wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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2568492 | Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harriet%20L.%20Wilkes%20Honors%20College | Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College
# Notable Alums.
- Jocelyn Skolnik: Executive Director of El Sol, Jupiter's Neighborhood Resource Center in Jupiter, Florida. Recipient of The White House Champions of Change award.
- David Holz: Co-founder of Leap Motion.
- David Urieta: Communications Director of El Sol, Jupiter's Neighborhood Resource Center in Jupiter, Florida. Co-founder of the One Jupiter Coalition.
# External links.
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College
- List of concentrations at the Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College
- Honors Options at Florida Public Universities and Colleges
- Florida Atlantic University
- The Scripps Florida Research Institute
- Theses completed by Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College students | 6,136,100 |
2568491 | Robert Jubelirer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Jubelirer | Robert Jubelirer
Robert Jubelirer
Robert C. Jubelirer (born February 9, 1937, Altoona, Pennsylvania) is a Republican Pennsylvania political leader. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1975 to 2006. He served as President pro tempore of the Pennsylvania State Senate for all but two years from 1984 to 2006, and served as the 29th Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania between 2001 and 2003.
Jubelirer was defeated for re-election in the 2006 Republican party primary election and left office on November 30, 2006.
# Early life.
The son of a prominent county judge, Jubelirer attended Pennsylvania State University and the Dickinson School of Law. He was admitted to the bar in Blair County, Pennsylvania | 6,136,101 |
2568491 | Robert Jubelirer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Jubelirer | Robert Jubelirer
and practiced law for several years before entering politics.
He was elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1974 to represent the Altoona area. He was elected Majority Leader in 1981. Jubelirer served as President Pro Tempore of the Senate from 1985 to 1992. After serving briefly as Minority Leader from 1992 to 1994, he again became President Pro Tempore.
In a 2002 PoliticsPA Feature story designating politicians with yearbook superlatives, he was named the "Hardest Working."
# Lieutenant governor.
When Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge resigned on October 5, 2001 to become President Bush's Homeland Security Advisor, Lt. Governor Mark Schweiker ascended to the governorship.
By provision | 6,136,102 |
2568491 | Robert Jubelirer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Jubelirer | Robert Jubelirer
of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1968, Jubelirer as President Pro Tempore was automatically elevated to Lt. Governor and sworn in the same day. Jubelirer's elevation to the office was not without controversy, as he retained his position in the Pennsylvania State Senate. Critics and political foes argued that this violated the separation of powers principle and threatened the checks and balances guaranteed in the state constitution.
A lawsuit was filed by State Rep. John Lawless, Joseph Wiedemer and Leechburg Area School Board member Charles A. Pascal, Jr. to block Jubelirer's simultaneous service in the Senate and the executive branch, but the Pennsylvania State Supreme Court rejected the | 6,136,103 |
2568491 | Robert Jubelirer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Jubelirer | Robert Jubelirer
argument and issued a per curiam decision allowing Jubelirer to hold both offices simultaneously. Jubelirer continued in both offices until January 21, 2003 when Schweiker's term expired. He declined to accept the Lt. Governor's salary during his term.
As Lt. Governor, Jubelirer served as President of the Senate, Chairman of the Board of Pardons, and Chairman of the Emergency Management Agency. In addition, he served as acting governor when Schweiker left the state. After his term as Lt. Governor expired, Jubelirer cosponsored a bipartisan bill in the state senate that would amend the state constitution and allow the Governor to choose a candidate to fill a mid-term vacancy in the Lt. Governor's | 6,136,104 |
2568491 | Robert Jubelirer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Jubelirer | Robert Jubelirer
office upon approval of the senate. The bill was not passed.
# 2006 primary election defeat.
In May 2006, Jubelirer was defeated in the Republican primary by Blair County Commissioner John Eichelberger. He, along with Chip Brightbill, the Senate majority leader, were the first top-ranking Pennsylvania legislative leaders to lose a primary election since 1964. The defeat was attributed primarily to his role in drafting a legislative pay raise bill in July 2005.
Jubelirer initially defended the raise. However, after internal polling showed his support falling, he opened discussion of a repeal of the unvouchered expense provision. However, newspapers reported that he tried to block efforts to | 6,136,105 |
2568491 | Robert Jubelirer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Jubelirer | Robert Jubelirer
repeal the entire raise. In the wake of the controversy, the Senator issued a statement in which he called the pay raise a "mistake" ... I apologized for it in my district. I now think it was the wrong thing to do. Hindsight is 20-20. I'm not shifting the blame to anybody. I accept the responsibility." He pledged to return the money he had received from the unvouchered expense account.
During the campaign, Jubelirer's more conservative challengers attacked him on abortion. Despite statements during the 2006 campaign that he was pro-life, Jubelirer's opposition to the Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act and a "pro-choice" rating by both the National Abortion Rights Action League and Planned Parenthood | 6,136,106 |
2568491 | Robert Jubelirer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Jubelirer | Robert Jubelirer
were used by opponents to counter his arguments. He told the "Jewish Telegraphic Agency" that he was "a pro-choice Republican" and that he did not support the Republican platform on abortion. Jubelirer's initial annual pension was $90,934.
# 2013 Pennsylvania State University Board of Trustees election.
Jubelirer attempted a comeback of sorts, seeking a seat on the Pennsylvania State University Board of Trustees. Despite an endorsement from former Gov. Tom Ridge, Jubelirer finished a distant sixth place, failing to earn one of the three seats. He was elected to The Pennsylvania State University Board of Trustees in 2014.
# See also.
- 2005 Pennsylvania General Assembly pay raise controversy
- | 6,136,107 |
2568491 | Robert Jubelirer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Jubelirer | Robert Jubelirer
not support the Republican platform on abortion. Jubelirer's initial annual pension was $90,934.
# 2013 Pennsylvania State University Board of Trustees election.
Jubelirer attempted a comeback of sorts, seeking a seat on the Pennsylvania State University Board of Trustees. Despite an endorsement from former Gov. Tom Ridge, Jubelirer finished a distant sixth place, failing to earn one of the three seats. He was elected to The Pennsylvania State University Board of Trustees in 2014.
# See also.
- 2005 Pennsylvania General Assembly pay raise controversy
- Drew Crompton
# External links.
- Jubelirer's Lobbyist Registration Statement, palobbyingservices.state.pa.us; accessed June 30, 2017. | 6,136,108 |
2568551 | Brannock Device | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brannock%20Device | Brannock Device
Brannock Device
The Brannock Device is a measuring instrument invented by Charles F. Brannock for measuring a person's shoe size. The son of a shoe industry entrepreneur, Brannock attended Syracuse University, New York, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity. Brannock spent two years developing a simple means of measuring the length, width, and arch length of the human foot. He eventually improved on the wooden RITZ Stick, the industry standard of the day, patenting his first prototype in 1925 and an improved version in 1927. The device has both left and right heel cups and is rotated through 180 degrees to measure the second foot. Brannock later formed the Brannock Device Company | 6,136,109 |
2568551 | Brannock Device | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brannock%20Device | Brannock Device
to manufacture and sell the product, and headed the company until 1993 when he died at age 89. Today, the Brannock Device is an international standard of the footwear industry, and the Smithsonian Institution houses samples of some of the first Brannock Devices.
The Brannock Device Company was headquartered in Syracuse, New York, until shortly after Charles Brannock's death. Salvatore Leonardi purchased the company from the Brannock Estate in 1993, and moved manufacturing to a small factory in Liverpool, New York. The company continues to manufacture several models of the device for determining the shoe sizes of men, women, and children; they also produce specialized models for fitting other | 6,136,110 |
2568551 | Brannock Device | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brannock%20Device | Brannock Device
types of footwear.
# Sources.
- Craig, Berry. "Why the Shoe Fits." "American Heritage of Invention & Technology" 16, no. 1. (Summer 2000): 64.
- Davidson, Martha. "A Fitting Place for the Brannock Device Company Records." 2001.
- Lukas, Paul. "Inconspicuous Consumption: An Obsessive Look at the Stuff We Take for Granted, from the Everyday to the Obscure". Three Rivers Press, 1997.
- Brannock Device Company Records, 1925–1998
- Aeppel, Timothy, "Maker of Foot Measurer Tries to Stop Other Shoe From Dropping - On It". "Wall Street Journal", Jan. 10, 2011.
# External links.
- The Brannock Device Co., Inc.
- Charles Brannock: MIT inventor of the Week (August 2001)
- Brannock Company history | 6,136,111 |
2568551 | Brannock Device | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brannock%20Device | Brannock Device
Summer 2000): 64.
