wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
theme of Haraldr Maddaðarson's career was the constant assertion of Scottish and Norwegian royal authority into is domain, and his remarkable resistance to such interference.
In 1196, Haraldr Maddaðarson appears to have gained control of Moray. Although William was able to reassert authority in t... | 40,800 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
Crown. Having received the king's message, the saga records that Rǫgnvaldr gathered an armed host from the Isles, Kintyre, and Ireland, and went forth into Caithness, where he subdued the region. With the coming of winter, the saga records that Rǫgnvaldr returned to the Isles after having left thr... | 40,801 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
in the region.
Rǫgnvaldr's involvement in Caithness is also noted by the contemporary English chronicler Roger de Hoveden. According to Roger's "Chronica", after two rounds of negotiations between Haraldr Maddaðarson and William failed, Rǫgnvaldr intervened and bought Caithness from William. The ... | 40,802 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
from Rǫgnvaldr's realm, the fact that Rǫgnvaldr and Haraldr Maddaðarson later became opponents would appear to reveal the fragility of certain of alliances. On the other hand, if Roger's account refers to the domain of the Meic Somairle, it could be evidence that Haraldr Maddaðarson was able to ga... | 40,803 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
of the ' against another. The ' were people who possessed a claim to an earldom, in accordance with Norse custom, by right of their descent from previous earls. In fact, William made use of the ' when he had earlier granted Caithness to Haraldr Eiríksson, a grandson of Rǫgnvaldr Kali Kolsson, Earl... | 40,804 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
such, and only demonstrates that he was appointed to administrate the province.
Rǫgnvaldr's participation in league with the Scottish Crown could have stemmed from his kinship with the Constable of Scotland, Roland fitz Uhtred, Lord of Galloway, or perhaps resulted from a shared enmity towards th... | 40,805 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
If Hvarflǫð's father was this Máel Coluim, it could explain an alliance between Haraldr Maddaðarson and the Meic Somairle. Such an alliance with Rǫgnvaldr's rivals could also explain the Scottish Crown's use of him against Haraldr Maddaðarson.
# Welsh connections.
From its earliest years, the Cr... | 40,806 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd. The thirteenth- and fourteenth-century texts "Brenhinedd y Saesson" and "Brut y Tywysogyon" reveal that Rǫgnvaldr militarily supported Rhodri in his successful re-acquisition of Anglesey three years later. Another mediaeval Welsh text, the fourteenth-century "O Oes Gwrtheyr... | 40,807 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
of Rhodri in 1193 was almost certainly related to it. Rhodri died in 1195, and the same papal letter indicates that his widow was arranged to marry his nephew, Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of Gwynedd. The arrangement appears to have taken place in the context of Llywelyn's consolidation in Gwynedd... | 40,808 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
certain correspondence with the papacy reveals that the marriage between Llywelyn and Rǫgnvaldr's daughter had received papal approval in April 1203, another letter shows that the ratification was reversed on a technicality in February 1205. This ruling was clearly one of convenience for Llywelyn,... | 40,809 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
Prince of Wales was an otherwise unknown daughter of Rǫgnvaldr named Rhanullt. If correct, these sources could indicate that Llywelyn's father, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Fawr married a daughter of Rǫgnvaldr in about 1220. Contemporary sources, however, show that Llywelyn's mother was Senana, an undoubt... | 40,810 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
responsible for the Welsh translation of mediaeval texts dealing with Charlemagne and Roland. There are ten surviving manuscripts, dating no later than the seventeenth century, which preserve the thirteenth-century "Cân Rolant", the Welsh version of "La chanson de Roland". Along with the Welsh ver... | 40,811 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
of his daughter to Rhodri. The catalyst for the translations is uncertain. During the reign of his contemporary, Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, many Anglo-Norman manuscripts were translated into Old Norse, including those that became the thirteenth-century "Karlamagnús saga". "Historia Karoli M... | 40,812 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
connections between Mann and Wales, may account for his part in the translations into Welsh. The work itself was seemingly carried out at the Ceredigion monastery of Llanbadarn Fawr, once a centre of Welsh scholarship.
