resource framework, coherence\cite{Baumgratz14} can be measured similarly to entanglement\cite{Bennett96}. By breaking the coherence or superposition of the measurement basis, it is shown that the obtained intrinsic randomness comes from the consumption of coherence. In turn, quantum coherence can be quantified from intrinsic randomness\cite{Yuan15}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{Ball2.eps}
\caption{Electron spin detection in the Stern-Gerlach experiment. Assume that the spin takes two directions along the vertical axis, denoted by $\ket{\uparrow}$ and $\ket{\downarrow}$. If the electron is initially in a superposition of the two spin directions, $\ket{\rightarrow} = (\ket{\uparrow} + \ket{\downarrow})/\sqrt{2}$, detecting the location of the electron would breaks the coherence and the outcome ($\uparrow$ or $\downarrow$) is intrinsically random.} \label{Fig:superposition}
\end{figure}
A practical QRNG can be developed using the simple process as shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig:superposition}. Based on the different implementations, there exists a variety of practical QRNGs. Generally, these QRNGs are featured for their high generation speed and a relatively low cost. In reality, quantum effects are always mixed with classical noises, which can be subtracted from the quantum randomness after properly modelling the underlying quantum process\cite{ma2013postprocessing}.
The randomness in the practical QRNGs usually suffices for real applications if the model fits the implementation adequately. However, such QRNGs can generate randomness with information-theoretical security only when the model assumptions are fulfilled. In the case that the devices are manipulated by adversaries, the output may not be genuinely random.
For example, when a QRNG is wholly supplied by a malicious manufacturer, who copies a very long random string to a large hard drive and only outputs the numbers from the hard drive in sequence, the manufacturer can always predict the output of the QRNG device.
On the other hand, a QRNG can be designed in a such way that its output randomness does not rely on any physical implementations. True randomness can be generated in a self-testing way even without perfectly characterizing the realisation instruments. The essence of a self-testing QRNG is based on device-independently witnessing quantum entanglement or nonlocality by observing a violation of the Bell inequality\cite{bell1964einstein}. Even if the output randomness is mixed with uncharacterised classical noise, we can still get a lower bound on the amount of genuine randomness based on the amount of nonlocality observed. The advantage of this type of QRNG is the self-testing property of the randomness. However, because the self-testing QRNG must demonstrate nonlocality, its generation speed is usually very low. As the Bell tests require random inputs, it is crucial to start with a short random seed. Therefore, such a randomness generation process is also called randomness expansion.
In general, a QRNG comprises a source of randomness and a readout system. In realistic implementations, some parts may be well characterised while others are not. This motivates the development of an intermediate type of QRNG, between practical and fully self-testing QRNGs, which is called semi-self-testing. Under several reasonable assumptions, randomness can be generated without fully characterising the devices. For instance, faithful randomness can be generated with a trusted readout system and an arbitrary untrusted randomness resource. A semi-self-testing QRNG provides a trade off between practical QRNGs (high performance and low cost) and self-testing QRNGs (high security of certified randomness).
In the last two decades, there have been tremendous development for all the three types of QRNG, trusted-device, self-testing, and semi-self-testing. In fact, there are commercial QRNG products available in the market. A brief summary of representative practical QRNG demonstrations that highlights the broad variety of optical QRNG is presented in Table \ref{Tab:SummaryPractical}. These QRNG schemes will be discussed further in Section \ref{Sec:Practical1} and \ref{Sec:Practical2}. A summary of self-testing and semi-self-testing QRNG demonstrations is presented in Table \ref{Tab:SummaryTheoretical}, which will be reviewed in details in Section \ref{Sec:Self} and \ref{Sec:Semi}.
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{A brief summary of trusted-device QRNG demonstrations. Detailed description of these schemes can be found in Section \ref{Sec:Practical1} and \ref{Sec:Practical2}. Note that the quality/security of random numbers in different demonstrations may be different. Raw: reported raw generation rate, Refined: reported refined rate, Acquisition: data acquisition by dedicated hardware or commercial oscilloscope, SPD: single photon detector, BS: beam splitter, MCP-PCID: micro-channel-plate-based photon counting imaging detector, PNRD: photon-number-resolving detector, CMOS: complementary
metal-oxide-semiconductor, $-$: no related information found.} \label{Tab:SummaryPractical}
\begin{tabular}{ccccccc}
\hline
Year & Entropy source & Detection & Raw & Refined & Acquisition \\
\hline
2000 & Spatial mode\cite{jennewein2000fast} & SPD & 1 Mbps & $-$ & dedicated\\
2000 & Spatial mode\cite{stefanov2000optical} & SPD & 100 Kbps & $-$ & dedicated \\
2014& Spatial mode\cite{yan2014multi} & MCP-PCID & 8 Mbps& $-$ & dedicated \\
2008& Temporal mode\cite{dynes2008high} & SPD & 4.01 Mbps & $-$ & dedicated \\
2009& Temporal mode\cite{WJAK2009} & SPD & 55 Mbps & 40 Mbps & dedicated \\
2011& Temporal mode\cite{WLB2011} & SPD & 180 Mbps & 152 Mbps & dedicated \\
2014& Temporal mode\cite{nie2014practical} & SPD & 109 Mbps & 96 Mbps & dedicated \\
2010& Photon number\cite{FWN2010} & PNRD & 50 Mbps & $-$ & dedicated \\
2011& Photon number\cite{Ren2011} & PNRD & 2.4 Mbps & $-$ & dedicated \\
2015& Photon number\cite{ATD2015} & PNRD & $-$ & 143 Mbps & oscilloscope \\
2010& Vacuum noise\cite{gabriel2010generator} & Homodyne & 10 Mbps & 6.5 Mbps & dedicated \\
2010& Vacuum noise\cite{Yong2010} & Homodyne & $-$ & 12 Mbps & dedicated \\
2011& Vacuum noise\cite{symul2011real} & Homodyne & 3 Gbps & 2 Gbps & dedicated \\
2010& ASE-intensity noise\cite{WSL2010} & Photo detector & 12.5 Gbps & $-$ & dedicated \\
2011& ASE-intensity noise\cite{li2011scalable} & Photo detector & 20 Gbps & $-$ & $-$ \\
2010& ASE-phase noise\cite{qi2010high} & Self-heterodyne & 1 Gbps & 500 Mbps & oscilloscope \\
2011& ASE-phase noise\cite{jofre2011true} & Self-heterodyne & 1.2 Gbps & 1.11 Gbps & oscilloscope \\
2012& ASE-phase noise\cite{xu2012ultrafast} & Self-heterodyne & 8 Gbps & 6 Gbps & oscilloscope \\
2014& ASE-phase noise\cite{YLD2014} & Self-heterodyne & 80 Gbps & $-$ & oscilloscope \\
2014& ASE-phase noise\cite{AAJ2014} & Self-heterodyne & 82 Gbps & 43 Gbps & oscilloscope \\
2015& ASE-phase noise\cite{nie201568} & Self-heterodyne & 80 Gbps & 68 Gbps & oscilloscope \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{A summary of self-testing and semi-self-testing QRNG demonstrations. MDI: measurement device independent, SI: source independent, CV: continuous variable.} \label{Tab:SummaryTheoretical}
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\hline
Year & Type & Detection & Speed & Acquisition\\
\hline
2010 & Self-testing\cite{Pironio10} & ion-trap & very slow & dedicated \\
2013 & Self-testing\cite{giustina2013bell} & SPD & 0.4 {bps}& dedicated \\
2015& SI\cite{CAO2016SOURCE}&SPD&5 Kbps & dedicated \\
2015& CV-SI\cite{2015arXiv150907390M} & Homodyne & 1 Gbps& oscilloscope \\
2015& Self-testing with fixed dimension\cite{Lunghi15}&SPD& 23 bps& dedicated \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\section{Trusted-device QRNG I: single-photon detector} \label{Sec:Practical1}
True randomness can be generated from any quantum process that breaks coherent superposition of states. Due to the availability of high quality optical components and the potential of chip-size integration, most of today's practical QRNGs are implemented in photonic systems. In this survey, we focus on various implementations of optical QRNGs.
A typical QRNG includes an entropy source for generating well-defined quantum states and a corresponding detection system. The inherent quantum randomness in the output is generally mixed with classical noises. Ideally, the extractable quantum randomness should be well quantified and be the dominant source of the randomness. By applying randomness extraction, genuine randomness can be extracted from the mixture of quantum and classical noise. The extraction procedure is detailed in Methods.
\subsection{Qubit state}
Random bits can be generated naturally by measuring a qubit\footnote{A qubit is a two-level quantum-mechanical system, which, similar to a bit in classical information theory, is the fundamental unit of quantum information.} $\ket{+}=(\ket{0}+\ket{1})/\sqrt2$ in the $Z$ basis, where $\ket{0}$ and $\ket{1}$ are the eigenstates of the measurement $Z$. For example, Fig.~\ref{Fig:SinglePhoton}~(a) shows a polarization based QRNG, where $\ket{0}$ and $\ket{1}$ denote horizontal and vertical polarization, respectively, and $\ket{+}$ denotes $+45^o$ polarization. Fig.~\ref{Fig:SinglePhoton}~(b) presents a path based QRNG, where $\ket{0}$ and $\ket{1}$ denote the photon traveling via path $R$ and $T$, respectively.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=12 cm]{SinglePhoton.eps}
\caption{Practical QRNGs based on single photon measurement. (a) A
photon is originally prepared in a superposition of horizontal (H) and vertical (V) polarizations, described by $(\ket{H}+\ket{V})/\sqrt{2}$. A polarising beam splitter (PBS) transmits the horizontal and reflects the vertical polarization. For random bit generation, the photon is measured by two single photon detectors (SPDs). (b) After passing through a symmetric beam splitter (BS), a photon exists in a superposition of transmitted (T) and reflected (R) paths, $(\ket{R}+\ket{T})/\sqrt{2}$. A random bit can be generated by measuring the path information of the photon. (c) QRNG based on measurement of photon arrival time. Random bits can be generated, for example, by measuring the time interval, $\Delta t$, between two detection events. (d) QRNG based on measurements of photon spatial mode. The generated random number depends on spatial position of the detected photon, which can be read out by an SPD array.} \label{Fig:SinglePhoton}
\end{figure}
The most appealing property of this type of QRNGs lies on their simplicity in theory that the generated randomness has a clear quantum origin. This scheme was widely adopted in the early development of QRNGs\cite{rarity1994quantum,stefanov2000optical,jennewein2000fast}. Since at most one random bit can be generated from each detected photon, the random number generation rate is limited by the detector's performance, such as dead time and efficiency. For example, the dead time of a typical silicon SPD based on an avalanche diode is tens of ns\cite{Eisaman2011PD}. Therefore, the random number generation rate is limited to tens of Mbps, which is too low for certain applications such as high-speed quantum key distribution (QKD), which can be operated at GHz clock rates\cite{takesue2007quantum,PhysRevX.2.041010}. Various schemes have been developed to improve the performance of QRNG based on SPD.
\subsection{Temporal mode}
One way to increase the random number generation rate is to perform measurement on a high-dimensional quantum space, such as measuring the temporal or spatial mode of a photon. Temporal QRNGs measure the arrival time of a photon, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig:SinglePhoton}~(c). In this example, the output of a continuous-wave laser is detected by a time-resolving SPD. The laser intensity can be carefully controlled such that within a chosen time period $T$, there is roughly one detection event. The detection time is randomly distributed within the time period $T$ and digitized with a time resolution of $\delta_t$. The time of each detection event is recorded as raw data. Thus for each detection, the QRNG generates about $\log_2(T/\delta_t)$ bits of raw random numbers. Essentially, $\delta_t$ is limited by the time jitter of the detector (typically in the order of 100 ps), which is normally much smaller than the detector deadtime (typically in the order of 100 ns)\cite{Eisaman2011PD}.
One important advantage of temporal QRNGs is that more than one bit of random number can be extracted from a single-photon detection, thus improving the random number generation rate. The time period $T$ is normally set to be comparable to the detector deadtime. Comparing to the qubit QRNG, the temporal-mode QRNG alleviates the impact of detection deadtime. For example, if the time resolution and the dead time of an SPD are 100 ps and 100 ns respectively, the generation rate of temporal QRNG is around $\log_2(1000)\times$10 Mbps, which is higher than that of the qubit scheme (limited to 10 Mbps). The temporal QRNGs have been well studied recently\cite{ma2005random,dynes2008high,WJAK2009,WLB2011,nie2014practical}.
\subsection{Spatial mode}
Similar to the case of temporal QRNG, multiple random bits can be generated by measuring the spatial mode of a photon with a space-resolving detection system. One illustrative example is to send a photon through a $1\times N$ beam splitter and to detect the position of the output photon. Spatial QRNG has been experimentally demonstrated by using a multi-pixel single-photon detector array\cite{yan2014multi}, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig:SinglePhoton}~(d). The distribution of the random numbers depends on both the spatial distribution of light intensity and the efficiency uniformity of the SPD arrays.
The spatial QRNG offers similar properties as the temporal QRNG, but requires multiple detectors. Also, correlation may be introduced between the random bits because of cross talk between different pixels in the closely-packed detector array.
\subsection{Multiple photon number states}
Randomness can be generated not only from measuring a single photon, but also from quantum states containing multiple photons. For instance, a coherent state
\begin{equation}\label{}
\ket{\alpha} = e^{-\frac{|\alpha|^2}{2}}\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{\alpha^n}{\sqrt{n!}}\ket{n},
\end{equation}
is a superposition of different photon-number (Fock) states $\{\ket{n}\}$, where $n$ is the photon number and $|\alpha|^2$ is the mean photon number of the coherent state. Thus, by measuring the photon number of a coherent laser pulse with a photon-number resolving SPD, we can obtain random numbers that follow a Poisson distribution. QRNGs based on measuring photon number have been successfully demonstrated in experiments\cite{FWN2010,Ren2011,ATD2015}. Interestingly, random numbers can be generated by resolving photon number distribution of a light-emitting diode (LED) with a consumer-grade camera inside a mobile phone, as shown in a recent study\cite{Mobile2014}.
Note that, the above scheme is sensitive to both the photon number distribution of the source and the detection efficiency of the detector. In the case of a coherent state source, if the loss can be modeled as a beam splitter, the low detection efficiency of the detector can be easily compensated by using a relatively strong laser pulse.
\section{Trusted-device QRNG II: macroscopic photodetector} \label{Sec:Practical2}
The performance of an optical QRNG largely depends on the employed detection device. Beside SPD, high-performance macroscopic photodetectors have also been applied in various QRNG schemes. This is similar to the case of QKD, where protocols based on optical homodyne detection\cite{grosshans2003quantum} have been developed, with the hope to achieve a higher key rate over a low-loss channel. In the following discussion, we review two examples of QRNG implemented with macroscopic photodetector.
\subsection{Vacuum noise}
In quantum optics, the amplitude and phase quadratures of the vacuum state are represented by a pair of non-commuting operators ($X$ and $P$ with $[X,P]=i/2$), which cannot be determined simultaneously with an arbitrarily high precision\cite{Braunstein05}, i.e. $\langle(\Delta X)^2\rangle\times\langle(\Delta P)^2\rangle\ge1/16$, with $\Delta O$ defined by $O - \langle O\rangle$ and $\langle O\rangle$ denoting the average of $O$. This can be easily visualised in the phase space, where the vacuum state is represented by a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution centered at the origin with an uncertainty of $1/4$ (the shot-noise variance) along any directions, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig:Vac}~(a). In principle, Gaussian distributed random numbers can be generated by measuring any field quadrature repeatedly. This scheme has been implemented by sending a strong laser pulse
through a symmetric beam splitter and detecting the differential signal of the two output beams with a balanced receiver\cite{gabriel2010generator,Yong2010,symul2011real}.
\begin{figure}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=11 cm]{Vac.eps}
\caption{QRNGs using macroscopic photodetector. (a) Phase-space representation of the vacuum state. The variance of the $X$-quadrature is 1/4. (b) QRNG based on vacuum noise measurements. The system comprises a strong local oscillator (LO), a symmetric beam splitter (BS), a pair of photon detector (PD), and an electrical subtracter (Sub). (c) Phase-space representation of a partially phase-randomised coherent state. The variance of the $X$-quadrature is in the order of $n\times\langle\Delta\theta^2\rangle$, where $n$ is the average photon number and $\langle\Delta\theta^2\rangle$ is the phase noise variance. (d) QRNGs based on measurements of laser phase noise. The first coupler splits the original laser beam into two beams, which propagate through two optical fibres of different lengths, thereafter interfering at the second coupler. The output signal is recorded by a photon detector. The extra length $\Delta L$ in one fibre introduces a time delay $T_d$ between the two paths, which in turn determines the variance of the output signal.}
\label{Fig:Vac}
\end{figure}
Given that the local oscillator (LO) is a single-mode coherent state and the detector is shot-noise limited, the random numbers generated in this scheme follow a Gaussian distribution, which is on demand in certain applications, such as Gaussian-Modulated Coherent States (GMCS) QKD\cite{grosshans2003quantum}. There are several distinct advantages of this approach. First, the resource of quantum randomness, the vacuum state, can be easily prepared with a high fidelity. Second, the performance of the QRNG is insensitive to detector loss, which can be simply compensated by increasing the LO power. Third, the field quadrature of vacuum is a continuous variable, suggesting that more than one random bit can be generated from one measurement. For example, 3.25 bits of random numbers are generated from each measurement\cite{gabriel2010generator}.
In practice, an optical homodyne detector itself contributes additional technical noise, which may be observed or even controlled by a potential adversary. A randomness extractor is commonly required to generate secure random numbers. To extract quantum randomness effectively, the detector should be operated in the shot-noise limited region, in which the overall observed noise is dominated by vacuum noise. We remark that building a broadband shot-noise limited homodyne detector operating above a few hundred MHz is technically challenging\cite{okubo2008pulse,chi2011balanced,kumar2012versatile}. This may in turn limit the ultimate operating speed of this type of QRNG.
\subsection{Amplified spontaneous emission}
To overcome the bandwidth limitation of shot-noise limited homodyne detection, researchers have developed QRNGs based on measuring phase\cite{qi2010high,jofre2011true,xu2012ultrafast,AAJ2014,YLD2014,nie201568} or intensity noise\cite{WSL2010,li2011scalable} of amplified spontaneous emission(ASE), which is quantum mechanical by nature\cite{henry1982theory,ma2013postprocessing,zhou2015randomness}.
In the phase-noise based QRNG scheme, random numbers are generated by measuring a field quadrature of \emph{phase-randomized} weak coherent states (signal states). Figure \ref{Fig:Vac}~(c) shows the phase-space representation of a signal state with an average photon number of $n$ and a phase variance of $\langle(\Delta\theta)^2\rangle$. If the average phase of the signal state is around $\pi/2$, the uncertainty of the $X$-quadrature is of the order of $n\langle(\Delta\theta)^2\rangle$. When $n$ is large, this uncertainty can be significantly larger than the vacuum noise. Therefore, phase noise based QRNG is more robust against detector noise. In fact, this scheme can be implemented with commercial photo-detectors operated above GHz rates.
QRNG based on laser phase noise was first developed using a cw laser source and a delayed self-heterodyning detection system\cite{qi2010high}, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig:Vac}~(d). Random numbers are generated by measuring the phase difference of a single-mode laser at times $t$ and $t+T_d$. Intuitively, if the time delay $T_d$ is much larger than the coherence time of the laser, the two laser beams interfering at the second beam splitter can be treated as generated by independent laser sources. In this case, the phase difference is a random variable uniformly distributed in $[-\pi, \pi)$, regardless of the classical phase noise introduced by the unbalanced interferometer itself. This suggests that a robust QRNG can be implemented without phase-stabilizing the interferometer. On the other hand, by phase-stabilizing the interferometer, the time delay $T_d$ can be made much shorter than the coherent time of the laser\cite{qi2010high}, enabling a much higher sampling rate. This phase stabilization scheme has been adopted in a $\ge6$ Gbps QRNG\cite{xu2012ultrafast} and a 68 Gbps QRNG demonstration\cite{nie201568}.
Phase noise based QRNG has also been implemented using pulsed laser source, where the phase difference between adjacent pulses is automatically randomized\cite{jofre2011true,AAJ2014,YLD2014}. A speed of 80 Gbps (raw rate as shown in Table1) has been demonstrated\cite{YLD2014}. It also played a crucial role in a recent loophole-free Bell experiment\cite{AAM2015}. Here, we want to emphasize that strictly speaking, none of these generation speeds are real-time, due to the speed limitation of the randomness extraction\cite{ma2013postprocessing}. Although such limitation is rather technical, in practice, it is important to develop extraction schemes and hardware that can match the fast random bit generation speed in the future.
\section{Self-testing QRNG} \label{Sec:Self}
Realistic devices inevitably introduce classical noise that affects the output randomness, thus causing the generated random numbers depending on certain classical variables, which might open up security issues. To remove this bias, one must properly model the devices and quantify their contributions. In the QRNG schemes described in Section \ref{Sec:Practical1} and Section \ref{Sec:Practical2}, the output randomness relies on the device models\cite{ma2013postprocessing,zhou2015randomness}. When the implementation devices deviate from the theoretical models, the randomness can be compromised. In this section, we discuss \emph{self-testing} QRNGs, whose output randomness is certified independent of device implementations.
\subsection{Self-testing randomness expansion}
In QKD, secure keys can be generated even when the experimental devices are not fully trusted or characterised\cite{Mayers98,acin06}. Such self-testing processing of quantum information also occur in randomness generation (expansion). The output randomness can be certified by observing violations of the Bell inequalities\cite{bell1964einstein}, see Fig.~\ref{Fig:Bell}. Under the no-signalling condition\cite{prbox} in the Bell tests, it is impossible to violate Bell inequalities if the output is not random, or, predetermined by local hidden variables.
\begin{figure*}[hbt]
\centering
\resizebox{4cm}{!}{\includegraphics{Bell.eps}}
\caption{Illustration of a bipartite Bell test. Alice and Bob are two spacelikely separated parties, that output $a$ and $b$ from random inputs $x$ and $y$, respectively. A Bell inequality is defined as a linear combination of the probabilities $p(a,b|x,y)$. For instance, the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality\cite{CHSH} is defined by $S = \sum_{a,b,x,y} (-1)^{a + b + xy}p(a,b|x,y) \leq S_C = 2$, where all of the inputs and outputs are bit values, and $S_C$ is the classical bound for all local hidden-variable models. With quantum settings, that is, performing measurements $M_x^a\otimes M_y^b$ on quantum state $\rho_{AB}$, $p(a,b|x,y) = \mathrm{Tr}[\rho_{AB}M_x^a\otimes M_y^b]$, the CHSH inequality can be violated up to $S_Q = 2\sqrt{2}$. Quantum features (such as intrinsic randomness) manifest as violations of the CHSH inequality.} \label{Fig:Bell}
\end{figure*}
Since Colbeck\cite{Colbeck09, Colbeck11} suggested that randomness can be expanded by untrusted devices, several protocols based on different assumptions have been proposed. For instance, in a non-malicious device scenario, we can consider that the devices are honestly designed but get easily corrupt by unexpected classical noises. In this case, instead of a powerful adversary that may entangle with the experiment devices, we can consider a classical adversary who possesses only classical knowledge of the quantum system and analyzes the average randomness output conditioned by the classical information. Based on the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality\cite{CHSH}, Fehr et al.\cite{Fehr13} and Pironio et al.\cite{Pironio13} proposed self-testing randomness expansion protocols against classical adversaries. The protocols quadratically expands the input seed, implying that the length of the input seed is $O(\sqrt{n}\log_2\sqrt{n})$, where $n$ denotes the experimental iteration number.
A more sophisticated exponential randomness expansion protocol based on the CHSH inequality was proposed by Vidick and Vazirani\cite{Vazirani12}, in which the lengths of the input seed is $O(\log_2n)$. In the same work, they also presented an exponential expansion protocol against quantum adversaries, where quantum memories in the devices may entangle with the adversary. The Vidick-Vazirani protocol against quantum adversaries places strict requirements on the experimental realisation. Miller and Shi\cite{Miller14} partially solved this problem by introducing a more robust protocol. Combined with the work by Chung, Shi, and Wu\cite{Chung14}, they also presented an unbounded randomness expansion scheme. By adopting a more general security proof, Miller and Shi\cite{Miller15} recently showed that genuinely randomness can be obtained as long as the CHSH inequality is violated. Their protocol greatly improves the noise tolerance, indicating that an experimental realisation of a fully self-testing randomness expansion protocol is feasible.
The self-testing randomness expansion protocol relies on a faithful realisation of Bell test excluding the experimental loopholes, such as locality and efficiency loopholes. The randomness expansion protocol against classical adversaries is firstly experimentally demonstrated by Pironio et al.\cite{Pironio10} in an ion-trap system, which closes the efficiency loophole but not the locality loophole. To experimentally close the locality loophole, a photonic system is more preferable when quantum memories are unavailable. As the CHSH inequality is minimally violated in an optically realised system\cite{giustina2013bell,Christensen13}, the randomness output is also very small (with min-entropy of $H_{\mathrm{min}} = 7.2\times10^{-5}$ in each run), and the randomness generation rate is $0.4$ {bits/s}. To maximise the output randomness, the implementation settings are designed to maximally violate the CHSH inequality. Due to experimental imperfections, the chosen Bell inequality might be sub-optimal for the observed data. In this case, the output randomness can be optimised over all possible Bell inequalities\cite{Silleras14,Bancal14b}.
