wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
municipalities (some in Belgium) and from members of the Dutch and Belgian parliament. The plan has been the subject of various legal challenges and has not been carried out up to this date (2014).
On 16 December 2010, the Court of Justice of the European Union upheld a local Maastricht ban on the sale of c... | 2,600 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
issuing of wietpasses, Dutch parliament in 2012 agreed to replace the pass by any proof of residency. The new system has led to a slight reduction in drug tourism to cannabis shops in Maastricht but at the same time to an increase of drug dealing on the street.
# Transport.
## By car.
Maastricht is served... | 2,601 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
problems started in 2011 and was opened (in stages) by December 2016.
In spite of several large underground car parks, parking in the city centre forms a major problem during weekends and bank holidays because of the large numbers of visitors. Parking fees are deliberately high to make visitors to use publi... | 2,602 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
to Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Den Bosch and Utrecht are operated by Dutch Railways. The National Railway Company of Belgium runs south to Liège in Belgium. The line to Heerlen, Valkenburg and Kerkrade is operated by Arriva. The former railway to Aachen was closed down in the 1980s. A small section of the old west... | 2,603 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
However, the planning process has been heavily delayed, and as of 2018, construction has not yet started. The tram is now scheduled to be operating in 2024. When completed, the tram will carry passengers from Maastricht city centre to Hasselt city centre in 30 minutes. It will be operated by the Belgian tran... | 2,604 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
Maastricht with Liège, operated by TEC.
## By air.
Maastricht is served by the nearby Maastricht Aachen Airport , in nearby Beek, and it is informally referred to by that name. The airport is served by Corendon Dutch Airlines and Ryanair. The airport has regular scheduled flights to destinations around the... | 2,605 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
to other cities, various organized boat trips for tourists connect Maastricht with Belgium cities such as Liège.
## Distances to other cities.
These distances are as the crow flies and so do not represent actual overland distances.
- Liège: south
- Aachen: east
- Eindhoven: north-west
- Düsseldorf: nor... | 2,606 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
Basel: south-east
- London: north-west
- Zürich: south-east
# Education.
## Secondary education.
- "Bernard Lievegoedschool" (Anthroposophical education)
- "Bonnefantencollege"
- "Porta Mosana College"
- Sint-Maartenscollege
- United World College Maastricht
## Tertiary education.
- Maastricht Uni... | 2,607 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
of Fine Arts Maastricht (Dutch: "Academie Beeldende Kunsten Maastricht")
- Maastricht Academy of Music (Dutch: "Conservatorium Maastricht")
- "Academy of architecture"
- "Teachers training college"
- "Faculty of International Business and Communication"
- "Maastricht Hotel Management School"
## Other.
... | 2,608 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
Smeets (born 1992) - Football player
- Jean-Eugène-Charles Alberti (1777 – after 1843) – painter
- Henri Arends (1921–1993) – conductor
- Doris Baaten (born 1956) – voice actress
- Mieke de Boer (born 1980) – female darts player
- Alphons Boosten (1893–1951) – architect
- Theo Bovens (born 1959) – poli... | 2,609 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
van Hasselt (1806–1874) – French-writing poet
- Hubert Hermans (born 1937) – psychologist and creator of Dialogical Self Theory
- Pieter van den Hoogenband (born 1978) – swimmer and a triple Olympic champion
- Pierre Kemp (1886–1967) – poet
- Sjeng Kerbusch (1947–1991) – behavior geneticist
- Mathieu Ke... | 2,610 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
Benny Neyman (1951–2008) – singer of popular songs
- Tom Nijssen (born 1964) – tennis player
- Jacques Ogg (born 1948) – harpsichordist
- Henrietta d'Oultremont (1792–1864) – second wife of William I of the Netherlands
- Jan Peumans (born 1951) – Belgian politician
- Guido Pieters (born 1948) – film dir... | 2,611 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
– railway entrepreneur and contractor
- Hubert Soudant (born 1946) – conductor
- Victor de Stuers (1843–1916) – politician, monument conservationist
- Jac. P. Thijsse (1865–1945) – botanist, conservationist
- Frans Timmermans (born 1961) – politician
- Johann Friedrich August Tischbein (1750–1812) – por... | 2,612 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
Residing in Maastricht.
