Split (1)

train · 21.9k rows

text stringlengths 270 6.81k
000 1.000 1.000 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.004.013.034.078.154.268.414.575.726.846.926.971.991.998 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.006.017.044.098.189.323.488.659.807.910.967.991.998 1.000 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.006.017.047.109.220.383.579.766.902.973.996 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.009.033.098.236.463.729.928 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.007.034.127.358.723 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.026.222 1.000 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 686 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES TABLE 2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities Tabulated values are P(x k) p(0) p(1) p(k). (Computations are rounded at the third decimal place.) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1.0 1.5.905.995 1.000.819.982.999 1.000.741.963.996 1.000.670.938.992.999 1.000.607.910.986.998 1.000.549.878.977.997 1.
000.497.844.966.994.999 1.000.449.809.953.991.999 1.000.407.772.937.987.998 1.000.368.736.920.981.996.999 1.000.223.558.809.934.981.996.999 1.000 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 m.135.406.677.857.947.983.995.999 1.000.082.287.544.758.891.958.986.996.999 1.000.055.199.423.647.815.916.966.988.996.999 1.000.033.136.321.537.725.858.935.973.990.997.999 1.000.018.092.238.433.629.785.889.949.979.992.997.999 1.000.011.061.174.342.532.703.831.913.960.983.993.998.999 1.000.007.040.125.265.440.616.762.867.932.968.986.995.998.999 1.000.004.027.088.202.358.529.686.809.894.946.975.989.996.998.999 1.000.003.017.062.151.285.446.606.744.847.916.957.980.991.996.999.999 1.000.002.011.043.112.224.369.563.673.792.877.933.966.984.993.997.999 1.000.001.007.030.082.173.301.450.599.729.830.901.947.973.987.994.998.999 1.000 TABLE 2 (continued) APPENDIX I TABLES ❍ 687 7.5.001.005.020.059.132.241.378.525.662.776.862.921.957.
978.990.995.998.999 1.000 8.0.000.003.014.042.100.191.313.453.593.717.816.888.936.966.983.992.996.998.999 1.000 8.5.000.002.009.030.074.150.256.386.523.653.763.849.909.949.973.986.993.997.999.999 1.000 9.0.000.001.006.021.055.116.207.324.456.587.706.803.876.926.959.978.989.995.998.999 1.000 m 9.5.000.001.004.015.040.089.165.269.392.522.645.752.836.898.940.967.982.991.996.998.999 1.000 10.0.000.000.003.010.029.067.130.220.333.458.583.697.792.864.917.951.973.986.993.997.998.999 1.000 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 12.0.000.000.001.002.008.020.046.090.155.242.347.462.576.682.772.844.899.937.963.979.988.994.997.999.999 1.000 15.0.000.000.000.000.001.003.008.018.037.070.118.185.268.363.466.568.664.749.819.875.917.947.967.981.989.994.997.998.999 1.000 20.0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.002.005.011.021.039.066.105.157.221.297.381.470.559.644.721.787.843.888.922.948.966.978.987.992.995.997.999.999 1.
000 688 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES Area 0 z TABLE 3 Areas under the Normal Curve z 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0.00.0003.0005.0007.0010.0013.0019.0026.0035.0047.0062.0082.0107.0139.0179.0228.0287.0359.0446.0548.0668.0808.0968.1151.1357.1587.1841.2119.2420.2743.3085.3446.3821.4207.4602.5000.01.0003.0005.0007.0009.0013.0018.0025.0034.0045.0060.0080.0104.0136.0174.0222.0281.0351.0436.0537.0655.0793.0951.1131.1335.1562.1814.2090.2389.2709.3050.3409.3783.4168.4562.4960.02.0003.0005.0006.0009.0013.0017.0024.0033.0044.0059.0078.0102.0132.0170.0217.0274.0344.0427.0526.0643.0778.0934.1112.1314.1539.1788.2061.2358.2676.3015.3372.3745.4129.4522.4920.03.0003.0004.0006.0009.0012.0017.0023.0032.0043.0057.0075.0099.0129.0166.0212.0268.0336.0418.0516.0630.07
64.0918.1093.1292.1515.1762.2033.2327.2643.2981.3336.3707.4090.4483.4880.04.0003.0004.0006.0008.0012.0016.0023.0031.0041.0055.0073.0096.0125.0162.0207.0262.0329.0409.0505.0618.0749.0901.1075.1271.1492.1736.2005.2296.2611.2946.3300.3669.4052.4443.4840.05.0003.0004.0006.0008.0011.0016.0022.0030.0040.0054.0071.0094.0122.0158.0202.0256.0322.0401.0495.0606.0735.0885.1056.1251.1469.1711.1977.2266.2578.2912.3264.3632.4013.4404.4801.06.0003.0004.0006.0008.0011.0015.0021.0029.0039.0052.0069.0091.0119.0154.0197.0250.0314.0392.0485.0594.0722.0869.1038.1230.1446.1685.1949.2236.2546.2877.3228.3594.3974.4364.4761.07.0003.0004.0005.0008.0011.0015.0021.0028.0038.0051.0068.0089.0116.0150.0192.0244.0307.0384.0475.0582.0708.0853.1020.1210.1423.1660.1922.2206.2514.2843.3192.3557.3936.4325.4721.08.0003.0004.0005.0007.0010.0014.0020.0027.0037.0049.0066.0087.0113.01
46.0188.0239.0301.0375.0465.0571.0694.0838.1003.1190.1401.1635.1894.2177.2483.2810.3156.3520.3897.4286.4681.09.0002.0003.0005.0007.0010.0014.0019.0026.0036.0048.0064.0084.0110.0143.0183.0233.0294.0367.0455.0559.0681.0823.0985.1170.1379.1611.1867.2148.2451.2776.3121.3483.3859.4247.4641 TABLE 3 (continued) z 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4.00.5000.5398.5793.6179.6554.6915.7257.7580.7881.8159.8413.8643.8849.9032.9192.9332.9452.9554.9641.9713.9772.9821.9861.9893.9918.9938.9953.9965.9974.9981.9987.9990.9993.9995.9997.01.5040.5438.5832.6217.6591.6950.7291.7611.7910.8186.8438.8665.8869.9049.9207.9345.9463.9564.9649.9719.9778.9826.9864.9896.9920.9940.9955.9966.9975.9982.9987.9991.9993.9995.9997.02.5080.5478.5871.6255.66
28.6985.7324.7642.7939.8212.8461.8686.8888.9066.9222.9357.9474.9573.9656.9726.9783.9830.9868.9898.9922.9941.9956.9967.9976.9982.9987.9991.9994.9995.9997.03.5120.5517.5910.6293.6664.7019.7357.7673.7967.8238.8485.8708.8907.9082.9236.9370.9484.9582.9664.9732.9788.9834.9871.9901.9925.9943.9957.9968.9977.9983.9988.9991.9994.9996.9997.04.5160.5557.5948.6331.6700.7054.7389.7704.7995.8264.8508.8729.8925.9099.9251.9382.9495.9591.9671.9738.9793.9838.9875.9904.9927.9945.9959.9969.9977.9984.9988.9992.9994.9996.9997.05.5199.5596.5987.6368.6736.7088.7422.7734.8023.8289.8531.8749.8944.9115.9265.9394.9505.9599.9678.9744.9798.9842.9878.9906.9929.9946.9960.9970.9978.9984.9989.9992.9994.9996.9997.06.5239.5636.6026.6406.6772.7123.7454.7764.8051.8315.8554.8770.8962.9131.9279.9406.9515.9608.9686.9750.9803.9846.9881.9909.9931.9948.9961.9971.9979.9985.9989.99
92.9994.9996.9997 APPENDIX I TABLES ❍ 689.07.5279.5675.6064.6443.6808.7157.7486.7794.8078.8340.8577.8790.8980.9147.9292.9418.9525.9616.9693.9756.9808.9850.9884.9911.9932.9949.9962.9972.9979.9985.9989.9992.9995.9996.9997.08.5319.5714.6103.6480.6844.7190.7517.7823.8106.8365.8599.8810.8997.9162.9306.9429.9535.9625.9699.9761.9812.9854.9887.9913.9934.9951.9963.9973.9980.9986.9990.9993.9995.9996.9997.09.5359.5753.6141.6517.6879.7224.7549.7852.8133.8389.8621.8830.9015.9177.9319.9441.9545.9633.9706.9767.9817.9857.9890.9916.9936.9952.9964.9974.9981.9986.9990.9993.9995.9997.9998 This page intentionally left blank TABLE 4 Critical Values of t a ta t.025 12.706 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101 2.093 2.086 2.080 2.074 2.069 2.064 2.060 2.056 2.052 2.048 2.045 1.960 t.050 6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.796 1.782 1.771 1.761 1.753 1.746
1.740 1.734 1.729 1.725 1.721 1.717 1.714 1.711 1.708 1.706 1.703 1.701 1.699 1.645 df 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 t.100 3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.345 1.341 1.337 1.333 1.330 1.328 1.325 1.323 1.321 1.319 1.318 1.316 1.315 1.314 1.313 1.311 1.282 APPENDIX I TABLES ❍ 691 t.010 31.821 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.718 2.681 2.650 2.624 2.602 2.583 2.567 2.552 2.539 2.528 2.518 2.508 2.500 2.492 2.485 2.479 2.473 2.467 2.462 2.326 t.005 63.657 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.106 3.055 3.012 2.977 2.947 2.921 2.898 2.878 2.861 2.845 2.831 2.819 2.807 2.797 2.787 2.779 2.771 2.763 2.756 2.576 df 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 SOURCE: From “Table of Percentage Points of the t-Distribution,” Biometrika 32 (1941):300. Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees. 692 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES TABLE 5 Critical Values of Chi-Square 0 a χ2 a 2 x.995.0000393.0100251.0717212.206990.411740.675727.989265 1
.344419 1.734926 2 x.990.0001571.0201007.114832.297110.554300.872085 1.239043 1.646482 2.087912 2 x.975.0009821.0506356.215795.484419.831211 1.237347 1.68987 2.17973 2.70039 2.15585 2.60321 3.07382 3.56503 4.07468 4.60094 5.14224 5.69724 6.26481 6.84398 7.43386 8.03366 8.64272 9.26042 9.88623 10.5197 11.1603 11.8076 12.4613 13.1211 13.7867 20.7065 27.9907 35.5346 43.2752 51.1720 59.1963 67.3276 2.55821 3.05347 3.57056 4.10691 4.66043 5.22935 5.81221 6.40776 7.01491 7.63273 8.26040 8.89720 9.54249 10.19567 10.8564 11.5240 12.1981 12.8786 13.5648 14.2565 14.9535 22.1643 29.7067 37.4848 45.4418 53.5400 61.7541 70.0648 3.24697 3.81575 4.40379 5.00874 5.62872 6.26214 6.90766 7.56418 8.23075 8.90655 9.59083 10.28293 10.9823 11.6885 12.4011 13.1197 13.8439 14.5733 15.3079 16.0471 16.7908 24.4331 32.3574 40.4817 48.7576 57.1532 65.6466 74.2219 df 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2 x.950.0039321.102587.351846.710721 1.145476 1.63539 2.16735 2.73264 3.32511 3.94030 4.
57481 5.22603 5.89186 6.57063 7.26094 7.96164 8.67176 9.39046 10.1170 10.8508 11.5913 12.3380 13.0905 13.8484 14.6114 15.3791 16.1513 16.9279 17.7083 18.4926 26.5093 34.7642 43.1879 51.7393 60.3915 69.1260 77.9295 2 x.900.0157908.210720.584375 1.063623 1.61031 2.20413 2.83311 3.48954 4.16816 4.86518 5.57779 6.30380 7.04150 7.78953 8.54675 9.31223 10.0852 10.8649 11.6509 12.4426 13.2396 14.0415 14.8479 15.6587 16.4734 17.2919 18.1138 18.9392 19.7677 20.5992 29.0505 37.6886 46.4589 55.3290 64.2778 73.2912 82.3581 SOURCE: From “Tables of the Percentage Points of the x 2-Distribution,” Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. 1, 3rd ed. (1966). Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees. APPENDIX I TABLES ❍ 693 TABLE 5 (continued) 2 x.100 2.70554 4.60517 6.25139 7.77944 9.23635 10.6446 12.0170 13.3616 14.6837 15.9871 17.2750 18.5494 19.8119 21.0642 22.3072 23.5418 24.7690 25.9894 27.2036 28.4120 29.6151 30.8133 32.0069 33.1963 34.3816 35.5631 36.7412 37.9159 39.0875 40.2560 51.8050 63.1671 74.3970 85.5271 96.5782 107.565 118.498 2 x.050 3.84146 5.99147 7.81473 9.48773 11.0705 12.5916 14.
0671 15.5073 16.9190 18.3070 19.6751 21.0261 22.3621 23.6848 24.9958 26.2962 27.8571 28.8693 30.1435 31.4104 32.6705 33.9244 35.1725 36.4151 37.6525 38.8852 40.1133 41.3372 42.5569 43.7729 55.7585 67.5048 79.0819 90.5312 2 x.025 5.02389 7.37776 9.34840 11.1433 12.8325 14.4494 16.0128 17.5346 19.0228 20.4831 21.9200 23.3367 24.7356 26.1190 27.4884 28.8485 30.1910 31.5264 32.8523 34.1696 35.4789 36.7807 38.0757 39.3641 40.6465 41.9232 43.1944 44.4607 45.7222 46.9792 59.3417 71.4202 83.2976 95.0231 101.879 113.145 124.342 106.629 118.136 129.561 2 x.010 6.63490 9.21034 11.3449 13.2767 15.0863 16.8119 18.4753 20.0902 21.6660 23.2093 24.7250 26.2170 27.6883 29.1413 30.5779 31.9999 33.4087 34.8053 36.1908 37.5662 38.9321 40.2894 41.6384 42.9798 44.3141 45.6417 46.9630 48.2782 49.5879 50.8922 63.6907 76.1539 88.3794 2 x.005 7.87944 10.5966 12.8381 14.8602 16.7496 18.5476 20.2777 21.9550 23.5893 25.1882 26.7569 28.2995 29.8194 31.3193 32.8013 34.2672 35.7185 37.1564 38.5822 39.9968 41.4010 42.7956 44.1813 45.5585 46.9278 48
.2899 49.6449 50.9933 52.3356 53.6720 66.7659 79.4900 91.9517 100.425 112.329 124.116 135.807 104.215 116.321 128.299 140.169 df 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 694 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES TABLE 6 Percentage Points of the F Distribution 0 6 a Fa 7 8 9 58.20 234.0 937.1 58.91 236.8 948.2 59.44 238.9 956.7 59.86 240.5 963.3 df1 5 57.24 230.2 921.8 1 2 3 4 39.86 161.4 647.8 4052 16211 49.50 199.5 799.5 4999.5 20000 53.59 215.7 864.2 55.83 224.6 899.6 5403 21615 5625 22500 5764 23056 5859 23437 5928 23715 5982 23925 6022 24091 8.53 18.51 38.51 98.50 9.00 19.00 39.00 99.00 9.16 19.16 39.17 99.17 9.24 19.25 39.25 99.25 9.29 19.30 39.30 99.30 9.33 19.33 39.33 99.33 9.35 19.35 39.36 99.36 9.37 19.37 39.37 99.37 9.38 19.38 39.39 99.39 198.5 199.0 199.2 199.2 199.3 199.3 199.4 199.4 199.4 5.54 10.13 17.44 34.12 55.55 4.54 7.71 12.22 21.20 31.33 4.06 6.61 10.01 16.26 22.78 3.78 5.99 8.81 13.75 18.63 3.59 5.59 8.07 12.25 16.24 3.46 5.32 7.57 11.26 14.69 3.36 5.12 7.21 10.56 13.61 5.46 9.55 16.04 30.82 49.80 4
.32 6.94 10.65 18.00 26.28 3.78 5.79 8.43 13.27 18.31 3.46 5.14 7.26 10.92 14.54 3.26 4.74 6.54 9.55 12.40 3.11 4.46 6.06 8.65 11.04 3.01 4.26 5.71 8.02 10.11 5.39 9.28 15.44 29.46 47.47 4.19 6.59 9.98 16.69 24.26 3.62 5.41 7.76 12.06 16.53 3.29 4.76 6.60 9.78 12.92 3.07 4.35 5.89 8.45 10.88 2.92 4.07 5.42 7.59 9.60 2.81 3.86 5.08 6.99 8.72 5.34 9.12 15.10 28.71 46.19 4.11 6.39 9.60 15.98 23.15 3.52 5.19 7.39 11.39 15.56 3.18 4.53 6.23 9.15 12.03 2.96 4.12 5.52 7.85 10.05 2.81 3.84 5.05 7.01 8.81 2.69 3.63 4.72 6.42 7.96 5.31 9.01 14.88 28.24 45.39 4.05 6.26 9.36 15.52 22.46 3.45 5.05 7.15 10.97 14.94 3.11 4.39 5.99 8.75 11.46 2.88 3.97 5.29 7.46 9.52 2.73 3.69 4.82 6.63 8.30 2.61 3.48 4.48 6.06 7.47 5.28 8.94 14.73 27.91 44.84 4.01 6.16 9.20 15.21 21.97 3.40 4.95 6.98 10.67 14.51 3.05 4.28 5.82 8.47 11.07 2.83 3.87 5.12 7.19 9.16 2.67 3.58 4.65 6.37 7.95 2.55 3.37 4.32 5.80 7.13 5
.27 8.89 14.62 27.64 44.43 3.98 6.09 9.07 14.98 21.62 3.37 4.88 6.85 10.46 14.20 3.01 4.21 5.70 8.26 10.79 2.78 3.79 4.99 6.99 8.89 2.62 3.50 4.53 6.18 7.69 2.51 3.29 4.20 5.61 6.88 5.25 8.85 14.54 27.49 44.13 3.95 6.04 8.98 14.80 21.35 3.34 4.82 6.76 10.29 13.96 2.98 4.15 5.60 8.10 10.57 2.75 3.73 4.90 6.84 8.68 2.59 3.44 4.43 6.03 7.50 2.47 3.23 4.10 5.47 6.69 5.24 8.81 14.47 27.35 43.88 3.94 6.00 8.90 14.66 21.14 3.32 4.77 6.68 10.16 13.77 2.96 4.10 5.52 7.98 10.39 2.72 3.68 4.82 6.72 8.51 2.56 3.39 4.36 5.91 7.34 2.44 3.18 4.03 5.35 6.54 df2 100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005 SOURCE: A portion of “Tables of Percentage Points of the Inverted Beta (F) Distribution,” Biometrika, Vol. 33 (1943) by M. Merrington and C.M. Thompson and from Table 18 of Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 1954, edited by E.S. Pearson and H.O. Hartley. Reproduced with permission of the authors, editors, and Biometrika Trustees. APPENDIX
I TABLES ❍ 695 TABLE 6 (continued) 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 a df2 df1 60.19 241.9 968.6 60.71 243.9 976.7 61.22 245.9 984.9 61.74 248.0 993.1 62.00 249.1 997.2 6056 24224 6106 24426 6157 24630 6209 24836 6235 24940 62.26 250.1 62.53 251.2 62.79 252.2 63.06 253.3 63.33 254.3 1001 6261 25044 1006 6287 25148 1010 6313 25253 1014 6339 25359 1018 6366 25465 9.39 19.40 39.40 99.40 9.41 19.41 39.41 99.42 9.42 19.43 39.43 99.43 9.44 19.45 39.45 99.45 9.45 19.45 39.46 99.46 9.46 19.46 39.46 99.47 9.47 19.47 39.47 99.47 9.47 19.48 39.48 99.48 9.48 19.49 39.49 99.49 9.49 19.50 39.50 99.50 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.5 199.5 199.5 199.5 199.5 199.5 5.23 8.79 14.42 27.23 43.69 3.92 5.96 8.84 14.55 20.97 3.30 4.74 6.62 10.05 13.62 2.94 4.06 5.46 7.87 10.25 2.70 3.64 4.76 6.62 8.38 2.54 3.35 4.30 5.81 7.21 2.42 3.14 3.96 5.26 6.42 5.22 8.74 14.34 27.05 43.39 3.90 5.91 8.75 14.37 20.70 3.27 4.68 6.52 9.89 13.38 2.90 4.00 5.37 7.72 10.03 2.67 3.57 4.67 6.47 8.18 2.50 3.28 4.20 5.67 7.01 2.38 3.07 3
.87 5.11 6.23 5.20 8.70 14.25 26.87 43.08 3.87 5.86 8.66 14.20 20.44 3.24 4.62 6.43 9.72 13.15 2.87 3.94 5.27 7.56 9.81 2.63 3.51 4.57 6.31 7.97 2.46 3.22 4.10 5.52 6.81 2.34 3.01 3.77 4.96 6.03 5.18 8.66 14.17 26.69 42.78 3.84 5.80 8.56 14.02 20.17 3.21 4.56 6.33 9.55 12.90 2.84 3.87 5.17 7.40 9.59 2.59 3.44 4.47 6.16 7.75 2.42 3.15 4.00 5.36 6.61 2.30 2.94 3.67 4.81 5.83 5.18 8.64 14.12 26.60 42.62 3.83 5.77 8.51 13.93 20.03 3.19 4.53 6.28 9.47 12.78 2.82 3.84 5.12 7.31 9.47 2.58 3.41 4.42 6.07 7.65 2.40 3.12 3.95 5.28 6.50 2.28 2.90 3.61 4.73 5.73 5.17 8.62 14.08 26.50 42.47 3.82 5.75 8.46 13.84 19.89 3.17 4.50 6.23 9.38 12.66 2.80 3.81 5.07 7.23 9.36 2.56 3.38 4.36 5.99 7.53 2.38 3.08 3.89 5.20 6.40 2.25 2.86 3.56 4.65 5.62 5.16 8.59 14.04 26.41 42.31 3.80 5.72 8.41 13.75 19.75 3.16 4.46 6.18 9.29 12.53 2.78 3.77 5.01 7.14 9.24 2.54 3.34 4.31 5.91 7.42 2.36 3.04 3.
