wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
of communication between them.
While Alice and Bob can always succeed by having Bob send his whole formula_1-bit string to Alice (who then computes the function formula_8), the idea here is to find clever ways of calculating "formula_8" with fewer than formula_1 bits of communication. Note tha... | 6,120,100 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
in many contexts. In VLSI circuit design, for example, one seeks to minimize energy used by decreasing the amount of electric signals passed between the different components during a distributed computation. The problem is also relevant in the study of data structures and in the optimization of... | 6,120,101 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
Bob wish to compute the value of formula_18 such that at least one party knows the value at the end of the communication. At this point the answer can be communicated back so that at the cost of one extra bit, both parties will know the answer. The worst case communication complexity of this co... | 6,120,102 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
are formula_28. Initially both Alice and Bob have a copy of the entire matrix formula_25 (assuming the function formula_8 is known to both parties). Then, the problem of computing the function value can be rephrased as "zeroing-in" on the corresponding matrix entry. This problem can be solved i... | 6,120,103 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
formula_35 is called a "(combinatorial) rectangle" if whenever formula_36 and formula_37 then formula_38. Equivalently, formula_39 is a combinatorial rectangle if it can be expressed as formula_40 for some formula_41 and formula_42. Consider the case when formula_43 bits are already exchanged b... | 6,120,104 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
below, any deterministic communication protocol solving formula_49 requires formula_1 bits of communication in the worst case. As a warm-up example, consider the simple case of formula_55. The equality function in this case can be represented by the matrix below. The rows represent all the poss... | 6,120,105 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
formula_62.
Proof. Assume that formula_63. This means that there exists formula_64 such that formula_65 and formula_66 that have the same communication transcript formula_67. Since this transcript defines a rectangle, formula_68 must also be 1. By definition formula_64 and we know that equalit... | 6,120,106 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
number generator, can they determine the value of formula_8 with much less information exchanged? Yao, in his seminal paper
answers this question by defining randomized communication complexity.
A randomized protocol formula_39 for a function formula_8 has two-sided error.
A randomized proto... | 6,120,107 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
protocol that uses "O(log n)" additional bits compared to the original.
Note that in the probability inequalities above, the outcome of the protocol is understood to depend "only" on the random string; both strings "x" and "y" remain fixed. In other words, if R(x,y) yields g(x,y,r) when using ... | 6,120,108 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
and Bob can check for equality using only messages. Consider the following protocol: Assume that Alice and Bob both have access to the same random string formula_77. Alice computes formula_78 and sends this bit (call it "b") to Bob. (The formula_79 is the dot product in GF(2).) Then Bob compare... | 6,120,109 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
the dot products equally. We can safely ignore those terms and look only at where and differ. Furthermore, we can swap the bits formula_87 and formula_88 without changing whether or not the dot products are equal. This means we can swap bits so that contains only zeros and contains only ones:
... | 6,120,110 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
shows that "if Alice and Bob share a random string of length n", they can send one bit to each other to compute formula_97. In the next section, it is shown that Alice and Bob can exchange only bits that are as good as sharing a random string of length "n". Once that is shown, it follows that "... | 6,120,111 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
requiring the transmission of as few bits as possible to compute the following partial Boolean function,
Clearly, they must communicate all their bits if the protocol is to be deterministic (this is because, if there is a deterministic, strict subset of indices that Alice and Bob relay to one ... | 6,120,112 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
from formula_104), then can we get away with a protocol with fewer bits? It turns out that the answer somewhat surprisingly is no, due to a result of Chakrabarti and Regev in 2012: they show that for random instances, any procedure which is correct at least formula_105 of the time must send for... | 6,120,113 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
string random protocol using any number of random string can be simulated by a private string protocol that uses an extra "O(log n)" bits.
Intuitively, we can find some set of strings that has enough randomness in it to run the random protocol with only a small increase in error. This set can ... | 6,120,114 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
define a new protocol formula_111 which randomly picks some formula_112 and then runs "P" using formula_112 as the shared random string. It takes "O"(log 100"n") = "O"(log "n") bits to communicate the choice of formula_112.
