wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
continuous, but fruitless efforts from the Roman church to convert it to the Latin rite.
### After the Fourth Crusade.
However, things changed after the fall of Byzantine Empire in 1204. In 1208, a Catholic archdeacon was elected for the archbishopric of Durrës. After the reconquest of Durrës by t... | 6,121,600 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
new wave of Catholic dioceses, churches and monasteries were founded, a number of different religious orders began spreading into the country, and papal missionaries traversed its territories. Those who were not Catholic in Central and North Albania converted and a great number of Albanian clerics a... | 6,121,601 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
centers as well. Butrint in the south, although dependent on Corfu, became Catholic and remained as such during 14th century. The bishopric of Vlore also converted immediately following the founding of the Kingdom of Albania. Around 30 Catholic churches and monasteries were built during the rule of ... | 6,121,602 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
there being presided upon by the Pope himself; in the following year, 1327, Skopje sees a Dominican appointed.
However, in Durrës the Byzantine rite continued to exist for a while after Angevin conquest. This double-line of authority created some confusion in the local population and a contemporary... | 6,121,603 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
Rascia (Serbia) there were two Catholic peoples, the "Latins" and the "Albanians", who both had their own language. The former was limited to coastal towns while the latter was spread out over the countryside, and while the language of the Albanians was noted as quite different from Latin, both peop... | 6,121,604 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
they detest" and would eagerly support an expedition of " one thousand French knights and five or six thousand foot soldiers" who, with, their help, could throw off the rule of Rascia.
Although Serbian rulers at earlier times had at times relations with the Catholic West despite being Orthodox, as ... | 6,121,605 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
the "Zakonik" contained harsh measures against them. However, the persecutions of local Catholics did not begin in 1349 when the Code was declared in Skopje, but much earlier, at least since the beginning of 14th century. Under these circumstances the relations between local Catholic Albanians and t... | 6,121,606 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
activity in the neighboring areas, with the permission of the pope. At the end of the 14th century, the previously Orthodox Autocephalous Archbishopric of Ohrid was dismantled in favor of the Catholic rite.
## Renaissance.
Christianity was later overshadowed by Islam, which became the predominant ... | 6,121,607 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
than 5% in most areas (Ohrid 1.9%, Shkodra 4.5%, Elbasan 5.5%, Vlora 1.8%, Dukagjin 0%) while during this period Muslims had already risen to large proportions in Bosnia (Bosnia 46%, Herzegovina 43%, urban Sarajevo 100%), Northern Greece (Trikala 17.5%), Macedonia (Skopje and Bitola both at 75%) and... | 6,121,608 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
it also discriminated against them, turning them into second-class citizens with much higher taxes and various legal restrictions like being unable to take Muslims to court, have horses, have weapons, or have houses overlooking those of Muslims. While Catholicism was chronically held in suspicion by... | 6,121,609 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
due to the successful proselytizing by missionaries, or done out of desperation in very difficult times; in the latter case, the converts often practiced crypto-Christianity for long periods. During the Ottoman period, most Christians as well as most Muslims employed a degree of syncretism, still pr... | 6,121,610 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
peasantry remained overwhelmingly Christian. Even long after the fall of Skanderbeg, large regions of the Albanian countryside frequently rebelled against Ottoman rule, often incurring large human costs, including the decimation of whole villages. In the 1570s, a concerted effort by Ottoman rulers t... | 6,121,611 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
the rebels.
Between 1500 and 1800, impressive ecclesiastical art flourished across Southern Albania. In Moscopole there were over 23 churches during the city's period of prosperity in the mid 18th century. Post-Byzantine architectural style is prevalent in the region, e.g. in Vithkuq, Labove, Mesop... | 6,121,612 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
through debatably coercive economic incentives – in particular, the head tax on Christians was drastically increased. While the tax levied on Albanian Christians in the 1500s amounted to about 45 akçes, in the mid-1600s, it was 780 akçes. Conversion to Islam here was also aided by the dire state of ... | 6,121,613 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
of the 17th century, Central and Northern Albania remained firmly Catholic (according to Vatican reports, Muslims were no more than 10% in Northern Albania), by the middle of the 17th century, 30–50% of Northern Albania had converted to Islam, while by 1634 most of Kosovo had also converted. During ... | 6,121,614 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
the 17th century, Bogdani and his colleague Raspasani, raised an army of thousands of Kosovar Albanians in support of the Austrians in the Great Turkish War. However, when this effort failed to expel Ottoman rule from the area yet again, many of Kosovo's Catholics fled to Hungary.