- Jo Bonfrere (born 1946) – football player
- Willy Brokamp (born 1946) – football player
- Jeroen Brouwers (born 1940) – writer, journalist
- Gondulph of Maastricht (c. 524 – c. 607) – bishop, saint
- Theo Hiddema (born 1944) – lawyer
- Willem Hofhuizen (1915–1986) – painter
-... | 2,613 |
20125 | Maastricht | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maastricht | Maastricht
agiographer
# Local anthem.
In 2002 the municipal government officially adopted a local anthem (Limburgish (Maastrichtian variant): "Mestreechs Volksleed", ) composed of lyrics in Maastrichtian. The theme was originally written by Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883).
# See also.
- Jewish inhabitants of Maastr... | 2,614 |
20145 | Maroboduus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroboduus | Maroboduus
Maroboduus
Maroboduus (born "circa" 30 BC, died in AD 37), was a Romanized king of the Germanic Suebi, who under pressure from the wars of the Cherusci and Romans, and losing the Suevic Semnones and Langobardi from his kingdom, moved with the Marcomanni into the forests of Bohemia, near to the Quadi.
The n... | 2,615 |
20145 | Maroboduus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroboduus | Maroboduus
9 BC, Maroboduus returned to Germania and became ruler of his people. To deal with the threat of Roman expansion into the Rhine-Danube basin, he led the Marcomanni to the area later known as Bohemia to be outside the range of the Roman influence. There, he took the title of king and organized a confederation... | 2,616 |
20145 | Maroboduus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroboduus | Maroboduus
with Maroboduus and to recognize him as king.
# War with Arminius and death.
His rivalry with Arminius, the Cheruscan leader who inflicted the devastating defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest on the Romans under Publius Quinctilius Varus in 9 AD, prevented a concerted attack on Roman territory acro... | 2,617 |
20145 | Maroboduus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroboduus | Maroboduus
Arminius and Maroboduus, and after an indecisive battle, Maroboduus withdrew into the hilly forests of Bohemia, in 18 AD. In the next year, Catualda, a young Marcomannic nobleman living in exile among the Gutones, returned, perhaps by a subversive Roman intervention, and defeated Maroboduus. The deposed king... | 2,618 |
20145 | Maroboduus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroboduus | Maroboduus
comannic nobleman living in exile among the Gutones, returned, perhaps by a subversive Roman intervention, and defeated Maroboduus. The deposed king had to flee to Italy, and Tiberius detained him 18 years in Ravenna. There, Maroboduus died in 37 AD. Catualda was, in turn, defeated by the Hermunduri Vibilius... | 2,619 |
20149 | Mike Muuss | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Muuss | Mike Muuss
Mike Muuss
Michael John Muuss (October 16, 1958 – November 20, 2000) was the American author of the freeware network tool ping.
# Career.
A graduate of Johns Hopkins University, Muuss was a senior scientist specializing in geometric solid modeling, ray-tracing, MIMD architectures and digital computer netw... | 2,620 |
20149 | Mike Muuss | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Muuss | Mike Muuss
Research Laboratory, is the program for which he is most remembered. Due to its usefulness, ping has been implemented on a large number of operating systems, initially BSD and Unix, but later others including Windows and Mac OS X.
In 1993, the USENIX Association gave a Lifetime Achievement Award ("Flame") t... | 2,621 |
20149 | Mike Muuss | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%20Muuss | Mike Muuss
uckoo's Egg" () and "Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier" (), for his role in tracking down crackers. He also is mentioned in Peter Salus's "A Quarter Century of UNIX".
Muuss died in an automobile collision on Interstate 95 on November 20, 2000. The Michael J. Muuss Research Award, set u... | 2,622 |
20151 | Mousse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mousse | Mousse
Mousse
A mousse (French 'foam' ) is a soft prepared food that incorporates air bubbles to give it a light and airy texture. It can range from light and fluffy to creamy and thick, depending on preparation techniques. A mousse may be sweet or savory.
Sweet mousses are typically made with whipped egg whites, whi... | 2,623 |
20151 | Mousse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mousse | Mousse
is served as a dessert, or used as an airy cake filling. It is sometimes stabilized with gelatin.
Savory mousses can be made from meat, fish, shellfish, foie gras, cheese, or vegetables. Hot mousses often get their light texture from the addition of beaten egg whites.
# History.
Various desserts consisting of... | 2,624 |
20151 | Mousse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mousse | Mousse
illing. It is sometimes stabilized with gelatin.
Savory mousses can be made from meat, fish, shellfish, foie gras, cheese, or vegetables. Hot mousses often get their light texture from the addition of beaten egg whites.