Let us define formula_115 and formula_116 to be the probabilities that... | 6,120,115 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
formula_117 has at most 0.1 error probability, formula_130 can have at most 0.2 error probability.
# Quantum communication complexity.
Quantum communication complexity tries to quantify the communication reduction possible by using quantum effects during a distributed computation.
At least t... | 6,120,116 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
parties are allowed to manipulate an unlimited supply of quantum entangled states as part of their protocols. By doing measurements on their entangled states, the parties can save on classical communication during a distributed computation.
The third model involves access to previously shared ... | 6,120,117 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
over the sum of number of bits exchanged and the coding length of the oracle word.
Viewed differently, this amounts to covering all 1-entries of the 0/1-matrix by combinatorial 1-rectangles (i.e., non-contiguous, non-convex submatrices, whose entries are all one (see Kushilevitz and Nisan or D... | 6,120,118 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
Dietzfelbinger et al.), but also in the theory of nonnegative matrices, where it gives a lower bound on the nonnegative rank of a nonnegative matrix.
# Unbounded-error communication complexity.
In the unbounded-error setting, Alice and Bob have access to a private coin and their own inputs fo... | 6,120,119 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
Alice and Bob are not counted against the communication complexity, it is easy to argue that computing any function has formula_136 communication complexity. On the other hand, both models are equivalent if the number of public bits used by Alice and Bob is counted against the protocol's total ... | 6,120,120 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
prove explicit lower bounds for this class, showing that computing the inner product formula_137 requires at least formula_106 bits of communication, though an earlier result of Alon, Frankl, and Rödl proved that the communication complexity for almost all Boolean functions formula_139 is formu... | 6,120,121 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
of the rank of formula_144. Since D(f) is bounded from above and below by polynomials of log rankformula_147, we can say D(f) is polynomially related to log rankformula_147. Since the rank of a matrix is polynomial time computable in the size of the matrix, such an upper bound would allow the m... | 6,120,122 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
complexity to a question of linearly independent rows (columns) of the matrix. This reveals that the essence of the communication complexity problem, for example in the EQ case above, is figuring out where in the matrix the inputs are, in order to find out if they're equivalent.
# Applications... | 6,120,123 |
50329 | Communication complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication%20complexity | Communication complexity
Quantum communication complexity: a survey. https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0101005
- Dietzfelbinger, M., J. Hromkovic, J., and G. Schnitger, "A comparison of two lower-bound methods for communication complexity", Theoret. Comput. Sci. 168, 1996. 39-51.
- Raz, Ran. "Circuit and Communication C... | 6,120,124 |
50332 | Utrecht (province) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utrecht%20(province) | Utrecht (province)
Utrecht (province)
Utrecht () is a province of the Netherlands. It is located in the centre of the country, bordering the Eemmeer in the north-east, the province of Gelderland in the east and south-east, the province of South Holland in the west and south-west and the province of North Holland in th... | 6,120,125 |
50332 | Utrecht (province) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utrecht%20(province) | Utrecht (province)
was established in 695 when Saint Willibrord was consecrated bishop of the Frisians at Rome by Pope Sergius I. With the consent of the Frankish ruler, Pippin of Herstal, he settled in an old Roman fort in Utrecht. After Willibrord's death the diocese suffered greatly from the incursions of the Viking... | 6,120,126 |
50332 | Utrecht (province) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utrecht%20(province) | Utrecht (province)
to elect the bishop. It was, however, soon obligated to share this right with the four other collegiate chapters in the city. The Counts of Holland and Guelders, between whose territories the lands of the Bishops of Utrecht lay, also sought to acquire influence over the filling of the episcopal see. ... | 6,120,127 |
50332 | Utrecht (province) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utrecht%20(province) | Utrecht (province)
1527, the Bishop sold his territories, and thus his secular authority, to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the principality became an integral part of the Habsburg dominions, which already included most other Dutch provinces. The chapters transferred their right of electing the bishop to Charles V an... | 6,120,128 |
50332 | Utrecht (province) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utrecht%20(province) | Utrecht (province)
on May 5, 1945. It was occupied by Canadian Allied forces on May 7, 1945. The towns of Oudewater, Woerden, Vianen and Leerdam were transferred from the province of South Holland to Utrecht in 1970, 1989, 2002 and 2019 respectively. In February 2011, Utrecht, together with the provinces of North Holla... | 6,120,129 |
50332 | Utrecht (province) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utrecht%20(province) | Utrecht (province)
of the idea of a merger into one province, is not named. With or without South Holland, if created, the new province would be the largest in the Netherlands in both area and population.