84 5.12 6.29 2.23 2.83 3.51 4.57 5.52 5.15 8.57 13.99 26.32 42.15 3.79 5.69 8.36 13.65 19.61 3.14 4.43 6.12 9.20 12.40 2.76 3.74 4.96 7.06 9.12 2.51 3.30 4.25 5.82 7.31 2.34 3.01 3.78 5.03 6.18 2.21 2.79 3.45 4.48 5.41 5.14 8.55 13.95 26.22 41.99 3.78 5.66 8.31 13.56 19.47 3.12 4.40 6.07 9.11 12.27 2.74 3.70 4.90 6.97 9.00 2.49 3.27 4.20 5.74 7.19 2.32 2.97 3.73 4.95 6.06 2.18 2.75 3.39 4.40 5.30 5.13 8.53 13.90 26.13 41.83 3.76 5.63 8.26 13.46 19.32 3.10 4.36 6.02 9.02 12.14 2.72 3.67 4.85 6.88 8.88 2.47 3.23 4.14 5.65 7.08 2.29 2.93 3.67 4.86 5.95 2.16 2.71 3.33 4.31 5.19 100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005 696 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES TABLE 6 (continued) df2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 a.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050
.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005 1 3.29 4.96 6.94 10.04 12.83 3.23 4.84 6.72 9.65 12.23 3.18 4.75 6.55 9.33 11.75 3.14 4.67 6.41 9.07 11.37 3.10 4.60 6.30 8.86 11.06 3.07 4.54 6.20 8.68 10.80 3.05 4.49 6.12 8.53 10.58 3.03 4.45 6.04 8.40 10.38 3.01 4.41 5.98 8.29 10.22 2.99 4.38 5.92 8.18 10.07 2.97 4.35 5.87 8.10 9.94 2 2.92 4.10 5.46 7.56 9.43 2.86 3.98 5.26 7.21 8.91 2.81 3.89 5.10 6.93 8.51 2.76 3.81 4.97 6.70 8.19 2.73 3.74 4.86 6.51 7.92 2.70 3.68 4.77 6.36 7.70 2.67 3.63 4.69 6.23 7.51 2.64 3.59 4.62 6.11 7.35 2.62 3.55 4.56 6.01 7.21 2.61 3.52 4.51 5.93 7.09 2.59 3.49 4.46 5.85 6.99 3 2.73 3.71 4.83 6.55 8.08 2.66 3.59 4.63 6.22 7.60 2.61 3.49 4.47 5.95 7.23 2.56 3.41 4.35 5.74 6.93 2.52 3.34 4.24 5.56 6.68 2.49 3.29 4.15 5.42 6.48 2.46 3.24 4.08 5.29 6.30 2.44 3.20 4.01 5.18 6.16 2.
42 3.16 3.95 5.09 6.03 2.40 3.13 3.90 5.01 5.92 2.38 3.10 3.86 4.94 5.82 df1 5 2.52 3.33 4.24 5.64 6.87 2.45 3.20 4.04 5.32 6.42 2.39 3.11 3.89 5.06 6.07 2.35 3.03 3.77 4.86 5.79 2.31 2.96 3.66 4.69 5.56 2.27 2.90 3.58 4.56 5.37 2.24 2.85 3.50 4.44 5.21 2.22 2.81 3.44 4.34 5.07 2.20 2.77 3.38 4.25 4.96 2.18 2.74 3.33 4.17 4.85 2.16 2.71 3.29 4.10 4.76 4 2.61 3.48 4.47 5.99 7.34 2.54 3.36 4.28 5.67 6.88 2.48 3.26 4.12 5.41 6.52 2.43 3.18 4.00 5.21 6.23 2.39 3.11 3.89 5.04 6.00 2.36 3.06 3.80 4.89 5.80 2.33 3.01 3.73 4.77 5.64 2.31 2.96 3.66 4.67 5.50 2.29 2.93 3.61 4.58 5.37 2.27 2.90 3.56 4.50 5.27 2.25 2.87 3.51 4.43 5.17 6 2.46 3.22 4.07 5.39 6.54 2.39 3.09 3.88 5.07 6.10 2.33 3.00 3.73 4.82 5.76 2.28 2.92 3.60 4.62 5.48 2.24 2.85 3.50 4.46 5.26 2.21 2.79 3.41 4.32 5.07 2.18 2.74 3.34 4.20 4.91 2.15 2.70 3.28 4.10 4.78 2.13 2.66 3.22 4.01 4
.66 2.11 2.63 3.17 3.94 4.56 2.09 2.60 3.13 3.87 4.47 7 2.41 3.14 3.95 5.20 6.30 2.34 3.01 3.76 4.89 5.86 2.28 2.91 3.61 4.64 5.52 2.23 2.83 3.48 4.44 5.25 2.19 2.76 3.38 4.28 5.03 2.16 2.71 3.29 4.14 4.85 2.13 2.66 3.22 4.03 4.69 2.10 2.61 3.16 3.93 4.56 2.08 2.58 3.10 3.84 4.44 2.06 2.54 3.05 3.77 4.34 2.04 2.51 3.01 3.70 4.26 8 2.38 3.07 3.85 5.06 6.12 2.30 2.95 3.66 4.74 5.68 2.24 2.85 3.51 4.50 5.35 2.20 2.77 3.39 4.30 5.08 2.15 2.70 3.29 4.14 4.86 2.12 2.64 3.20 4.00 4.67 2.09 2.59 3.12 3.89 4.52 2.06 2.55 3.06 3.79 4.39 2.04 2.51 3.01 3.71 4.28 2.02 2.48 2.96 3.63 4.18 2.00 2.45 2.91 3.56 4.09 9 2.35 3.02 3.78 4.94 5.97 2.27 2.90 3.59 4.63 5.54 2.21 2.80 3.44 4.39 5.20 2.16 2.71 3.31 4.19 4.94 2.12 2.65 3.21 4.03 4.72 2.09 2.59 3.12 3.89 4.54 2.06 2.54 3.05 3.78 4.38 2.03 2.49 2.98 3.68 4.25 2.00 2.46 2.93 3.60 4.14 1.98 2.42 2.88 3.
52 4.04 1.96 2.39 2.84 3.46 3.96 TABLE 6 (continued) 10 2.32 2.98 3.72 4.85 5.85 2.25 2.85 3.53 4.54 5.42 2.19 2.75 3.37 4.30 5.09 2.14 2.67 3.25 4.10 4.82 2.10 2.60 3.15 3.94 4.60 2.06 2.54 3.06 3.80 4.42 2.03 2.49 2.99 3.69 4.27 2.00 2.45 2.92 3.59 4.14 1.98 2.41 2.87 3.51 4.03 1.96 2.38 2.82 3.43 3.93 1.94 2.35 2.77 3.37 3.85 12 2.28 2.91 3.62 4.71 5.66 2.21 2.79 3.43 4.40 5.24 2.15 2.69 3.28 4.16 4.91 2.10 2.60 3.15 3.96 4.64 2.05 2.53 3.05 3.80 4.43 2.02 2.48 2.96 3.67 4.25 1.99 2.42 2.89 3.55 4.10 1.96 2.38 2.82 3.46 3.97 1.93 2.34 2.77 3.37 3.86 1.91 2.31 2.72 3.30 3.76 1.89 2.28 2.68 3.23 3.68 15 2.24 2.85 3.52 4.56 5.47 2.17 2.72 3.33 4.25 5.05 2.10 2.62 3.18 4.01 4.72 2.05 2.53 3.05 3.82 4.46 2.01 2.46 2.95 3.66 4.25 1.97 2.40 2.86 3.52 4.07 1.94 2.35 2.79 3.41 3.92 1.91 2.31 2.72 3.31 3.79 1.89 2.27 2.67 3.23 3.68 1.86 2.23 2.62 3.15 3.59 1.84
2.20 2.57 3.09 3.50 20 2.20 2.77 3.42 4.41 5.27 2.12 2.65 3.23 4.10 4.86 2.06 2.54 3.07 3.86 4.53 2.01 2.46 2.95 3.66 4.27 1.96 2.39 2.84 3.51 4.06 1.92 2.33 2.76 3.37 3.88 1.89 2.28 2.68 3.26 3.73 1.86 2.23 2.62 3.16 3.61 1.84 2.19 2.56 3.08 3.50 1.81 2.16 2.51 3.00 3.40 1.79 2.12 2.46 2.94 3.32 24 2.18 2.74 3.37 4.33 5.17 2.10 2.61 3.17 4.02 4.76 2.04 2.51 3.02 3.78 4.43 1.98 2.42 2.89 3.59 4.17 1.94 2.35 2.79 3.43 3.96 1.90 2.29 2.70 3.29 3.79 1.87 2.24 2.63 3.18 3.64 1.84 2.19 2.56 3.08 3.51 1.81 2.15 2.50 3.00 3.40 1.79 2.11 2.45 2.92 3.31 1.77 2.08 2.41 2.86 3.22 df1 30 2.16 2.70 3.31 4.25 5.07 2.08 2.57 3.12 3.94 4.65 2.01 2.47 2.96 3.70 4.33 1.96 2.38 2.84 3.51 4.07 1.91 2.31 2.73 3.35 3.86 1.87 2.25 2.64 3.21 3.69 1.84 2.19 2.57 3.10 3.54 1.81 2.15 2.50 3.00 3.41 1.78 2.11 2.44 2.92 3.30 1.76 2.07 2.39 2.84 3.21 1.74 2.04 2.35 2.78 3.
12 40 2.13 2.66 3.26 4.17 4.97 2.05 2.53 3.06 3.86 4.55 1.99 2.43 2.91 3.62 4.23 1.93 2.34 2.78 3.43 3.97 1.89 2.27 2.67 3.27 3.76 1.85 2.20 2.59 3.13 3.58 1.81 2.15 2.51 3.02 3.44 1.78 2.10 2.44 2.92 3.31 1.75 2.06 2.38 2.84 3.20 1.73 2.03 2.33 2.76 3.11 1.71 1.99 2.29 2.69 3.02 APPENDIX I TABLES ❍ 697 60 2.11 2.62 3.20 4.08 4.86 2.03 2.49 3.00 3.78 4.44 1.96 2.38 2.85 3.54 4.12 1.90 2.30 2.72 3.34 3.87 1.86 2.22 2.61 3.18 3.66 1.82 2.16 2.52 3.05 3.48 1.78 2.11 2.45 2.93 3.33 1.75 2.06 2.38 2.83 3.21 1.72 2.02 2.32 2.75 3.10 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.67 3.00 1.68 1.95 2.22 2.61 2.92 120 2.08 2.58 3.14 4.00 4.75 2.00 2.45 2.94 3.69 4.34 1.93 2.34 2.79 3.45 4.01 1.88 2.25 2.66 3.25 3.76 1.83 2.18 2.55 3.09 3.55 1.79 2.11 2.46 2.96 3.37 1.75 2.06 2.38 2.84 3.22 1.72 2.01 2.32 2.75 3.10 1.69 1.97 2.26 2.66 2.99 1.67 1.93 2.20 2.58 2.89 1.64 1.90 2.16 2.52 2.81 2
.06 2.54 3.08 3.91 4.64 1.97 2.40 2.88 3.60 4.23 1.90 2.30 2.72 3.36 3.90 1.85 2.21 2.60 3.17 3.65 1.80 2.13 2.49 3.00 3.44 1.76 2.07 2.40 2.87 3.26 1.72 2.01 2.32 2.75 3.11 1.69 1.96 2.25 2.65 2.98 1.66 1.92 2.19 2.57 2.87 1.63 1.88 2.13 2.49 2.78 1.61 1.84 2.09 2.42 2.69 a.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005 df2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 698 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES TABLE 6 (continued) df2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 a.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005 1 2.96 4.32 5.83 8.02 9.83 2.95 4.30 5.79 7.95 9.73 2.94 4.28 5.75 7.88 9.63 2.93 4.26 5.72 7.82 9.55 2.92 4.24 5.69 7.77 9.48 2.91 4.23 5.66 7.72 9.41 2.