# History.
Various desserts consisting of whipped cream in pyramidal shapes with coffee, l... | 2,625 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
M. C. Escher
Maurits Cornelis Escher (; 17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972) was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically-inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints.
Despite wide popular interest, Escher was for long somewhat neglected in the art world, even in his native Netherlands. He was 70 before... | 2,626 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
ability, he interacted with the mathematicians George Pólya, Roger Penrose, Harold Coxeter and crystallographer Friedrich Haag, and conducted his own research into tessellation.
Early in his career, he drew inspiration from nature, making studies of insects, landscapes, and plants such as lichens, all of ... | 2,627 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
in his April 1966 Mathematical Games column in "Scientific American". Apart from being used in a variety of technical papers, his work has appeared on the covers of many books and albums. He was one of the major inspirations of Douglas Hofstadter's Pulitzer Prize-winning 1979 book "Gödel, Escher, Bach".
#... | 2,628 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
and family as "Mauk", he was a sickly child and was placed in a special school at the age of seven; he failed the second grade. Although he excelled at drawing, his grades were generally poor. He took carpentry and piano lessons until he was thirteen years old.
In 1918, he went to the Technical College of... | 2,629 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
year of his life, Escher traveled through Italy, visiting Florence, San Gimignano, Volterra, Siena, and Ravello. In the same year, he traveled through Spain, visiting Madrid, Toledo, and Granada. He was impressed by the Italian countryside and, in Granada, by the Moorish architecture of the fourteenth-cent... | 2,630 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
Jetta Umiker – a Swiss woman, like himself attracted to Italy – whom he married in 1924. The couple settled in Rome where their first son, Giorgio (George) Arnaldo Escher, named after his grandfather, was born. Escher and Jetta later had two more sons – Arthur and Jan.
He travelled frequently, visiting (a... | 2,631 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
of its mosaic patterns. It was here that he became fascinated, to the point of obsession, with tessellation, explaining:
The sketches he made in the Alhambra formed a major source for his work from that time on. He also studied the architecture of the Mezquita, the Moorish mosque of Cordoba. This turned o... | 2,632 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
already shows his interest in the nature of space, the unusual, perspective, and multiple points of view.
# Later life.
In 1935, the political climate in Italy (under Mussolini) became unacceptable to Escher. He had no interest in politics, finding it impossible to involve himself with any ideals other t... | 2,633 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
Fund" in 1935, and again in 1949 he designed Netherlands stamps. These were for the 75th anniversary of the Universal Postal Union; a different design was used by Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles for the same commemoration.
Escher, who had been very fond of and inspired by the landscapes in Italy, was... | 2,634 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
After 1953, Escher lectured widely. A planned series of lectures in North America in 1962 was cancelled after an illness, and he stopped creating artworks for a time, but the illustrations and text for the lectures were later published as part of the book "Escher on Escher". He was awarded the Knighthood o... | 2,635 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
three times about the center of the image and precisely aligned to avoid gaps and overlaps, for a total of nine print operations for each finished print. The image encapsulates Escher's love of symmetry; of interlocking patterns; and, at the end of his life, of his approach to infinity. The care that Esche... | 2,636 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
disconnect between his full-on popular fame and the lack of esteem with which he has been viewed in the art world. His originality and mastery of graphic techniques are respected, but his works have been thought too intellectual and insufficiently lyrical. Movements such as conceptual art have, to a degree... | 2,637 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
and reflection in his 1524 "Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror", depicting his own image in a curved mirror, while William Hogarth's 1754 "Satire on False Perspective" foreshadows Escher's playful exploration of errors in perspective. Another early artistic forerunner is Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778... | 2,638 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
However, although Escher had much in common with, for example, Magritte's surrealism, he did not make contact with any of these movements.
## Tessellation.
In his early years, Escher sketched landscapes and nature. He also sketched insects such as ants, bees, grasshoppers, and mantises, which appeared fr... | 2,639 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
wrote, "Mathematicians have opened the gate leading to an extensive domain".
After his 1936 journey to the Alhambra and to La Mezquita, Cordoba, where he sketched the Moorish architecture and the tessellated mosaic decorations, Escher began to explore the properties and possibilities of tessellation using... | 2,640 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
meet at a vertex; the tails, legs, and sides of the animals interlock exactly. It was used as the basis for his 1943 lithograph "Reptiles".