# Involvement in Ireland.
Although Rǫgnvaldr is not mentioned in the Irish an... | 40,813 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
as well in England as in Ireland". "Baile suthach síth Emhna" also reveals connections with the island. Although the poem undoubtedly exaggerates Rǫgnvaldr's feats, its claims of devastating raids into Ireland may not be complete fantasy, as evidenced by the summons.
The poem also alludes to Rǫgn... | 40,814 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
threatening, rising new power in the Irish Sea zone. Despite the dynasty's original opposition to the English in Dublin, it did not take long to realign itself with this new power, as exemplified through a marital alliance between Rǫgnvaldr's sister, Affrica, and one of the most powerful incoming ... | 40,815 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
and Affrica is uncertain, the union may well have attributed to his stunning successes in Ireland. The rulers of Ulaid and those of Mann had a bitter past-history between them, and it is possible that Courcy's marital alliance with the Crovan dynasty was the catalyst of his assault upon the Ulaid.... | 40,816 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
from power occurred in a series of conflicts with the English Crown between 1201 and 1204. By 1205 he was forced from Ireland altogether, and his lands were awarded to Hugh de Lacy. During Courcy's subsequent revolt within the year, he received military support from Rǫgnvaldr, his brother-in-law. ... | 40,817 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
expedition ultimately proved a failure, the source indicates that the surrounding countryside was plundered and destroyed by the invaders. The identity of the castle named by the chronicle is almost certainly Dundrum Castle, which was possibly constructed by Courcy before 1203. The defeat of 1205 ... | 40,818 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
owe to both the English Crown and brother-in-law. On 8 February 1205, the year of the attack on Dundrum, John took Rǫgnvaldr under his protection. Exactly a year later, John issued Rǫgnvaldr safe conduct for fifteen days to come to England for Easter (22 April 1206). A further record dated 28 Apri... | 40,819 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
with Rǫgnvaldr, he does not appear to have been assigned any lands, but rather a charge upon the ferm of the county. On 29 April, John ordered his treasurer to pay thirty marks to Rǫgnvaldr. About a year later, on 17 June 1207, John ordered the sheriff to assign Rǫgnvaldr with twenty liberates of ... | 40,820 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
destabilise the Irish Sea region. In fact, the collapse of Rǫgnvaldr's marital alliance with Llywelyn ap Iorwerth took place at about the same time, and it is possible that this breakup was masterminded by the English as well.
In 1210, the "Chronicle of Mann" reports that John led five hundred sh... | 40,821 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
appear to connected to Rǫgnvaldr's earlier campaigning with (the then-disgraced) Courcy. Instead, it is likely that the devastation was related to John's souring relations with the Lacy and the Briouze families. In 1208, William de Briouze, with his wife and family, fled from John to Ireland, wher... | 40,822 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
that, whilst "en route" to Scotland just before their capture, the Briouzes stayed on Mann for four days. Although it is impossible to know for certain whether Rǫgnvaldr sanctioned the arrival of the fleeing Briouzes, their close connection with the Lacys, and Rǫgnvaldr's close connection with Cou... | 40,823 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
capture of Briouze's wife and children whilst at Carrickfergus, a statement which may hint that the attack on Mann was punitive in nature.
If the attack was indeed a case of retaliation it may not have been due to Rǫgnvaldr's own involvement with enemies of the English Crown. The fleeing Briouzes... | 40,824 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
between the Lacys and the struggle between Óláfr and Rǫgnvaldr may be exemplified by a 1217 royal order directed at Hugh's half-brother, William Gorm de Lacy, commanding him to restore Carlingford Castle, and repay the damages which he had caused in capturing it. The fact that Rǫgnvaldr received r... | 40,825 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
appears to have become a vassal of Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway. Certainly the twelfth-century Norman chronicler Robert de Torigni, Abbot of Mont Saint-Michel reported a mid-century meeting between Henry II, King of England, William, and the Bishop of the Isles, where it was stated that the kin... | 40,826 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
"warfare" in the Isles, and reveals that Iona was pillaged. These reports are corroborated by "Bǫglunga sǫgur", a thirteenth-century saga-collection that survives in two versions. Both versions reveal that a fleet of Norwegians plundered in the Isles, and the shorter version notes how men of the B... | 40,827 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
themselves with Ingi Bárðarson, King of Norway, whereupon the two took their lands from Ingi as a "" (fief).