In 1700, the Papa... | 6,121,615 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
of Catholicism in northern Albania is largely attributable to the activity of the Franciscan order in the area
In addition to Catholicism and Sunni Islam, there were pockets of Orthodox (some of whom had converted from Catholicism) in Kavajë, Durrës, Upper Reka and some other regions, while Bektash... | 6,121,616 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
Christian sentiment, it was noted that many Albanian Muslims also took part, and that, despising Ottoman rule no less than their Christian brethren, Albanian Muslims would revolt eagerly if only given the slightest assistance from the Catholic West.
## Christianity and Islam in the South under Otto... | 6,121,617 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
of violent, coercive and non-coercive means, but raised taxes were the main factor. Nevertheless, there were specific local cases: in Vlora and the surrounding region, the Christians converted en masse once the area was recaptured from the Christian forces in 1590, because they feared violent retrib... | 6,121,618 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
was illiterate, corrupt, and conducted sermons in Greek, a foreign language, as well as the poverty of the Orthodox church. The clergy, largely from the Bosphorus, was distant from its Albanian flocks and also corrupt as well, abusing church tax collection and exacting a heavy tax regime that aggreg... | 6,121,619 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
and the quite large region of Myzeqe including Fier and Lushnjë) as well as continuing Crypto-Christianity around the region of Shpati among others, where Crypto-Christians formally reverted to Orthodoxy in 1897. Further south, progress was slower. The region of Gjirokastra did not become majority M... | 6,121,620 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
end of the Ottoman period, Sunni Islam held a slight majority (or plurality) in the Albanian territories. Catholicism still prevailed in the Northwestern regions surrounding Lezha and Shkodra, as well as a few pockets in Kosovo in and around Gjakova, Peja, Vitina, Prizren and Klina. Orthodoxy remain... | 6,121,621 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
either a plurality or a majority), Orthodox, Bektashis and Catholics, with the later emergence of Albanian Uniates, Protestants and atheists, prevented Albanian nationalism as it emerged from tying itself to any particular faith, instead promoting harmony between the different confessions and using ... | 6,121,622 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
a systematic dereligionization of the nation and the national culture. Albania never had an official state religion either as a republic or as a kingdom after its restoration in 1912. Religious tolerance in Albania was born of national expediency and a general lack of religious convictions.
## Mona... | 6,121,623 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
which had been forced on the urban population by the Ottomans during the occupation.
In 1929 the Albanian Orthodox Church was declared autocephalous.
A year later, in 1930, the first official religious census was carried out. Reiterating conventional Ottoman data from a century earlier which previ... | 6,121,624 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
to disparage the almost universal adoption of Muslim and Christian names, suggesting instead that children be given neutral Albanian names.
Official slogans began to appear everywhere. "Religion separates, patriotism unites." "We are no longer Muslim, Orthodox, Catholic, we are all Albanians." "Our... | 6,121,625 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
stipulated that the state should be neutral, with no official religion and that the free exercise of religion should be extended to all faiths. Neither in government nor in the school system should favor be shown to any one faith over another. Albanism was substituted for religion, and officials and... | 6,121,626 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
beginning with this sentence, "I am an Albanian. My country is Albania." Then there follows in poetic form, "But man himself, what does he love in life?" "He loves his country." "Where does he live with hope? Where does he want to die?" "In his country." "Where may he be happy, and live with honor?"... | 6,121,627 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
and nothing came of it in the end. The Italian occupiers also won Muslim Albanian sympathies by causing their working wages to rise. Mussolini's son-in-law Count Ciano also replaced the leadership of the Sunni Muslim community, which had recognized the Italian regime in Albania, with clergy that ali... | 6,121,628 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
Nijaz Deda, murdered.
