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4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
Henley branch line
The Henley Branch Line is a branch railway line between Twyford in Berkshire and Henley-on-Thames in Oxfordshire. It was built by the Great Western Railway in 1857. Train services are provided by the present day Great Western Railway train operating company.
The railway provides ... | 6,142,900 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
the Great Western Main Line at Twyford railway station, the line turns north and goes under the A4 main road; the first station is at Wargrave. From there, the line crosses the River Thames into Oxfordshire and proceeds to Shiplake, the second stop on the line. Finally it continues to the town of Hen... | 6,142,901 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
as of that time, markings have been placed next to the track where the overhead wire masts are to go and a significant number of trees have been trimmed or removed; re-signalling was also carried out during this time. This is in conjunction with the electrification of the Great Western Main Line.
It... | 6,142,902 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
and the last train home at 00:15. The Saturday service is also half-hourly until around 19:00, after which an hourly service is operated. This is also the case with the Sunday services, with half-hourly services until 18:45.
Additional services are provided during Henley Regatta at the beginning of ... | 6,142,903 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
of road traffic. By the seventeenth century it was an established coaching stop, and it was only in the railway age that the dominance of the town was brought into question.
## First proposals.
The Great Western Railway opened its main line as far as a temporary wooden terminus at Twyford on 1 July... | 6,142,904 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
line was passed on 22 July 1847.
It is likely that the Great Western Railway proposed the branch line as a tactical measure to exclude proposed railways from what was their intended exclusive area of influence. The financial situation became very difficult in the following years with money difficult... | 6,142,905 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
on 28 October 1852, chaired by the Mayor of Henley, at which it was urged that the railway should be built without delay. A deputation went to Paddington to press the matter with the Chairman of the GWR, and the outcome of that meeting was that the GWR agreed to build the line if the townspeople them... | 6,142,906 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
the line was resurveyed, and time was already tight to achieve deposition of a Bill in the 1853 session. Accordingly it was agreed that the originally intended route should be held to. (The deposited plans showed the termination of the line as being at Friday Street, but in fact the line ended some d... | 6,142,907 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
with the main line at Twyford.
Colonel Yolland of the Board of Trade carried out the necessary inspection for approval for opening, on 25 May 1857. The condition of the line was good, except that the station buildings were incomplete and a turntable was still to be finished, and Yolland recommended ... | 6,142,908 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
overspend), and the local people had only subscribed £9,575. The first train was hauled by a 2-4-0T engine named "Virgo".
The initial timetable allowed for five return trains daily.
By 1858 the public timetable showed 7 weekday and 3 Sunday passenger trains each way, and by 1868 the service timetab... | 6,142,909 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
between 25ft 6in and 32 feet span. It was replaced by a masonry and iron structure in 1895 - 1898.
Lashbrook Viaduct was 270 feet in length; it was replaced at the same time as the Thames bridge. Wargrave flood arches consisted of seven 10ft spans; also replaced in 1895 – 1898; it was then construct... | 6,142,910 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
in the gauge conversion wrote about it:
I found myself at nine o’clock one evening in the company of two permanent way inspectors in a packer’s hut midway between Twyford and Henley. The slopes of the railway were covered with men, but all one could hear was the distant sound of an engine shunting i... | 6,142,911 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
out the fastening, two pairs followed cutting the transoms which had already been marked, and two more followed the main gang refixing the bolts and straps. By midnight the line on our two miles had been slewed in from 7 feet 0 1/4 inches to the 4 feet 8 1/2 inches gauge, and we retired to our hut to... | 6,142,912 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
an hour to lift and pack the rails, though we managed to get a train through by eight o’ clock.
## Development at Henley.
In this period Henley was gaining increasing ascendancy as a favourite leisure resort, and also as a residential area. This brought considerable traffic, and began to pose opera... | 6,142,913 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
was opened for goods trains in November 1892 and for passenger trains on 30 April 1893.
In 1894 Henley-in-Arden station (in the West Midlands) was opened, and to avoid confusion, Henley station was renamed Henley-on-Thames from 1 January 1895.