The two submitting monarchs of "Bǫglunga sǫgur" probably represent Rǫgnvaldr and his son, Guðrøðr Dond. The "" (tax) that Rǫgnvaldr and his son rendered to Ingi appears to be the same trib... | 40,828 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
punishment from Norway due to Rǫgnvaldr's recalcitrance in terms of, not only his Norwegian obligations, but his recent reorientation towards the English Crown. The fact that Ingi turned his attention to the Isles so soon after peace was brokered in Norway may well indicate the importance that he ... | 40,829 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
English an incentive to devastate Rǫgnvaldr's lands because he had bound himself to John only a few years previous. Although John had originally installed Hugh as Earl of Ulster, he proceeded to dismantle the lordship after Hugh gave refuge to the Briouzes. The ravaging of Mann, therefore, may hav... | 40,830 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
bound himself closer to the English Crown. Whilst at Lambeth on 16 May 1212, for instance, during what was likely his second visit to England in six years, Rǫgnvaldr formally swore that he was John's liegeman. Rǫgnvaldr's visit to England is corroborated by a record, dated 20 May, regarding the En... | 40,831 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
threatened by "' or others", since Rǫgnvaldr had bound himself to do the same against John's own enemies. The record of "'" or Vikings in this order may refer to the Norwegian raiders, like those who plundered the Isles in 1210. This particular source reveals that, not only was Rǫgnvaldr protected... | 40,832 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
of one knight's fee of land at Carlingford, and one hundred measures of corn to be paid yearly at Drogheda for the service of a knight. The grant gave Rǫgnvaldr a valuable foothold in Ireland, and provided his powerful galley-fleet with an additional safe haven. The precise location of the territo... | 40,833 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
the French Crown had orchestrated a Franco-Welsh alliance in an attempt to divert the English to deal with a Welsh uprising rather than focus their forces upon the Continent and France in particular. In fact, there is evidence that Norman ships were active off Wales in 1210. Although John had come... | 40,834 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
revolt in 1212, all succeeded in keeping English forces from invading France.
As a consequence of Rǫgnvaldr's vassalage to the English Crown, and his role as guardian of the English seaways, it is probable that Islesmen were involved in far fewer predatory actions along the English and Irish coas... | 40,835 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
where royal influence was limited.
A record dated 3 January 1214 appears to confirm the English Crown's intentions of protecting the Islesmen, as it prohibits certain "mariners of Ireland" from entering Rǫgnvaldr's territories at his loss. The English pledges of protection of Rǫgnvaldr and his Ir... | 40,836 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
that the raids were conducted in the interests of both the Scottish and English Crowns, and specifically aimed at limiting Irish support of the Meic Uilleim dissidents. If these attacks were indeed directed against political enemies of the Scottish and English Crowns, it is not improbable that Rǫg... | 40,837 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
of England and Ireland. If this was indeed the case, there is no further evidence of any such depredations. On the other hand, the "excesses" could specifically relate to an instance reported by the "Annals of Loch Cé", in which Irish herring-fishermen are stated to have committed violence on Mann... | 40,838 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
on 24 September 1219. Evidence of Rǫgnvaldr's activity in England survives in references of homage rendered to Henry III. One such record shows that, in late September, Rǫgnvaldr rendered homage to Henry III, and received the same fief that John had given him. In another record of his homage the E... | 40,839 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
that by 1219 he was again amicably allied to the English king.
