wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
to viscosity control agents, gelling agents, film formers, stabilizers, dispersants, lubricants, binders, emulsifying agents, and suspending agents. End-applications include adhesives and glues, agricultural adjuvants, building materials, personal-care products, medical devices, detergents and surfactants, pa... | 50,300 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
food containers and wrappers, and cleaning materials. Personal-care items containing phthalates include perfume, eye shadow, moisturizer, nail polish, liquid soap, and hair spray.
Phthalates are also found in modern electronics and medical applications such as catheters and blood transfusion devices. The mos... | 50,301 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
with small R and R' groups are used as solvents in perfumes and pesticides.
Approximately 8.4 million tonnes of plasticizers are produced globally every year, of which European produced accounts for approximately 1.5 million metric tonnes. Approximately 70% of those totals are phthalates, down from about 88%... | 50,302 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
All of these mentioned phthalates are now regulated and restricted in many products. DEHP, although most applications are shown to pose no risk when studied using recognized methods of risk assessment, has been classified as a Category 1B reprotoxin, and is now on the Annex XIV of the European Union's REACH l... | 50,303 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
nitrate plastic in 1846 led to the patent of castor oil in 1856 for use as the first plasticizer. In 1870, camphor became the more favored plasticizer for cellulose nitrate. Phthalates were first introduced in the 1920s and quickly replaced the volatile and odorous camphor. In 1931, the commercial availabilit... | 50,304 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
acid, which itself is derived from the word "naphthalene". When added to plastics, phthalates allow the long polyvinyl molecules to slide against one another. The phthalates have a clear syrupy liquid consistency and show low water solubility, high oil solubility, and low volatility. The polar carboxyl group ... | 50,305 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
intense study since the 1960s. The mechanism is one of polar interactions between the polar centres of the phthalate molecule (the C=O functionality) and the positively charged areas of the vinyl chain, typically residing on the carbon atom of the carbon-chlorine bond. For this to be established, the polymer ... | 50,306 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
screen the PVC chains from each other as well. They are blended within the plastic article as a result of the manufacturing process.
Because they are not chemically bonded to the host plastics, phthalates are released from the plastic article by relatively gentle means. For example, they can be removed by he... | 50,307 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
cost-competitive pricing and with good plasticization properties.
A plasticizer based on vegetable oil that uses single reactor synthesis and is compatible as a primary plasticizer has been developed. It is a ready substitute for dioctyl phthalate. And several other bio-based plasticizers have been and are b... | 50,308 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
DEP and DMP are present in higher concentrations in air in comparison with the heavier and less volatile DEHP. Higher air temperatures result in higher concentrations of phthalates in the air. PVC flooring leads to higher concentrations of BBP and DEHP, which are more prevalent in dust. A 2012 Swedish study o... | 50,309 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
is greater from ingestion of certain foods, rather than exposure via water bottles as is most often first thought of with plastic chemicals. Low-molecular-weight phthalates such as DEP, DBP, BBzP may be dermally absorbed. Inhalational exposure is also significant with the more volatile phthalates. Another stu... | 50,310 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
15.5 percent higher and DiNP levels that were 25 percent higher than those who said they had eaten none. For people who reported eating a sizable amount, the increase was 24 percent and 39 percent, respectively."
In a 2008 Bulgarian study, higher dust concentrations of DEHP were found in homes of children wi... | 50,311 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
samples collected in homes where polishing agents were used. Data on flooring materials was collected, but there was not a significant difference in concentrations between homes where no polish was used that have balatum (PVC or linoleum) flooring and homes with wood. High frequency of dusting did decrease th... | 50,312 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
risk of exposure, because of their mouthing behavior. Body-care products containing phthalates are a source of exposure for infants. The authors of a 2008 study "observed that reported use of infant lotion, infant powder, and infant shampoo were associated with increased infant urine concentrations of [phthal... | 50,313 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
metabolic capabilities, and developing endocrine and reproductive systems."
Infants and hospitalized children are particularly susceptible to phthalate exposure. Medical devices and tubing may contain 20-40% Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by weight, which "easily leach out of tubing when heated (as with w... | 50,314 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
by the FDA that, "Children undergoing certain medical procedures may represent a population at increased risk for the effects of DEHP."