Although nonlocality or entanglement certifies the randomness, the three quantities, nonlocality, entanglement, and randomness are not equivalent\cite{acin12}. Maximum randomness generation does not require maximum nonlocal correlation or a maximum entangled state. In the protocols based on the CHSH inequality, maximal violation (nonlocality and entanglement) generates 1.23 bits of randomness. It is shown that 2 bits of randomness can be certified with little involvement of nonlocality and entanglement\cite{acin12}. Furthermore, as discussed in a more generic scenario involving nonlocality and randomness, it is shown that maximally nonlocal theories cannot be maximally random\cite{Torre15}.
\subsection{Randomness amplification}
In self-testing QRNG protocols based on the assumption of perfectly random inputs, the output randomness is guaranteed by the violations of Bell tests. Conversely, when all the inputs are predetermined, any Bell inequality can be violated to an arbitrary feasible value without invoking a quantum resource. Under these conditions, all self-testing QRNG protocols cease to work any more. Nevertheless, randomness generation in the presence of partial randomness is still an interesting problem. Here, an adversary can use the additional knowledge of the inputs to fake violations of Bell inequalities. The task of generating arbitrarily free randomness from partially free randomness is also called randomness amplification, which is impossible to achieve in classical processes.
The first randomness amplification protocol was proposed by Colbeck and Renner\cite{Colbeck12}. Using a two-party chained Bell inequality\cite{Pearle70,Braunstein90}, they showed that any Santha-Vazirani weak sources\cite{santha1986generating} (defined in Methods), with $\epsilon<0.058$, can be amplified into arbitrarily free random bits in a self-testing way by requiring only no-signaling. A basic question of randomness amplification is whether free random bits can be obtained from arbitrary weak randomness. This question was answered by Gallego et al.\cite{Gallego13}, who demonstrated that perfectly random bits can be generated using a five-party Mermin inequality\cite{Mermin90} with arbitrarily imperfect random bits under the no-signaling assumption.
Randomness amplification is related to the freewill assumption\cite{Kofler06, Hall10,Barrett11,Koh12,Pope13,putz14,Yuan2015CHSH} in Bell tests. In experiments, the freewill assumption requires the inputs to be random enough such that violations of Bell inequalities are induced from quantum effects rather than predetermined classical processes. This is extremely meaningful in fundamental Bell tests, which aim to rule out local realism. Such fundamental tests are the foundations of self-testing tasks, such as device-independent QKD and self-testing QRNG. Interestingly, self-testing tasks require a faithful violation of a Bell inequality, in which intrinsic random numbers are needed. However, to generate faithful random numbers, we in turn need to witness nonlocality which requires additional true randomness. Therefore, the realisations of genuine loophole-free Bell tests and, hence, fully
self-testing tasks are impossible. Self-testing protocols with securities independent of the untrusted part can be designed only by placing reasonable assumptions on the
trusted part.
\section{Semi-self-testing QRNGs} \label{Sec:Semi}
Traditional QRNGs based on specific models pose security risks in fast random number generation. On the other hand, the randomness generated by self-testing QRNGs is information-theoretically secure even without characterising the devices, but the processes are impractically slow. As a compromise, intermediate QRNGs might offer a good tradeoff between trusted and self-testing schemes --- realising both reasonably fast and secure random number generation.
As shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig:Semi}, a typical QRNG comprises two main modules, a source that emits quantum states and a measurement device that detects the states and outputs random bits. In trusted-device QRNGs, both source and measurement devices\cite{ma2013postprocessing,zhou2015randomness} must be modeled properly; while the output randomness in the fully self-testing QRNGs does not depend on the implementation devices.
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\centering
\resizebox{5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{Semi.eps}}
\caption{A semi-self-testing QRNG. Conditional on the input setting $x$, the source emits a quantum state $\rho_x$. Conditional on the input $y$, the detection device measures $\rho_x$ and outputs $b$. } \label{Fig:Semi}
\end{figure}
In practice, there exist scenarios that the source (respectively, measurement device) is well characterised, while the measurement device (respectively, source) not. Here, we review the semi-self-testing QRNGs, where parts of the devices are trusted.
\subsection{Source-independent QRNG}
In source-independent QRNG, the randomness source is assumed to be untrusted, while the measurement devices are trusted. The essential idea for this type of scheme is to use the measurement to monitor the source in real time. In this case, normally one needs to randomly switch among different (typically, complement) measurement settings, so that the source (assumed to be under control of an adversary) cannot predict the measurement ahead. Thus, a short seed is required for the measurement choices.
In the illustration of semi-self-testing QRNG, Fig.~\ref{Fig:Semi}, the source-independent scheme is represented by a unique $x$ (corresponding to a state $\rho_x$) and multiple choices of the measurement settings $y$. In Section \ref{Sec:Practical1}, we present that randomness can be obtained by measuring $\ket{+}$ in the $Z$ basis. However, in a source-independent scenario, we cannot assume that the source emits the state $\ket{+}$. In fact, we cannot even assume the dimension of the state $\rho_x$. This is the major challenge facing for this type of scheme.
In order to faithfully quantify the randomness in the $Z$ basis measurement, first a squashing model is applied so that the to-be-measured state is equivalent to a qubit\cite{BML_Squash_08}. Note that this squashing model puts a strong restriction on measurement devices. Then, the measurement device should occasionally project the input state onto the $X$ basis states, \ket{+} and \ket{-}, and check whether the input is $\ket{+}$\cite{CAO2016SOURCE}. The technique used in the protocol shares strong similarity with the one used in QKD\cite{Shor2000Simple}. The $X$ basis measurement can be understood as the \emph{phase error estimation}, from which we can estimate the amount of classical noise. Similar to privacy amplification, randomness extraction is performed to subtract the classical noise and output true random values.
The source-independent QRNG is advantageous when the source is complicated, such as in the aforementioned QRNG schemes based on measuring single photon sources\cite{stefanov2000optical,jennewein2000fast,rarity1994quantum}, LED lights\cite{Mobile2014}, and phase fluctuation of lasers\cite{xu2012ultrafast}. In these cases, the sources are quantified by complicated or hypothetical physical models. Without a well-characterized source, randomness can still be generated. The disadvantage of this kind of QRNGs compared to fully self-testing QRNGs is that they need a good characterization of the measurement devices. For example, the upper and the lower bounds on the detector efficiencies need to be known to avoid potential attacks induced from detector efficiency mismatch. Also the intensity of light inputs into the measurement device needs to be carefully controlled to avoid attacks on the detectors.
Recently, a continuous-variable version of the source-independent QRNG is experimentally demonstrated\cite{2015arXiv150907390M}
and achieves a randomness generation rate over 1 Gbps. Moreover, with state-of-the-art devices, it can potentially reach the speed in the order of tens of Gbps, which is similar to the trusted-device QRNGs. Hence, semi-self-testing QRNG is approaching practical regime.
\subsection{Measurement-device-independent QRNGs}
Alternatively, we can consider the scenario that the input source is well characterised while the measurement device is untrusted. In Fig.~\ref{Fig:Semi}, different inputs $\rho_x$ (hence multiple $x$) are needed to calibrate the measurement device with a unique setting $y$. Similar to the source-independent scenario, the randomness is originated by measuring the input state $\ket{+}$ in the $Z$ basis. The difference is that here the trusted source sends occasionally auxiliary quantum states $\rho_x$, such as $\ket{0}$, to check whether the measurement is in the $Z$ basis\cite{MDIQRNG15}. The analysis combines measurement tomography with randomness quantification of positive-operator valued measure, and does not assume to know the dimension of the measurement device, i.e., the auxiliary ancilla may have an arbitrary dimension.
The advantage of such QRNGs is that they remove all detector side channels, but the disadvantage is that they may be subject to imperfections in the modeling of the source. This kind of QRNG is complementary to the source-independent QRNG, and one should choose the proper QRNG protocol based on the experimental devices.
We now turn to two variations of measurement-device-independent QRNGs. First, the measurement tomography step may be replaced by a certain witness, which could simplify the scheme at the expense of a slightly worse performance. Second, similar to the source-independent case, a continuous-variable version of measurement-device-independent QRNG might significantly increase the bit rate. The challenge lies on continuous-variable entanglement witness and measurement tomography.
\subsection{Other semi-self-testing QRNGs}
Apart from the above two types of QRNGs, there are also some other QRNGs that achieve self-testing except under some mild assumptions. For example, the source and measurement devices can be assumed to occupy independent two-dimensional quantum subspaces\cite{Lunghi15}. In this scenario, the QRNG should use both different input states and different measurement settings. The randomness can be estimated by adopting a \emph{dimension witness}\cite{PRL.112.140407}. A positive value of this dimension witness could certify randomness in this scenario, similar to the fact that a violation of the Bell inequality could certify randomness of self-testing QRNG in Section \ref{Sec:Self}.
\section{Outlook}
The needs of ``perfect'' random numbers in quantum communication and fundamental physics experiments have stimulated the development of various QRNG schemes, from highly efficient systems based on trusted devices, to the more theoretically interesting self-testing protocols. On the practical side, the ultimate goal is to achieve fast random number generation at low cost, while maintaining high-level of randomness. With the recent development on waveguide fabrication technique\cite{barak2003true}, we expect that chip-size, high-performance QRNGs could be available in the near future. In order to guarantee the output randomness, the underlying physical models for these QRNGs need to be accurate and both the quantum noise and classical noise should be well quantified. Meanwhile, by developing a semi-self-testing protocol, a QRNG becomes more robust against classical noises and device imperfections. In the future, it is interesting to investigate the potential technologies required to make the self-testing QRNG practical. With the new development on single-photon detection, the readout part of the self-testing QRNG can be ready for practical application in the near future. The entanglement source, on the other hand, is still away from the practical regime (Gbps).
On the theoretical side, the study of self-testing QRNG has not only provided means of generating robust randomness, but also greatly enriched our understanding on the fundamental questions in physics. In fact, even in the most recent loophole-free Bell experiment\cite{hensen2015experimental, PhysRevLett.115.250402, PhysRevLett.115.250401,ballance2015hybrid} where high-speed QRNG has played a crucial role, it is still arguable whether it is appropriate to use randomness generated based on quantum theory to test quantum physics itself. Other random resources have also been proposed for loophole-free Bell's inequality tests, such as independent comic photons\cite{Gallicchio14}. It is an open question whether we can go beyond QRNG and generate randomness from a more general theory.
\section*{Methods}
\subsection{Min-entropy source}
Given the underlying probability distribution, the randomness of a random sequence $X$ on $\{0,1\}^n$ can be quantified by its \emph{min-entropy}
\begin{equation}\label{}
H_{\mathrm{min}} = -\log\left(\max_{v\in\{0,1\}^n}\mathrm{Prob}[X=v]\right).
\end{equation}
\subsection{Santha-Vazirani weak sources\cite{santha1986generating}}
We assume that random bit numbers are produced in the time sequence $x_1, x_2, ..., x_j, ...$. Then, for $0<\epsilon\le 1/2$, the source is called $\epsilon$-free if
\begin{equation}\label{}
\epsilon \le P(x_j|x_1, x_2, \dots, x_{j-1}, e) \le 1-\epsilon,
\end{equation}
for all values of $j$. Here $e$ represents all classical variables generated outside the future light-cone of the Santha-Vazirani weak sources.
\subsection{Randomness extractor}
A RNG typically consists of two components, an entropy source and a randomness extractor\cite{barak2003true}. In a QRNG, the entropy source could be a physical device whose output is fundamentally unpredictable, while the randomness extractor could be an algorithm that generates nearly perfect random numbers from the output of the above preceding entropy source, which can be imperfectly random. The two components of QRNG are connected by quantifying the randomness with min-entropy. The min-entropy of the entropy source is first estimated and then fed into the randomness extractor as an input parameter.
The imperfect randomness of the entropy source can already be seen in the SPD based schemes, such as the photon number detection scheme. By denoting $N$ as the discrimination upper bound of a photon number resolving detector, at most $log_2(N)$ raw random bits can be generated per detection event. However, as the photon numbers of a coherent state source follows a Poisson distribution, the raw random bits follow a non-uniform distribution; consequently, we cannot obtain $log_2(N)$ bits of random numbers. To extract perfectly random numbers, we require a postprocessing procedure (i.e. randomness extractor).
In the coherent detection based QRNG, the quantum randomness is inevitably mixed with classical noises introduced by the detector and other system imperfections. Moreover, any measurement system has a finite bandwidth, implying unavoidable correlations between adjacent samples. Once quantified, these unwanted side-effects can be eliminated through an appropriate randomness extractor\cite{ma2013postprocessing}.
The composable extractor was first introduced in classical cryptography\cite{canetti2001universally,canetti2002universally}, and was later extended to quantum cryptography\cite{ben2005universal,renner2005universally}. To generate information-theoretically provable random numbers, two typical extractor, the Trevisan's extractor or the
Toeplitz-hashing extractor, are generally employed in practice.
Trevisan's extractor\cite{trevisan2001extractors,raz1999extracting} has been proven secure against quantum adversaries\cite{de2012trevisan}. Moreover, it is a strong extractor (its seed can be reused) and its seed length is polylogarithmic function of the input. Tevisan's extractor comprises two main parts, a one-bit extractor and a combinatorial design. The Toeplitz-hashing extractor was well developed in the privacy amplification procedure of the QKD system\cite{uchida2008fast}. This kind of extractor is also a strong extractor\cite{wegman1981new}. By applying the fast Fourier transformation technique, the runtime of the Toeplitz-hashing extractor can be improved to $O(n\log n)$.
On account of their strong extractor property, both of these extractors generate random numbers even when the random seed is longer than the output length of each run. Both extractors have been implemented\cite{ma2013postprocessing} and the speed of both extractors have been increased in follow-up studies\cite{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1212-0520,ma2011explicit}, but remain far below the operating speed of the QRNG based on laser-phase fluctuation (68 Gbps\cite{nie201568}). Therefore, the speed of the extractor is the main limitation of a practical QRNG.
\section*{Acknowledgements}
The authors thank R.~Colbeck, H.-K.~Lo, Y.~Shi, and F.~Xu for enlightening discussions. This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China Grants No.~2011CBA00300 and No.~2011CBA00301, the 1000 Youth Fellowship program in China, and the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (managed by UT-Battelle LLC for the U.S.~Department of Energy).
\section*{Author contributions}
All authors contributed extensively to the work presented in this paper. X.~Y.~focused on the self-testing QRNG part. Z.~C.~focused on the semi-self-testing QRNG part. B.~Q.~and Z.~Z.~focused on the practical QRNG part. X.~M.~supervised the project.
\section*{Competing financial interests}
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
\bibliographystyle{naturemag}
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
}
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Q: template function specialization by other function call I have class Foo defined as such:
foo.h:
class Foo
{
public:
Foo() {}
~Foo() {}
double Compute1(const double& n) const;
template<int Dim>
double Compute2(const double& n) const;
};
foo.cpp:
double Foo::Compute1(const double& n) const
{
return Compute2<3>(n);
}
template<int Dim>
double Foo::Compute2(const double& n) const
{
return pow(n, Dim);
}
I think that Compute2 has been specialized with Dim=3 when it is called by Compute1. But when I called:
Foo comp;
double a = comp.Compute2<3>(10.0);
The compiler said that
undefined reference to `double Foo::Compute2<3>(double const&) const'
What am I wrong in this case?
A: The reason is that the compiler needs to know the definition of the template function when it is used, not just when it is declared. When you declare a template function, the compiler just generates a "skeleton" of the function; it doesn't generate any actual code.
When you call a template function, the compiler needs to generate the actual code for that function. In order to do that, it needs to have the definition of the function, not just the declaration.
So, in your example, when you call Compute2 from Compute1, the compiler needs to have the definition of Compute2 in order to generate the code for it. However, the definition of Compute2 is in the foo.cpp file, not the foo.h file. So the compiler can't find it, and you get an error.
The solution is to put the definition of the template function in the header file, not the source file. That way, when you call the function from another file, the compiler will have the definition and will be able to generate the code.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 9,077
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Q: Use Selenium with Python Portable My question seems somewhat inane, but I cannot seem to find any resources for what I need to do.
Essentially I'm using my work computer to write python applications in my spare time. I'm using Python Portable (syntax version 3.2) because I do not have administrative access and can't do things with path variables etc.
How (if possible) do I install or import selenium so I can use it in Python Portable?
Thanks all!
A: Based on answer found Importing modules on portable python
and How to install external libraries with Portable Python?
Check for what import sys; print sys.path says?
It displays the list of directories and zipfiles where portable python looks for modules to import. Just copy your modules into one of those directories or zipfiles, or sys.path.append('/whatever/dir') if you have your modules in /whatever/dir and want to keep them there (the latter approach will last only for the current session, be it interactive or a script's execution).
Also on their FAQs
You don't have package I need, can I add it?
For simpler packages you can use easy install or even extract them in site-packages folder of
the Portable Python distribution. However some packages are installing additional dependencies
in windows system folders - in this case your Portable Python distribution will not work once
you move it to some other workstation. Make sure to do proper testing !
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
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\section{Conclusions, Future Work}
\label{sec-concl}
We presented a general framework for modeling and analyzing
deductive games, and we implemented the framework in a software
tool \textsc{Cobra}. Obviously, there are many ways how to improve
the functionality of the presented algorithms and thus extend
the scope of algorithmic analysis to even larger deductive games,
including the ones suggested in bioinformatics
\cite{Goodrich:MastermindAttack,GET:MastermindPhonotyping-BMC}, or
applied security \cite{FL:MastermindBankPins-ToCS}. Another improvement
may be achieved by tuning the interface to SAT solvers and
utilizing the sophisticated technology developed in this
area even more intensively.
\section{Equivalent Experiments, Strategy Synthesis}
\label{sec-equiv}
Intuitively, one of the main problems we have to tackle when computing
a good strategy for solving~$\mathcal{G}$ is the large number of experiments.
For example, in CCP with $60$ coins, there are more than
$10^{63}$ ways of instantiating the parameterized experiment
$t$ formalizing the weighting of $20 + 20$ coins.
If $t$ is performed in the first step, i.e., when the accumulated
knowledge is just $\varphi_0$, then \emph{all} instances of $t$
are ``equivalent'' in the sense that the knowledge learned by these
instances is the same up to some symmetry (i.e., a permutation
of coins). Hence, it suffices to consider only \emph{one} instance
of $t$ and disregard the others. In this section, we present a general
algorithm which, for a given accumulated knowledge~$\varphi$,
computes a subset of experiments $S_\varphi$ such that every experiment
$e \in E$ is \mbox{``$\varphi$-equivalent''} to some experiment of~$S_\varphi$.
This algorithm substantially improves the efficiency of the whole framework.
For the rest of this section, we fix a well-formed
deductive game $\mathcal{G} = (X,\varphi_0,\Sigma,F,T)$.
A \emph{permutation} of $X$ is a bijection $\pi : X \rightarrow X$.
We use $\textsc{Perm}(X)$ to denote the set of all permutations of~$X$. Given a
formula $\varphi \in \textsc{Form}(X)$ and a permutation $\pi \in \textsc{Perm}(X)$,
we use $\pi(\varphi)$ to denote the formula obtained from $\varphi$
by simultaneously substituting every occurrence of every $x \in X$ with
$\pi(x)$. For a given $\Phi \subseteq \textsc{Form}(X)$, we use
$\pi(\Phi)$ to denote the set $\{\pi(\varphi) \mid \varphi \in \Phi\}$.
\begin{definition}
\label{def-equivalence}
Let $e,e' \in E$ and $\pi \in \textsc{Perm}(X)$. We say that $e'$ is
\emph{$\pi$-symmetrical} to $e$ if
$\pi(\Phi(e)) \approx \Phi(e')$.
A \emph{symmetry group of $\mathcal{G}$}, denoted by $\Pi$, consist of
all $\pi \in \textsc{Perm}(X)$ such that for every $e \in E$ there is a
$\pi$-symmetrical $e' \in E$.
We say that $e,e' \in E$ are \emph{equivalent w.r.t.{} a given
$\varphi\in\textsc{Know}$}, written $e \sim_\varphi e'$, if there is
$\pi \in \Pi$ such that
\[
\{\varphi \wedge \psi \mid \psi \in \Phi(e)\} \approx
\{\pi(\varphi \wedge \varrho) \mid \varrho \in \Phi(e')\}\, .
\]
\end{definition}
\noindent
Note that $\Pi$ is indeed a group, i.e., $\Pi$ contains the identity
and if $\pi \in \Pi$, then the inverse $\pi^{-1}$ of $\pi$
also belongs to~$\Pi$.
\begin{example}
Consider the game $\mathcal{G}$ of Example~\ref{exa-coins}. Then
$\Pi = \{\pi \in \textsc{Perm}(X) \mid \pi(y) = y\}$. Hence, for
all $\vec{p},\vec{q} \in \Sigma^{\dis{4}}$ we have that
$(t_2,\vec{p}) \sim_{\varphi_0} (t_2,\vec{q})$, and the partition
$E/{\sim_{\varphi_0}}$ has only two equivalence classes corresponding
to $t_1$ and $t_2$. For $\varphi = \varphi_0 \wedge \neg(x_1 \vee x_2)$,
we have that
$(t_1(\mathit{coin}_1,\mathit{coin}_2)) \sim_{\varphi} (t_2,(\mathit{coin}_3,\mathit{coin}_1,\mathit{coin}_2,\mathit{coin}_4))$.
\end{example}
As we shall see, it usually suffices to consider only one experiment for
each equivalence class of $E/{\sim_{\varphi}}$, which improves
the efficiency of our strategy synthesis algorithms presented
at the end of this section. These algorithms invoke
a function $\textsc{Experiments}(\varphi)$ parameterized by $\varphi\in\textsc{Know}$
which computes a set of experiments
$S_\varphi \subseteq E$ such that for every $e \in E$ there is at least
one $e' \in S_\varphi$ where $e \sim_\varphi e'$.
A naive approach to constructing $S_\varphi$ is to initialize
$\hat{S}_\varphi := \emptyset$ and then process every $t = (k,P,\Phi) \in T$
as follows: for every $\vec{p} \in \Sigma^k$, we check whether
$\vec{p} \in P$ and $(t,\vec{p}) \not\sim_\varphi e$ for all
$e \in \hat{S}_\varphi$; if this test is positive, we
put $\hat{S}_\varphi := \hat{S}_\varphi \cup \{(t,\vec{p})\}$, and continue
with the next~$\vec{p}$. When we are done with all $t \in T$, we set
$S_\varphi := \hat{S}_\varphi$.
Obviously, this trivial algorithm is inefficient for at least two reasons.
\begin{itemize}
\item[1.] The size of $\Sigma^k$ can be very large (think of CCP with
$60$ coins), and it may not be possible to go over all $\vec{p}\in\Sigma^k$.
\item[2.] The problem of checking $\sim_\varphi$ is computationally
hard.
\end{itemize}
Now we show how to overcome these issues. Intuitively, the first issue
is tackled by optimizing the trivial backtracting algorithm which would
normally generate all elements of $\Sigma^k$ lexicographically
using some total ordering $\preceq$ over $\Sigma$. We improve the
functionality of this algorithm as follows: when the backtracking
algorithm is done with generating all $k$-tuples starting with a given
prefix $\vec{u}a \in \Sigma^m$, where $m \in \{1,\ldots,k\}$, and aims
to generate all $k$-tuples starting with $\vec{u}b$ where
$b$ is the $\preceq$-successor of~$a$, we first check whether
$b$ is \emph{dominated} by $a$ for $\varphi$, $t$, and $\vec{u}$.
If it is the case, we continue immediately with
the \mbox{$\preceq$-successor} of~$b$, i.e., we do \emph{not} examine
the \mbox{$k$-tuples} starting with $\vec{u}b$ at all (note that
the \mbox{$\preceq$-successor} of~$b$ is again checked for
dominance~by~$a$). The dominance by~$a$ can be verified quickly and guarantees
that all of the ignored experiments are equivalent to some of the
already generated ones. As we shall see,
this can lead to drastic improvements in the total
number of generated instances which can be \emph{much} smaller
than $|\Sigma|^k$. The set of all experiments generated in the first
phase is denoted by $S_\varphi^1$.
The second issue is tackled by designing an algorithm which tries to
decide $\sim_\varphi$ for a given pair of experiments $e_1,e_2$ by
first removing the \emph{fixed variables} (see Section~\ref{sec-solving})
in $\varphi$ and the outcomes of
$e_1,e_2$ using a SAT solver, and then constructing two labeled
graphs $B_{\varphi,e_1}$ and $B_{\varphi,e_1}$ which are checked for
isomorphism (here we again rely on existing software tools). If the graphs are
isomorphic, we have that $e_1 \sim_\varphi e_2$, and we can safely
remove $e_1$ or $e_2$ from $S_\varphi^1$. When the
experiments are ordered by some $\preceq$, we prefer to remove the larger
one. Thus, we produce the set~$S_\varphi$. Now we explain
both phases in greater detail.
Let $t= (k,P,\Phi) \in T$. For all $i \in \{1,\ldots,k\}$, let
$F_i$ be the set of all $f \in F$ such that some $\psi \in \Phi$
contains the atom $f(\$i)$. Positions $i,j \in \{1,\ldots,k\}$
are \emph{compatible} if $i \neq j$ and $F_i \cap F_j \neq \emptyset$.