The Albanian Orthodox hierarchy also acquiesced in the occupation, according to Fischer. The primate of the church, Archbishop Kisi, along with three other bishops, expressed formal approval of the Italian invasion in 1939. Metropolitan Visarion Xhuvani was part of the delegat... | 6,121,629 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
quite supportive, with the apostolic delegate seeing it as a possibility to give more freedom to Albanians who wanted to become Catholic. The Catholic Church had also the most financial support per member during the Italian occupation.
## Communism.
Before the Communists took power in 1944, it was... | 6,121,630 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
Law of August 1946 nationalized most property of religious institutions, including the estates of monasteries, orders, and dioceses. Many clergy and believers were tried, tortured, and executed. All foreign Roman Catholic priests, monks, and nuns were expelled in 1946.
Religious communities or bran... | 6,121,631 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
philanthropic and welfare institutions and hospitals.
Although there were tactical variations in First Secretary of the Communist Party Enver Hoxha's approach to each of the major denominations, his overarching objective was the eventual destruction of all organized religion in Albania. Between 194... | 6,121,632 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
members, all churches, mosques, tekkes, monasteries, and other religious institutions were either closed down or converted into warehouses, gymnasiums, or workshops by the end of 1967. By May 1967, religious institutions had been forced to relinquish all 2,169 churches, mosques, cloisters, and shrin... | 6,121,633 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
or agriculture, and some were executed or starved to death. The monastery of the Franciscan order in Shkodër was set on fire, which resulted in the death of four elderly monks.
A major center for anti-religious propaganda was the National Museum of Atheism () in Shkodër, the city viewed by the gove... | 6,121,634 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
religious literature." A new decree that in effect targeted Albanians with Islamic and religiously-tinged Christian names stipulated that citizens whose names did not conform to "the political, ideological, or moral standards of the state" were to change them. It was also decreed that towns and vill... | 6,121,635 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
that their children would tell others. Officials tried to entrap practicing Christians and Muslims during religious fasts, such as Lent and Ramadan, by distributing dairy products and other forbidden foods in school and at work, and then publicly denouncing those who refused the food, and clergy who... | 6,121,636 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
got its protest over Albania's violation of religious liberty placed on the agenda of the thirty-ninth meeting of the commission, item 25, reading, "Implementation of the Declaration on the Elimination of all Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination based on Religion or Belief." There was little c... | 6,121,637 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
to reenter the country in 1988 and officiate at religious services. Mother Teresa, an ethnic Albanian, visited Tirana in 1989, where she was received by the foreign minister and by Hoxha's widow. In December 1990, the ban on religious observance was officially lifted, in time to allow thousands of C... | 6,121,638 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
representing 58.79% of the population according to the 2011 census. One of the major legacies of nearly five centuries of Ottoman rule was that the majority of Albanians, had converted to Islam. Therefore, the nation emerged as a Muslim-majority country after Albania's independence in November 1912.... | 6,121,639 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
important role in Ottoman political and economic life became an attractive career option for most Albanians. Widespread illiteracy and the absence of educated clergy also played roles in the spread of Islam, especially in northern Albanian-inhabited regions. During the 17th and 18th centuries Albani... | 6,121,640 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
the state policy of obliterating all organized religion from Albanian territories.
During the Ottoman invasion the Muslims of Albania were divided into two main communities: those associated with Sunni Islam and those associated with Bektashi Shiism, a mystical Dervish order that came to Albania th... | 6,121,641 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
the country's population before 1939, while Bektashi represented another 20%. There is also a relatively small minority which belongs to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Muslim populations have been particularly strong in eastern and northern Albania and among Albanians living in Kosovo and Macedonia... | 6,121,642 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
Albanian census doesn't differentiate between Bektashis and Sunnis, but instead between Bektashis and "Muslims", but since Bektashis are in fact Muslim many were listed as Muslims. Bektashi-majority areas include Skrapari, Dishnica, Erseka and Bulqiza while Bektashis also have large, possibly majori... | 6,121,643 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
and Tetova. In the Albanian census, a few of these areas, such as Skrapari and Dishnica, saw the Bektashi population mostly labeled "Bektashi" while in most other areas such as Kruja it was mostly labeled "Muslim". One must note also that the classification of children of mixed marriages between Sun... | 6,121,644 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
Bektashi order was widespread in the Ottoman Empire, with most leading Bektashi babas from southern Albania. The Bektashi order was banned throughout the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826. After Mustafa Kemal Atatürk banned all Sufi orders in 1925, the Bektashi leadership moved to Albania a... | 6,121,645 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
besides the Bektashi, there are those that associate with the mainline Sunni establishment, as well as those who feel themselves to be distant from both the Sunnis and Bektashis, and in terms of organization have oscillated between association with the Sunni establishment, with the Bektashis, and as... | 6,121,646 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
position between Sunnism and Shi'ism, also a characteristic of Bektashism.