In 2008, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found a variety of phthalates in erasers and warned of health risks when children regularly suck and chew on them. ... | 50,315 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
many medications are made using phthalates, but some include omeprazole, didanosine, mesalamine, and theophylline. A recent study found that urinary concentrations of monobutyl phthalate, the DBP metabolite, of Asacol (a particular formulation of mesalamine) users was 50 times higher than the mean of nonusers... | 50,316 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
Council recommended that the cumulative effects of phthalates and other antiandrogens be investigated. It criticized US EPA guidances, which stipulate that, when examining cumulative effects, the chemicals examined should have similar mechanisms of action or similar structures, as too restrictive. It recommen... | 50,317 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
the normal hormonal mechanisms that allow a biological organism to interact with its environment. In the scientific community, phthalates are broadly classified as endocrine disruptors; while many scientific studies indicate the likelihood that phthalates behave as endocrine disruptors in human beings.
Endoc... | 50,318 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
development, but studying this is difficult; it is obviously a huge challenge to measure endocrine disruptor exposure during fetal development and then decades later diagnosing any health problems. Additionally, endocrine disruptor exposure can transmit epigenetically to one’s offspring without them being dir... | 50,319 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
exposure across multiple compounds, rather than evaluating one compound in isolation.
A widespread concern about phthalate exposure is the possibility that it is the cause of a drop in male fertility. Studies have shown that phthalates cause abnormalities in the reproductive systems of animals, with the grea... | 50,320 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
system is plausible, and continues to be researched.
Early research also shows phthalate exposure may be associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, breast cancer, obesity, metabolic disorders, and immune function. There are possible (though not conclusive) associations between phthalate exposure and ad... | 50,321 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
does not cause health effects, or even that they have a much greater effect than currently predicted. In all cases, larger studies are needed to demonstrate incontrovertibly what effect phthalate exposure has on human health.
A recent Nature Reviews Endocrinology review paper gives some advice for avoiding e... | 50,322 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
eliminating use of any personal product such as moisturizer, perfume, cosmetics that contain phthalates. Eliminating personal products containing phthalates can be particularly difficult or impossible due to some countries such as the United States not requiring them to be disclosed in a list of ingredients.
... | 50,323 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
prevalent phthalate metabolites showed statistically significant correlations with abnormal obesity and insulin resistance." Mono-ethylhexyl-phthalate (MEHP), a metabolite of DEHP, has been found to interact with all three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPARs are members of the nuclear r... | 50,324 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
metabolic pathways in a subtle manner.
Large amounts of specific phthalates fed to rodents have been shown to damage their liver and testes, and initial rodent studies also indicated hepatocarcinogenicity. Following this result, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was listed as a possible carcinogen by IARC, EC, and ... | 50,325 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
cosmetics and restricting their use in other applications.
A more recent assessment in 2017 found that B79P and DEHP may cause environmental damage. As of 2019, regulations to protect the environment against DEHP and B79P have not yet been put into place.
## European Union.
The use of some phthalates has b... | 50,326 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
DINP, DIDP and DPHP have been registered under REACH and have demonstrated their safety for use in current applications. They are not classified for any health or environmental effects.
The low molecular weight products BBP, DEHP, DIBP, and DBP were added to the Candidate list of Substances for Authorisation... | 50,327 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
jointly prepared by the ECHA and Danish authorities and is expected to be submitted by April 2016.
The Dutch office of Greenpeace UK sought to encourage the European Union to ban sex toys that contained phthalates.
## United States.
During August 2008, the United States Congress passed and President George... | 50,328 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
of" DEHP, DBP, or BBP and "it shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture for sale, offer for sale, distribute in commerce, or import into the United States any children's toy that can be placed in a child's mouth or child care article that contains concentrations of more than 0.1 percent of" DINP, DIDP, ... | 50,329 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
in 1986, California voters approved an initiative to address their growing concerns about exposure to toxic chemicals. That initiative became the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, better known by its original name of Proposition 65. In December 2013 DINP was listed as a chemical "known to... | 50,330 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
65 list and enforcing its provisions, has implemented a "No Significant Risk Level" of 146 ug/day for DINP, as of 1 April 2016.