Further, we define the set $X_t = \{f(\vec{p}_i) \mid f \in F_i,
\vec{p} \in P, 1 \leq i \leq k\}$.
We say that $t$ is \emph{faithful} if it satisfies the following conditions:
\begin{itemize}
\item The variables of $X_t$ do not occur in any $\psi \in \Phi$.
\item For all compatible $i,j$ and $\vec{p} \in P$ we have
that $\vec{p}_i \neq \vec{p}_j$.
\item For all compatible $i,j$ and $\vec{p} \in P$ we have
that $\vec{p}[i/\vec{p}_j,j/\vec{p}_i] \in P$.
\item For all $\vec{p} \in P$, $i \in \{1,\ldots,k\}$, and $b \in \Sigma$
such that $b \neq \vec{p}_j$ for every $j$
compatible with $i$ we have that $\vec{p}[i/b] \in P$.
\end{itemize}
One can easily verify that all experiments in the game of
Example~\ref{exa-coins} are faithful, and the same holds for
the game formalizing Mastermind. Note that faithfulness
is particularly easy to verify if $P = \Sigma^k$ or $P = \Sigma^{\dis{k}}$.
Let us assume that $t = (k,P,\Phi) \in T$ is faithful. We say that
$\vec{r} \in \Sigma^i$, where $1 \leq i \leq k$, is
\emph{\mbox{$t$-feasible}} if there is $\vec{s} \in \Sigma^{k-i}$
such that $\vec{r}\vec{s} \in P$.
Now, let us fix some $m \in \{1,\ldots,k\}$, $\vec{u} \in \Sigma^{m-1}$, and
$a\in \Sigma$ such that the \mbox{$m$-tuple} $\vec{u}a$ is
\mbox{$t$-feasible}. Further, let $\vec{q} = \vec{u}b\vec{v} \in P$ for some
$b \in \Sigma$ and $\vec{v} \in \Sigma^{k-m}$. Then
there exists at most one~$j$ compatible with~$m$ such that
$\vec{q}_j = a$ (if there were two such indexes $j,\ell$, we
could ``swap'' $\vec{q}_m$ and $\vec{q}_j$ in $\vec{q}$ and thus
obtain an instance of $P$ which does not satisfy the second
condition of faithfulness).
If there is no such~$j$, we put $\vec{p} = \vec{q}[m/a]$ and
$\hat{F} = F_m$. Otherwise, we have that $j>m$
(if $j<m$, then $\vec{u}a$ is not \mbox{$t$-feasible}),
and we put $\vec{p} = \vec{q}[m/a,j/b]$ and $\hat{F} = F_i \cup F_j$.
Observe that $\vec{p} \in P$ because $t$ is faithful.
We also define the associated permutation $\hat{\pi} \in
\textsc{Perm}_X$, where $\hat{\pi}(f(a)) = f(b)$ and $\hat{\pi}(f(b)) = f(a)$
for all $f \in \hat{F}$, and $\hat{\pi}(y) = y$ for the other
variables. For $e = (t,\vec{q})$, we use $\hat{e}$ to denote
the associated experiment $(t,\vec{p})$. The underlying
$m$, $\vec{u}$, $\vec{v}$, $a$ and $b$ are always clearly
determined by the context.
\begin{definition}
\label{def-inter}
Let $\varphi\in\textsc{Know}$, $t = (k,P,\Phi) \in T$, and
$\vec{u}a \in \Sigma^{m}$ a $t$-feasible tuple, where $1 \leq m <k$.
We say that $b \in \Sigma$ is \emph{dominated} by $a$
for $\varphi$, $t$, and $\vec{u}$, if either $\vec{u}b$ is not
\mbox{$t$-feasible},
or $\vec{u}b$ is \mbox{$t$-feasible}, $t$ is faithful, and the
following condition is satisfied:
\begin{itemize}
\item for all experiments of the form $e = (t,\vec{u} b \vec{v})$
we have that $\hat{\pi} \in \Pi$ and
$\{\varphi \wedge \psi \mid \psi \in \Phi(e)\} \equiv
\{\hat{\pi}(\varphi \wedge \varrho) \mid \varrho
\in \Phi(\hat{e})\}$.
\end{itemize}
\end{definition}
\noindent
Note that the last condition of Definition~\ref{def-inter} guarantees
that $e \sim_\varphi \hat{e}$ (cf. Definition~\ref{def-equivalence}).
Also observe that $\hat{e} \preceq e$. Hence, the
requirement that $b$ is dominated by $a$ for $\varphi$, $t$, and $\vec{u}$
fully justifies the correctness of the improved backtracking algorithm
discussed above in the sense that the resulting set $S_\varphi^1$
indeed contains at least one representative for each equivalence class
of $E/{\sim_{\varphi}}$. Also observe that in the last condition of
Definition~\ref{def-inter}, we use the \emph{syntactic} equality of
two sets of propositional variables, which is easy to check. Further,
we do not need to consider \emph{all} $\vec{v} \in \Sigma^{k-m-1}$
when verifying this condition; the only important information about
$\vec{v}$ is whether $\vec{v}$ contains $a$ at a position compatible
with~$m$. Hence, we need to examine $k-m$ possibilities in the worst case.
Checking whether $\hat{\pi} \in \Pi$ is not trivial in general, and
our tool Cobra handles only some restricted cases (e.g., when all
experiments allow for arbitrary or no parameter repetition).
Now we describe the second phase, when we try to identify and remove
some equivalent experiments in~$S_\varphi^1$. The method works only under
the condition that for every $t = (k,P,\Phi) \in T$ we have that
$P$ is closed under all permutations of~$\Sigma$ (note that this condition
is satisfied when $P = \Sigma^k$ or $P = \Sigma^{\dis{k}}$). Possible
generalizations are left for future work. The method starts by
constructing a labeled \emph{base graph} $B = (V,E,L)$ of $\mathcal{G}$, where
the set of vertices $V$ is $X \cup F$ (we assume $X \cap F = \emptyset$)
and the edges of $E$ are determined as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item $(f,x) \in E$, where $f \in F$ and $x \in X$, if there is $a \in \Sigma$
such that $f(a) = x$;
\item $(x,y) \in E$, where $x,y \in X$, if there are $a \in \Sigma$,
\mbox{$f,g \in F$}, $t \in T$, some outcome $\psi$ of $T$, such that
$f(a) = x$, $g(a) =y$, and both $f(\$i)$ and $g(\$i)$ appear in $\psi$
for some $i \in \{1,\ldots,k\}$.
\end{itemize}
The labelling $L : V \rightarrow X \cup F \cup \{\mathit{var}\}$, where
$\mathit{var} \not\in X \cup F$, assigns $\mathit{var}$ to every variable $x \in X$ such
that $x$ does not appear in any outcome of any parameterized experiment
of~$T$. For the other vertices $v \in V$, we have that $L(v) = v$.
The base graph $B$ represents a subset of $\Pi$ in the following sense:
\begin{theorem}
\label{thm-auto}
Let $\pi$ be an automorphism of~$B$. Then $\pi$ restricted to $X$ is
an element of~$\Pi$.
\end{theorem}
Theorem~\ref{thm-auto} is proven by constructing a $\pi$-symmetrical
experiment to a given parameterized experiment~$(t,\vec{p})$.
Now, let $\varphi \in \textsc{Form}_X$ be a formula representing the accumulated
knowledge, and let $e_1 = (t_1,\vec{p})$ and $e_2 = (t_2,\vec{q})$
be experiments. We show how to construct two labeled graphs $B_{\varphi,e_1}$
and $B_{\varphi,e_2}$ such that the existence of an isomorphism between
$B_{\varphi,e_1}$ and $B_{\varphi,e_2}$ implies $e_1 \sim_\varphi e_2$.
For every formula $\psi \in \textsc{Form}_X$, let $\mathit{Stree}(\psi)$ be the syntax
tree of $\psi$, where every inner node is labeled by the associated
Boolean operator, the leaves are labeled by the associated variables
of~$X$, and the root is a fresh vertex $\mathit{root}(\psi)$ with only one
successor which corresponds to the topmost operator of $\psi$ (the
label of $\mathit{root}(\psi)$ is irrelevant for now). Recall that we only
allow for commutative operators, so the ordering of successors of a
given inner node of $\mathit{Stree}(\psi)$ is not significant. Each such
$\mathit{Stree}(\psi)$ can be \emph{attached} to any graph $B'$ which subsumes
$B$ by taking the disjoint union of the vertices of $B'$ and the inner
vertices of $\mathit{Stree}(\psi)$, and identifying all leaves of
$\mathit{Stree}(\psi)$ labeled by $x \in X$ with the unique node $x$ of~$B'$.
All edges and labels are preserved.
The graph $B_{\varphi,e_1}$ is obtained by subsequently attaching
$\mathit{Stree}(\overline{\varphi}),\mathit{Stree}(\overline{\psi_1(\vec{p})}),\ldots,
\mathit{Stree}(\overline{\psi_n(\vec{p})})$ to the base graph of~$B$, where
$\psi_1,\ldots,\psi_n$ are the outcomes of~$t_1$, and for every
$\psi \in \textsc{Form}(X)$, the formula $\overline{\psi}$ is obtained from~$\psi$
by removing its \emph{fixed variables} (see Section~\ref{sec-solving})
using a SAT solver. The root of $\mathit{Stree}(\overline{\varphi})$ is labelled
by $\mathit{acc}$, and the roots of $\mathit{Stree}(\overline{\psi_1(\vec{p})}),\ldots,
\mathit{Stree}(\overline{\psi_n(\vec{p})})$
are labeled by~$\mathit{out}$. The graph $B_{\varphi,e_2}$ is constructed in the same
way, again using the labels $\mathit{acc}$ and~$\mathit{out}$.
\begin{theorem}
\label{thm-iso}
If $B_{\varphi,e_1}$, $B_{\varphi,e_2}$ are isomorphic, then
\mbox{$e_1 \sim_\varphi e_2$}.
\end{theorem}
Intuitively, an isomorphism between $B_{\varphi,e_1}$ and $B_{\varphi,e_2}$
encodes a permutation $\pi \in \Pi$ (see Theorem~\ref{thm-auto})
which witnesses the equivalence of $e_1$ and $e_2$ w.r.t.{} $\varphi$.
The procedure $\textsc{Experiments}(\varphi)$ is used to compute decision trees
for ranking strategies and optimal worst/average case strategies
in the following way.
Let $\tau[r,\preceq]$ be a ranking strategy such that for all
$e_1,e_2 \in E$ and $\varphi \in \textsc{Know}$ we have that $e_1 \sim_\varphi e_2$
implies $r(e_1) = r(e_2)$. Note that all ranking functions introduced
in Section~\ref{sec-solving} satisfy this property. The decision tree
$\mathit{Tree}_{\tau[r,\preceq]}$ is computed top-down. When we need to determine
the label of a given node $u$ where the associated accumulated knowledge
is $\Psi_u$, we first check whether $|\mathit{Val}(\Psi_u)| = 1$ using a
SAT solver. If it is the case, we label $u$ with the only valuation
of $\mathit{Val}(\Psi_u)$. Otherwise, we need to compute the experiment
$\tau[r,\preceq](\Psi_u)$ (see Definition~\ref{def-ranking}).
It follows immediately that $\tau[r,\preceq](\Psi_u)$ is contained in
$S_{\Psi_u} := \textsc{Experiments}(\Psi_u)$. Hence, we label $u$ with the least element
of $\{ e\in S_{\Psi_u} \mid \mathit{Updates}[\Psi_u,e] = \mathit{Min}\}$
w.r.t.{}~$\preceq$, where
$\mathit{Min} = \min \{\mathit{Updates}[\Psi_u,e'] \mid e' \in S_{\Psi_u}\}$.
This element is computed with the help of a SAT solver.
The way of computing a decision tree for an optimal worst/average case
strategy is more involved. Let $\textsc{Wopt}_{\mathcal{G}}$ and $\textsc{Aopt}_{\mathcal{G}}$ be the sets
of all knowledge-based strategies which are worst case optimal and
average case optimal, respectively. First, observe that if
$\tau \in \textsc{Wopt}_{\mathcal{G}}$ and $\tau(\varphi) = e$ for some
$\varphi \in \textsc{Know}$, then for every $e' \in E$ where $e \sim_\varphi e'$
there is $\tau' \in \textsc{Wopt}_{\mathcal{G}}$ such that $\tau'(\varphi) = e'$. Hence,
we can safely restrict the range of $\tau(\varphi)$ to
$\textsc{Experiments}(\varphi)$. Further, if $\tau(\varphi) = e$ and
$\varphi' \equiv \pi(\varphi)$ for some $\pi \in \Pi$, we can safely
put $\tau(\varphi') = \pi(e)$. The same properties hold also for
the strategies of $\textsc{Aopt}_{\mathcal{G}}$.
A recursive function for computing
a worst/average case optimal strategy is show in Fig.~\ref{alg:acopt}.
The function is parameterized by $\varphi \in \textsc{Know}$ and an upper bound
on the worst/average number of experiments performed by an optimal
strategy for the initial knowledge $\varphi$. The function returns
a pair $\vv{e_\varphi,C_\varphi}$ where $e_\varphi$ is the experiment
selected for $\varphi$ and $C_\varphi$ is the worst/average
number of experiments that are needed to solve the game for the
initial knowledge~$\varphi$. Hence, the algorithm
is invoked by $\textsc{Optimal}(\varphi_0,\infty)$.
Note that the algorithm caches the computed results
and when it encounters that $\varphi$ is \mbox{$\pi$-symmetric}
to some previously
processed formula, it uses the cached results immediately (line~3).
The lines executed only when constructing the worst (or average)
case optimal strategy are prefixed by $[W]$ (or $[A]$, respectively).
At line~4, the constant $\mathit{Out}$ is equal to
$\max_{(k,P,\Phi) \in T} |\Phi(t)|$. Obviously, we need at least
$\lceil \log_{\mathit{Out}}(|\mathit{Val}(\varphi)|) \rceil$ experiments to distinguish
among the remaining $|\mathit{Val}(\varphi)|$ alternatives.
\begin{algorithm}[t]\footnotesize
\DontPrintSemicolon
\SetKwProg{optfun}{Function}{}{}
\optfun{\textsc{Optimal}\textnormal{($\varphi$, $\mathit{upper}$)}}{
\lIf{$|\mathit{Val}(\varphi)| = 1$}{\Return{$\vv{v,0}$} where $v \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi)$}
\lIf{$\varphi$ is cached }{\Return{ the cached result}}
[W] \lIf{$\lceil \log_{\mathit{Out}}(|\mathit{Val}(\varphi)|) \rceil > \textit{upper}$}%
{\Return{$\vv{\mathit{err},\infty}$}}
$S_\varphi := \textsc{Experiments}(\varphi)$\;
$\mathit{best} := \mathit{upper};\ e_\varphi :=
\textit{some element of } S_\varphi$\;
\For{$e \in S_\varphi$}
{
$ val := 0 $\;
\For{$\psi\in\Phi(e)$} {
\If{$\mathit{SAT}{(\varphi\wedge\psi)}$}{
$\vv{e_\psi,C_\psi} :=
\textsc{Optimal}(\varphi \wedge \psi,\mathit{best}-1)$\;
[W] $val := \max( val, 1 + C_\psi)$\;
[A] $val := val + |\mathit{Val}(\varphi \wedge\psi)| \cdot (1+C_\psi)$\;
}
}
[A] $val := val \;/\; |\mathit{Val}(\varphi)|$\;
\lIf{$val \leq \mathit{best}$}{$\mathit{best} := val; e_\varphi := e$}
}
Cache the result $\vv{e_{\varphi},\mathit{best}}$ for $\varphi$\;
\Return{$\vv{e_{\varphi},\mathit{best}}$}
}{}
\caption{\small Computing optimal strategies.}
\label{alg:acopt}
\end{algorithm}
\section{Experimental Results}
\label{sec-exp}
The framework for modelling and analyzing deductive games described in
previous sections has been implemented in our software tool
\textsc{Cobra}\footnote{The tool is freely available at
\texttt{https://github.com/myreg/cobra}.}. In this section we
present selected experimental results which aim to demonstrate the
efficiency of the algorithm for eliminating symmetric experiments, and
to show that the framework is powerful enough to produce new results
about existing deductive games and their variants. In all these experiments,
we employ the SAT solver MiniSat \cite{ES:MiniSat} and the tool
Bliss \cite{JK:Bliss} for checking graph isomorphism.
The functionality of $\textsc{Experiments}(\varphi)$ can be well demonstrated
on CCP and Mastermind. Consider CCP with $26$, $39$, and $50$ coins.
The next table shows the \emph{average} size of $S_\varphi^1$ and $S_\varphi$
when computing the $i$-th experiment in the decision tree for
\textbf{max-models} ranking strategy (see Section~\ref{sec-solving}).
The total number of experiments for $26$, $39$ and $50$ coins is
larger than $10^{16}$, $10^{27}$, and $10^{39}$, respectively.
Observe that for $26$
and $39$ coins, only four experiments are needed to reveal the
counterfeit coin, and hence the last row is empty.
\bigskip
\noindent
{\scriptsize
\begin{tabulary}{.5\textwidth}{|R|RR|RR|RR|}
\hline
& \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{CCP 26} \raisebox{2.1ex}{~}} &
\multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{CCP 39}} &
\multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{CCP 50}} \\
& \multicolumn{2}{c|}{($\approx 10^{16}$ exp.)} &
\multicolumn{2}{c|}{($\approx 10^{27}$ exp.)} &
\multicolumn{2}{c|}{($\approx 10^{39}$ exp.)} \\\hline
Exp.No.\rule{0pt}{1em} & Phase~1 & Phase~2 & Phase~1 & Phase~2 & Phase~1 & Phase~2 \\\hline
1 & 13.0 & 13.0 & 19.0 & 19.0 & 25.0 & 25.0 \\
2 & 4,365.0 & 861.7 & 26,638.7 & 3,318.0 & 83,625.0 & 8,591.0 \\
3 & 603.0 & 36.4 & 2,263.0 & 88.1 & 5,733.4 & 172.2 \\
4 & 76.3 & 4.2 & 214.7 & 7.2 & 405.1 & 10.4 \\
5 & - & - & - & - & 153.2 & 4.1 \\\hline
\end{tabulary}}
\bigskip
\noindent
Note that in the first round, \emph{all} equivalent
experiments are discovered already in the first phase, i.e., when
computing~$S_1$. These experiments correspond to the number of coins
that can be weighted (e.g., for $50$ coins we can weight
$1{+}1, \dots, 25{+}25$ coins, which gives $25$ experiments).
In the second round, when we run $\textsc{Experiments}(\varphi)$ for three
different formulae $\varphi \in \textsc{Know}$, the average size of $S^1_\varphi$
is already larger, and the second phase (eliminating equivalent experiments)
further reduces the average size of the resulting $S_\varphi$.
A similar table for Mastermind is shown below. Here we consider
three variants with $3/8$, $4/6$, and $5/3$ pegs/colors. The table
shows the average size of $S_\varphi$ when computing the $i$-th experiment
in the decision trees for \textbf{max-models} and \textbf{parts}
ranking strategies.
\bigskip
\noindent
{\scriptsize%
\begin{tabulary}{.5\textwidth}{|R|RR|RR|RR|}
\hline
& \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{MM 3x8} (512 exp.)} &
\multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{MM 4x6} (1296 exp.)} &
\multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{MM 5x3} (243 exp.)} \\
Exp.No. & max-mod. & parts & max-mod. & parts & max-mod. & parts\\\hline
1 & 3.00 & 3.00 & 5.00 & 5.00 & 5.00 & 5.00 \\
2 & 17.38 & 17.38 & 34.91 & 106.62 & 59.25 & 59.25 \\
3 & 72.31 & 87.83 & 243.40 & 580.03 & 121.45 & 186.90 \\
4 & 71.54 & 87.98 & 344.02 & 417.02 & - & - \\
5 & 25.36 & 31.97 & - & - & - & - \\\hline
\end{tabulary}}
\bigskip
\noindent
Note that for Mastermind, the reduction is more efficient for
more colors and less pegs, and that the values for the two ranking
strategies significantly differ, which means that they divide the solution
space in a rather different way.
Now we present examples of results obtained by running our tool that
(to the best of our knowledge) have not yet been published in the
existing literature about deductive games.
The first example concerns
CCP. While the worst case complexity of CCP is fully understood
\cite{Dyson:coins-MG}, we are not aware of any results about
the \emph{average} case complexity of CPP. Using \textsc{Cobra}, we were
able to compute the \emph{average-case optimal strategy} for up to
$60$~coins using the algorithm described in Section~\ref{sec-equiv}.
Further, we can compare the average-case complexity of an optimal strategy
with the average-case complexities of various ranking strategies, which
can be synthesized for even higher number of coins (more than~$80$).
In the graph below, we summarize the obtained results.
\bigskip
\noindent
\includegraphics[width=.54\textwidth]{coins.png}
As the last example, we consider two variants of Mastermind:
MM+col, where we can also ask for all pegs colored by a given color,
and MM+pos, where we can also ask for the color of a given peg.
Using \textsc{Cobra}, we can compute the optimal worst/average case complexity
for $2/8$, $3/6$, and $4/4$ pegs/colors. The results are summarized below.
\begin{center}
{\scriptsize%
\begin{tabulary}{.5\textwidth}{|R|RR|RR|RR|}
\hline
& \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Mastermind} &
\multicolumn{2}{c|}{MM+col} &
\multicolumn{2}{c|}{MM+pos} \\
Size & average & worst & average & worst & average & worst\\\hline
2/8 & 3.67187 & 5 & 3.64062 & 5 & 2 & 2\\
3/6 & 3.19444 & 4 & 3.18981 & 4 & 3 & 3\\
4/4 & 2.78516 & 3 & 2.74609 & 3 & 2.78516 & 3\\\hline
\end{tabulary}}
\end{center}
Let us note that when comparing these results to ``classical'' results
about Mastermind, the following subtle difference in game rules must
be taken into account: Plays of ``our'' deductive games terminate as soon
as we obtain enough information to reveal the secret code. The ``classical''
Mastermind terminates when the secret code is ``played'', which
may require an extra experiment even if we already know the code.
Our numbers are valid for the first setup.
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec-intro}
Deductive games are played by two players, the \emph{codemaker} and
the \emph{codebreaker}, where the codemaker selects a secret code from
a given finite set, and the codebreaker strives to reveal the code through
a series of \emph{experiments} whose outcomes give some partial
information about the code. A codebreaker's \emph{strategy} is a
recipe how to assemble the next experiment depending on the outcomes
of the previous experiments so that the code is eventually discovered.
The efficiency of a given strategy is measured either by the
maximal number of experiments required to discover the code
in the worst case, or by the expected number of experiments required
to discover the code assuming the uniform probability distribution
over the set of all secret codes.
In the last decades, a lot of research has been done on special types
of deductive games such as Mastermind, ``Bulls and Cows'', the
``counterfeit coin problem (CCP)'', and others. In this paper, we use
(several variants of) Mastermind and CCP to evaluate our
results about general deductive games, and we also employ them
as running examples to illustrate various technical notions and
abstract claims. Therefore, we introduce these games in greater detail now.
\emph{Mastermind} was invented in 1970 by Mordecai Meirowitz, an
Israeli postmaster and telecommunications expert. The codemaker
chooses a secret sequence of $n$ code pegs of $c$ colors (repetitions
allowed). The codebreaker tries to reveal the code by making guesses
(experiments) which are evaluated by a certain number of black and
white markers. A black marker is received for each code peg from the
guess which is correct in both color and position. A white marker
indicates the existence of a correct color code peg placed in the
wrong position. If there are duplicate colours in the guess, they
cannot all be awarded a marker unless they correspond to the same
number of duplicate colours in the secret code. For example, if the
code is $BACC$ and the guess is $CCAC$, then the guess is evaluated by
one black and two white markers. For the classical variant with four
pegs and six colors, Knuth \cite{Knuth:Mastermind-JRM} demonstrated a
strategy that requires five guesses in the worst case and $4.478$
guesses on average. Later, Irving \cite{Irving:Mastermind-JRM},
Neuwirth \cite{Neuwirth:Mastermind-ZOR}, and Koyama\,\&\,Lai
\cite{KL:Mastermind-JRM} presented strategies which improve the
expected number of guesses to $4.369$, $4.364$, and $4.34$,
respectively (the bound $4.34$ is already optimal). More recently,
strategies for Mastermind were constructed semi-automatically by
using evolutionary algorithms \cite{BPR:Mastermind-evolutionary},
simulated annealing \cite{BHMOP:Mastermind-annealing}, genetic
algorithms (see, e.g., \cite{BGL:Mastermind-genetic-COR} and the
references therein), or clustering techniques
\cite{CLHH:deductivegames-EJOR}.