90 4.21 5.63 7.68 9.34 2.89 4.20 5.61 7.64 9.28 2.89 4.18 5.59 7.60 9.23 2.88 4.17 5.57 7.56 9.18 2 2.57 3.47 4.42 5.78 6.89 2.56 3.44 4.38 5.72 6.81 2.55 3.42 4.35 5.66 6.73 2.54 3.40 4.32 5.61 6.66 2.53 3.39 4.29 5.57 6.60 2.52 3.37 4.27 5.53 6.54 2.51 3.35 4.24 5.49 6.49 2.50 3.34 4.22 5.45 6.44 2.50 3.33 4.20 5.42 6.40 2.49 3.32 4.18 5.39 6.35 3 2.36 3.07 3.82 4.87 5.73 2.35 3.05 3.78 4.82 5.65 2.34 3.03 3.75 4.76 5.58 2.33 3.01 3.72 4.72 5.52 2.32 2.99 3.69 4.68 5.46 2.31 2.98 3.67 4.64 5.41 2.30 2.96 3.65 4.60 5.36 2.29 2.95 3.63 4.57 5.32 2.28 2.93 3.61 4.54 5.28 2.28 2.92 3.59 4.51 5.24 df1 5 2.14 2.68 3.25 4.04 4.68 2.13 2.66 3.22 3.99 4.61 2.11 2.64 3.18 3.94 4.54 2.10 2.62 3.15 3.90 4.49 2.09 2.60 3.13 3.85 4.43 2.08 2.59 3.10 3.82 4.38 2.07 2.57 3.08 3.78 4.34 2.06 2.56 3.06 3.75 4.30 2.06 2.55 3.04 3.73 4.26 2.05 2.53 3.03 3.70 4
.23 4 2.23 2.84 3.48 4.37 5.09 2.22 2.82 3.44 4.31 5.02 2.21 2.80 3.41 4.26 4.95 2.19 2.78 3.38 4.22 4.89 2.18 2.76 3.35 4.18 4.84 2.17 2.74 3.33 4.14 4.79 2.17 2.73 3.31 4.11 4.74 2.16 2.71 3.29 4.07 4.70 2.15 2.70 3.27 4.04 4.66 2.14 2.69 3.25 4.02 4.62 6 2.08 2.57 3.09 3.81 4.39 2.06 2.55 3.05 3.76 4.32 2.05 2.53 3.02 3.71 4.26 2.04 2.51 2.99 3.67 4.20 2.02 2.49 2.97 3.63 4.15 2.01 2.47 2.94 3.59 4.10 2.00 2.46 2.92 3.56 4.06 2.00 2.45 2.90 3.53 4.02 1.99 2.43 2.88 3.50 3.98 1.98 2.42 2.87 3.47 3.95 7 2.02 2.49 2.97 3.64 4.18 2.01 2.46 2.93 3.59 4.11 1.99 2.44 2.90 3.54 4.05 1.98 2.42 2.87 3.50 3.99 1.97 2.40 2.85 3.46 3.94 1.96 2.39 2.82 3.42 3.89 1.95 2.37 2.80 3.39 3.85 1.94 2.36 2.78 3.36 3.81 1.93 2.35 2.76 3.33 3.77 1.93 2.33 2.75 3.30 3.74 8 1.98 2.42 2.87 3.51 4.01 1.97 2.40 2.84 3.45 3.94 1.95 2.37 2.81 3.41 3.88 1.94 2.36 2.78 3
.36 3.83 1.93 2.34 2.75 3.32 3.78 1.92 2.32 2.73 3.29 3.73 1.91 2.31 2.71 3.26 3.69 1.90 2.29 2.69 3.23 3.65 1.89 2.28 2.67 3.20 3.61 1.88 2.27 2.65 3.17 3.58 9 1.95 2.37 2.80 3.40 3.88 1.93 2.34 2.76 3.35 3.81 1.92 2.32 2.73 3.30 3.75 1.91 2.30 2.70 3.26 3.69 1.89 2.28 2.68 3.22 3.64 1.88 2.27 2.65 3.18 3.60 1.87 2.25 2.63 3.15 3.56 1.87 2.24 2.61 3.12 3.52 1.86 2.22 2.59 3.09 3.48 1.85 2.21 2.57 3.07 3.45 TABLE 6 (continued) df1 10 1.92 2.32 2.73 3.31 3.77 1.90 2.30 2.70 3.26 3.70 1.89 2.27 2.67 3.21 3.64 1.88 2.25 2.64 3.17 3.59 1.87 2.24 2.61 3.13 3.54 1.86 2.22 2.59 3.09 3.49 1.85 2.20 2.57 3.06 3.45 1.84 2.19 2.55 3.03 3.41 1.83 2.18 2.53 3.00 3.38 1.82 2.16 2.51 2.98 3.34 12 1.87 2.25 2.64 3.17 3.60 1.86 2.23 2.60 3.12 3.54 1.84 2.20 2.57 3.07 3.47 1.83 2.18 2.54 3.03 3.42 1.82 2.16 2.51 2.99 3.37 1.81 2.15 2.49 2.96 3.33 1.80 2.13 2.47 2.93 3.28
1.79 2.12 2.45 2.90 3.25 1.78 2.10 2.43 2.87 3.21 1.77 2.09 2.41 2.84 3.18 15 1.83 2.18 2.53 3.03 3.43 1.81 2.15 2.50 2.98 3.36 1.80 2.13 2.47 2.93 3.30 1.78 2.11 2.44 2.89 3.25 1.77 2.09 2.41 2.85 3.20 1.76 2.07 2.39 2.81 3.15 1.75 2.06 2.36 2.78 3.11 1.74 2.04 2.34 2.75 3.07 1.73 2.03 2.32 2.73 3.04 1.72 2.01 2.31 2.70 3.01 20 1.78 2.10 2.42 2.88 3.24 1.76 2.07 2.39 2.83 3.18 1.74 2.05 2.36 2.78 3.12 1.73 2.03 2.33 2.74 3.06 1.72 2.01 2.30 2.70 3.01 1.71 1.99 2.28 2.66 2.97 1.70 1.97 2.25 2.63 2.93 1.69 1.96 2.23 2.60 2.89 1.68 1.94 2.21 2.57 2.86 1.67 1.93 2.20 2.55 2.82 24 1.75 2.05 2.37 2.80 3.15 1.73 2.03 2.33 2.75 3.08 1.72 2.01 2.30 2.70 3.02 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.66 2.97 1.69 1.96 2.24 2.62 2.92 1.68 1.95 2.22 2.58 2.87 1.67 1.93 2.19 2.55 2.83 1.66 1.91 2.17 2.52 2.79 1.65 1.90 2.15 2.49 2.76 1.64 1.89 2.14 2.47 2.73 30 1.72 2.01 2.31 2.72
3.05 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.67 2.98 1.69 1.96 2.24 2.62 2.92 1.67 1.94 2.21 2.58 2.87 1.66 1.92 2.18 2.54 2.82 1.65 1.90 2.16 2.50 2.77 1.64 1.88 2.13 2.47 2.73 1.63 1.87 2.11 2.44 2.69 1.62 1.85 2.09 2.41 2.66 1.61 1.84 2.07 2.39 2.63 40 1.69 1.96 2.25 2.64 2.95 1.67 1.94 2.21 2.58 2.88 1.66 1.91 2.18 2.54 2.82 1.64 1.89 2.15 2.49 2.77 1.63 1.87 2.12 2.45 2.72 1.61 1.85 2.09 2.42 2.67 1.60 1.84 2.07 2.38 2.63 1.59 1.82 2.05 2.35 2.59 1.58 1.81 2.03 2.33 2.56 1.57 1.79 2.01 2.30 2.52 60 1.66 1.92 2.18 2.55 2.84 1.64 1.89 2.14 2.50 2.77 1.62 1.86 2.11 2.45 2.71 1.61 1.84 2.08 2.40 2.66 1.59 1.82 2.05 2.36 2.61 1.58 1.80 2.03 2.33 2.56 1.57 1.79 2.00 2.29 2.52 1.56 1.77 1.98 2.26 2.48 1.55 1.75 1.96 2.23 2.45 1.54 1.74 1.94 2.21 2.42 120 1.62 1.87 2.11 2.46 2.73 1.60 1.84 2.08 2.40 2.66 1.59 1.81 2.04 2.35 2.60 1.57 1.79 2.01 2.31 2.55 1.56 1.77 1.98 2
.27 2.50 1.54 1.75 1.95 2.23 2.45 1.53 1.73 1.93 2.20 2.41 1.52 1.71 1.91 2.17 2.37 1.51 1.70 1.89 2.14 2.33 1.50 1.68 1.87 2.11 2.30 APPENDIX I TABLES ❍ 699 df2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1.59 1.81 2.04 2.36 2.61 1.57 1.78 2.00 2.31 2.55 1.55 1.76 1.97 2.26 2.48 1.53 1.73 1.94 2.21 2.43 1.52 1.71 1.91 2.17 2.38 1.50 1.69 1.88 2.13 2.33 1.49 1.67 1.85 2.10 2.29 1.48 1.65 1.83 2.06 2.25 1.47 1.64 1.81 2.03 2.21 1.46 1.62 1.79 2.01 2.18 a.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005 700 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES TABLE 6 (continued) df2 40 60 120 a.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005 1 2.84 4.08 5.42 7.31 8.83 2.79 4.00 5.29 7.08 8.49 2.75 3.92 5.15 6.85 8.18 2.71 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88 2 2.44 3.23 4.05 5.18 6.07 2.39 3.15 3.93 4.98 5.79 2.35
3.07 3.80 4.79 5.54 2.30 3.00 3.69 4.61 5.30 3 2.23 2.84 3.46 4.31 4.98 2.18 2.76 3.34 4.13 4.73 2.13 2.68 3.23 3.95 4.50 2.08 2.60 3.12 3.78 4.28 df1 5 2.00 2.45 2.90 3.51 3.99 1.95 2.37 2.79 3.34 3.76 1.90 2.29 2.67 3.17 3.55 1.85 2.21 2.57 3.02 3.35 4 2.09 2.61 3.13 3.83 4.37 2.04 2.53 3.01 3.65 4.14 1.99 2.45 2.89 3.48 3.92 1.94 2.37 2.79 3.32 3.72 6 1.93 2.34 2.74 3.29 3.71 1.87 2.25 2.63 3.12 3.49 1.82 2.17 2.52 2.96 3.28 1.77 2.10 2.41 2.80 3.09 7 1.87 2.25 2.62 3.12 3.51 1.82 2.17 2.51 2.95 3.29 1.77 2.09 2.39 2.79 3.09 1.72 2.01 2.29 2.64 2.90 8 1.83 2.18 2.53 2.99 3.35 1.77 2.10 2.41 2.82 3.13 1.72 2.02 2.30 2.66 2.93 1.67 1.94 2.19 2.51 2.74 9 1.79 2.12 2.45 2.89 3.22 1.74 2.04 2.33 2.72 3.01 1.68 1.96 2.22 2.56 2.81 1.63 1.63 2.11 2.41 2.62 TABLE 6 (continued) 10 1.76 2.08 2.39 2.80 3.12 1.71 1.99 2.27 2.63 2.90 1.65 1.91 2.16 2.47 2.71 1.60
1.83 2.05 2.32 2.52 12 1.71 2.00 2.29 2.66 2.95 1.66 1.92 2.17 2.50 2.74 1.60 1.83 2.05 2.34 2.54 1.55 1.75 1.94 2.18 2.36 15 1.66 1.92 2.18 2.52 2.78 1.60 1.84 2.06 2.35 2.57 1.55 1.75 1.94 2.19 2.37 1.49 1.67 1.83 2.04 2.19 20 1.61 1.84 2.07 2.37 2.60 1.54 1.75 1.94 2.20 2.39 1.48 1.66 1.82 2.03 2.19 1.42 1.57 1.71 1.88 2.00 df1 30 1.54 1.74 1.94 2.20 2.40 1.48 1.65 1.82 2.03 2.19 1.41 1.55 1.69 1.86 1.98 1.34 1.46 1.57 1.70 1.79 24 1.57 1.79 2.01 2.29 2.50 1.51 1.70 1.88 2.12 2.29 1.45 1.61 1.76 1.95 2.09 1.38 1.52 1.64 1.79 1.90 APPENDIX I TABLES ❍ 701 40 1.51 1.69 1.88 2.11 2.30 1.44 1.59 1.74 1.94 2.08 1.37 1.50 1.61 1.76 1.87 1.30 1.39 1.48 1.59 1.67 60 1.47 1.64 1.80 2.02 2.18 1.40 1.53 1.67 1.84 1.96 1.32 1.43 1.53 1.66 1.75 1.24 1.32 1.39 1.47 1.53 120 1.42 1.58 1.72 1.92 2.06 1.35 1.47 1.58 1.73 1.83 1.26 1.35 1.43 1.53 1.61 1.17 1.22 1.27 1.32 1.
36 1.38 1.51 1.64 1.80 1.93 1.29 1.39 1.48 1.60 1.69 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.38 1.43 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 a.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005.100.050.025.010.005 df2 40 60 120 702 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES TABLE 7(a) 5% Left-Tailed Critical Values TABLE 7(b) 2.5% Left-Tailed Critical Values TABLE 7 Critical Values of T for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, n1 n2 n2 10 4 11 5 12 5 13 6 14 6 15 3 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 19 20 21 23 24 26 27 28 30 31 33 28 29 31 33 35 37 38 40 42 44 39 41 43 45 47 49 52 54 56 51 54 56 59 62 64 67 69 n2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 — — 10 11 5 — 12 6 — 13 7 — 14 3 8 14 3 9 15 3 10 16 3 11 17 4 12 18 4 13 19 4 14 20 4 15 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 26 27 29 31 32 34 35 37 38 40 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 49 51 53 55 58 60 62 65 n1 9 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 n1 9 62 65 68 71 73 76 79 10 11 12 13 14 15 82 86 89 92 96 99 100 104 108 112 116 120 125 129 133 142 147 152 166 171 192 10 11 12 13 14 15 78 81 84 88 91 94 96 99 103 106 110 115 119 123 127 136 141 145 160 164 184 SOURCE: Data from “An Extended Table of Critical Values for the Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon) TwoSample Statistic” by Roy C. Milton, pp. 925–934 in the Journal of the American Statistical Association, Volume 59, No. 307, Sept. 1964. Reprinted with permission from the Journal of the American Statistical Association. Copyright 1964 by the American Statistical Association. All rights reserved. TABLE 7(c) 1%
Left-Tailed Critical Values TABLE 7(d).5% Left-Tailed Critical Values n2 — — 10 6 — — 11 11 7 — 6 12 8 — 6 13 9 — 7 13 10 — 7 14 11 — 7 15 12 — 8 15 8 3 13 16 8 3 14 17 9 3 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 24 25 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 36 34 35 37 39 40 42 44 45 47 45 47 49 51 53 56 58 60 APPENDIX I TABLES ❍ 703 10 11 12 13 14 15 74 77 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100 103 109 113 116 120 130 134 138 152 156 176 n1 9 59 61 63 66 68 71 73 n1 n2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 11 12 13 14 15 — — 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 32 34 35 37 38 40 41 43 44 42 45 47 49 51 53 54 56 56 58 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 76 79 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 105 109 112 115 125 129 133 147 151 171 704 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES Text not available due to copyright restrictions APPENDIX I TABLES ❍ 705 Text not available due to copyright restrictions 706 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES TABLE 10 Random Numbers Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 10480 22368 24130 42167 37570 77921 99562 96301 89579 84575 28918 63553 09429 10365 07119 51085 02368 01011 52162 07056 48663 54164 32639 29334 02488 81525 29676 00742 05366 91921 00582 00725 69011 25976 09763 91567 17955 46503 92157 14577 98427 34914 70060 53976 76072 90725 64364 08962 95012 15664 15011 46573 48360 93093 39975 06907 72905 91977 14342 368
87 60332 85001 38818 51805 16296 52468 28725 16572 33386 05269 12682 99533 91696 82790 23772 84387 00275 93654 34971 49106 74818 81250 51275 28225 14645 21824 78095 91511 22717 55230 13261 60859 82558 34925 35503 37890 28117 71255 47625 42579 46370 25739 02338 98289 43040 91202 25499 44437 19746 59846 92325 87820 46920 99378 66092 16834 34191 06004 21597 92532 73572 50501 85065 70925 07896 34925 48280 59894 52924 79860 46942 54238 83556 85762 23541 19585 50136 75928 50585 93448 47908 75567 05250 57031 85171 40129 19233 64239 88684 90730 28672 56947 708 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES TABLE 11(a) Percentage Points of the Studentized Range, q.05(k, df); Upper 5% Points k df 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 30 40 60 120 17.97 6.08 4.50 3.93 26.98 8.33 5.91 5.04 32.82 9.80 6.82 5.76 37.08 10.88 7.50 6.29 40.41 11.74 8.04 6.71 43.12 12.44 8.48 7.05 45.40 13.03 8.85 7.35 47.36 13.54 9.18 7.60 49.07 13.99 9.46 7.83 50.59 14.39 9.72 8.03 3.64 3.46 3.34 3.26 3.20 3.15 3.11 3.08 3.06 3.03 3.01 3.00 2.98 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.92 2.89 2.86 2.83 2.80 2.77 4.60 4.34 4.16 4.04 3.95 3.88 3.82 3.77 3.73 3.70
3.67 3.65 3.63 3.61 3.59 3.58 3.53 3.49 3.44 3.40 3.36 3.31 5.22 4.90 4.68 4.53 4.41 4.33 4.26 4.20 4.15 4.11 4.08 4.05 4.02 4.00 3.98 3.96 3.90 3.85 3.79 3.74 3.68 3.63 5.67 5.30 5.06 4.89 4.76 4.65 4.57 4.51 4.45 4.41 4.37 4.33 4.30 4.28 4.25 4.23 4.17 4.10 4.04 3.98 3.92 3.86 6.03 5.63 5.36 5.17 5.02 4.91 4.82 4.75 4.69 4.64 4.60 4.56 4.52 4.49 4.47 4.45 4.37 4.30 4.23 4.16 4.10 4.03 6.33 5.90 5.61 5.40 5.24 5.12 5.03 4.95 4.88 4.83 4.78 4.74 4.70 4.67 4.65 4.62 4.54 4.46 4.39 4.31 4.24 4.17 6.58 6.12 5.82 5.60 5.43 5.30 5.20 5.12 5.05 4.99 4.94 4.90 4.86 4.82 4.79 4.77 4.68 4.60 4.52 4.44 4.36 4.29 6.80 6.32 6.00 5.77 5.59 5.46 5.35 5.27 5.19 5.13 5.08 5.03 4.99 4.96 4.92 4.90 4.81 4.72 4.63 4.55 4.47 4.39 6.99 6.49 6.16 5.92 5.74 5.60 5.49 5.39 5.32 5.25 5.20 5.15 5.11 5.07 5.04 5.01 4.92 4.82 4.73 4.65 4.56 4.47 7.17 6.65 6.30 6.05
5.87 5.72 5.61 5.51 5.43 5.36 5.31 5.26 5.21 5.17 5.14 5.11 5.01 4.92 4.82 4.73 4.64 4.55 TABLE 11(a) (continued) APPENDIX I TABLES ❍ 709 17 18 19 20 df 57.22 16.14 10.84 8.91 58.04 16.37 10.98 9.03 58.83 16.57 11.11 9.13 59.56 16.77 11.24 9.23 7.93 7.34 6.94 6.65 6.44 6.27 6.13 6.02 5.93 5.85 5.78 5.73 5.67 5.63 5.59 5.55 5.44 5.33 5.22 5.11 5.00 4.89 8.03 7.43 7.02 6.73 6.51 6.34 6.20 6.09 5.99 5.91 5.85 5.79 5.73 5.69 5.65 5.61 5.49 5.38 5.27 5.15 5.04 4.93 8.12 7.51 7.10 6.80 6.58 6.40 6.27 6.15 6.05 5.97 5.90 5.84 5.79 5.74 5.70 5.66 5.55 5.43 5.31 5.20 5.09 4.97 8.21 7.59 7.17 6.87 6.64 6.47 6.33 6.21 6.11 6.03 5.96 5.90 5.84 5.79 5.75 5.71 5.59 5.47 5.36 5.24 5.13 5.01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 30 40 60 120 k 16 56.32 15.91 10.69 8.79 7.83 7.24 6.85 6.57 6.36 6.19 6.06 5.95 5.86 5.79 5.72 5.66 5.61 5.57 5.53 5.49 5.38 5.27 5.16 5.06 4.95 4.85 12 13 14 15 51.96 14.75 9.95 8.
