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Hitastig Description: The last $n$ days Hannes has been recording temperatures. Now it’s time to review the data and find interesting things. Hannes finds it interesting to know the highest and lowest temperature. He starts by looking at the data and tries to figure out the lowest and highest, but ...
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Hittast Description: Álfur and Benedikt are in love and want nothing more than to spend their time together. Sadly, they don’t live close to each other. Álfur lives in Helsinki but Benedikt lives in Buenos Aires. So they can’t meet up whenever they want. They decided to coordinate where and when to mee...
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Hitting the Targets Description: A fundamental operation in computational geometry is determining whether two objects touch. For example, in a game that involves shooting, we want to determine if a player’s shot hits a target. A shot is a two dimensional point, and a target is a two dimensional enclose...
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Hlaupafmæli Description: Little Gunna was born the 29th of February 2020. This day, 29th of February, is a bit special. The reason is that the month of February usually only has 28 days. Only on special years, leap years, February has 29 days. This is a bit odd for Gunna since she can only celebrate he...
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Hljóðstilling Description: Sara despises it when the volume is set to a number not divisible by at least one of her favourite numbers. For example if her favourite numbers were $2$ and $5$ it’d be fine to set the volume to $15$, $18$ or $20$ but $11$, $17$ or $21$ would not be okay. To simplify the lif...
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Hnappasetningaskipti Description: A while back Arnar, Bjarki and Unnar competed together in competitive programming. At the university level, contestants also compete in three person teams, but each team only gets one computer. Therefore it is very important to use the time at the computer well, while ...
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Hoarse Horses Description: Farmer Bob’s horses all are hoarse and may have a cold – even the pony is a little hoarse! Because of that, all the farm animals need to be individually quarantined. To separate the animals, Farmer Bob has a set of $n$ fences that cannot be crossed. Unfortunately, Farmer Alic...
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Hobson's Trains Description: Mr. Hobson has retired from running a stable and has invested in a more modern form of transport, trains. He has built a rail network with $n$ stations. However, he has retained his commitment to free the passenger from the burden of too many choices: from each station, a p...
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Hockey Fans Description: Some of the best hockey is when the Notnomde and Yraglac professional hockey teams play. But it isn’t always a polite game: the home team boos the other team’s goalie regularly throughout the game. You don’t like to boo the other team’s goalie, it is unsportsmanlike. But you a...
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Hogwarts Description: The new semester at Hogwarts has just started, but something is not quite right – the staircases are not cooperating with the school administrators! Hogwarts has a single room of movable staircases connecting the $N$ floors. There are $M$ staircases in total, and no two staircases...
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Hogwarts Description: The Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is the home of many students during the school year. The school has many rooms connected by corridors and stairs. Each room has four exits labelled by the integers $1, 2, 3$ or $4$. Some exits lead to another room, some of them are bl...
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Hole in One Description: Janine recently went to her local game store and bought “Hole in One”, a new mini-golf game for her computer. As indicated by the name, the objective of the game is to shoot a ball into a hole using just one shot. The game also borrows elements from brick breaker style games: i...
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Holey N-Queens (Batman) Description: The $N$-queens problem is the problem of placing $N$ queens on a $N \times N$ chessboard so that no queen shares a row, column or a diagonal with any other queen. Essentially, we are trying to place the queens without any queen threatening another. For example, the ...
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Holiday Stars Description: It is the time for the Holidays, which means it’s time for the annual Holiday Cookie Throwing contest where cookies are thrown against a wall. Cookies are really simple polygons that rotate clockwise while in flight. Due to many years of advanced research and precise throwing ...
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Holmes Description: Sherlock Holmes is a renowned detective. His Scotland Yard colleagues often provide him with a set of evidence and ask for his help in solving the mysteries. After many years of practice, Holmes has gained an enormous amount of experience and already knows causes for many common eve...
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Homework Description: Anthony has two multiple choice assignments to hand in today. The answer to each assignment is a string, where the $i^\textrm {th}$ letter represents the answer to the $i^\textrm {th}$ question. But instead of handing in two strings, Anthony only hands in a single string. He clai...
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Homework Help Description: Alice was recently given a homework assignment to write a program that would output the number of inversions in any subarray of a given permutation. She happily turned it in and got full marks on her assignment. The next week, their homework assignment was to find the length ...