# Geography.
In the east of Utrecht lies the Utrecht Hill Ridge (Dutch: Utrechtse Heuvelrug), a chain of hills le... | 6,120,130 |
50332 | Utrecht (province) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utrecht%20(province) | Utrecht (province)
digging of peat from bogs formed after the last ice age.
## Nature.
One of the most attractive natural areas in the province is the Vechtstreek ("Vecht region"), situated on either side of the Vecht river.
An international nature conservation organisation that has settled the head office of its Ne... | 6,120,131 |
50332 | Utrecht (province) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utrecht%20(province) | Utrecht (province)
- Baarn
- Bunnik
- Bunschoten
- De Bilt
- De Ronde Venen
- Eemnes
- Houten
- IJsselstein
- Leusden
- Lopik
- Montfoort
- Nieuwegein
- Oudewater
- Renswoude
- Rhenen
- Soest
- Stichtse Vecht
- Utrecht
- Utrechtse Heuvelrug
- Veenendaal
- Vijfheerenlanden
- Wijk bij Duurstede
- Wo... | 6,120,132 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
Polari
Polari (or alternatively Parlare, Parlary, Palare, Palarie, Palari; ) is a form of cant slang used in Britain by some actors, circus and fairground showmen, professional wrestlers, merchant navy sailors, criminals, prostitutes, and the gay subculture. There is some debate about its origins, but it can be... | 6,120,133 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
contain words from the Yiddish language and from 1960s drug subculture slang. It was a constantly developing form of language, with a small core lexicon of about 20 words, including: ' (good), ' (nearby), ' (face), ' (bad, in the sense of tacky or vile), ' (bad, in the sense of drab or dull, though borrowed into... | 6,120,134 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
Cockney rhyming slang and a "West End" version which stressed theatrical and Classical influences. There was some interchange between the two.
# Usage.
Since the 19th century, Polari was used in London fishmarkets, the theatre, fairgrounds, and circuses, hence the many borrowings from Romani. As many homosexua... | 6,120,135 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
term "bona" (good, attractive) in "Henry IV, Part 2", part of the expression "bona roba" (a lady wearing an attractive outfit). However, "there's little [other] written evidence of Polari before the 1890s," according to Peter Gilliver, associate editor of the "Oxford English Dictionary". The dictionary's entry f... | 6,120,136 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
century and continues to be used by show travellers in England and Scotland. As theatrical booths, circus acts, and menageries were once a common part of European fairs, it is likely that the roots of Polari/Parlyaree lie in the period before both theatre and circus became independent of the fairgrounds. The Par... | 6,120,137 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
from Italy called Porcini (John Payne Collier's account calls him Porchini). Mayhew provides the following:
"Punch Talk"
"" means language; name of patter. " – no food. " – no bed. " – no drink. I've ',' and ',' and, what's worse, '.' This is better than the costers' talk, because that ain't no slang and all, ... | 6,120,138 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
trade secret).
# Decline in use.
Polari had begun to fall into disuse amongst the gay subculture by the late 1960s. The popularity of the Julian and Sandy characters played by Hugh Paddick and Kenneth Williams (first introduced in the radio programme "Round the Horne" in the 1960s) ensured that some of this se... | 6,120,139 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
and Sandy were played by Hugh Paddick and Kenneth Williams.