21 53.20 15.08 10.15 8.37 54.33 15.38 10.35 8.52 55.36 15.65 10.52 8.66 7.32 6.79 6.43 6.18 5.98 5.83 5.71 5.61 5.53 5.46 5.40 5.35 5.31 5.27 5.23 5.20 5.10 5.00 4.90 4.81 4.71 4.62 7.47 6.92 6.55 6.29 6.09 5.93 5.81 5.71 5.63 5.55 5.49 5.44 5.39 5.35 5.31 5.28 5.18 5.08 4.98 4.88 4.78 4.68 7.60 7.03 6.66 6.39 6.19 6.03 5.90 5.80 5.71 5.64 5.57 5.52 5.47 5.43 5.39 5.36 5.25 5.15 5.04 4.94 4.84 4.74 7.72 7.14 6.76 6.48 6.28 6.11 5.98 5.88 5.79 5.71 5.65 5.59 5.54 5.50 5.46 5.43 5.32 5.21 5.11 5.00 4.90 4.80 SOURCE: From Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. 1, 3rd ed., edited by E.S. Pearson and H.O. Hartley (Cambridge University Press, 1966). Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees. 710 ❍ APPENDIX I TABLES TABLE 11(b) Percentage Points of the Studentized Range, q.01(k, df); Upper 1% Points df 2 3 4 5 6 k 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 30 40 60 120 90.03 14.04 8.26 6.51 5.70 5.24 4.95 4.75 4.60 4.48 4.39 4.32 4.26 4.21 4.17 4.13 4.10 4.07 4.05 4.02 3.96 3.89 3.82 3.76 3.70 3.64 135.0 164
.3 185.6 202.2 215.8 227.2 237.0 245.6 253.2 19.02 10.62 8.12 22.29 12.17 9.17 24.72 13.33 9.96 26.63 14.24 10.58 28.20 15.00 11.10 29.53 15.64 11.55 30.68 16.20 11.93 6.98 6.33 5.92 5.64 5.43 5.27 5.15 5.05 4.96 4.89 4.84 4.79 4.74 4.70 4.67 4.64 4.55 4.45 4.37 4.28 4.20 4.12 7.80 7.03 6.54 6.20 5.96 5.77 5.62 5.50 5.40 5.32 5.25 5.19 5.14 5.09 5.05 5.02 4.91 4.80 4.70 4.59 4.50 4.40 8.42 7.56 7.01 6.62 6.35 6.14 5.97 5.84 5.73 5.63 5.56 5.49 5.43 5.38 5.33 5.29 5.17 5.05 4.93 4.82 4.71 4.60 8.91 7.97 7.37 6.96 6.66 6.43 6.25 6.10 5.98 5.88 5.80 5.72 5.66 5.60 5.55 5.51 5.37 5.24 5.11 4.99 4.87 4.76 9.32 8.32 7.68 7.24 6.91 6.67 6.48 6.32 6.19 6.08 5.99 5.92 5.85 5.79 5.73 5.69 5.54 5.40 5.26 5.13 5.01 4.88 9.67 8.61 7.94 7.47 7.13 6.87 6.67 6.51 6.37 6.26 6.16 6.08 6.01 5.94 5.89 5.84 5.69 5.54 5.39 5.25 5.12 4.99 9.97 8.87 8.17 7.68 7.33 7.05 6.84 6.67 6.53 6.
41 6.31 6.22 6.15 6.08 6.02 5.97 5.81 5.65 5.50 5.36 5.21 5.08 31.69 16.69 12.27 10.24 9.10 8.37 7.86 7.49 7.21 6.99 6.81 6.67 6.54 6.44 6.35 6.27 6.20 6.14 6.09 5.92 5.76 5.60 5.45 5.30 5.16 32.59 17.13 12.57 10.48 9.30 8.55 8.03 7.65 7.36 7.13 6.94 6.79 6.66 6.55 6.46 6.38 6.31 6.25 6.19 6.02 5.85 5.69 5.53 5.37 5.23 TABLE 11(b) (continued) 12 13 14 15 k 16 17 18 19 20 df APPENDIX I TABLES ❍ 711 260.0 266.2 271.8 277.0 281.8 286.3 290.0 294.3 298.0 33.40 17.53 12.84 10.70 9.48 8.71 8.18 7.78 7.49 7.25 7.06 6.90 6.77 6.66 6.56 6.48 6.41 6.34 6.28 6.11 5.93 5.76 5.60 5.44 5.29 34.13 17.89 13.09 10.89 9.65 8.86 8.31 7.91 7.60 7.36 7.17 7.01 6.87 6.76 6.66 6.57 6.50 6.43 6.37 6.19 6.01 5.83 5.67 5.50 5.35 34.81 18.22 13.32 11.08 9.81 9.00 8.44 8.03 7.71 7.46 7.26 7.10 6.96 6.84 6.74 6.66 6.58 6.51 6.45 6.26 6.08 5.90 5.73 5.56 5.40 35.43 18.52 13.53 11.24 9.95 9.12 8.55 8.13 7.81 7.56 7.36 7.19 7.05 6.
93 6.82 6.73 6.65 6.58 6.52 6.33 6.14 5.96 5.78 5.61 5.45 36.00 18.81 13.73 11.40 10.08 9.24 8.66 8.23 7.91 7.65 7.44 7.27 7.13 7.00 6.90 6.81 6.72 6.65 6.59 6.39 6.20 6.02 5.84 5.66 5.49 36.53 19.07 13.91 11.55 10.21 9.35 8.76 8.33 7.99 7.73 7.52 7.35 7.20 7.07 6.97 6.87 6.79 6.72 6.65 6.45 6.26 6.07 5.89 5.71 5.54 37.03 19.32 14.08 11.68 10.32 9.46 8.85 8.41 8.08 7.81 7.59 7.42 7.27 7.14 7.03 6.94 6.85 6.78 6.71 6.51 6.31 6.12 5.93 5.75 5.57 37.50 19.55 14.24 11.81 10.43 9.55 8.94 8.49 8.15 7.88 7.66 7.48 7.33 7.20 7.09 7.00 6.91 6.84 6.77 6.56 6.36 6.16 5.97 5.79 5.61 37.95 19.77 14.40 11.93 10.54 9.65 9.03 8.57 8.23 7.95 7.73 7.55 7.39 7.26 7.15 7.05 6.97 6.89 6.82 6.61 6.41 6.21 6.01 5.83 5.65 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 30 40 60 120 SOURCE: From Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. 1, 3rd ed., edited by E.S. Pearson and H.O. Hartley (Cambridge University Press, 1966). Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees. Data Sources Introduction 1. Sheldon Gawiser, Tiffany Turner, and Costas Panagopoulos, “P
olls: GOP Looks Likely to Keep Senate Control,” MSNBC News, http://www.msnbc.com/ID/15547023/page/2/5 Nov 2006/, 5 November 2006. 2. Fox News, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,102511,00.html, 10 February 2004. 3. “Hot News: 98.6 Not Normal,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 23 September 1992. Chapter 1 1. “White House 2008: General Election,” FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, http://www.pollingreport.com/2008.htm#misc, 16–18 May 2006. 2. “Run the Country? Most Teens Would Pass,” http://abcnews.go.com/images/pdf/ 943a1TeensandthePresidency.pdf, 22 January 2004. 3. “Who They Are,” Time, 5 January 2004, pp. 98–99. 4. “Getting Back to Work,” http://www.usatoday.com/snapshot/news/ 2001-07-17-backtowork.htm, 2 October 2001. 5. William A. McGeveran, Jr., Ed., The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007 (New York: WRC Media, Inc.), 2007. 6. Adapted from Arlene Eisenberg, Heidi Murkoff, and Sandee Hathaway. What to Expect the First Year (New York: Workman Publishing), 2003. 7. “Report to the Community,” Riverside County Office of Education, 16 February 2004, p. 3. 8. Borgna Brunner, Ed., Time Almanac 2007 (Boston, MA: Pearson Education), 2006. 9. “U.S. Box Office Actuals,” http://www.radiofree.com/mov-tops.shtml, 13 August 2006. 10. Robert P. Wilder, D. Brennan, and D.E. Schotte, “A Standard Measure for Exercise Prescription for Aqua Running,” American Journal of Sports Medicine 21, no. 1 (1993):45. 11. http://www.kentuckyderby.info/kentuckyderby-history2006.php. 12. Robyn Greenspan, “Home Is Where the Network Is,�
� http://www.clickz.com/stats/ big_picture/applications/article.php/1301_3073431, 5 September 2003. 13. “War on Terrorism,” http://www.pollingreport.com/terror.htm, 14 August, 2006. 14. Enid Burns, “Mobile Internet Population Grows,” http://www.clickz.com/showPage. html?page=3623146, 14 August 2006. 15. GEICO Insurance Advertisement, Time, 10 November 2003. 16. A. Tubb, A.J. Parker, and G. Nickless, “The Analysis of Romano-British Pottery by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry,” Archaeometry 22 (1980):153. 17. Mike Schwartz and Mark Kendall, “The Great Calorie Debate,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 10 February 2004, p. E1. 18. Lawrence E. Levine and Victorina Wasmuth, “Laptops, Technology, and Algebra 1: A Case Study of an Experiment,” Mathematics Teacher 97, no. 2 (February 2004):I36. 19. A. Azzalini and A.W. Bowman, “A Look at Some Data on the Old Faithful Geyser,” Applied Statistics (1990):57. DATA SOURCES ❍ 713 20. http://www/starbucks.com/retail/locator/default.aspx, 15 March 2006. 21. P.A. Mackowiak, S.S. Wasserman, and M.M. Levine, “A Critical Appraisal of 98.6 Degrees F, the Upper Limit of the Normal Body Temperature, and Other Legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich,” Journal of the American Medical Association (268):1578–1580. 22. Allen L. Shoemaker, “What’s Normal? Temperature, Gender, and Heart Rate,” Journal of Statistics Education (1996). 23. D.G. Altman and J.M. Bland. “Time to Survival Data,” BMJ (British Medical Journal) 317:468–469 (15 August 1998), http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/317/7156/4687. Chapter 2 1. http://inter
active.web.insurance.ca.gov/survey/survey?type=autoSurvey&event=autoResults, 5 November 2006. 2. Borgna Brunner, Ed., Time Almanac 2007 (Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.), 2006. 3. “Birth Order and the Baby Boom,” American Demographics (Trend Cop), March 1997, p. 10. 4. “Tuna Goes Upscale,” Consumer Reports, June 2001, p. 19. 5. http://www/starbucks.com/retail/locator/default.aspx, 15 August 2006. 6. “LCD TVs,” http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/electronics-computers/tvs/lcd-tvs/ reports/product-selector/index.htm, 22 August 2006. 7. A. Tubb, A.J. Parker, and G. Nickless, “The Analysis of Romano-British Pottery by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry,” Archaeometry 22 (1980):153. 8. A. Azzalini and A.W. Bowman, “A Look at Some Data on the Old Faithful Geyser,” Applied Statistics (1990):57. 9. http://sports.espn.go.com/nﬂ/players/, 2 January 2007. 10. D.G. Altman, and J.M. Bland. “Time to Survival Data,” BMJ (British Medical Journal) 317:468–469 (15 August 1998), http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/317/7156/4687. 11. Allen L. Shoemaker, “What’s Normal? Temperature, Gender, and Heart Rate,” Journal of Statistics Education (1996). 12. “Four People Movers,” Consumer Reports, July 1997, p. 57. 13. “Favorite Camping Activity,” http://www.usatoday.com/snapshot/news/2001-05-22camping.htm, 26 September 2001 (Source: Wirthlin Worldwide for Coleman Company). 14. www.mlb.com, 16 August 2006. 15. “Working in Sales,” http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm?section=S&label
= 2006-08-16-nlhits, 15 August 2006. 16. “Hours per Week Worked,” http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm?section= S&label=2006-08-16-nlhits, 15 August 2006. 17. “Salary Wizard,” http://swz.salary.com/salarywizard/layout.htmls/swzl_compresult_ national_ED03000133.html, 16 August 2006. 18. William A. McGeveran Jr., Ed., The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007 (New York: WRC Media, Inc.), 2007, and http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/stats/batting?league=al. Chapter 3 1. Adapted from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d05/tables/dt05_240.asp. 2. Adapted from Michael J. Weiss, “The New Summer Break,” American Demographics, August 2001, p. 55. 3. www.bls.gov/data/home.htm, 19 June 2007. 4. William A. McGeveran Jr., Ed., The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007 (New York: WRC Media, Inc.), 2007. 5. Gregory K. Torrey, S.F. Vasa, J.W. Maag, and J.J. Kramer, “Social Skills Interventions Across School Settings: Case Study Reviews of Students with Mild Disabilities,” Psychology in the Schools 29 (July 1992):248. 714 ❍ DATA SOURCES 6. Mark Rechtin, “Boss Puts ‘Buzz’ on U.S. Luxury Leader’s To-Do List,” Automotive News, 26 January 2004, p. 4; and Automotive News 2006 Market Data Book, 22 May 2006, p. 25. 7. “LCD TVs,” http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/electronics-computers/tvs/lcd-tvs/ reports/product-selector/index.htm, 22 August 2006. 8. Stellan Ohlsson, “The Learning Curve for Writing Books: Evidence from Professor Asimov,” Psychological Science 3, no. 6 (1992):380–382. 9
. “The Armed Forces: Who Are They,” Time, 29 December 2003 to 5 January 2004, p. 98. 10. http://www.ew.com/ew/chart/movie/0,6115,_1__,00.html, 22 August 2006. 11. http://sports.espn.go.com/nﬂ/players/proﬁle?statsId=1025, 2 January 2007. 12. A. Tubb, A.J. Parker, and G. Nickless, “The Analysis of Romano-British Pottery by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry,” Archaeometry 22 (1980):153. 13. Robyn Greenspan, “Home Is Where the Network Is,” http://www.clickz.com/stats/ big_ picture/applications/article.php/1301_3073431, 5 September 2003. 14. Bettye Wells Miller, “Faith Shows Ballot Clout,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA) 1 March 2004, p. A7. 15. Borgna Brunner, Ed., Time Almanac 2007 (Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.), 2006. 16. “Ratings: Cordless Phones,” www.consumerreports.org/cro/electronics-computers/ cordless-phones/reports, 26 October 2006. 17. “Dishwashers,” Consumer Reports, September 2007. Chapter 4 1. C. Salmon, J.P. Cartron, and P. Rouger, The Human Blood Groups (New York: Masson Publishing, 1984). 2. Table adapted from http://www.pollingreport.com/science.htm#Stem, 30 October 2006. 3. Bruce E. Morgan and Michael A. Oberlander, “An Examination of Injuries in Major League Soccer,” The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(4), 2001, pp. 426–429. 4. http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/players, 5 November 2006. 5. Data adapted from “Demo Memo,” American Demographics, May 1997, p. 32; and The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2004, p. 377. 6. “Coffee Breaks Daily,” www.usataoday.com/news
/snapshot.htm?section=L&label= 2006-10-26-cell, 26 October 2006. 7. Adapted from David L. Wheeler, “More Social Roles Means Fewer Colds,” Chronicle of Higher Education XLIII, no. 44 (July 11, 1997):A13. 8. Andrew S. Levy, M.J. Wetzler, M. Lewars, and W. Laughlin, “Knee Injuries in Women Collegiate Rugby Players,” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 3 (1997):360. 9. P.D. Franklin, R.A. Lemon, and H.S. Barden, “Accuracy of Imaging the Menisci on an In-Office, Dedicated, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Extremity System,” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 3 (1997):382. 10. Michael Crichton, Congo (New York: Knopf, 1980). Chapter 5 1. http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/sat/scores/understanding/average.html, Copyright ©collegeboard.com, Inc., 2006. 2. “Who’s reading Harry Potter,” http://usatoday.com/snapshot/life/2001-06-11-potter.htm. Source: Ipsos-NPD Book Trends, 9 October 2001. 3. “How back pain limits sports?” http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm?section= L&label=2006-10-27-wash. 4. http://hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/pet_overpopulation_and_ ownership_statistics/us_pet_ownership_statistics.html, 26 October 2006. 5. http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/1031002172.html. 6. http://cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/10/26/tainted.spinach.ap/index.html. DATA SOURCES ❍ 715 7. “Will you be pushed out of your job?” http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm? section=L&label=2006-10-27-wash. 8. Advertising Age, 7 August 2006, p. 4. 9
. “Checking in on vacation,” http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm?section=L&label= 2006-10-27-wash. 10. “Call It in the Air,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 19 October 1992. 11. Mark A. Atkinson, “Diet, Genetics, and Diabetes,” Food Technology 51, no. 3 (March 1997), p. 77. 12. “Most popular chocolate,” http://usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm?section=L&label= 2006-10-27-wash. 13. “Why we play hooky,” http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm, 2 November 2006. 14. “How women eat on the run,” http://www.usatoday.com, 1 January 2004. 15. “Top destinations for vacationers,” http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshots, 2 November 2006. 16. Matthew L. Wald, “Cancers Near a Reactor: A Mystery and a Debate,” New York Times, 21 May 1987, p. A-22. Chapter 6 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Presidents_by_height_order. 2. Adapted from A.M. Goodman and A.R. Ennos, “The Response of Field-Grown Sunﬂower and Maize to Mechanical Support,” Annals of Botany 79 (1997):703. 3. John Fetto, “Shop Around the Clock,” American Demographics, September 2003, p. 18. 4. “Medical Encyclopedia: Pulse,” Medline Plus: Trusted Health Information for You, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm#Normal%20Values, 2 April 2004. 5. “How often we do at-home movies,” http://usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm, 2 November 2006. 6. PepsiCo Annual Report, http://www.pepsico.com/PEP_Investors/AnnualReports/05/ Pepsi2005Annual.pdf. 7. Sonja Steptoe, “Ready
, Set, Relax!” Time, 27 October 2003, p. 38. 8. Philip A. Altman and D.S. Dittmer, The Biology Data Book, 2nd ed., Vol I. (Bethesda, MD: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1964), p. 137. 9. Allen L. Shoemaker, “What’s Normal? Temperature, Gender, and Heart Rate,” Journal of Statistics Education (1996). 10. “How polite are cellphone users?” http://usatoday/com/news/snapshot.htm?section= L&label=2006-10-27. 11. The National Center for Educational Statistics website, http://nces.ed.gov/ programs/digest/d05/tables/dt05_240.asp. 12. Daniel Seligman, “Keeping Up,” Fortune, 27 July 1981. Chapter 7 1. “Chlorinated Water Byproduct, Rat Cancer Linked,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 18 June 1997, p. A-6. 2. Chris Gilberg, J.L. Cos, H. Kashima, and K. Eberle, “Survey Biases: When Does the Interviewer’s Race Matter?” Chance, Fall 1996, p. 23. 3. Chery Smith and Stefanie Fila, “Comparison of the Kid’s Block Food Frequency Questionnaire to the 24-Hour Recall in Urban Native American Youth,” American Journal of Human Biology, 18:706–709 (2006). 4. “New Drug a Bit Better Than Aspirin,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 14 November 1996, p. A-14. 5. “Space Exploration,” CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll, http://www.pollingreport.com/ science.htm#Space, 5 April 2004. 6. “ASK AMERICA: 2003 Nationwide Policy Survey,” Congressional District #44, 23 June 2003. 7. National Center for Educational Statistics website, http://www.nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/ d05/tables/dt05_236.asp. 716 ❍ DATA SOURCES 8. Allen L. Shoemaker, “What’s Normal? Temperature, Gender, and Heart Rate