# Identification in plastics.
Phthalates are used in some but not all PVC formulations, and there are no specific labeling requirements for phthalates. PVC plastics are typically u... | 50,331 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
gas chromatography or liquid chromatography, can establish the presence of phthalates.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE, Terylene, Dacron) is the main substance used to package bottled water and many sodas. Products containing PETE are labeled "Type 1" (with a "1" in the recycle triangle) for recycling ... | 50,332 |
343552 | Phthalate | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phthalate | Phthalate
oes not use phthalates as plasticizers. The terephthalate polymer PETE and the phthalate ester plasticizers are chemically different substances. Despite this, however, a number of studies have found phthalates such as DEHP in bottled water and soda. One hypothesis is that these may have been introduced during... | 50,333 |
343584 | Peter Adams (politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Adams%20(politician) | Peter Adams (politician)
Peter Adams (politician)
Peter Adams, (17 April 1936 – 28 September 2018) was a Canadian politician from Ontario. He was a Liberal member of Canada's House of Commons from 1993 to 2006 representing the riding of Peterborough. Previously, Adams represented the provincial riding of Peterborough ... | 50,334 |
343584 | Peter Adams (politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Adams%20(politician) | Peter Adams (politician)
in Peterborough, where he is now an Emeritus Professor. Adams also served as Vice President – Academic while at Trent. Adams has authored many books and articles, and co-edited the regional history "Peterborough and the Kawarthas". In 1981, he was named as Peterborough's Citizen of the Year.
#... | 50,335 |
343584 | Peter Adams (politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Adams%20(politician) | Peter Adams (politician)
victory for the Liberal Party. He served as a backbench supporter of David Peterson and was appointed as parliamentary assistant to Minister of the Environment Jim Bradley from 1989 to 1990.
The Liberals were defeated by the New Democratic Party in the 1990 provincial election, and Adams lost ... | 50,336 |
343584 | Peter Adams (politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Adams%20(politician) | Peter Adams (politician)
g Progressive Conservative incumbent Bill Domm by almost 16,000 votes. He was re-elected in the elections of 1997, 2000, and 2004, each time by a comfortable margin.
He was for many years a prominent supporter of Jean Chrétien, opposing Paul Martin's bid to succeed Chrétien as party leader. Ad... | 50,337 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi ( or ; Punjabi, , '), commonly known as Pindi (), is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Rawalpindi is adjacent to Pakistan's capital of Islamabad, and the two are jointly known as the "twin cities" on account of strong social and economic links between the cities. Rawalpindi is... | 50,338 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
being taken over by Gakhars in 1493. In 1765, the ruling Gakhars were defeated as the city came under Sikh rule, and eventually became a major city within the Sikh Empire based in Lahore. The city was conquered by the British Raj in 1849, and in 1851 became the largest garrison town for the British Indian Ar... | 50,339 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad, and the greater metropolitan area. The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom-communities for workers in Islamabad. As home of Benazir Bhutto International Airport, and with connections to the M-1 a... | 50,340 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
of Gandhara, and is in a region littered with Buddhist ruins. In the region north-west of Rawalpindi, traces have been found of at least 55 stupas, 28 Buddhist monasteries, 9 temples, and various artifacts in the Kharoshthi script. To the southeast are the ruins of the Mankiala stupa – a 2nd-century stupa wh... | 50,341 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
tribe in the ages preceding the Christian era.
## Medieval.
The first mention of Rawalpindi's earliest settlement dates from when Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed Rawalpindi and the town was restored by "Gakhar" chief "Kai Gohar" in the early 11th century. The town fell into decay again after Mongol invasions in... | 50,342 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
to guard the frontiers of the Mughal realm. Gakhars fortified a nearby caravanserai, in the 16th century, transforming it into the Rawat Fort in order to defend the Pothohar plateau from Sher Shah Suri's forces. Construction of the Attock Fort in 1581 after Akbar led a campaign against his brother Mirza Muha... | 50,343 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
to Said Khan by the Mughal Emperor. The Emperor Jehangir visited the royal camp in Rawalpindi in 1622, where he first learned of Shah Abbas I of Persia's plan to invade Kandahar.