Interesting variants of Mastermind include ``Mastermind with
black-markers'' and ``Extended Mastermind''. The first variant, also
called ``string matching'', uses only black markers. This game was studied
already by Erd\"{o}s\,\&\,R\'{e}nyi \cite{ER:twoproblems-MTAMK} who
gave some asymptotic results about the worst-case number of
guesses. Recently, this variant found an application in genetics for
selecting a subset of genotyped individuals for phenotyping
\cite{Goodrich:MastermindAttack,GET:MastermindPhonotyping-BMC}. The
second variant was introduced by Focardi\,\&\,Luccio in
\cite{FL:MastermindBankPins-ToCS}. Here, a guess is not a sequence of
colors but a sequence of \emph{sets} of colors. For example, if there
are six colors and the code is $AECA$, one can make a guess
$\{A\},\{C,D,E\},\{A,B\},\{F\}$ which receives two black markers (for
the first two positions) and one white marker (for the $A$ in the
third set). It was shown in \cite{FL:MastermindBankPins-ToCS} that
this variant of Mastermind can be used to design PIN cracking
strategies for ATMs based on the so-called \emph{decimalization
attacks}.
The basic variant of the \emph{counterfeit coin problem (CCP)} is
specified as follows. We are given $N$ coins, all identical in
appearance, and all indentical in weight except for one, which is
either heavier or lighter than the remaining $N-1$ coins. The goal is
to devise a procedure to identify the counterfeit coin using a minimal
number of weightings with a balance. This basic variant was considered
by Dyson \cite{Dyson:coins-MG} who proved that CCP can be solved
with $w$ weightings (experiments) iff $3 \leq N \leq (3^w {-}3)/2$.
There are numerous modifications and generalizations of the basic
variant (higher number of counterfeit coins, additional regular coins,
multi-pan balance scale, parallel weighting, etc.) which are harder
to analyze and in some cases only partial results exist. We refer to
\cite{GN:coins-overview-AMM} for an overview.
\smallskip
\noindent
\textbf{Our contribution:} In this paper, we propose a generic model
for deductive games based on propositional logic (see
Section~\ref{sec-model}), and we design a general algorithm for
synthesizing efficient codebreaker's strategies (see
Section~\ref{sec-equiv}). When assembling the next experiment
performed by the constructed strategy, our synthesis algorithm first
eliminates ``equivalent'' experiments to avoid the state-space
explosion. We design strategy synthesis algorithms both for
\emph{ranking} strategies, which try to identify the ``most
promising'' experiment using a given ranking function, and for
\emph{optimal} strategies, where the worst or average number of
experiments is minimized. The whole framework is
implemented in a software tool \textsc{Cobra}. Some new results about
existing deductive games achieved with this tool are presented in
Section~\ref{sec-exp}. To the best of our knowledge, this is
the first attempt for establishing a unified framework for
modelling and analyzing \emph{general} deductive games without
focusing on some particular class of instances.
\section{A Formal Model of Deductive Games}
\label{sec-model}
In this section we present a generic mathematical model for
deductive games based on propositional logic. Intuitively,
a deductive game is specified by
\begin{itemize}
\item a finite set $X$ of propositional variables and a propositional
formula $\varphi_0$ over $X$ such that every secret code $c$ can be
represented by a unique valuation $v_c$ of $X$, and for every valuation
$v$ of $X$ we have that $v(\varphi_0) = \mathit{true}$ iff $v = v_c$ for some
secret code $c$;
\item a finite set of allowed experiments $T$.
\end{itemize}
To model CCP with $N$ coins, we put $X = \{x_1,\ldots,x_N,y\}$,
and we represent a secret code $c$ where the $i$-th coin is lighter/heavier
by a valuation $v_c$ where $v_c(x_i) = \mathit{true}$, $v_c(x_j) = \mathit{false}$ for all
$j \neq i$, and $v_c(y) = \mathit{true}$ (i.e., $y$ is set to $\mathit{true}$ iff
the different coin is heavier). The formula $\varphi_0$ says that
precisely one of the variables $x_1,\ldots,x_N$ is set to~$\mathit{true}$.
In Mastermind with $n$ pegs and $m$ colors, the set $X$ contains
variables $x_{i,j}$ for all $1 \leq i \leq n$ and $1 \leq j \leq m$;
the variable $x_{i,j}$ is set to $\mathit{true}$ iff the $i$-th peg has
color~$j$. The formula $\varphi_0$ says that each peg has precisely
one color.
Typically, the number of possible experiments
is large but many of them differ only in the concrete choice of
participating objects. For example, in CCP with $6$ coins there are
essentially three types of experiments (we can weight
either $1+1$, $2+2$, or $3+3$ coins) which are instantiated by a
concrete selection of coins.
In Mastermind, we perform essentially only one type of experiment
(a guess) which is instantiated by a concrete tuple of colors. In
general, we use a finite set $\Sigma$ of \emph{parameters} to represent
the objects (such as coins and colors) participating in experiments.
A \emph{parameterized experiment} $t \in T$ is a triple $(k,P,\Phi)$ where $k$
is the number of parameters, $P \subseteq \Sigma^k$ is the
set of admissible instances, and $\Phi$ are possible outcomes.
In CCP, all parameters (coins) must be pairwise different, so
$P = \Sigma^{\dis{k}}$. In Mastermind, the parameters (colors) used in a guess
can be freely repeated, so $P = \Sigma^n$ where $n$ is the number
of pegs. Possible outcomes of~$t$ are given as
\emph{abstract propositional formulae} (see below). Now we state
a formal definition of a deductive game.
\begin{definition}
\label{def-game}
A \emph{deductive game} is a tuple $\mathcal{G} = (X,\varphi_0,\Sigma,F,T)$, where
\begin{itemize}
\item $X$ is a finite set of propositional variables,
\item $\varphi_0 \in \textsc{Form}(X)$ is a satisfiable \emph{initial constraint},
\item $\Sigma$ is a finite set of \emph{parameters},
\item $F \subseteq X^\Sigma$ is a set of \emph{attributes}
such that for all $f,f' \in F$
where $f \neq f'$ we have that the images of $f$ and $f'$ are disjoint,
\item $T$ is a finite set of \emph{parameterized experiments} of the form
$(k,P,\Phi)$ where $k \in \mathbb{N}$ is the number of parameters,
$P \subseteq \Sigma^k$ is a set of \emph{instances},
and
\mbox{$\Phi \subseteq \textsc{Form}(X \cup \{f(\$j) \mid f \in F,
1 {\leq} j {\leq} k\})$} is
a finite set of \emph{outcomes}.
\end{itemize}
\end{definition}
\noindent
The intuition behind $X$, $\varphi_0$, and $\Sigma$ is explained
above. Each attribute $f \in F$ corresponds to some
``property'' that every object $a \in \Sigma$ either does or
does not satisfy, and $f(a)$ is the propositional variable of $X$ which
encodes the $f$-property of~$a$. In CCP with $N$ coins, for each
object (coin) we need to encode the property of ``being
different''. So, there is just one attribute $\mathit{d}$ which maps
$\mathit{coin}_i$ to $x_i$ for all $1 \leq i \leq N$. In Mastermind with $n$
pegs and $m$ colors, each object (color) has the property of ``being
the color of peg~$i$'', where $i$ ranges from $1$ to~$n$. Hence, there are $n$
attributes $\mathit{peg}_1,\ldots,\mathit{peg}_n$ where $\mathit{peg}_i(\mathit{color}_j) = x_{i,j}$.
Now consider a parameterized experiment $t = (k,P,\Phi)$. An
\emph{instance} of $t$ is a $k$-tuple $\vec{p} \in P \subseteq \Sigma^k$
of parameters.
For every instance $\vec{p} \in P$ and every outcome $\psi \in \Phi$, we
define the \emph{\mbox{$\vec{p}$-instance} of $\psi$} as the formula
$\psi(\vec{p}) \in \textsc{Form}(X)$ obtained from $\psi$ by substituting
each atom $f(\$j)$ with the variable $f(\vec{p}_j)$. Hence, $f(\$j)$
denotes the variable which encodes the \mbox{$f$-attribute} of
$\vec{p}_j$. In the rest of this paper, we typically use $\varphi,\psi$ to
range over outcomes, and $\xi,\chi$ to range over their instances.
\begin{example}
\label{exa-coins}
CCP with four coins can be modeled as a deductive game
$\mathcal{G} = (X,\varphi_0,\Sigma,F,T)$ where
\begin{itemize}
\item $X = \{x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,y\}$,
\item $\varphi_0 = \textsc{exactly}_1(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4)$,
\item $\Sigma = \{\mathit{coin}_1,\mathit{coin}_2,\mathit{coin}_3,\mathit{coin}_4\}$,
\item $F = \{\mathit{d}\}$ where $\mathit{d}(\mathit{coin}_i) = x_i$
for every $1 \leq i \leq 4$,
\item $T = \{t_1,t_2\}$ where
\begin{itemize}
\item[] $t_1 = (2,\Sigma^{\dis{2}},\{\varphi_<,\varphi_=,\varphi_> \})$
\item[] $t_2 = (4,\Sigma^{\dis{4}},\{\psi_<,\psi_=,\psi_> \})$
\end{itemize}
and
\begin{itemize}
\item[] \makebox[1.5em][l]{$\varphi_<$}
$ = \ (\mathit{d}(\$1) \wedge \neg y) \,\vee\, (\mathit{d}(\$2) \wedge y)$
\item[] \makebox[1.5em][l]{$\varphi_=$}
$ = \ \neg \mathit{d}(\$1)\, \wedge \,\neg \mathit{d}(\$2)$
\item[] \makebox[1.5em][l]{$\varphi_>$}
$ = \ (\mathit{d}(\$1) \wedge y) \,\vee\, (\mathit{d}(\$2) \wedge \neg y)$
\item[] \makebox[1.5em][l]{$\psi_<$}
$ = \ ((\mathit{d}(\$1) \vee \mathit{d}(\$2)) \wedge \neg y) \,\vee\,
((\mathit{d}(\$3) \vee \mathit{d}(\$4) \wedge y)$
\item[] \makebox[1.5em][l]{$\psi_=$}
$ = \ \neg \mathit{d}(\$1)\, \wedge \,\neg \mathit{d}(\$2)\, \wedge
\,\neg \mathit{d}(\$3)\, \wedge \,\neg \mathit{d}(\$4)$
\item[] \makebox[1.5em][l]{$\psi_>$}
$ = \ ((\mathit{d}(\$1) \vee \mathit{d}(\$2) )\wedge y) \,\vee\,
((\mathit{d}(\$3) \vee \mathit{d}(\$4) ) \wedge \neg y)$
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
Note that $t_1$ and $t_2$ correspond to weightings of $1+1$ and $2+2$
coins, respectively.
The formulae $\varphi_<$, $\varphi_=$, and $\varphi_>$ encode the
three possible outcomes of weighting $1+1$ coins. In particular,
$\varphi_<$ describes the outcome when the left pan is lighter; then
we learn that either the first coin is different and lighter, or
the second coin is different and heavier. If we put
$\vec{p} = (\mathit{coin}_4,\mathit{coin}_3)$, then $\varphi_<(\vec{p})$ is
the formula $(x_4 \wedge \neg y) \,\vee\, (x_3 \wedge y)$.
\end{example}
In the following, we also use $E$ to denote the set of all
\emph{experiment instances} (or just \emph{experiments})
defined by
\[
E = \{(t,\vec{p}) \mid t \in T,\ \vec{p} \mbox{ is an instance of } t \}.
\]
Note that Definition~\ref{def-game} does not impose any restrictions
on the structure of parameterized experiments. In general, the
knowledge accumulated by performing experiments
may even become inconsistent. Obviously, it makes no sense to
``solve'' such wrongly specified games. In our next definition we
introduce a subset of \emph{well-formed} deductive games where
no consistency problems arise. Intuitively, we require that for each
valuation of $\mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)$, every experiment produces
exactly one valid outcome.
\begin{definition}
\label{def-well-formed}
We say that a deductive game $\mathcal{G} = (X,\varphi_0,\Sigma,F,T)$ is
\emph{well-formed} if for every $v \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)$
and every experiment $(t,\vec{p}) \in E$
there is exactly one outcome $\psi$ of $t$ such that
$v(\psi(\vec{p})) = \mathit{true}$.
\end{definition}
\noindent
Deductive games that correctly encode meaningful problems
(such as the game of Example~\ref{exa-coins}) are well-formed,
so this condition is not restrictive.
Still, our tool \textsc{Cobra} (see Section~\ref{sec-exp}) verifies that
the game on input is well-formed by invoking an optimized algorithm
which only considers a subset of experiments which represents $E$
up to a suitable ``experiment equivalence'' (see Section~\ref{sec-equiv}).
\section{Preliminaries}
\label{sec-prelim}
The set of all positive integers is denoted by $\mathbb{N}$.
For a given set $\Sigma$, we use $|\Sigma|$ to denote the cardinality
of $\Sigma$, and $\Sigma^*$ to denote the set of all finite sequences
(words) over $\Sigma$. In particular, $\varepsilon \in \Sigma^*$ denotes
the empty word. For a given $k \in \mathbb{N}$, the set of all
\mbox{$k$-tuples} of elements in~$\Sigma$ is denoted by
$\Sigma^k$. The $i$-th component of
$\vec{p} \in \Sigma^k$ is denoted by $\vec{p}_i$ for all
$1 \leq i \leq k$. We also use $\Sigma^{\dis{k}}$ to denote the
subset of $\Sigma^k$ consisting of all $\vec{p} \in \Sigma^k$
such that the components of $\vec{p}$ are pairwise different.
Given $\vec{p} \in \Sigma^k$ and $\vec{q} \in \Sigma^m$, we write
$\vec{p}\vec{q}$ to denote the tuple $\vec{r} \in \Sigma^{k+m}$
where $\vec{r}_i = \vec{p}_i$ for all $1 \leq i \leq k$ and
$\vec{r}_{k+i} =\vec{q}_i$ for all $1 \leq i \leq m$. We also
write $\vec{p}[i/a]$ to denote the tuple which is the same as
$\vec{p}$ except that $\vec{p}[i/a]_i = a$.
The set of all total functions from $\Sigma$ to $X$, where $X$
is a set, is denoted by $X^{\Sigma}$.
We assume familiarity with basic notions of propositional logic.
Given a set $A$, the set of all propositional formulae over $A$
is denoted by $\textsc{Form}(A)$. Apart of standard Boolean connectives,
we also use the operator $\textsc{exactly}_i$, where $i \in \mathbb{N}$, such that
$\textsc{exactly}_i(\varphi_1,\ldots,\varphi_m)$ is true iff exactly $i$ of
the formulae $\varphi_1,\ldots,\varphi_m$ are true.
For technical convenience, we assume that \emph{all}
Boolean connectives used in formulae of $\textsc{Form}(A)$ are commutative.
That is, we allow for $\neg,\wedge,\vee,\textsc{exactly}_i,\ldots$, but we
forbid implication which must be expressed using the allowed operators.
For a given formula $\varphi \in \textsc{Form}(A)$, we use
$\mathit{Val}(\varphi)$ to denote the set of all valuations of $A$
satisfying $\varphi$. We write $\varphi \approx \psi$ and
$\varphi \equiv \psi$ to denote that $\varphi$ and $\psi$ are
semantically and syntactically equivalent, respectively, and we
extend this notation also to sets of formulae. Hence, if $\Phi,\Psi$
are sets of formulae, then $\Phi \approx \Psi$ and $\Phi \equiv \Psi$
means that the two sets are the same up to the respective equivalence.
The syntactic equivalence $\equiv$ is considered modulo basic
identities such as commutativity or associativity.
\section{Solving Deductive Games}
\label{sec-solving}
Now we introduce the notion of codebreaker's strategy,
explain what we mean by solving a deductive game, and then define
some special types of strategies that are important for purposes
of automatic strategy synthesis.
For the rest of this section, we fix a well-formed deductive game $\mathcal{G}
= (X,\varphi_0,\Sigma,F,T)$. For every experiment $e = (t,\vec{p})$,
we use $\Phi(e)$ to denote the set of \mbox{$\vec{p}$-instances}
of all outcomes of~$t$. An \emph{evaluated experiment} is a pair
$(e,\xi)$, where $\xi \in \Phi(e)$. The set of all evaluated
experiments is denoted by $\Omega$.
Intuitively, the game $\mathcal{G}$ is played as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item[1.] The codemaker selects a secret code $v \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)$.
\item[2.] The codebreaker selects the next experiment $e \in E$.
\item[3.] The codemaker evaluates the experiment $e$ against $v$
and returns the resulting evaluated experiment $(e,\xi)$.
\item[4.] If the codemaker has enough information to determine~$v$,
the play ends. Otherwise, it continues with Step~2.
\end{itemize}
We assume that the only information available to the codebreaker
is the history of evaluated experiments played so far. This is reflected
in the next definition.
\begin{definition}
\label{def-strategy}
A \emph{strategy} is a (total) function $\sigma : \Omega^* \rightarrow E$
which specifies the next experiment for a given finite history of
evaluated experiments.
\end{definition}
Every strategy $\sigma$ determines the associated \emph{decision tree},
denoted by $\mathit{Tree}_\sigma$, where the internal nodes are labelled by
experiments, the leaves are labeled by valuations of $\mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)$,
and the edges are labeled by evaluated experiments. For every node
$u$ of $\mathit{Tree}_\sigma$, let
$
\lambda_u^\sigma = (e_1,\xi_1),\dots,(e_n,\xi_n)
$
be the unique sequence of evaluated experiments that label the edges
of the unique finite path from the root of $\mathit{Tree}_\sigma$ to~$u$ (note that
if $u$ is the root, then $\lambda_u^\sigma = \varepsilon$). We also use
$\Psi_u^\sigma$ to denote the formula
$
\varphi_0 \wedge \xi_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge \xi_n
$.
The structure of $\mathit{Tree}_\sigma$ is completely determined by the following
conditions that must be satisfied by $\mathit{Tree}_\sigma$:
\begin{itemize}
\item For every node $u$ of $\mathit{Tree}_\sigma$, the label of $u$ is either
$\sigma(\lambda_u^\sigma)$ or the only valuation of $\mathit{Val}(\Psi_u^\sigma)$,
depending on whether \mbox{$|\mathit{Val}(\Psi_u^\sigma)| > 1$} or not, respectively.
\item Every node $u$ of $\mathit{Tree}_\sigma$ labeled by $e \in E$ has a unique
successor $u_\xi$ for each $\xi \in \Phi(e)$ such that
the formula $\Psi_u^\sigma \wedge \xi$ is still satisfiable. The edge from $u$
to $u_\xi$ is labeled by $(e,\xi)$.
\end{itemize}
Note that different nodes/edges may have the same labels, and
$\mathit{Tree}_\sigma$ may contain infinite paths in general.
\begin{example}
\label{exa-tree}
Consider the game $\mathcal{G}$ of Example~\ref{exa-coins}. A decision tree for
a simple strategy $\sigma$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig-tree}
(we write just $i$ instead
of $\mathit{coin}_i$, and we use $i,\ell$ (or $i,h$) to denote the valuation
of $\mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)$ which sets $x_i$ to $\mathit{true}$ and $y$ to $\mathit{false}$
(or to $\mathit{true}$, respectively). Note that $\sigma$ discovers the secret
code by performing at most three experiments. Also note that some internal
nodes have only two successors, because the third outcome is impossible.
\end{example}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1.2cm,y=1.5cm,font=\scriptsize]
\node (E1) at (0,0) [n] {$e_1 =(t_1,(1,2))$};
\node (E2l) at (-2,-1) [n] {$e_2 =(t_1,(1,3))$};
\node (E2c) at (0,-1) [n] {$e_2 =(t_1,(1,3))$};
\node (E3) at (2,-1) [n] {$e_3 =(t_1,(2,4))$};
\node (E4) at (0,-3) [n] {$e_4 =(t_1,(1,4))$};
\node (L1) at (-3,-2) [l] {$1,\ell$};
\node (L2) at (-1.5,-2) [l] {$2,h$};
\node (L3) at (-2,-3) [l] {$3,h$};
\node (L4) at (2,-3) [l] {$3,\ell$};
\node (L5) at (1.5,-2) [l] {$2,\ell$};
\node (L6) at (3,-2) [l] {$1,h$};
\node (L7) at (-1,-4) [l] {$4,h$};
\node (L8) at (1,-4) [l] {$4,\ell$};
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E1) -- +(-2,-.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_1,\varphi_{<}(1,2))$} (E2l);
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E1) -- +(0,-.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_1,\varphi_{=}(1,2))$} (E2c);
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E1) -- +(2,-.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_1,\varphi_{>}(1,2))$} (E3);
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E2l) -- +(.5,-.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_2,\varphi_{=}(1,3))$} (L2);
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E2l) -- +(-1,-.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_2,\varphi_{<}(1,3))$} (L1);
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E3) -- +(-.5,-.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_3,\varphi_{<}(2,4))$} (L5);
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E3) -- +(1,-.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_3,\varphi_{=}(2,4))$} (L6);
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E2c) -- +(-1,-1.3) -- +(-2,-1.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_2,\varphi_{<}(1,3))$} (L3);
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E2c) -- +(1,-1.3) -- +(2,-1.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_2,\varphi_{>}(1,3))$} (L4);
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E2c) -- +(0,-1.3) -- +(0,-1.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_2,\varphi_{=}(1,3))$} (E4);
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E4) -- +(-1,-.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_4,\varphi_{<}(1,4))$} (L7);
\draw [tran,rounded corners] (E4) -- +(1,-.3) -- node[e]
{$(e_4,\varphi_{>}(1,4))$} (L8);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\caption{A decision tree for a simple strategy.}
\label{fig-tree}
\end{figure}
Since $\mathcal{G}$ is well-formed, every strategy $\sigma$ and every
$v \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)$ determine a unique (finite or infinite)
path $u_1,u_2,u_3,\ldots$ initiated in the root of $\mathit{Tree}_\sigma$,
which intuitively correspond to a \emph{play} of $\mathcal{G}$ where the codemaker
selects the secret code~$v$. We use
\[
\lambda_{v}^\sigma = (e_1,\xi_1),(e_2,\xi_2),(e_3,\xi_3),\ldots
\]
to denote the associated sequence of evaluated experiments (i.e.,
$(e_i,\xi_i)$ is the label of $(u_i,u_{i+1})$; we also use
$\lambda_{v}^\sigma(i)$ to denote the $i$-th evaluated experiment of
$\lambda_{v}^\sigma$). The length of $\lambda_{v}^\sigma$ is denoted by
$\#\lambda_{v}^\sigma$.
Further, for every $k \leq \#\lambda_{v}^\sigma$,
we use $\Psi_{v}^\sigma[k]$ to denote
the formula $\Psi_{u_k}^\sigma$ which represents the knowledge
accumulated after evaluating the first $k$~experiments.
Now we can also define the
\emph{worst/average case complexity of~$\sigma$}, denoted by
$\mathcal{C}_{\mathit{worst}}(\sigma)$ and $\mathcal{C}_{\mathit{avg}}(\sigma)$, in the following way:
\begin{align*}
\mathcal{C}_{\mathit{worst}}(\sigma) & =
\max \{ \#\lambda_{v}^\sigma \mid v \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)\}\\
\mathcal{C}_{\mathit{avg}}(\sigma) & =
\frac{\sum_{v \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)} \#\lambda_{v}^\sigma}{|\mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)|}
\end{align*}
Note that the worst/average case complexity of $\sigma$ is finite iff
\emph{every} $v \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)$ is discovered by $\sigma$ after a finite
number of experiments.
\begin{definition}
\label{def-optimal}
We say that $\mathcal{G}$ is \emph{solvable} iff there exists a strategy
$\sigma$ with a finite worst/average case complexity.
Further, we say that a strategy $\sigma$ is \emph{worst case optimal} iff for
every strategy $\sigma'$ we have that $\mathcal{C}_{\mathit{worst}}(\sigma) \leq \mathcal{C}_{\mathit{worst}}(\sigma')$.
Similarly, $\sigma$ is \emph{average case optimal} iff
$\mathcal{C}_{\mathit{avg}}(\sigma) \leq \mathcal{C}_{\mathit{avg}}(\sigma')$ for every strategy $\sigma'$.
\end{definition}
\noindent
For example, the strategy~$\sigma$ of Example~\ref{exa-tree} is worst case
optimal (cf.{} the lower bound of Dyson \cite{Dyson:coins-MG} mentioned
in Section~\ref{sec-intro}).
In general, a codebreaker's strategy may depend not only on the outcomes
of previously evaluated experiments, but also on their order. Now we
show that the codebreaker can actually ``ignore'' all aspects
of a play except for the accumulated knowledge.
\begin{definition}
\label{def-knowledge}
A strategy $\sigma$ is \emph{knowledge-based} if for all
$v_1,v_2 \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)$ and $k \in \mathbb{N}$ such that
$\Psi_{v_1}^\sigma[k] \approx \Psi_{v_2}^\sigma[k]$ we have that
$
\sigma(\lambda_{v_1}^\sigma(1),\ldots,\lambda_{v_1}^\sigma(k)) \ = \
\sigma(\lambda_{v_2}^\sigma(1),\ldots,\lambda_{v_2}^\sigma(k))
$.
\end{definition}
\noindent
Observe that a knowledge-based strategy depends only on
the \emph{semantics} of accumulated knowledge in a play.
Let $\textsc{Know} \subseteq \textsc{Form}(X)$ be the set of all formulae
representing an accumulated knowledge, i.e.,
$\textsc{Know}$ consists of all $\Psi_{v}^\sigma[k]$ where
$\sigma$ is a strategy, $v \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)$, and $k \in \mathbb{N}$.