- Davidson, Martha. "A Fitting Place for the Brannock Device Company Records." 2001.
- Lukas, Paul. "Inconspicuous Consumption: An Obsessive Look at the Stuff We Take for Granted, from the Everyday to the Obscure". Three Rivers Press, 1997.
- Brannock Device Company Records, 1925–1998
- Aeppel, Timothy, "Maker of Foot Measurer Tries to Stop Other Shoe From Dropping - On It". "Wall Street Journal", Jan. 10, 2011.
# External links.
- The Brannock Device Co., Inc.
- Charles Brannock: MIT inventor of the Week (August 2001)
- Brannock Company history and archives
- "Brannock Device, an early Design Drawing from the Smithsonian" (1920's) Smithsonian Institution Libraries | 6,136,112 |
2568556 | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Coke,%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Leicester | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester
Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester
Thomas William Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester (26 December 1822 – 24 January 1909), known as Viscount Coke from 1837 to 1842, was a British peer.
# Background.
Leicester was the son of Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester, by his second wife Lady Anne Amelia Keppel. He succeeded in the earldom on his father's death in 1842.
# Public life.
Lord Leicester served as Lord-Lieutenant of Norfolk from 1846 to 1906 and was a member of the Council of the Duchy of Cornwall and Keeper of the Privy Seal. In 1873 he was made a Knight of the Garter.
# Family.
Lord Leicester married firstly, Juliana Whitbread (1825–1870), daughter of Samuel Charles Whitbread and Hon. Julia | 6,136,113 |
2568556 | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Coke,%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Leicester | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester
Trevor (d. 1858), on 20 April 1843. They had nine children:
- Lady Julia Coke (1844–1931) she married Mervyn Wingfield, 7th Viscount Powerscourt on 26 April 1864. They have five children. Through their eldest son Mervyn Wingfield, 8th Viscount Powerscourt they are the maternal great-great-grandparents of Sarah, Duchess of York and the great-great-great-grandparents of Princess Eugenie of York wife of Jack Brooksbank.
- Lady Anne Coke (1845 – 23 January 1876) she married Maj.-Gen. Edmund Manningham-Buller (son of Sir Edward Manningham-Buller, 1st Baronet) son of on 16 January 1874. They have two children.
- Lady Gertrude Coke (1847 – 28 November 1943) she married Charles Murray, 7th Earl of | 6,136,114 |
2568556 | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Coke,%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Leicester | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester
Dunmore on 5 April 1866. They have six children.
- Thomas William Coke, 3rd Earl of Leicester (20 July 1848 – 19 November 1941) he married The Honorable Alice White on 26 August 1879. They have five children. Though their eldest daughter Alexandra they are the paternal great-grandparents of James Robert Bruce Ogilvy.
- Lady Mary Coke (1849 – 28 December 1929) she married William Legge, 6th Earl of Dartmouth on 18 December 1879. They have five children.
- Lady Winifred Coke (1851 – 22 March 1940) she married Robert Clements, 4th Earl of Leitrim on 2 September 1873. They have eight children.
- Lady Margaret Coke (24 April 1852 – 2 August 1922) she married Henry Strutt, 2nd Baron Belper on | 6,136,115 |
2568556 | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Coke,%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Leicester | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester
2 May 1874. They have eight children.
- Lady Mildred Coke (1854 – 12 May 1941) she married Thomas Anson, 3rd Earl of Lichfield on 5 November 1878. They have six children.
- Lt.-Col. Wenman Coke (20 November 1855 – 30 May 1931), died unmarried.
Lord Leicester married secondly, Hon. Georgina Cavendish, daughter of William Cavendish, 2nd Baron Chesham, on 26 August 1875. They had six children:
- Major Hon. Richard Coke (20 August 1876 – 14 June 1964) he married Hon. Doreen O'Brien (niece of The Honorable Alice White though her eldest sister) on 21 December 1907 and they were divorced in 1927. They have five children. He remarried Elizabeth Vera Catherine Alice de Beaumont (maternal grandfather | 6,136,116 |
2568556 | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Coke,%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Leicester | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester
Thomas O'Hagan, 1st Baron O'Hagan) on 19 July 1932. They have three children.
- Lieutenant-Colonel Hon. Edward Coke (17 October 1879 – 4 September 1944), died unmarried.
- Major Hon. Sir John (Jack) Spencer Coke (30 September 1880 – 23 December 1957) he married Hon. Dorothy Lawson (daughter of Harry Lawson, 1st Viscount Burnham) on 15 January 1907. They had three children; Celia, Gerald and Rosemary - later Baroness Hamilton of Dalzell. On 27 November 1951 it was reported that, as her Equerry, Sir Jack had accompanied Queen Mary on a visit to the annual exhibition of the Royal Society of Portrait Painters at the Royal Institute Galleries. He was appointed Knight Commander, Royal Victorian | 6,136,117 |
2568556 | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Coke,%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Leicester | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester
Order in 1953 and was Gentleman Usher to King George VI and Extra Gentleman Usher to Queen Elizabeth II. The Hon. Sir Jack and the Hon. Dorothy Coke are the parents of Celia Brooksbank née Coke (died 1996) who is the grandmother of Jack Brooksbank (husband to Princess Eugenie). In 2018, photos were published which revealed that Sir Jack Coke's daughter - Celia Brooksbank - had been a guest at Hall Barn Estate, the family seat where her great grandfather, Edward Levy-Lawson, 1st Baron Burnham had enjoyed many shooting parties with King Edward VII.
- Captain Hon. Reginald Coke (10 November 1883 – 30 April 1969) he married Katharine Ryder (granddaughter of Henry Ryder, 4th Earl of Harrowby) on | 6,136,118 |
2568556 | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Coke,%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Leicester | Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester
Estate, the family seat where her great grandfather, Edward Levy-Lawson, 1st Baron Burnham had enjoyed many shooting parties with King Edward VII.
- Captain Hon. Reginald Coke (10 November 1883 – 30 April 1969) he married Katharine Ryder (granddaughter of Henry Ryder, 4th Earl of Harrowby) on 17 July 1924. They have two daughters.
- Commander Hon. Lovel William Coke (19 August 1893 – 16 March 1966), died unmarried.
- Lady Mabel Coke (c. 1895 – 29 January 1967) she married James Luddington on 8 August 1929.
# References.
- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
- CricketArchive: Earl of Leicester | 6,136,119 |
2568557 | Adherens junction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adherens%20junction | Adherens junction
Adherens junction
Adherens junctions (or zonula adherens, intermediate junction, or "belt desmosome") are protein complexes that occur at cell–cell junctions in epithelial and endothelial tissues, usually more basal than tight junctions. An adherens junction is defined as a cell junction whose cytoplasmic face is linked to the actin cytoskeleton.
They can appear as bands encircling the cell (zonula adherens) or as spots of attachment to the extracellular matrix (adhesion plaques).
Adherens junctions uniquely disassemble in uterine epithelial cells to allow the blastocyst to penetrate between epithelial cells.
A similar cell junction in non-epithelial, non-endothelial cells is the fascia adherens. | 6,136,120 |
2568557 | Adherens junction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adherens%20junction | Adherens junction
It is structurally the same, but appears in ribbonlike patterns that do not completely encircle the cells. One example is in cardiomyocytes.
# Proteins.
Adherens junctions are composed of the following proteins:
- cadherins. The cadherins are a family of transmembrane proteins that form homodimers in a calcium-dependent manner with other cadherin molecules on adjacent cells.
- p120 (sometimes called delta catenin) binds the juxtamembrane region of the cadherin.
- γ-catenin or gamma-catenin (plakoglobin) binds the catenin-binding region of the cadherin.
- α-catenin or alpha-catenin binds the cadherin indirectly via β-catenin or plakoglobin and links the actin cytoskeleton with cadherin.
# | 6,136,121 |
2568557 | Adherens junction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adherens%20junction | Adherens junction
Models.
Adherens junctions were, for many years, thought to share the characteristic of anchor cells through their cytoplasmic actin filaments.
The accepted model has been that adherens junctions serve as a bridge connecting the actin cytoskeleton of neighboring cells through direct interaction. However, scientists have not been able to isolate the quaternary complex of cadherin-βcatenin-αcatenin-actin in vitro. Recent data (2005) demonstrate that membrane- associated actin is several fold less stable compared to components of the adherens junctional complex.