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Honey Heist Description: 0x67 is a scout ant searching for food and discovers a beehive nearby. As it approaches the honeycomb, 0x67 can sense an area inside packed with dried honey that can be easily carried back to the nest and stored for winter. However, it must burrow through the honeycomb to reach...
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Honeycomb Walk Description: Your program has to compute, for a given $n$, the number of different such larva walks. ## Input The first line contains an integer giving the number of test cases to follow. Each case consists of one line containing an integer $n$, where $1\leq n\leq 14$. ## Output For ...
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Honi Description: From a pile of suggested tasks, authors of COCI must choose ones that will appear in the next round. Difficulty of a task is described with an integer in range $1$ to $N$. For some tasks, however, it is not easy to exactly determine their difficulty. The COCI authors decided that the...
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Honour Thy (Apaxian) Parent Description: While breaking ground for the Obama Presidential Center, which will be located just a few blocks from campus in Jackson Park, archeologists from the Oriental Institute have made an astounding discovery: a new set of scrolls from the ancient and certainly not mad...
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Hopper Description: A hopper is a virtual creature that visits Java programs and explores their arrays. Scientists observed a hopper and came to the following conclusions: * a hopper only visits arrays with integer entries, * a hopper always explores a sequence of array elements using the following r...
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Hoppers Description: You are part of an elite hacking group who has just invented a new type of malware, called the hoppers. Hoppers can operate in any high-security computer networks; however, they can only propagate themselves in a very limited way. A computer network is a set of hosts $V$ ($|V| = N$) a...
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Hopscotch Description: You’re playing hopscotch! You start at the origin and your goal is to hop to the lattice point $(N, N)$. A hop consists of going from lattice point $(x_1, y_1)$ to $(x_2, y_2)$, where $x_1 < x_2$ and $y_1 < y_2$. You dislike making small hops though. You’ve decided that ...
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Hopscotch 50 Description: There’s a new art installation in town, and it inspires you…to play a childish game. The art installation consists of a floor with an $n\! \times \! n$ matrix of square tiles. Each tile holds a single number from $1$ to $k$. You want to play hopscotch on it. You want t...
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Hopscotch 500 Description: Do you remember the new art installation from NAC 2020? Well, that artist is at it again, on a grander scale this time, and the new artwork still inspires you—to play a childish game. The art installation consists of a floor with a square matrix of tiles. Each tile holds a si...
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Hornrétt Description: ## Input The input contains three integers $a$, $b$, and $c$, the side lengths of the triangle. ## Output Print the area of the triangle if it’s possible to make a right angled triangle with side lengths $a$, $b$ and $c$, otherwise print $-1$. ## Scoring Group Points Constraints 1...
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Horror Film Night Description: Emma and Marcos are two friends who love horror films. This year, and possibly the years hereafter, they want to watch as many films together as possible. Unfortunately, they do not exactly have the same taste in films. So, inevitably, every now and then either Emma or Ma...
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Horror List Description: However, it turned out that some people were extremely disappointed, because they got to see movies like Ghosts of Mars, which instead caused them to tear out their hair in despair and horror. To avoid this problem for the next convention, Ian has come up with a solution, but ...
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Horse Race Description: You are currently in a horse racing competition with your arch nemesis. Both you and your arch nemesis have $N$ horses. This race has $N$ rounds, where in each round, one of your horses will race against one of your nemesis’s horses. All horses only race once. You possess $N$ horse...
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Horse Race - Hard Description: You are currently in horse racing competition with your arch nemesis. Both you and your arch nemesis have $N$ horses. This race has $N$ rounds, where in each round, one of your horses will race against one of your nemesis’s horses. All horses only race once. You possess $N$ ...
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Horse in Ambush Description: When Farmer Oskar doesn’t watch his cows closely enough, they tend to wander off into the forest to hunt for horse spies. To catch an enemy agent horse, the cows lure it into a cow trail and set up fences at the endpoints of the trail, which are $L$ meters apart. Two pr...
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Hot Dogs in Manhattan Description: The two friends Barack and Mitt have both decided to set up their own hot dog stand in Manhattan. They wish to find the two optimal locations for their stands. First of all, they both want to put their stand at an intersection, since that gives them maximum exposure. Als...