,” Journal of Statistics Education (1996). 9. Nicola Maffulli, V. Testa, G. Capasso, and A. Sullo, “Calciﬁc Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy,” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 1 (January/February 2004):174. 10. “Weight we want to lose (in pounds),” http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm?section=N&label=2006-11-08-candy. 11. http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm?section= N&label=2006-11-08-candy. 12. http://www1.mms.com/us/about/products/milkchocolate/, 27 November 2006. 13. Judy Holland, “‘Cheeseburger Bill’ on the Menu,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 9 March 2004, p. E1. 14. Adam Fernandez, “Nuts About You,” American Demographics 26, no. 1 (February 2004):14. 15. P.C. Karalekas, Jr., C.R. Ryan, and F.B. Taylor, “Control of Lead, Copper, and Iron Pipe Corrosion in Boston,” American Water Works Journal, February 1983. 16. Science News 136 (19 August 1989):124. 17. http://www.pollingreport.com/abortion.htm, 8 November 2006. 18. Catherine M. Santaniello and R.E. Koning, “Are Radishes Really Allelopathic to Lettuce?” The American Biology Teacher 58, no. 2 (February 1996):102. 19. http://www.gallup.com/poll/indicators/indairlines.asp#RelatedAnalyses. Gallup Poll News Service, 16 October 2001. 20. J. Hackl, Journal of Quality Technology, April 1991. 21. Daniel Seligman, “The Road to Monte Carlo,” Fortune, 15 April 1985. Chapter 8 1. Adapted from “Polar Bear,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Bear#Size_and_weight, 9 November 2006. 2. Science News 136 (19 August 1989):124. 3. FOX News/
Opinion Dynamics Poll, http://www.pollingreport.com/ immigration.htm, 11–12 July 2006. 4. Adapted from “Suite Dreams,” Consumer Reports, July 2001, p. 12–16. 5. “Space Exploration,” Associated Press Poll, http://www.pollingreport.com/ science.htm#Space, 5 April 2004. 6. “Bottom Line—Tuning In,” The Press Enterprise, 28 July 2006, p. E2. 7. Newsweek Poll conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International. Oct. 26–27, 2006, http://www.pollingreport.com/abortion.htm, 8 November 2006. 8. Alison Stein Wellner, “A New Cure for Shoppus Interuptus,” The Marketing Tool Directory, 2002. 9. Allen L. Shoemaker, “What’s Normal? Temperature, Gender, and Heart Rate,” Journal of Statistics Education (1996). 10. Christopher Reynolds, “Rocking the Vote,” American Demographics 26, no. 1, (February 2004):48. 11. William Leonard, Barbara Speziale, and John Pernick, “Performance Assessment of a Standards-Based High School Biology Curriculum,” The American Biology Teacher 63, no. 5 (2001):310–316. 12. http://pewresearch.org/obdeckID=86, Pew Research Center, 9 November 2006. 13. Mark Gillespie, “Baseball Fans Overwhelmingly Want Mandatory Steroid Testing,” Gallup News Service, http://gallup.com/content/print.aspx?ci=11245, 14 February 2004. 14. David L. Wheeler, “More Social Roles Means Fewer Colds,” Chronicle of Higher Education XLIII, no. 44 (11 July 1997):A13. 15. “Generation Next: A Snapshot,” www.pewtrusts.org/ideas, 9 November 2006 and “The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 2005,” http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/ PDFs/ResearchBrief05.pdf, 9 November 2006. DATA SOURCES ❍ 717 16. Reed Abelson, “A Survey of Wall St. Finds Women Disheartened,” The New York Times
on the Web, http://www.nytimes.com, 26 July 2001. 17. Shannon Dortch, “American Weighs In,” American Demographics, June 1997, p. 39. 18. Adapted from A.M. Goodman and A.R. Ennos, “The Responses of Field-Grown Sunﬂower and Maize to Mechanical Support,” Annals of Botany 79 (1997):703. 19. “Is America Ready for a Woman President,” CBS News/New York Times Poll, http://www. cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/03/opinion/polls/main1281319.shtml, 5 February 2006. 20. G. Wayne Marino, “Selected Mechanical Factors Associated with Acceleration in Ice Skating,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 54, no. 3 (1983). 21. “Hourly wages for school workers,” http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm?section=N&label=2006-11-10-gas. 22. http://cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/20/opinion/polls/printaale1060315.shtml, 10 November 2005. Chapter 9 1. Jan Pergl, Irena Perglova, Petr Pysek, and Hansjörg Dietz, “Population Age Structure and Reproductive Behavior of the Monocarpic Perennial Heraculaneum Mantegazzianum (Apiaceae) in Its Native and Invaded Distribution Ranges,” American Journal of Botany, 93(7): 1018–1028, (2006). 2. “America by the Numbers,” Time, 30 October 2006, pp. 43–55. 3. Allen L. Shoemaker, “What’s Normal? Temperature, Gender, and Heart Rate,” Journal of Statistics Education (1996). 4. “Hot News: 98.6 Not Normal,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 23 September 1992. 5. Nicola Maffulli, V. Testa, G. Capasso, and A. Sullo, “Calciﬁc Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy,” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 1 (January/February
2004):174. 6. Adapted from “Suite Dreams,” Consumer Reports, July 2001, pp. 12–16. 7. Lance Wallace and Terrence Slonecker, “Ambient Air Concentrations of Fine (PM 2.5) Manganese in the U.S. National Parks and in California and Canadian Cities: The Possible Impact of Adding MMT to Unleaded Gasoline,” Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 47 (June 1997):642–651. 8. Dianne Hales, “We’re Changing the Way We Eat,” PARADE, November 12, 2006, pp. 4–5. 9. “Seeing the World Through Tinted Lenses,” Washington Post, 16 March 1993, p. 5. 10. “America by the Numbers: How We Vote...,” Time, 30 October 2006, p. 46. 11. http://hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/pet_overpopulation_and_ ownership_...10/26/2006. 12. Adapted from Pamela Paul, “Coming Soon: More Ads Tailored to Your Tastes,” American Demographics, August 2001, p. 28. 13. Denise Grady, “Study Finds Alzheimer’s Danger in Hormone Therapy,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 28 May 2003. 14. Heart Healthy Women website, http://www.hearthealthywomen.org/patients/medications/ blood_thinners__aspirin_6.html. 15. Jonathan W. Jantz, C.D. Blosser, and L.A. Fruechting, “A Motor Milestone Change Noted with a Change in Sleep Position,” Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 151 (June 1997):565. 16. “Generation Next: A Snapshot,” www.pewtrusts.org/ideas, 9 November 2006; and “The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 2005,” http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/PDFs/ ResearchBrief05.PDF, 9 November 2006. 17. Loren Hill, Bassmaster, September/October 1980. 18. Joe Sylvester, “Area District Attorneys: Don’
t Judge Us by Statistics,” The Daily Item (Sunbury, PA), 17 August 1997, p. A-1. 19. Charles Dickey, “A Strategy for Big Bucks,” Field and Stream, October 1990. 20. Science News 136 (19 August 1989):124. 718 ❍ DATA SOURCES 21. Jeeseung Choi, Janet Meininger, and Robert E. Roberts, “Ethnic Differences in Adolescents’ Mental Distress, Social Stress, and Resources,” Adolescence, Vol. 41, no. 162, Summer 2006, pp. 263–278. 22. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0883611.html. 23. Lev Grossman, “Why the 9/11 Conspiracies Won’t Go Away,” Time, 11 September 2006, p. 46. 24. Cadonna Peyton, “Pupils Build English Skills,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 19 March 2004, p. B-1. 25. Kurt Grote, T.L. Lincoln, and J.G. Gamble, “Hip Adductor Injury in Competitive Swimmers,” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 1 (January/February 2004):104. 26. “Hourly wages for school workers,” http://www.usatoday.com/news/snapshot.htm?section=N&label=2006-11-10-gas. 27. Joel B. Greenhouse and Samuel W. Greenhouse, “An Aspirin a Day...?” Chance: New Directions for Statistics and Computing 1, no. 4 (1988):24–31. Chapter 10 1. “Pricing of Tuna,” Consumer Reports, June 2001. 2. W.B. Jeffries, H.K. Voris, and C.M. Yang, “Diversity ad Distribution of the Pedunculate Barnacles Octolasmis Gray, 1825 Epizoic on the Scyllarid Lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1793),” Crustaceana 46, no. 3 (1984). 3. ESPN NFL Player Index. http://sports.espn.go.com/nﬂ/players, 2 January 2007. 4. Wendy K. Baell
and E.H. Wertheim, “Predictors of Outcome in the Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa,” British Journal of Clinical Psychology 31 (1992):330–332. 5. “L.A. Heart Data.” Adapted from data found at http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~statdata/ statdata/data/laheart.dat. 6. Jan D. Lindhe, “Clinical Assessment of Antiplaque Agents,” Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry, Supplement 5 (1984). 7. Susan J. Beckham, W.A. Grana, P. Buckley, J.E. Breasile, and P.L. Claypool, “A Comparison of Anterior Compartment Pressures in Competitive Runners and Cyclists,” American Journal of Sports Medicine 21, no. 1 (1992):36. 8. Michael A. Brehm, J.S. Buguliskis, D.K. Hawkins, E.S. Lee, D. Sabapathi, and R.A. Smith, “Determining Differences in Efficacy of Two Disinfectants Using t-tests,” The American Biology Teacher 58, no. 2 (February 1996):111. 9. A. Tubb, A.J. Parker, and G. Nickless, “The Analysis of Romano-British Pottery by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry,” Archaeometry 22 (1980):153. 10. “2006–2007 Automobile Insurance,” California Department of Insurance, http://interactive. web.insurance.ca.gov/survey/survey?type=autoSurvey&event=autoSearch, 28 November 2006. 11. Collegeboard SAT: 2006 College Bound Seniors, Total Group Proﬁle Report, http://www. collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/about/news_info/cbsenior/yr2006/national-report.pdf. 12. Carlos E. Macellari, “Revision of Serpulids of the Genus Rotularia (Annelida) at Seymour Island (Antarctic Peninsula) and Their Value in Stratigraphy,” Journal of Paleontology 58, no. 4 (1984). 13. T.M. Casey, M.L. May, and K
.R. Morgan, “Flight Energetics of Euglossine Bees in Relation to Morphology and Wing Stroke Frequency,” Journal of Experimental Biology 116 (1985). 14. Karl J. Niklas and T.G. Owens, “Physiological and Morphological Modiﬁcations of Plantago Major (Plantaginaceae) in Response to Light Conditions,” American Journal of Botany 76, no. 3 (1989):370–382. 15. Consumer Reports website, http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cars/past-road-test/ index.htm. 16. “KFC: Too Finger-Lickin’ Good?” Good Housekeeping Saavy Consumer Product Tests, http://magazines.ivillage.com/goodhousekeeping/print/0,446041,00.html, 11 March 2004. 17. John Fetto, “Shop Around the Clock,” American Demographics 25, no. 7 (September 2003):18. DATA SOURCES ❍ 719 18. Adapted from Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, “Why We Pay So Much for Drugs,” Time, 2 February 2004, p. 44. 19. Charles S. Catlin, “Four-Day Work Week Improves Environment,” Environmental Health, March 1997, p. 12. Chapter 11 1. “Pricing of Tuna,” Consumer Reports, June 2001. 2. “2006–2007 Automobile Insurance,” California Department of Insurance, http://interactive.web.insurance.ca.gov/survey/survey?type=autoSurvey&event=autoSearch, 28 November 2006. 3. “WinCo Foods: Compare and Save,” 12880 Day St., Moreno Valley, CA, delivered by bulk mailing October 4–6, 2006. 4. H.F. Barsam and Z.M. Simutis, “Computer-Based Graphics for Terrain Visualization Training,” Human Factors, no. 26, 1984. Copyright 1984 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. Reproduced by permission. 5. “How Fares Differ by Airport and Airline,” Consumer Reports, July 1997, p. 24. 6. The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 11 February 1993. 7. Russell R. P
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cd-tvs/ reports/product-selector/index.htm, 22 August 2006. 8. “#12, Tom Brady,” http://sports.espn.go.com/nﬂ/players/proﬁle?statsId=5228, 3 January 2007. 9. W.B. Jeffries, H.K. Voris, and C.M. Yang, “Diversity and Distribution of the Pedunculat Barnacles Octolasmis Gray, 1825 Epizoic on the Scyllarid Lobster, Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1793),” Crustaceana 46, no. 3 (1984). 10. Gregory K. Torrey, S.F. Vasa, J.W. Maag, and J.J. Kramer, “Social Skills Interventions Across School Settings: Cast Study Reviews of Students with Mild Disabilities,” Psychology in the Schools 29 (July 1992):248. 11. G. Wayne Marino, “Selected Mechanical Factors Associated with Acceleration in Ice Skating,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 54, no. 3 (1983). 12. A.J. Ellis, “Geothermal Systems,” American Scientist, September/October 1975. 720 ❍ DATA SOURCES 13. Allen L. Shoemaker, “What’s Normal? Temperature, Gender, and Heart Rate,” Journal of Statistics Education (1996). 14. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/teams, 12 December 2006. 15. David R. McAllister et al., “A Comparison of Preoperative Imaging Techniques for Predicting Patellar Tendon Graft Length before Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction,” The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(4):461–465. 16. Henry Gleitman, Basic Psychology, 4th ed. (New York: Norton, 1996). 17. http://www.ew.com/ew/chart/movie/0,6115,_1__,00.html, 22 August 2006. 18. Mark Rechtin, “Boss Puts ‘Buzz’ on U.S. Luxury Leader’s To-Do List,” Automotive News, 26 January 2004, p. 4, and 22 May 2006. 19. “Starbucks Beverage and Food Details
,” http://www.starbucks.com/retail/nutrition_info.asp, 4 May 2004. 20. “Ratings: Walking Shoes,” Consumer Reports, October 2006, p. 52. 21. Automotive News: 1997 Market Data Book, 28 May 1997, 2001 Market Data Book (online), www.automotivenews.com/datacenter.cms, 20 September 2001; 2003 Market Data Book, 26 May 2003, 2005 Market Data Book, 23 May 2005, and 2006 Market Data Book, 22 May 2006. Chapter 13 1. W.S. Good, “Productivity in the Retail Grocery Trade,” Journal of Retailing 60, no. 3 (1984). 2. “Burgers from the Garden,” Consumer Reports, July 1997, p. 36. 3. Adapted from J. Zhou and S. Smith, “Measurement of Ozone Concentrations in Ambient Air Using a Badge-Type Passive Monitor,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (June 1997):697. 4. Adapted from http://blog.qumana.com/blog/_archives/2006/7/12/2108371.html, November 7, 2006. 5. “2001 Academic Performance Index (API) report,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 16 October 2001, p. A8. 6. R. Blair and R. Miser, “Biotin Bioavailability from Protein Supplements and Cereal Grains for Growing Broiler Chickens,” International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 59 (1989):55–58. 7. “Round-Trip Fares on America’s Most Popular Routes,” Consumer Reports, July 1997, p. 25. 8. “Tires: Seasonal Performers,” Consumer Reports, November 2006, pp. 52–54 9. “Tuna Goes Upscale,” Consumer Reports, June 2001, p. 19. 10. Automotive News: 1997 Market Data Book, 28 May 1997, p. 50; 2001 Market Data Book (online), www.automews.com/datacenter.cms, 20 September 2001; and 2003 Market Data Book, 26 May 2003, p. 40, 2006 Market Data Book, 22 May 2006, p. 25. Chapter 14 1. Daniel Q. Haney, “
Mondays May Be Hazardous,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 17 November 1992, p. A16. 2. “What Colors Come in Your Bag?” http://us.mms.com/us/about/products/milkchocolate/, 4 January 2007. 3. “What Colors Come in Your Bag?” http://us.mms.com/us/about/products/peanut/, 4 January 2007. 4. http://www.pollingreport.com/health3.htm, ABC News/Washington Post Poll, 6–9 April 2006. 5. Adapted from Linda Schmittroth, ed., Statistical Record of Women Worldwide (Detroit and London: Gale Research, 1991). 6. “Waiting for a prescription (average time in minutes),” Adapted from http://www.USATODAY.com/snapshot/life/2001-06-10-drugwait.htm, 26 September 2001. 7. Adapted from Dana Blanton, “Poll: Most Believe ‘Cover-Up’ of JFK Assassination Facts,” http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,102511,00.html, 10 February 2004. DATA SOURCES ❍ 721 8. “No Shows,” American Demographics, 25, no. 9 (November 2003):11. 9. Adapted from Tamar Lewin, “Report Looks at a Generation, and Caring for Young and Old,” The New York Times on the Web, 11 July 2001. 10. Siobhan Reilly, Michele Abendstern, Jane Hughes, David Challis, Dan Venables, and Irene Pedersen, “Quality in Long-Term Care Home for People with Dementia: An Assessment of Specialist Provision,” Aging and Society, 26(2006):649–668. 11. W.W. Menard, “Time, Chance and the Origin of Manganese Nodules,” American Scientist, September/October, 1976. 12. Elizabeth A. Crowley, “Churchgoing Rises with Age,” http://www.usatoday.com/news/ snapshot.htm, 30 January 2004. 13. Thomas Lord and Terri Orkwiszewski, “Moving from Didactic to Inquiry-Based Instruction in a Science Laboratory,”
American Journal of Primatolgy, 68 (October 2006). 14. Jonathan W. Jantz, C.D. Blosser, and L.A. Fruechting, “A Motor Milestone Change Noted with a Change in Sleep Position,” Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 151 (June 1997):565. 15. Adapted from “Salmonella May Taint Many Holiday Turkeys,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA) 20 November 2001, p. A3. 16. William A. McGeveran, Jr., Ed., “Homeschooled Students,” The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007 (New York: WRC Media, Inc.), 2007, p. 406 and http://www.census.gov/ prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf. 17. Dan Smith, “Motorists Have Little Respect for Others’ Skills,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 15 March 1991. 18. William A. McGeveran, Jr., Ed., “Most Popular Colors, by Type of Vehicle, 2005 Model Year,” The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007 (New York: WRC Media, Inc.), 2007, p. 83. 19. “Every Dad Has His Day,” Time, 16 June 1997, p. 16. 20. Doreen Matsui, R. Lim, T. Tschen, and M.J. Rieder, “Assessment of the Palatability of b-Lactamase-Resistant Antibiotics in Children,” Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 151 (June 1997):599. 21. Andrew S. Levy, M.J. Wetzler, M. Lewars, and W. Laughlin, “Knee Injuries in Women Collegiate Rugby Players,” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 3 (1997):360. 22. Adapted from David L. Wheeler, “More Social Roles Means Fewer Colds,” Chronicle of Higher Education XLIII, no. 44 (July 11, 1997):A13. 23. Carole Day and Del Lowenthal, “The Use of Open Group Discussions in Marketing Library Services to Young Adults,” British Journal of Educational Psychology 62 (1992):324–340. Chapter 15 1. T.