Additionally, the authors found that monomeric α-catenin preferentially binds to the cadherin junction complex through β-catenin. Dimeric | 6,136,122 |
2568557 | Adherens junction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adherens%20junction | Adherens junction
actin in vitro. Recent data (2005) demonstrate that membrane- associated actin is several fold less stable compared to components of the adherens junctional complex.
Additionally, the authors found that monomeric α-catenin preferentially binds to the cadherin junction complex through β-catenin. Dimeric α-catenin preferentially binds to actin and suppresses Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin branching, thus acting as a molecular switch to regulate actin polymerization.
Adherens junctions may serve as a regulatory module to maintain the actin contractile ring with which it is associated in microscopic studies.
# External links.
- MBInfo - Adherens Junction
- MBInfo - Adherens Junction Assembly | 6,136,123 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
Østfold Line
The Østfold Line () is a railway line which runs from Oslo through the western parts of Follo and Østfold to Kornsjø in Norway. It continues through Sweden as the Norway/Vänern Line. The northern half is double track and the entire line is electrified. It serves a combination of commuter, regional and freight trains and is the main rail corridor south of Norway. The Eastern Østfold Line branches off at Ski Station and runs before rejoining at Sarpsborg Station.
The line opened as the Smaalenene Line () on 2 January 1879. Stations were designed by Peter Andreas Blix. It was the first railway in Norway to predominantly build bridges and viaducts with iron. The line underwent upgrades | 6,136,124 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
from 1910 through 1940 in which the section from Oslo to Ski received double track, the permitted weight and speeds were increased and the line was electrified. From 1989 to 1996 the section from Ski to Sandbukta received double track and speeds of . Work has since 2015 been under way to upgrade most of the line to high-speed. This includes the Follo Line which will offer a direct route from Oslo to Ski by 2021, and new tracks at least as far as Halden by 2030.
# Route.
The Østfold Line runs from Oslo Central Station through the counties of Oslo, Akershus and Østfold to the Norway–Sweden border at Kornsjø, covering a distance of . The line generally follows the west shore of the Oslofjord | 6,136,125 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
until Halden, where it passes through major towns of Ski, Ås, Vestby, Moss, Fredrikstad, Sarpsborg. The line is standard gauge and electrified at . It is double track from Oslo to Sandbukta north of Moss, a distance of , as well as past Rygge Station. There are three railway stations and three freight terminals along the line. At Kornsjø the line continues through Sweden as the Norway/Vänern Line.
The term Østfold Line is most commonly used to describe the section from Oslo via Moss to Kornsjø. This is sometimes also referred to as the Western Line. Both uses exclude the section from Ski via Askim to Sarpsborg, known as the Eastern Line. At other times Østfold Line is used to refer to the entire | 6,136,126 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
network, both via Moss and Askim. Sometimes Western Line is used to only describe the section from Ski via Moss to Sarpsborg. Although the eastern and western branches were initially planned as equals, the western has become dominant due to it always having had a higher standard and serving all through trains.
At Loenga in Oslo the line branches, the main part heading to the Central Station and the Loenga–Alnabru Line branching off to Alnabru Freight Terminal. This section is only used by freight trains. The Eastern Østfold Line is and runs from Ski to Sarpsborg via the municipalities of Tomter, Hobøl, Eidsberg, Mysen and Rakkestad. Normally only serving commuter trains, it can be used as a | 6,136,127 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
bypass when needed.
# History.
## Planning.
The lack of early interest in a railway in Østfold was caused by the ice-free Oslofjord and the perceived non-necessity of build a line where a suitable waterway already existed. Proposals for a railway through the county then known as Smaalenene were first launched with two independent letters to the editor in 1866. They exemplified the debate which would follow, with one proposing a route along the coast through the larger coastal towns, while the other proposed an inner route via Askim and Rakkestad. Preliminary surveys were carried out the following year, which also investigated two routes to the Swedish border, one via Tistedalen and one along | 6,136,128 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
Iddefjord. The government was at first less enthusiastic, in part because they were concerned that no line would be built on the Swedish side.
By 1872 the disagreement over an interior or coastal route was raging and a compromise was proposed in which the line would be built with two branches. The government recommended a twin-armed line on 5 April 1873 and was approved in Parliament on 5 June. Detailed surveying was led by Carl Abraham Pihl and concluded on 31 March 1874. The route was still controversial, especially relating to how Fredrikstad should be served. The main line could be shortened by if the town was served with a branch line. With increasing cost estimates, Parliament decided | 6,136,129 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
to reduce the standard on the Eastern Line. There was also a controversy if that line should bypass Mysen.
In Halden there was a significant opposition to the line, as there was worry that it would capture lumber traffic which would otherwise run to Halden. Traders and politicians there were more concerned with being connected with the Swedish province of Dalsland, from which a large part of the town's lumber export originated. To secure the Swedish part of the link, the Dalsland Line was built as a private railway with eighty percent Norwegian capital and its head office in Halden.
## Construction.
Construction commenced in 1874, initially only on the section from Oslo to Halden. Work was | 6,136,130 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
subdivided into eleven sections on the Western Line and four on the Eastern Line. The former received a rail weight of 30 kilograms per meter (60 lb/ft). Work on the Eastern Line did not start until 1877. It received a track weight of only 25 kilograms per meter (50 lb/ft). A recession hit in 1877 and the government stopped all construction for a period, initially only continuing it on the Western Line. Most of the workforce were Swedish immigrants. Groundwork was conducted directly by the railway based on accords, with the track was laid by contractors.
The Østfold Line was the first railway in Norway were all bridges were built with iron. This allowed for the construction of viaducts at some | 6,136,131 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
places, which changed the mass balance allowing the line to follow a better gradient. Two of the most prominent were the Ljan Viaduct and the Hølen Viaduct. The latter was the first in the world to use the pendulum pillar principal. The bridges and viaducts were all designed by Axel Jacob Petersson.
The Western Line from Oslo to Halden was taken into revenue service on 2 January 1879. However, the official opening did not take place until 18 July. By then the rail connection onward to Gothenburg had been completed. Construction of the Eastern Line was delayed and was opened in stages between 18 July and 24 November 1882.
## Early operations.
The first rolling stock consisted of eight NSB | 6,136,132 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
Class 9 steam locomotives for passenger train, three NSB Class 10 units for freight trains and two NSB Class 14 locos. Passenger cars were at first 60 compartment coaches. A commuter train service was introduced from Oslo to Ljan Station from 1883, allowing the areas of Nordstrand to opened up to large-scale housing. The railway allowed for faster postal services and the trains carried markers with the weather forecast, which was announced at the stations. A direct international train service was not introduced until 1 July 1886, when a direct service to Gothenburg and Hamburg was introduced. Travel time to Copenhagen was at this time twenty and a half hours. The following year sleeper cares | 6,136,133 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
were introduced.
The commuter traffic increased and in 1893 a new commuter station was opened at Kolbotn. Two branch lines were built from Sarpsborg. A branch to Borregaard opened in 1891 and the Hafslund Line opened eight years later. To avail the problem in Oslo with human manure, depots were built at Drømtorp, Ås and Vestby to give farmers access to the resource. Manure trains ran until 1929. Construction of interlocking systems started on some of the busiest stations in 1897, although fail-safe functionality was not available until the 1920s. A faster inter-Scandinavian service was introduced in 1900, cutting travel time to Copenhagen to 16 hours and 20 minutes. The higher demands caused | 6,136,134 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
the railway to order nine new NSB Class 27 locomotives, delivered between 1910 and 1916, which allowed the maximum speed on the line to increase from . NSB introduced Ea 1, an accumulator electric locomotive, on local services between Fredrikstand and Skjeberg in 1916, where it remained in use until 1920.
## Line upgrades.
As the main international railway out of Norway, the Østfold Line had some of the highest demands for speed and axle loads. In an effort to increase train weights and speeds, the Norwegian State Railways approved an upgrade plan in 1910 which was initially to be completed by 1919. All bridges and track was to be upgraded to tolerate a higher train weight. The break-out of | 6,136,135 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
the First World War led to material and funding shortages, and the upgrades were not completed until a new Sarp Bridge was finished in 1930.
The line was originally named the Smaalenene Line (), with the spelling changing to Smålenene () in 1921. During this period it was also commonly known as the South Line (), although this was never official. As the line was named for the county, it changed its name after the county changed its name from Smålenene to Østfold.