There had been some difficulties with the undulating gr... | 6,142,914 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
to double the line, at an estimated cost of £21,275; as part of the work Shiplake station was provided with an island platform. The works were inspected by Colonel York of the Board of Trade on 12 July 1897 and opened as a double line on 14 July 1897, just in time for the regatta. In fact the double ... | 6,142,915 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
new train services at Henley:
Since May 1st of this year, Henley, until lately on a single-line branch, seems almost to be on a short main line of its own, since no less than seven down trains from London (all fast or semi-fast) now make it their terminal point, with no shunting or delay at Twyford;... | 6,142,916 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
and with a stop at Westbourne Park made the journey in 52 minutes.
Besides this excellent express and the through trains above-named, through coaches are worked from Paddington on two other trains daily, and also (by a "slip" at Twyford) on Wednesday nights only, by the 12.10 midnight. The 8.50 a.m.... | 6,142,917 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
1900 there were further new direct expresses non-stop to and from Paddington in 50 minutes; by 1902 there were five through trains from Paddington, one of them slipped at Twyford. About 20 trains a day ran each way on the branch for most of the twentieth century.
A new station at Wargrave opened on ... | 6,142,918 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
Great Western Railway developed a system referred to as Automatic train control (ATC). In its developed form it gave drivers an audible and visual indication in the cab of the aspect of a distant signal as it was approached or passed. If a warning was given and not acknowledged by the driver, the tra... | 6,142,919 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
seven on Sundays. By 1922 this had been increased to 34 down and 30 up with 14 and 15 respectively on Sundays.
A railmotor service from Reading was introduced in 1914, and later this was changed to an auto-trailer with an 0-4-2T locomotive. The through trains to London were generally worked by main ... | 6,142,920 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
had been powered by steam from a locomotive given that duty. In 1950 an electric pump system was installed, but on regatta days a steam engine was stationed there to pump water as the many visiting engines all requiring water overwhelmed the capacity of the electric pump.
The boom in railway use at ... | 6,142,921 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
use recently at Henley-on Thames... The branch was reduced to single track, with a passing loop at Shiplake in 1961. The line is continuously track circuited, and there are acceptance switches or levers at Twyford, Shiplake, and Henley. The equipment is designed to perform the basic functions of rail... | 6,142,922 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
type... The installation at Henley is operated from a mosaic-type signalling panel, of the pattern already standard on the Western Region, controlling 36 routes on the "entrance-exit" principle with a switch at the entrance point of the route and a pushbutton at its exit. Track, signal, point, and ot... | 6,142,923 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
elimination of goods traffic, which ended on 7 September 1964.
In 1968 the passing loop at Shiplake was removed, and at Henley the platform accommodation was reduced from three to two on 16 March 1969.
The station buildings at Henley were now unnecessarily large, and they were demolished in 1975. T... | 6,142,924 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
the Thames Turbo trains which ply the line.
The passenger train service is operated by First Great Western which, since September 2015 has traded as "Great Western Railway".
# Stations.
Stations on the line are:
- Twyford; main line station;
- Wargrave; opened 1 October 1900;
- Shiplake;
- Hen... | 6,142,925 |
4747165 | Henley branch line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henley%20branch%20line | Henley branch line
rs to Henley Royal Regatta, an internationally important rowing competition for which the town of Henley-on-Thames is famed, and supplemented since the late 20th century by the country's River and Rowing Museum, Henley Women's Regatta and Henley Town & Visitors Regatta. The logo depicts a number of r... | 6,142,926 |
4747306 | All Time Love | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All%20Time%20Love | All Time Love
All Time Love
"All Time Love" is a popular song, written by Jamie Hartman and performed by Will Young. It was released as the second single from Young's third album "Keep On" and his ninth single overall. The single went to number three in the UK Singles Chart.
The song was played during the end of the ... | 6,142,927 |
4747306 | All Time Love | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All%20Time%20Love | All Time Love
isc version of "Keep On". In this video, Young portrays a skywriter who has written the words "All Time Love" in the sky and then parachuted from his aircraft, which is seen crashing in the distance at the end of the video.