His first study of mathematics began with papers by George Pólya and by the crystallographer Friedrich Haag on plane symmetry groups, sent to him by his brother Beren... | 2,641 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
told a story through the use of pictures. In "Metamorphosis I", he transformed convex polygons into regular patterns in a plane to form a human motif. He extended the approach in his piece "Metamorphosis III", which is four metres long.
In 1941 and 1942, Escher summarized his findings for his own artistic... | 2,642 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
he was following as
## Geometries.
Although Escher did not have mathematical training—his understanding of mathematics was largely visual and intuitive—his art had a strong mathematical component, and several of the worlds that he drew were built around impossible objects. After 1924, Escher turned to sk... | 2,643 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
father, the biologist Lionel Penrose. In 1956, they published a paper, "Impossible Objects: A Special Type of Visual Illusion" and later sent Escher a copy. Escher replied, admiring the Penroses' continuously rising flights of steps, and enclosed a print of "Ascending and Descending" (1960). The paper also... | 2,644 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
in a two-pointed headdress and a long gown in his lithograph "Belvedere" in 1958; the image is, like many of his other "extraordinary invented places", peopled with "jesters, knaves, and contemplators". Thus, Escher not only was interested in possible or impossible geometry but was, in his own words, a "re... | 2,645 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
spheres, cubes, rings, and spirals.
Escher was also fascinated by mathematical objects such as the Möbius strip, which has only one surface. His wood engraving "Möbius Strip II" (1963) depicts a chain of ants marching forever over what, at any one place, are the two opposite faces of the object—which are ... | 2,646 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
symmetry. Escher described this journey, including his repeat visit to the Alhambra, as "the richest source of inspiration I have ever tapped".
Escher's interest in curvilinear perspective was encouraged by his friend and "kindred spirit", the art historian and artist Albert Flocon, in another example of ... | 2,647 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
the book "La Perspective curviligne" ("Curvilinear perspective").
## Platonic and other solids.
Escher often incorporated three-dimensional objects such as the Platonic solids such as spheres, tetrahedrons, and cubes into his works, as well as mathematical objects such as cylinders and stellated polyhedr... | 2,648 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
dodecahedron.
The two towers of "Waterfall" impossible building are topped with compound polyhedra, one a compound of three cubes, the other a stellated rhombic dodecahedron now known as Escher's solid. Escher had used this solid in his 1948 woodcut "Stars", which also contains all five of the Platonic so... | 2,649 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
from observations and travels to other countries. His interest in the multiple levels of reality in art is seen in works such as "Drawing Hands" (1948), where two hands are shown, each drawing the other. The critic Steven Poole commented that
## Infinity and hyperbolic geometry.
In 1954, the Internationa... | 2,650 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
of both objects to Escher, and the cycle of invention was closed when Escher then created the perpetual motion machine of "Waterfall" and the endless march of the monk-figures of "Ascending and Descending".
In 1957, Coxeter obtained Escher's permission to use two of his drawings in his paper "Crystal symm... | 2,651 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
studied Coxeter's figure, marking it up to analyse the successively smaller circles with which (he deduced) it had been constructed. He then constructed a diagram, which he sent to Coxeter, showing his analysis; Coxeter confirmed it was correct, but disappointed Escher with his highly technical reply. All ... | 2,652 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
and art, as well as in popular culture.
## In art collections.
The Escher intellectual property is controlled by the M.C. Escher Company, while exhibitions of his artworks are managed separately by the M.C. Escher Foundation.
The primary institutional collections of original works by M.C. Escher are the... | 2,653 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
twenty-first century, major exhibitions have been held in cities across the world. An exhibition of his work in Rio de Janeiro attracted more than 573,000 visitors in 2011; its daily visitor count of 9,677 made it the most visited museum exhibition of the year, anywhere in the world. No major exhibition of... | 2,654 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
of mathematical and scientific research anticipated or directly inspired by Escher. These are the classification of regular tilings using the edge relationships of tiles: two-color and two-motif tilings (counterchange symmetry or antisymmetry); color symmetry (in crystallography); metamorphosis or topologi... | 2,655 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
Pulitzer Prize-winning 1979 book "Gödel, Escher, Bach" by Douglas Hofstadter discusses the ideas of self-reference and strange loops, drawing on a wide range of artistic and scientific sources including Escher's art and the music of J. S. Bach.
