wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
The city was liberated between 24–27 October 1944 during Operation Pheasant by British soldiers of Major-General Robert Knox Ross's 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division after Major Donald Bremner of the 1st Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment, of 158th Infantry Brigade, had already routed the enemy on 23/24t... | 6,120,700 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "". (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).
# Economy.
The city of 's-Hertogenbosch has become a center of industry, education, administration and culture. It is currently the fourth city of Noord Brabant. It is home to many national ... | 6,120,701 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
Open (formerly the Ordina Open) grass court tennis tournament (in the nearby town of Rosmalen). There are also over 350 restaurants, pubs and cafés to be found in the city.
's-Hertogenbosch is also home to the European Ceramic Work Centre. This is a juried international ceramic residency where they in... | 6,120,702 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
spoken in 's-Hertogenbosch is called "Bosch" which is placed among the Central North Brabantian dialects, although other classification systems also describe it as East Brabantian), which is very similar to colloquial Dutch.
De Toonzaal is a music venue for chamber music, improvised music, and experim... | 6,120,703 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
has disappeared to the background. The Mayor then hands over his duties temporarily to "Peer vaan den Muggenheuvel tot den Bobberd" during this three-day festival. "Peer vaan den Muggenheuvel tot den Bobberd" is the host of Prince Carnaval "Prince Amadeiro XXV" when he visits Oeteldonk.
The citizens o... | 6,120,704 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
as a fortified city and that heritage can still be seen today. After World War II, plans were made to modernise the old city, by filling in the canals, removing or modifying some ramparts and redeveloping historic neighbourhoods. Before these plans could come to effect however, the central government d... | 6,120,705 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
renovations going on in the city to preserve the many old buildings, fortifications, churches and statues for later generations.
In 2004 the city was awarded the title "European Fortress City of the year". It is planned to restore the city defences to much of their old glory in the coming years. 's-He... | 6,120,706 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
"Kruithuis", still exists, one of only two of its kind in the country. The Townhall is an originally 14th-century Gothic building, transformed in the typical style of Dutch classicism in the 17th century. Around the city itself many other fortresses can still be seen. Until recently it was a major garr... | 6,120,707 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
a regular river, the Dommel, running through the city in medieval times but due to lack of space in the city, people started building their houses and roads over the river. In later times it functioned as a sewer and fell into disrepair. In recent decades, the remaining sixth of the old waterway system... | 6,120,708 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
restoration was completed, undoing the damage of many years of wear-and-tear and acid rain.
Museums are the Stedelijk Museum 's-Hertogenbosch, Noordbrabants Museum, Jheronimus Bosch Art Center and Museum Slager.
The painter Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450–1516) remains probably the best known citizen of 's... | 6,120,709 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
rugby champion The Dukes. The city is also host to the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships, a combined ATP Tour and WTA Tour grass court tennis event played two weeks before the Wimbledon Championships.
The World Archery and Para Championships will be held here in June 2019. During these combined World... | 6,120,710 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
is well adapted to the high number of cyclists. A large network of bike paths make it convenient to cycle to various destinations and within the town the bike is the most popular mean of transportation. In 2011, the city was chosen as "Fietsstad 2011" — the top bike city of the Netherlands for 2011.
A... | 6,120,711 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
science programs at graduate (MSc) and post-graduate level (PhD).
# Notable residents.
- Patrick van Aanholt (1990), footballer
- Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450–1516), painter
- Hubert Gerhard (c. 1540–1620), sculptor
- Charles Bolsius (1907–1983), painter and woodworker
- Mijntje Donners (1974), fiel... | 6,120,712 |
50338 | 's-Hertogenbosch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title='s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch
7), priest and humanist scholar
- Fred van der Hoorn (1963), footballer
- Marco Kroon (1970), soldier
- Macropedius (1487–1558), humanist
- Anthony Lurling (1977), footballer
- Arie Luyendyk Jr. (1981), auto race driver
- Gerardus Mercator (c. 1520–1530), cartographer
- Henri van Opstal (1989), ... | 6,120,713 |
2313796 | Restricted line officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted%20line%20officer | Restricted line officer
Restricted line officer
Restricted Line Officers in the United States Navy and Navy Reserve are line officers who are not eligible for Command at Sea. There are many different types and communities, including Engineering Duty Officers, Aerospace Engineering Duty Officers, Aerospace Maintenance ... | 6,120,714 |
2313796 | Restricted line officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted%20line%20officer | Restricted line officer
life cycle maintenance, modernization, and disposal of ships and submarines and their associated warfare support systems. EDOs work in Fleet Maintenance & Industrial Management (50%), Acquisition (20%), and Systems Engineering (30%).