### "Sikh Misl".
Rawalpindi declined in importance as Mughal power declined, until the town was captured in the mid 1760s from M... | 50,344 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
for a time the refuge of Shah Shuja, the exiled king of Afghanistan, and of his brother Shah Zaman in the early 19th century.
### Sikh Empire.
Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh allowed the son of Sardar Milkha Singh to continue as Governor of Rawalpindi, after Ranjit Singh seized the district in 1810. Sikh ... | 50,345 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
instituted by the Qajar dynasty. In 1841, Diwan Kishan Kaur was appointed "Sardar" of Rawalpindi.
On 14 March 1849, Sardar Chattar Singh and Raja Sher Singh of the Sikh Empire surrendered to General Gilbert near Rawalpindi, ceding the city to the British. The Sikh Empire then came to an end on 29 March 1849... | 50,346 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
is the site where Robert Milman, Bishop of Calcutta, was buried following his death in Rawalpindi in 1876. The city was home to 15,913 people in the 1855 census. During the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, the area's Gakhars and Janjua tribes remained loyal to the British.
Numerous civil and military buildings were built... | 50,347 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
in Punjab, and supplied most of the needs of British cantonments throughout Punjab. Rawalpindi's cantonment served as a feeder to other cantonments throughout the region.
Rawalpindi flourished as a commercial centre, though the city remained largely devoid of an industrial base during the British era. A lar... | 50,348 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
cantonment became a major center of military power of the Raj after an arsenal was established in 1883. Britain's army elevated the city from a small town, to the third largest city in Punjab by 1921. In 1868, 9,358 people lived in the city's cantonment - by 1891, the number rose to 37,870. In 1891, the city... | 50,349 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
following a famine in Punjab that peasants were led to believe was a deliberate act.
During World War 1, Rawalpindi District "stood first" among districts in recruiting for the British war effort, with greater financial assistance from the British government channeled into the area in return. By 1921, Rawal... | 50,350 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
Sikh and Hindu communities took out a procession against the formation of a Muslim ministry within the Government of Punjab. Policemen fired upon protestors, while Hindus and Sikhs fought against weaker Muslim counter-protestors. The area's first Partition riots erupted the next day on 6 March 1947, when the... | 50,351 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
Muslim. The region, on account of its large Muslim majority, was thus awarded to Pakistan. Rawalpindi's Hindu and Sikh population, who had made up 33.72% and 17.32% of the city, migrated "en masse" to the newly independent Dominion of India after communal riots in western Punjab, while Muslim refugees from I... | 50,352 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
Karachi had been selected as the first capital.
In 1951, the Rawalpindi conspiracy took place in which leftist army officers conspired to depose the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan. Rawalpindi later became the site of the Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination, in what is now known as L... | 50,353 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
rapidly expand.
Construction of Pakistan's new capital city of Islamabad in 1961 led to greater investment in Rawalpindi. Rawalpindi remained the headquarters of the Pakistani Army after the capital shifted to Islamabad in 1969, while the Pakistan Air Force continues to maintain an airbase in the Chaklala d... | 50,354 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
in attacks that are believed to have been orchestrated by agents of Afghanistan's communist government. On 10 April 1988, Rawalpindi's Ojhri Camp, an ammunition depot for Afghan mujahideen fighting against Soviet forces in Afghanistan, exploded and killed many in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. At the time, the Ne... | 50,355 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
City. On 27 December 2007, Rawalpindi was the site of the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.
Modern Rawalpindi is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad, and the greater metropolitan area. The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom... | 50,356 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
of 91 thunderstorms, which is the highest frequency of any plain elevation city in the country. Strong windstorms are frequent in the summer during which wind gusts have been reported by Pakistan Meteorological Department to have reached . In such thunder/wind storms, which results in some damage of infrastr... | 50,357 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
occasions, though the last of which was in January 1967.