Parliament approved double track from Oslo to Ljan in 1916. Construction took its time and opened in two stages, from Bekkelaget to Ljan on 1 June 1924 and from Oslo Ø to Bekkelaget on 15 May 1929. South of Ljan the line crossed the | 6,136,136 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
Ljan Viaduct, which could not be upgraded to the new standards. A new double-tracked line had to be built around, which opened on 15 February 1925. By the 1930s the railway was meeting increased competition from buses and trucks. Although slower, they offered more pick-up locations than the train. NSB therefore decided that the Østfold Line, and especially the section closest to Oslo, needed to receive increased capacity, electric traction and more stations. Double tracking continued southwards, opening to Kolbotn on 15 December 1936 and to Ski on 14 May 1939. Meanwhile, NSB introduced gasoline railcars which stopped at the new flag stops.
Electrification was carried out in several smaller | 6,136,137 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
steps, with the first part from Oslo Ø to Ljan completed on 9 December 1936 and the last section from Sarpsborg to Halden, on 11 November 1940. NSB Class 66 was introduced as an express service on the Østfold Line, running a round trip from Oslo to Halden each day, bringing travel time down to two hours. This lasted until 1956, when they were replaced with the slower NSB Class 65. The international trains were from 1948 served with the Swedish State Railways' SJ X5 units, able to run from Oslo to Copenhagen in less than ten hours. The fast service was named "Skandiapilen". A landslide in 1953 washed away part of the track past Bekkelaget, resulting in the Bekkelaget Tunnel opening there five | 6,136,138 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
years later. The regional traffic received the new NSB Class 68 multiple units from the mid 1950s. A regular train with pyrite started running in 1966, hauling up to 600,000 tonnes per year from Hjerkinn on the Dovre Line to Borregaard. They remained until the 1990s.
## Double track almost to Moss.
By the 1960s it was becoming evident that the infrastructure was outdated. A particular problem were the many level crossings which were a safety hazard, causing reduced speed, especially between Ski and Moss. Capacity was also used up and the section was the busiest section of single track in the country. Already during the 1950s NSB proposed building double track, but this was dismissed by Parliament. | 6,136,139 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
To avail the situation NSB introduced its InterCity Express services in 1983. This involved limiting stops to Rygge, Råde, Fredrikstad, Saprsborg and Halden south of Moss, causing a large number of stations to be closed.
Upgrade plans between Ski and Moss were revitalized during the 1980s. Especially at Vestby Station had reliability issues and there was a need for new passing loop at Tveter Station and Kjenn Station. However, this would not be sufficient to meet future needs, and in 1985 Parliament passed the construction of a double track from Tveter via Vestby to Kjenn. These plans were initially proposed as merely doubling the track to increase capacity, but NSB soon started looking at | 6,136,140 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
also raising the speed and standard. From Rustad to Smørbekk the route was planned and placed parallel to European Road E6. As the planning progressed, NSB gradually increased the dimensioning, so that the last planned section was capable of .
The first part of the double track, from Tveter to Vestby, was opened on 30 November 1989. The whole section cost 1.6 billion kroner and was opened for service on 22 October 1996. It was the first railway line to permit such high speeds in Norway.Due to disagreements with the Moss City Council on the route through the city, the double track stopped short at Sandbukta, north of Moss. NSB Class 70 trains were introduced on the InterCity Express services | 6,136,141 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
in 1994, replaced by NSB Class 73 from 2003.
On 28 June 2000, a new section of double track was opened past Rygge Station. Including a full upgrade of the station, 21 road crossings were removed. The 500-million-kroner project reduced travel time between Moss and Fredrikstad by seven minutes. Since 2007, Rygge Station has also served as an airport rail link via a shuttle bus to the nearby Moss Airport, Rygge.
# Services.
Passenger train services are provided by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB). The L2 service calls at all stations between Oslo S and Ski. The L21 and L22 services make one stop between Oslo and Ski, then L21 continues onward on the Western Line calling at Ås, Vestby, Sonsveien | 6,136,142 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
and Kambo before terminating at Moss. L22 runs along the Eastern Line, calling at six stations before Mysen. R20 only stops at Ski before Moss, then serves Rygge, Råde, Fredrikstad, Sarpsborg and Halden. In regular hours L2 operates with two hourly services, while the others operate with one hourly services. There are additional rush-hour trains. Three R20-services continue onward to Gothenburg Central Station each day.
# Architecture.
Peter Andreas Blix was hired as the national railway architect in 1873 and awarded the task of designing the stations on the Østfold Line. His designs drew inspiration from Medieval architecture, Gothic architecture and contemporary English villa styles. He | 6,136,143 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
let the interior plans dominate the outer shape and avoided symmetry. Most of the station buildings were in wood and standardized designs. Stations which were expected to have larger traffic received a separate goods sheds. The four main towns received brick stations. Halden Station was the most prominent, with an exterior which drew elements from a Medieval fortresses inspired from Fredriksten Fortress and the town's role as a border town. Moss, Fredrikstad and Sarpsborg received the same design with three gables on each facade.
# Future.
The Østfold Line is part of the InterCity Triangle and one of four prioritized lines in Norway being upgraded to high-speed rail. The entire section from | 6,136,144 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
Oslo to Halden is scheduled to be upgraded by 2030. The first step is construction of the Follo Line, a new line which will run in a tunnel almost the entire length from Oslo to Ski. It will allow all passenger trains heading south of Ski to save 11 minutes, and free up capacity on the old double track for more commuter and freight trains. Construction started in 2015 and the Follo Line is scheduled for completion in 2021. It may also include a new connection to Kråkstad. Once completed, the old double track from Oslo to Ski will receive an overhaul.
Upgrades southwards are split into four phases. By 2020 the missing double-track link from Sandbukta via a new Moss Station to Haug is scheduled | 6,136,145 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
for completion. The line from Haug to Seut north of Fredrikstad is planned to be finished by 2024, two years before the double track to Sarpsborg. The final stage to Halden is scheduled for completion in 2030. The National Rail Administration is working on possibilities of expanding the double track further south and in conjunction with Swedish authorities complete a high-speed link between Oslo and Gothenburg. On the Swedish side the final to Öxnered is already finished.
The Østfold Line has the largest potential for an increase in freight traffic, with an estimated eleven trains per direction per day. These include freight trains to Götaland in Sweden, including a shuttle service to the Port | 6,136,146 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
of Gothenburg. Services could also run to Denmark and further south. Two steep hills, Brynsbakken on the Loenga–Alnabru Line and Tistedalsbakken south of Halden are currently major hindrances. Proposals have been made to build new lines to bypass these hills. One alternative to the south is to build a new railway from around Berg to Skee on the Bohus Line in Sweden. The capacity through the Western Line will be so large, especially during rush hour north of Moss, that it is possible that all freight trains may be routed via the Eastern Line. This will probably also mean that the existing railway between Sarpsborg and Halden will be kept, although it will probably be demolished north of Sarpsborg.
The | 6,136,147 |
2568339 | Østfold Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Østfold%20Line | Østfold Line
been made to build new lines to bypass these hills. One alternative to the south is to build a new railway from around Berg to Skee on the Bohus Line in Sweden. The capacity through the Western Line will be so large, especially during rush hour north of Moss, that it is possible that all freight trains may be routed via the Eastern Line. This will probably also mean that the existing railway between Sarpsborg and Halden will be kept, although it will probably be demolished north of Sarpsborg.
The signaling system is scheduled to be renewed and replaced with the European Train Control System, with planned competition in 2030.
# External links.
- Østfold Line at the Norwegian State Railways | 6,136,148 |
2568574 | Dongri Fort | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dongri%20Fort | Dongri Fort
Dongri Fort
The Dongri Fort or the Dongri Hill Fort, locally known as the Irmitri Fort, is a fort in Mumbai, India. It is located in the Dongri area. It came under Maratha rule in 1739. Since then the locals and the church have been looking after the maintenance of the Fort, which was once repaired. Every year, during the month of October, the feast of Our Lady of Fatima is celebrated there. Many People from far off villages come to offer their prayers there. One can take a 360 degree view of the surroundings from this fort, with the Arabian sea at the West, the Vasai Fort at the North, the Borivali National Park at the East, and the Essel World and Water Kingdom at the South. | 6,136,149 |
2568594 | List of freeware first-person shooters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20freeware%20first-person%20shooters | List of freeware first-person shooters
List of freeware first-person shooters
This is a list of some of the most popular freeware and free and open-source software first-person shooter games.
# Freeware clients.
Some free-to-play online first-person shooters use a client–server model, in which only the client is available for free. They may be associated with business models such as optional microtransactions or in-game advertising. Some of these may be MMOFPS, MMOTPS or MMORPG games. | 6,136,150 |
2568547 | Video recorder scheduling code | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video%20recorder%20scheduling%20code | Video recorder scheduling code
Video recorder scheduling code
VCR Plus+, G-Code, VideoPlus+ and ShowView are different names for the same scheduling system for programming video recorders. These names are all registered trademarks of Macrovision, whose corporate predecessor, Gemstar, developed these algorithms for use in integrated endecs.
