Split (1)

train · 126k rows

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.

title stringclasses 18 values	content stringlengths 2 999	contents stringlengths 19 1.02k
Physiology_Levy	Fig. 29.7 In the gastric phase the presence of food in the stomach is detected and activates vagovagal reflexes to stimulate secretion. Food in the stomach results in distention and stretch, which are detected by afferent (or sensory) nerve endings in the gastric wall. These are the peripheral terminals of vagal affere...	Physiology_Levy. Fig. 29.7 In the gastric phase the presence of food in the stomach is detected and activates vagovagal reflexes to stimulate secretion. Food in the stomach results in distention and stretch, which are detected by afferent (or sensory) nerve endings in the gastric wall. These are the peripheral terminal...
Neurology_Adams	Nonparalytic poliomyelitis The prodromal symptoms consist of listlessness, generalized, nonthrobbing headache, fever of 38 to 40°C (100.4 to 104°F), stiffness and aching in the muscles, sore throat in the absence of upper respiratory infection, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms may subside to a varying ext...	Neurology_Adams. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis The prodromal symptoms consist of listlessness, generalized, nonthrobbing headache, fever of 38 to 40°C (100.4 to 104°F), stiffness and aching in the muscles, sore throat in the absence of upper respiratory infection, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms may subside...
Neurology_Adams	Exogenous agents may produce myopathic changes in several ways. They may act directly on muscle cells, either diffusely or locally, as occurs with intramuscular injections, or the muscle damage can be a result of diverse secondary factors—electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia), renal failure, excessive energy requireme...	Neurology_Adams. Exogenous agents may produce myopathic changes in several ways. They may act directly on muscle cells, either diffusely or locally, as occurs with intramuscular injections, or the muscle damage can be a result of diverse secondary factors—electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia), renal failure, excessive...
InternalMed_Harrison	The spatial resolution of ultrasound is dependent on the wavelength: the smaller the wavelength and the higher the frequency of the ultrasound beam, the greater are the spatial resolution and ability to discern small structures. Increasing the frequency of ultrasound will increase resolution but at the expense of reduc...	InternalMed_Harrison. The spatial resolution of ultrasound is dependent on the wavelength: the smaller the wavelength and the higher the frequency of the ultrasound beam, the greater are the spatial resolution and ability to discern small structures. Increasing the frequency of ultrasound will increase resolution but a...
Obstentrics_Williams	American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Magnesium sulfate before anticipated preterm birth for neuroprotection. Patient Safety Checklist No.n7, August 2012 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Magnesium sulfate use in obstetrics. Committee Opinion No. 652, January 2016a American College of ...	Obstentrics_Williams. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Magnesium sulfate before anticipated preterm birth for neuroprotection. Patient Safety Checklist No.n7, August 2012 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Magnesium sulfate use in obstetrics. Committee Opinion No. 652, January 2016...
InternalMed_Harrison	Strategies to eliminate rheumatic heart disease may depend on active case-finding, with confirmation by echocardiography, among high-risk groups as well as on efforts to expand access to surgical interventions among children with advanced valvular damage. Partnerships between established surgical programs and areas wit...	InternalMed_Harrison. Strategies to eliminate rheumatic heart disease may depend on active case-finding, with confirmation by echocardiography, among high-risk groups as well as on efforts to expand access to surgical interventions among children with advanced valvular damage. Partnerships between established surgical ...
Cell_Biology_Alberts	Developmental events unfold over minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, or even years, with each organism following its own strict timetable. The cascades of inductive interactions and transcriptional regulatory events described earlier take time, as signals are transmitted and transcription regulators are synthesized an...	Cell_Biology_Alberts. Developmental events unfold over minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, or even years, with each organism following its own strict timetable. The cascades of inductive interactions and transcriptional regulatory events described earlier take time, as signals are transmitted and transcription regulat...