## Cityscape.
Social structures in Rawalpindi's historic core centre around neighbourhoods, each known as a "Mohallah". Each neighbourhood is served by a nearby bazaar and mosque, which in turn serve as a place where people can gather for trade and m... | 50,358 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
avenues and historic architecture, the cantonment was the main European area developed during British colonial rule. British colonialists also built the Saddar Bazaar south of the historic core, which served as a retail center geared towards Europeans in the city. Beyond the cantonment are the large suburban... | 50,359 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
is site of large Shia mourning-processions for Ashura. The neighbourhoods of "Waris Shah Mohallah" and "Pir Harra Mohallah" form the core of Muslim settlement in Rawalpindi's old city.
Rawalpindi was a majority Hindu and Sikh city prior to the Partition of British India in 1947, while Muslims made up 43.79%... | 50,360 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
masse" to India after Partition, most Hindu temples in the old city remain standing, although in disrepair and often abandoned. Many of the old city's neighbourhoods continue to bear Hindu and Sikh names, such as Krishanpura, Arya Mohallah, Akaal Garh, Mohanpura, Amarpura, Kartarpura, Bagh Sardaraan, Angatpu... | 50,361 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
Ujagar Mal Ram Richpal Temple in the Kabarri Bazaar, are both currently used to house Kashmiri refugees. Mohan Temple in the "Lunda Bazaar" remains standing, but is abandoned and the building no longer used for any purpose. The city's "Shamshan Ghat" serves as the city's cremation grounds, and was partly ren... | 50,362 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
on 4 June 2015, and connects the Pak Secretariat in Islamabad to Saddar in Rawalpindi. A second stage is from Peshawar Morr Interchange to the New Islamabad International Airport. The system uses e-ticketing and Intelligent Transportation System wand and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority.
## R... | 50,363 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
and Central Asia via the Salang Pass. The Karakoram Highway provides access between Islamabad and western China, and an alternate route to Central Asia via Kashgar in the Chinese region of Xinjiang.
The Islamabad Expressway connects Rawalpindi's eastern portions with the Rawal Lake and heart of Islamabad. T... | 50,364 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
at the city of Pindi Bhattian, where the M-3 offers onward connections to Faisalabad, and connects to the M-4 Motorway which continues onward to Multan. A new motorway network is under construction to connect Multan and Karachi as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor.
The Hazara Motorway is also und... | 50,365 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
Express, Jaffar Express, Khyber Mail trains, and serves as the terminus for the Margalla Express, Mehr Express, Rawal Express, Pakistan Express, Subak Raftar Express, Subak Kharam Express, and Tezgam trains.
The entire Main Line-1 railway track between Karachi and Peshawar is to be overhauled at a cost of $... | 50,366 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
throughout Pakistan, as well as to the Middle East, Europe, North America, Cenral Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
# Administrative divisions.
The City-District of Rawalpindi is sub-divided into one Municipal Corporation Two Cantonment Board and Seven tehsils:
- Rawalpindi Municipal Corporation Rawalp... | 50,367 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
Education City.
## Parks.
Ayub National Park is located beyond the old Presidency on Jhelum Road. It covers an area of about and has a playland, lake with boating facility, an aquarium and a garden-restaurant. Rawalpindi Public Park is on Benazir Bhutto Road near Shamsabad. The Park was opened to the publi... | 50,368 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
gaming lounges, Motion Rides and other recreational facilities. The vast lawns also provide an adequate picnic spot.
Rawalpindi is situated near the "Ayub National Park" formerly known as 'Topi Rakh' (keep the hat on) is by the old Presidency, between the Murree Brewery Co. and Grand Trunk Road. It covers a... | 50,369 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
assassinated here in 1950. Pakistan's Prime Minister Banazir Bhutto was assassinated here on 27 December 2007. She was the youngest and the only women to be elected as prime minister of Pakistan.
- Rawalpindi Public Park (also known as Nawaz Sharif Park) is located on Murree Road just opposite to the Arid A... | 50,370 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
334 are High schools, while 117 are Higher education colleges.