# History.
Before the advent of on-screen displays, the only interface available for programming a home video recorder was a small VFD, LED or LCD panel and a small number of buttons. Correctly setting up a recording for a specific program was therefore a somewhat complex operation for many people. G-Code, VideoPlus+ and ShowView were introduced in the late 1980s to remove this difficulty.
# | 6,136,151 |
2568547 | Video recorder scheduling code | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video%20recorder%20scheduling%20code | Video recorder scheduling code
Concept.
The central concept of the system is a unique number, a PlusCode, assigned to each program, and published in television listings in newspapers and magazines (such as "TV Guide"). To record a program, the code number is taken from the newspaper and input into the video recorder, which would then record on the correct channel at the correct time. The number is generated by an algorithm from the date, time and channel of the program; as a result, it does not rely on an over-the-air channel to serve as a conduit to ensure the recording is properly timed. This means it will not compensate for a disrupted schedule due to live sporting events or bulletins for breaking news events, however | 6,136,152 |
2568547 | Video recorder scheduling code | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video%20recorder%20scheduling%20code | Video recorder scheduling code
many video recorders with these systems also incorporate Programme Delivery Control (PDC) and use that to alter times if possible.
# Branding.
The system has been licensed to television and VCR manufacturers in about 40 countries, but is branded under different names depending on the country. It is known as VCR Plus+ in the United States and Canada; G-Code in Japan, China, New Zealand and Australia; VideoPlus+ in Ireland and the United Kingdom; and ShowView in the rest of Europe as well as in South Africa. The system is branded as VideoPlus+/ShowView in Europe due to an existing trademark registration for "VCR" by Philips in that continent, and as G-Code (the "G" standing for the system's | 6,136,153 |
2568547 | Video recorder scheduling code | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video%20recorder%20scheduling%20code | Video recorder scheduling code
developer Gemstar) in Japan because VCR is not a common abbreviation there ("VTR," for videotape recorder, is used instead). Because television programming schedules are different, the coding has to be adjusted in each of the regions and recording equipment is not interchangeable.
# Algorithms.
The actual algorithms used to encode and decode the television guide values from and to their time representations were published in 1992, but only for six-digit codes or less.
Source code for seven and eight digit codes was written in C and Perl and posted anonymously in 2003.
# See also.
- TrueCookPlus, a similar system for microwave oven cooking
# External links.
- VideoPlus+ & ShowView
- Description | 6,136,154 |
2568547 | Video recorder scheduling code | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video%20recorder%20scheduling%20code | Video recorder scheduling code
ach of the regions and recording equipment is not interchangeable.
# Algorithms.
The actual algorithms used to encode and decode the television guide values from and to their time representations were published in 1992, but only for six-digit codes or less.
Source code for seven and eight digit codes was written in C and Perl and posted anonymously in 2003.
# See also.
- TrueCookPlus, a similar system for microwave oven cooking
# External links.
- VideoPlus+ & ShowView
- Description of the algorithm
- Improved software: generates and decodes VCR Plus+ codes up to 8 digits in length
- VideoPlus/VCR+ Codec & Trivia
- The Straight Dope: How do the TV program codes for VCR Plus+ work? | 6,136,155 |
2568589 | Nana Joshi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana%20Joshi | Nana Joshi
Nana Joshi
Padmanabh Govind "Nana" Joshi (7 October 1926 – 8 January 1987) was a cricket player who kept wicket for India in Test cricket.
Joshi was born in Baroda, Gujarat, India in 1926. He first gained attention as a cricket player when he scored 100 notout for Central Province Governor's XI against the touring Commonwealth XI in addition to dismissing six batsmen. This earned him a place in two unofficial Tests against the same team. Joshi played cricket at a time when India had three or four wicket keepers of the same class. In a career that lasted for nearly ten years, Joshi played only twelve Test matches.
He made his Test debut against England in the first Test at Delhi in 1951-52. | 6,136,156 |
2568589 | Nana Joshi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana%20Joshi | Nana Joshi
In the first innings, he caught two and brilliantly stumped two others, but his errors in the second helped England to save the match. Joshi was replaced by Madhav Mantri for the second Test, who in turn gave way to Probir Sen in the third. Joshi was picked for the fourth and discarded in favour of Sen for the final Test. Here Sen stumped five batsmen and Joshi found himself out of the team to tour England in 1952.
Writing in 1985, N. S. Ramaswami remembered that Joshi "impressed as a dapper and neat performer. Between the overs he walked from wicket to wicket with a certain jauntiness. He seemed to wear the gloves as a lady might at a fashionable ball." Yet in his opinion, Joshi came lower | 6,136,157 |
2568589 | Nana Joshi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana%20Joshi | Nana Joshi
down in the hierarchy of contemporary wicket keepers. Sen and Mantri occupied the top rung, Naren Tamhane came next, followed by Joshi.
Joshi played in four Tests in the West Indies tour of 1952-53 and three Tests in England in 1959. In a match in the Pune summer league in 1957-58, he had a hand in all ten dismissals in addition to scoring 68 out of 117 all out.
He was again selected for India against Pakistan for the Bombay Test of 1960-61. Here his career came to an abrupt end. On the fifth over of the first day, he dropped Hanif Mohammad off Ramakant Desai, 'a simple catch', when the batsman was 12. Hanif went on score 160. "If ever a catch marred or made a series", wrote Vijay Hazare, | 6,136,158 |
2568589 | Nana Joshi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana%20Joshi | Nana Joshi
"it was this one." Later in the match he made his career best score of 52* and added 149 for ninth wicket with Desai, five runs short of the world record at the time and still an Indian ninth wicket record. But the selectors did not pardon him and he never played another Test.
Joshi captained Maharashtra team between 1960–61 and 1962-63. He also served in the Maharashtra cricket selection committee. His benefit match in Sangli in 1974 earned him 1,25,000 rupees. He dismissed nine batsmen against Gujarat in 1959-60 which equalled the then Indian record.
Joshi's father died when he was eight. His mother brought the young Joshi and his brother to Poona where she brought them up under great hardships. | 6,136,159 |
2568589 | Nana Joshi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana%20Joshi | Nana Joshi
ch equalled the then Indian record.
Joshi's father died when he was eight. His mother brought the young Joshi and his brother to Poona where she brought them up under great hardships. She maintained the family by sewing and providing food for students while Joshi used to clean the utensils and serve food. She supported Joshi until he completed his college education and got a job. Joshi had his schooling at Bhave School and then went to S.P. Bhau college and Wadia College in Pune where he took a B.A. degree. He worked for Standard Vacuum and Hindustan Petroleum in Pune, Maharashtra, India before dying from liver cancer in 1987.
# External links.
- Cricinfo Profile
- Cricketarchive Profile | 6,136,160 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
Old Pueblo Trolley
Old Pueblo Trolley is a non-profit, educational corporation based in Tucson, in the U.S. state of Arizona, that is dedicated to the preservation of Arizona's mass transit history. The name also commonly refers to the heritage streetcar line which OPT began operating in 1993, on which service is currently indefinitely suspended. OPT consists of three divisions that each fill a specific role in preserving the state's mass transit history. The divisions are the Street Railway Division, Motor Bus Division and the Museum Division (Southern Arizona Transportation Museum).
Old Pueblo Trolley's streetcar line opened in 1993. The trolley last ran on October 31, 2011, when service | 6,136,161 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
was suspended for construction of the Sun Link modern-streetcar system.
Operating on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, Old Pueblo Trolley ran on just over a mile of single-track line recovered from Tucson's original street railway. From its south terminus at 5th Avenue and Broadway Boulevard the trolley ran north on 4th Avenue before heading east on University Boulevard to its terminus at Tyndall Street, just west of the University of Arizona Main Gate.
# History.
## Tucson's original streetcar system.
Electric streetcars began operating in Tucson on June 1, 1906, and replaced the horse- and mule-drawn cars as a mark of Tucson's "modernity". The event drew quite a crowd including the mayor, | 6,136,162 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
L.H. Manning and C.K. Durbin, owner of the new line. The "Tucson Citizen" ran an article "Electric Cars Running in Old Pueblo" in its Friday, June 1, 1906 edition.