# Aerospace Engineering Duty Officers.
AEDOs provide profess... | 6,120,715 |
2313796 | Restricted line officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted%20line%20officer | Restricted line officer
in NAVAIR in: (1) operational support activities; (2) headquarters; (3) research, development, test, and evaluation; and (4) manufacturing and production. All active duty AEDOs and most Navy Reserve AEDOs are accessed from the Unrestricted Line and have previously qualified and been designated a... | 6,120,716 |
2313796 | Restricted line officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted%20line%20officer | Restricted line officer
in fleet maintenance organizations throughout the fleet, AMDOs are very much involved in all aspects of material acquisition and support as top-level Program Managers in NAVAIR and as Commanding Officers of the Naval Aviation Depots. AMDOs and AEDOs are combined into a new, single competitive ca... | 6,120,717 |
2313796 | Restricted line officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted%20line%20officer | Restricted line officer
and the liberal arts (which include languages and linguistics). There are approximately 1,350 Naval Intelligence Officers.
# Cryptologic Warfare.
Formerly known as Naval Information Warfare Officers, there are over 800 Navy Cryptologic Warfare officers, who perform Naval Information Operations... | 6,120,718 |
2313796 | Restricted line officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted%20line%20officer | Restricted line officer
support on board ships, submarines and aircraft and ashore
-Signals Intelligence/EW tasks assigned under CNO authority (generally afloat) and DIRNSA (ashore)
-Information Operations to maximize friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum and to minimize adversary IO efforts
# Foreign Area Of... | 6,120,719 |
2313796 | Restricted line officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted%20line%20officer | Restricted line officer
a broad range of military skills and experiences: knowledge of political-military affairs; familiarity with the political, cultural, social, economic, and geographic factors of the countries and regions in which they are stationed; and proficiency in one or more of the dominant languages in thei... | 6,120,720 |
2313796 | Restricted line officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted%20line%20officer | Restricted line officer
Officers.
The Public Affairs community is responsible for "Telling the Navy Story." Navy Public Affairs comprises three functional areas:
## Media Operations.
PAOs work with media outlets to communicate with the American public.
## Internal Communications.
PAOs produce publications, briefin... | 6,120,721 |
2313796 | Restricted line officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted%20line%20officer | Restricted line officer
Navy news is being made. All active duty PAOs join the community through lateral transfer from the Unrestricted Line while the Navy Reserve has a limited number of direct annual accessions into the PAO designator through a Direct Commission Officer (DCO) program. Today there are about 240 office... | 6,120,722 |
2313796 | Restricted line officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted%20line%20officer | Restricted line officer
There are approximately 430 Oceanography officers. They assist the war fighter in taking tactical advantage of the environment. They support the operational fleet from a variety of platforms. This can range from local area weather forecasting in support of aircraft carrier operations to optimizi... | 6,120,723 |
2313796 | Restricted line officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restricted%20line%20officer | Restricted line officer
ey provide expertise in information, command and control, and space systems through the planning, acquisition, operation, maintenance, and security of systems that support Navy operational and business processes. Presently, there are billets for 535 officers.
# Human Resources.
The Human Resou... | 6,120,724 |
2313801 | List of World War II aces from Southern Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20World%20War%20II%20aces%20from%20Southern%20Rhodesia | List of World War II aces from Southern Rhodesia
List of World War II aces from Southern Rhodesia
This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Southern Rhodesia. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country
# See also.
- Southern Rhodesia in World War II
# Notes and references.
- Notes
- Re... | 6,120,725 |
2313806 | List of World War II flying aces from Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20World%20War%20II%20flying%20aces%20from%20Romania | List of World War II flying aces from Romania
List of World War II flying aces from Romania
This is a list of fighter aces in World War II of the Romanian Air Force. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country.