# Awards.
The song was voted Song of the Year in the "heat" readers poll 2006. I... | 6,142,928 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
Buddhist ethics
Buddhist ethics are traditionally based on what Buddhists view as the enlightened perspective of the Buddha, or other enlightened beings such as Bodhisattvas. The Indian term for ethics or morality used in Buddhism is "Śīla" () or "sīla" (Pāli). "Śīla" in Buddhism is one of three sectio... | 6,142,929 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
of liberation. It is an ethical compass within self and relationships, rather than what is associated with the English word "morality" (i.e., obedience, a sense of obligation, and external constraint).
"Sīla" is one of the three practices foundational to Buddhism and the non-sectarian Vipassana movemen... | 6,142,930 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
because it creates an atmosphere of trust, respect, and security. It means the practitioner poses no threat to another person's life, property, family, rights, or well-being.
Moral instructions are included in Buddhist scriptures or handed down through tradition. Most scholars of Buddhist ethics thus r... | 6,142,931 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
The Dharma is both the teachings of the Buddha's path and the truths of these teachings. The Sangha is the community of noble ones (ariya), who practice the Dhamma and have attained some knowledge and can thus provide guidance and preserve the teachings. Having proper understanding of the teachings is v... | 6,142,932 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
of deeds well done or ill done': what one does matters and has an effect on one’s future; 'there is this world, there is a world beyond': this world is not unreal, and one goes on to another world after death" (MN 117, Maha-cattarisaka Sutta).
Karma is a word which literally means "action" and is seen ... | 6,142,933 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
hurting someone is not bad Karma, but having hurtful thoughts is. Buddhist ethics sees these patterns of motives and actions as conditioning future actions and circumstances – the fruit (Phala) of one's present actions, including the condition and place of the actor's future life circumstances (though t... | 6,142,934 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
are three good roots (non-attachment, benevolence, and understanding) and three negative roots (greed, hatred and delusion). Actions which produce good outcomes are termed "merit" (puñña – fruitful, auspicious) and obtaining merit (good karma) is an important goal of lay Buddhist practice. The early Bud... | 6,142,935 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
to make up for it can ameliorate these results.
## The Four Noble Truths.
The Four Noble Truths express one of the central Buddhist worldview which sees worldly existence as fundamentally unsatisfactory and stressful (Dukkha). Dukkha is seen to arise from craving, and putting an end to craving can lea... | 6,142,936 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
the factors for its arising, that is craving, and allows us to feel compassion and sympathy for others. Comparing oneself with others and then applying the Golden Rule is said to follow from this appreciation of Dukkha. From the Buddhist perspective, an act is also moral if it promotes spiritual develop... | 6,142,937 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
is Clinging, Magga is Noble Eightfold Path and Nirodha is Liberation.
## Precepts.
The foundation of Buddhist ethics for laypeople is The Five Precepts which are common to all Buddhist schools. The precepts or "five moral virtues" ("pañca-silani") are not commands but a set of voluntary commitments or... | 6,142,938 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
the practice of another person if it involves uncommitted relationship. When one "goes for refuge" to the Buddha's teachings one formally takes the five precepts, which are:
- 1. I undertake the training rule to abstain from taking life;
- 2. I undertake the training rule to abstain from taking what i... | 6,142,939 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
undertaken as private personal commitments. Keeping each precept is said to develop its opposite positive virtue. Abstaining from killing for example develops kindness and compassion, while abstaining from stealing develops non-attachment. The precepts have been connected with utilitarianist, deontologi... | 6,142,940 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
and a belief in karmic retributionform the foundation of the precepts.