In the "Doctor Who" serial "Carnival of Monsters" from 1973, Vorg, a showman, believing the Doctor to also be a showman, attempts to converse with him in Polari. The Doctor states that he does not understand him.
In 1987 character Ralph Filthy, a "The... | 6,120,140 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
from Polari.
In the 1999 film "Velvet Goldmine", two characters speak Polari while in a London nightclub. This scene contains subtitles for viewers not familiar with the language.
In 2015, filmmakers Brian Fairbairn and Karl Eccleston made "Putting on the Dish", a short film entirely in Polari.
In 2016, David... | 6,120,141 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
regret.
In the 2017 EP "Ricky", Sakima sang about heteronormativity and Polari.
In 2019, the first ever opera in Polari, The Sins of the Cities of the Plain (based on the book of the same title), premiered at Espacio Turina in Seville (Spain). The libretto was entirely written in Polari by librettist and playw... | 6,120,142 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
on Polari were published, "Polari: The Lost Language of Gay Men", and "Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang" (both by Paul Baker).
In 2012, artists Jez Dolan and Joseph Richardson created an iPhone app which makes available the Polari lexicon and a comprehensive list of etymologies.
# Entry into m... | 6,120,143 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
states that it is probably from the sixteenth-century Italian word ', meaning "a despicable person". There are a number of false etymologies, many based on acronyms—Not Available For Fucking, Normal As Fuck—though these are backronyms. More likely etymologies include northern UK dialect "naffhead", "naffin", or ... | 6,120,144 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
(1959). Usage of "naff" increased in the 1970s when television sitcom "Porridge" employed it as an alternative to expletives which were not considered broadcastable at the time. Princess Anne famously told a reporter, "Why don't you just naff off" at the Badminton horse trials in April 1982.
"" (, or ) meaning ... | 6,120,145 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
stands before you, his lallies trembling."—taken from "Bona Law", a "Round The Horne" sketch written by Barry Took and Marty Feldman
"So bona to vada...oh you! Your lovely eek and your lovely riah."—taken from "Piccadilly Palare", a song by Morrissey
"As feely ommes...we would zhoosh our riah, powder our eeks,... | 6,120,146 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
Burton
In the "Are You Being Served?" episode "The Old Order Changes", Captain Peacock asks Mr Humphries to get "some strides for the omi with the naff riah" (i.e. trousers for the fellow with the unstylish hair).
# See also.
- African American Vernacular English (sometimes called Ebonics)
- Bahasa Binan
- ... | 6,120,147 |
50322 | Polari | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polari | Polari
bliography.
- Baker, Paul (2002) "Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang". London: Continuum:
- Elmes, Simon & Rosen, Michael (2002) "Word of Mouth". Oxford University Press:
# External links.
- Chris Denning's article on Polari with bibliography
- The Polari Bible compiled by The Manchester Sist... | 6,120,148 |
2313622 | Paul Neubauer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Neubauer | Paul Neubauer
Paul Neubauer
Paul Neubauer (born in Encino, California, in 1962) is an American violist. Neubauer was a student of Paul Doktor, Alan de Veritch and William Primrose. He attended the Juilliard School, where he received his B.M. in 1982, and his M.M. in 1983. In 1984, at age 21, Neubauer became the princi... | 6,120,149 |
2313622 | Paul Neubauer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Neubauer | Paul Neubauer
Keillor's "A Prairie Home Companion", and in "Strad", "Strings, and "People" "magazines. He has been heard on "St. Paul Sunday Morning", "Morning Edition" and "Performance Today" and appeared in "Dark Side", a film starring Edoardo Ballerini and Ali Ahn. In 1989 he became the first violist to receive an A... | 6,120,150 |
2313622 | Paul Neubauer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Neubauer | Paul Neubauer
is International Viola Competition.