# A.
- Horia Agarici
- Florin Alexiu
# B.
- Emil Bălan
- Vintilă Brătianu
- Florian ... | 6,120,726 |
2313806 | List of World War II flying aces from Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20World%20War%20II%20flying%20aces%20from%20Romania | List of World War II flying aces from Romania
- Dumitru Ilie
# L.
- Constantin Lungulescu
# M.
- Ioan Maga
- Ioan Mălăcescu
- Ioan Micu
- Mihai Mihordea
- Ion Milu
- Alexandru Moldoveanu
- Iosif Moraru
- Ion Mucenica
- Liviu Mureşan
# N.
- ? Neghrineac (Insufficient Information)
- Constantin Nicoară
# P... | 6,120,727 |
2313813 | List of World War II aces from Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20World%20War%20II%20aces%20from%20Slovakia | List of World War II aces from Slovakia
List of World War II aces from Slovakia
This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Slovakia. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country. | 6,120,728 |
2313799 | Khumalo clan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khumalo%20clan | Khumalo clan
Khumalo clan
The Khumalo are an African clan that originated in northern KwaZulu, South Africa. The Khumalos are part of a group of Zulus and Ngunis known as the Mntungwa. Others include the Blose and Mabaso, located between the Ndwandwe and the Mthethwa. Their most famous issue was Mzilikazi, an influent... | 6,120,729 |
2313799 | Khumalo clan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khumalo%20clan | Khumalo clan
choose a side, and this they postponed for as long as they could. To please the Ndwandwe, Mashobana – a Khumalo chief – married the daughter of the Ndwandwe chief Zwide and sired a son, Mzilikazi. The Ndwandwes are amaNguni aseMbo, though all spoke a very similar language (all Nguni languages are similar).... | 6,120,730 |
2313799 | Khumalo clan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khumalo%20clan | Khumalo clan
the extraordinary honour of being chief of the Khumalos and to remain semi-independent from the Zulu, if Zwide could be defeated.
This caused immense jealousy amongst those who had been with Shaka for many years, but as warriors none such as Shaka had realised their equal in Mzilikazi. All intelligence fo... | 6,120,731 |
2313799 | Khumalo clan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khumalo%20clan | Khumalo clan
This peace lasted until Shaka asked Mzilikazi to test a tribe to the north of the Khumalo, belonging to one Raninsi a Sotho. After the defeat of Raninsi, Mzilikazi refused to hand over the cattle to Shaka. Shaka, loving Mzilikazi, did nothing about it. His generals however, long disliking Mzilikazi, presse... | 6,120,732 |
2313799 | Khumalo clan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khumalo%20clan | Khumalo clan
themselves of Mzilikazi and the embarrassing situation. Mzilikazi, left with only three hundred warriors who were grossly out-numbered, and betrayed by his brother, Zeni, who had wanted Mzilikazi's position for himself, was defeated.
From there the Khumalos would be scattered across southern Africa, some ... | 6,120,733 |
2313799 | Khumalo clan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khumalo%20clan | Khumalo clan
zi and the embarrassing situation. Mzilikazi, left with only three hundred warriors who were grossly out-numbered, and betrayed by his brother, Zeni, who had wanted Mzilikazi's position for himself, was defeated.
From there the Khumalos would be scattered across southern Africa, some becoming the Sotho, a... | 6,120,734 |
2313817 | List of World War II aces from South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20World%20War%20II%20aces%20from%20South%20Africa | List of World War II aces from South Africa
List of World War II aces from South Africa
This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from South Africa. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country.
# References.
- Footnotes
- Citations
# See also.
- Military history of South Africa during World ... | 6,120,735 |
2313814 | Arthur Laing Bridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Laing%20Bridge | Arthur Laing Bridge
Arthur Laing Bridge
The Arthur Laing Bridge is a four-lane, high-level bridge carrying Grant McConachie Way over the North Arm of the Fraser River between Vancouver and Richmond, British Columbia's Sea Island where the Vancouver International Airport is located. Two parallel independent unpainted s... | 6,120,736 |
2313814 | Arthur Laing Bridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Laing%20Bridge | Arthur Laing Bridge
with its half-through steel plate girder swing span, was frequently opened at inconvenient times. Records show, for example, that the bridge opened 7,015 times in 1954. It was dismantled in 1957 after the completion that same year of the Oak Street Bridge, which was built to the east and connected V... | 6,120,737 |
2313814 | Arthur Laing Bridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Laing%20Bridge | Arthur Laing Bridge
Commons from Vancouver. Arthur Laing died before the bridge was officially opened on May 15, 1976 (traffic had been using it since August 1975). This new bridge had the same alignment as the Marpole bridge, but was higher and longer.