Neurology_Adams	This is directed along several lines. At the outset, a single dose of antitoxin (3,000 to 6,000 U of tetanus human immune globulin) should be given along with a 10-day course of penicillin (1.2 million U of procaine penicillin daily), metronidazole (500 mg q6h intravenously or 400 mg rectally), or tetracycline (2 g dai...	Neurology_Adams. This is directed along several lines. At the outset, a single dose of antitoxin (3,000 to 6,000 U of tetanus human immune globulin) should be given along with a 10-day course of penicillin (1.2 million U of procaine penicillin daily), metronidazole (500 mg q6h intravenously or 400 mg rectally), or tetr...
Histology_Ross	The gallbladder concentrates and stores bile. The gallbladder is a blind pouch that leads, via a neck, to the cystic duct. Through this duct it receives dilute bile from the chapter 18 Digestive System III: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas GALLB LADDE R 643 hepatic duct. The gallbladder can store and remove about Loc...	Histology_Ross. The gallbladder concentrates and stores bile. The gallbladder is a blind pouch that leads, via a neck, to the cystic duct. Through this duct it receives dilute bile from the chapter 18 Digestive System III: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas GALLB LADDE R 643 hepatic duct. The gallbladder can store and re...
InternalMed_Harrison	of access to pathologic brain tissue except upon death and the inherent limitations of animal models for disorders defined largely by behavioral abnormalities (e.g., hallucinations, delusions, guilt, suicidality) that are inaccessible in animals.	InternalMed_Harrison. of access to pathologic brain tissue except upon death and the inherent limitations of animal models for disorders defined largely by behavioral abnormalities (e.g., hallucinations, delusions, guilt, suicidality) that are inaccessible in animals.
Obstentrics_Williams	Heartburn is another common complaint of gravidas and is caused by gastric content reflux into the lower esophagus. The greater frequency of regurgitation during pregnancy most likely results from upward displacement and compression of the stomach by the uterus, combined with relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincte...	Obstentrics_Williams. Heartburn is another common complaint of gravidas and is caused by gastric content reflux into the lower esophagus. The greater frequency of regurgitation during pregnancy most likely results from upward displacement and compression of the stomach by the uterus, combined with relaxation of the low...
InternalMed_Harrison	(See also Chap. 65) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPOCALCEMIA: CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MECHANISM Chronic hypocalcemia is less common than hypercalcemia; causes include chronic renal failure, hereditary and acquired hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, pseudohypoparathyroidism, and hypomagnesemia (Table 424-5).	InternalMed_Harrison. (See also Chap. 65) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPOCALCEMIA: CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MECHANISM Chronic hypocalcemia is less common than hypercalcemia; causes include chronic renal failure, hereditary and acquired hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, pseudohypoparathyroidism, and hypomagnesemia (Table...
Surgery_Schwartz	systemic inflamma-tory response, characterized by increased body temperature, heart rate, respirations, and white blood cell count, are similar to those observed with infection (Table 2-1). However, it is widely accepted that systemic inflammation following trauma is sterile, resulting from endogenous molecules that ar...	Surgery_Schwartz. systemic inflamma-tory response, characterized by increased body temperature, heart rate, respirations, and white blood cell count, are similar to those observed with infection (Table 2-1). However, it is widely accepted that systemic inflammation following trauma is sterile, resulting from endogenous...
InternalMed_Harrison	Transfusion-transmitted viral infections are increasingly rare due to improved screening and testing. As the risk of viral infection is reduced, the relative risk of other reactions increases, such as hemolytic transfusion reactions and sepsis from bacterially contaminated components. Pretransfusion quality assurance i...	InternalMed_Harrison. Transfusion-transmitted viral infections are increasingly rare due to improved screening and testing. As the risk of viral infection is reduced, the relative risk of other reactions increases, such as hemolytic transfusion reactions and sepsis from bacterially contaminated components. Pretransfusi...