97.4& of children ages 6–16 in urban areas of Rawalpindi District are enrolled in school - the third highest percentage in Pakistan after Islamabad and Karachi. 77.1% of Rawalpindi's students in Class 5 are able to read sentences in English. 27%... | 50,371 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
Murree Road and is placed near other landmarks of the city including the Pindi cricket stadium, Nawaz Sharif Park, Rawalpindi Arts Council etc. Arid University is the only university providing agriculture related degrees in Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
- Army Medical College is also known as the College of Med... | 50,372 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
is located on Grand Trunk Road in Rawalpindi, EME is the largest constituent college of NUST. The campus includes all on-campus facilities, auditorium and conference hall, accommodation and mess facilities. The library is fully computerized, with a collection of 70,000 volumes.
- Military College of Signals... | 50,373 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
state-assisted institution. It was established in March 1974.
- The Rawalpindi Public Library was one of the earliest private public libraries organized after separation from India. The building was donated for a public library by the then-Deputy Commissioner Major Davis on the initiative of philanthropist ... | 50,374 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
colleges located in the heart of the city. It was established in 1872. College offers Graduate and master's degree programa. Historically the college has been known for its cultural activities as it has one of the largest auditorium in which stage dramas and other programs were regularly conducted. College r... | 50,375 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
Islam," and "Daily Pakistan" in Urdu and "Dawn, Express Tribune, Daily Times, The News International" and "The Nation" in English.
There are a large number of Cable TV service providers in the city such as Nayatel, PTCL, SA Cable Network and DWN.
Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation has a centre in Rawalpindi... | 50,376 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
by Rawalpindi Golf Club, one of the oldest golf clubs of Pakistan. The facility was initially developed as a nine-hole course. After several phases of development, it is now a 27-hole course and the biggest in Pakistan. From the clubhouse, there is a panoramic view of Faisal Mosque, the twin cities of Islama... | 50,377 |
343524 | Rawalpindi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi
veral phases of development, it is now a 27-hole course and the biggest in Pakistan. From the clubhouse, there is a panoramic view of Faisal Mosque, the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Major domestic golf tournaments are regularly held here.
- Playland is another public park parallel to Ayub Park
... | 50,378 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
Diane Ablonczy
Diane Ablonczy ( ; born May 6, 1949) is a former Canadian Member of Parliament who served in the House of Commons of Canada. Ablonczy represented Calgary ridings from 1993 to 2015, sitting first with the Reform Party of Canada, then with the Canadian Alliance and finally with the Conserva... | 50,379 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Finance from February 2006. Previously, Ablonczy served as Chief Opposition Critic for Citizenship and Immigration, Health, and Human Resources Development.
Ablonczy was first elected to the House of Commons in 1993 as the Reform Party Member of Parli... | 50,380 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
name Broadway) was born in 1949 in Peoria, Illinois, United States, as the oldest of six children. A year later the family moved to Three Hills, Alberta, and Ablonczy grew up in a variety of places in rural Alberta. In 1967 she graduated from high school in Lac La Biche. In 1973 she received her Educatio... | 50,381 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
practice from 1981–1991. She was widowed in 1984, and is now married to Ron Sauer. She has one daughter, four stepchildren and eight grandchildren.
# Political career.
Ablonczy's first political involvement was in 1982, when she briefly belonged to the Western Canada Concept party, but left to join the... | 50,382 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
the first Party Chairman, and served two terms in this role. As Chair she was active in developing the Party's organization, administration and communications structure, acting as a senior Party spokesperson and encouraging growth of the Party's membership. In 1991, she set aside her law practice and wen... | 50,383 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
Strategy Committee. She also was a member of the Reform Party Expansion Committee, and she chaired the Reform Party Task Force on the Reform of Social Programs.
In 1998 and 1999, Ablonczy promoted the United Alternative process to create a new federal political party on the political right. As co-chair ... | 50,384 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
was re-elected under the new party's banner in the 2000 federal election.