Neubauer teaches at the Juilliard School, and Mannes School of Music. Among his students are Richard O’Neill, Gilad Karni, Scott Lee and Che-Yen Chen. His students have become members of the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, the Miami, Formosa, Ehnes and Calder ... | 6,120,151 |
2313617 | Lone Star Flight Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone%20Star%20Flight%20Museum | Lone Star Flight Museum
Lone Star Flight Museum
The Lone Star Flight Museum, located in Houston, Texas, is an aerospace museum that displays more than 24 historically significant aircraft, and many artifacts related to the history of flight. The museum's collection is rare because most of the aircraft are flyable. Loc... | 6,120,152 |
2313617 | Lone Star Flight Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone%20Star%20Flight%20Museum | Lone Star Flight Museum
them on public display. The Lone Star Flight Museum, a non-profit organization funded entirely through private donations, was formed for that purpose.
## 2008 damage and restoration.
The museum reported heavy damage from Hurricane Ike, stating on September 16, 2008, that the hangars and Hall o... | 6,120,153 |
2313617 | Lone Star Flight Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone%20Star%20Flight%20Museum | Lone Star Flight Museum
out of the museum prior to the hurricane. Those remaining as well as the static displays were largely destroyed or heavily damaged. The B-58 went to Little Rock Air Force Base. The PBY-5A went to the Pima Air & Space Museum.
## Move to Houston.
Following the destruction of Hurricane Ike, the m... | 6,120,154 |
2313617 | Lone Star Flight Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone%20Star%20Flight%20Museum | Lone Star Flight Museum
September 16th due to Hurricane Harvey.
## TF-51 crash.
On October 23, 2013 a P-51 (TF-51) Mustang owned by the museum crashed in Halls Lake, just south west of the museum. Both the pilot and a paying passenger from the UK were killed in the crash.
# Airshows.
The museum's collection often p... | 6,120,155 |
2313617 | Lone Star Flight Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone%20Star%20Flight%20Museum | Lone Star Flight Museum
fighters flying in close formation with World War II, Korean and Vietnam era fighters such as the P-51 Mustang and the F-86 Sabre. The flight's mission is to safely and proudly display the evolution of US Air Force airpower and to support the Air Force's recruiting and retention efforts.
The mu... | 6,120,156 |
2313617 | Lone Star Flight Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone%20Star%20Flight%20Museum | Lone Star Flight Museum
offering rides in some of its warbirds. The LSFM now operates flights for passengers in the B-17 Flying Fortress, North American B-25 Mitchell, T-6 Texan and the PT-17 Stearman.
The Museum also has a flying Douglas DC-3 in the paint scheme of Continental Airlines. The Museum’s DC-3 was produced... | 6,120,157 |
2313617 | Lone Star Flight Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone%20Star%20Flight%20Museum | Lone Star Flight Museum
of residents or natives of Texas to aviation and spaceflight. Inductees include Howard Hughes, Gordon Bethune, Emma Carter Browning, Alan Bean, Senator Lloyd Bentsen, and President George H. W. Bush.
# Collection.
## Airworthy.
- Bell TAH-1P Cobra "76-22599" – It is on loan from the Vietnam W... | 6,120,158 |
2313617 | Lone Star Flight Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone%20Star%20Flight%20Museum | Lone Star Flight Museum
as an SBD.
- Fairchild PT-19 Cornell
- Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat "94204"
- Grumman TBM Avenger – It was damaged by Hurricane Ike on September 13, 2008.
- Lockheed PV-2 Harpoon "37634" – It was damaged by Hurricane Ike on September 13, 2008.
- North American B-25J Mitchell "44-86734"
- North Am... | 6,120,159 |
2313617 | Lone Star Flight Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone%20Star%20Flight%20Museum | Lone Star Flight Museum
P-47D Thunderbolt "44-90368" "Tarheel Hal"
- Stinson L-5 Sentinel "42-98798" – It was damaged by Hurricane Ike on September 13, 2008.
- Supermarine Spitfire "TE392" – It was damaged by Hurricane Ike on September 13, 2008.