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Hot Hike Description: Given the current forecast of daily maximum temperatures during your vacation, what are the best days for your trip? ## Input The first line of input contains an integer $n$ ($3 \le n \le 50$), the length of your vacation in days. Then follows a line containing $n$ integers $t_1, t_...
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Hot Spot Description: Hot Spot is a single player game played on a $4$ by $4$ game board. The purpose of the game is to move a red robot from its current location on the board to the top left corner. The game board may also contain green and blue robots. Each square of the game board can be occupied by...
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Hot Springs Description: Kalle is visiting one of Iceland’s famous hot springs. It contains $n$ pools of water, where the $i$th one has temperature $t_ i$. Although staying in one of the warmer pools for a long time sure is relaxing, Kalle is on a very tight schedule and just wants a quick dip ...
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Hotels Description: The beautiful city of Leiden draws more and more tourists every year. Opposite the famous Hilbert Hotel, located near the city border, a competing chain is building a hotel in a project nicknamed Lodgings In A Colossal Skyscraper (LIACS). As you may know, the Hilbert Hotel has an in...
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Hotfix Description: In an earlier contest, contestants had to solve a simple problem. They were given a string and had to print each unique substring of it, along with the number of occurrences it had in the original string. For example AB would print A 1 B 1 AB 1 and AAA would print A 3 AA 2 AAA 1...
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Hotter Colder Description: The children’s game Hotter Colder is played as follows. Player A leaves the room while player B hides an object somewhere in the room. Player A re-enters at position $(0,0)$ and then visits various other positions about the room. When player A visits a new position, playe...
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House Building Description: A number of eccentrics from central New York have decided that they have had enough of modern society, and want to move from there. Together they have bought a rectangular piece of land far away, and will now settle there. The land consists of $N \times M$ squares, and it i...
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House Deconstruction Description: In the land of Circleland, there is a circle that has equally spaced points around its circumference. The distance between any two adjacent points is $1$. There are people and houses on the circle’s points. Each point contains a person, an empty house, or nothing at all. ...
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House Lawn Description: After pushing the lawnmower around the lawn during the hottest Saturday afternoon in history, you decided that there must be a better way. And then you saw the ads for the new robotic lawnmovers. But which one should you buy? They all have different cutting speeds, cutting times...
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House of Cards Description: The house will have a triangular shape. The illustration to the right shows a house of height $6$, and Figure 1 shows a schematic figure of a house of height $5$. For aesthetic reasons, the cards used to build the tower should feature each of the four suits (clubs, diamonds, he...
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How Big Are the Pockets? Description: Professor Polygonovich, an honest citizen of Flatland, likes to take random walks along integer points in the plane. He starts from the origin in the morning, facing north. There are three types of actions he makes: * ’F’: move forward one unit of length. * ’L’: turn...
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How Many Digits? Description: Often times it is sufficient to know the rough size of a number, rather than its exact value. For example, a human can reason about which store to visit to buy milk if one store is roughly $1$ kilometer away, and another store is roughly $100$ kilometers away. The exact ...
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How do Spiders Walk on Water? Description: Some types of spiders are able to walk on water. But spiders can have problems when walking near a waterfall. Water in ponds or calm parts of rivers are suitable for spiders walking on water. When spiders realize water moves they jump in the opposite direction. H...
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How many 0's? Description: A Benedict monk No. 16 writes down the decimal representations of all natural numbers between and including $m$ and $n$, $m \le n$. How many $0$’s will he write down? ## Input Input consists of a sequence of lines. Each line contains two unsigned 32-bit integers $m$ and $n$...
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How many squares? Description: While browsing the internet, of course using Internet Explorer without any adblocker, you have noticed a number of interesting competitions advertised in the panels on various webpages. In most of these competitions you need to answer a simple question, like how many tria...
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How to Paint? Description: Being a Pokenom trainer is very stressful. You always need to take good care of all your Pokenoms and always be prepared to battle other Pokenom trainers. To cope with the stressful life, Bash learns to paint in his free time. Today Bash is working on his masterpiece: ‘The two ...
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Howl Description: Returning to the Beautiful Gloomy Outback (BGO) after a strenuous trip to the city, you hear a faint howl in the distance. Instantly you realize it is your friend Fenrir inviting you to a howling contest. In order to make an impressive howl that wins the contest, you know that your h...