# Under the protection of the Pope.
In the autumn of 1219, whilst in London at the Temple Church, Rǫgnvaldr surrendered Mann to the papacy, swore to perform homage for the island, and promised to pay twelve marks sterling in perpetui... | 40,840 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
VIII, King of France from without.
The precise impetus behind Rǫgnvaldr's submission is uncertain, although it may well have been related to the threat of ever-strengthening Norwegian kingship. Certainly Hákon had only acceded to the Norwegian kingship two years previously, and by the early part ... | 40,841 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
which Rǫgnvaldr attempted to release himself from Norwegian overlordship. On 23 September 1220, Henry III commanded that the Irish justiciary and baronage should lend assistance to Rǫgnvaldr against his enemies. Furthermore, a royal order addressed to Henry III's administrators in Ireland, dated 4... | 40,842 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
state that Diarmait was in the process of assembling a fleet in the Isles to reclaim the kingship of Connacht. There is a possibility, however, that his actions in the Isles were connected to the Norwegian threat feared by Rǫgnvaldr. In fact, Diarmait's kinsman, Áed na nGall Ua Conchobair, appears... | 40,843 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
son broke out in the 1220s. Rǫgnvaldr, therefore, may have intended to secure, not only his own kingship, but also the future succession of his son. In any case, it is unknown how well Rǫgnvaldr kept his obligations to the papacy. The limited surviving evidence of communications between Mann and R... | 40,844 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
granted Lewis and Harris back to Óláfr, where the newly-weds proceeded to live until the arrival of Reginaldus, Bishop of the Isles. The chronicle claims that the bishop disapproved of the marriage on the grounds that Óláfr had formerly had a concubine who was a cousin of Lauon. A synod was then a... | 40,845 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
was Reginaldus was a son of Óláfr's sister, but that Óláfr had warmly greeted Reginaldus when the latter arrived on Lewis and Harris. Furthermore, it was Reginaldus who had instigated the annulment. In fact, after the previous Bishop of the Isles died in 1217, Reginaldus and Nicholas de Meaux, Abb... | 40,846 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
this kindred link them with Kintyre more than any other region. The father-in-law, therefore, may well have been Rǫgnvaldr's first cousin Ragnall, or Ragnall's son Ruaidrí—both of whom appear to have been styled "Lord of Kintyre" in contemporary sources—or possibly Ragnall's younger son, Domnall. ... | 40,847 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
kindreds who had bitterly contested the kingship of the Isles for about sixty years. In fact, it is possible that Rǫgnvaldr's kingship was formally recognised by Ruaidrí, the apparent leading Meic Somairle dynast since Áengus' death in 1210, who thereby established himself as a leading magnate wit... | 40,848 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
the Scottish Crown's machinations had temporarily come to nought because of Óláfr's reconciliation and arraigned marriage.
# Civil war and kin-strife.
Once freed from his arranged marriage, the "Chronicle of Mann" states that Óláfr proceeded to marry Cristina, daughter of Ferchar, Earl of Ross. ... | 40,849 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
II, King of Scotland in 1221–1222. Óláfr's subsequent realignment with Ferchar—Alexander's "protégé"—not only appears to evince Óláfr's recognition of the shift of power in north-western Scotland, but may also signal Rǫgnvaldr's loss of support from the Scottish Crown.
If the chronicle is to be b... | 40,850 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
to the protection of his father-in-law on the mainland in Ross. Óláfr is stated to have been followed into exile by Páll Bálkason, a sheriff on Skye who refused to take up arms against Óláfr. The chronicle then indicates that the two landed on Skye, and learned where Guðrøðr Dond was stationed, an... | 40,851 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
the peripheral-regions of the British Isles during the High Middle Ages. In only the century-and-a-half of its existence, at least nine members of the Crovan dynasty perished from mutilation or assassination. The tribulations inflicted upon Guðrøðr seem to exemplify Óláfr's intent to wrest what he... | 40,852 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
of Guðrøðr Dond appears to mark a turning point in the struggle between the Óláfr and Rǫgnvaldr.