The first precept consists of a prohibition of killing, both humans and all animals. Scholars have interpreted Buddhist texts about the precepts as an opposition to and prohibition of capital punishment, suicide, abortion and euthan... | 6,142,941 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
or other means. Early Buddhist Texts nearly always condemn alcohol, and so do Chinese Buddhist post-canonical texts. Buddhist attitudes toward smoking differ per time and region, but are generally permissive. In modern times, traditional Buddhist countries have seen revival movements to promote the five... | 6,142,942 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
a precept of celibacy. The three additional rules of the Eight Precepts are:
Novice-monks use the ten precepts while fully ordained Buddhist monks also have a larger set of monastic precepts, called the Prātimokṣa (227 rules for monks in the Theravādin recension). Monks are supposed to be celibate and ... | 6,142,943 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
guidelines are the Bodhisattva vows and the Bodhisattva Precepts or the "Ten Great Precepts". The Bodhisattva Precepts which is derived from the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra include the Five precepts with some other additions such as the precept against slandering the Buddha's teachings. These exist above ... | 6,142,944 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
ethical action in the Early Buddhist Texts is the "path of the ten good actions" or "ten skilled karma paths" ("Dasa Kusala Kammapatha") which are "in accordance with Dharma". These are divided into three bodily actions ("kaya kamma"), four verbal actions ("vaci kamma") and three mental actions ("mano k... | 6,142,945 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
2. "They give up stealing. They don’t, with the intention to commit theft, take the wealth or belongings of others from village or wilderness."
- 3. "They give up sexual misconduct. They don’t have sexual relations with women who have their mother, father, both mother and father, brother, sister, relat... | 6,142,946 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
witness: ‘Please, mister, say what you know.’ Not knowing, they say ‘I don’t know.’ Knowing, they say ‘I know.’ Not seeing, they say ‘I don’t see.’ And seeing, they say ‘I see.’ So they don't deliberately lie for the sake of themselves or another, or for some trivial worldly reason."
- 2. "They give up... | 6,142,947 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
agreeable to the people."
- 4. "They give up talking nonsense. Their words are timely, true, and meaningful, in line with the teaching and training. They say things at the right time which are valuable, reasonable, succinct, and beneficial."
Mental actions:
- 1. "It’s when someone is content. They do... | 6,142,948 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
heart full of kindness."
- 3. "It’s when someone has such a view: ‘There is meaning in giving, sacrifice, and offerings. There are fruits and results of good and bad deeds. There is an afterlife. There are duties to mother and father. There are beings reborn spontaneously. And there are ascetics and br... | 6,142,949 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
these to ten, and the list of ten is a popular list in Theravada countries. Ittivuttaka #60 says:“Bhikkhus, there are these three grounds for making merit. What three? The ground for making merit consisting in giving, the ground for making merit consisting in virtue, and the ground for making merit cons... | 6,142,950 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
D.N. 30 mentions various exemplary meritorious actions done by the Buddha such as:"...good conduct by way of body, speech, giving and sharing, taking precepts, observing the sabbath, paying due respect to mother and father, ascetics and brahmins, honoring the elders in the family, and various other thin... | 6,142,951 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
monks; food, clothing, shelter, and medicine. However giving to the needy is also a part of this.
- Morality ("sīla"), Keeping the five precepts, generally non-harming.
- Mental cultivation ("bhāvanā").
- Paying due respect to those who are worthy of it ("apacāyana"), showing appropriate deference, p... | 6,142,952 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
the Dhamma ("dhammadesana"), the gift of Dhamma is seen as the highest gift.
- Listening to the Dhamma ("dhammassavana")
- Straightening one's own views ("ditthujukamma)"
## Key values and virtues.
Following the precepts is not the only dimension of Buddhist morality, there are also several importan... | 6,142,953 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
(energy), Khanti (patience), Sacca (honesty), Adhiṭṭhāna (determination), Mettā (Good-Will), Upekkhā (equanimity).
The Four divine abidings (Brahmaviharas) are seen as central virtues and intentions in Buddhist ethics, psychology and meditation. The four divine abidings are good will, compassion, empat... | 6,142,954 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
with one's intentional states. Heedfulness is aided by 'clear comprehension' or 'discrimination' (Sampajañña), which gives rise to moral knowledge of what is to be done. Another important supporting quality of Buddhist morality is Trust or Confidence in the teachings of the Buddha and in one's own abili... | 6,142,955 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
and of the law of karma also makes one less likely to perform an unethical action.