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Howl's Mewing Castle Description: Howl’s moving castle is currently undergoing renovation, where the walls of the castle are getting sharper and more defined. The castle has a state that can be described as a single number, which starts off at $0$. The castle can undergo $N$ different processes, w...
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Hraðgreining Description: Most Icelanders have found it hard to miss how many COVID tests have been performed in their country to figure out whether people have Covid or not. At designated testing locations, samples are taken from both the nose and mouth. They are then put into a DNA sequencer which re...
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Hraðskrif Description: Bjarki has prepared a dictionary on his computer that contains all the words that may appear. For example, it takes $26$ key presses to type ANNA OG AMMA ETA MAT SAMAN. If he uses the dictionary and types AN! O! AM! E! M! S!, where ! denotes that Bjarki presses the TAB ke...
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Hringvegurinn Description: ## Input The first line of the input contains two integers, the number of sections $N$ and the number of queries $q$ ($1 \leq N \leq 10^6$, $1 \leq q \leq 10^4$). Next there are $q$ lines, each with one query. Each query is a single line and starts with the numbe...
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Hrpa Description: Mirko and Slavko’s favourite pastime is competing against each other in mathematical games. This time they took a heap of $N$ pebbles and settled on the following rules: * Mirko is the first to play, then Slavko, then Mirko again, then Slavko and so on; * Mirko can take any numb...
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Hubtown Description: Hubtown is a large Nordic city which is home to $n$ citizens. Every morning, each of its citizens wants to travel to the central hub from which the city gets its name, by using one of the $m$ commuter trains which pass through the city. Each train line is a ray (i.e., a line segment wh...
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Huge Campus Description: Gregory Brandon Sr. works at some startup in Redmond that owns a huge campus with a lot of office buildings. Since Gregory likes to work in different environments, he will work in exactly two buildings every day. On the $i$-th day, Gregory walks from his home to building $a_ i$...
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Human Cannonball Run Description: You are a world-famous circus performer, a human cannonball. This means that you climb into a big, fake cannon and launch yourself great distances to delight young and old alike. Today, you’re not alone. You are at the international human cannonball conference and expo...
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Human Observation Description: It is known by all that the *creepy* Lord Pooty loves observing people for “research” purposes. Today, he is in a mall and would like to stare at people like usual. The mall is modelled as a grid and there are $N$ people, standing at locations $(x_ i, y_ i)$ that Lord...
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Hungarian Services Description: You have been hired by Hungarian Services to match a list of $m$ problem proposals to a list of $n$ problem topics for a contest, where $m \geq n$. The problem proposals have an index of $1, 2, \ldots , m$, while the topics have an index of $1, 2, \ldots n$. Not...
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Hunt the Wumpus Description: Hunt the Wumpus is a game you play against the computer on a $10 \times 10$ grid. At the beginning of the game, four wumpuses are randomly placed on the grid (with no two sharing a location). You need to find and capture all four wumpuses. You guess a square by entering the...
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Hunter x Communication Description: Having passed the Hunter Exam, Gon is now officially a Hunter! Gon is now saying goodbye to his best friend, Killua, as Gon wants to visit his home in ‘While Island’. Gon and Killua plan to use the online chat application, Olaz, to keep in touch. However, they are not c...
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Hunting Pirates Description: The Atlantic Ocean has become extremely unsafe because of a recent increase in pirate activity (the Jolly Roger kind, not the free-digital-content kind). As a result, the Atlantic Counter-Piracy Collective (ACPC) is offering a substantial bounty for information about the tr...
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Hurricane Danger! Description: Hurricanes can cause a lot of destruction when they pass over land. Given the path that a hurricane takes and the locations of a number of cities, find which city is in the most danger of damage. That is, the city that is closest to the path the hurricane takes. Assume th...
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Hvert Skal Mæta? Description: The Icelandic Collegiate Programming Contest is upon us and all the contestants are registered. This leaves only one question: “Where to attend?” The simplest option for a contestant is to travel the least amount of distance to reach a contest site. Only two municipalitie...
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Hyacinth Description: Your bosses at NWERC want you to figure out a procedure for assigning frequencies to the NICs such that the number of frequencies in use is maximized, subject to the constraint that all pairs of adjacent nodes must be able to communicate. A frequency is considered used if any pair...