In its 2006 long range plans, the Vancouver Airport Authority, wh... | 6,120,738 |
2313814 | Arthur Laing Bridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Laing%20Bridge | Arthur Laing Bridge
arpole bridge, but was higher and longer.
In its 2006 long range plans, the Vancouver Airport Authority, who owns and maintains the bridge, raised the possibility of adding a toll directed at non-airport users. This has been strongly opposed by many Richmond residents, while opposition has been cha... | 6,120,739 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
Frontier
A frontier is the political and geographical area near or beyond a boundary. The term came from French in the 15th century, with the meaning "borderland"—the region of a country that fronts on another country (see also marches).
A frontier can also be referred to as a "front". A difference has also ... | 6,120,740 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
countries, many of which aspire to become part of the union. Current applicants include Turkey and many small countries in the Balkans and South Caucasus. Romania and Bulgaria joined EU in 2007. Proposals to admit Turkey have been debated but are now currently stalled, partly on the ground that Turkey is beyon... | 6,120,741 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
centuries and often involved the development and settlement of Cossack communities.
# Australia.
The term "frontier" was frequently used in colonial Australia in the meaning of country that borders the unknown or uncivilised, the boundary, border country, the borders of civilisation, or as the land that form... | 6,120,742 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
districts". At times one might hear the "frontier" described as "the outside borders". However the term "frontier districts" was seemingly used predominantly in the early Australian colonial newspapers whenever dealing with skirmishes between black and white in northern New South Wales and Queensland, and in n... | 6,120,743 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
and calling for the protection of the settlers saying: "...nothing but a strong body of Native Police will restore and keep order in the frontier districts, and as the squatters are taxed for the purpose of such protection".
# Colonial North America.
The word "frontier" has often meant a region at the edge o... | 6,120,744 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
was available, and thus offered the psychological sense of unlimited opportunity. This, in turn, had many consequences such as optimism, future orientation, shedding the restraints of land scarcity, and the wastage of natural resources.
In the earliest days of European settlement of the Atlantic coast, the fr... | 6,120,745 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
settled in villages along the St. Lawrence river, building communities that remained stable for long stretches, rather than leapfrogging west the way the English and later Americans did. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and Mississippi River watersheds, as far as the Rocky Moun... | 6,120,746 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
the English colonies generally pursued a more systematic policy of widespread settlement of the New World, for cultivation and exploitation of the land, which required the extension of European property rights to the new continent. The typical English settlements were quite compact and small—under . Conflict w... | 6,120,747 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
into areas such the Ohio Country and the New River Valley.
Most of the frontier movement was east to west, but there were other directions as well. The frontier in New England lay to the north; in Nevada to the east; in Florida to the south. Throughout American history, the expansion of settlement was largely... | 6,120,748 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
understood in relation to the mythic power of the North." [Katerberg 2003] This is reflected in Canadian literature with the phrase "garrison mentality." In Innis's 1930 work "The Fur Trade in Canada", he expounded on what became known as the Laurentian thesis: that the most creative and major developments in ... | 6,120,749 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
historiography of the American and Canadian Wests. The Quebec frontier showed little of the individualism or democracy that Turner ascribed to the American zone to the south. The Nova Scotia and Ontario frontiers were rather more democratic than the rest of Canada, but whether that was caused by the need to be... | 6,120,750 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
the civilized and the uncivilized since, unlike a frontier process, the civilizing force is not supposed to be shaped by that which it is civilizing. Blattberg criticizes both the frontier and border "civilizing" processes.
## Canadian prairies.
The pattern of settlement of the Canadian prairies began in 189... | 6,120,751 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
the British lands west of the Appalachians. Many thousands of settlers, typified by Daniel Boone, had already reached Kentucky, Tennessee, and adjacent areas. Some areas, such as the Virginia Military District and the Connecticut Western Reserve (both in Ohio), were used by the states as rewards to veterans of... | 6,120,752 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
Oregon Country, and Mexican Cession, attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers. Whether the Kansas frontier would become "slave" or "free" kindled the American Civil War. In general before 1860, Northern Democrats promoted easy land ownership and Whigs and Southern Democrats resisted. The Southerners resiste... | 6,120,753 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
a line beyond which the population density was under ).
The effect of the frontier upon popular culture was enormous, in dime novels, Wild West shows, and, after 1910, Western movies set on the frontier.
The American frontier was generally the westernmost edge of a settlement and typically more free-spirited... | 6,120,754 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
to exchanges that affected both cultures.