The asteroid 4444 Escher was named in Escher's honor in 1985.... | 2,656 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
Sanctuary" with "Three Worlds"; and Mandrake Memorial's 1970 "Puzzle" with "House of Stairs" and (inside) "Curl Up". His works have similarly been used on many book covers, including some editions of Edwin Abbott's "Flatland", which used "Three Spheres"; E. H. Gombrich's "Meditations on a Hobby Horse" with... | 2,657 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
artworks. Both Austria and the Netherlands have issued postage stamps commemorating the artist and his works.
# Selected works.
- "Trees", ink (1920)
- "St. Bavo's, Haarlem", ink (1920)
- "Flor de Pascua (The Easter Flower)", woodcut/book illustrations (1921)
- "Eight Heads", woodcut (1922)
- "Dolphi... | 2,658 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
lithograph (1931)
- "Covered Alley in Atrani, Coast of Amalfi", wood engraving (1931)
- "Phosphorescent Sea", lithograph (1933)
- "Still Life with Spherical Mirror", lithograph (1934)
- "Hand with Reflecting Sphere" also known as "Self-Portrait in Spherical Mirror", lithograph (1935)
- "Inside St. Pet... | 2,659 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
"Cycle", lithograph (1938)
- "Sky and Water I", woodcut (1938)
- "Sky and Water II", lithograph (1938)
- "Metamorphosis II", woodcut (1939–1940)
- "Verbum (Earth, Sky and Water)", lithograph (1942)
- "Reptiles", lithograph (1943)
- "Ant", lithograph (1943)
- "Encounter", lithograph (1944)
- "Doric ... | 2,660 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
(1947)
- "Up and Down" also known as "High and Low", lithograph (1947)
- "Drawing Hands", lithograph (1948)
- "Dewdrop", mezzotint (1948)
- "Stars", wood engraving (1948)
- "Double Planetoid", wood engraving (1949)
- "Order and Chaos (Contrast)", lithograph (1950)
- "Rippled Surface", woodcut and li... | 2,661 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
II)", lithograph (1955)
- "Convex and Concave", lithograph (1955)
- "Three Worlds", lithograph (1955)
- "Print Gallery", lithograph (1956)
- "Mosaic II", lithograph (1957)
- "Cube with Magic Ribbons", lithograph (1957)
- "Belvedere", lithograph (1958)
- "Sphere Spirals", woodcut (1958)
- "Circle Li... | 2,662 |
20127 | M. C. Escher | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.%20C.%20Escher | M. C. Escher
", woodcut (1959)
- "Ascending and Descending", lithograph (1960)
- "Waterfall", lithograph (1961)
- "Möbius Strip II (Red Ants)", woodcut (1963)
- "Knot", pencil and crayon (1966)
- "Metamorphosis III", woodcut (1967–1968)
- "Snakes", woodcut (1969)
# See also.
- Victor Vasarely
- Escher sentence... | 2,663 |
20144 | Marcomanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni | Marcomanni
Marcomanni
The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribal confederation who eventually came to live in a powerful kingdom north of the Danube, somewhere in the region near modern Bohemia, during the peak of power of the nearby Roman Empire. According to Tacitus and Strabo they were Suebian.
# History.
## Origin.
... | 2,664 |
20144 | Marcomanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni | Marcomanni
Germany. The exact position of their lands at this time is not known. The fact that their name existed before the Romans had territory near the Danube or Rhine raises the question of which border they lived near in order to explain their name. Their name may echo an earlier demarcation between the northern G... | 2,665 |
20144 | Marcomanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni | Marcomanni
forest, intrinsically connected to the major trade roads that went into the more evolved centers of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia all still Celtic regions then. It has been suggested that they may have lived near the conjunction of Rhine and Main river, at the areas formerly inhabited but left deserted by the... | 2,666 |
20144 | Marcomanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni | Marcomanni
and Strabo (vii. p. 290) they eventually moved into the large area previously occupied by the Boii, specifically in a region already called "Baiohaemum", where their allies and fellow Suevi the Quadi lived. This was described as being within the Hercynian forest and was possibly in the region of modern Bohem... | 2,667 |
20144 | Marcomanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni | Marcomanni
Around 50 AD, Vannius was himself also deposed by Vibilius, in coordination with his nephews Vangio and Sido.
Tacitus, in the late 1st century mentions ("Germania" I.42) the Marcomanni as being under kings appointed by Rome.