Roughly about this point in time, correspondence between Joan, Queen of Scotland and her brother, Henry III, reveals that the Norwegian Crown was rumoured to have been planning a naval expedition west... | 40,853 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
Harris, islands that were clearly important within the kingdom. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that the kingdom's northern territories were granted by reigning kings to heir-apparents or disaffected dynasts. For example, during the eleventh-century reign of the dynasty's founder, Guðrøðr Cr... | 40,854 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
there as his father's heir-apparent. Rǫgnvaldr's grant of Lewis and Harris to Óláfr may, therefore, indicate that Óláfr was at least temporarily regarded as Rǫgnvaldr's rightful successor. On the other hand, it is also possible that Rǫgnvaldr's grant was given in the context of appeasing a disgrun... | 40,855 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
during the reign of Rǫgnvaldr's father, the diocese came to be incorporated into the newly established Norwegian Archdiocese of Niðaróss. In effect, the political reality of the Diocese of the Isles—its territorial borders and nominal subjection to Norway—appears to have mirrored that of the Kingd... | 40,856 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
Michael, a Manxman who appears to have been backed by Rǫgnvaldr. The tenure of Cristinus seems to have spanned at least two decades during a sustained period of Meic Somairle power in the Isles. His downfall, however, came about at the time of the Crovan dynasty's resurgence under the then-recentl... | 40,857 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
future seat of the Diocese of Argyll—under the ultimate authority of Áengus, the aforementioned Meic Somairle dynast slain in 1210.
There is also a possibility that Koli's consecration was connected to the attack on Iona in 1209/1210. Not only does the Norwegian expedition appear to have compelle... | 40,858 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
by both Ingi and his chief prelate, Þórir Guðmundarson, Archbishop of Niðaróss. Although the Meic Somairle controversially refounded Iona at the turn of the century, and further secured its independence from the Diocese of the Isles by placing it under the protection of the papacy, the Norwegian s... | 40,859 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
occupied the see. In fact, Nicholas appears to have spent much of his time in Rome, since correspondence from the papacy to Walter de Gray, Archbishop of York, concerning Nicholas' final resignation, states that the latter had long been exiled from his see because "the lord of the land and others"... | 40,860 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
indication of Rǫgnvaldr's support of Nicholas may be his renewal of the rights of St Mary's Abbey, Furness to elect the Bishop of the Isles. The English Crown's warning to Óláfr about harming the monks of Furness could betray some sort of grievance with the community, whilst Rǫgnvaldr's burial at ... | 40,861 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
against Rǫgnvaldr. In any case, Reginaldus' successor was a man named John who apparently died in an accident not long afterwards. The next bishop was Simon, a man consecrated in 1226 by the Archbishop of Niðaróss, and whose tenure outlived both Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr.
# Alliance with Alan of Gallow... | 40,862 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
of king, and Óláfr retaining a share in the Hebrides. With Óláfr's rise at Rǫgnvaldr expense, the latter turned to Alan, one of Scotland's most powerful magnates. Alan and Rǫgnvaldr were certainly closely connected. Both were great-grandsons of Fergus, Lord of Galloway; both had received Ulster la... | 40,863 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
evince the beginning of the joint military operations, conducted by Alan and Rǫgnvaldr against Óláfr, assigned by the chronicle to the following year. According to the latter source, however, the campaigning came to nought because the Manx were unwilling to battle against Óláfr and the Hebrideans.... | 40,864 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
Islesmen, who presented the king with letters concerning certain needs of their lands. One possibility is that these so-called needs refer to the violent kin-strife and recent treaty between the half-brothers. The saga may therefore reveal that the Norwegian Crown was approached by either represen... | 40,865 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
marriage of a daughter of his to Alan's young illegitimate son, Thomas. Unfortunately for Rǫgnvaldr, this marital alliance appears to have cost him the kingship, since the chronicle records that the Manxmen had him removed from power and replaced with Óláfr. The recorded resentment of the union co... | 40,866 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
of enthusiasm that the Manxmen had for Alan and Rǫgnvaldr's campaign in the Hebrides. Since Thomas was likely little more than a teenager at the time, it may well have been obvious to contemporary observers that Alan was the one who would hold the real power in the kingdom. From the perspective of... | 40,867 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
daughters on his eventual death—the marital alliance may have been conducted as a means to ensure a power base for Thomas, whose illegitimacy threatened to exclude him from inheriting his father's domain under the feudal laws of the English and Scottish realms.