In December 2001, Ablonczy entered the 2002 Canadian Alliance leadership contest on a platform of promoting "a process to combine the Canadian Alliance, the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, and other interested partners i... | 50,385 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
to Maher Arar, a dual Canadian and Syrian citizen who had recently been deported from the United States to Syria as a terror suspect. Based on newly released information Ablonczy asked what the government "is doing to protect Canadian security" and why "the U.S. could uncover this man's background so qui... | 50,386 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
July 6, 2009, Conservative Member of Parliament Brad Trost indicated that several Conservative parliamentarians were surprised by Ablonczy's decision to provide funding for the Toronto Pride Week Festival. Ablonczy later lost authority over such funding projects to another cabinet minister, and some in t... | 50,387 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
funding to the Toronto Pride Week Festival; a move which resulted in backlash among some of her supporters.
On January 4, 2011 she received a promotion to Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (Americas and Consular Affairs).
On July 4, 2013, Ablonczy announced her retirement from parliament at the nex... | 50,388 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
House of Commons on October 25, 1993. She won as candidate for the Reform Party in Calgary North, with a 52.5% majority. The Reform Party catapulted from 1 to 52 seats. Ablonczy served in the following positions:
- Whip for the Reform Caucus (elected by her colleagues and the first woman of any party to... | 50,389 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
1995-1997, she hosted a Calgary Cable bi-weekly live, phone-in TV show called Dial Your MP, which provided Calgarians with an opportunity to ask questions on a variety of federal government issues.
## 36th Parliament (1997–2000).
On June 2, 1997, after a riding redistribution in 1996 in which Calgary N... | 50,390 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
the Status of Persons with Disabilities.
## 37th Parliament (2000–2004).
On November 27, 2000, Ablonczy was re-elected as the Calgary-Nose Hill MP for the Canadian Alliance, this time with a 60.1% majority. The Alliance won 66 seats and became Official Opposition. Ablonczy served in the following posit... | 50,391 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
Leadership Election.
- Official Opposition Critic for Citizenship and Immigration.
- Vice Chair of the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration
- Associate Member of the Standing Committee on Public Accounts that investigated the sponsorship scandal.
## 38th Parliament (2004–2006).
On June ... | 50,392 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
of the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration.
In 2005, she chaired a series of National Consultations on Canada's Immigration System and developed the Conservative Party's immigration policies.
## 39th Parliament (2006–2008).
On January 23, 2006, Ablonczy was re-elected with an increased v... | 50,393 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
Member of the Standing Committee on Finance.
- Member of the historic all-Party Ad Hoc Committee to Review a Nominee for the Supreme Court of Canada that interviewed Supreme Court Nominee Judge Marshall Rothstein on February 27, 2006, televised live on national news channels.
In August 2007, Ablonczy w... | 50,394 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
Conservatives won a second minority government with 143 seats. On October 30, 2008, Diane Ablonczy was sworn into Cabinet as Minister of State for Small Business & Tourism in the second Harper government. She served in the following Cabinet Committees:
- Treasury Board Submissions
- Economic Growth and... | 50,395 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
permit application process for entrepreneurs, was expanded to a rapidly increasing number of governments
- Small Business Internship Program – a program designated to help small business by supplying the salaries of student interns to work in their offices.
- The Marquee Tourism Events Program – announ... | 50,396 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
in support of tourism.
In the cabinet shuffle of January 19, 2010, Diane Ablonczy changed portfolios and became the Minister of State for Seniors.
Bill C-40, An Act to establish National Seniors Day, introduced by Minister of State Ablonczy, received Royal Assent on November 18, 2010. Through this legi... | 50,397 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
a member of the Cabinet Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defense, and continued to be a member of the Treasury Board.
## 41st Parliament (2011–2015).
The May 2, 2011 election saw Ablonczy re-elected with 70.2% of the vote. The Conservatives formed a majority government with 166 seats, representing all ... | 50,398 |
343573 | Diane Ablonczy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane%20Ablonczy | Diane Ablonczy
the inauguration of President Medina of the Dominican Republic
- Attended the General Assembly of the Organization of American States in Bolivia
- Accompanied the Governor General of Canada on his Official visit to Brazil, Trinidad & Tobago and Barbados
- Attended the Summit of the Americas with Prime... | 50,399 |
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