## Marcomannic Wars.
In the 2nd century AD, the Marcomanni entered into a confede... | 2,668 |
20144 | Marcomanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni | Marcomanni
success against the Marcomanni and their allies, to the Punic Wars. The comparison was apt in that this war marked a turning point and had significant Roman defeats; it caused the death of two Praetorian Guard commanders. The war began in 166, when the Marcomanni overwhelmed the defences between Vindobona an... | 2,669 |
20144 | Marcomanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni | Marcomanni
history.
The Christianisation of the Marcomanni, at least into a Roman orthodox form of Christianity, seems to have occurred under their queen, Fritigil (wife of an unnamed king) in the mid fourth century. She corresponded with Ambrose of Milan to bring about the conversion. This was the last clear evidence... | 2,670 |
20144 | Marcomanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni | Marcomanni
Portugal), where they were considered "foederati" and founded the Suebi Kingdom of Gallaecia. These Suevi were probably a mix of Suevian groups from the area north of Danube and Pannonian basin such as the Marcomanni, Quadi and Buri.
There, Hermeric swore fealty to the emperor in 410. Bracara Augusta, the m... | 2,671 |
20144 | Marcomanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni | Marcomanni
confederation. These Suevi eventually came into conflict with the Ostrogoths, who had been on the losing side at Nadao.
Jordanes, the historian of the Goths, reported ("Getica" 280) that after the Battle of Bolia, the Ostrogoths attacked the Suevi (ruled by a man named Hunimund, who also seems to have led a... | 2,672 |
20144 | Marcomanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni | Marcomanni
north. The text seems to indicate that these Suevi had moved into the Alamannic area but that these specific Suevi were seen as distinct from both Alamanni and Bavarians. This was also the first mention of Bavarians and they are also often proposed to have had Marcomanni in their ancestry.
According to hist... | 2,673 |
20144 | Marcomanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni | Marcomanni
Danube under Gothic rule, and eventually again under Longobard rule.
There is a runic alphabet called the Marcomannic runes, but they are not believed to be related to the Marcomannic people.
# Kings of the Marcomanni.
- Maroboduus, c. 9 BC – 18 AD
- Catualda, 18 – 20
- Vannius, 20 – c. 50
- Vangio and... | 2,674 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
Microwave
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from about one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between and . Different sources define different frequency ranges as microwaves; the above broad definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter wave) bands. A more ... | 2,675 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
is not meant to suggest a wavelength in the micrometer range. Rather, it indicates that microwaves are "small" (having shorter wavelengths), compared to the radio waves used prior to microwave technology. The boundaries between far infrared, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultra-high-frequency radio wave... | 2,676 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
band they are absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, limiting practical communication distances to around a kilometer. Microwaves are widely used in modern technology, for example in point-to-point communication links, wireless networks, microwave radio relay networks, radar, satellite and spacecraft communicat... | 2,677 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
infrared light:
In descriptions of the electromagnetic spectrum, some sources classify microwaves as radio waves, a subset of the radio wave band; while others classify microwaves and radio waves as distinct types of radiation. This is an arbitrary distinction.
# Propagation.
Microwaves travel solely by li... | 2,678 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
communication links are limited by the visual horizon to about . Microwaves are absorbed by moisture in the atmosphere, and the attenuation increases with frequency, becoming a significant factor (rain fade) at the high end of the band. Beginning at about 40 GHz, atmospheric gases also begin to absorb microwa... | 2,679 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
frequency ranges.
## Troposcatter.
In a microwave beam directed at an angle into the sky, a small amount of the power will be randomly scattered as the beam passes through the troposphere. A sensitive receiver beyond the horizon with a high gain antenna focused on that area of the troposphere can pick up th... | 2,680 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
used for wireless devices such as cell phones, cordless phones, and wireless LANs (Wi-Fi) access for laptops, and Bluetooth earphones. Antennas used include short whip antennas, rubber ducky antennas, sleeve dipoles, patch antennas, and increasingly the printed circuit inverted F antenna (PIFA) used in cell p... | 2,681 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
by nearby transmitters. Parabolic ("dish") antennas are the most widely used directive antennas at microwave frequencies, but horn antennas, slot antennas and dielectric lens antennas are also used. Flat microstrip antennas are being increasingly used in consumer devices. Another directive antenna practical a... | 2,682 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
is required microwaves are carried by metal pipes called waveguides. Due to the high cost and maintenance requirements of waveguide runs, in many microwave antennas the output stage of the transmitter or the RF front end of the receiver is located at the antenna.