The Buddha promoted ‘self-respect’ (Hri) and Regard for consequences (Apatrapya), as important virtues. Self-respect is what caused a person to avoid actions which were seen to harm one's integrity and Ottappa is an awar... | 6,142,956 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
to make one happy, generate good merit as well as develop non-attachment, therefore it is not just good because it creates good karmic fruits, but it also develops one's spiritual qualities. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct will themselves refine consciousness to such a l... | 6,142,957 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
Buddhist practice of this does not extend to the extremes exhibited by Jainism (in Buddhism, unintentional killing is not karmically bad), but from both the Buddhist and Jain perspectives, non-violence suggests an intimate involvement with, and relationship to, all living things.
The Buddha also emphas... | 6,142,958 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
are beings which have chosen to work towards the salvation of all living beings. In Mahayana Buddhist texts, this path of great compassion is promoted as being superior to that of the Arhat because the Bodhisattva is seen as working for the benefit of all beings. A Bodhisattva is one who arouses a power... | 6,142,959 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
not trading in weapons or in hunting and butchering animals. Various suttas state that one should always have a mind filled with compassion and loving kindness for all beings, this is to be extended to hurtful, evil people as in the case of Angulimala the murderer and to every kind of animal, even pests... | 6,142,960 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
to defend themselves from attack.
In Mahayana Buddhism, the concept of skillful means (upaya) has in some circumstances been used to excuse the act of killing, if it is being done for compassionate reasons. This form of "compassionate killing" is allowed by the "Upaya-kausalya sutra" and the "Maha-Upay... | 6,142,961 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
sentient being, I myself may be reborn as one of the creatures of hell. Better that I be reborn a creature of hell than that this living being, having committed a deed of immediate retribution, should go straight to hell."
If then, the intention is purely to protect others from evil, the act of killing... | 6,142,962 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
resources as well as grasping to political or religious views is seen as a major source of war. One's attachment to self-identity, and identification with tribe, nation state or religion is also another root of human conflict according to Buddhism.
The Buddha promoted non-violence in various ways, he e... | 6,142,963 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
in battle should not be respected, since this is the basis for harmful actions." The Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra states that those who take the Bodhisattva vows should not take any part in war, watch a battle, procure or store weapons, praise or approve of killers and aid the killing of others in any way.... | 6,142,964 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
have waged war throughout history and Buddhists have found ways to justify these conflicts. The 5th Dalai Lama who was installed as the head of Buddhism in Tibet by Gushri Khan after the Oirat invasion of Tibet (1635–1642), praised the acts of the Khan and said that he was an emanation of the great Bodh... | 6,142,965 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
acts of war, protecting their territories and attacking rival Buddhist sects. During the late Heian Period, the Tendai school was a particularly powerful sect, whose influential monasteries could wield armies of monks. A key text of this sect was the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra, which contains passag... | 6,142,966 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
The Japanese Pan-Buddhist Society (Myowa Kai) rejected criticism from Chinese Buddhists, stating that "We now have no choice but to exercise the benevolent forcefulness of 'killing one in order that many may live'" (issatsu tashō) and that the war was absolutely necessary to implement the dharma in Asia... | 6,142,967 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
of rebirth sees consciousness as present in the embryo at conception, not as developing over time. In the Vinaya (Theravada and Sarvastivada) then, the causing of an abortion is seen as an act of killing punishable by expulsion from the monastic Sangha. The Abhidharma-kosa states that 'life is there fro... | 6,142,968 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
Buddhists agree that abortion is permissible. This is the only legally permissible reason for abortion in Sri Lanka, and is also a view accepted in the Tibetan tradition, as argued by Ganden Tri Rinpoche. In the case of rape, however, most Buddhists argue that following an act of violence by allowing 'a... | 6,142,969 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
or an abortion as the result of a miscarriage; a similar Taiwanese ritual is called "yingling gongyang". In China abortion is also widely practiced, but in Tibet it is very rare. Thus while most Buddhists would agree that abortion is wrong, they are less likely to push for laws banning the practice. The... | 6,142,970 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
present suffering is seen as futile because one will just be reborn again, and again. One of the three forms of craving is craving for annihilation (vibhava tanha), and this form of craving is the root of future suffering. Dying with an unwholesome and agitated state of mind is seen as leading to a bad ... | 6,142,971 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
simply telling a person of the miseries of life or the bliss of dying and going to heaven in such a way that he/she might feel inspired to commit suicide or simply pine away to death, is explicitly stated as a breach in one of highest vinaya codes regarding the prohibition of harming life, hence it will... | 6,142,972 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
thoughts in mind is seen as a good transition into the next life. Chanting and reciting Buddhist texts is a common practice; in Tibet the Bardo Thodol is used to guide the dying to a good rebirth.