M. Casey, M.L. May, and K.R. Morgan, “Flight Energetics of Euglossine Bees in Relation to Morphology and Wing Stroke Frequency,” Journal of Experimental Biology 116 (1985). 2. “Alzheimer’s Test Set for New Memory Drug,” The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA), 18 November 1997, p. A-4. 3. Science News 136 (August 1989):126. 4. D. Matsui et al., “Assessment of the Palatability of b-Lactamase-Resistant Antibiotics in Children,” Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997):559–601. 5. Scott K. Powers and M.B. Walker, “Physiological and Anatomical Characteristics of Outstanding Female Junior Tennis Players,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 53, no. 2 (1983). 6. Science News, 1989, p. 116. 7. G. Merrington, L. Winder, and I. Green, “The Uptake of Cadmium and Zinc by the Birdcherry Oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum Padi (Homoptera:Aphididae) Feeding on Wheat Grown on Sewage Sludge Amended Agricultural Soil,” Environmental Pollution 96, no. 1 (1997):111–114. 8. Karola Sakekel, “Egg Substitutes Range in Quality,” San Francisco Chronicle, 10 February 1993, p. 8. Answers to Selected Exercises Chapter 1 1.1 a. the student b. the exam c. the patient e. the car b. continuous c. continuous d. the plant 1.3 a. discrete d. discrete 1.5 a. vehicles b. type (qualitative); make (qualitative); carpool (qualitative); distance (quantitative continuous); age (quantitative continuous) c. multivariate 1.7 The population is the set of voter preferences for all voters in the state. Voter preferences may change over time. 1.9 a. score on the reading test; quantitative b. the student c. the set of scores for all deaf students who hypothetically might take the test 1.11 a. a pair of jeans b. the state in which the e. 8/25 g. The three states produce jeans are produced; qualitative f.
California roughly the same numbers of jeans. 1.13 a. no; add a category called “Other” 1.15 a. no 1.17 Answers will vary. 1.19 a. eight to ten class intervals b. not quite c. the bar chart c. 43/50.30 1.21 b. d..30 c..70 e. relatively symmetric; no d. 33/50 e. yes 1.25 b. centered at 75; two peaks (bimodal) c. Scores are divided into two groups according to student abilities. 1.27 a. pie chart, bar chart 1.29 c. the Pareto chart 1.31 a. skewed right; several outliers 1.33 b. Stem-and-leaf of Ages N = 37 Leaf Unit = 1.0 2 3 7 13 (6) 18 11 7 4 2 4 69 5 3 5 6678 6 003344 6 567778 7 0111234 7 7889 8 013 8 58 9 00 relatively symmetric and Lincoln were assassinated. c. Kennedy, Garﬁeld, 1.35 b. 0.05 1.37 a. number of hazardous waste sites (discrete) state; amount of industrial activity b. skewed right c. size of the 1.39 a. skewed d. symmetric 1.41 a. continuous b. symmetric e. skewed b. continuous c. symmetric f. skewed c. discrete d. discrete e. discrete 1.43 7 8 9 10 11.45 c. skewed right 1.49 a. no 1.51 a. skewed right 1.53 a. Popular vote is skewed right; percent vote is c. Once relatively symmetric. the size of the state is removed, each state will be measured on an equal basis. b. roughly mound-shaped c. yes; large states b. yes 1.55 d. Answers will vary. 1.57 a. no 1.59 b. bimodal distribution, outliers; different c. yes kiln sites 1.63 a. Stem-and-Leaf Display: Percent Stem-and-leaf of Percent N 51 Leaf Unit 1.0 8 00 1 3 3 5 10 20 0 1 1 1 1 1 (11) 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 44 66777 8888889999 00000000011 233333 444555 67 89 01 22 b. roughly mound-shaped c.
three somewhat low—Alaska, Georgia, and New Jersey 20 14 8 6 4 2 1.65 Use a pie chart or a bar chart. 1.67 a. approximately mound-shaped b. bar centered at 100.8 c. slightly above the center 1.69 a. somewhat mound-shaped 1.73 a–b. skewed left c. 8 and 11 b..2 ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES ❍ 723 2.23 a. s.20 2.25 a. approximately.68 b. x.76; s.165 c. approximately.003 b. 2.25 2.27 a. 4.5 s 2.892 2.29 a. skewed right 2.31 b. x 7.729 b. 0 to 104 days c. s 1.985 b. approximately.95 c. x 4.586; x ks Actual Tchebysheff Empirical Rule k 1 2 3 (5.744, 9.714) (3.759, 11.699) (1.774, 13.684).71.96 1.00 2.33 a. 42 b. s 10.5 d. 1.00; 1.00; yes At least 0 At least 3/4 At least 8/9 c. s 13.10 Approx..68 Approx..95 Approx..997 2.35 a. s.444 2.37 a–b. x 1.4; s 2 1.4 2.39 a. x 2.04; s 2.806 b. s.436 b–c. k 1 2 3 x ks (.766, 4.846) (3.572, 7.652) (6.378, 10.458) Actual Tchebysheff.84.92 1.00 At least 0 At least 3/4 At least 8/9 Empirical Rule Approx..68 Approx..95 Approx..997 2.41 Chapter 2 Measurements Measurements c. skewed Sorted Data Set of Q1 Position Above and Below Q1 Position Above and of Q3 Below 2.1 b. x 2; m 1; mode 1 2.3 a. 5.8 2.5 a. slightly skewed right m 1; mode 1 b. 5.5 c. 5 and 6 c. x 1.08; 2.7 2.5 is an average
number calculated (or estimated) for all families in a particular category. 2.9 The median, because the distribution is highly skewed to the right. 2.11 a. x 4.72; m 3.50; mode 1 b. skewed right c. yes 2.13 a. 2.4 2.15 a. 3 b. 2.8 b. 2.125 s 1.126 c. 1.673 c. s 2 1.2679; 2.17 a. 1.11 c. R 2.5s 2.19 a. s 1.67 d. yes e. no b. s 2.19007, s.436 b. s 1.75 c. no 2.21 a. approximately.68 c. approximately.815 b. approximately.95 d. approximately.16 Q3 2.1 8.9 1, 1.5, 2, 1.5 1 and 1.5 1.25 4.5 None 1.8 9 2, 2.2 0, 1.7, 1.8, 3 3.1, 3.2, 7, 8, 8.8, 8.9, 9, 10 2 and 2.2 None 2.25.30 and.35.3125 6.75.58 and.76.7150.23,.30,.35,.41,.56,.58,.76,.80 2.43 min 0, Q1 6, m 10, Q3 14, max 19; IQR 8 2.45 lower and upper fences: 2.25 and 15.25; x 22 is an outlier 2.47 a. min 1.70, Q1 130.5, m 246.5, Q3 317.5, max 485 b. lower and upper fences: 150 and 598 c–d. No, but there are four extremely small observations, not identiﬁed by the box plot as outliers. 724 ❍ ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES 2.49 a. Variable Minimum Favre Q1 Median Q3 Maximum 5.00 19.25 22.00 24.75 31.00 2.81 a. 8.36 d. lower and upper fences: 24.375 and 42.625; no; yes c. skewed right b. 4 Manning 14.00 20.25 23.50 26.75 32.00 2.83 b. yes c. more
than 2 or 3 standard b. Favre: lower and upper fences: 11 and 33; one outlier (x 5); relatively symmetric, except for the outlier. Manning: upper and lower fences: 10.5 and 36.5; no outliers, relatively symmetric. b. x 108.15; m 123.5; 2.51 a. skewed left mean median implies skewed left c. lower and upper fences: 43.125 and 259.875; skewed left, no outliers. 2.53 Female temperatures have a higher center (median) and are more variable; three outliers in the female group. 2.55 a. Generic: m 26, Q1 25, Q3 27.25, IQR 2.25; Sunmaid: m 26, Q1 24, Q3 28, IQR 4 upper fences: 21.625 and 30.625; Sunmaid: lower c. yes and upper fences: 18 and 34 d. The average size is nearly the same; individual raisin sizes are more variable for Sunmaid raisins. b. Generic: lower and b. s 8.025 2.57 a. R 32.1 2.59 m 6.35, Q1 2.325, Q3 12.825; lower and upper fences: 13.425 and 28.575; one outlier (x 32.3). c. s 7.671 2.61 a, b. k x ks Tchebysheff Empirical Rule (.16,.18) (.15,.19) (.14,.20) At least 0 At least 3/4 At least 8/9 1 2 3 c. No, distribution of n 4 measurements cannot be mound-shaped. Approx..68 Approx..95 Approx..997 2.63 68%; 95% 2.65 a. 27; 20.2; 6.8 c. 23.96; 1.641 1.85; smallest x 20.2, z-score 2.29; no e. 24.3 2.67 a. s 7.75 b. slightly skewed left d. largest x 27, z-score b. x 59.2; s 10.369 f. 22.95 and 24.85 c. m 60, Q1 51.25, Q3 69.75; lower and upper fences: 23.5 and 97.5; no outliers. 2.69 s 100
2.71 a. 16% 2.73 a..9735 2.75 a..025 2.77 a. At least 3/4 have between 145 and 205 b..16 b. 81.5% b..16 b..84 teachers. deviations from the mean 2.85 a. 2.5, 3.75, 4.2, 4.75, 5.7 upper fences: 2.25 and 6.25 d. mound-shaped; yes b. lower and c. no 2.87 b. the sample mean gets smaller d. 5 m 10 2.89 c. The standard deviation when dividing by n 1 is closer to s. 2.91 b–c. skewed left with one outlier to the right of the other observations (x 520) Chapter 3 3.3 a. comparative pie charts; side-by-side or stacked bar charts all four categories are substantially different for men and women. c. Proportions spent in 3.5 a. Population: responses to free time question b. bivariate data, measuring for all parents and children in the United States. Sample: responses for the 398 people in the survey. relationship (qualitative) and response (qualitative) fall into that relationship-opinion category e. stacked or side-by-side bar charts c. the number of people who 3.9 x 1 3 2 y 6 2 4 xy 6 6 8 Sx 6 Sy 12 Sxy 20 sx 1 sy 2 Calculate: Covariance n 3 2 )(Sy) Sxy (Sx n n 1 sxy Correlation Coefficient..903 3.11 b. As x increases, y increases. d. y 3.58.815x; yes 3.13 b. As x increases, y decreases. 3.15 a. y 56.11 23.83x c. $199.06; no c. r.760 3.17 b. slight positive trend 3.19 a. price dependent variable; size c..987 independent variable b. yes 3.21 b. The professor’s productivity appears to increase, with less time required to write later books; no. 3.23 a. age of the soldier (quantitative), status of soldier—enlisted or officer (qualitative), branch b. the population of of service (qualitative) responses for all soldiers in the U.S. Army and the U.S. Marine Corps
; population at a ﬁxed moment in time stacked bar charts c. side-by-side bar charts; 3.27 a..882 (.886 using Minitab printout) b. x weeks in release, y gross to date c..148;.642 3.29 a. no b. r.039; yes c. Large cluster in lower left corner shows no apparent relationship; 7 to 10 states form a cluster with a d. local environmental negative linear trend regulations; population per square mile; geographic region 3.31 a. aluminum oxide (quantitative), site b. higher levels of aluminum (qualitative) oxide at Ashley Rails and Island Thorns 3.33 a. year (quantitative), number of home networks (quantitative), type of network (qualitative) increase and wired networks will decrease. c. Wireless networking will b..946 3.35 a. strong positive linear relationship c. b 1 3.37 b. strong positive linear relationship 3.39 b. weak negative linear relationship c. yes; Juneau, AK d. stronger negative relationship d. y 12.221.815x ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES ❍ 725 4.19 a. 60 b. 3,628,800 c. 720 d. 20 4.21 6720 4.23 216 4.25 120 4.27 720 4.29 a. 140,608 d..943 b. 132,600 c..00037 b. 4 4.31 a. 2,598,960 4.33 5.720645 (1012) b. 1/49 4.35 a. 49 4.37 1/56 c..000001539 c. 2/7 )4! (3 4.39 4! 2! 1 4.41 Conditions for P(A) P(B) Events A and B P(A B) P(A B) P(AB).3.3.1.2.4 Mutually exclusive.4.5 Independent Independent.5 Mutually exclusive 0.12.05 0.7.58.55.7 0.3.1 0.635 3.43 a. 3.45 a. 0.5 d. 3.25; 4 Chapter 4 b. increase c. 2.0; the y-intercept 4.43 a. 3/5 4.45 a. 1 4.47 a. 1 f. 0
4.1 a. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} c. 1/6 e. P(A) 1/6; P(B) 1/2; P(C) 2/3; P(D) 1/6; P(E) 1/2; P(F) 0 4.3 P(E1).45; P(E2).15; P(Ei).05 for i 3, 4,..., 10 4.5 a. {NDQ, NDH, NQH, DQH} b. 3/4 c. 3/4.58 4.9 a. b..14 c..46 4.11 a. randomly selecting three people and recording their gender MFM, MMF, MFF, FMF, FFM, MMM} c. 1/8 4.13 a. rank A, B, C d. 3/8 e. 1/8 b. {FFF, FMM, b. {ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA} d. 1/3, 1/3.467 b..513 c..533 4.15 a. 4.17 80 c. 1/5 c. 1/3 h. 1 d. 0 i. 5/6 e. 1/3 b. 4/5 b. 1/5 b. 1 g. 0 b. b. no.52.08.3 4.49 a. c. yes 4.51 a. 4.53 a. no, since P(A B) 0 b. no, since P(A) P(AB).30 4.55 a. b. 4.59 a. P(A).9918; P(B).0082 b. P(A).9836; P(B).0164.14.56 c..99 4.61.05 4.63 a. 4.65 a. 154/256 d. 88/154 g. 12/101.64.23 4.67 a. 4.69 a. b. b. b..01 b. 155/256 e. 44/67 h. 189/256 c..4982.6087;.3913 c. 88/256 f. 23/35.011236 4.71.38 4.
73.012 4.75 a..6585 b..3415 c. left 726 ❍ ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES 4.77.3130 4.79 a. P(D).10; P(DC).90; P(N DC).94; P(N D).20 d..056 e..20 b..023 c..023 f. false negative 4.81 a. continuous b. continuous c. discrete d. discrete e. continuous c. m 1.9; s 2 1.29; s 1.136 e..9 4.83 a. d..2.3 4.85 1.5 4.87 a. {S, FS, FFS, FFFS}.1;.09;.081 b. p(1) p(2) p(3) p(4) 1/4 4.89 a. p(0) 3/10; p(1) 6/10; p(2) 1/10 b. p(x) (.9)x1(.1) 4.91 a. 4.93 a. 4.0656 4.95 $1500.28 4.97 a. d..94 c. 3.3186 b. 4.125 b..18 c. m 1.32; s 1.199 4.99 $20,500 4.101.0713 4.103 P(A) 1/2; P(B) 2/3; P(A B) 1/3; P(A B) 5/6; P(C) 1/6; P(A C) 0; P(A C) 2/3 4.105 2/7 4.107 p(0).0256; p(1).1536; p(2).3456; p(3).3456; p(4).1296;.4752 b..2530 4.109 a. c..3889.4565 4.111 3/10; 6/10 4.113 a..73 b..27 4.115.999999 4.117 8 4.119 a. 4.121 a. 1/8.3582 b..4883 c..4467 c. Not necessarily; they could have studied together, and so on.