Another, though smaller, Sufi-influenced sect of Muslims in Albania are the Halvetis. The Halveti order first started to spread in Southern Albania in the 16th century and gained many followers later. Less numerous than the ... | 6,121,647 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
Bektashis in Mallakastra, Tepelena, Gjirokastra, Delvina, Permet, Leskovik, Korca, and the city of Berat. The first Albanian Halveti tekke however was in Ioannina, now Greece. After the fall of communism, in 1998, it was reported that there were 42 Bektashi tekkes in Albania. On the census Halvetis ... | 6,121,648 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
orders in Albania (Bektashis and Halvetis), there are three other significant Dervish orders: the Kadris (also known as "Kadris" or "Zinxhiris"), the Sadis and the Rufais.
The Rufais originated in Iraq as the "Rifa'is", from the teachings of the jurist Ahmad ibn 'Ali al-Rifa'i. Little is known abou... | 6,121,649 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
in various parts of Albania. During the early years of the 20th century some Rufai tekkes became Bektashi. At the same time, in the same period the order spread to Tropoja, Tirana, Petrela and parts of Southern Albania. In Albania all of their tekkes were closed due to the banning of religion under ... | 6,121,650 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
each other's holy places and tombs. There was a Sa'di tekke in Gjakova in 1600, and two Sa'di tekkes in Tepelena two centuries later, as well as some historical presence in Tropoja, Gjirokastër, Elbasan and Peza. In 1980 in Kosovo, there are 10 operating Sa'di tekkes.
The Kadris first originated as... | 6,121,651 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
have reconstituted themselves and now have an operating tekke in Peshkopia.
## Christianity.
### Roman Catholicism.
In the 2011 census, about 10.03% of Albania's population declared Roman Catholic Christianity as of 2011 census. Albania once numbered eighteen episcopal Sees, some of them having u... | 6,121,652 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
of Orthodoxy as previously Orthodox Albanian nobles and their subjects converted as they grew increasingly loyal to the Western powers as a way to fend off threats coming from Orthodox political entities. Despite the ascendance of Catholicism at the time, Orthodox minorities remained. Before long, D... | 6,121,653 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
14th century, the previously Orthodox Autocephalous Archbishopric of Ohrid was dismantled in favor of the Catholic rite.
However, Ottoman rule ultimately vastly decreased the number of Catholics in Albania and elsewhere in the Balkans, with waves of conversions to Islam and to a lesser extent Ortho... | 6,121,654 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
Today, Catholic Albanians are mostly found in the areas of Malesia e Madhe, Kiri, Puka, Tropoja (where they are a minority), Mirdita, parts of northwestern Mat, Kurbin, Lezhe, Zadrima, Shkodër and Ulqin (where they live alongside very large numbers of Sunni Muslims), minorities in Kruja and some maj... | 6,121,655 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
in the middle of the 17th century, when persecution by Ottoman Turkish lords in Albania started to result in the conversion of many villages to the Islamic faith.
The College of Propaganda at Rome played a significant role in the religious and moral support of the Albanian Catholics. During the 17 ... | 6,121,656 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
convoked a general ecclesiastical visitation, held in 1763 by the Archbishop of Antivari, by the end of which a national synod was held. The decrees formulated by the Synod were printed by the College of Propaganda in 1705, and renewed in 1803. In 1872, Pius IX convoked a second national synod at Sh... | 6,121,657 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
with which it had been united in 1867 on equal terms.
- Scutari, with the suffragan "Sees of Alessio, Pulati, Sappa" and (since 1888) the Abbatia millius of St. Alexander of Orosci.
- Durazzo
- Uskup
The last two archiepiscopal provinces did not have any suffragans, and depended directly on the ... | 6,121,658 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
of Albania's Orthodox believers. Metropolitan Theofan Fan Noli established the Albanian Orthodox Mission under the American diocese.