- Vought F4U-5N Corsair "121881"
## On static display or in restoratio... | 6,120,160 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
Ahura Mazda
Ahura Mazda (; also known as Ohrmazd, Ahuramazda, Hourmazd, Hormazd, and Hurmuz) is the creator and highest deity of Zoroastrianism. Ahura Mazda is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the "Yasna". The literal meaning of the word "" is "lord", and that of "" is "wisdom".
Ahura Mazda... | 6,120,161 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
royal court other than the custom for every emperor to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses, to invite Ahura Mazda to accompany the Persian army on battles. Images of Ahura Mazda, however, were present from the 5th century BCE, but were stopped and replaced with stone carved figures in the Sassanid p... | 6,120,162 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
Sanskrit words reflect Proto-Indo-Iranian "*mazdʰáH", from Proto-Indo-European "", literally meaning "placing () one's mind ()", hence "wise"."
The name was rendered as "Ahuramazda" (Old Persian) during the Achaemenid era, "Hormazd" during the Parthian era, and "Ohrmazd" was used during the Sassanian era.
... | 6,120,163 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
spirit, wholly wise, benevolent and good, as well as the creator and upholder of Asha.
# Zoroaster's revelation.
According to Zoroastrian tradition, at the age of 30, Zoroaster received a revelation: while fetching water at dawn for a sacred ritual, he saw the shining figure of the Amesha Spenta, Vohu Man... | 6,120,164 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
as "yazata"s to aid him, who also merited worship. Zoroaster proclaimed that some of the Iranian gods were "daevas" who deserved no worship. These "bad" deities were created by Angra Mainyu, the destructive spirit. The existence of Angra Mainyu was the source of all sin and misery in the universe. Zoroaster... | 6,120,165 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
is a matter of much debate. However, it is known that the Achaemenids were worshipers of Ahura Mazda. The representation and invocation of Ahura Mazda can be seen on royal inscriptions written by Achaemenid kings. The most notable of all the inscriptions is the Behistun Inscription written by Darius I which... | 6,120,166 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
makes this invocation to the three deities again in his reign. In Vedic texts which predate these inscriptions by thousands of years, the Vedic gods Mithra and Varuna are frequently mentioned together. In the earliest layer of the "Rigveda", Varuna is the guardian of moral law, the ruler over Asuras, one wh... | 6,120,167 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
of the Agni, one of the Primary deity Further, both have wrathful-gracious aspects in Indian mythology.
The early Achaemenid period contained no representation of Ahura Mazda. The winged symbol with a male figure who was formerly regarded by European scholars as Ahura Mazda has been now speculated to repre... | 6,120,168 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
II, the first literary reference as well as a statue of Ahura Mazda was built by a Persian governor of Lydia in 365 BCE.
## Parthian Empire.
It is known that the reverence for Ahura Mazda, as well as Anahita and Mithra continued with the same traditions during this period. The worship of Ahura Mazda with ... | 6,120,169 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
Sassanid Empire.
During the Sassanid Empire, a heretical and divergent form of Zoroastrianism, termed Zurvanism, emerged. It gained adherents throughout the Sassanid Empire, most notably the royal lineage of Sassanian emperors. Under the reign of Shapur I, Zurvanism spread and became a widespread cult. Zur... | 6,120,170 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
to Ahura Mazda in other fashions. Five kings took the name Hormizd and Bahram II created the title of "Ohrmazd-mowbad" which was continued after the fall of the Sassanid Empire and through the Islamic times. All devotional acts in Zoroastrianism originating from the Sassanian period begin with homage to Ahu... | 6,120,171 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
1884, Martin Haug proposed a new interpretation of "Yasna" 30.3 that subsequently influenced Zoroastrian doctrine to a significant extent. According to Haug's interpretation, the "twin spirits" of 30.3 were Angra Mainyu and Spenta Mainyu, the former being literally the "Destructive Spirit" and the latter be... | 6,120,172 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
to be evil. Although these latter conclusions were not substantiated by Zoroastrian tradition, at the time Haug's interpretation was gratefully accepted by the Parsis of Bombay since it provided a defense against Christian missionary rhetoric, particularly the attacks on the Zoroastrian idea of an uncreated... | 6,120,173 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
Haug. Reinforcing themselves, Haug's ideas came to be iterated so often that they are today almost universally accepted as doctrine.