b. 1/64 4.123 a. 5/6 4.125 a..8 b. 25/36 c. 11/36 b..64 c..36 4.127.0256;.1296 4.129.2;.1 4.131 a. d. 4.133 a..5182.3906.0625 b..1136 c..7091 b..25 4.135 a. x 0 1 2 p(x) 6/15 1/15 b. m 2/3; s 2 16/45 8/15 4.137 a. p(2) p(12) 1/36, p(3) p(11) 2/36, p(4) p(10) 3/36, p(5) p(9) 4/36, p(6) p(8) 5/36, p(7) 6/36 4.139 a. p(0).5, p(1).5 Chapter 5 5.1 k P(x k000.001.011.058.194.448.745.942 1.000 List the The Problem Values of x Write the Probability Rewrite the Probability Find the Probability 3 or less 3 or more More than 3 Fewer than 3 Between 3 and 5 (inclusive) Exactly 3 P(x 3) 0, 1, 2, 3 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 P(x 3) not needed 1 P(x 2).058.989 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 P(x 3) 1 P(x 3).942 0, 1, 2 3, 4, 5 P(x 3) P(x 2).011 P(3 x 5) P(x 5).437 P(x 2) 3 P(x 3) P(x 3).047 P(x 2) 5.3 not binomial; dependent trials; p varies from trial to trial. 5.5 a. d. 5.7 a..2965.3670.097 e. 1.212 b..8145 c..1172 b..329 c..671 d. 2.1 5.9 p(0).000; p(1).002; p(2).015; p(3).082; p(4
).246; p(5).393; p(6).262.251.618.367 c. 5.11 a. d..633 b. f. 1.549 b. b..015.610 e. 4 5.13 a..901 5.15 a..748 e..656 5.17 a. 1;.99 c. c..002.367 d. d..998.966 b. 90; 3 c. 30; 4.58 5.19 a. d. 70; 4.58.9568 e. 50; 5.957 d. m 2; s 1.342 f. yes; yes b. c. e..9569.7455;.9569;.9977 5.21 no; the variable is not the number of successes in n trials. Instead, the number of trials n is variable. 5.23 a. 1.000 5.25 a..098 e..430 b..997 c..086 b. f..991.902 c..098 d..138.0081 5.27 a. 5.29 a. m 10 b..4116 c..2401 b. 4 to 16 c. If this unlikely value were actually observed, it might be possible that the trials (ﬁelds) are not independent. c..98320 5.31 a. 5.33 a..016796.107 b..762 5.35 Probability P(x 0) P(x 1) P(x 2) P(2 or fewer successes) 5.37 k P(x k) Formula Calculated Value m 2.5 mk 2.50 e e.082085! k 0! 2.5 m mk 2.51 e e.205212! k 1! 2.5 m mk 2.52 e e.256516 2!! k P(x 0) P(x 1).543813 10.055.199.423.647.815.916.966.988.996.999 1.000 List the The Problem Values of x Write the Probability Rewrite the Probability Find the Probability 0, 1, 2, 3 3, 4, 5,... 4, 5, 6,... 0, 1, 2 3
, 4, 5 3 or less 3 or more More than 3 Fewer than 3 Between 3 and 5 (inclusive) P(x 3).647 P(x 3).577 P(x 3).353 P(x 3).423 P(3 x 5) P(x 5).493 not needed 1 P(x 2) 1 P(x 3) P(x 2) P(x 2) Exactly 3 3 P(x 3) P(x 3).224 P(x 2) b..27067 c..593994.135335.036089.677.0067.271 5.39 a. d. 5.41 a. 5.43 a. 5.45 a. 5.47 P(x 5).017; unlikely. 5.49 a. c..0714.6 b..5143 5.51 a. p(0).36; p(1).48; p(2).15; p(3).01 b..6767 b..1755 b..594 c. yes c..560 c..406 c. m.8, s 2.50286 5.53 p(0).2; p(1).6; p(2).2 5.55 a. hypergeometric.2857 d. b..1786 d..99;.99; yes c..01786 5.61 a. p(0).729; p(1).243; p(2).027; p(3).001.234.228 5.63 a. 5.65 a. c..3;.520 d..729;.972 b..136 b. no indication that people are c. Claim is not unlikely. more likely to choose middle numbers ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES ❍ 727 d. yes; x 225 lies 6 standard c. 261.67 to b. s 9.165 5.67 a. m 280 298.33 deviations below the mean. b. 4.006 5.69 a. 20 c. d. Psychiatrist is incorrect. 5.71 a. m 50; s 6.124 b. The value x 35 lies 2.45 standard deviations below the mean. It is somewhat unlikely that the 25% ﬁgure is representative of this campus
. 5.73 a..5 b. m 12.5; s 2.5 preference for the second design. c. There is a 5.75 a. yes; n 10; p.25.0000296 c. behaving as expected. b..2440 d. Yes; genetic model is not b. 1/8192.00012 5.77 a. yes 5.79 a. hypergeometric, or approximately binomial c. approximately.85;.72;.61 b. b..421875.3292 b. Poisson 5.81 a..015625 5.83 a. p 1/3 5.85 a. 14.25.8683 c. no; x 10 is only b. 2.049 c. c. 1.95 standard deviations below the mean 5.87 a..135335 b..676676 5.89.655 5.91 a..794 b..056 c. 0.82 to 3.82 or 0 to 3 5.93 a. 36 b. 4.8 c. Yes, since x 49 lies 2.71 standard deviations above the mean..042 b. e. 1 b..9648 c..0207 c..9648 5.95 a. d. 5.99 a..00006.5948.0176 Chapter 6 6.1 Write the Probability P(z 2) P(z 1.16) Rewrite the Probability (if needed) Find the Probability not needed 1 P(z 1.16).0228.1230 P(z 1.645) 1 P(z 1.645).0500 P(2.33 z 2.33) P (z 2.33) P (z 2.33) P(1.24 z 2.58) P(z 1.88) P(z 2.58) P(z 1.24) not needed.9802.1026.9699 The Interval Less than 2 Greater than 1.16 Greater than 1.645 Between 2.33 and 2.33 Between 1.24 and 2.58 Less than or equal to 1.88 c..8159 d. 1.0000 6.69 no; x 184 lies only 1.26 standard deviations c..2694 below the mean. 728 ❍ ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES
.9452.6753.0901 6.3 a. 6.5 a. d. 6.7 a. 1.96 6.9 a. 1.65 6.11 a. 1.28 6.13 a..1596 b..9664 b..2401 e. 0 b. 1.44 b. 1.645 b. 1.645 b..1151 c. 2.05 c..1359 d. 2.33 6.15 58.3 6.17 m 8; s 2 6.19 a..1949 b..4870 d. yes; y 18 lies 3.82 standard deviations above the mean. c. no 6.21 a..4586 b..0526 c..0170 6.23.1562;.0012 6.25 a..0475 d. 38.84 b..00226 c. 29.12 to 40.88 6.27 a..1056 b..2676 6.29.0475 6.31 63,550 6.33 a..3085 6.35 a. 15; 10 b..2417 b. yes c..0045 c. 15; 2.449 d. 10, 11,..., 25 f. z 2.25 e. 10; 9.5 g. 2.25;.0122;.9878 6.37 a. yes b. m 7.5; s 2.291 c..6156.618.2676.178.245.0446 d. 6.39 a. 6.41 a. 6.43 a. 6.45 a. 6.47.9441 6.49 a..5000 b..3520 b..392 b..2483 b..0104 c..3208 d..9162 c..0446 b. They do not consider height when casting their ballot. 6.51 a..0050 b..8394 c..9767 d. yes; Pepsi’s market share is higher than claimed. 6.53 a. 31 b. 3.432 c. no; x 25 is only 1.75 standard deviations below the mean..3227 b..1586 6.55 a. 6.57 z0 0 6.59 z0.67; the 25th and 75th percentiles
6.61 no 6.63 5.065 months 6.65.0336 6.67 85.36 minutes.0401 6.71 7.301 ounces b. 6.73 a. 141 6.75.9474 6.77.3557 6.79 a. Q1 269.96; Q3 286.04 x 180 lies 8.17 standard deviations below the mean. b. yes; 6.81 a. 0 b..6026 c. Sample is not random; results will be biased. 6.83 a..52 standard deviations.0561.3085.9544 b. 1.28 standard deviations b. 99.92 degrees 6.85 a. 6.87 a. b. 6.89 a. z0 1.96 b. 6.91 a..9651 b. 6.93 a..0442 6.95 a. 1.273 b. 6.97.1244 (exact probability.1236).1056.0445.1016 b. z0.36 c..0062 Chapter 7 7.1 1/500 7.11 a. convenience sample c. Yes, but only if the students behave like a random sample from the general population of Native American youth. b. Percent favoring the 7.13 a. ﬁrst question program decreased, perhaps due to the “spending billions of dollars” wording in the question. 7.15 normal; 53; 3 7.17 normal; 100; 3.16 7.19 a. m 10; s/n.5 b. m 5; s/n.2 c. m 120; s/n.3536 e..250 7.21 c. roughly mound-shaped b. 7.23 a. 1 c..707 f..200 b..500 g..100 c. d..333.0475 7.25 a. 106; 2.4 7.27 b. a large number of replications 7.31 a. 1890; 69.282 7.33 a. 0.0559 b. yes; the value x 98.25 is.9050 b. almost 5 standard deviations below the assumed mean, m 98.6. 7.35 normal;.7;.0648 7.37 a. p.3; SE.0458 b. p.1; c. p.6; SE.0310 SE.
015.7019.0099.0458 7.39 a. 7.41 a. e. b..5125 b..03 f..03 c..0458 g..0099 d..05 7.43 a. yes; p.19; SE.03923 b..0630.0604 c. d. The value is unusual because pˆ.30 lies 2.80 standard deviations above the mean p.19. 7.45 a. approximately normal with mean.13 and standard deviation.0453 c. 0 d..04 to.22 7.47 a. approximately normal with mean.75 and b..9382 standard deviation.0306 c..69 to.81 b..0516 7.49 a. LCL 150.13; UCL 161.67 7.51 a. LCL 0; UCL.090 7.53 a. LCL 8598.7; UCL 12,905.3 7.55 LCL.078; UCL.316 7.57 LCL.0155; UCL.0357 7.59 mean too large at hours 2, 3, and 4 7.63 a. 12.5 b..9986 c. They are probably correct. 7.65 c. no 7.71 a. cluster sample b. 1-in-10 systematic e. simple c. stratiﬁed sample sample d. 1-in-10 systematic sample random sample b. yes 7.73 a. 131.2; 3.677 7.75 a. LCL 0; UCL.0848 7.77 yes 7.81 a. approximately normal with mean 288 and c..1515 b. pˆ.0848 b..0207 c..0071 standard deviation.9798 7.83 UCL.2273; LCL.0273 7.85 a. 3.5; 1.208 7.87 a. 3.5;.854 7.89 a. b..0062.4938 c..0000 Chapter 8 8.3 a. 8.5 a. 8.7 a. 8.9 a. e..160.554.179.0588.0588 b..339 b..175 b..098 b..0898 f. p.5 c..438 c..055 c.
.049 c..098 d..031 d..0898 ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES ❍ 729 8.11 pˆ.728; margin of error (MOE).029 8.13 x 39.8; MOE 4.768 8.15 x 7.2%; MOE.776 8.17 a. pˆ.51; MOE.0327 8.19 a. no b. nothing; no 8.21 Point estimate is x 19.3 with margin ) b. 1.96.5.5 ( 9 0 0 of error 1.86. 8.23 a. (.797,.883) b. (21.469, 22.331) c. Intervals constructed in this way enclose the true value of m 90% of the time in repeated sampling. c. 1.96 c. The width increases. 8.25 (.846,.908) 8.27 a. 3.92 8.29 a. 3.29 8.31 (3.496, 3.904); random sample 8.33 a. (.932, 1.088) b. 2.772 b. 5.16 c. no; m 1 is a possible value for the population mean 8.35 a. (.106,.166) b. Increase the sample size and/or decrease the conﬁdence level. 8.37 a. 98.085 m 98.415 b. no; perhaps the value 98.6 is not the true average body temperature for healthy people. 8.39 a. (4.61, 5.99) 8.41 (15.463, 36.937) 8.43 a. (17.676, 19.324) b. yes b. (15.710, 17.290) c. (.858, 3.142) d. yes 8.45 a. x1 x2 2617; MOE 902.08 8.47 a. (3.333, 16.667) b. yes b. (22.040, 7.960) c. no d. yes; yes 8.49 a. (.528,.032); yes, since m1 m2 0 is not in the interval. 8.51 a. (.203,.117) b. random and independent samples from binomial distributions b. no 8.53 a. (.221
,.149) 8.55 a. (.118,.002) b. Yes, since p1 p2 0 is not in the interval. b. No, since 8.57 a. (.095,.445) 8.59 (.061,.259) 8.61 a. (.082,.022) b. yes p1 p2 0 is in the interval..5); 385; q; 1.96.5( 8.63 1.96p n n 10 ; 97 quantitative; one; 1.96 n b. m 1.89 8.65 a. m 76.63 730 ❍ ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES 8.67 m1 m2 4 8.69 505 8.71 n1 n2 1086 8.73 b. 9604 8.75 n1 n2 360 8.77 97 8.79 n1 n2 136 8.81 n1 n2 98 8.83 a. x 29.1; MOE.9555 c. m 28.48 b. (28.298, b..313 pW c. There is a difference in the d. 234 29.902) 8.85 n1 n2 224 8.87 1083 8.89 n1 n2 925 8.91 a. pˆW.5; pˆM.75 pM.187 two proportions. 8.93 (8.087, 11.313) 8.95 97 8.97 (33.41, 34.59) 8.99 a. MOE.029 8.101 a. (.522,.578) 8.103 at least 1825 8.105.3874;.651 8.107 a. (2.837, 3.087) 8.109 ($10.52, $12.38); no 8.111 (2.694, 2.716) 8.113 (.161,.239) 8.115 at least 97 8.117 b. Widths are the same. 8.119 a. 9.702 8.121 b. The standard error and the width of the b. (746.298, 765.702) b. (.035,.145); yes. b. 6147 b. 276 c. yes interval decrease. Chapter 9 9.1 Test Statistic Signiﬁ- One or cance Level Two-Tailed
Critical Rejection Value Test? Region Conclusion z 0.88 a.05 Two-tailed 1.96 z 1.96 Do not z 2.67 a.05 One-tailed (lower) a.01 Two-tailed z 5.05 z 1.22 a.01 One-tailed (lower) 1.645 2.58 2.33 reject Ho z 1.645 Reject H0 z 2.58 z 2.33 Reject H0 Do not reject H0 b. z 2.58 c. z 2.33 9.3 a. z 2.33 z 1.96 d. 9.5 a. Do not reject H0; results are not statistically b. Reject H0; results are highly c. Reject H0; results are signiﬁcant. signiﬁcant. statistically signiﬁcant. 9.7 a..0207 b. Reject H0; results are statistically signiﬁcant. c. yes 9.9 p-value.0644; do not reject H0; results are not statistically signiﬁcant. 9.11 a. H0: m 1; Ha: m 1 b. p-value.7414; do not reject H0 c. There is no evidence to indicate that the average weight is different from 1 pound. 9.13 a. H0: m 80 b. Ha: m 80 c. z 3.75; reject H0 9.15 a. z 2.63; p-value.0043; reject H0 at the 1% and 5% levels of signiﬁcance 9.17 yes; z 10.94 9.19 no; z 1.334 with p-value.0918; do not reject H0 9.21 a. H0: m1 m2 0; Ha: m1 m2 0; b. z 2.074; reject H0 one-tailed 9.23 a. z 2.26; p-value.0238; reject H0 b. (3.55,.25) c. no 9.25 a. H0: m1 m2 0; Ha: m1 m2 0 b. yes; z 8.77 c. p-value 0 9.27 a. yes; z 3.18; p-value.0014 b. (3.01,
.71); yes 9.29 a. z 2.22 with p-value.0264 b. signiﬁcant at the 5% but not the 1% level. b. p-value.093; 9.31 H0: p.4; Ha: p.4 not statistically signiﬁcant 9.33 a. H0: p.15; Ha: p.15 z 4.53. c. ∆ 0 c. no b. Reject H0; 9.35 a. H0: p 2/3 c. yes; z 4.6 b. Ha: p 2/3 d. p-value.0002 9.37 no; z.90 9.39 no; z 1.06 9.41 no; z.71 9.43 a. H0: p1 p2 0; Ha: p1 p2 0 c. Do not reject H0; z.84 b. one-tailed 9.45 a. yes; z 2.40 9.47 Do not reject H0; z.39; there is insufficient evidence to indicate a difference in the two population proportions. b. (.43,.05) 9.49 p1 p2.001; the risk is at least 1/1000 higher when taking Prempro. 9.51 Reject H0; z 3.14 with p-value.0008; researcher’s conclusions are conﬁrmed. 9.55 The power increases. 9.57 a. p-value.0002 9.59 a. H0: m 7.5; Ha: m 7.5 b. Reject H0; z 4.47 b. one-tailed d. z 5.477; reject H0 9.61 a. H0: m1 m2 0; Ha: m1 m2 0 b. two-tailed c. no; z.954 9.63 no; do not reject H0; z 1.684 9.65 a. no, z.16 b..4364 c. Do not reject H0. 9.67 yes; z 4; reject H0 9.69 yes; z 4.00 9.71 a. yes; z 4.33 9.73 a. no; z.92 9.75 no; z 2.19 9.77 yes; z 2.08 9.79 yes; z 3.32
9.81 a. (1447.49. 4880.51) b. (7.12, 18.88) b. no; z.42 b. between 1500 and 5000 more meters per week; they only have one stroke to practice. 9.83 a. H0: m 94; Ha: m 94 b. z 1.331 d. Do not reject H0. c..1832 e. no 9.85 a..7422 b..9783 c. power increases Chapter 10 10.1 a. 2.015 d. 1.96 b. 2.306 c. 1.330 10.3 a..02 p-value.05 b. p-value.005 d. p-value.005 10.5 a. x 7.05; s.4994 c. Reject H0; t 2.849 10.7 no; t 1.195 10.9 a. yes; t 3.044 10.11 (3.652, 3.912) 10.13 a. Reject H0; t 4.31. c. p-value.20 b. (7.496) d. Yes. b. 98.316 b. (23.23, 29.97) c. The pretreatment mean looks smaller than the other two means. 10.17 (233.98, 259.94) 10.19 a. 3.775 b. 21.2258 ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES ❍ 731 10.21 a. H0: m1 m2 0; Ha: m1 m2 0 t 2.771 b. d. p-value.01 e. Reject H0 10.23 a. yes; larger s 2/smaller s 2 1.36 c. t 2.795 b. t.06 with p-value.95 d. Do not reject H0. c. 19.1844 e. (5.223, 5.503); yes 10.25 a. no; t 1.16 b. p-value.260 c. yes; larger s 2/smaller s 2 2.88 10.27 a. no; larger s 2/smaller s 2 16.22 b. yes; t 2.412;.02 p-value.05 10.29 a. yes b. no; larger s 2/smaller s 2 3.72 c.
Do not reject H0; t.10 with p-value.20. 10.31 Do not reject H0; t 0.24 with p-value.10. 10.33 a. Do not reject H0; t.93. b. (5.81, 2.18), using df 29; yes 10.35 a. Reject H0; t 2.372 with.02 p-value. b. (.014,.586) c. 62 pairs.05 c. no 10.37 a. Do not reject H0; t 1.177. b. p-value.20 d. random sample from normal distribution c. (.082,.202) 10.39 a. Do not reject H0; t 1.984; (7.28, 170.94). 208.433). d. (1.6, 8.2); yes b. Reject H0; t 2.307; (6.867, c. Reject H0; t 4.38. 10.41 b. yes; t 9.150 with p-value.01 c. (80.472, 133.328) 10.43 a. yes; t 4.326; reject H0. b. (2.594,.566) 10.45 a. yes; t 2.82; reject H0. 10.47 Do not reject H0; t 1.03 with p-value.10; do not proceed with the installation. c. at least 65 pairs b. 1.488 d. yes 10.49 (.190,.685) 10.51 Reject H0; x 2 22.449. 10.53 a. no; t.232 10.55 a. no 10.57 no; x 2 29.433 10.59 (.667, 4.896) 10.61 F 1.057 with p-value.20; do not reject b. yes; x 2 20.18 b. yes; z 3.262 H0: s 2 1 s 2 2. 10.63 (1.544, 4.003) 10.65 Rest: F 1.03 with p-value.20; 80% maximal O2: F 2.01 with p-value.20; maximal O2: F 14.29 with p-value.01; use the unpooled t-test for maximal O2. 10.71 (9.860
, 12.740) 732 ❍ ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES 10.73 yes, t 5.985; reject H0; (28.375, 33.625). 10.75 yes, F 3.268 10.77 72 10.79 (22.578, 26.796) 10.81 at least 136 b. Lower the conﬁdence level; redesign the experiment as a paired difference test. 10.83 a. yes b. F 19.516; there is a difference in the population variances. 10.85 a. random independent samples from normal distributions with equal variances; no b. yes; t 3.237 with p-value.01 c. yes; t 60.36 with p-value.01 10.87 no; t 2.2 with p-value.10 10.89 no; t.177 with p-value.20 10.91 no, t 1.712 10.93 unpaired: (1.69,.19); paired: (1.49,.01); paired interval is slightly narrower. 10.95 a. no, t 2.571 10.97 a. two-tailed; Ha: s 2 tailed; Ha: s 2 1 s 2 1 s 2 Ha: s 2 2 2 b. (.000,.020) 1 s 2 2 b. lower- c. upper-tailed; 10.99 a. no, x 2 7.008 10.101 Reject H0; t 2.425; drug increases average b. (.185, 2.465) reaction time. 10.103 yes, t 2.945 10.105 no 10.107 no, t 1.86 with p-value.112 10.109 Use pooled t-test; t 1.82 with p-value.10; results are nonsigniﬁcant. b. random sample; 10.111 a. (5.814, 7.886) sampled population is normal. 10.113 Reject H0; t 4.57; yes. 10.115 a. Reject H0; t 4.38; yes. b. p-value.01; yes 10.117 a. t 1.8 10.121 Do not reject H0; t 1.438 with b. t 2.37 c. t 2.6 p-value.1782 10.123 yes; t 3.33
with p-value.0030 Chapter 11 11.1 Source Treatments Error Total df 5 54 59 11.3 a. (2.731, 3.409) 11.5 a. Source df Treatments Error Total 3 20 23 b. (.07, 1.03) SS 339.8 133.4 MS 113.267 6.67 F 16.98 b. df1 3 and df2 20 d. yes, F 16.98 c. F 3.10 e. p-value.005; yes 11.7 a. CM 103.142857; Total SS 26.8571 b. SST 14.5071; MST 7.2536 c. SSE 12.3500; MSE 1.1227 d. Analysis of Variance DF 2 11 12.35 1.12 13 26.86 P 14.51 7.25 6.46 0.014 Source Trts Error Total MS SS F f. F 6.46; reject H0 with.01 p-value.025. 11.9 a. (1.95, 3.65) 11.11 a. (67.86, 84.14) b. (.27, 2.83) b. (55.82, 76.84) d. No, they are not c. (3.629, 22.963) independent. 11.13 a. Each observation is the mean length of 10 leaves. p-value.000 d. (1.810, 2.924) b. yes, F 57.38 with c. Reject H0; t 12.09. 11.15 Analysis of Variance for Percent Source Method Error Total SS 0.0000041 0.0000015 0.0000056 MS 0.0000021 0.0000001 DF 2 12 14 F P 16.38 0.000 11.17 a. completely randomized design b. Source State Error Total DF 3 16 19 SS 3272.2 660.0 3932.2 MS 1090.7 41.3 F 26.44 P 0.000 c. F 26.44; reject H0 with p-value.000. 11.19 Sample means must be independent; equal sample sizes. 11.21 a. 1.878s b. 2.1567s x4 11.23 x1 11.25 a. no; F.60 with p-value.562 x3 x2 b. no differences 11.