Although Orthodox Christianity has existed in Albania since the 2nd century AD, and the Orthodox historically constituted 20% of the population of Albania, the first ... | 6,121,659 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
of them Orthodox Christians from southeastern Albania, emigrated to the United States, settling in and around Boston. Like many other Orthodox immigrants, they were predominantly young, illiterate, male peasants. Like so many other Balkan immigrants, a large number (almost 10,000) returned to their ... | 6,121,660 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
of 19th century Balkan nationalism, sought to see their church as an "Albanian" rather than "Greek" body, were frequently excommunicated by the Greek-speaking hierarchy. Considering that identity during the Ottoman centuries was defined primarily by religious affiliations, such questions in the post... | 6,121,661 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
of the latter category such as Papa Kristo Negovani, a priest educated in Greek schools, Sotir Ollani, Petro Nini Luarasi, Nuci Naco and others were murdered for their patriotic efforts.
Nationalist fervor ran high in Albanian immigrant communities in North America. When, in 1906, a Greek priest fr... | 6,121,662 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
Platon to serve this new Albanian parish. Noli went on to organize five additional Albanian parishes, mainly in Massachusetts, as an "Albanian Orthodox Mission in America" under the auspices of the American diocese.
Noli later emigrated to Albania, served as the Albanian delegate to the League of N... | 6,121,663 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
and Orthodox Scriptures and services into English, and led the Albanian Orthodox community in this country until his death in 1965.
### Greek Catholicism.
The Albanian Greek Catholic Church exists in southern Albania and is under an Apostolic Administration. It has less than 4,000 members.
### Pr... | 6,121,664 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
Kristoforidhi also joined the Society to translate the Scriptures in both Geg and Tosk dialects. In the late 19th century the Society's workers traveled throughout Albania distributing Bibles, under the leadership of Gjerasim Qiriazi who converted, preached the Gospel in Korça, and became the head o... | 6,121,665 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
anti-clerical in rhetoric (Konitza said in 1897: "Every faith religion makes me puke", or ), but the first advocate of atheism in modern Albania is thought to have been Ismet Toto, a publicist and revolutionary whose 1934 anti-religious polemic, "Grindje me klerin", was one of the first known works ... | 6,121,666 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
Fevziu and .
## Judaism.
The history of the Jews in Albania dates back at least 2,000 years dating back to 70 CE. Albanian Jews, predominantly Sephardi, have only constituted a very small percentage of the population in modern times .
In 1673 the charismatic Jewish prophet Sabbatai Zevi was exile... | 6,121,667 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
were abandoned and freedom of religion was extended, although the number of practicing Jews in Albania today remains small, with many Jews having made aliyah to Israel. Today Jews number around 150. In December 2010 Israeli Chief Rabbi Shlomo Amar installed Rabbi Yoel Kaplan as the country's first C... | 6,121,668 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
was declared by 16.99% of the population, making it the 2nd largest religion in the country. The remaining portion of the population is either irreligious or belongs to other religious groups.
Muslims are found throughout the country, while Orthodox followers are concentrated in the south and Catho... | 6,121,669 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and other religious groups.
According to other older sources, up to 75 percent of the population in Albania has declared no religious affiliation since the early 1990s.
The State Committee on Cults reported a total of 245 religious groups,... | 6,121,670 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
said that about 900,000 Albanians have emigrated to Greece in 20 years, and around 200,000 of them have returned to Albania. From this, around 240,000 are said to be Muslim by heritage, and around 85,000 have returned to Albania. Although they presently live in Albania, a lot of them continue to be ... | 6,121,671 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
were officially banned in Albania, making the country the first and only constitutionally atheist state to ever exist. After the fall of state communism, in 1991 religious activities resumed. Among people who follow any of the four major religions in Albania, there is a mixture of various religious ... | 6,121,672 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
in Shkodër, 4.3% in Gjirokastër to 15.5% among the textile workers in Tiranë. In the district of Shkodër they reached 5% in the year 1980.
However, even among those who declared themselves to be adherents of a religion, the majority of the population in Albania has a more secular interpretation of ... | 6,121,673 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
a role to 39% of Albanians, and lists Albania as the thirteenth least religious country in the world. Also in Albania the majority of the males are not circumcised (as demanded by Islamic custom).
