README.md

---
license: cc-by-4.0
language:
- en
pretty_name: Upper Waiākea Forest Reserve Passive Recordings
task_categories:
- audio-classification
modalities:
- Audio
tags:
- biology
- audio
- bioacoustics
- animals
- CV
- Hawaiian birds
- kipuka
- fragmented habitat
- unlabeled
- passive acoustic monitoring
size_categories: 1K<n<10K
description: This is a dataset containing unlabelled, unprocessed passive acoustic recordings of Hawaiian birds in the Upper Waiākea Forst Reserve in Hawaii. This dataset is intended for use in unsupervised audio analysis methods, classification using existing models, and other machine learning and ecology research purposes. 
---

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# Dataset Card for Upper Waiākea Forest Reserve Passive Recordings

<!-- Provide a quick summary of what the dataset is or can be used for. --> 

## Dataset Details

### Dataset Description
- **Curated by:** Namrata Banerji, Ekaterina Nepovinnykh, Jacob Beattie, Hikaru Keebler, Elizabeth Campolongo, Leonardo Teixeira Viotti, Amanda Navine, Patrick Hart, Tanya Berger-Wolf, and Kaiya Provost
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- **Repository:** [https://github.com/Imageomics/amakiki-project]

## Dataset Description
This is a dataset containing unlabelled, unprocessed passive acoustic recordings of Hawaiian birds in the [Upper Waiākea Forst Reserve in Hawaii](https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/forestry/frs/reserves/hawaii-island/upper-waiakea/). This dataset is intended for use in unsupervised audio analysis methods, classification using existing models, and other machine learning and ecology research purposes. 

### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
This dataset contains passive acoustic recordings collected as part of the Fall 2024/Spring 2025 Experiential Introduction to AI and Ecology course through the [Imageomics Institute](https://github.com/imageomics) and [ABC Global Center](https://www.abcresearchcenter.org/) during January 2025.

This dataset is intended for use with unsupervised computer vision or acoustic machine learning models. No labels are provided, but recorder locations and recording timestamps are included, allowing for analysis of the relationship between ecological factors and variations in birdsong.

The dataset contains ~1623 hours of recording from 19 different recorders located in the Upper Waiākea Forest Reserve. 

## Dataset Structure
```
/upper-waiakea-PAM/
    <recorder_id>/
		  <recorder_id>_Summary.txt
		  Data/
			  <recorder_id>_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS.wav
			  ...
    <recorder_id>/
        ...
    ...
    kipuka_metadata.csv
    check.py
    README.md
```
### Data Instances
All audio files are named (recorder_id)-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS.wav inside a folder named after the recorder id. Each recording starts at the time listed in the filename. Most recordings are 1 hour long, but some may be shorter. Recordings were taken using a SongMeter Micro 2.

`kipuka_metadata.csv` provides metadata for each recorder, including latitude/longitude and deployment/retrieval dates. 


### Data Fields

recorder_id, card_code, point_id, deployment_date, retrieval_date, latitude, longitude

**kipuka_metadata.csv**
  - `recorder_id`: Unique identifier for each recorder. Corresponds to the manufacturer ID found on each SongMeter recorder used.
  - `card_code`: Unique identifier for SD card used in each recorder
  - `point_id`: Unique identifier for each point where a recorder was placed
  - `deployment_date`: Date the recorder was deployed
  - `retrieval_date`: Date the recorder was retrieved.
  - `latitude`: Latitude of recorder
  - `longitude`: Longitude of recorder

### Data Splits
Only one data split: `data`. If being used for training/testing/validation of models, splits must be made manually.
<!--
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-->

### Running `check.py`
`check.py` is a script that can be run to provide a summary of the data for each recorder, such as number of recordings and total recording length. `check.py` outputs the summary to `recorder_data_summary.txt`. `check.py` can be run using the command `python check.py` with most python environments. If you are having difficulty running this script, try updating your python version, as it has been validated to work using python version 3.12. 

The output will be similar to the following:

```
Summary generated on: 2025-02-14 11:35:04
Folder, File Count, Total Size (MB), <59min Count, >=59min Count, Total Duration (hour)
2MM00549, 95, 15161.5546, 4, 91, 92.00
2MM01345, 83, 13184.8798, 4, 79, 80.01
2MM01340, 88, 14078.0845, 4, 84, 85.43
2MM01695, 87, 14055.8028, 3, 84, 85.29
2MM00813, 80, 12975.0388, 3, 77, 78.73
2MM01690, 85, 13734.8250, 3, 82, 83.34
2MM01356, 87, 14068.1153, 3, 84, 85.37
2MM01186, 86, 13741.1259, 3, 83, 83.38
2MM01792, 87, 14061.7154, 3, 84, 85.33
2MM01707, 99, 15928.7895, 3, 96, 96.66
2MM00926, 88, 14044.4240, 3, 85, 85.22
2MM01028, 82, 12835.9001, 5, 77, 77.89
2MM01088, 88, 14064.3990, 4, 84, 85.34
2MM01007, 79, 12666.8419, 3, 76, 76.86
2MM01631, 87, 14077.6402, 3, 84, 85.42
2MM00471, 86, 13772.1017, 3, 83, 83.57
2MM01323, 99, 15589.7840, 5, 94, 94.60
2MM01655, 97, 15451.0132, 4, 93, 93.76
2MM01339, 89, 14100.2859, 4, 85, 85.56
```