Every knowledge-based strategy $\sigma$ can then be equivalently
defined as a function $\tau : \textsc{Know} \rightarrow E$ where
$\tau(\Psi_{v}^\sigma[k]) = \sigma(\lambda_{v}^\sigma(1),\ldots,
\lambda_{v}^\sigma(k))$, and for all
equivalent $\varphi_1,\varphi_2 \in \textsc{Know}$ we have that
$\tau(\varphi_1) = \tau(\varphi_2)$. In the rest of this paper,
we adopt this alternative definition,
and we use $\tau$ to range over knowledge-based strategies.
The next theorem says that knowledge-based strategies are equally powerful
as general strategies.
\begin{theorem}
\label{thm-knowledge}
Let $\mathcal{G}$ be a well-formed deductive game. For every strategy $\sigma$
there exists a knowledge-based strategy $\tau$ such that for every
$v \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)$ we have that
$\#\lambda_{v}^\tau \leq \#\lambda_{v}^\sigma$.
\end{theorem}
\noindent
Consequently, for every well-formed deductive game there exist
worst/average case optimal strategies that are knowledge-based.
For purposes of automatic strategy synthesis, abstract
knowledge-based strategies are not sufficiently workable.
Intuitively, a knowledge-based strategy somehow ``ranks'' the
outcomes of available experiments and tries to identify
the most promising experiment which decreases the ``uncertainty''
of the accumulated knowledge as much as possible. The notion
of ``ranking'' is not explicitly captured in
Definition~\ref{def-knowledge}. Therefore, we also introduce
\emph{ranking} strategies, which are equally powerful as
knowledge-based strategies, but reflect the above intuition
explicitly.
For every accumulated knowledge $\varphi \in \textsc{Know}$ and every experiment
$e \in E$, we define the set
\[
\mathit{Updates}[\varphi,e]= \{\varphi \wedge \xi \mid \xi \in \Phi(e)\}
\]
which represents possible ``updates'' in the accumulated
knowledge that can be obtained by performing~$e$. Every
experiment $e$ is then ranked by a fixed \emph{ranking function}
\mbox{$r : 2^{\textsc{Know}} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$} which is applied to
the set $\mathit{Updates}[\varphi,e]$. The corresponding \mbox{$r$-ranking} strategy
selects an experiment with the minimal rank; if there are several
candidates, some fixed auxiliary total ordering $\preceq$ over $E$
is used, and the least candidate w.r.t.{}~$\preceq$ is selected.
\begin{definition}
\label{def-ranking}
Let $\mathit{r} : 2^{\textsc{Know}} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a \emph{ranking function},
and $\preceq$ a total ordering over the set $E$ of all experiments.
A \emph{ranking strategy determined by $\mathit{r}$ and
$\preceq$} is a function
\mbox{$\tau[\mathit{r},\preceq] : \textsc{Know} \rightarrow E$}
such that $\tau[\mathit{r},\preceq](\varphi)$ is the least
element of $\{ e\in E \mid \mathit{Updates}[\varphi,e] = \mathit{Min}\}$
w.r.t.{}~$\preceq$,
where $\mathit{Min} = \min \{\mathit{Updates}[\varphi,e'] \mid e' \in E\}$.
\end{definition}
\noindent
For every knowledge-based strategy $\tau$ there is an ``equivalent''
ranking strategy $\tau[\mathit{r},\preceq]$ where, for all
$\varphi \in \textsc{Know}$ and $e \in E$, the value of
$r(\mathit{Updates}[\varphi,e])$ is either $0$ or $1$, depending
on whether $\mathit{Updates}[\varphi,e]$ is equal to
$\mathit{Updates}[\varphi,\tau(\varphi)]$ or not, respectively. The ordering
$\preceq$ can be chosen arbitrarily. One can easily show that
for every $v \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi_0)$ we have that
$\#\lambda_{v}^\tau = \#\lambda_{v}^{\tau[r,\preceq]}$. So, ranking
strategies are equally powerful as knowledge-based strategies
and hence also general strategies. In particular, there exist
worst/average case optimal ranking strategies, but it is not
clear what kind of ranking functions they need to employ.
Now we introduce several distinguished ranking functions.
They generalize concepts previously used for solving Mastermind,
and there are also two new rankings based on the number of fixed
variables. The associated ranking strategies
always use the lexicographical ordering over $E$
determined by some fixed linear orderings over the sets $T$
and~$\Sigma$.
\begin{itemize}
\item $\textbf{max-models}(\Psi) = \max_{\psi \in \Psi} |\mathit{Val}(\psi)|$.
The associated ranking strategy minimizes the worst-case number
of remaining secret codes. For Mastermind, this was suggested
by Knuth~\cite{Knuth:Mastermind-JRM}.
\item $\textbf{exp-models}(\Psi) =
\frac{\sum_{\psi \in \Psi} |\mathit{Val}(\psi)|^2}{\sum_{\psi \in \Psi} |\mathit{Val}(\psi)|}$.
The associated ranking strategy minimizes the expected number
of remaining secret codes. For Mastermind, this was suggested
by Irwing~\cite{Irving:Mastermind-JRM}.
\item $\textbf{ent-models}(\Psi) =
\sum_{\psi \in \Psi} \frac{|\mathit{Val}(\psi)|}{N} \cdot
\log(\frac{|\mathit{Val}(\psi)|}{N})$, where $N = \sum_{\psi \in \Psi}|\mathit{Val}(\psi)|$.
The associated ranking strategy minimizes the entropy of the numbers
of remaining secret codes. For Mastermind, this was suggested
by Neuwirth~\cite{Neuwirth:Mastermind-ZOR}.
\item $\textbf{parts}(\Psi) = -|\{\psi \in \Psi \mid \psi \mbox{ is
satisfiable} \}|$. The associated ranking strategy minimizes the
number of satisfiable outcomes. For Mastermind, this was suggested
by Kooi~\cite{Kooi:Mastermind-ICGA}.
\end{itemize}
We say that a variable $x \in X$ is \emph{fixed} in a formula $\varphi
\in \textsc{Form}(X)$ if $x$ is set to the same value by all valuations
satisfying $\varphi$ (i.e., for all $v,v' \in \mathit{Val}(\varphi)$ we have
that $v(x) = v'(x)$). The set of all variables that are fixed in
$\varphi$ is denoted by $\mathit{Fix}(\varphi)$. We consider two ranking
functions based on the number of fixed variables.
\begin{itemize}
\item $\textbf{min-fixed}(\Psi) =
- \min_{\psi \in \Psi} |\mathit{Fix}(\psi)|$. The associated ranking function
maximizes the number of fixed variables.
\item $\textbf{exp-fixed}(\Psi) =
- \frac{\sum_{\psi \in \Psi} |\mathit{Val}(\psi)|\cdot|\mathit{Fix}(\psi)|}%
{\sum_{\psi \in \Psi}|\mathit{Val}(\psi)|}$. The associated ranking function
maximizes the expected number of fixed variables.
\end{itemize}
Intuitively, a ``good'' ranking function should satisfy two requirements:
\begin{itemize}
\item The associateted ranking strategy should have a low worst/average
case complexity (see Definition~\ref{def-optimal}). Ideally, it
should be optimal.
\item The ranking function should be easy to evaluate for a given
experiment~$e$. This is crucial for automatic strategy synthesis.
\end{itemize}
Obviously, there is a conflict in these two requirement. For example,
the $\textbf{max-models}$ ranking often produces a rather efficient
strategy, but the number of satisfying valuations of a given
propositional formula is hard to compute. On the other hand,
$\textbf{min-fixed}$ ranking produces a good ranking strategy
only in some cases (e.g., for CCP and its variants), but it is relatively
easy to compute with modern SAT solvers even for large formulae.
We explain these issues in greater detail in the next two~sections,
where we also provide some experimental results.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
}
| 582
|
\section{\protect\bigskip Introduction}
\
\subsection{Brief history of the Veneziano amplitudes}
\bigskip
As is well known, the origins of modern string theory can be traced back to
the 4-particle scattering amplitude $A(s,t,u)$ \ postulated by Veneziano in
1968 [1]. Up to a common constant factor, it is given by
\begin{equation}
A(s,t,u)=V(s,t)+V(s,u)+V(t,u), \tag{1}
\end{equation}%
where
\begin{equation}
V(s,t)=\int\limits_{0}^{1}x^{-\alpha (s)-1}(1-x)^{-\alpha (t)-1}dx\equiv
B(-\alpha (s),-\alpha (t)) \tag{2}
\end{equation}%
is the Euler beta function and $\alpha (x)$ is the Regge trajectory usually
written as $\alpha (x)=\alpha (0)+\alpha ^{\prime }x$ with $\alpha (0)$ and $%
\alpha ^{\prime }$ being the Regge slope and intercept, respectively. In the
case of space-time metric with signature $\{-,+,+,+\}$ the Mandelstam
variables $s$, $t$ and $u$ entering the Regge trajectory are defined by [2]
\begin{equation}
s=-(p_{1}+p_{2})^{2};\text{ }t=-(p_{2}+p_{3})^{2};\text{ }%
u=-(p_{3}+p_{1})^{2}. \tag{3}
\end{equation}%
The 4-momenta $p_{i}$\ are constrained by the energy-momentum conservation
law leading to relation between the Mandelstam variables:
\begin{equation}
s+t+u=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{4}m_{i}^{2}. \tag{4}
\end{equation}%
Veneziano [1] noticed\footnote{%
To get our Eq.(5) from Eq.(7) of Veneziano paper, it is sufficient to notice
that his $1-\alpha (s)$ corresponds to ours -$\alpha (s).$} that to fit
experimental data the Regge trajectories should obey the constraint
\begin{equation}
\alpha (s)+\alpha (t)+\alpha (u)=-1 \tag{5}
\end{equation}%
consistent with Eq.(4) in view of the definition of $\alpha (s).$ The
Veneziano condition, Eq.(5),\ can be rewritten in a more general form.
Indeed, let $m,n,l$ be some integers such that $\alpha (s)m+\alpha
(t)n+\alpha (u)l=0$. Then by adding this equation to Eq.(5) we obtain, $%
\alpha (s)\tilde{m}+\alpha (t)\tilde{n}+\alpha (u)\tilde{l}=-1,$ or more
generally, $\alpha (s)\tilde{m}+\alpha (t)\tilde{n}+\alpha (u)\tilde{l}+%
\tilde{k}\cdot 1=0.$ Both equations have been studied extensively in the
book by Stanley [3] from the point of view of commutative algebra,
polytopes, toric varieties, invariants of finite groups, etc. Although this
observation is \ entirely sufficient for restoration of the underlying
physical model(s) reproducing these amplitudes, development of
string-theoretic models reproducing such amplitudes proceeded historically
quite differently. In this work, we abandon these more traditional
approaches in favour of taking the full advantage of combinatorial ideas
presented in Ref.[3]. This allows us to obtain models reproducing Veneziano
amplitudes \ which are markedly different from those known in traditional
string-theoretic literature.
In 1967-a year before Veneziano's paper was published- the paper [4] by
Chowla and Selberg appeared relating Euler's beta function to the periods of
elliptic integrals. The result by Chowla and Selberg was generalized by
Andre Weil whose two influential papers [5,6] brought into the picture the
periods of Jacobians of the Abelian varieties, Hodge rings, etc. Being
motivated by these papers, Benedict Gross wrote a paper [7] in which the
beta function appears as period associated with the differential form
\textquotedblright living\textquotedblright\ on the Jacobian of the Fermat
curve. His results as well as those by Rohrlich (placed in the appendix to
Gross paper) have been subsequently documented in the book by Lang [8].
Perhaps, because in the paper by Gross the multidimensional extension of
beta function was considered only briefly, e.g.[7],p.207, the computational
details were not provided. These details can be found in our recently
published papers, Refs.[9,10,11]. To obtain the multidimensional extension
of beta function as period integral, following the logic of papers by Gross
and Deligne [12], one needs to replace the Fermat curve by the Fermat
hypersufrace, to embed it into the complex projective space, and to treat it
as K\"{a}hler manifold. The differential forms living on such manifold are
associated with the periods of Fermat hypersurface. Physical considerations
require this K\"{a}hler manifold to be of the Hodge type. In his lecture
notes [12] Deligne noticed that the Hodge theory needs some essential
changes (e.g. mixed Hodge structures, etc.) if the Hodge-K\"{a}hler
manifolds possess singularities. Such modifications may be needed upon
development of our formalism. A monograph by Carlson et al, Ref.[13],
contains an up to date exaustive information regarding such modifications,
etc. Fortunately, to obtain the multiparticle Veneziano amplitudes these
complications are not essential. In Ref.[10] we demonstrated that the period
integrals living on Fermat hypersurfaces, when properly interpreted, provide
the tachyon-free (Veneziano-like) multiparticle amplitudes whose particle
spectrum reproduces those known for both the open and closed bosonic
strings. Naturally, the question arises: If this is so, then what kind of
models are capable of reproducing such amplitudes ?\ In this paper we would
like to discuss some combinatorial properties of the Veneziano (and
Veneziano-like) amplitudes sufficient for reproducing \ at least two of such
models: symplectic and supersymmetric. Mathematically, the results presented
below are in accord with those by Vergne [14] whose work does not contain
practical applications. Before studying these models, we would like to make
some comments about the place of Veneziano amplitudes and, hence, of
whatever models associated with these amplitudes, within the Regge formalism
\ developed for description of scattering processes in high energy physics.
This is accomplished in the next subsection.
\
\subsection{The Regge theory, theorem by Froissart, quantum gravity and the
standard model}
\bigskip
As is well known, all information in particle physics is obtainable through
proper interpretation of the scattering data.The optical theorem (see below)
allows one to connect the imajinary part of the scattering amplitude with
the total crossection $\sigma .$ By measuring this crossection
experimentally one can obtain some information about the scattering
amplitudes. Additional useful information can be obtained by collecting data
for differential crossections, by using the dispersion relations, etc.[15].\
\ There is an unproven common belief that in the limit of high energies
\textsl{all} scattering processes are adequately described by the Regge
theory [16, 17]. The Veneziano amplitude \textsl{by design} is Regge
behaving [1]. To our knowledge, the proof that in the limit of high energies
scattering amplitudes are Regge behaving had been obtained \ only for some
special cases [16,17], including that of QCD [18]. Since, irrespective to
their mathematical nature, all string theories are based on this ( generally
unproven!) belief of the validity of the Regge theory, they can be as much
trusted (even if totally correct mathematically !) as can be the Regge
theory.
In the Regge theory the experimental data are presented using the
Chew-Frautchi (C-F) plot, Ref.[16], pp. 144-145. On this plot one plots the
Regge trajectories. Such trajectories relate particles with the same
internal quantum numbers but with different spin (or angular momentum). From
the standard string textbook, Ref.[2], it is known that for the open bosonic
string the Regge trajectory is given by $\alpha (s)=\alpha (0)+\alpha
^{\prime }s$ \ (in accord with Eq.(2) above). It is important though that $%
\alpha (0)=1$ and $\alpha ^{\prime }=1/2$ for the \textsl{open} string while
$\alpha (0)=2$ and $\alpha ^{\prime }=1/4$ for the \textsl{closed} string.
In known string-theoretic formulations the numerical values of these
parameters \textsl{cannot} be adjusted to fit the available experimental
data since their values are deeply connected with the existing
string-theoretic formalism [2] and, hence, are not readily adjustable. In
the meantime, for high energies currently available it is known, e.g. read
Ref.[15], p. 41, that $\alpha (s)=0.7+0.8s$ or \ $\alpha (s)=0.44+0.92s$ \
for typical Regge tragectories. Claims made by some string theoreticians
that the available range of high energies is not sufficient to test the
predictions provided by the existing string theories cannot be justified
because of the following.
One of the major reasons for development of string theory, according to
Ref.[2], lies in developing of consitent theory of quantum gravity. Indeed,
in the case of closed bosonic string the massless (i.e. $s=0$) spin two
graviton occurs in the string spectrum only if $\alpha (0)=2.$This fact
alone fixes the value of the Regge intercept $\alpha (0)$ on the C-F plot to
its value : $\alpha (0)=2.$ As plausible as it is, such an identification
creates some major problems.
Indeed, in the case of $2\rightarrow 2$ scattering process the total cross
section for the elastic scattering in $s$-channel (in view of the optical
theorem, e.g. see Ref.[15], p. 47) is given by
\begin{equation}
\sigma (s)\sim s^{-1}\func{Im}A(s,t=0), \tag{6}
\end{equation}%
where the scattering amplitude $A(s,t)$ is either postulated (as in the case
of Veneziano amplitude) or determined from some model (e.g.\ the standard
string model [2], etc.). The above expression is valid rigorously at \textsl{%
any} energy. In the limit $s\rightarrow \infty $ the Regge theory provides
the estimate for this exact result :
\begin{equation}
\sigma (s)=cs^{\alpha (t=0)-1}, \tag{7}
\end{equation}%
where $c$ is some constant. As it is with all processes described by the
Regge theory [15-17], physically this result means the following : the
analytical behaviour of the amplitude for elastic scattering in the $s$%
-channel is controlled (through the exponent in Eq.(7)) by the resonance in $%
t-$channel. In particular, if the resonance is caused by the graviton this
leads the total crossection to behave as: $\sigma (s)=cs.$ Unfortunately,
the obtained result violates the theorem by Froissart. It can be stated as
follows (e.g. see Ref.[16], p.53) :
\
\bigskip
\textbf{Theorem 1.1. (}Froissart\textbf{) }In the high energy limit : $%
s\rightarrow \infty $ the total crossection $\sigma (s)$ in s-channel is
bounded by $\sigma (s)_{s\rightarrow \infty }\leq const\log (s/s_{0})$ \
where $s_{0}$ is some (prescribed) energy scale.
\bigskip
Evidently, even if the current efforts (based on commonly accepted
formalism) to construct mathematically meaningful string/brane theory
eventually might succeed, such a theory will contradict the Froissart
theorem for reasons just described. Hence, either this theorem is incorrect
and should be reconsidered or the underlying assumptions of string theory
regarding gravitons are incorrect.
\
\textbf{Remark 1.2}. The way out from this situation was recently developed
in our recent work, Ref.[18], where new equivalence principle for gravity is
proposed based on known rigorous mathematical results. This new equivalence
principle has major implications for the standard model of particle physics
[19]. Since \ physical predictions based this model are in agreement with
the Froissart theorem already, the results of Ref.[18] effectively convert
the existing standard model into a unified field theory accounting for all
four types of known fundamental interactions and being manifestly
renormalizable and gauge-invariant.
\
Incidentally, the intercept $\alpha (0)=1$ for the open string theory does
have some physical significance. Indeed, in this case use of Eq.(7) produces
$\sigma (s)=c^{\prime }$ where $c^{\prime }$ is yet another constant. Such
high energy begaviour is typical for the \textit{pomeron}-a hypothetical
particle like object predicted by Pomeranchuk- still undinscovered [15,17].
Additional ramifications of Pomeranchuk's work have lead to the prediction
of the companion of the pomeron-the \textit{oddero}n [20].
In addition to the difficulty with the Froissart theorem, just described,
the existing string-theoretic models suffer from several no less serious
drawbacks. For instance, the Regge theory in general and the Veneziano
amplitude (a precursor of the string model) in particular states that in
addition to the leading (\textit{parent}) \ Regge trajectory there should be
\textit{countable infinity} of \textit{daughter} trajectories-all lying
below the parent trajectory. Nowhere in string-theoretic literature were we
able to find a mention or an explanation of this fact. Experimentally,
however, typically for each parent trajectory there are only few daughter
trajectories. In this work we shall provide a plausible theoretical
explanation of this fact based on the mirror symmetry arguments. We \ would
like to emphasize that since the models reproducing Veneziano amplitudes
discussed below differ from those commonly discussed in string-theoretic
literature, the numerical values for the slope $\alpha ^{\prime }$ and the
intercept $\alpha (0)$ of the Regge trajectories can be readily adjusted to
fit the experimental data. This is in accord with the original work by
Veneziano [1] where no restrictions on the slope and intercept were imposed.
\subsection{Organization of the rest of this paper}
The rest of this work is organized as follows. Section 2 begins with some
facts revealing the combinatorial nature of Veneziano amplitudes. This is
achieved by connecting them with generating function for the Ehrhart
polynomial whose properties are described in some detail in the same
section. Such a polynomial counts the number of points inside the rational
polytope (i.e. polytope whose vertices are located at the nodes of the
regular $k-$dimensional lattice) and at its boundaries (faces). In the
present case the polytope is a regular simplex which is a deformation
retract for the Fermat-type (hyper) surface living in the complex projective
space [9,10]. Next, using general properties of generating functions for the
Ehrhart polynomials for the rational polytopes we discuss possible
generalizations of the Veneziano amplitudes for polytopes other than a
simplex. This allows us to use some results by Batyrev [22, 23] and Hibi
\textbf{[}24] in order to introduce the mirror symmetry considerations
enabling us to exclude the countable infinity of daugher trajectories on the
C-F plot using mirror symmetry arguments.\ General ideas are illustraded on
the classical example of the pion-pion scattering [25] for which the
existing experimental data can be naturally explained with help of mirror
symmetry arguments. Next, in Section 3 we begin our reconstruction of the
models reproducing Veneziano and the generalized Veneziano amplitudes. It is
facilitated by known connections between the polytopes and dynamical systems
[14,26]. Development of these connections is proceeds through Sections 2-4
where we find the corresponding quantum mechanical system whose ground state
is degenerate with degeneracy factor being identified with the Ehrhart
polynomial. The obtained final result is in accord with that earlier
obtained by Vergne [14] whose work does not contain any physical
applications. In Section 5 the generating function for the Ehrhart
polynomial is reinterpreted in terms of the Poincar$e^{\prime }$ polynomial.
Such a polynomial is used, for instance, in the theory of invariants of
finite (pseudo)reflection groups [3,27]. Obtained indentification reveals
the topological and group-theoretic nature of the Veneziano amplitudes. To
strengthen this point of view, we use some results by Atiyah and Bott [28]
inspired by earlier work by Witten [29] on supersymmetric quantum mechanics.
They allow us to think about the Veneziano amplitudes using the therminology
of intersection theory [30]. This is consistent with earlier mentioned
interpretation of these amplitudes in terms of periods of the Fermat
(hyper)surface [9,10]. It also makes computation of these amplitudes
analogous to those for the Witten -Kontsevich model [31, 32], whose
refinements can be found in our earlier work, Ref.[33]. For the sake of
space, in this work we do not develop these connections with the Witten-
Kontsevich model any further. Interested reader may find them in Ref.[34].
Instead, we discuss the supersymmetric model associated with symplectic
model described earlier and treat it with help of the Lefshetz isomorphism
theorem. This allows us to look at the problem of computation of the
spectrum for such a model from the point of view of the theory of
representations of the complex semisimple Lie algebras. Using some results
by Serre [35] and Ginzburg [36] we demonstrate that the ground state for
such finite dimensional supersymmetric quantum mechanical model is
degenerate with degeneracy factor coinciding with the Erhardt polynomial.
This result is consistent with that obtained in Section 4 by different
methods.
\section{The extended Veneziano amplitudes, the Ehrhart polynomial and
mirror symmetry}
\subsection{\protect\bigskip Combinatorics of the Veneziano amplitudes}
In view of Eq.(2), consider an identity taken from [37],
\begin{align}
\frac{1}{(1-tz_{0})\cdot \cdot \cdot (1-tz_{k})}& =(1+tz_{0}+\left(
tz_{0}\right) ^{2}+...)\cdot \cdot \cdot (1+tz_{n}+\left( tz_{n}\right)
^{2}+...) \notag \\
& =\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty
}(\sum\limits_{k_{0}+...+k_{k}=n}z_{0}^{k_{0}}\cdot \cdot \cdot
z_{k}^{k_{k}})t^{n}. \tag{8}
\end{align}%
When $z_{0}=...=z_{k}=1,$the inner sum in the last expression provides the
total number of monomials of the type $z_{0}^{k_{0}}\cdot \cdot \cdot
z_{k}^{k_{k}}$ with $k_{0}+...+k_{k}=n$. The total number of such monomials
is given by the binomial coefficient\footnote{%
The reason for displaying 3 different forms of the same combinatorial factor
will be explained shortly below.}
\begin{equation}
p(k,n)=\frac{\left( k+n\right) !}{k!n!}=\frac{(n+1)(n+2)\cdot \cdot \cdot
(n+k)}{k!}=\frac{(k+1)(k+2)\cdot \cdot \cdot (k+n)}{n!}. \tag{9}
\end{equation}%
For this special case Eq.(8) is converted to a useful expansion,
\begin{equation}
P(k,t)\equiv \frac{1}{\left( 1-t\right) ^{k+1}}=\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty
}p(k,n)t^{n}. \tag{10}
\end{equation}%
In view of the integral representation of the beta function given by Eq.(2),
\ we replace $k+1$ by $\alpha (s)+1$ in Eq.(10) and use it in the beta
function representation of the amplitude $V(s,t)$. Straightforward
calculation produces the following known in string theory result [2]:
\begin{equation}
V(s,t)=-\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty }p(\alpha (s),n)\frac{1}{\alpha (t)-n}.
\tag{11}
\end{equation}%
The r.h.s. of Eq.(11) is effectively the Laplace transform of the generating
function, Eq.(10).\textsl{\ Such generating function can be interpreted as a
partition function in the sence of} \textsl{statistical mechanics}.