# In other religions.
Some scholars (Kuiper. IIJ I, 1957; Zimmer. Münchner Studien 1984:187–215) believe that Ahura Mazda originates from *vouruna-mitra, or Vedic Varuna (an... | 6,120,174 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
whom after he sacrificed himself to defend the world of light was consumed by the forces of darkness. Although Ormuzd is freed from the world of darkness his "sons", often called his garments or weapons, remain. His sons, later known as the World Soul after a series of events will for the most part escape f... | 6,120,175 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
contacts with Turkic peoples like the Uyghurs, this Sogdian name came to the Mongols, who still name this deity "Qormusta Tengri" (Also Qormusta or Qormusda) is now a popular enough deity to appear in many contexts that are not explicitly Buddhist.
The pre-Christian Armenians had Aramazd as an important de... | 6,120,176 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
beginning.")
- 6. awî-añjâm ("Without end.")
- 7. bûnastah ("The origin of the formation of the world.")
- 8. frâxtañtah ("Broad end of all.")
- 9. jamakh ("Greatest cause.")
- 10. parjahtarah ("More exalted.")
- 11. tum-afayah ("Most innocent.")
- 12. abravañt ("Apart from everyone.")
- 13. parvañd... | 6,120,177 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
23. parvarâ ("Nourisher.")
- 24. âyânah ("Protector of the world.")
- 25. âyaîn-âyânah ("Not of various kinds.")
- 26. an-âyanah ("Without form.")
- 27. xraoshît-tum ("Firmest.")
- 28. mînôtum ("Most invisible.")
- 29. vâsnâ ("Omnipresent.")
- 30. harvastum ("All in all.")
- 31. husipâs ("Worthy of ... | 6,120,178 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
bringer.”)
- 42. â-sitôh ("Undefeated, undistressed.")
- 43. raxôh ("Independent, carefree.")
- 44. varûn ("Protector from evil.")
- 45. a-frîpah ("Undeceivable.")
- 46. awe-frîftah ("Undeceived.")
- 47. adhvaî ("Unparalleled.")
- 48. kãme-rat ("Lord of wishes.")
- 49. framãn-kãm ("Only wish is His ... | 6,120,179 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
of much spirituality.")
- 60. mînô-nahab ("Hidden in Spirits.")
- 61. âdhar-bâtgar ("Air of fire, i.e. transformer into air.")
- 62. âdhar-namgar ("Water of fire, i.e. transformer into water.")
- 63. bât-âdhargar ("Transformer of air into fire.")
- 64. bât-namgar ("Transformer of air into water.")
- 6... | 6,120,180 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
air.")
- 72. gel-namgar ("Transformer of the earth into water.")
- 73. gargar ("Artisan of artisans.")
- 74. garôgar ("Bestower of wishes.")
- 75. garâgar ("Creator of man")
- 76. garâgargar ("Creator of the entire creation")
- 77. a-garâgar ("Creator of four elements)"
- 78. a-garâgargar ("Creator o... | 6,120,181 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
88. abarînkuhantavãn ("Of the most exalted rank in the power of maintaining the origin of the creations.")
- 89. abarîn-nô-tavã ("Of the most exalted rank in the power of rendering the creations anew.")
- 90. vaspãn ("Attainer to all the creations.")
- 91. vaspâr ("Bringer of and attainer to all.")
- 92... | 6,120,182 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
soul.")
# In popular culture.
- Ormazd and Ahriman feature in the 2008 video game, "Prince of Persia".
- Ormuhzd and Ahriman are two characters in the Warhammer 40,000 Franchise. Ahriman has a model, whereas Ormuhzd is only referenced in the book A Thousand Sons
- Ormazd and Ahriman feature heavily in t... | 6,120,183 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
Matsuda.
- A statue of Ahura Mazda is built to contain the Djinn in the film "Wishmaster".