# See also.
- Cabin rights
- Frontier Thesis
- March (territorial entity)
- Wild Fields
# References.
## US history.
- The Frontier In American History by Frederick Jackson Turner
- Billington, Ray Allen.—
- "America's Frontier Heritage" (1984), an analysis o... | 6,120,755 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada" (2003), Ch. 3, a comparison of the Canadian 'border' with the American 'frontier'
- Hine, Robert V. and John Mack Faragher. "The American West: A New Interpretive History" (2000), recent textbook
- Lamar, Howard R. ed. "The New Encyclopedia of the American West" (19... | 6,120,756 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
"Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860" (2000), University of Oklahoma Press
## Canada.
- Blattberg, Charles "Shall We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada" (2003), Ch. 3, a comparison of the Canadian 'border' with the American 'frontier'
- Cavell, Janice. "The S... | 6,120,757 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
2002. 216 pp.
- Forkey, Neil S. "Shaping the Upper Canadian Frontier: Environment, Society and Culture in the Trent Valley." U. of Calgary Press 2003. 164 pp.
- Katerberg, William H. "A Northern Vision: Frontiers and the West in the Canadian and American Imagination." "American Review of Canadian Studies" 20... | 6,120,758 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
framework analyzes approaches to environmental history that are applicable to the Canadian North. The second element reviews historical forces, myths, and defining characteristics that pertain to the region. A third element of the framework tests the validity of Turner's Frontier Thesis and Creighton's Metropo... | 6,120,759 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
Thesis: a Comparative Approach and Ukrainian Context]. — Київ: "Критика", 2015. — 376 с. https://krytyka.com/ua/products/books/komparatyvni-frontyry-svitovyy-i-vitchyznyanyy-vymir
# Further reading.
- The World in 2015: National borders undermined? 11-min video interview with Bernard Guetta, a columnist for ... | 6,120,760 |
50344 | Frontier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier | Frontier
tyvni-frontyry-svitovyy-i-vitchyznyanyy-vymir
# Further reading.
- The World in 2015: National borders undermined? 11-min video interview with Bernard Guetta, a columnist for Libération newspaper and France Inter radio. "For [Guetta], one of the main lessons from international relations in 2014 is that natio... | 6,120,761 |
2313824 | List of World War II aces from the Soviet Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20World%20War%20II%20aces%20from%20the%20Soviet%20Union | List of World War II aces from the Soviet Union
List of World War II aces from the Soviet Union
This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from the Soviet Union. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country.
"See also: "
! Name
! Total
! Individualbrvictories
! Groupbrvictories
! class="unsor... | 6,120,762 |
2313829 | List of World War II aces from Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20World%20War%20II%20aces%20from%20Spain | List of World War II aces from Spain
List of World War II aces from Spain
This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Spain who fought with the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country.
# B.
- Vicente Beltrán (USSR)
- Luis Azqueta Brunet (Germany)
# C.
- ... | 6,120,763 |
2313829 | List of World War II aces from Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20World%20War%20II%20aces%20from%20Spain | List of World War II aces from Spain
- Antonio García Cano (USSR)
- Manuel Zarauza Claver (USSR)
- Fernando Sánchez Arjona Courtoy (Germany)
- Fernando Bengoa Cremades (Germany)
# L.
- José Luis Larrañaga (USSR)
- Ángel Salas Larrazábal (Germany)
- Vicente Aldecoa Lecanda (Germany)
- Dámaso Arango López (German... | 6,120,764 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
Urban design
Urban design is the process of designing and shaping the physical features of cities, towns and villages and planning for the provision of municipal services to residents and visitors. In contrast to architecture, which focuses on the design of individual buildings, urban design deals with th... | 6,120,765 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
engineering. It is common for professionals in all these disciplines to practice urban design. In more recent times different sub-subfields of urban design have emerged such as strategic urban design, landscape urbanism, water-sensitive urban design, and sustainable urbanism.
Urban design demands an under... | 6,120,766 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty and identity. Urban design draws these and other strands together creating a vision for an area and then deploying the resources and skills needed to bring the vision to life.
Urban design theory deals prima... | 6,120,767 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
or domestic gardens, also contribute to public space and are therefore also considered by urban design theory. Important writers on urban design theory include Christopher Alexander, Peter Calthorpe, Gordon Cullen, Andres Duany, Jane Jacobs, Mitchell Joachim, Jan Gehl, Allan B. Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, Aldo Ro... | 6,120,768 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
and are particularly well known within Classical Chinese, Roman and Greek cultures (see Hippodamus of Miletus).