At this low point of his career, th... | 40,868 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
The chronicle's report that Alan installed bailiffs on Mann, with instructions to collect tribute from the island and send it back to Galloway, may reveal the price Rǫgnvaldr had to pay for Alan's support in the affair. In fact, Rǫgnvaldr's role in the takeover is unrecorded. Suffering serious set... | 40,869 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
to Mann.
In the same year, English records reveal that Henry III attempted to broker a peace between the half-brothers, and gave Óláfr safe passage to England. This correspondence may have led to Óláfr's temporary absence from Mann that year. It could also roughly mark the point when Rǫgnvaldr fi... | 40,870 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
as Rǫgnvaldr sailed from Galloway with five ships, and launched a nocturnal raid upon the harbour at St Patrick's Isle, near what is today the town of Peel. During this assault, the chronicle records that Rǫgnvaldr had all of the ships of Óláfr and his chieftains destroyed. Although the chronicle'... | 40,871 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
the Scottish Crown. Even if this was the case, Rǫgnvaldr may have also considered Alan's involvement a detriment at this stage.
Rǫgnvaldr followed up on his assault by establishing himself in the southern part of Mann, as the chronicle records that he won over the support of the southerners. Mean... | 40,872 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
that it was an assembly site, which in turn suggests that negotiations may have been intended.
On 14 February, the festival of St Valentine, the chronicle records that Óláfr's forces launched an attack upon Rǫgnvaldr at Tynwald, where Rǫgnvaldr's troops were routed and he himself was slain. Whils... | 40,873 |
5645603 | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rǫgnvaldr%20Guðrøðarson | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
est that his death was due to treachery. The fourteenth-century "Chronicle of Lanercost", for example, states that Rǫgnvaldr "fell a victim to the arms of the wicked"; whilst the "Chronicle of Mann" states that, although Óláfr grieved at his half-brother's death, he never exacted vengeance upon hi... | 40,874 |
5646181 | 1980–81 UEFA Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980–81%20UEFA%20Cup | 1980–81 UEFA Cup
1980–81 UEFA Cup
The 1980–81 UEFA Cup was won by Ipswich Town on aggregate over AZ.
According to the 1979 UEFA decision, Fairs Cup entry criteria were finally abolished, and UEFA ranking was introduced.
Albania did not join, and it ceded its place to the West German title holders.
# First round.
#... | 40,875 |
5646181 | 1980–81 UEFA Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980–81%20UEFA%20Cup | 1980–81 UEFA Cup
Levski Sofia on aggregate. Levski Sofia advanced on away goals rule."
"Eintracht Frankfurt won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Sochaux won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Twente won 5–3 on aggregate."
"Beroe Stara Zagora won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Porto won 1–0 on aggregate."
"Grasshopper won 8–3 on aggregate."
"Hamburg w... | 40,876 |
5646181 | 1980–81 UEFA Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980–81%20UEFA%20Cup | 1980–81 UEFA Cup
won 4–3 on aggregate."
"Dundee United won 7–2 on aggregate."
"Barcelona won 3–0 on aggregate."
"Standard Liège won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Real Sociedad won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Boavista won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Stuttgart won 10–1 on aggregate."
# Second round.
## Second leg.
"Real Sociedad won 3–2 ... | 40,877 |
5646181 | 1980–81 UEFA Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980–81%20UEFA%20Cup | 1980–81 UEFA Cup
Niš won 3–1 on aggregate."
"AZ Alkmaar won 6–1 on aggregate."
"Hamburg won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Saint-Étienne won 2–0 on aggregate."