It reported that two new electric cars left the corner of Stone Avenue and Congress Street at 2:00 p.m. for the University of Arizona filled with dignitaries and invited guests while an orchestra played a few tunes at the corner. The return trip was to Elysian Grove via Seventeenth where Emanual Drachman provided seats and refreshments for the banquet that followed. One car wore the banner, "The Goods Are Delivered L. H. M.", demonstrating that Mayor Manning had come through on his campaign platform to "promote and establish an electric | 6,136,163 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
streetcar system." Hence, Tucson was brought up to date, into the electric transportation era.
Streetcars ran for the last time on December 31, 1930, and were replaced by buses.
## The heritage streetcar line.
Revival of the line began as the dream of Ruth Cross, director for the University of Arizona's Centennial Celebration in 1983, to see the historic streetcars returned to the Old Pueblo for the University's centennial. A 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, Old Pueblo Trolley (OPT), was formed to raise funds and coordinate planning with the city and business community, and volunteers also donated time to move the idea forward.
The Old Pueblo Trolley heritage streetcar line was inaugurated | 6,136,164 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
on April 17, 1993. Two trolley cars were available for service when the line opened, and were operated in the inaugural runs: Car 10, a 1918-built Birney-type car that was ex-Pacific Electric Railway 332 and was under lease to OPT from the Orange Empire Railway Museum since 1985, and car 255, ex-Osaka, Japan (Hankai Electric Tramway), which was built in 1953. Car 255 had been in service in Osaka until June 1992. The Birney car used a trolley pole, while the Japanese car used a pantograph, as it had on its home system. Before entering service, Birney car 10 was repainted from PE colors into the old livery of the former Tucson streetcar system, whose fleet had included an ex-Douglas, Arizona, | 6,136,165 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
Birney car of the same type, which was in service until the abandonment of the old Tucson system in 1930. Car 10's lease had started in 1985, but restoring it to operating condition took time and money, and only in 1991 did the car operate in Tucson for the first time under its own power. Before the start of public service in 1993, the Birney car operated occasionally for special events, for members of the OPT group.
The line that opened as a heritage streetcar in 1993 used a combination of old, abandoned, paved-over track along University Avenue that was uncovered and rehabilitated, and new track along 8th Avenue and along 4th Avenue. Most of the line is two-way single-track, but it includes | 6,136,166 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
some double-track. Workers from Tucson Electric Power installed the overhead trolley wire, in some cases as volunteers.
## Fleet changes.
Car 10's lease from the Orange Empire Railway Museum expired in March 1995, and the museum was not willing to extend it, so car 10 ran in Tucson for the last time on June 4, 1995, and was moved back to OERM on June 9. The previous month, the 1953 ex-Osaka car returned to service after a 9-month overhaul that included restoring its original identity as Kyoto 869.
Meanwhile, additional historic trolleys were being acquired, to replace the Birney car and expand the fleet. Ex-Brussels, Belgium, car 1511, a two-axle car built in 1936, arrived in April 1995, | 6,136,167 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
having been stored for several years in Phoenix, where plans to use it in a restaurant did not come to fruition. Toronto car 4608, a 1951 PCC streetcar, arrived in June 1996.
## 2009 extension.
At 4:00 PM on August 20, 2009 the new 4th Avenue Underpass and 5th Avenue Loop were opened for traffic. The new 5th Avenue Loop runs west along Congress Street to Fifth Avenue, south on Fifth Avenue to Broadway Boulevard and west on Broadway Boulevard to the intersection of Congress Street and Fourth Avenue. New car stops on the Fifth Avenue Loop are at Ninth Street, Fifth Avenue and Congress Street.
# Impact of modern-streetcar project.
In May 2006, the Regional Transportation Plan was adopted by | 6,136,168 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
a vote of almost 60% in favor. This election also passed a 20-year, 1/2-cent sales tax to finance the transportation improvements. Among the items in the plan was $75 million for the Sun Link modern streetcar system which follows the alignment of the Old Pueblo Line with extensions west through downtown to the Mercado District and north-east through the University of Arizona campus to the Arizona Health Sciences Center. The approved funds were a match to an equal amount of Federal Transit Administration funding. The new system is double-tracked, replacing the original OPT single track. A maintenance facility has been constructed just west of the present OPT car barn and yard on 9th Street west | 6,136,169 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
of 4th Avenue.
Old Pueblo Trolley suspended operations in October 2011. Construction of the new system began in April 2012, and the line – named Sun Link – opened in July 2014. OPT hopes to be able to resume historic trolley operation on weekends and for special events.
# Motor bus collection.
The Motor Bus Division collects, restores and operates historic motor buses that are either representative of transit buses that were operated by carriers or public transit agencies in Arizona or are documented to have been owned and operated by carriers or public transit agencies in Arizona. The collection includes more than 20 coaches to date, most of which are stored at Old Pueblo Trolley's 36th | 6,136,170 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
Street facility. , one bus has been completely restored (Warren Bisbee Lines No. 8, a 1938 Yellow Coach) and one bus has received necessary maintenance and been repainted, but requires replacement of its external advertising sign panels and minor interior work (Old Pueblo Transit Co. No. 135, a 1960 GMC TGH-3102). Buses currently under restoration include Warren Bisbee Lines No. 1 (1928 Twin Coach) and a Tucson Rapid Transit No. 50 (1946 Ford Transit Bus).
# New shop facility.
In late 2014, a Property Acquisition Committee was formed to identify available properties that would be suitable for a new shop and museum center. The Motor Bus Division had previously moved restoration activities from | 6,136,171 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
the 18th Street Yard to a leased shop located at North Park Avenue and East Broadway Boulevard (Park Avenue Shop). That shop provided interior working space for two vehicles and exterior storage for approximately fifteen vehicles plus materials and several rail vehicles. At the time that the lease was executed with the City of Tucson, it was known that the shop would only be temporary as that property was subject to condemnation for the planned widening of Broadway Boulevard. Thus it was recognized that it was extremely important for OPT to acquire a permanent shop and museum site that would permit housing the entire collection of buses, archives, museum offices, shops and a display area.
During | 6,136,172 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
2015, the Property Acquisition Committee identified potential sites and provided reports to the Board of Directors. Late in the year, a former cabinet shop located at South Fourth Avenue and East 36th Street in the City of South Tucson, Arizona was identified as being the most suitable property. The building was a large, open structure and had a large fenced outside yard as well as administrative offices and a reception area inside. The building had been acquired by a local bank under foreclosure and was available for a reasonable price. Negotiations were held with the bank and lending company and funding secured by donors to permit the acquisition of the facility (36th Street Shop). The deal | 6,136,173 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
closed in late December and renovations were begun shortly thereafter.
# Current Activities.
Presently, much of OPT's activities are related to relocating vehicles to the new 36th Street Shop. In October 2016, the facility was formally dedicated and the shop named the "Jones-Brogan Building" in recognition of the founders of the 20th Century Electric Railway Foundation, their financial support being critical in our acquisition of the new facility. Staff are in the process of establishing a vocational training program that will provide local high school auto shop students experience in working on large commercial vehicles and diesel engines.
Current fundraising activities include a tax-deductible | 6,136,174 |
2568570 | Old Pueblo Trolley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old%20Pueblo%20Trolley | Old Pueblo Trolley
urrent fundraising activities include a tax-deductible vehicle donation program and consignment antique automobile sales. All funds go to Old Pueblo Trolley's restoration and educational programs.
# See also.
- List of Arizona railroads
- List of heritage railroads in the United States
- List of town tramway systems in the United States
- Sun Tran
# References.
- Arizona Rail Passenger Association newsletter, August 1993
- ARPA description of OPT
- Hooves and Rails, A History Of The Tucson Street Railway (1897-1906)
# External links.
- Old Pueblo Trolley website
- Light Rail Now's description of a modern Tucson streetcar (2006), with some info. and photos of the OPT heritage line | 6,136,175 |
2568634 | Gender/Sexuality Rights Association Taiwan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender/Sexuality%20Rights%20Association%20Taiwan | Gender/Sexuality Rights Association Taiwan
Gender/Sexuality Rights Association Taiwan
Gender/Sexuality Rights Association Taiwan (G/STRAT; ) was established in May 1999 in Taiwan. It aims to promote rights of sexual minorities in the aspects of family, education system, politics, economy and law.
It had protested the "Measures Governing the Rating Systems of Publications and Pre-recorded Video Programs" in Taiwan, supported the "Gin Gin's" gay bookstore when it was accused "offenses against morals", and presented Asian Lesbian Film and Video Festival in August 2005. Wang Ping is currently the Secretary-general.