Pharmacology_Katzung	The directions for use (element [11]) must be both drug-specific and patient-specific. The simpler the directions, the better; and the fewer the number of doses (and drugs) per day, the better. Patient noncompliance (also known as nonadherence, failure to adhere to the drug regimen) is a major cause of treatment failur...	Pharmacology_Katzung. The directions for use (element [11]) must be both drug-specific and patient-specific. The simpler the directions, the better; and the fewer the number of doses (and drugs) per day, the better. Patient noncompliance (also known as nonadherence, failure to adhere to the drug regimen) is a major cau...
Histology_Ross	The thymus is fully formed and functional at birth. It persists as a large organ until about the time of puberty, when T-cell differentiation and proliferation are reduced and most of the lymphatic tissue is replaced by adipose tissue (involution). The organ can be restimulated under conditions that demand rapid T-cell...	Histology_Ross. The thymus is fully formed and functional at birth. It persists as a large organ until about the time of puberty, when T-cell differentiation and proliferation are reduced and most of the lymphatic tissue is replaced by adipose tissue (involution). The organ can be restimulated under conditions that dem...
Biochemistry_Lippinco	D. Lysosomal degradation A small amount (1%–3%) of glycogen is degraded by the lysosomal enzyme, acid α(1→4)-glucosidase (acid maltase). The purpose of this autophagic pathway is unknown. However, a deficiency of this enzyme causes accumulation of glycogen in vacuoles in the lysosomes, resulting in the serious GSD type...	Biochemistry_Lippinco. D. Lysosomal degradation A small amount (1%–3%) of glycogen is degraded by the lysosomal enzyme, acid α(1→4)-glucosidase (acid maltase). The purpose of this autophagic pathway is unknown. However, a deficiency of this enzyme causes accumulation of glycogen in vacuoles in the lysosomes, resulting ...
Obstentrics_Williams	Because magnesium is cleared almost exclusivey by renal excre . tion, the dosages described wil become excessive if glomerular il tration is substantialy decreased. The initial 4-g loading dose of magnesium sulfate can be safely administered regardless of renal function. It is important to administer the standard load ...	Obstentrics_Williams. Because magnesium is cleared almost exclusivey by renal excre . tion, the dosages described wil become excessive if glomerular il tration is substantialy decreased. The initial 4-g loading dose of magnesium sulfate can be safely administered regardless of renal function. It is important to adminis...
InternalMed_Harrison	4. Even though primary dapsone resistance is exceedingly rare and multidrug therapy is generally recommended (at least for lepromatous leprosy), there is a paucity of information from experimental animals and clinical trials on the optimal combination of antimicrobial agents, dosing schedule, and duration of therapy.	InternalMed_Harrison. 4. Even though primary dapsone resistance is exceedingly rare and multidrug therapy is generally recommended (at least for lepromatous leprosy), there is a paucity of information from experimental animals and clinical trials on the optimal combination of antimicrobial agents, dosing schedule, and ...
InternalMed_Harrison	these doses, the drug was nephro-2035 toxic. Even at 30 mg/d, creatinine elevations of 44 μmol/L (0.5 mg/ dL) occurred in 10% of patients; however, at the HBV-effective dose of 10 mg, such elevations of creatinine are rarely encountered. If any nephrotoxicity does occur, it rarely appears before 6−8 months of therapy. ...	InternalMed_Harrison. these doses, the drug was nephro-2035 toxic. Even at 30 mg/d, creatinine elevations of 44 μmol/L (0.5 mg/ dL) occurred in 10% of patients; however, at the HBV-effective dose of 10 mg, such elevations of creatinine are rarely encountered. If any nephrotoxicity does occur, it rarely appears before 6...
InternalMed_Harrison	Plain and upright or lateral decubitus radiographs of the abdomen may be of value in cases of intestinal obstruction, perforated ulcer, and a variety of other conditions. They are usually unnecessary in patients with acute appendicitis or strangulated external hernias. In rare instances, barium or water-soluble contras...	InternalMed_Harrison. Plain and upright or lateral decubitus radiographs of the abdomen may be of value in cases of intestinal obstruction, perforated ulcer, and a variety of other conditions. They are usually unnecessary in patients with acute appendicitis or strangulated external hernias. In rare instances, barium or...