"Torino won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Stuttgart won 7–2 on aggregate."
"Juventus 4–4 Widzew Łódź on aggregate. Widzew Łódź won 4–1 on penalties."
# Third round.
## Secon... | 40,878 |
5646181 | 1980–81 UEFA Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980–81%20UEFA%20Cup | 1980–81 UEFA Cup
andard Liège won 5–2 on aggregate."
"Köln won 5–4 on aggregate."
# Quarter-finals.
## Second leg.
"Ipswich Town won 7–2 on aggregate."
"AZ '67 won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Sochaux won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Köln won 3–2 on aggregate."
# Semi-finals.
## Second leg.
"AZ won 4–3 on aggregate.
"Ipswich ... | 40,879 |
5646183 | Traveller (1997 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traveller%20(1997%20film) | Traveller (1997 film)
Traveller (1997 film)
Traveller is a 1997 American crime drama film directed by Jack N. Green and starring Bill Paxton, Mark Wahlberg and Julianna Margulies. The plot centers on a man joining a group of nomadic con artists in rural North Carolina.
# Cast.
- Bill Paxton as Bokky
- Mark Wahlberg... | 40,880 |
5646183 | Traveller (1997 film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traveller%20(1997%20film) | Traveller (1997 film)
oss Jack's Wife
- John Bennes as Hearse Driver
- Barbara Rowan as Pregnant Wife
- Trenton McDevitt as Pregnant Wife's Husband
- Moses Gibson as Porter
- Bonnie Johnson as Cashier
- John Paxton as Financial Planner
- Jim Flowers as Bar regular #1
- Frederick E. Dann as Bar Regular #2
- Wal... | 40,881 |
5646237 | Ebenezer Mattoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer%20Mattoon | Ebenezer Mattoon
Ebenezer Mattoon
Ebenezer Mattoon (August 19, 1755 – September 11, 1843) was a United States Representative from Massachusetts. He was born in North Amherst on August 19, 1755. He attended the common schools and received private instruction. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1776. Mattoon served ... | 40,882 |
5646237 | Ebenezer Mattoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer%20Mattoon | Ebenezer Mattoon
Mattoon was elected as a Federalist to the Sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Samuel Lyman. He was reelected to the Seventh Congress and served from February 2, 1801 – March 3, 1803.
He again served as a state representative in 1812. He also served as adjutant general of t... | 40,883 |
5646237 | Ebenezer Mattoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer%20Mattoon | Ebenezer Mattoon
as a Federalist to the Sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Samuel Lyman. He was reelected to the Seventh Congress and served from February 2, 1801 – March 3, 1803.
He again served as a state representative in 1812. He also served as adjutant general of the Massachusetts Mil... | 40,884 |
5646252 | Bone morphogenetic protein 5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%205 | Bone morphogenetic protein 5
Bone morphogenetic protein 5
Bone morphogenetic protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "BMP5" gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is member of the TGFβ superfamily. Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce bone and cartilage development. BMP5 m... | 40,885 |
5646252 | Bone morphogenetic protein 5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%205 | Bone morphogenetic protein 5
r of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. The superfamily includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to i... | 40,886 |
5646296 | Estadio Santo Domingo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estadio%20Santo%20Domingo | Estadio Santo Domingo
Estadio Santo Domingo
Estadio Santo Domingo is the name of:
- Estadio Municipal de Santo Domingo, in Alcorcón, Spain
- Estadio Municipal Santo Domingo, in El Ejido, Spain
- Estadio Olímpico Félix Sánchez, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | 40,887 |
5646182 | John M. Fabrizi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20M.%20Fabrizi | John M. Fabrizi
John M. Fabrizi
John Michael Fabrizi (born December 25, 1956) is a former mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, succeeded by Bill Finch. He is also a member of the U.S. Democratic Party.