A medical study from 2008 in Tirana on the relationship between religious observance and acute coronar... | 6,121,674 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
in Muslims (17%) Praying several times daily (as required of devout Muslims) was rare (2% in Muslims and 3% in Christians). Regular fasting during Ramadan or Lent was similarly low in Muslims and Christians (5% and 6%, respectively). Generally Christians in the study were more observant then Muslims... | 6,121,675 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
it 1-2 times a week, while 5 percent practiced it everyday.
In the European Values Survey in 2008, Albania had the highest unbelief in life after death among all other countries, with 74.3% not believing in it.
According to a WIN/Gallup International study in 2016 about the beliefs of the Albanian... | 6,121,676 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
the SMRE estimates 8.7% Catholics, 9.1% Orthodox, 52.5% Muslim and 29.5% people with no religious affiliation.
## Reactions to the 2011 Census.
The results of the 2011 census, however, have been criticized as questionable on a number of grounds. The Albanian Orthodox Church refused to recognize th... | 6,121,677 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
representation down to 2%, also rejected the results and said it would conduct its own census to refute the results.
Minority organizations of Greeks (mostly Orthodox) and Roma (mostly Muslim) also claimed that minorities were underrepresented and the Greek organization Omonia argued that this was ... | 6,121,678 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
liturgies in urban centers such as Durrësi, Berati and Korça, only 34% of its followers were actually contacted. The districts of Lushnja and Fieri (comprising the historic region of Myzeqe), which are far from any international borders and have an overwhelmingly ethnic Albanian population (except f... | 6,121,679 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
for the whole of Albania and referred to fluctuating census numbers regarding the Orthodox community as being due to a "anti-Orthodox agenda" in Albania.
The Albanian Catholic Bishops Conference also cast doubts on the census, complaining that many of its believers were not contacted.
According to... | 6,121,680 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
not to rely exclusively on the data on nationality collected during the census in determining its policy on the protection of national minorities."
Moreover, the World Council of Churches (WCC) general secretary Rev. Dr Olav Fykse Tveit has expressed concern at the methodology and results of the Al... | 6,121,681 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
on Freedom of Religion or Belief, and to the Albanian government.
There were other serious allegations about the conduct of the census workers that might have impacted on the 2011 census results. There were some reported cases where workers filled out the questionnaire about religion without even a... | 6,121,682 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
It was reported in Albanian media that there were instances of pollsters telling respondents that the religion question would be filled out for them. Some Albanian commenters also argue that the census takers guessed religion based on the responders family names and that even the census responders d... | 6,121,683 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
of religion.
The Constitution extends freedom of religion to all citizens and the government generally respects this right in practice. The Albanian Constitution declares no official religion and provides for equality of all religions; however, the predominant religious communities (Bektashi, Sunni... | 6,121,684 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
of Education has the right to approve the curricula of religious schools to ensure their compliance with national education standards while the State Committee on Cults oversees implementation. There are also 68 vocational training centers administered by religious communities.
Government policy an... | 6,121,685 |
2314027 | Religion in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion%20in%20Albania | Religion in Albania
is not taught in public schools.
# See also.
- Secularism in Albania
## Religions.
- Christianity in Albania
- Roman Catholicism in Albania
- Orthodoxy in Albania
- Islam in Albania
- Protestantism in Albania
- Irreligion in Albania
- Judaism in Albania
# External links.
- Albanian Athei... | 6,121,686 |
6865774 | Marion Worth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marion%20Worth | Marion Worth
Marion Worth
Marion Worth (born Mary Ann Ward; July 4, 1930 – December 19, 1999) was an American country music singer. She was a popular performer on the "Grand Ole Opry" in Nashville, Tennessee. She also had several hits in the early 1960s.
# Early life.
Marion Worth was born in 1930 during the height ... | 6,121,687 |
6865774 | Marion Worth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marion%20Worth | Marion Worth
company around the time she and her sister won another local talent contest. These events encouraged Worth to pursue a career in the music business.