InternalMed_Harrison	EBV infections occur worldwide. These infections are most common in early childhood, with a second peak during late adolescence. By adulthood, more than 90% of individuals have been infected and have antibodies to the virus. IM is usually a disease of young adults. In lower socioeconomic groups and in areas of the worl...	InternalMed_Harrison. EBV infections occur worldwide. These infections are most common in early childhood, with a second peak during late adolescence. By adulthood, more than 90% of individuals have been infected and have antibodies to the virus. IM is usually a disease of young adults. In lower socioeconomic groups an...
Cell_Biology_Alberts	Bacteria Are Diverse and Occupy a Remarkable Variety of Ecological Niches	Cell_Biology_Alberts. Bacteria Are Diverse and Occupy a Remarkable Variety of Ecological Niches
Pediatrics_Nelson	Assisted ventilation with high peak inspiratory pressures and positive end-expiratory pressures may cause overdistention of alveoli in localized areas of the lung. Rupture of the alveolar epithelial lining may produce pulmonary interstitial emphysema as gas dissects along the interstitial space and the peribronchial ly...	Pediatrics_Nelson. Assisted ventilation with high peak inspiratory pressures and positive end-expiratory pressures may cause overdistention of alveoli in localized areas of the lung. Rupture of the alveolar epithelial lining may produce pulmonary interstitial emphysema as gas dissects along the interstitial space and t...
Gynecology_Novak	134. Steckel J, Badillo F, Waldbaum RS. Uretero-fallopian tube fistula secondary to laparoscopic fulguration of pelvic endometriosis. JUrol 1993;149:1128–1129. 135. Woodland MB. Ureter injury during laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy with the endoscopic linear stapler. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:756–757. 136. ...	Gynecology_Novak. 134. Steckel J, Badillo F, Waldbaum RS. Uretero-fallopian tube fistula secondary to laparoscopic fulguration of pelvic endometriosis. JUrol 1993;149:1128–1129. 135. Woodland MB. Ureter injury during laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy with the endoscopic linear stapler. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;...
InternalMed_Harrison	Lesions of the hypothalamic-pituitary region that disrupt hypothalamic dopamine synthesis, portal vessel delivery, or lactotrope responses are associated with hyperprolactinemia. Thus, hypothalamic tumors, cysts, infiltrative disorders, and radiation-induced damage cause elevated PRL levels, usually in the range of 30–...	InternalMed_Harrison. Lesions of the hypothalamic-pituitary region that disrupt hypothalamic dopamine synthesis, portal vessel delivery, or lactotrope responses are associated with hyperprolactinemia. Thus, hypothalamic tumors, cysts, infiltrative disorders, and radiation-induced damage cause elevated PRL levels, usual...
Pharmacology_Katzung	FIGURE 7–3 Structures of some cholinomimetic alkaloids. A. Mechanism of Action Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system modifies organ function by two major mechanisms. First, acetylcholine released from parasympathetic nerves activates muscarinic receptors on effector cells to alter organ function directly. Se...	Pharmacology_Katzung. FIGURE 7–3 Structures of some cholinomimetic alkaloids. A. Mechanism of Action Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system modifies organ function by two major mechanisms. First, acetylcholine released from parasympathetic nerves activates muscarinic receptors on effector cells to alter organ...
InternalMed_Harrison	Acute hypercapnia follows sudden occlusion of the upper airway or generalized bronchospasm as in severe asthma, anaphylaxis, I. Alkalosis A. Central nervous system stimulation 1. 2. Anxiety, psychosis 3. 4. 5. Meningitis, encephalitis 6. 7. B. Hypoxemia or tissue hypoxia 1. 2. Pneumonia, pulmonary edema 3. 4. C. Drugs ...	InternalMed_Harrison. Acute hypercapnia follows sudden occlusion of the upper airway or generalized bronchospasm as in severe asthma, anaphylaxis, I. Alkalosis A. Central nervous system stimulation 1. 2. Anxiety, psychosis 3. 4. 5. Meningitis, encephalitis 6. 7. B. Hypoxemia or tissue hypoxia 1. 2. Pneumonia, pulmonary...