European Medieval cities are often, and often erroneously, regarded as exemplars of undesigned or 'organic' city development. There are many examples of considered urban design in the Middle Age... | 6,120,769 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
renewed focus on urbanisation as a means of stimulating economic growth and generating revenue. The burgage system dating from that time and its associated burgage plots brought a form of self-organising design to medieval towns. Rectangular grids were used in the Bastides of 13th and 14th century Gascony,... | 6,120,770 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
to be bidirectional. Indeed, the reverse impact of urban structure upon human behaviour and upon thought is evidenced by both observational study and historical record. There are clear indications of impact through Renaissance urban design on the thought of Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei (see, e.g., A... | 6,120,771 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
(see, e.g., Claudia Lacour Brodsky, "Lines of Thought: Discourse, Architectonics, and the Origins of Modern Philosophy", Duke 1996).
The beginnings of modern urban design in Europe are associated with the Renaissance but, especially, with the Age of Enlightenment. Spanish colonial cities were often planne... | 6,120,772 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
professional specialisations did not exist, urban design was undertaken by people with skills in areas as diverse as sculpture, architecture, garden design, surveying, astronomy, and military engineering. In the 18th and 19th centuries, urban design was perhaps most closely linked with surveyors (engineers... | 6,120,773 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
work was concerned with urban design, and the newly formed profession of landscape architecture also began to play a significant role in the late 19th century.
## Modern urban design.
Urban planning focuses on public health and urban design. Within the discipline, modern urban design developed.
At the t... | 6,120,774 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
in fashion for most of the Victorian era, was starting to give way to a New Liberalism. This gave more power to the public. The public wanted the government to provide citizens, especially factory workers, with healthier environments. Around 1900, modern urban design emerged from developing theories on how... | 6,120,775 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
cities to be proportional with separate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Inspired by the Utopian novel "Looking Backward" and Henry George's work "Progress and Poverty", Howard published his book "Garden Cities of To-morrow" in 1898. His work is an important reference in the history of urban... | 6,120,776 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
50,000 people, linked by road and rail. His model for a garden city was first created at Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire. Howard's movement was extended by Sir Frederic Osborn to regional planning.
In the early 1900s, urban planning became professionalized. With input from utopian visio... | 6,120,777 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
Act of 1909 Howard's ‘garden city’ compelled local authorities to introduce a system where all housing construction conformed to specific building standards. In the United Kingdom following this Act, surveyor, civil engineers, architects, and lawyers began working together within local authorities.
In 191... | 6,120,778 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
the 20th century, urban planning was forever changed by the automobile industry. Car oriented design impacted the rise of ‘urban design’. City layouts now had to revolve around roadways and traffic patterns.
In 1956, 'Urban design' was first used at a series of conferences Harvard University. The event pr... | 6,120,779 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
also created the concept of 'serial vision'. It defined the urban landscape as a series of related spaces.
In 1961, Jane Jacobs published ' "The Death and Life of Great American Cities". She critiqued the Modernism of CIAM (International Congresses of Modern Architecture). Jacobs also claimed crime rates ... | 6,120,780 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
He reduced urban design theory to five basic elements: paths, districts, edges, nodes, landmarks. He also made the use of mental maps to understanding the city popular, rather than the two-dimensional physical master plans of the previous 50 years.
Other notable works:
"Architecture of the City" by Rossi... | 6,120,781 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
design. Rossi also proposed a 'collage metaphor' to understand the collection of new and old forms within the same urban space. Peter Calthorpe developed a manifesto for sustainable urban living via medium density living. He also designed a manual for building new settlements in his concept of Transit Orie... | 6,120,782 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
with long-lasting structures, buildings and overall livability. Walkable urbanism is another approach to practice that is defined within the "Charter of New Urbanism". It aims to reduce environmental impacts by altering the built environment to create smart cities that support sustainable transport. Compac... | 6,120,783 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
growth, walkability, architectural tradition, and classical design. It contrasts from modernist and globally uniform architecture. In the 1980s, urban design began to oppose the increasing solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.
# Principles.
Urban planners frequently act as urban designers when pr... | 6,120,784 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
owners manage public spaces. Users often compete over the spaces and negotiate across a variety of spheres. Input is frequently needed from a wide range of stakeholders.