She made her radio debut on Dallas, Texas station KLIF. She then returned to Birmingham, Alabama and worked at radio stations WVOK and WAPI, and also appeare... | 6,121,688 |
6865774 | Marion Worth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marion%20Worth | Marion Worth
Jack Stapp signed the young singer to the "Grand Ole Opry"'s "Friday Night Frollic". As a result of her independent record label hits, she was signed to Columbia Records where she was produced by Don Law and Frank Jones. At Columbia, she recorded a single called "I Think I Know". The song was a Top 10 hit ... | 6,121,689 |
6865774 | Marion Worth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marion%20Worth | Marion Worth
and crossed over to the Pop Music charts, reaching the Top 50. It was also played on Easy Listening stations, and receives some airplay as a Christmas song due to its theme of toys and giving. She followed up well with a cover version of "Crazy Arms," a hit for Ray Price. Her version reached the Country To... | 6,121,690 |
6865774 | Marion Worth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marion%20Worth | Marion Worth
back on the charts with a top 40 recording called "I Will Not Blow Out the Light". Marion soon parted ways with Columbia Records and signed with Decca Records where she recorded two songs that reached the top 40, "A Woman Needs Love" in 1967 and "Mama Sez" in 1968.
# Later years and death.
Worth's record... | 6,121,691 |
6865774 | Marion Worth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marion%20Worth | Marion Worth
and performer for many years in the United States and Canada.
Worth did a lot of firsts for Country Music during her heyday. She was one of the first Country performers to perform at Carnegie Hall in New York City, as well as one of the first Country performers to perform in Las Vegas. During the 1950s, W... | 6,121,692 |
6865840 | Laurence Bily | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurence%20Bily | Laurence Bily
Laurence Bily
Laurence Bily (born 5 May 1963 in Bressuire) is a retired French sprinter, who specialized in the 100 meters. She ran for the Racing Club de France, and set a French junior record with 11.35 seconds in 1982 and a senior record with 11.04 in 1989.
# International competitions.
DNS = did no... | 6,121,693 |
6865831 | Rod Brasfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20Brasfield | Rod Brasfield
Rod Brasfield
Rodney Leon Brasfield (August 22, 1910 – September 12, 1958) was an American comedian who was prominently featured on the Grand Ole Opry from 1947 until his death in 1958. In 1987, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.
# Life and career.
Brasfield was born in Smithville, Mi... | 6,121,694 |
6865831 | Rod Brasfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20Brasfield | Rod Brasfield
rubbery face, he could make audiences laugh before he spoke a word. He soon became the primary comic on "The Prince Albert Show", the Opry’s NBC Radio broadcast, playing off the show’s host, Red Foley. Assuming the role of a hapless hayseed, he often poked fun at country life—always with good humor.
He f... | 6,121,695 |
6865831 | Rod Brasfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20Brasfield | Rod Brasfield
once owned), the Snip-Snap-and-Bite, in his routines. Brasfield sometimes did ventriloquist routines with a dummy named Bocephus, after whom Hank Williams Sr. nicknamed his then-infant son Hank Williams Jr.; and also did comedy with June Carter.
In March 1956, Brasfield appeared with Elvis Presley at Atl... | 6,121,696 |
6865831 | Rod Brasfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rod%20Brasfield | Rod Brasfield
id comedy with June Carter.
In March 1956, Brasfield appeared with Elvis Presley at Atlanta's Fox Theatre. In "A Face in the Crowd" (1957) he played Andy Griffith’s ex-con sidekick, and appeared in "Country Music Holiday" (1958). Heart failure combined with an ongoing problem with alcohol led to his deat... | 6,121,697 |
6865850 | Aldea del Obispo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldea%20del%20Obispo | Aldea del Obispo
Aldea del Obispo
Aldea del Obispo is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon.
# Economy.
The local economy is dominated by agriculture primarily the growth of herbs.
# Immigration.
Aldea del Obispo generated much emig... | 6,121,698 |
6865850 | Aldea del Obispo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldea%20del%20Obispo | Aldea del Obispo
ted by agriculture primarily the growth of herbs.
# Immigration.
Aldea del Obispo generated much emigration to Latin America. Many families well known today in Brazil and other Latin American countries hail from Aldea del Obispo. Among well known descendant of family originally from Aldea del Obispo ... | 6,121,699 |
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