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Hydra's Heads Description: Princess Perly has been kidnapped by the magical Hydra! The kingdom is in chaos. Now only PyPy — the bravest Knight of the country — can save the day! Hydra is a powerful magical creature with $H$ heads and $T$ tails. Hydra can breathe fire from each of its heads, and can shoot ...
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Háhýsi Description: ## Input The first and only line of the input is the length and width of the site, $n$ and $m$, separated by a space. It is guaranteed that $1 \leq n, m \leq 10^{18}$. ## Output Print the number of possible locations for the skyscraper. Since the answer could be very large yo...
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Hårgalåten Description: Hårgalåten is a Swedish folk song that tells the story of how the devil makes a group of youths dance until they die. Tom likes Hårgalåten and has therefore written an arrangement for his orchestra to play. To fit with the theme of the lyrics, Tom has composed the arrangement in...
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Hópavinna Description: In the next iteration of ÁFLV, the course will make use of group assignments to evaluate students’ knowledge. As a student, you are seeking to minimize the amount of time spent on doing the assignments while still getting your desired grade. This will allow you to spend more time...
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Höfundaleit Description: Hallgerður Stuttbrók is stood in the library in Reyðarfjörður. She is looking for something fun to read, but cannot find the book she has in mind. This is because she does not remember the name of the author, and at this library the books are ordered by the names of the authors...
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Höskuldarháska Description: FKHÍ’s continuous integration system performs many tasks. Ensures input data is formatted correctly, looks for typos in problem statements and more. After having made a reference to a popular movie in the last contest and spoiled an important plot point for those who had not...
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I Can Guess the Data Structure! Description: There is a bag-like data structure, supporting two operations: $1\ x$: Throw an element $x$ into the bag. $2$: Take out an element from the bag. Given a sequence of operations with return values, you’re going to guess the data structure. It is a stack...
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I Could Have Won Description: “We will be closing in about 5 minutes. Thank you for visiting the ICPC gym today.” With this announcement, Alice and Bob stopped playing their rock-paper-scissors marathon in the middle of the $10$th game. Each player scores a point if their throw beats the other player’s th...
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I Hate The Number Nine Description: How many positive $d$ digit numbers exist that do not contain a nine? ## Input The first line of the input consists of a single integer, $T$, the number of test cases. Each of the following $T$ cases consists of a single integer $d$, the number of digits. * $1...
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I Repeat Myself I Repeat Myself I Repeat Description: The Perl programming language has a lot of convenient little operators. For example, it has an infix operator, x, for creating repeated copies of a string. When used in an expression like $p$ x $n$, the operator x produces a string containing $n$ re...
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I Wanna Be The Very Best Description: In order to become the very best Pokenom trainer, Bash needs to prepare a team of Pokenom to participate in the Pokenom world championship. Bash has $N$ Pokenoms. Each Pokenom has $3$ stats: Attack, Defense and Health. Bash wants to select $K$ Pokenoms with hi...
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I'm Thinking of a Number Description: Let’s play a guessing game. I’m thinking of a positive integer that’s greater than five and less than eleven and divisible by three. Of course, I could be thinking of either six or nine. Your job is to supply a program that can play guessing games like this. Given ...
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I've Been Everywhere, Man Description: Someone recently asked her “how many different cities have you visited for work?” Thankfully Alice has kept a log of her trips. Help Alice figure out the number of cities she has visited at least once. ## Input The first line of input contains a single positive inte...
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ICPC Awards Description: The ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest has been held in Vietnam for more than $10$ years. The contest is a great chance for the students to meet new friends, broaden their knowledge and of course, win prizes. Every years, universities can send one or multiple teams t...
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ICPC Camp Description: John is a leading organizer of this year’s North America ICPC training camp. The camp lasts several days. On each day, there will be a lecture introducing two problems: one classical problem and one creative problem. Each problem can only be introduced once during the entire camp...
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ICPC Record Matching Description: When using “software-as-a-service” offerings, a user often has a problem of matching records stored by the different services and determining if they refer to the same entity (person, account, order, etc.) The ICPC is no exception. While each participant has a record i...
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ICPC Team Generation Description: Vi is a coach for her university’s ICPC organization and is working on creating teams for their upcoming regional contest. They recently competed in the North America Qualifier and Vi is using the results as well as each person’s preferences to create as many teams of ...