## Dataset Creation
This dataset was compiled as part of the field component of the Experiential Introduction to AI and Ecology Course run by the Imageomics Institute and the AI and Biodiversity Change (ABC) Global Center. This field work was done on the island of Hawai'i January 15-30, 2025. Audio was recorded in the [Upper Waiākea Forst Reserve in Hawaii](https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/forestry/frs/reserves/hawaii-island/upper-waiakea/), at the following sites:

![Recorder Locations](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66f1eacc9be7680df701cdb8/yKDg20J05w_O_EDjt4XH6.png)

### Curation Rationale
This dataset was created in order to study Hawaiian bird call variation across kipuka. Passive acoustic monitoring was done to capture Hawaiian bird calls across varying kipuka.
<!-- Motivation for the creation of this dataset. For instance, what you intended to study and why that required curation of a new dataset (or if it's newly collected data and why the data was collected (intended use)), etc. -->

### Source Data
These data were originally created by placing recorders in kipuka in the Upper Waiākea Forest Reserve on Hawaii island, recording bird calls.

<!-- This section describes the source data (e.g., news text and headlines, social media posts, translated sentences, ...). As well as an original source it was created from (e.g., sampling from Zenodo records, compiling images from different aggregators, etc.) -->

#### Data Collection and Processing
Recorder locations were selected to replicate recorder locations from previous work by [Sebastián-González, E. and Hart, P.J. (2017)](https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.04531). These data have significant overlap the previous recorder locations, while retaining only minimally sufficient overlap with recently collected data to allow for calibration between datasets. 

#### Who are the source data producers?
These data are produced by members of the ABC Global Center and Imageomics Institute, with data collection led by Patrick Hart, Leonardo Viotti, Namrata Banerji, Ekaterina Vepovinnkh, Hikaru Keebler, and Tanya Berger-Wolf, and assistance from all individuals in the AI for Ecology Course.
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## Considerations for Using the Data
<!--
Things to consider while working with the dataset. For instance, maybe there are hybrids and they are labeled in the `hybrid_stat` column, so to get a subset without hybrids, subset to all instances in the metadata file such that `hybrid_stat` is _not_ "hybrid".
-->

### Bias, Risks, and Limitations
These data are unlabelled, unprocessed, and may still contain significant noise due to some recorder's proximity to the road or footpaths.  Because of this, humans, cars, or helicopters may also be audible in some recordings. 

Additionally, the number of calls recorded for each species is likely long-tailed. Below is a chart depicting the number of occurrences of each species found during different portions of the day using source separation + Perch for species identification:

![Species Count Birds](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66f1eacc9be7680df701cdb8/HOUXxVwVuQVY6Maj6_gf2.png)

<!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. Could also address misuse, malicious use, and uses that the dataset will not work well for.-->

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### Recommendations
Consider the impact that raw, unprocessed data may have on use cases for these data. Employing source separation or audio preprocessing methods may be beneficial to downstream analyses.
<!-- This section is meant to convey recommendations with respect to the bias, risk, and technical limitations. -->

## Licensing Information
This dataset is available to share and adapt for any use under the [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) license, provided appropriate credit is given. We ask that you cite this dataset if you make use of these data in any work or product. 

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## Citation
```
@misc{
  upper_waiakea_pam,
  title = {Upper Waiākea Forest Reserve Passive Recordings},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/imageomics/upper-waiakea-PAM},
  author = {Banerji, Namrata and Nepovinnykh, Ekaterina and Beattie, Jacob and Keebler, Hikaru and Campolongo, Elizabeth and Teixeira Viotti, Leonardo and Navine, Amanda and Hart, Patrick and Berger-Wolf, Tanya and Provost, Kaiya},
  doi = {coming soon}
  publisher = {Hugging Face}
}
```

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  doi      = {<DOI>}
}
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## Acknowledgements

This work was supported by both the [Imageomics Institute](https://imageomics.org) and the [AI and Biodiversity Change (ABC) Global Center](https://abcresearchcenter.org/). The Imageomics Institute is funded by the US National Science Foundation's Harnessing the Data Revolution (HDR) program under [Award #2118240](https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2118240) (Imageomics: A New Frontier of Biological Information Powered by Knowledge-Guided Machine Learning). The ABC Global Center is funded by the US National Science Foundation under [Award No. 2330423](https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2330423&HistoricalAwards=false) and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada under [Award No. 585136](https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=782440). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

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This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), a program sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and operated under cooperative agreement by Battelle.

Additionally, we would like to thank Patrick Hart from UH Hilo, Ben Gottesman and Aaron Rice from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Mike Long, Shea Uehana, Eissas Ouk, Evan Donoso, Avery Dean, and Ann Carey from the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), the [UH Hilo LOHE Lab](https://lohelab.org/), and the [Upper Waiākea Forst Reserve in Hawaii](https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/forestry/frs/reserves/hawaii-island/upper-waiakea/).

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## Dataset Card Authors 
Namrata Banerji, Jacob Beattie, Hikaru Keebler, Kate Nepovinnykh, and Elizabeth Campolongo


## Dataset Card Contact
banerji.8@osu.edu
beattie.74@osu.edu
nepove@rpi.edu
keebler.8@osu.edu


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