Neurology_Adams	The tumor is oval, round, or lobulated and has a smooth surface. The wall of the cyst and the solid parts of the tumor consist of cords and whorls of epithelial cells (often with intercellular bridges and keratohyalin) separated by a loose network of stellate cells. If there are bridges between tumor cells, which have ...	Neurology_Adams. The tumor is oval, round, or lobulated and has a smooth surface. The wall of the cyst and the solid parts of the tumor consist of cords and whorls of epithelial cells (often with intercellular bridges and keratohyalin) separated by a loose network of stellate cells. If there are bridges between tumor c...
Psichiatry_DSM-5	Dwayne Kruse, M.S., M.F.T. Ajay S. Kuchibhatla, M.D. Shubha N. Kumar, M.D. Helen H. Kyomen, M.D., M.S. Rebecca M. Lachut, M.Ed., Ed.S. Alexis Lake, M.S.S. Ramaswamy Lakshmanan, M.D. Brigitta Lalone, L.C.S.W.-R John W. Lancaster, Ph.D. Patience R. Land, L.I.C.S.W., M.S.W., M.P.A. Amber Lange, M.A., Ph.D. Jeff K. Larsen,...	Psichiatry_DSM-5. Dwayne Kruse, M.S., M.F.T. Ajay S. Kuchibhatla, M.D. Shubha N. Kumar, M.D. Helen H. Kyomen, M.D., M.S. Rebecca M. Lachut, M.Ed., Ed.S. Alexis Lake, M.S.S. Ramaswamy Lakshmanan, M.D. Brigitta Lalone, L.C.S.W.-R John W. Lancaster, Ph.D. Patience R. Land, L.I.C.S.W., M.S.W., M.P.A. Amber Lange, M.A., Ph....
Gynecology_Novak	Radiation therapy alone, without excision of the tumor, is associated with a high local failure rate, as is local excision without radiation (57–60). Throughout the last quarter of the 20th century, a paradigm shift occurred in the surgical management of breast cancer. Data from the NSABP B-04 trial, for which 25-year ...	Gynecology_Novak. Radiation therapy alone, without excision of the tumor, is associated with a high local failure rate, as is local excision without radiation (57–60). Throughout the last quarter of the 20th century, a paradigm shift occurred in the surgical management of breast cancer. Data from the NSABP B-04 trial, ...
InternalMed_Harrison	mg/kg per day. If new lesions continue to appear after 1–2 weeks of treatment, the dose may need to be increased and/or prednisone may need to be combined with other immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine (2–2.5 mg/kg per day), mycophenolate mofetil (20–35 mg/kg per day), or cyclophosphamide (1–2 mg/kg per day)....	InternalMed_Harrison. mg/kg per day. If new lesions continue to appear after 1–2 weeks of treatment, the dose may need to be increased and/or prednisone may need to be combined with other immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine (2–2.5 mg/kg per day), mycophenolate mofetil (20–35 mg/kg per day), or cyclophosphamid...
Surgery_Schwartz	or the proximal tibia in young people. This condition may also occur at the proximal humerus, proximal femur, or pelvis. It usually presents itself as a high-grade extracompartmental disease. It can metastasize to the bone, which is called a “skip lesion,” but the lung is the primary site of metastases. Long term survi...	Surgery_Schwartz. or the proximal tibia in young people. This condition may also occur at the proximal humerus, proximal femur, or pelvis. It usually presents itself as a high-grade extracompartmental disease. It can metastasize to the bone, which is called a “skip lesion,” but the lung is the primary site of metastase...