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ICPC Team Selection Description: The coach of Nha Trang University, Mr. Van, has just organized a contest to form its ICPC teams. There were students participating in the contest. The $i^\textrm {th}$ student scored $P_ i$ in the contest. The coach wants to form $N$ different teams (each team has $3$ ...
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ICPC Tutorial Description: ACM-ICPC returns to Singapore in 2015 after a long absence. There may be new contestants from this region who are joining ACM-ICPC for the very first time1. This problem serves as a tutorial for such contestants. First, let establish the fact that the problems posed in ICPC ...
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IMO Harder Problem Description: After passing the final round of the Hunter Exam, Gon is now a Hunter! But before continuing his exciting journey, Gon decides to visit his home in ‘While Island’. Aunt Mito is happy that Gon has become a Hunter and has visited home. But at the same time, she feels worried ...
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IOU Description: You are developing a new app intended to simplify expense-sharing among groups of friends. This app will allow them to keep track of who encountered an expense and how it should be shared with others through the form of IOUs. For instance, if Alice pays for a meal shared with Bob and C...
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IP over Avian Carriers Description: When you live out in the Finnish woods, far away from all the cities, Internet connectivity has a wildly varying quality. This has clear disadvantages when doing competitive programming, especially since most competitions take place online. To improve reliability of...
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IPAM Description: Indriði and Eggert are DNS experts. They wrote a piece of software that supports management of Domain Name Servers. It can even manage reverse pointer records. Now they want to design software for IP Address Management. Networks make use of IP addresses. The network administrators th...
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IQ Test Description: In many IQ tests, the following type of questions is often given: For example, if you are given the sequence $1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21$ you may recognize this as the Fibonacci numbers and write down $34$ as the next term. There is no “correct answer” because the next term can be ...
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ISBN Conversion Description: An ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is a unique identifier assigned to a distinct edition/version of a published book (for example, hardcover and paperback versions of the same edition get different ISBNs). ISBNs assigned before 2007 were $10$ digits long (the ...
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ISP Merger Description: A number of regional Internet Service Providers (ISPs), both big and small have recently been forced into a merger by the government, in an effort to improve service for all. Of course this has been decided without consulting you, the chief network infrastructure officer, and a ...
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IXth Problem Description: Emily recently learned about the Roman Empire and its civilization at school. One aspect that was especially fascinating to her is the number system that they used, the Roman numerals. The Roman number system uses seven distinct digits, each representing a different value and ...
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Ice Cream Description: Ice cream is a difficult topic. You are at the ice cream store and have some trouble deciding how you want your ice cream. How many scoops? What flavours? In what order? The only way to ensure that you are making the right decisions is to approach the problem systematically. The...
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Ice Cream Description: The Better Get Obese (BGO) ice cream factory is gearing up for the holiday season, and after several years with mediocre sales, they have decided to focus only on their most popular product, ice cream with flavour of chocolate and vanilla. In order to make a perfect such ice cream, ...
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Ice Cream Machines Description: Arnar, being a true Icelander, loves ice cream and today is just the perfect weather to go grab some of this delicious treat. He heads out into the blizzard to his favourite ice cream store. When he arrives he is surprised to see an unusually short queue ahead of him; he...
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Ice Floe Jumping Description: Two polar bears (of opposite genders) were floating around on ice floes (“isflak” in Swedish, “ľadová kryha” in Slovak) somewhere outside the northern parts of Greenland, and had finally decided to meet. After only a couple of minutes, and a few jumps between ice floes, th...
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Icons in the Toolbar Description: Gunnar is not satisfied with the graphic tools currently available for LaTeX, so he’s working on his own graphics editor. For every editor function he has also created an icon which is a square image. These icons will be placed in a toolbar with two rows and $N$ co...
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Icy Itinerary Description: It is a harsh and cold winter, in a town consisting of $n$ houses. Everybody is asleep in the early morning hours. The snow lies deep on the ground, except on the $m$ roads that connect some pairs of houses. Only Thomas is awake. Thomas the mailman needs to deliver mail ...
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Ideas Description: A unique feature of ideas is that they are not consumed when used. A good idea can benefit arbitrarily many people without diminishing the value of the idea. An idea can even serve as the basis for creative people to derive even better ideas. Each person relies on a specific set of i...
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