\textsl{The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that such an
interpretation is not merely a conjecture} and, in view of this, \textsl{to
find the statisical mechanical/quantum model whose partition function is
given by} Eq.(10).
Our arguments are not restricted to the 4-particle amplitude. Indeed, as we
argued earlier [10,11], the multidimensional extension of Euler's beta
function producing murtiparticle Veneziano amplitudes (upon symmetrization
analogous to the 4-particle case) is given by the following integral
attributed to Dirichlet
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{D}(x_{1},...,x_{k})=\int \int\limits_{\substack{ u_{1}\geq
0,...,u_{k}\geq 0 \\ u_{1}\text{ }+\cdot \cdot \cdot +u_{k}\leq 1}}\unit{u}%
_{1}^{x_{1}-1}\unit{u}_{2}^{x_{2}-1}...\unit{u}%
_{k}^{x_{k}-1}(1-u_{1}-...-u_{k})^{x_{k+1}-1}du_{1}...du_{k}. \tag{12}
\end{equation}%
In this integral let $t=u_{1}+...+u_{k}$. This allows us to use already
familiar expansion Eq.(10). In addition, the following identity
\begin{equation}
t^{n}=(u_{1}+...+u_{k})^{n}=\sum\limits_{n=(n_{1},...,n_{k})}\frac{n!}{%
n_{1}!n_{2}!...n_{k}!}u_{1}^{n_{1}}\cdot \cdot \cdot u_{k}^{n_{k}} \tag{13}
\end{equation}%
with restriction $n=n_{1}+...+n_{k}$ is of importance as well. This type of
identity was used earlier in our work on Kontsevich-Witten model [33].
Moreover, from the same paper it follows that the above result can be
presented as well in the alternative useful form:
\begin{equation}
(u_{1}+...+u_{k})^{n}=\sum\limits_{\lambda \vdash k}f^{\lambda }S_{\lambda
}(u_{1},...,u_{k}), \tag{14}
\end{equation}%
where the Schur polynomial $S_{\lambda }$ is defined by
\begin{equation}
S_{\lambda }(u_{1},...,u_{k})=\sum\limits_{n=(n_{1},...,n_{k})}K_{\lambda
,n}u_{1}^{n_{1}}\cdot \cdot \cdot u_{k}^{n_{k}} \tag{15}
\end{equation}%
with coefficients $K_{\lambda ,n}$ known as Kostka numbers, $\ f^{\lambda }$
being the number of standard Young tableaux of shape $\lambda $ and the
notation $\lambda \vdash k$ meaning that $\lambda $ is partition of $k$.
Through such a connection with Schur polynomials one can develop connections
with the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) hierarchy of nonlinear exactly
integrable systems on one hand\ and with the theory of Schubert varieties on
another. \ Although details \ can be found in our earlier publications
[33,11], in this work we shall discuss these issues a bit further in Section%
\textbf{\ }5\textbf{. }Use of Eq.(13) in (12) produces, after performing the
multiple Laplace transform, the following part of the multiparticle
Veneziano amplitude
\begin{equation}
A(1,...k)=\frac{\Gamma _{n_{1}...n_{k}}(\alpha (s_{k+1}))}{(\alpha
(s_{1})-n_{1})\cdot \cdot \cdot (\alpha (s_{k})-n_{k})}. \tag{16}
\end{equation}%
Even though the residue $\Gamma _{n_{1}...n_{k}}(\alpha (s_{k+1}))$ contains
all the combinatorial factors, the obtained result should still be
symmetrized (in accord with the 4-particle case considered by Veneziano) in
order to obtain the full murtiparticle Veneziano amplitude. Since in the
above general multiparticle case the same expansion, Eq.(10), was used,\ for
the sake of space it is sufficient to focus on the 4-particle amplitude
only. This task is reduced to further study of the expansion given by
Eq.(10). Such an expansion can be looked upon from several different angles.
For instance, we have mentioned already that it can be interpreted as a
partition function. In addition, it is the generating function for the
Ehrhart polynomial. The combinatorial factor $p(k,n)$ defined in Eq.(9) is
the simplest example of the Ehrhart polynomial. Evidently, it can be written
formally as
\begin{equation}
p(k,n)=a_{n}k^{n}+a_{n-1}k^{n-1}+\cdot \cdot \cdot +a_{0}. \tag{17}
\end{equation}
\subsection{\protect\bigskip Some facts about the Ehrhart polynomials}
A type of expansion given by Eq.(17) is typical \ for \textsl{all} \
Ehrhart-type polynomials. Indeed, let $\mathcal{P}$ be \textit{any} convex
rational polytope that is the polytope whose vertices are located at the
nodes of some $n-$dimensional \textbf{Z}$^{n}$ lattice. Then, the Ehrhart
polynomial \ for the inflated polytope $\mathcal{P}$ (with coefficient of
inflation\textit{\ }$\mathit{k=1,2,..}$\textit{.}) can be written as
\begin{equation}
\left\vert k\mathcal{P}\cap \mathbf{Z}^{n}\right\vert =\mathfrak{P}%
(k,n)=a_{n}(\mathcal{P})k^{n}+a_{n-1}(\mathcal{P})k^{n-1}+\cdot \cdot \cdot
+a_{0}(\mathcal{P}) \tag{18}
\end{equation}%
with coefficients $a_{0},...,a_{n}$ being specific for a given type of
polytope $\mathcal{P}$. In the case of Veneziano amplitude the polynomial $%
p(k,n)$ counts number of points inside the $n-$dimensional inflated simplex
(with inflation coefficient $k=1,2,...$). Irrespective to the polytope type,
it is known [38] that $a_{0}=1$ and $a_{n}=Vol\mathcal{P},$ where $Vol%
\mathcal{P}$ is the $\mathit{Euclidean}$ volume of the polytope. These facts
can be easily checked directly for $p(k,n).$ To calculate the remaining
coefficients of such polynomial explicitly for arbitrary convex rational
polytope $\mathcal{P}$ is a difficult task in general. Such a task was
accomplished only recently in [39]. The authors of [39] recognized that in
order to obtain the remaining coefficients, it is useful to calculate the
generating function for the Ehrhart polynomial. Long before the results of
[39] were published, it was known [3,27], that the generating function for
the Ehrhart polynomial of $\mathcal{P}$ can be written in the following
universal form
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{P},x)=\sum\limits_{k=0}^{\infty }\mathfrak{P}(k,n)x^{k}=%
\frac{h_{0}(P)+h_{1}(P)x+\cdot \cdot \cdot +h_{n}(P)x^{n}}{(1-x)^{n+1}}.
\tag{19}
\end{equation}%
The above result \ leading to possible generalizations/extensions of the
Veneziano amplitudes does make physical sence as we shall demonstrate
momentarily. Additional details are also presented in Section 5.
The fact that the combinatorial factor $p(k,n)$ in Eq.(9) can be formally
written in several equivalent ways has physical significance. For instance,
in particle physics literature, e.g. see [2], the \textsl{third} option is
commonly used. Let us recall how this happens. One is looking for an
expansion of the factor $(1-x)^{-\alpha (t)-1}$ under the integral of beta
function, e.g. see Eq.(2). \ Looking at Eq.(19) one realizes that the Regge
variable $\alpha (t)$ plays the role of dimensionality of \textbf{Z-}
lattice. Hence, in view of Eq.(8), we have to identify it with $n$ $($or $k,$
in case if Eq.(8) is used) in the \textsl{second} option provided by Eq.(9).
This is not the way such an identification is done in physics literature
where, in fact, the \textsl{third} option\ in Eq.(9) is used with $k=\alpha
(t)$ \ being effectively the inflation factor while $n$ being\ effectively
the dimensionality of the lattice\footnote{%
We have to warn our readers that nowhere in physics literature such
combinatorial terminology is used to our knowledge.}. A quick look at
Eq.s(10) and (19) shows that under such circumstances the generating
function for the Ehrhart polynomial and that for the Veneziano amplitude are
formally \textsl{not} the same. In the first case one is dealing with
lattices of \textsl{fixed} dimensionality and is considering summation over
various inflation factors at the same time. In the second case (used in
physics literature [2]) one is dealing with the \textsl{fixed}\textit{\
inflation factor} $n=\alpha (t)$ while summing over lattices of different
dimensionalities. Nevertheless, such arguments are superficial in view of \
Eq.s(8) and (19) above. Using these equations it is clear that \textsl{%
mathematically correct} agreement between Eq.s(10) and (19) can be reached
only if one is using identification: $\mathfrak{P}(k,n)=p(k,n),$ with the
\textsl{second} option given by Eq.(7) selected. By doing so no changes in
the pole locations for the Veneziano amplitude occur. Moreover, for a given
pole the second and the third option in Eq.(9) produce exactly the same
contributions into the residue thus making them physically
indistinguishable. The interpretation of the Veneziano amplitude as the
Laplace transform of the Ehrhart polynomial generating function provides a
very compelling reason for development of the alternative string-theoretic
formalism. In addition, it allows us to think about possible generalizations
of the Veneziano amplitude using generating functions for the Ehrhart
polynomials for polytopes \textsl{other} than the $n-$dimensional inflated
simplex used for the Veneziano amplitudes. As it is demonstrated by Stanley
[3,27], Eq.(19) has a group invariant meaning as the Poincare$^{\prime }$
polynomial for the so called Stanley-Reisner polynomial ring.\footnote{%
In Section 5 we provide some additional details on this topic.}. This fact
alone makes generalization of the Veneziano amplitudes mathematically
plausible. From the same reference one can find connections of these results
with toric varieties. \ In view of \ Ref.[14], this observation is
sufficient for restoration of physical models reproducing the Veneziano and
Veneziano-like generalized amplitudes. Thus, in the rest of this paper we
shall discuss some approaches to the design of these models.
Generalization of the Veneziano amplitudes is justified not only
mathematically. It is also needed physically as explained earlier in
Subsection 1.2. The information on Ehrhart polynomials just provided is
sufficient for this purpose as we would like to explain now.
\subsection{The generalized Veneziano amplitudes and mirror symmetry}
\bigskip
As we have explained already in Subsection 1.2., according to the Regge
theory [16,17], for each parent trajectory there should be a countable
infinity of daughter trajectories-all lying below the parent on the C-F
plot. \ In his original paper [1], page 195, Veneziano took this fact into
account and said explicitly that his amplitude is \textsl{not} uniquely
defined. Following both the original work by Veneziano and Ref.[15], p.100,
we notice that beta function in Eq.(2) given by $B(-\alpha (s),-\alpha (t))$
(which is effectively the unsymmetrized Veneziano amplitude) can be replaced
by $B(m-\alpha (s),n-\alpha (t))$ for any integers $m,n\geq 0$. To comply
with the Regge theory one should use \textsl{any} linear combination of beta
functions just described unless some additional assumptions are made. To our
knowledge, the fact that the Veneziano amplitude is not uniquely defined
regrettably is not mentioned in any of the existing modern string theory
literature. Hence, if the alternative (to ours) formulations of
string-theoretic models may finally produce some mathematically meanigful
results, these formulations still will be confronted with explanation of the
experimental fact that in nature only \textsl{finite} number of daughter
trajectories is observed for each parent trajectory. \ If one accepts the
viewpoint of this paper, such experimental fact can be explained quite
naturally with help of mirror symmetry arguments. It should be noted,
however, that our use of mirror symmetry differs drastically from that
currently in use [40,41]. Nevertheless, the initial observations used in the
present case do coincide with those used in more popular mirror symmetry
treatments [41] since in our case they are also based on the work by
Batyrev, Ref.[22]. In turn, \ Batyrev's results to some extent have been
influenced by the result of Hibi [24] to be used in our work as well.
Following these authors we would like to discuss properties of reflexive
(polar (or dual)) polytopes. It is useful to notice at this point that the
concept of the dual (polar) polytope was in use in solid state physics
literature [42] for quite some time. Indeed both direct and reciprocal
(dual) lattices are being used rutinely in calculations of physical
properties of crystalline solids. The requirement that physical observables
should remain the same irrespective to what lattice is used in calculations
is completely natural. The same, evidently, should be true in the mirror
symmetry calculations used in high energy physics. This is the \textsl{%
physicall essence} of mirror symmetry. \ In the paper by Greene and Plesser
[43], p.26, one finds the following statement : "Thus, we have demonstrated
that two topologically distinct \ Calabi-Yau manifolds $M$ and $\ M^{\prime }
$ give raise to \textsl{the same} conformal field theory. Furthermore,
although our argument has been based only at one point in the respective
moduli spaces $\mathcal{M}_{M}$ and $\mathcal{M}_{M^{\prime }}$ of $M$ amd $%
M^{\prime }($namely the point which has a minimal model interpretation and
hence respects the symmetries by which we have orbifolded) the results
necessarily extends to all of $\mathcal{M}_{M}$ and $\mathcal{M}_{M^{\prime
}}".$
We would like to explan these statements now using more commonly known
terminology. For this purpose \ we begin with the following
\
\textbf{Definition 2.1}. A subset of \ $\mathbf{R}^{d}$ is considered to be
a \textit{polytope (or polyhedron)} $\mathcal{P}$ if there is a $r\times d$
matrix $\mathbf{M}$\textbf{\ (}with\textbf{\ }$r\leq d)$ and a vector $%
\mathbf{b}\in \mathbf{R}^{d}$ such that $\mathcal{P}=\{\mathbf{x}\in \mathbf{%
R}^{d}\mid \mathbf{Mx}\leq \mathbf{b}\}.$ Provided that the Euclidean $d$%
-dimensional scalar product is given by $<\mathbf{x}\cdot \mathbf{y}%
>=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{d}x_{i}y_{i}$ , a \textit{rational (}respectively%
\textit{, integral) }polytope\textit{\ (or polyhedron)} $\mathcal{P}$ is
defined by the set
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{P}=\{\mathbf{x}\in \mathbf{R}^{d}\mid <\mathbf{a}_{i}\cdot \mathbf{x%
}>\leq \beta _{i}\text{ , }i=1,...,r\}, \tag{20}
\end{equation}%
where $\mathbf{a}_{i}\in \mathbf{Q}^{d\frac{1}{\left( 1-t\right) ^{k+1}}}$
and $\beta _{i}\in \mathbf{Q}$ for $i=1,...,r$ (respectively $\mathbf{a}%
_{i}\in \mathbf{Z}^{d}$ and $\beta _{i}\in \mathbf{Z}$ for $i=1,...,r.).$
\bigskip
Next, we need yet another definition
\bigskip
\textbf{Definition 2.2. }For any convex polytope $\mathcal{P}$ the dual
polytope $\mathcal{P}^{\ast }$ is defined by
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{P}^{\ast }=\{\mathbf{x}\in \left( R^{d}\right) ^{\ast }\mid
\left\langle \mathbf{a}\cdot \mathbf{x}\right\rangle \leq 1,\text{ }\mathbf{a%
}\in \mathcal{P}\}. \tag{21}
\end{equation}
\
\ Although in algebraic geometry of toric varieties the inequality $%
\left\langle \mathbf{a}\cdot \mathbf{x}\right\rangle \leq 1$ is sometimes
replaced by $\left\langle \mathbf{a}\cdot \mathbf{x}\right\rangle \geq -1$
[38] we shall use the definition just stated to be in accord with Hibi [24].
According to this reference, if $\mathcal{P}$ is rational, then $\mathcal{P}%
^{\ast }$ is also rational. However, $\mathcal{P}^{\ast }$ is not
necessarily integral even if $\mathcal{P}$ is integral. This result is of
profound importance since the result, Eq.(19), is valid for the integral
polytopes only. The question arises : under what conditions is the dual
polytope $\mathcal{P}$ integral ? The answer is given by the following
\bigskip\
\textbf{Theorem 2.3.(}Hibi\textbf{\ [}24\textbf{]) }The dual polytope $%
\mathcal{P}^{\ast }$ is integral if and only if
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{P},x^{-1})=(-1)^{d+1}x\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{P},x)
\tag{22}
\end{equation}%
where the generating function $\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{P},x)$ is defined in
Eq.(19).
\
By combining Eq.s(10) and (19) \ we obtain the following result for the
standard Veneziano amplitude%
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{P},x)=\left( \frac{1}{1-x}\right) ^{d+1}. \tag{23}
\end{equation}%
Using this expression in Eq.(22) produces:%
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{P},x^{-1})=\frac{\left( -1\right) ^{d+1}}{\left(
1-x\right) ^{d+1}}x^{d+1}=(-1)^{d+1}x^{d+1}\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{P},x).
\tag{24}
\end{equation}%
This result idicates that scattering processes described by the standard
Veneziano amplitudes \textsl{do not} involve any mirror symmetry since, as
it is well known [22,23] in order for such a symmetry to take place the dual
polytope $\mathcal{P}^{\ast }$ must be integral. In such a case both $%
\mathcal{P}$ and $\mathcal{P}^{\ast }$ \ encode (define) \ the projective
toric varieties $X_{P}$ and $X_{P^{\prime }}$ which are mirrors of each
other and are of Fano-type [22,23,45,46]. The question arises: can these
amplitudes be modified with help of Eq.(19) so that the presence of mirror
symmetry can be checked in nature? To answer this question, let us assume
that, indeed, Eq.(19) can be used for such a modification. In this case we
must require for the generating function $\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{P},x)$ in
Eq.(19) to obey Eq.(22). Direct check of such an assumption leads to the
desired result provided that $h_{n-i}=h_{i\text{ }}$in Eq$.(19).$
Fortunately, this \textsl{is} the case in view of the fact that these are
the famous Dehn- Sommerville equations, Ref.[38], p.16. Hence, at this stage
of our discussion, it looks like generalization of the Veneziano amplitudes
which takes into account mirror symmetry is possible from the mathematical
standpoint. Unfortunately, in physics correctness of mathematical arguments
is not sufficient for such generalization since experimental data may or may
not support such rigorous mathematics. To check the correctness of our
assupmtions (at least to a some extent) we would like to discuss now some
known in literature results on pion-pion \ $(\pi \pi )$ scattering
described, for example, in Refs.[25,46] from the point of view of results we
just obtained. By doing so we shall provide the evidence that: a) mirror
symmetry does exist in nature (wether or not its validity is nature's law or
just a curiocity remains to be further checked by analysing the available
experimental data) and, that b) use of mirror symmetry arguments permits us
to eliminate the countable infinity of daughter trajectories allowed by the
traditional Regge theory in favour of just several observed experimentally.
Experimentally it is known that, below the threshold, that is below the
collision energies producing more outgoing particles than incoming, the
unsymmetrized amplitude $A(s,t)$ for $\pi \pi $ scattering can be written as
\begin{equation}
A(s,t)=-g^{2}\frac{\Gamma (1-\alpha (s))\Gamma (1-\alpha (t))}{\Gamma
(1-\alpha (s)-\alpha (t))}=-g^{2}(1-\alpha (s)-\alpha (t))B(1-\alpha
(s),1-\alpha (t)). \tag{25}
\end{equation}%
This result should be understood as follows. Consider the "weighted" (still
unsymmetrized) Veneziano amplitude of the type%
\begin{equation}
A(s,t)=\dint\limits_{0}^{1}dxx^{-\alpha (s)-1}(1-x)^{-\alpha (t)-1}g(x,s,t)
\tag{26}
\end{equation}%
where the weight function $g(x,s,t)$ is given by
\begin{equation}
g(x,s,t)=\frac{1}{2}g^{2}[(1-x)\alpha (s)+x\alpha (t)]. \tag{27}
\end{equation}%
Upon integration, one recovers Eq.(25). The same result can be achieved if ,
instead one uses the weight function of the type%
\begin{equation}
g(x,s,t)=g^{2}x\alpha (t). \tag{28}
\end{equation}%
In early treatments of the dual resonance models (all developed around the
Veneziano amplitude) [46] fitting to experimental data was achieved with
some ad hoc prescriptions for the weight function $g(x,s,t),e.g$ like those
given by Eq.s (27) and (28)$.$In the case of $\pi \pi $ scattering such an
ad hoc reasoning can be replaced by the requirements of mirror symmetry.
Indeed, consider a special case of Eq.(19): n=2. For such a case we obtain,
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{P},x)=\sum\limits_{k=0}^{\infty }\mathfrak{P}(k,n)x^{k}=%
\frac{h_{0}(P)+h_{1}(P)x}{(1-x)^{1+1}} \tag{29}
\end{equation}%
so that Eq.(22) holds indicating mirror symmetry. At this point, in view of
Eq.s (26)-(29), one may notice that, actually, for this symmetry to take
place in real world, one should replace the amplitude given by Eq.(25) by
the following combination
\begin{eqnarray}
A(s,t) &=&-g^{2}\frac{\Gamma (1-\alpha (s))\Gamma (1-\alpha (t))}{\Gamma
(1-\alpha (s)-\alpha (t))}+g^{2}\frac{\Gamma (-\alpha (s))\Gamma (-\alpha
(t))}{\Gamma (-\alpha (s)-\alpha (t))} \notag \\
&=&-\hat{g}^{2}B(1-\alpha (s),1-\alpha (t))+g^{2}B(-\alpha (s),-\alpha (t)).
\TCItag{30}
\end{eqnarray}%
Such a combination produces first two terms (with correct signs) of the
infinite series as proposed by Mandelstam, Eq.(15) of Ref.[47]. The
comparison with experiment displayed in Fig.6.2(a) of Ref.[46], p.321, is
quite satisfactory producing one parent and one daughter Regge trajectories.
These are also displayed in Ref.[15], p. 41, for the "rho family" of
resonances. Thus, at least in the case of $\pi \pi $ scattering, one can
claim that mirror symmetry consideration provides a plausible explanation of
the observable data. One hopes, that the case just considered is typical so
that mirror symmetry does play a role in Nature.
The rest of this paper is devoted to the reconstruction of physical models
reproducing Veneziano and extended Veneziano amplitudes based on
mathematical results discussed in these two sections. Additional details can
be found in Refs.[10,11,34,48].
\section{\protect\bigskip\ Motivating examples}
To facilitate our readers understanding, we would like to illustrate general
principles using simple examples. We begin by considering a finite geometric
progression of the type
\begin{align}
\mathcal{F(}c,m)& =\sum\limits_{l=-m}^{m}\exp \{cl\}=\exp
\{-cm\}\sum\limits_{l=0}^{\infty }\exp \{cl\}+\exp
\{cm\}\sum\limits_{l=-\infty }^{0}\exp \{cl\} \notag \\
& =\exp \{-cm\}\frac{1}{1-\exp \{c\}}+\exp \{cm\}\frac{1}{1-\exp \{-c\}}
\notag \\
& =\exp \{-cm\}\left[ \frac{\exp \{c(2m+1)\}-1}{\exp \{c\}-1}\right] .
\tag{31}
\end{align}%
The reason for displaying the intermediate steps will be explained shortly
below. First, however, we would like to consider the limit : $c\rightarrow
0^{+}$ of $\mathcal{F(}c,m)$. It is given by $\mathcal{F(}0,m)=2m+1$. The
number $2m+1$ equals to the number of integer points in the segment $[-m,m]$
\textit{including} \textit{boundary} points. It is convenient to rewrite the
above result in terms of $x=\exp \{c\}$ so that we shall write formally $%
\mathcal{F(}x,m)$ instead of $\mathcal{F(}c,m)$ from now on. Using such
notation, consider a related function
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{\bar{F}(}x,m)=(-1)\mathcal{F(}\frac{1}{x},-m). \tag{32}
\end{equation}%
This type of relation (the \textit{Ehrhart-Macdonald reciprocity law}) is
characteristic for the Ehrhart polynomial for rational polytopes discussed
earlier. In the present case we obtain,
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{\bar{F}(}x,m)=(-1)\frac{x^{-(-2m+1)}-1}{x^{-1}-1}x^{m}. \tag{33}
\end{equation}%
In the limit $x\rightarrow 1+0^{+}$ we obtain : $\mathcal{\bar{F}(}%
1,m)=2m-1. $ The number $2m-1$ is equal to the number of integer points
strictly \textit{inside} the segment $[-m,m].$ \ Both $\mathcal{F(}0,m)$ and
$\mathcal{\bar{F}(}1,m)$ \ provide the simplest possible examples of the
Ehrhart polynomials if we identify $m$ with the inflation factor $k$.
These, seemingly trivial, results can be broadly generalized. First, we
replace $x$ by $\mathbf{x=}x_{1}\cdot \cdot \cdot x_{d}$, next we replace
the summation sign in the left hand side of Eq.(31) by the multiple
summation, etc. Thus obtained function $\mathcal{F(}\mathbf{x},m)$ in the
limit $x_{i}\rightarrow 1+0^{+},$ $i=1-d,$ produces the anticipated result $:%
\mathcal{F(}\mathbf{1},m)=(2m+1)^{d}$ . It describes the number of points
inside and at the faces of $\ $a $d-$ dimensional cube in the Euclidean
space $\mathbf{R}^{d}$. Accordingly, for the number of points strictly
inside the cube we obtain : $\mathcal{\bar{F}(}\mathbf{1},m)=(2m-1)^{d}.$
Let \textit{Vert}$\mathcal{P}$ denote the vertex set of the rational
polytope. In the case considered thus far it is the $d-$dimensional cube.