In 2004, it won International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission's (IGLHRC) Felipa de Souza Award.
# See also.
- LGBT | 6,136,176 |
2568634 | Gender/Sexuality Rights Association Taiwan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender/Sexuality%20Rights%20Association%20Taiwan | Gender/Sexuality Rights Association Taiwan
n the aspects of family, education system, politics, economy and law.
It had protested the "Measures Governing the Rating Systems of Publications and Pre-recorded Video Programs" in Taiwan, supported the "Gin Gin's" gay bookstore when it was accused "offenses against morals", and presented Asian Lesbian Film and Video Festival in August 2005. Wang Ping is currently the Secretary-general.
In 2004, it won International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission's (IGLHRC) Felipa de Souza Award.
# See also.
- LGBT rights in Taiwan
- List of LGBT rights organizations
- Taiwan Pride
# External links.
- Gender/Sexuality Rights Association Taiwan (English alternative provided. Requires Flash). | 6,136,177 |
2568610 | Scarborough Civic Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarborough%20Civic%20Centre | Scarborough Civic Centre
Scarborough Civic Centre
The Scarborough Civic Centre is a civic centre located in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was designed by architect Raymond Moriyama during the development of Scarborough City Centre and initially opened as the city hall of the former borough of Scarborough by then mayor Albert Campbell and Queen Elizabeth II in 1973. The building served as the municipal office and office for the Scarborough Board of Education. Following the amalgamation of Toronto, Scarborough lost its city status and the civic centre became a secondary hub for the City of Toronto government. It is also home to the Scarborough Community Council and offices of the Toronto District | 6,136,178 |
2568610 | Scarborough Civic Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarborough%20Civic%20Centre | Scarborough Civic Centre
School Board.
The civic centre is adjacent to Albert Campbell Square. It is south of Scarborough Centre station and the Scarborough Town Centre shopping mall.
# Structure and surroundings.
The building is unique for the juxtaposition of two triangular shaped, multiple split level towers, which surround an open central area in the interior. Outside the Civic Centre on the north side is Albert Campbell Square, named after Albert Campbell, Scarborough's first mayor, with a waterfall and reflecting pool, used as a skating rink in winter.
Sculptures are found on the southwest side of the building. "The Hand of God", dedicated to Albert Campbell, depicts a man held up by a hand and is mounted | 6,136,179 |
2568610 | Scarborough Civic Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarborough%20Civic%20Centre | Scarborough Civic Centre
hand and is mounted on a mast; it is located south across Borough Drive. Frank Faubert Forest, a wooded area south of the Civic Centre is named for Scarborough's last mayor, Frank Faubert. Inside the main hall is a rising series of polished metal unfolding tetrahedrons resembling birds rising toward the ceiling from the main-floor-level pond, designed by Toronto artist James Sutherland in 1972.
In 2015, the Toronto Public Library opened the Scarborough Civic Centre branch, its 100th library branch.
# See also.
- East York Civic Centre
- Etobicoke Civic Centre
- York Civic Centre
- North York Civic Centre
- Metro Hall
- Toronto City Hall
# External links.
- Scarborough Civic Centre | 6,136,180 |
2568598 | Canon EF 35mm lens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon%20EF%2035mm%20lens | Canon EF 35mm lens
Canon EF 35mm lens
The EF 35 mm lenses are four wide angle prime lenses with EF mount made by Canon Inc. The family also includes one EF-S lens that only mounts on Canon bodies with APS-C sensors. Due to the 1.6 crop factor of Canon APS-C sensors, all of the 35 mm lenses have a 35 mm equivalent focal length of 56 mm, making them normal lenses on APS-C bodies.
Focal lengths at 35 mm or less are considered wide angle on 135 film and full-frame digital bodies, so the focal length of these lenses are at the long end of the wide angle range. 35mm is most commonly used for group portraits, landscapes, and other general purposes. These lenses are the professional choice among many photo journalists | 6,136,181 |
2568598 | Canon EF 35mm lens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon%20EF%2035mm%20lens | Canon EF 35mm lens
as this focal length is very suitable for street photography. On the other hand, they are also popular for photographers who are new to wide angle photography, since this focal length does not distort as much as other wider offerings. 35mm prime lenses are commonly found in the kits of wedding photographers due to their large aperture and rather low distortion characteristics. Large aperture is good for dim light. Low distortion is good for group portraits.
Four EF and one EF-S 35 mm lenses have been developed. Two of these are L series lens. Three of the five lenses are currently available (the 1.4L II USM, the 2 IS USM and the EF-S 2.8 Macro IS STM).
- 1.4L USM
- 1.4L II USM
- 2
- 2 IS | 6,136,182 |
2568598 | Canon EF 35mm lens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon%20EF%2035mm%20lens | Canon EF 35mm lens
USM
- EF-S 2.8 Macro IS STM
# Crop factor.
When used with a Canon APS-C (1.6x crop) DSLR camera or APS-H (1.3x crop), the field of view of this lens is similar to a 56mm or 45.5mm on full frame camera. There will be an apparent magnification of "approximately" 1.6x in the final image (1.3x for an APS-H sensor), since the "cropped" image will fill up the sensor. This is due to the crop factor inherent with APS-C or APS-H (crop) sensor digital SLR cameras.
An example would be taking an image of a rock using two cameras with the same lens. The first camera a 18mp full frame and the second a 18mp APS-C, both shooting the same composition in a stationary position. The first image will be more | 6,136,183 |
2568598 | Canon EF 35mm lens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon%20EF%2035mm%20lens | Canon EF 35mm lens
"wide" while the second image will be more "magnified". After bringing the results into an image editing program and enlarging the first image so that the rock is the same size in both images, one will see that the enlarged image is approximately 160% (1.6x) of the original.
The major advantage to this extra "reach" would be the utilizing of the full sensor space for a cropped image rather than having to crop afterwards, thus utilizing parts of the sensor that would have otherwise been wasted. The major disadvantage would be the lack of change in perspective, since the focal length has not actually changed it will be like shooting with the field of view of a 56mm lens on a full frame sensor | 6,136,184 |
2568598 | Canon EF 35mm lens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon%20EF%2035mm%20lens | Canon EF 35mm lens
while having the perspective of 35mm lens. The resulting image will appear to have a less pleasing background blur and unlike using an actual 56mm lens on a full frame sensor.
# EF 35 mm 1.4L USM.
The EF 35 mm 1.4L USM is a professional L series lens. It is constructed with a metal body. Features of this lens are a wide rubber focus ring that is damped, and a distance window with infrared index. The maximum aperture of 1.4 gives this lens the ability to create shallow depth of field and smooth bokeh effects. The optical construction of this lens contains 11 lens elements in 9 groups, including one ground and polished aspherical lens element. It uses a rear floating focusing system, powered | 6,136,185 |
2568598 | Canon EF 35mm lens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon%20EF%2035mm%20lens | Canon EF 35mm lens
by a ring type USM motor. Autofocus speed of this lens is very fast, and the front of the lens neither rotates nor extends when focusing.
# EF 35 mm 1.4L II USM.
The EF 35 mm 1.4L II USM is a successor of the EF 35 mm 1.4L USM. It was announced at the 27th of August 2015 and is available since October same year. The EF 35 mm 1.4L II USM lens is the first lens in Canon line up to use a Blue Spectrum Refractive Optics element (BR element) to reduce the chromatic aberration at the blue end of the spectrum. This results in a better optical quality. Further it has, according to Canon, an improved weather sealing. On other hand it is roughly 20 mm longer and 180 g heavier.
# EF 35 mm 2.
The EF | 6,136,186 |
2568598 | Canon EF 35mm lens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon%20EF%2035mm%20lens | Canon EF 35mm lens
35 mm 2 is a prosumer level lens. It is constructed with a plastic body and a metal mount. This lens features a distance window with infrared index. The maximum aperture of 2 gives this lens the ability to create depth of field effects, but not to the same shallowness of the EF 35 mm 1.4L USM, while its five-blade diaphragm may produce background blur (bokeh). The optical construction of this lens contains seven lens elements, without any special lens elements. It uses a linear extension focusing system, powered by an AFD motor. Auto focus speed of this lens is moderately fast, but focusing does make some sound. The front of the lens does not rotate when focusing, but does extend.