While there are some professionals who identify themselves specifically as urban designers, a majority have backgrounds in urban plannin... | 6,120,785 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
and relation of business and people
- "Urban typology, density" and sustainability - spatial types and morphologies related to intensity of use, consumption of resources and production and maintenance of viable communities
- "Accessibility" – safe and easy transportation
- "Legibility and wayfinding" – ... | 6,120,786 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
and variety in the urban environment
- "Continuity and change" – Locating people in time and place, respecting heritage and contemporary culture
- "Civil society" – people are free to interact as civic equals, important for building social capital
# Equality issues.
Until the 1970s, the design of towns... | 6,120,787 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
them. They proposed instead a 'social model' which said that barriers to disabled people result from the design of the built environment and attitudes of able-bodied people. 'Access Groups' were established composed of people with disabilities who audited their local areas, checked planning applications an... | 6,120,788 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
of the Building Regulations (Part M) was introduced in 1992. Although it was beneficial to have legislation on this issue the requirements were fairly minimal but continue to be improved with ongoing amendments. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 continues to raise awareness and enforce action on disab... | 6,120,789 |
50345 | Urban design | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban%20design | Urban design
ues in the urban environment.
# See also.
- Activity centre
- Complete streets
- Crime prevention through environmental design
- Neighbourhood character
- New Urbanism
- Placemaking
- Sustainable urbanism
- Urban planning
- Urbanism
- Urban density
- Walkability
# Further reading.
div style="... | 6,120,790 |
50346 | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum%20of%20Science%20and%20Industry%20(Chicago) | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
The Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) is located in Chicago, Illinois, in Jackson Park, in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago. It is housed in the former Palace of Fine Arts from the 1893 Wo... | 6,120,791 |
50346 | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum%20of%20Science%20and%20Industry%20(Chicago) | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
stainless-steel passenger train ("Pioneer Zephyr").
David R. Mosena has been president and CEO of the private, non-profit museum since 1998.
# History.
The Palace of Fine Arts (also known as the Fine Arts Building) at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition was designed by Char... | 6,120,792 |
50346 | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum%20of%20Science%20and%20Industry%20(Chicago) | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
building near downtown Chicago in 1920, the former site was left vacant.
Art Institute of Chicago professor Lorado Taft led a public campaign to restore the building and turn it into another art museum, one devoted to sculpture. The South Park Commissioners (now part of the Chi... | 6,120,793 |
50346 | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum%20of%20Science%20and%20Industry%20(Chicago) | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, energized his fellow club members by pledging to pay $3 million towards the cost of converting the Palace of Fine Arts (Rosenwald eventually contributed more than $5 million to the project). During its conversion into the ... | 6,120,794 |
50346 | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum%20of%20Science%20and%20Industry%20(Chicago) | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
to the Museum of Science and Industry. Rosenwald's vision was to create a museum in the style of the Deutsches Museum in Munich, which he had visited in 1911 while in Germany with his family.
Sewell Avery, another businessman, had supported the museum within the Commercial Club... | 6,120,795 |
50346 | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum%20of%20Science%20and%20Industry%20(Chicago) | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
and his staff visited the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Science Museum in Kensington, and the Technical Museum in Vienna, all of which served as models. Kaempffert was instrumental in developing close ties with the science departments of the University of Chicago, which suppli... | 6,120,796 |
50346 | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum%20of%20Science%20and%20Industry%20(Chicago) | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
Progress Exposition. Two of the museum's presidents, a number of curators and other staff members, and exhibits came to MSI from the Century of Progress event.
For years, visitors entered the museum through its original main entrance, but that entrance became no longer large en... | 6,120,797 |
50346 | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum%20of%20Science%20and%20Industry%20(Chicago) | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
of the underground parking lot was finished in the 1990s.
For over 55 years, admission to the MSI was free. Fees were first charged in the early 1990s, with general admission rates increasing from $13 in 2008 to $18 in 2015. Many "free days"—for Illinois residents only—are offe... | 6,120,798 |
50346 | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum%20of%20Science%20and%20Industry%20(Chicago) | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
Entry Hall in 2008. The train was once displayed outdoors, and restored and placed in the former Great Hall during the construction of the museum's underground parking lot. Today, a complimentary tour goes through it every 10–20 minutes.
## Lower Level.
### U-505.
is one of j... | 6,120,799 |
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