# Career.
Fabrizi holds degrees from Southern Connecticut State University as well as the University of Bridgeport and... | 40,888 |
5646182 | John M. Fabrizi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20M.%20Fabrizi | John M. Fabrizi
of Connecticut. In 1997, he was elected to the Bridgeport City Council. He became the mayor of Bridgeport in 2003, after the previous mayor, Joseph P. Ganim, was sentenced to nine years in a federal prison for corruption charges. As mayor, Fabrizi was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalitio... | 40,889 |
5646182 | John M. Fabrizi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20M.%20Fabrizi | John M. Fabrizi
dmitted to cocaine and alcohol abuse while serving as mayor. Prior to admitting to drug use, the Federal Bureau of Investigation received a tip from Shawn Fardy, a Bridgeport Democratic Town Committee member, that he possessed a videotape of Fabrizi using cocaine. The information surfaced during an inve... | 40,890 |
5646277 | List of limits | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20limits | List of limits
List of limits
This is a list of limits for common functions. In this article, the terms "a", "b" and "c" are constants with respect to "x".
# Limits for general functions.
## Definitions of limits and related concepts.
formula_1 if and only if formula_2. This is the (ε, δ)-definition of limit.
The ... | 40,891 |
5646277 | List of limits | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20limits | List of limits
infinitesimal changes.
In these limits, the infinitesimal change formula_19 is often denoted formula_20 or formula_21. If formula_5 is differentiable at formula_23,
If formula_5 and formula_28 are differentiable on an open interval containing "c", except possibly c itself, and formula_29, l'Hopital's r... | 40,892 |
5646277 | List of limits | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20limits | List of limits
take on different values at c, or are discontinuous at c.
# Polynomials and functions of the form "x".
## Polynomials in x.
In general, if formula_43is a polynomial then, by the continuity of polynomials, formula_44This is also true for rational functions, as they are continuous on their domains.
# L... | 40,893 |
5646277 | List of limits | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20limits | List of limits
_23 is expressed in radians:
These limits both follow from the continuity of sin and cos.
# Sums.
In general, any infinite series is the limit of its partial sums. For example, an analytic function is the limit of its Taylor series, within its radius of convergence.
formula_93. This is known as the h... | 40,894 |
5646326 | Jonas Vaitkus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonas%20Vaitkus | Jonas Vaitkus
Jonas Vaitkus
Jonas Vaitkus (born May 20, 1944 in Lithuania) is a lecturer, theatre and film director. From 1969 to 1974 Jonas Vaitkus studied at the State Theatre, Music and Cinematography Institute of Leningrad (Saint Petersburg). From 1977 to 1988 he was the artistic director of Kaunas State (Academic... | 40,895 |
5646326 | Jonas Vaitkus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonas%20Vaitkus | Jonas Vaitkus
and more than 60 plays.
Jonas Vaitkus has mentored a number of actors and directors, including director Oskaras Koršunovas and actress Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė, both of whom are well-known internationally.
In February 2018 following the worldwide spread of the Me Too movement Vaitkus was publicly accused of... | 40,896 |
5646329 | Leonard White (politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard%20White%20(politician) | Leonard White (politician)
Leonard White (politician)
Leonard White (May 3, 1767, Haverhill, Essex County, Massachusetts – October 10, 1849, Haverhill) was a United States representative from Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard University in 1787. On August 21, 1794, White married Mary Dalton of Newbury and he la... | 40,897 |
5646364 | Speaking of Now | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaking%20of%20Now | Speaking of Now
Speaking of Now
Speaking of Now is an album by the Pat Metheny Group, released in 2002 by Warner Bros. It marks the first appearances of Group members Antonio Sánchez, who replaced Paul Wertico on drums, and multi-instrumentalist Cuong Vu. A veteran of the avant-garde jazz scene and an admirer of both ... | 40,898 |
5646364 | Speaking of Now | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaking%20of%20Now | Speaking of Now
in Japan and released on DVD and the Group performed on the PBS series "Austin City Limits".
# Track listing.
- There is an unnamed hidden track after track 5 that is a prelude to track 6. It has a duration of 28 seconds and some CD players will display a countdown from minus 28 to 0 seconds as it pla... | 40,899 |
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