Traditional Buddhism would hold Euthanasia, where one brings about the death of a suffering patient (wheth... | 6,142,973 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
karma (even though not all suffering is due to karma), and hence killing them does not help them escape suffering. The Abhidharma-kosa clearly states that the killing of one's sick and aged parents is an act of delusion. The act of killing someone in the process of death also ruins their chance to mindf... | 6,142,974 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
arise from a feeling of aversion to life. This would also apply to not resuscitating a terminal patient.
However, there are exceptions to the injunction against suicide. Several Pali suttas contain stories where self-euthanizing is not seen as unethical by the Buddha, showing that the issue is more com... | 6,142,975 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
recorded self-immolation was by the monk Fayu (d. 396). According to James A. Benn, this tended to be much more common during times of social and political turmoil and Buddhist persecution. It was often interpreted in Buddhist terms as a practice of heroic renunciation. This practice was widely publiciz... | 6,142,976 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
of life. Chapter 10 of the Dhammapada states:
Chapter 26, the final chapter of the Dhammapada, states "Him I call a brahmin who has put aside weapons and renounced violence toward all creatures. He neither kills nor helps others to kill". These sentences are interpreted by many Buddhists (especially in... | 6,142,977 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
although in private manors executions conducted as a form of retaliation continued to be performed.
## Animals and the environment.
Buddhism does not see humans as being in a special moral category over animals or as having any kind of God given dominion over them as Christianity does. Humans are seen... | 6,142,978 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
part of it. Then we pose the question ‘How should we deal with Nature?’ We should deal with nature the way we should deal with ourselves! We should not harm ourselves; we should not harm nature...Human beings and nature are inseparable.
Early Buddhist monastics spent a lot of time in the forests, which... | 6,142,979 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
traditions – strongly oppose meat-eating on scriptural grounds.
The first precept of Buddhism focuses mainly on direct participation in the destruction of life. This is one reason that the Buddha made a distinction between killing animals and eating meat, and refused to introduce vegetarianism into mon... | 6,142,980 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
killed for food in his kingdom by introducing 'no slaughter days' during the year. He gave up hunting trips, banned the killing of specific animals and decreased the use of meat in the royal household. Ashoka even banned the killing of some vermin or pests. His example was followed by later Sri Lankan k... | 6,142,981 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
time, not even these three creatures will be killed.
Many Buddhists, especially in East Asia, believe that Buddhism advocates or promotes vegetarianism. While Buddhist theory tends to equate killing animals with killing people (and avoids the conclusion that killing can sometimes be ethical, e.g. defen... | 6,142,982 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
to be vegetarian. The Dalai Lama, after contracting Hepatitis B, was advised by doctors to switch to a high animal-protein diet. The Dalai Lama eats vegetarian every second day, so he effectively eats a vegetarian diet for 6 months of the year. In the West, vegetarianism among Buddhists is also common.