# EF 35 mm | 6,136,187 |
2568598 | Canon EF 35mm lens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon%20EF%2035mm%20lens | Canon EF 35mm lens
2 IS USM.
The EF 35 mm 2 is an enthusiast-level lens. Like the original version of the 2 lens, it has a plastic body and a metal mount, but adds image stabilization. It also has an eight-blade diaphragm with rounded blades, as opposed to the eight non-rounded blades of the 1.4L lens and the five non-rounded blades of the original 2 model. This lens features a distance window with infrared index. The optical construction of this lens contains 10 elements in 8 groups, including one molded aspherical element. It uses a ring-type USM motor. The front of the lens neither rotates nor extends when focusing.
# EF-S 35 mm 2.8 Macro IS STM.
The EF-S 35 mm 2.8 Macro IS STM, like all other EF-S lenses, | 6,136,188 |
2568598 | Canon EF 35mm lens | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon%20EF%2035mm%20lens | Canon EF 35mm lens
nt of the lens neither rotates nor extends when focusing.
# EF-S 35 mm 2.8 Macro IS STM.
The EF-S 35 mm 2.8 Macro IS STM, like all other EF-S lenses, can only be mounted to a Canon camera with EF-S mount and not to a camera with EF mount. The lens has image stabilization and uses a Stepping motor for the focus. It is the first 35 mm lens from Canon with macro capability. It supports a magnification up to 1:1, and also includes a built-in ring light.
# See also.
- Canon EF 200mm lens
- Canon EF 135mm lens
- Canon EF 100mm lens
- Canon EF 85mm lens
- Canon EF 50mm lens
- Canon EF 40mm lens
- Canon EF 24mm lens
- Canon EF 14mm lens
# References.
- EF Lenses - Canon Camera Museum
- | 6,136,189 |
2568645 | Miroprofen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miroprofen | Miroprofen
Miroprofen
Miroprofen (INN) is an analgesic and NSAID, meaning that it has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antiplatelet aggregation activity. Chemically it is a carbocyclic acid and a phenylpropionate. | 6,136,190 |
2568615 | Richard Armstrong (author) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Armstrong%20(author) | Richard Armstrong (author)
Richard Armstrong (author)
Richard Armstrong (18 June 1903 – 30 May 1986) was an English author who wrote for both adults and children. Most of his books were novels set at sea, or sea stories. For one of those, "Sea Change", he won the 1948 Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject. He is also known for a biography of Grace Darling in which he challenges the conventional story: "Grace Darling: Maid and Myth" (1965). He is often described on the cover of his books as "author and mariner".
# Biography.
Ralph Richard Armstrong was born in Walbottle, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland on 18 June 1903. He was a blacksmith's son | 6,136,191 |
2568615 | Richard Armstrong (author) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Armstrong%20(author) | Richard Armstrong (author)
who left school at thirteen to work in a Tyneside steelworks. He spent three years there, starting as an errand boy and progressing to greaser, labourer and crane driver. His book "Sabotage at the Forge" (1946), set in a steelworks, is highly regarded for its accurate and effective description of a boy's experience in such an environment. Similarly, "The Whinstone Drift" (1951) is convincingly set against a Northumberland coal-mining background.
After the First World War he went to sea in the Merchant Service and for seventeen years sailed in many types of vessel, gaining the experience which he later put to use in his books about seafaring. In 1937 he left the Merchant Service and pursued | 6,136,192 |
2568615 | Richard Armstrong (author) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Armstrong%20(author) | Richard Armstrong (author)
various occupations before concentrating on writing. His first published book was "The Mystery of Obadiah" (1943), an adventure novel set in Tynedale and featuring Thias Stringer, a 13-year-old boy. "Sabotage at the Forge" was its sequel, featuring Stringer at the steelworks. Later he drew on his wide-ranging experiences at sea, writing about, for example, cargo steamers ("Passage Home"), oil tankers ("No Time for Tankers"), and whalers ("The Secret Sea").
Armstrong had a son, John, to whom he dedicated his book "Sailor's Luck". He died in 1986.
# Selected works.
- Adult novels
- "The Northern Maid" (1947)
- "Passage Home" (1952) - Film 1955
- "Sailor's Luck" (1959)
- Children's novels
- | 6,136,193 |
2568615 | Richard Armstrong (author) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Armstrong%20(author) | Richard Armstrong (author)
"Sailor's Luck" (1959)
- Children's novels
- "The Mystery of Obadiah" (1943)
- "Sabotage at the Forge" (1946)
- "Sea Change" (1948)
- "The Whinstone Drift" (1951)
- "Danger Rock" (1955); U.S. title, "Cold Hazard"
- "The Lost Ship" (1956)
- "No Time for Tankers" (1959)
- "The Lame Duck" (1961)
- "Island Odyssey" (1963)
- "The Secret Sea" (1966)
- "The Mutineers" (1968)
- "The Albatross" (1970)
- Nonfiction
- "Grace Darling: Maid and Myth" (1965)
- "A History of Seafaring" (London: Benn, 1967–69) — three 128-page volumes with maps and diagrams
- "Themselves Alone: The story of men in empty places" (1972)
- "Powered Ships" (1975)
# See also.
- MV San Demetrio
- Convoy HX 84 | 6,136,194 |
2568653 | Christian Laflamme | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20Laflamme | Christian Laflamme
Christian Laflamme
Christian Lucien Laflamme (born November 24, 1976) is a former professional ice hockey defenceman.
# Biography.
As a youth, Laflamme played in the 1989 and 1990 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Rive-Sud. Laflamme was selected in the second round of the 1995 NHL Entry Draft, 45th overall, by the Chicago Blackhawks, after a successful junior career in the QMJHL.
Laflamme started his NHL career with the Blackhawks before being dealt to the Edmonton Oilers in a trade that saw Boris Mironov join the Blackhawks. Laflamme spent less than a calendar year in Edmonton before being traded to the Montreal Canadiens. After two seasons | 6,136,195 |
2568653 | Christian Laflamme | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian%20Laflamme | Christian Laflamme
a calendar year in Edmonton before being traded to the Montreal Canadiens. After two seasons in Montreal with limited playing time, Laflamme signed as a free agent with the St. Louis Blues, where he has split time between the NHL and the American Hockey League.
# Transactions.
- 8 July 1995 - Laflamme drafted by Chicago.
- 20 March 1999 - Laflamme is dealt by Chicago, along with Daniel Cleary, Ethan Moreau and Chad Kilger to Edmonton in exchange for Boris Mironov, Dean McAmmond and Jonas Elofsson.
- 9 March 2000 - Laflamme is traded by Edmonton to Montreal, along with Matthieu Descoteaux in exchange for Igor Ulanov and Alain Nasreddine.
- 21 August 2001 - Laflamme signs with St. Louis. | 6,136,196 |
2568601 | Metro Streetcar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metro%20Streetcar | Metro Streetcar
Metro Streetcar
The Metro Streetcar, formerly known as the River Rail Streetcar, is a heritage streetcar system operating in Little Rock and North Little Rock in the U.S. state of Arkansas. It has operated since November 1, 2004. After the 2007 expansion of the system, the Metro Streetcar network is . The Metro Streetcar is operated by Rock Region Metro.
# History.
By the 1890s, Little Rock, had begun to grow out into the countryside of Pulaski County, in large part, due to the construction of a street railway system. Similar to many other cities in the South after the Civil War, Little Rock’s lack of development attracted businessmen eager to take advantage of expected economic growth in | 6,136,197 |
2568601 | Metro Streetcar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metro%20Streetcar | Metro Streetcar
real estate, banking, and other merchant ventures. Little Rock's first horsecar line (horse tramway) opened in 1876. Horsecars operated until 1895. Steam-powered streetcars operated between July 3, 1888, and 1889. The construction of street railways in the United States began to overlap with real estate and banking enterprises as the lines electrified in the late 1880s and early 1890s. Electric traction in Little Rock was introduced on December 23, 1891, after consolidation by a company formed to run the streetcar system exclusively. Eventually, that company was bought by Arkansas Power & Light. Electric streetcars operated until September 1, 1947, extending as far west as the city's Hillcrest | 6,136,198 |
2568601 | Metro Streetcar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metro%20Streetcar | Metro Streetcar
and Stifft's Station neighborhoods.
What is now named the Metro Streetcar opened on November 1, 2004, as the River Rail Streetcar, operated by the Central Arkansas Transit Authority. Phase I consisted of a single long line that connects two cities, Little Rock and North Little Rock, situated on opposite sides of the Arkansas River.
The line carried 200,000 passengers in its first year of operation.
In January 2006, construction began on Phase II, which was a extension to the William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Heifer International headquarters. This section opened on February 16, 2007, with a ribbon cutting by Pulaski County Judge Buddy Villines, Little Rock Mayor Mark Stodola, and | 6,136,199 |
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