Obstentrics_Williams	Hypotension. Sympathetic blockade from epidurally injected analgesic agents can cause hypotension and decreased cardiac output. Despite precautions, hypotension is the most frequent side efect and is severe enough to require treatment in a third of women (Sharma, 1997). According to Miller and coworkers (2013), hypoten...	Obstentrics_Williams. Hypotension. Sympathetic blockade from epidurally injected analgesic agents can cause hypotension and decreased cardiac output. Despite precautions, hypotension is the most frequent side efect and is severe enough to require treatment in a third of women (Sharma, 1997). According to Miller and cow...
Gynecology_Novak	125. Niloff JM, Klug TL, Schaetzl E, et al. Elevation of serum CA125 in carcinoma of the fallopian tube, endometrium, and endocervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:1057–1058. 126. Patsner B, Mann WJ, Cohen H, et al. Predictive value of preoperative serum CA 125 levels in clinically localized and advanced endometrial car...	Gynecology_Novak. 125. Niloff JM, Klug TL, Schaetzl E, et al. Elevation of serum CA125 in carcinoma of the fallopian tube, endometrium, and endocervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:1057–1058. 126. Patsner B, Mann WJ, Cohen H, et al. Predictive value of preoperative serum CA 125 levels in clinically localized and advanc...
Obstentrics_Williams	In the past, some had set arbitrary time limits to permit vaginal delivery. Instead, experiences illustrate that maternal outcome depends on the diligence with which adequate luid and blood replacement therapy are pursued rather than on the interval to delivery. Observations from Parkland Hospital described by Pritchar...	Obstentrics_Williams. In the past, some had set arbitrary time limits to permit vaginal delivery. Instead, experiences illustrate that maternal outcome depends on the diligence with which adequate luid and blood replacement therapy are pursued rather than on the interval to delivery. Observations from Parkland Hospital...
InternalMed_Harrison	Approximately 35% of drinkers (and a much higher proportion of alcoholics) experience a blackout, an episode of temporary anterograde amnesia, in which the person forgets all or part of what occurred during a drinking evening. Another common problem, one seen after as few as one or two drinks shortly before bedtime, is...	InternalMed_Harrison. Approximately 35% of drinkers (and a much higher proportion of alcoholics) experience a blackout, an episode of temporary anterograde amnesia, in which the person forgets all or part of what occurred during a drinking evening. Another common problem, one seen after as few as one or two drinks shor...
Psichiatry_DSM-5	ADHD presentation should still be diagnosed. Population surveys suggest that ADHD occurs in most cultures in about 5% of children and about 2.5% of adults. Many parents first observe excessive motor activity when the child is a toddler, but symp- toms are difficult to distinguish from highly variable normative behavior...	Psichiatry_DSM-5. ADHD presentation should still be diagnosed. Population surveys suggest that ADHD occurs in most cultures in about 5% of children and about 2.5% of adults. Many parents first observe excessive motor activity when the child is a toddler, but symp- toms are difficult to distinguish from highly variable ...
InternalMed_Harrison	Although the associations of human disease with particular HLA alleles or haplotypes predominantly involve the class II region, there are also several prominent disease associations with class I alleles. These include the association of Behçet’s disease (Chap. 387) with HLA-B51, psoriasis vulgaris (Chap. 71) with HLA-C...	InternalMed_Harrison. Although the associations of human disease with particular HLA alleles or haplotypes predominantly involve the class II region, there are also several prominent disease associations with class I alleles. These include the association of Behçet’s disease (Chap. 387) with HLA-B51, psoriasis vulgaris...
Pediatrics_Nelson	Testing of pancreatic function is difficult. Direct measurement of enzyme concentrations in aspirated pancreatic juice is not routine and is technically difficult. Stools can be tested for the presence of maldigested fat, which usually indicates poor fat digestion. Measuring fecal fat can give either a qualitative asse...	Pediatrics_Nelson. Testing of pancreatic function is difficult. Direct measurement of enzyme concentrations in aspirated pancreatic juice is not routine and is technically difficult. Stools can be tested for the presence of maldigested fat, which usually indicates poor fat digestion. Measuring fecal fat can give either...