Let $\{u_{1}^{v},...,u_{d}^{v}\}$ denote the orthogonal basis (not
necessarily of unit length) made of the highest weight vectors of the
Weyl-Coxeter reflection group $B_{d}$ appropriate for cubic symmetry [11].
These vectors are oriented along the positive semi axes with respect to the
center of symmetry of the cube. When parallel translated to the edges ending
at particular hypercube vertex \textbf{v}, they can point either in or out
of this vertex. Then, the $d$-dimensional version of Eq.(31) can be
rewritten in notations just introduced as follows
\begin{equation}
\sum\limits_{\mathbf{x}\in \mathcal{P\cap }\mathbf{Z}^{d}}\exp \{<\mathbf{c}%
\cdot \mathbf{x}>\}=\sum\limits_{\mathbf{v}\in Vert\mathcal{P}}\exp \{<%
\mathbf{c}\cdot \mathbf{v}>\}\left[ \prod\limits_{i=1}^{d}(1-\exp
\{-c_{i}u_{i}^{v}\})\right] ^{-1}. \tag{34}
\end{equation}%
The correctness of this equation can be readily checked by considering
special cases of a segment, square, cube, etc. The result, Eq.(34), obtained
for the polytope of cubic symmetry can be extended to the arbitrary convex
centrally symmetric polytope. Details can be found in Ref.[49]. Moreover,
the requirement of central symmetry can be relaxed to the requirement of the
convexity of \ $\mathcal{P}$ only. In such general form the relation given
by Eq.(34) was obtained by Brion [50]. It is of central importance for the
purposes of this work: the limiting procedure $c\rightarrow 0^{+}$ produces
the number of points inside (and at the boundaries) of the polyhedron $%
\mathcal{P}$ in the l.h.s. of Eq.(34) and, if the polyhedron is rational and
inflated, this procedure produces the Ehrhart polynomial. Actual
computations are done with help of the r.h.s. of Eq.(34) as will be
demonstrated below.
\section{\protect\bigskip\ The Duistermaat-Heckman formula and the
Khovanskii-Pukhlikov correspondence}
Since the description of the Duistermaat-Heckman \ (D-H) formula can be
found in many places, we would like to be brief \ in discussing it now in
connection with earlier obtained results. Let $M\equiv M^{2n}$ be a compact
symplectic manifold equipped with the moment map $\Phi :M\rightarrow \mathbf{%
R}$ and the (Liouville) volume form $dV=\left( \frac{1}{2\pi }\right) ^{n}%
\frac{1}{n!}$ $\Omega ^{n}.$\ According to the Darboux theorem, locally $%
\Omega =\sum\nolimits_{l=1}^{n}$\ \ $dq_{l}$\ $\wedge dp_{l}$\ . We expect
that such a manifold has isolated fixed points $p$ belonging to the fixed
point set $\mathcal{V}$ associated with the isotropy subgroup of the group $%
G $ acting on $M$. Then, in its most general form, the D-H formula can be
written as [14,26,51]
\begin{equation}
\int\limits_{M}dVe^{\Phi }=\sum\limits_{p\in \mathcal{V}}\frac{e^{\Phi (p)}}{%
\prod\nolimits_{j}a_{j,p}}, \tag{35}
\end{equation}%
where $a_{1,p},...,a_{n,p}$ are the weights of the linearized action of $G$
on $T_{p}M$. Using Morse theory, Atiyah [52] and others, e.g. see Ref.[54]
for additional references, have demonstrated that it is sufficient to keep
terms up to quadratic in the expansion of $\Phi $ around given $p$. In such
a case the moment map can be associated with the Hamiltonian for the finite
set of harmonic oscillators. In the properly chosen system of units the
coefficients $a_{1,p},...,a_{n,p}$ are just \textquotedblright
masses\textquotedblright\ $m_{i}$ \ of the individual oscillators. Unlike
truly physical masses, some of $m_{i}^{\prime }s$ can be negative.
Based on the information just provided, we would like to be more specific
now. To this purpose, following Vergne [53] and Brion [50], we would like to
consider the D-H integral of the form
\begin{equation}
I(k\text{ };\text{ }y_{1},y_{2})=\int\nolimits_{k\Delta }dx_{1}dx_{2}\exp
\{-(y_{1}x_{1}+y_{2}x_{2})\}, \tag{36}
\end{equation}%
where $k\Delta $ is the standard dilated simplex with \ dilation coefficient
$k\footnote{%
Our choice of the simplex as the domain of integration is caused by our
earlier made observation [10] that the deformation retract of the Fermat
(hyper)surface (on which the Veneziano amplitude lives ) is just the
standard simplex. Since such Fermat surface is a complex K\"{a}hler-Hodge
type manifold and since all K\"{a}hler manifolds are symplectic [26,54], our
choice makes sense.}$. Calculation of \ this integral can be done exactly
with the result:
\begin{equation}
I(k\text{ };\text{ }y_{1},y_{2})=\frac{1}{y_{1}y_{2}}+\frac{e^{-ky_{1}}}{%
y_{1}(y_{1}-y_{2})}+\frac{e^{-ky_{2}}}{y_{2}(y_{2}-y_{1})} \tag{37}
\end{equation}%
consistent with Eq.(35). In the limit: $y_{1},y_{2}\rightarrow 0$ some
calculation produces the anticipated result $:Volk\Delta =k^{2}/2!$ \ for
the \textit{Euclidean} volume of the dilated simplex. Next, to make a
connection with the previous section, in particular, with Eq.(34), consider
the following sum
\begin{align}
S(k\text{ ; }y_{1}\text{,}y_{2})& =\sum\limits_{\left( l_{1},l_{2}\right)
\in k\Delta }\exp \{-(y_{1}l_{1}+y_{2}l_{2})\} \notag \\
& =\frac{1}{1-e^{-y_{1}}}\frac{1}{1-e^{-y_{2}}}+\frac{1}{1-e^{y_{1}}}\frac{%
e^{-ky_{1}}}{1-e^{y_{1}-y_{2}}}+\frac{1}{1-e^{y_{2}}}\frac{e^{-ky_{2}}}{%
1-e^{y_{2}-y_{1}}} \tag{38}
\end{align}%
related to the D-H integral, Eq.s(36,37). Its calculation will be explained
momentarily. In spite of the connection with the D-H integral, the limiting
procedure: $y_{1},y_{2}\rightarrow 0$ in the last case is much harder to
perform. It is facilitated by use of the following expansion
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{1-e^{-s}}=\frac{1}{s}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{s}{12}+O(s^{2}). \tag{39}
\end{equation}%
Rather lenghty calculations produce the anticipated result : $S(k$ ; $0$,$%
0)=k^{2}/2!+3k/2+1\equiv \left\vert k\Delta \cap Z^{2}\right\vert \equiv
\mathfrak{P}(k,2)$ for the Ehrhart polynomial. Since generalization of the
obtained results to simplicies of higher dimensions is straightforward, the
relevance of these results to the Veneziano amplitude should be evident. To
make it more explicit we have to make several steps still. First, we would
like to explain how the result, Eq.(38), was obtained. By doing so we shall
gain some additional physical information. Second, we would like to explain
in some detail the connection between the integral, Eq.(37), and the sum,
Eq.(38). Such a connection is made with help of the Khovanskii-Pukhlikov
correspondence.
We begin with calculations of the sum, Eq.(38). To do this we need a
definition of the convex rational polyhedral cone $\sigma .$ It is given by
\begin{equation}
\sigma =\mathbf{Z}_{\geq 0}a_{1\text{\ }}+\cdot \cdot \cdot +\mathbf{Z}%
_{\geq 0}a_{d\text{\ }}, \tag{40}
\end{equation}%
where the set $a_{1},...,a_{d}$ \ forms a basis (not nesessarily orthogonal)
of the $d$-dimensional vector space $V,$ while $\mathbf{Z}_{\geq 0}$ are non
negative integers. It is known that all combinatorial information about the
polytope $\mathcal{P}$ is encoded in the $\mathit{complete}$ fan made of
cones whose apexes all having the same origin in common. Details can be
found in literature [26,30]. At the same time, the vertices of $\mathcal{P}$
are also the apexes of the respective cones. Following Brion[50], this fact
allows us to write the l.h.s. of Eq.(34) as
\begin{equation}
f(\mathcal{P},x)=\sum\limits_{\mathbf{m}\in \mathcal{P}\cap \mathbf{Z}^{d}}%
\mathbf{x}^{\mathbf{m}}=\sum\limits_{\sigma \in Vert\mathcal{P}}\mathbf{x}^{%
\mathbf{\sigma }} \tag{41}
\end{equation}%
so that for the \textit{dilated} polytope the above statement reads as
follows [50,55]:
\begin{equation}
f(k\mathcal{P},x)=\sum\limits_{\mathbf{m}\in k\mathcal{P}\cap \mathbf{Z}^{d}}%
\mathbf{x}^{\mathbf{m}}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\mathbf{x}^{\mathbf{kv}%
_{i}}\sum\limits_{\sigma _{i}}\mathbf{x}^{\mathbf{\sigma }_{i}}. \tag{42}
\end{equation}%
In the last formula the summation is taking place over all vertices whose
location is given by the vectors from the set \{$\mathbf{v}_{1},...,\mathbf{v%
}_{n}\}.$ This means that in actual calculations one can first calculate the
contributions coming from the cones $\sigma _{i}$ of the undilated
(original) polytope $\mathcal{P}$ and only then one can use the last
equation in order to get the result for the dilated polytope.
Let us apply these general results to our specific problem of computation of
$S(k$ ; $y_{1}$,$y_{2})$ in Eq.(38). We have our simplex with vertices in
x-y plane given by the vector set \{ \textbf{v}$_{1}$=$(0,0)$, \textbf{v}$%
_{2}$=(1,0), \textbf{v}$_{3}$=(0,1)\}, where we have written the x
coordinate first. In this case we have 3 cones: $\sigma _{1}=l_{2}\mathbf{v}%
_{2}+l_{3}\mathbf{v}_{3}$ , $\sigma _{2}=\mathbf{v}_{2}+l_{1}(-$\textbf{v}$%
_{2})+l_{2}($\textbf{v}$_{3}-$\textbf{v}$_{2});\sigma _{3}=$\textbf{v}$%
_{3}+l_{3}($\textbf{v}$_{2}-$\textbf{v}$_{3})+l_{1}(-\mathbf{v}_{3});$\{$%
l_{1}$, $l_{2}$ , $l_{3}$ \}$\in \mathbf{Z}_{\geq 0}$ . In writing these
expressions for the cones we have taken into account that, according to
Brion, when making calculations the apex of each cone should be chosen as
the origin of the coordinate system. Calculation of contributions to the
generating function coming from $\sigma _{1}$ is the most straightforward.
Indeed, in this case we have $\mathbf{x}=x_{1}x_{2}=e^{-y_{1}}e^{-y_{2}}.$
Now, the symbol $\mathbf{x}^{\mathbf{\sigma }}$ in Eq.(41) should be
understood as follows. Since $\sigma _{i}$ , $i=1-3$, is actually a vector,
it has components, like those for \textbf{v}$_{1},$ etc$.$ We shall write
therefore $\mathbf{x}^{\mathbf{\sigma }}=x_{1}^{\sigma (1)}\cdot \cdot \cdot
x_{d}^{\sigma (d)}$ where $\sigma (i)$ is the i-th component of such a
vector. Under these conditions calculation of the contributions from the
first cone with the apex located at (0,0) is completely straightforward and
is given by
\begin{equation}
\sum\limits_{\left( l_{2},l_{3}\right) \in
Z_{+}^{2}}x_{1}^{l_{2}}x_{2}^{l_{3}}=\frac{1}{1-e_{{}}^{-y_{1}}}\frac{1}{%
1-e^{-y_{2}}}. \tag{43}
\end{equation}%
It is reduced to the computation of the infinite geometric progression. But
physically, the above result can be looked upon as a product of two
partition functions for two harmonic oscillators whose ground state energy
was discarded. By doing the rest of calculations in the way just described
we reobtain $S(k$ ; $y_{1}$,$y_{2})$ from Eq.(38) as required. This time,
however, we know that the obtained result is associated with the assembly of
harmonic oscillators of frequencies $\pm y_{1}$ and $\pm y_{2}$ and $\pm
(y_{1}-y_{2})$ whose ground state energy is properly adjusted. The
\textquotedblright frequencies\textquotedblright\ (or masses) of these
oscillators are coming from the Morse-theoretic considerations for the
moment maps associated with the critical points of symplectic manifolds as
explained \ in the paper by Atiyah [52]. These masses enter into the
\textquotedblright classical\textquotedblright\ D-H formula, Eq.s(36),(37).
It is just a classical partition function for a system of such described
harmonic oscillators living in the phase space containing critical points.
The D-H classical partition function, Eq.(37), has its quantum analog,
Eq.(38), just described. The ground state for such a quantum system is
degenerate with the degeneracy being described by the Ehrhart polynomial $%
\mathfrak{P}(k,2).$ Such a conclusion is in formal accord with results of
Vergne [14].
Since (by definition) the coefficient of dilation \textit{k=1,2,... ,
\textsl{there is no dynamical system (and its quanum analog) for k=0}.
\textsl{But this condition is the} \textsl{condition for existence of the
tachyon pole in the Veneziano amplitude, Eq.(2)}. \textsl{Hence, in view of
the results just described this pole should be} \textsl{considered as
unphysical and discarded.} }Such arguments are independent of the analysis
made in Ref.[10] where the unphysical tachyons are removed with help of the
properly adjusted phase factors. Clearly, such factors can be reinstated in
the present case as well since their existence is caused by the requirements
of the torus action invariance of the Veneziano-like amplitudes as explained
in [10,26]. Hence, their presence is consistent with results just presented.
Now we are ready to discuss the Khovanskii-Pukhlikov correspondence. It can
be understood based on the following generic example taken from Ref.[56]. We
would like to compare the integral
\begin{equation*}
I(z)=\int\limits_{s}^{t}dxe^{zx}=\frac{e^{tz}}{z}-\frac{e^{sz}}{z}\text{ \
with the sum }S(z)=\text{ }\sum\limits_{k=s}^{t}e^{kz}=\frac{e^{tz}}{1-e^{-z}%
}+\frac{e^{sz}}{1-e^{z}}.
\end{equation*}%
To do so, following Refs[56-58] we introduce the Todd operator (transform)
via
\begin{equation}
Td(z)=\frac{z}{1-e^{-z}}. \tag{44}
\end{equation}%
Then, it can be demonstrated that
\begin{equation}
Td(\frac{\partial }{\partial h_{1}})Td(\frac{\partial }{\partial h_{2}}%
)(\int\nolimits_{s-h_{1}}^{t+h_{2}}e^{zx}dx)\mid
_{h_{1}=h_{1}=0}=\sum\limits_{k=s}^{t}e^{kz}. \tag{45}
\end{equation}%
This result can be now broadly generalized. Following Khovanskii and
Pukhlikov [57], we notice that
\begin{equation}
Td(\frac{\partial }{\partial \mathbf{z}})\exp \left(
\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}p_{i}z_{i}\right) =Td(p_{1},...,p_{n})\exp \left(
\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}p_{i}z_{i}\right) . \tag{46}
\end{equation}%
By applying this transform to
\begin{equation}
i(x_{1},...,x_{k};\xi _{1},...,\xi _{k})=\frac{1}{\xi _{1}...\xi _{k}}\exp
(\sum\limits_{i=1}^{k}x_{i}\xi _{i}) \tag{47}
\end{equation}%
we obtain,
\begin{equation}
s(x_{1},...,x_{k};\xi _{1},...,\xi _{k})=\frac{1}{\prod\limits_{i=1}^{k}(1-%
\exp (-\xi _{i}))}\exp (\sum\limits_{i=1}^{k}x_{i}\xi _{i}). \tag{48}
\end{equation}%
This result should be compared now with the individual terms on the r.h.s.
of Eq.(34) on one hand and with the individual terms on the r.h.s of Eq.(35)
on another. Evidently, with help of the Todd transform the exact
\textquotedblright classical\textquotedblright\ results for the D-H integral
are transformed into the \textquotedblright quantum\textquotedblright\
results of the Brion's identity, Eq.(34), which is actually equivalent to
the Weyl character formula [48].
We would like to illustrate these general observations by comparing the D-H
result, Eq.(37), with the Weyl character formula result, Eq.(38). To this
purpose we need to use already known data for the cones $\sigma _{i}$ , $%
i=1-3,$ and the convention for the symbol \textbf{x}$^{\sigma }$. In
particular, \ for the first cone we have already $:\mathbf{x}^{\sigma
_{1}}=x_{1}^{l_{1}}x_{2}^{l_{2}}=\left[ \exp (l_{1}y_{1})\right] \cdot \left[
\exp (l_{2}y_{2})\right] \footnote{%
To obtain correct results we needed to change\ signs in front of $l_{1}$ and
$l_{2}$ . The same should be done for other cones as well.}.$ Now we
assemble the contribution from the first vertex using Eq.(37). We obtain, $%
\left[ \exp (l_{1}y_{1})\right] \cdot \left[ \exp (l_{2}y_{2})\right]
/y_{1}y_{2}.$ Using the Todd transform we obtain,
\begin{equation}
Td(\frac{\partial }{\partial l_{1}})Td(\frac{\partial }{\partial l_{2}})%
\frac{1}{y_{1}y_{2}}\left[ \exp (l_{1}y_{1})\right] \cdot \left[ \exp
(l_{2}y_{2})\right] \mid _{l_{1}=l_{2}=0}=\frac{1}{1-e^{-y_{1}}}\frac{1}{%
1-e^{-y_{2}}}. \tag{49}
\end{equation}%
Analogously, for the second cone we obtain: $\mathbf{x}_{2}^{\sigma
}=e^{-}ky_{1}e^{-}l_{1}y_{1}e^{-}l_{2}(y_{1}-y_{2})$ \ so that use of the
Todd transform produces:
\begin{equation}
Td(\frac{\partial }{\partial l_{1}})Td(\frac{\partial }{\partial l_{2}})%
\frac{1}{y_{1}\left( y_{1}-y_{2}\right) }%
e^{-ky_{1}}e^{-l_{1}y_{1}}e^{-l_{2}(y_{1}-y_{2})}\mid _{l_{1}=l_{2}=0}=\frac{%
1}{1-e^{y_{1}}}\frac{e^{-ky_{1}}}{1-e^{y_{1}-y_{2}}}, \tag{50}
\end{equation}%
etc.
The obtained results can now be broadly generalized. To this purpose we can
formally rewrite the partition function, Eq.(24), in the following symbolic
form
\begin{equation}
I(k,\mathbf{f})=\int\limits_{k\Delta }d\mathbf{x}\exp \mathbf{(-f\cdot x)}
\tag{51}
\end{equation}%
valid for any finite dimension $d$. Since we have performed all calculations
explicitly for two dimensional case, for the sake of space, we only provide
the idea behind such type of calculation\footnote{%
Mathematically inclined reader is encoraged to read paper by Brion and
Vergne, Ref.[59], where all missing details are scrupulously presented.}. In
particular, using Eq.(37) we can rewrite this integral formally as follows
\begin{equation}
\int\limits_{k\Delta }d\mathbf{x}\exp \mathbf{(-f\cdot x)=}\sum\limits_{p}%
\frac{\exp (-\mathbf{f}\cdot \mathbf{x(}p\mathbf{)})}{\prod%
\limits_{i}^{d}h_{i}^{p}(\mathbf{f})}. \tag{52}
\end{equation}%
Applying the Todd operator (transform) to both sides of this formal
expression and taking into account Eq.s(49),(50) (providing assurance that
such an operation indeed is legitimate and makes sense) we obtain,
\begin{align}
\int\limits_{k\Delta }d\mathbf{x}\prod\limits_{i=1}^{d}\frac{x_{i}}{1-\exp
(-x_{i})}\exp \mathbf{(-f\cdot x)}& =\sum\limits_{\mathbf{v}\in Vert\mathcal{%
P}}\exp \{<\mathbf{f}\cdot \mathbf{v}>\}\left[ \prod\limits_{i=1}^{d}(1-\exp
\{-h_{i}^{v}(\mathbf{f})u_{i}^{v}\})\right] ^{-1} \notag \\
& =\sum\limits_{\mathbf{x}\in \mathcal{P\cap }\mathbf{Z}^{d}}\exp \{<\mathbf{%
f}\cdot \mathbf{x}>\}, \tag{53}
\end{align}%
where the last line was written in view of Eq.(34). From here, in the limit
: $\mathbf{f}=0$ we reobtain $p(k,n)$ defined in Eq.(10). Thus, using
classical partition function, Eq.(51), (discussed in the form of Exercises
2.27 and 2.28 \ in the book, Ref.[58], by Guillemin) and applying to it the
Todd transform we recover the quantum mechanical partition function whose
ground state provides us with the combinatorial factor $p(k,n).$
\section{\protect\bigskip From analysis to synthesis}
\subsection{\protect\bigskip The Poincare$^{\prime }$ polynomial}
The results discussed earlier are obtained for some fixed dilation factor $k$%
. In view of \ Eq.(8), \ they can be \ rewritten in the form valid for any
dilation factor $k$. To this purpose it is convenient to rewrite Eq.(8) in
the following equivalent form:
\begin{align}
\frac{1}{\det (1-Mt)}& =\frac{1}{(1-tz_{0})\cdot \cdot \cdot (1-tz_{k})}%
=(1+tz_{0}+\left( tz_{0}\right) ^{2}+...)\cdot \cdot \cdot (1+tz_{n}+\left(
tz_{n}\right) ^{2}+...) \notag \\
& =\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty
}(\sum\limits_{k_{0}+...+k_{k}=n}z_{0}^{k_{0}}\cdot \cdot \cdot
z_{k}^{k_{k}})t^{n}\equiv \sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty }tr(M_{n})t^{n},
\tag{54}
\end{align}%
where the linear map from $k+1$ dimensional vector space $V$ to $V$ is given
by $\ $matrix $M\in G\subset GL(V)$ whose eigenvalues are $z_{0},...,z_{k}.$
Using this observation several conclusions can be drawn. First, it should be
clear that
\begin{equation}
\sum\limits_{k_{0}+...+k_{k}=n}z_{0}^{k_{0}}\cdot \cdot \cdot
z_{k}^{k_{k}}=\sum\limits_{\mathbf{m}\in n\Delta \cap \mathbf{Z}^{k+1}}%
\mathbf{x}^{\mathbf{m}}=tr(M_{n}). \tag{55}
\end{equation}%
Second, following Stanley [3, 27] we would like to consider the algebra of
invariants of $G$. To this purpose we introduce a basis $\mathbf{x}=$\{ $%
x_{0},...,x_{k}\}$ of $V$ and the polynomial ring $R=\mathbf{C}$[$%
x_{0},...,x_{k}]$ so that if $f\in R$ , then $Mf(\mathbf{x})=f(M\mathbf{x})$%
. The algebra of invariant polynomials $R^{G}$ can be defined now as
\begin{equation*}
R^{G}=\{f\in R:Mf(\mathbf{x})=f(M\mathbf{x})=f(\mathbf{x})\text{ \ }\forall
M\in G\}.
\end{equation*}%
These invariant polynomials can be explicitly constructed as averages over
the group $G$ according to prescription:
\begin{equation}
Av_{G}f=\frac{1}{\left\vert G\right\vert }\sum\limits_{M\in G}Mf, \tag{56}
\end{equation}%
with $\left\vert G\right\vert $ being the cardinality of $G$. Suppose now
that $f\in R^{G}$, then, evidently, $f\in R^{G}=Av_{G}f$ so that $%
Av_{G}^{2}f=Av_{G}f=f$ . Hence, the operator $Av_{G}$ is indepotent. Because
of this, its eigenvalues can be only 1 and 0. From here it follows that
\begin{equation}
\dim f_{n}^{G}=\frac{1}{\left\vert G\right\vert }\sum\limits_{M\in
G}tr(M_{n}). \tag{57}
\end{equation}%
Thus far our analysis was completely general. To obtain Eq.(9) we have to
put $z_{0}=...=z_{k}=1$ in Eq.(8). This time, however we can use the
obtained results in order to write the following expansion for the Poincar$%
e^{\prime }$ polynomial [3, 27] which for the appropriately chosen $G$ is
equivalent to Eq.(10):
\begin{equation}
P(R^{G},t)=\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{1}{\left\vert G\right\vert }%
\sum\limits_{M\in G}tr(M_{n})t^{n}=\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty }\dim
f_{n}^{G}t^{n}. \tag{58}
\end{equation}%
Evidently, the Ehrhart polynomial $\mathfrak{P}(k,n)=\dim f_{n}^{G}.$ To
figure out the group $G$ in the present case is easy since, actually, \ the
group is trivial: $G=1.$This is so because the eigenvalues $z_{0}$, ..., $%
z_{k}$ of the matrix $M$ all are equal to 1. It should be clear, however,
that for some appropriately chosen group $G$ expansion (19) is also the
Poincare polynomial (for the Cohen -Macaulay polynomial algebra [3,27]).
This fact provides independent (of Refs. [10,11]) evidence that both the
Veneziano and Veneziano-like amplitudes are of topological origin.