# Design and analysis.
The term "microwave" ... | 2,683 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
and analysis.
As a consequence, practical microwave circuits tend to move away from the discrete resistors, capacitors, and inductors used with lower-frequency radio waves. Open-wire and coaxial transmission lines used at lower frequencies are replaced by waveguides and stripline, and lumped-element tuned ci... | 2,684 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
microwaves. These devices operate on different principles from low-frequency vacuum tubes, using the ballistic motion of electrons in a vacuum under the influence of controlling electric or magnetic fields, and include the magnetron (used in microwave ovens), klystron, traveling-wave tube (TWT), and gyrotron.... | 2,685 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
and IMPATT diodes. Low-power sources are available as benchtop instruments, rackmount instruments, embeddable modules and in card-level formats. A maser is a solid state device which amplifies microwaves using similar principles to the laser, which amplifies higher frequency light waves.
All warm objects emi... | 2,686 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
called radio telescopes. The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), for example, is a weak microwave noise filling empty space which is a major source of information on cosmology's Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe.
# Microwave uses.
Microwave technology is extensively used for point-to-p... | 2,687 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
to transmitted frequency. Microwaves are used in spacecraft communication, and much of the world's data, TV, and telephone communications are transmitted long distances by microwaves between ground stations and communications satellites. Microwaves are also employed in microwave ovens and in radar technology.... | 2,688 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
antenna for the "hop" to the next site, up to 70 km away.
Wireless LAN protocols, such as Bluetooth and the IEEE 802.11 specifications used for Wi-Fi, also use microwaves in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, although 802.11a uses ISM band and U-NII frequencies in the 5 GHz range. Licensed long-range (up to about 25 km) ... | 2,689 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
offerings that can be carried on the 3.65 GHz band will give business customers another option for connectivity.
Metropolitan area network (MAN) protocols, such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) are based on standards such as IEEE 802.16, designed to operate between 2 and 11 GHz. Com... | 2,690 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
mobile phone networks, like GSM, use the low-microwave/high-UHF frequencies around 1.8 and 1.9 GHz in the Americas and elsewhere, respectively. DVB-SH and S-DMB use 1.452 to 1.492 GHz, while proprietary/incompatible satellite radio in the U.S. uses around 2.3 GHz for DARS.
Microwave radio is used in broadcas... | 2,691 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
above 300 MHz. Typically, microwaves are used in television news to transmit a signal from a remote location to a television station from a specially equipped van. See broadcast auxiliary service (BAS), remote pickup unit (RPU), and studio/transmitter link (STL).
Most satellite communications systems operate... | 2,692 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
K-band links, with K band being used for Milstar.
## Navigation.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) including the Chinese Beidou, the American Global Positioning System (introduced in 1978) and the Russian GLONASS broadcast navigational signals in various bands between about 1.2 GHz and 1.6 GHz.
##... | 2,693 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
the high gain antennas such as parabolic antennas which are required to produce the narrow beamwidths needed to accurately locate objects are conveniently small, allowing them to be rapidly turned to scan for objects. Therefore, microwave frequencies are the main frequencies used in radar. Microwave radar is ... | 2,694 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
by astronomical radio sources; planets, stars, galaxies, and nebulas are studied in radio astronomy with large dish antennas called radio telescopes. In addition to receiving naturally occurring microwave radiation, radio telescopes have been used in active radar experiments to bounce microwaves off planets i... | 2,695 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
to date, it consists of more than 66 dishes and was built in an international collaboration by Europe, North America, East Asia and Chile.
A major recent focus of microwave radio astronomy has been mapping the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) discovered in 1964 by radio astronomers Arno Penzias a... | 2,696 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
spectrum. Sufficiently sensitive radio telescopes can detected the CMBR as a faint signal that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object.
## Heating and power application.
A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by ab... | 2,697 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
microwave oven.
Microwave heating is used in industrial processes for drying and curing products.
Many semiconductor processing techniques use microwaves to generate plasma for such purposes as reactive ion etching and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).
Microwaves are used in stellarators a... | 2,698 |
20097 | Microwave | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave | Microwave
can be used to transmit power over long distances, and post-World War II research was done to examine possibilities. NASA worked in the 1970s and early 1980s to research the possibilities of using solar power satellite (SPS) systems with large solar arrays that would beam power down to the Earth's surface via... | 2,699 |
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