- In the 2013 Amish Tripathi novel "The Oath of the Vayuputras", Ahura Mazda is shown as the God of Pariha.
- Ahura Mazda is mentioned in the Immortal Technique song "Sign of the Times" from the album "The Martyr".... | 6,120,184 |
50324 | Ahura Mazda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahura%20Mazda | Ahura Mazda
da believes she is a warrior for the god Ahura Mazda.
- Ahura Mazda appears as a character in the "Lucifer's Halo" miniseries of Joseph Michael Linsner's comic Dawn.
- Ahura Mazda was the name of a late 1960s, early 1970s psychedelic and fusion prog-rock band from the Netherlands.
- Ahura Mazda is featur... | 6,120,185 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes. It addresses the questions ... | 6,120,186 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
computational modeling.
Parts of the brain play an important role in this field. Neurons play the most vital role, since the main point is to establish an understanding of cognition from a neural perspective, along with the different lobes of the cerebral cortex.
Methods employed in cognitive n... | 6,120,187 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
brains.
These damages change the neural circuits in the brain and cause it to malfunction during basic cognitive processes, such as memory or learning. With the damage, we can compare how the healthy neural circuits are functioning, and possibly draw conclusions about the basis of the affected c... | 6,120,188 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
is an interdisciplinary area of study that has emerged from neuroscience and psychology. There were several stages in these disciplines that changed the way researchers approached their investigations and that led to the field becoming fully established.
Although the task of cognitive neuroscien... | 6,120,189 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
participated in all behavior, was also rejected as a result of brain mapping, which began with Hitzig and Fritsch’s experimentsG. Fritsch, E. Hitzig, Electric excitability of the cerebrum (Über die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns), Epilepsy & Behavior, Volume 15, Issue 2, June 2009, Pages... | 6,120,190 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
more links between behavior and its neural substrates.
## Origins in philosophy.
Philosophers have always been interested in the mind: "the idea that explaining a phenomenon involves understanding the mechanism responsible for it has deep roots in the History of Philosophy from atomic theories ... | 6,120,191 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
otherwise was the Roman physician Galen in the second century AD, who declared that the brain was the source of mental activity, although this has also been accredited to Alcmaeon. However, Galen believed that personality and emotion were not generated by the brain, but rather by other organs. An... | 6,120,192 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
that behavior could be determined by the shape of the scalp. In the early 19th century, Franz Joseph Gall and J. G. Spurzheim believed that the human brain was localized into approximately 35 different sections. In his book, The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the ... | 6,120,193 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
enjoy wide acceptance within the scientific community. The major criticism of phrenology is that researchers were not able to test theories empirically.
### Localizationist view.
The localizationist view was concerned with mental abilities being localized to specific areas of the brain rather t... | 6,120,194 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
must be occurring in the same place every time. Jackson proposed that specific functions were localized to specific areas of the brain, which was critical to future understanding of the brain lobes.
### Aggregate field view.
According to the aggregate field view, all areas of the brain particip... | 6,120,195 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem functioned together as a whole. His approach has been criticised on the basis that the tests were not sensitive enough to notice selective deficits had they been present.
### Emergence of neuropsychology.
Perhaps the first serious attempts to localize mental fu... | 6,120,196 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
area of his left frontal lobe now known as Broca's area. Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, found a patient who could speak fluently but non-sensibly. The patient had been the victim of a stroke, and could not understand spoken or written language. This patient had a lesion in the area where th... | 6,120,197 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
of a dog, causing different muscles to contract depending on which areas of the brain were electrically stimulated. This led to the proposition that individual functions are localized to specific areas of the brain rather than the cerebrum as a whole, as the aggregate field view suggests. Brodman... | 6,120,198 |
50326 | Cognitive neuroscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience
his stimulus-response approach. By conducting experiments on animals he was aiming to be able to predict and control behaviour. Behaviourism eventually failed because it could not provide realistic psychology of human action and thought – it focused primarily on stimulus-response associations at ... | 6,120,199 |
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