\subsection{Connections with intersection theory}
We would like to strengthen this observation now. To this purpose, in view
of Eq.(35), and taking into account that for the symplectic 2-form $\Omega
=\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^{k}dx_{i}\wedge dy_{i}$ the $n$-th power is given by $%
\Omega ^{n}=\Omega \wedge \Omega \wedge \cdot \cdot \cdot \wedge \Omega $ =$%
dx_{1}\wedge dy_{1}\wedge \cdot \cdot \cdot dx_{n}\wedge dy_{n}$, it is
convenient to introduce the differential form
\begin{equation}
\exp \Omega =1+\Omega +\frac{1}{2!}\Omega \wedge \Omega +\frac{1}{3!}\Omega
\wedge \Omega \wedge \Omega +\cdot \cdot \cdot \text{ \ \ \ .} \tag{59}
\end{equation}%
By design, the expansion \ in the r.h.s. will have only $k$ terms. The form $%
\Omega $ is closed, i.e. $d\Omega =0$ (the Liouvolle theorem), but not
exact. In view of the expansion, Eq.(59), the D-H integral, Eq.(51) can be
rewritten as
\begin{equation}
I(k,\mathbf{f})=\int\limits_{k\Delta }\exp \mathbf{(}\tilde{\Omega}\mathbf{),%
} \tag{60}
\end{equation}%
where, following Atiyah and Bott [28], we have introduced the form $\tilde{%
\Omega}=\Omega -\mathbf{f\cdot x.}$ Doing so requires us to replace the
exterior derivative $d$ acting on $\Omega $ by $\tilde{d}=d+i(\mathbf{x})$ \
(where the operator $i(\mathbf{x})$ reduces the degree of the form by one)
with respect to which the form $\tilde{\Omega}$ is equivariantly closed, i.e.%
$\tilde{d}\tilde{\Omega}=0.$ More explicitly, we have $\tilde{d}\tilde{\Omega%
}=d\Omega +i(\mathbf{x})\Omega -\mathbf{f\cdot dx=}0$. Since $d\Omega =0,$
we obtain the equation for the moment map : $i(\mathbf{x})\Omega -\mathbf{%
f\cdot dx=}0$ [51,58]. If use of the operator $d$ on differential forms
leads to the notion of cohomology, use of the operator $\tilde{d}$ leads to
the notion of equivariant cohomology. Although details can be found in the
paper by Atiyah and Bott [28], more relaxed pedagogical exposition can be
found in the monograph by Guillemin and Sternberg [60]. To make further
progress, we would like to rewrite the two-form $\Omega $ in complex
notations [51]. To this purpose, we introduce $z_{j}=p_{j}+iq_{j}$ and its
complex conjugate. In terms of these variables $\Omega $ acquires the
following form $:\Omega =$ $\frac{i}{2}\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^{k}dz_{i}\wedge d%
\bar{z}_{i}.$ Next, recall [61] that for any K\"{a}hler manifold the
fundamental 2-form $\Omega $ can be written as $\Omega =\frac{i}{2}%
\sum\nolimits_{ij}h_{ij}(z)dz_{i}\wedge d\bar{z}_{j}$ \ provided that $%
h_{ij}(z)=\delta _{ij}+O(\left\vert z\right\vert ^{2})$. This means that in
fact all K\"{a}hler manifolds are symplectic [26,54]. On such K\"{a}hler
manifolds one can introduce the Chern cutrvature 2-form which (up to a
constant ) should look like $\Omega .$ \ It should belong to the first Chern
class [19]. This means that, at least formally, consistency reqiures us to
identify x$_{i}^{\prime }s$ entering the product $\mathbf{f\cdot x}$ in the
form $\tilde{\Omega}$ with the first Chern classes $c_{i}$, i.e. $\mathbf{%
f\cdot x\equiv }\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^{d}f_{i}c_{i}.$ This fact was proven
rigorously in the above mentioned paper by Atiyah and Bott [28]. Since in
the Introduction we already mentioned that the Veneziano amplitudes can be
formally associated with the period integrals for the Fermat (hyper)surfaces
$\mathcal{F}$ and since such integrals can be interpreted as intersection
numbers between the cycles on $\mathcal{F}$ [13,28,61] (see also Ref.[58],
p.72) one can formally rewrite the \textit{precursor} to the Veneziano
amplitude [10] as
\begin{equation}
I=\left( \frac{-\partial }{\partial f_{0}}\right) ^{r_{0}}\cdot \cdot \cdot
\left( \frac{-\partial }{\partial f_{d}}\right) ^{r_{d}}\int\limits_{\Delta
}\exp (\tilde{\Omega})\mid _{f_{i}=0\text{ }\forall i}=\int\limits_{\Delta }d%
\mathbf{x(}c_{0})^{r_{0}}\cdot \cdot \cdot (c_{d})^{r_{d}} \tag{61}
\end{equation}%
provided that $r_{0}+\cdot \cdot \cdot +r_{d}=n$ \ in in view of Eq.(13).
Analytical continuation of such an integral (as in the case of usual beta
function) then will produce the Veneziano amplitudes. In such a language,
calculation of the Veneziano amplitudes using generating function, Eq.(60),
mathematically becomes almost equivalent to calculations of averages in the
Witten-Kontsevich model [31-33]\footnote{%
This fact is explained in more details in Ref.[34].}. In \ addition, as was
also noticed by Atiyah and Bott [28], the replacement of the exterior
derivative $d$ by $\tilde{d}=d+i(\mathbf{x})$ was inspired by earlier work
by Witten on supersymmetric formulation of quantum mechanics and Morse
theory [29]. Such an observation along with results of Ref.[60] allows us to
develop calculations of the Veneziano amplitudes using supersymmetric
formalism.
\subsection{Supersymmetry and the Lefshetz isomomorphism}
We begin with the following observations. Let $X$ be the complex Hermitian
manifold and let $\mathcal{E}^{p+q}(X)$ denote the complex -valued
differential forms (sections) of type $(p,q),p+q=r,$ living on $X$. The
Hodge decomposition insures that $\mathcal{E}^{r}(X)$=$\sum\nolimits_{p+q=r}%
\mathcal{E}^{p+q}(X).$ The Dolbeault operators $\partial $ and $\bar{\partial%
}$ act on $\mathcal{E}^{p+q}(X)$ according to the rule \ $\partial :\mathcal{%
E}^{p+q}(X)\rightarrow \mathcal{E}^{p+1,q}(X)$ and $\bar{\partial}:\mathcal{E%
}^{p+q}(X)\rightarrow \mathcal{E}^{p,q+1}(X)$ , so that the exterior
derivative operator is defined as $d=\partial +\bar{\partial}$. Let now $%
\varphi _{p}$,$\psi _{p}\in \mathcal{E}^{p}$. By analogy with traditional
quantum mechanics we define (using Dirac's notations) the inner product
\begin{equation}
<\varphi _{p}\mid \psi _{p}>=\int\limits_{M}\varphi _{p}\wedge \ast \bar{\psi%
}_{p}, \tag{62}
\end{equation}%
where the bar means the complex conjugation and the star $\ast $ means the
usual Hodge conjugation. Use of such a product is motivated by the fact that
the period integrals, e.g. those for the Veneziano-like amplitudes, and,
hence, those given by Eq.(61), are expressible through such inner products
[61]. Fortunately, such a product possesses properties typical for the
finite dimensional quantum mechanical Hilbert spaces. In particular,
\begin{equation}
<\varphi _{p}\mid \psi _{q}>=C\delta _{p,q}\text{ and }<\varphi _{p}\mid
\varphi _{p}>>0, \tag{63}
\end{equation}%
where $C$ is some positive constant. With respect to such defined scalar
product it is possible to define all conjugate operators, e.g. $d^{\ast }$,
etc. and, most importantly, the Laplacians
\begin{align}
\Delta & =dd^{\ast }+d^{\ast }d, \notag \\
\square & =\partial \partial ^{\ast }+\partial ^{\ast }\partial , \tag{64}
\\
\bar{\square}& =\bar{\partial}\bar{\partial}^{\ast }+\bar{\partial}^{\ast }%
\bar{\partial}. \notag
\end{align}%
All this was known to mathematicians before Witten's work, Ref.[29\textbf{].}
The unexpected twist occurred when Witten suggested to extend the notion of
the exterior derivative $d$. Within the de Rham picture (valid for both real
and complex manifolds) let $M$ be a compact Riemannian manifold and $K$ be
the Killing vector field which is just one of the generators of isometry of $%
M,$ then Witten suggested to replace the exterior derivative operator $d$ by
the extended operator
\begin{equation}
d_{s}=d+si(K) \tag{65}
\end{equation}%
briefly discussed earlier in the context of the equivariant cohomology. Here
$s$ is real nonzero parameter conveniently chosen. Witten argues that one
can construct the Laplacian (the Hamiltonian in his formulation) $\Delta $
by replacing $\Delta $ by $\Delta _{s}=d_{s}d_{s}^{\ast }+d_{s}^{\ast }d_{s}$
. This is possible if and only if $d_{s}^{2}=d_{s}^{\ast 2}$ $=0$ or, since $%
d_{s}^{2}=s\mathcal{L}(K)$ , where $\mathcal{L}(K)$ is the Lie derivative
along the field $K$, if the Lie derivative acting on the corresponding
differential form vanishes. The details are beautifully explained in the
much earlier paper by Frankel, Ref.[62]. Atiyah and Bott\ observed that the
auxiliary parameter \textbf{s} can be identified with earlier introduced
\textbf{f}. This observation provides the link between the D-H formalism
discussed earlier and Witten's supersymmetric quantum mechanics.
Looking at Eq.s (64) and following Ref.s[14\textbf{,}51\textbf{,}58] we
consider the (Dirac) operator $\acute{\partial}=\bar{\partial}+\bar{\partial}%
^{\ast }$ and its adjoint with respect to scalar product, Eq.(62). Then use
of above references suggests that the dimension $Q$ of the quatum Hilbert
space associated with the reduced phase space of the D-H integral considered
earlier is given by
\begin{equation}
Q=\ker \acute{\partial}-co\ker \acute{\partial}^{\ast }. \tag{66}
\end{equation}%
Such a definition was\ also used by Vergne[14]. In view of the results of
the previous section, and, in accord with Ref.[14], we make an
identification: $Q=\mathfrak{P}(k,n).$
We would like to arrive at this result using different set of arguments. To
this purpose we notice first that according to Theorem 4.7. by Wells,
Ref.[61], we have $\Delta =2\square =2\bar{\square}$ with respect to the K%
\"{a}hler metric on $X$. Next, according to the Corollary 4.11. of the same
reference $\Delta $ commutes with $d,d^{\ast },\partial ,\partial ^{\ast },%
\bar{\partial}$ and $\bar{\partial}^{\ast }.$ From these facts it follows
immediately that if we, in accord with Witten, choose $\Delta $ as our
Hamiltonian, then the supercharges can be selected as $Q^{+}=d+d^{\ast }$
and $Q^{-}=i\left( d-d^{\ast }\right) .$ Evidently, this is not the only
choice as Witten also indicates. If the Hamiltonian \ H is acting in \textit{%
finite} dimensional Hilbert space one may require axiomatically that : a)
there is a vacuum state (or states) $\mid \alpha >$ such that H$\mid \alpha
>=0$ (i.e. this state is the harmonic differential form) and $Q^{+}\mid
\alpha >=Q^{-}\mid \alpha >=0$ . This implies, of course, that [H,$Q^{+}]=[$%
H,$Q^{-}]=0.$ Finally, \ once again, following Witten, we may require that $%
\left( Q^{+}\right) ^{2}=\left( Q^{-}\right) ^{2}=$H. Then, the equivariant
extension, Eq.(65), leads to $\left( Q_{s}^{+}\right) ^{2}=$ H+$2is\mathcal{L%
}$($K$). Fortunately, the above \ supersymmetry algebra can be extended. As
it is mentioned in Ref.[61], there are operators acting on differential
forms living on K\"{a}hler (or Hodge) manifolds whose commutators are
isomorphic to $sl_{2}(\mathbf{C})$ Lie algebra. It is known [63] that
\textit{all} semisimple Lie algebras are made of copies of $sl_{2}(\mathbf{C}%
)$. Now we can exploit these observations using the Lefschetz isomorphism
theorem whose exact formulation is given as Theorem 3.12 in the book by
Wells, Ref.[61]. We are only using some parts of this theorem in our work.
In particular, using notations of this reference we introduce the operator $L
$ commuting with $\Delta $ and its adjoint $L^{\ast }\equiv \Lambda $ .\ It
can be shown, Ref.[61], p.159, that $L^{\ast }=w\ast L\ast $ where, as
before, $\ast $ denotes the Hodge star operator and the operator $w$ can be
formally defined through the relation $\ast \ast =w$, Ref.[61] p.156. From
these definitions it should be clear that $L^{\ast }$ also commutes with $%
\Delta $ on the space of harmonic differential forms (in accord with p.195
of [61]). As part of the preparation for proving of the Lefschetz
isomorphism theorem, it can be shown [61], that
\begin{equation}
\lbrack \Lambda ,L]=B\text{ and }[B,\Lambda ]=2\Lambda \text{, }[B,L]=-2L.
\tag{67}
\end{equation}%
At the same time, the Jacobson-Morozov theorem, Ref.[36], and \ results of
Ref.[63], p.37, essentially guarantee that any $sl_{2}(\mathbf{C})$ Lie
algebra can be brought into form
\begin{equation}
\lbrack h_{\alpha },e_{\alpha }]=2e_{\alpha }\text{ , }[h_{\alpha
},f_{\alpha }]=-2f_{\alpha }\text{ , \ }[e_{\alpha },f_{\alpha }]=h_{\alpha
}\ \tag{68}
\end{equation}%
upon appropriate rescaling. The index $\alpha $ counts thenumber of $sl_{2}(%
\mathbf{C})$ algebras in a semisimple Lie algebra. Comparison between the
above two expressions leads to the Lie algebra endomorphism, i.e. the
operators $h_{\alpha },f_{\alpha }$ and $e_{\alpha }$ act on the vector
space $\{v\}$ to be described below while the operators $\Lambda ,L$ and $B$
obeying the same commutation relations act on the space of differential
forms. It is possible to bring Eq.s(67) and (68) to even closer
correspondence. To this purpose, following Dixmier [64], Ch-r 8, we
introduce operators $h=\sum\nolimits_{\alpha }a_{\alpha }h_{\alpha }$, $%
e=\sum\nolimits_{\alpha }b_{\alpha }e_{\alpha }$, $f=\sum\nolimits_{\alpha
}c_{\alpha }f_{\alpha }.$ Then, provided that the constants are subject to
constraint: $b_{\alpha }c_{\alpha }=a_{\alpha }$ , the commutation relations
between the operators $h$, $e$ and $f$ are \textit{exactly the same} as for $%
B$, $\Lambda $ and $L$ respectively. To avoid unnecessary complications, we
choose $a_{\alpha }=b_{\alpha }=c_{\alpha }=1$.
Next, following Serre, Ref.[35], Ch-r 4, we need to introduce the notion of
the \textit{primitive} vector (or element).This is the vector $v$ such that $%
hv$=$\lambda v$ but $ev=0.$ The number $\lambda $ is the weight of the
module $V^{\lambda }=\{v\in V\mid hv$=$\lambda v\}.$ If the vector space is
\textit{finite dimensional}, then $V=\sum\nolimits_{\lambda }V^{\lambda }$.
Moreover, only if $V^{\lambda }$ is finite dimensional it is straightforward
to prove that the primitive element does exist. The proof is based on the
observation that if $x$ is the eigenvector of $h$ with weight $\lambda ,$
then $ex$ is also the eigenvector of $h$ with eigenvalue $\lambda -2,$ etc.
Moreover, from the book by Kac [65], Chr.3, it follows that if $\lambda $ is
the weight of $V,$ then $\lambda -<\lambda ,\alpha _{i}^{\vee }>\alpha _{i}$
is also the weight with the same multiplicity, provided that $<\lambda
,\alpha _{i}^{\vee }>\in \mathbf{Z}$\textbf{. }Kac therefore introduces
another module: $U=\sum\nolimits_{k\in \mathbf{Z}}$ $V^{\lambda +k\alpha
_{i}}$. Such a module is finite for finite Weyl-Coxeter reflection groups
and is infinite for the affine reflection groups associated with the affine
Kac-Moody Lie algebras.
We would like to argue that for our purposes it is sufficient to use only
\textit{finite} reflection (or pseudo-reflection) groups. It should be
clear, however, from reading the book by Kac that the infinite dimensional
version of the module $U$ leads straightforwardly to all known
string-theoretic results. In the case of CFT this is essential, but for
calculation of the Veneziano-like amplitudes this is \textit{not} essential
as we are about to demonstrate. Indeed, by accepting \ the traditional
option we\ \ loose at once our connections with the Lefschetz isomorphism
theorem ( relying heavily on the existence of primitive elements) and with
the Hodge theory in its standard form on which our arguments are based. The
infinite dimensional extensions of the Hodge-de Rham theory involving loop
groups, etc. relevant for CFT can be found in Ref.[66]. Fortunately, they
are not needed for our calculations. Hence, below we work only with the
finite dimensional spaces.
In particular, let $v$ be a primitive element of weight $\lambda $ then,
following Serre, we let $v_{n}=\frac{1}{n!}e^{n}v$ for $n\geq 0$ and $%
v_{-1}=0,$ so that
\begin{align}
hv_{n}& =(\lambda -2n)v_{n} \tag{69} \\
ev_{n}& =(n+1)v_{n+1} \notag \\
fv_{n}& =(\lambda -n+1)v_{n-1}. \notag
\end{align}%
Clearly, the operators $e$ and $f$ are the creation and the annihilation
operators according to the existing in physics terminology while the vector $%
v$ can be interpreted as the vacuum state vector. The question arises: how
this vector is related to the earlier introduced vector $\mid \alpha >?$
Before providing an answer to this question we need, following Serre, to
settle the related issue. In particular, we can either: a) assume that for
all $n\geq 0$ the first of Eq.s(69) has solutions and all vectors $%
v,v_{1},v_{2}$ , ...., are linearly independent or b) beginning from some $%
m+1\geq 0,$ all vectors $v_{n\text{ }}$are zero, i.e. $v_{m}\neq 0$ but $%
v_{m+1}=0.$ The first option leads to the infinite dimensional
representations associated with Kac-Moody affine algebras just mentioned.
The second option leads to the finite dimensional representations and to the
requirement $\lambda =m$ with $m$ being an integer. Following Serre, this
observation can be exploited further thus leading us to crucial physical
identifications. Serre observes that with respect to $n=0$ Eq.s(69) possess
a (\textquotedblright super\textquotedblright )symmetry. That is the linear
mappings
\begin{equation}
e^{m}:V^{m}\rightarrow V^{-m}\text{ and \ }f^{m}:V^{-m}\rightarrow V^{m}
\tag{70}
\end{equation}%
are isomorphisms and the dimensionality of $V^{m}$ and $V^{-m}$ are the
same. Serre provides an operator (the analog of Witten's $F$ operator) $%
\theta =\exp (f)\exp (e)\exp (-f)$ such that $\theta \cdot f=-e\cdot \theta $%
, $\theta \cdot e=-\theta \cdot f$ and $\theta \cdot h=-h\cdot \theta .$ In
view of such an operator, it is convenient to redefine $h$ operator : $%
h\rightarrow \hat{h}=h-\lambda $. Then, for such redefined operator the
vacuum state is just $v$. Since both $L$ and $L^{\ast }=\Lambda $ commute
with the supersymmetric Hamiltonian H and, because of the group
endomorphism, we conclude that the vacuum state $\mid \alpha >$ for H
corresponds to the primitive state vector $v$.
Now we are ready to apply yet another isomorphism following Ginzburg [36],
Ch-r. 4, pp 205-206 \footnote{%
Unfortunately, the original sourse contains absolutely minor mistakes. These
are easily correctable. The corrected results are given in the text.}. To
this purpose we make the following identification
\begin{equation}
e_{i}\rightarrow t_{i+1}\frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}}\text{ , }%
f_{i}\rightarrow t_{i}\frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i+1}}\text{ , }%
h_{i}\rightarrow 2\left( t_{i+1}\frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i+1}}-t_{i}%
\frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}}\right) , \tag{71}
\end{equation}%
$i=0,...,m.$ Such operators are acting on the vector space made of monomials
of the type
\begin{equation}
v_{n}\rightarrow \mathcal{F}_{n}=\frac{1}{n_{0}!n_{1}!\cdot \cdot \cdot
n_{k}!}t_{0}^{n_{0}}\cdot \cdot \cdot t_{k}^{n_{k}}, \tag{72}
\end{equation}%
where $n_{0}+...+n_{k}=n$ . This result is useful to compare with Eq.(61).
Eq.s (69) have now their analogs
\begin{align}
h_{i}\ast \mathcal{F}_{n}(i)& =2(n_{i+1}-n_{i})\mathcal{F}_{n}(i), \notag \\
e_{i}\ast \mathcal{F}_{n}(i)& =2n_{i}\mathcal{F}_{n}(i+1), \tag{73} \\
\text{ }f_{i}\ast \mathcal{F}_{n}(i)& =2n_{i+1}\mathcal{F}_{n}(i-1), \notag
\end{align}%
where, clearly, one should make the following consistent identifications: $%
m(i)-2n(i)=2\left( n_{i+1}-n_{i}\right) $ , $2n_{i}=n(i)+1$ and $%
m(i)-n(i)+1=2n_{i+1}.$ Next, we define the total Hamiltonian: $h=$ $%
\sum\nolimits_{i=0}^{k}h_{i}$ \footnote{%
The physical meaning of $h$ is discussed in some detail in our earlier work,
Ref.[11].}so that$\sum\nolimits_{i=0}^{k}m(i)=n,$ and then consider its
action on one of the wave functions of the type given by Eq.(72). Since the
operators defined by Eq.s(71) by design preserve the total degree of
monomials of the type given by Eq.(72) (that is they preserve the Veneziano
energy-momentum codition), we obtain the ground state degeneracy equal to $%
\mathfrak{P}(k,n)$ in agreement with Vergne, Ref.[14], where it was obtained
using different\ methods. Clearly, the factor $\mathfrak{P}(k,n)$ is just
the number of solutions in nonnegative integers to $n_{0}+...+n_{k}=n$,
Ref.[53], p. 252.
\bigskip
\pagebreak
\bigskip
\textbf{References}
\bigskip
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\bigskip
\end{document}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
}
| 1,923
|
Q: setting width in primefaces datatable I want to set fixed width for cxolumns in datatable
I tried
different width for all columns.
But the width changes based on the size of data . If data has space it folds down else the table width get increased.
Thanks in advance.
A: You need to create a CSS definition for your datatable. Lets call this your p:datatable:
<p:dataTable id="myDataTable" .... var="something">
<p:column headerText="column1">
#{something.propertyA}
</p:column>
<p:column headerText="column2">
#{something.propertyB}
</p:column>
</p:dataTable>
Then your CSS definition must be:
#myDataTable.ui-datatable thead th,
#myDataTable.ui-datatable tbody td,
#myDataTable.ui-datatable tfoot td {
white-space: normal;
word-wrap: break-word;
}
Links explaining word-wrap: break-word
*
*http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css3_pr_word-wrap.asp
*Word-wrap in an HTML table
and white-space: normal:
*
*http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_text_white-space.asp
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 9,168
|
Q: Ngrx selector not triggering when the reducer alters the slice I am working on an angular 2 application that uses Ngrx stores extensively. I got a decent structure in my stores. I use selectors to retrieve slices of state and usually all the selectors properly triggers their associated subscriptions. Ngrx is amazing.
Sadly, today I walked into a new issue and I tried looking around on the web for solutions without success. I finally found a work-around myself by testing out different syntax but I am curious as to why this is happening.
This selector is exactly like all my other selectors:
export const getToolBars = (state: State): any => state.toolBars;
export const selectState: MemoizedSelector<object, State> = createFeatureSelector<State>('http');
export const selectToolBars: MemoizedSelector<object, any> = createSelector(selectState, getToolBars);
The problem is that the selector does not trigger the subscription like it should when the data is updated via the reducer.
I found a work-around for this particular case. Using this :
export const getToolBars = (state: State): any => { return { toolBars: state.toolBars }; };
Instead of :
export const getToolBars = (state: State): any => state.toolBars;
fixes it but I would prefer to have all my getters look the same so I wonder why is this issue happening in the first place?
Additional informations, the state.toolBars is an object interfaced as
toolBars: { [name: string]: any };
Any hints or references would do. Right now everything "works" I am only looking for ways to improve my skill set. Thank you very much!
Edit:
I made a stackblitz to illustrate the issue.
https://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-selector-issue?file=src%2Fapp%2Froot-store%2Ftest-store%2Fselectors.ts
On this stackblitz, i made log to console for whenever stuff is being added in the toolBars state by the reducer. Every two seconds, a new entry is being added to the state.
In the current state, the subscription is not triggering when the reducer add content.
If in the selectors.ts we comment line 6 and uncomment line 7, it works as it does in my application. And I am wondering why usual syntax wont...
A: You are modifying the state directly, this is the problem.
Selectors are memoized by default and check if the arguments are changed between the last call and the current call. This check is a simple reference check (===). Because you're modifying the state directly, the reference stays the same.
To fix this you can do:
return {
...state,
toolBars: {
...state.toolBars,
[action.value]: action.subValue
}
}
You can also use ngrx-immer which takes care of this for you.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 7,375
|
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{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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