... | 6,142,983 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
this as long as it is pure in these three respects. To refuse the offering would deprive the donor of the positive karma that giving provides. Moreover, it would create a certain conceit in the monks who would now pick and choose what food to eat. The Buddha did state however that the donor does generat... | 6,142,984 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
mainly on the ground that such an act violates the bodhisattva's compassion. The sutras which inveigh against meat-eating include the Mahayana version of the "Nirvana Sutra," the "Shurangama Sutra," the "Brahmajala Sutra," the "Angulimaliya Sutra," the "Mahamegha Sutra," and the "Lankavatara Sutra," as ... | 6,142,985 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
consumption (even of animals found already dead) is prohibited by him. He specifically rejects the idea that monks who go out begging and receive meat from a donor should eat it: ". . . it should be rejected . . . I say that even meat, fish, game, dried hooves and scraps of meat left over by others cons... | 6,142,986 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
against meat consumption and unequivocally in favor of vegetarianism, since the eating of the flesh of fellow sentient beings is said by him to be incompatible with the compassion that a Bodhisattva should strive to cultivate. In several other Mahayana scriptures, too (e.g., the Mahayana jatakas), the B... | 6,142,987 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
of this, Buddhist monasteries are often small nature preserves within the modernizing states in East Asia. The species ficus religiosa is seen as auspicious, because it is the same kind of tree that the Buddha gained enlightenment under.
In Mahayana Buddhism, some teachings hold that trees and plants h... | 6,142,988 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
has been outspoken about the issue of environmental crisis. Bodhi holds that the root of the current ecological crisis is the belief that increased production and consumption to satisfy our material and sensual desires leads to well being. The subjugation of nature is directly opposed to the Buddhist vi... | 6,142,989 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
be considered a basic human right and that it is our responsibility as humans to ensure that we do all we can to pass on a healthy world to those who come after us.
## Gender issues.
In pre-Buddhist Indian religion, women were seen as inferior and subservient to men. Buddha's teachings tended to promo... | 6,142,990 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
allowed women to become monastics (Bhikkhunis) at a time when this was seen as scandalous in India, where men dominated the spiritual professions. The two chief female disciples of the Buddha were Khema and Uppalavanna. The Buddha taught that women had the same soteriological potential as men, and that ... | 6,142,991 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
a monastic Order for women, during the Buddha's time but can be interpreted as a form of gender discrimination. Alan Sponberg argues that the early Buddhist sangha sought social acceptance through 'institutional androcentrism' as it was dependent on material support from lay society. Because of this Spo... | 6,142,992 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
a Ruler of heaven, a Mara devil or a Brahama god.
The Therigatha is a collection of poems from elder Buddhist nuns, and one of the earliest texts of women's literature. Another important text is the Therī-Apadāna, which collects the biographies of eminent nuns. One such verses are those of the nun Soma... | 6,142,993 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
In these Tantric couples, the female symbolizes wisdom (prajna) and the male symbolizes skillful means (upaya). The union of these two qualities is often depicted as sexual union, known as yab-yum (father-mother).
In East Asia, the idea of Buddha nature being inherent in all beings is taken to mean tha... | 6,142,994 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
founder of Soto Zen, Dogen wrote: "If you wish to hear the Dharma and put an end to pain and turmoil, forget about such things as male and female. As long as delusions have not yet been eliminated, neither men nor women have eliminated them; when they are all eliminated and true reality is experienced, ... | 6,142,995 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
that rebirth as a male is higher than rebirth as a female. Some Mahayana sutras such as the ‘Sutra on Changing the Female Sex’ and the ‘Questions of the Daughter Pure Faith’ also echo this idea. For various historical and cultural reasons such as wars and invasions, the orders of ordained Buddhist nuns ... | 6,142,996 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
and saw the formation of 'Sakyadhita' (Daughters of the Buddha) the International Association of Buddhist Women which focuses on helping Buddhist nuns throughout the world.
## Relationships.
The Buddha placed much importance on the cultivation of good will and compassion towards one's parents, spouse,... | 6,142,997 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
how a virtuous person "worships the six directions" which are parents (East), teachers (South), wife (West), and friends and colleagues (North), and the two vertical directions as: ascetics and Brahmins (Up) and the Servants (Down). The text elaborates on how to respect and support them, and how in turn... | 6,142,998 |
4746907 | Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist%20ethics | Buddhist ethics
should treat their wife by "being courteous to her, by not despising her, by being faithful to her, by handing over authority to her, by providing her with adornments." while in return the wife "performs her duties well, she is hospitable to relations and attendants, she is faithful, she protects what h... | 6,142,999 |
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