27 a. yes; F 8.55, p-value.005 b. (157.41, 28.59) c. x3 F df 11.29 Source MS SS x1 x2 Treatments Blocks Error Total 2 5 10 17 11.4 17.1 14.2 42.7 4.01 2.41 5.70 3.42 1.42 11.31 (3.833,.767) 11.33 a. yes; F 19.19 x2 x3 x4 c. x1 e. yes 11.35 a. 7 b. 7 f. yes; F 8.59 b. yes; F 135.75 d. (5.332, 2.668) c. 5 e. yes; F 9.68 11.37 Two-way ANOVA: y versus Blocks, Chemicals Analysis of Variance for y Source DF SS Blocks 2 7.1717 Chemical 3 5.2000 Error 6 0.5350 Total 11 12.9067 11.39 a. yes; F 10.06 c. v 4.35 MS 3.5858 1.7333 0.0892 F 40.21 19.44 d. (1.12, 5.88) b. yes; F 10.88 P 0.000 0.002 11.41 DF Two-way ANOVA: Cost versus Estimator, Job Analysis of Variance for Cost MS Source 5.431 Estimator Job Error Total SS P 7.20 0.025 2 10.862 3 37.607 12.536 16.61 0.003 6 4.528 11 52.997 0.755 F 11.43 a. Blocks are items; treatments are stores. b. yes, F 14.79; p-value.000 c. yes, F 19.39; p-value.000 11.45 a. 20 b. 60 c. Source A B AB Error Total df 3 4 12 40 59 11.47 (1.11, 5.11) 11.49 a. strong interaction present b. F 37.85 with p-value.000; yes d. no c. Since the interaction is signiﬁcant, 11.51 b. yes attention should be focused on means for the individual factor-level combinations. d. Training:.05 p-value.10; ability: p-value.005; interaction:.01 p-value.025 11.53 a.
2 4 factorial; students; gender at two levels, schools at four levels F 1.19 e. Main effect for schools is signiﬁcant; F 27.75; Tukey’s v 82.63. c. no; 11.55 a. Source Training Situation Interaction Error Total F DF SS MS P 1 4489.00 4489.00 117.49 0.000 132.25 3.46 0.087 132.25 1 56.25 56.25 1 1.47 0.248 12 38.21 458.50 15 5136.00 ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES ❍ 733 b. No. F 1.47; p-value.248. F 3.46; p-value.087. F 117.49; p-value.000. d. yes c. no 11.57 signiﬁcant differences between treatments A and C, B and C, C and E and D and E 11.59 a. signiﬁcant difference in treatment means; F 27.78 c. yes; F 6.59 b. Tukey’s v.190 11.61 One-way ANOVA: Sales versus Program Analysis of Variance for Sales Source DF SS Program 3 1385.8 Error 23 1079.4 Total 26 2465.2 11.63 a. no; F 1.40 c. yes; F 6.51 MS 461.9 46.9 F 9.84 b. p-value.10 d. yes; F 7.37 P 0.000 11.65 a. 2 3 factorial experiment F.45 with p-value.642 d. (22.56, 5.84) 11.67 a. randomized block design b. b. no; SS MS Two-way ANOVA: Total versus Week, Store Analysis of Variance for Total P Source DF F 571.7 190.6 8.27 0.003 3 Week 684.6 171.2 7.43 0.003 4 Store 12 Error 276.4 19 1532.7 Total c. yes; F 7.43 11.69 a. factorial experiment c. v 2.67 d. v 10.82 23.0 b. yes; F 7.61 11.71 a. completely randomized design b. Yes, there is a signiﬁcant difference. F
126.85, p-value.000 SS 132.277 10.950 143.227 Source Site Error Total 11.73 There is no evidence of non-normality. There MS 66.139 0.521 F 126.85 DF 2 21 23 P 0.000 appears to be slightly larger error variation for the smaller values compared to the larger values of y. Chapter 12 12.1 y-intercept 1, slope 2 12.3 y 3 x 12.7 a. yˆ 6.00.557x c. 4.05 d. Analysis of Variance Source Regression Residual Error Total DF 1 4 5 SS 5.4321 0.1429 5.5750 MS 5.4321 0.0357 734 ❍ ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES 12.9 a. Sxx 21066.82; Syy.374798; Sxy 88.80003 d. e. Analysis of Variance.44 b. yˆ.0187.00422x Source Regression Residual Error Total 12.11 a. y API; x ELL DF MS SS 1 0.37431 0.37431 7 0.00049 0.00007 8 0.37480 b. yes c. yˆ 731.277 3.040x d. yes b. yˆ 11.665.755x 12.13 a. yes c. yˆ 52.51 b. r.9487; r 2.9000 c. 96.5% b. r.760; yes, t 2.615 12.47 a. positive 12.49 b. r.982 12.51 a. positive 12.53 yes; t 3.158 with p-value.01 12.55 a. correlation analysis 12.57 a. possibly 12.59 a. yes b. r.658; yes, t 2.140 b. r.981 b. yˆ 80.85 270.82x c. yes; t 3.96 with p-value.003 d. (112.1, 157.9) 12.61 a. r.980 b. r 2.961 c. yˆ 21.9 15.0x constant for all x. d. Variance is not 12.15 a. strong positive linear relationship b. approximately 1 c. yˆ 12.221.815x d. yˆ 62
.75 12.63 12.17 a. yes, t 5.20 b. F 27.00 c. t.025 3.182; F.05 10.13 12.19 a. yes, F 152.10 with p-value.000 b. r 2.974 12.21 a. y cost, x distance b. yˆ 128.58.12715x d. t 6.09; r 2.699 12.23 a. yes; t 3.79 and F 14.37 with b. no c. r 2.642 p-value.005 d. MSE 5.025 12.25 a. yes e. (.186,.764) b. yˆ 26.82 1.2617x c. yes; t 7.49 and F 56.05 with p-value.000 12.27 a. yes; reject H0, t 7.15 b. (.5362, 1.0944) b 1 is contained in the interval. 12.29 plot residuals versus ﬁt; random scatter of d. (.7768, 1.7466) c. yes; the value points, free of patterns 12.31 no 12.33 a. slight curve b. 95.9% of overall variation explained by the straight-line model c. strong curvilinear pattern indicates relationship may be curvilinear 12.35 a. fairly strong positive relationship b. yes; Toshiba 37HLX95 c. yes; no 12.37 a. (4.6006, 5.1708) c. x 8; extrapolation b. (4.2886, 5.4829) 12.39 a. slight curve b. 95.7% of overall variation is explained by the straight-line model. c. Pattern indicates relationship may be curvilinear. 12.41 a. (2.01, 3.74) 12.43 a. (198.178, 244.254) b. (126.235, 316.197) c. no b. (.77, 3.02) c. x 0 Regression Analysis: API versus ELL The regression equation is API = 731 - 3.04 ELL Predictor Constant ELL Coef 731.28 -3.0399 StDev 22.81 0.7551 T P 32.06 0.000 -4.03 0.007 S = 33.
72 R-Sq = 73.0% R-Sq(adj) = 68.5% Analysis of Variance Source DF Regression 1 Residual Error 6 Total 7 12.65 a. no; t 2.066 with p-value.05 SS 18422 6820 25242 MS 18422 1137 b. r 2.299 F P 16.21 0.007 12.67 no; variance is not constant for all x. 12.69 a. strong positive relationship b. r 2.778; 77.8% c. yˆ 14.150 21.430x; yes, t 5.30 d. yes 12.71 at the extremes of the experimental region 12.73 a. yˆ 20.47.758x b. SS P 287.28 287.28 493.40 0.000 MS F 0.58 DF Source Regression 1 Residual Error 8 9 Total c. Reject H0, t 22.21 e. (9.296, 10.420) 4.66 291.94 d. (.86,.66) f. r 2.984 12.77 a. y-intercept 3; slope 0.5 Chapter 13 13.1 b. parallel lines 13.3 a. yes, F 57.44 with p-value.005 b. R2.94 13.5 a. quadratic b. R2.815; relatively good ﬁt c. yes, F 37.37 with p-value.000 13.7 a. b0 10.5638 p-value.000 b. yes, t 15.20 with 13.9 b. t 8.11 with p-value.000; reject H0: b2 0 in favor of Ha: b2 0. 13.11 a. R2.9955 b. R2(adj) 99.3% c. The quadratic model ﬁts slightly better. b. no 13.13 a. Use variables x2, x3, and x4. 13.15 a. yˆ 8.177 292x1 4.434x2 b. Reject H0, F 16.28 with p-value.002. The model contributes signiﬁcant information for the prediction of y. with p-value.001 c. yes, t 5.54 d. R2.823; 82.3%
ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES ❍ 735 e. Linear: R2(adj) 91.9%, quadratic: R2(adj) 99.8%, quadratic term is signiﬁcant. f. Quadratic term is missing. Chapter 14 14.3 a. X2 12.59 c. X2 29.8194 b. X2 21.666 d. X2 5.99 14.5 a. H0: p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 1/5 d. X2 8.00 b. 4 c. 9.4877 e. Do not reject H0. 14.7 Yes, X2 24.48; drivers tend to prefer the inside lanes. 13.17 a. quantitative b. quantitative c. qualitative; x1 1 if plant B, 0 otherwise; x2 1 if plant C, 0 otherwise d. quantitative e. qualitative; x1 1 if day shift, 0 if night shift 13.19 a. x2 b. yˆ 12.6 3.9x 2 2 or yˆ 13.14 1.2x2 3.9x 2 2 13.21 a. y b0 b1x1 b2x2 b3x1x2 e with x2 1 if cucumber, 0 if cotton c. No, the test for interaction yields t.63 with p-value.533. 13.23 y b0 b1x1 b2x 2 d. yes 1 b3x2 b4x1x2 b5x 2 1x2 6 13.25 a. yˆ 8.585 3.8208x 0.21663x 2 b. R2.944 d. yes; t 4.93 with p-value.008 e. no c. yes; F 33.44 13.27 b. yˆ 4.10 1.04x1 3.53x2 4.76x3 0.43x1x2 0.08x1x3 c. yes; t 2.61 d. no; F 3.86; with p-value.028 consider eliminating the interaction terms. 1 b4x1x2 13.29 a. y b0 b1x1 b2x2 b3x 2 1x2 e b5x 2 b. F 25.85; R2.768 c. y�
� 4.51 6.394x1.1318x 2 d. yˆ 46.34 23.458x1.3707x 2 e. no; t.78 with p-value.439 1 1 13.31 a. no; x1, x2, x3 b. y b0 b1x1 b2x 2 b3x3 b4x 4 b5x 5 e c. R 2 91.4% and R2(adj) 88.7%; yes. d. x1, x2, and possibly x4; y b0 b1x1 b2x 2 b3x4 e; R2(adj) 89.8%; the reduced model is better than the full model. 13.35 a. 99.9% b. yes; F 1676.61 with p-value.000 c. yes; t 2.65 with p-value.045 d. yes; t 15.14 with p-value.000 14.9 no, X2 3.63 14.11 no, X2 13.58 14.13 yes; do not reject H0; X2 1.247 14.15 yes; reject H0; X2 28.386 14.17 8 14.19 Reject H0; X2 18.352 with p-value.000. 14.21 a. yes; X2 7.267 b..025 p-value.05 14.23 a. yes; reject H0; X2 20.937 b. no; X2 1.255 14.25 a. no; do not reject H0; X2 6.447 b. p-value.10; yes 14.27 a. X2 10.597 c. Do not reject H0. b. X2 13.2767 d..025 p-value.05 14.29 yes; X2 24.31 14.31 a. Each care type represents a binomial population in which we measure the presence or absence of EMI services. b. yes; X2 18.446 14.33 Yes, reject H0; X2 36.499. 14.35 no, X2 4.4 with p-value.10 14.37 no, X2 1.89 with p-value.10 14.39 a. no, X2 1.815 14.43 no; do not reject H0; X2 1.
311. 14.45 a. Reject H0; X2 18.527. b. p-value.10 b. Reject H0; z 4.304; yes. 14.49 yes, X2 7.488 with.005 p-value.01 14.51 yes, X2 6.190 with.025 p-value.05; (.347,.483) 14.53 a. no; X2 3.259 with p-value.196 b. no; X2 1.054 with p-value.788 c. yes 14.55 no, X2 3.953 with p-value.139 736 ❍ ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES 14.57 a. Do not reject H0; X2 3.660 with p-value.454; yes. 14.59 a. yes; X2 11.690 with p-value.003 b. The susceptibility to a cold seems to decrease as the number of relationships increases. 14.61 Yes, reject H0; X2 16.535. 14.63 a. 27.69 b. 5.99 14.65 Consumers have a preference; X2 18.5 with p-value.0001. 14.69 no; X2 2.87 with p-value.2378 Chapter 15 c. T 27 b. T 31 15.1 a. T * 1 15.3 a. H0: population distributions are identical; Ha: population 1 shifted to the left of population 2. c. T 19 b. T1 16; T * d. yes; reject H0 1 39 15.5 Do not reject H0; z 1.59. 15.7 Do not reject H0; T 102. 15.9 yes; reject H0; T 45 15.11 yes; reject H0; T 44 15.13 b. a.002,.007,.022,.054,.115 15.15 one-tailed: n 10: a.001,.011,.055; n 15: a.004,.018,.059; n 20: a.001,.006,.021,.058,.132; two-tailed: n 10: a.002,.022,.110; n 15: a.008,.036,.118; n 20: a.002,.012,.042,.116 15.17
a. H0: p 1 ; Ha: p 1 {0, 1, 7, 8}; x 6; do not reject H0 at a.07; p-value.290. ; rejection region: 2 2 15.19 z 3.15; reject H0. 15.21 b. T min{T, T } c. T 137 d. Do not reject H0. 15.23 Do not reject H0; z.34. 15.25 a. Reject H0; T 1.5 b. Results do not agree. 15.27 a. no; T 6.5 15.29 a. Do not reject H0; x 8. reject H0; T 14.5. 15.31 a. paired difference test, sign test, Wilcoxon b. Reject H0 with both signed-rank test tests; x 0 and T 0. 15.33 yes, H 13.90 15.35 a. no; H 2.63 c. p-value.10 b. p-value.10 15.37 no; H 2.54 with p-value.10 15.39 a. Reject H0; Fr 21.19. b. p-value.005 e. p-value.005 d. F 75.43 f. Results are identical. 15.41 a. Do not reject H0; Fr 5.81..05 p-value.10 b. rs.601 b. b. yes b. 15.43 a. rs.425 rs.400 15.45 a. 15.47 a..593 15.49 a. rs.811 15.51 yes 15.53 yes, rs.9118 15.55 a. Do not reject H0; x 2. b. yes rs.526 b. Do not reject H0; t 1.646. 15.57 a. Do not reject H0; x 7. b. Do not reject H0; x 7. 15.59 Do not reject H0 with the Wilcoxon rank sum test (T 77) or the paired difference test (t.30). 15.61 Do not reject H0 using the sign test (x 2); no. 15.63 yes; rs.845 15.65 Reject H0; T 14. 15.67 a. Reject H0; Fr 20.13. are the same. 15.69 a. Reject H0; H
9.08..025 p-value.05 b. the same. b. The results c. The results are 15.71 a. no b. signiﬁcant differences among the responses to the three rates of application; Fr 10.33 with p-value.006 15.73 T 19. T.05 21 (T.01 18.) Reject H0. 15.75 z 1.18 z.05 1.645; lighting not effective 15.77 H 7.43 df 3 p-value 0.059; no signiﬁcant difference b. Do not 15.79 a. rs.738. b. p-value.025.05; yes, positive correlation Index MINITAB, 453–454, 458, 483, 489–490, Bar charts Absolute values, 61, 644 Acceptance region, 346, 347 Addition Rule, 146–147 Alternative hypothesis explanation of, 344–345, 403 use of, 349, 350 Analysis of variance (ANOVA). See also Variance assumptions for, 449–450, 487–490 calculations for, 459 for completely randomized design, 450–458 explanation of, 449, 490–491 F test, 481–482, 518, 556 for linear regression, 509–511 in mean squares, 452, 454, 457, 468, 470, 510 492–495, 653 for multiple regression, 555–556 for randomized block design, 467–473 ranking population means and, 462–465 residual plots and, 488–490 a b factorial experiment and, 478–484 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) table, 452, 453, 468–469, 481, 510, 555, 556 Applets binomial probabilities, 190–192, 239–240 box plot, 82–83 Central Limit Theorem, 265 chi-square probabilities, 419–420, 596 chi-square test of independence, 605 comparing t and z, 390–391 conﬁdence interval, 312, 314 correlation, 106–107, 535 discrete probability distribution, 165–166 explanation of, 6, 34 F probabilities, 456, 470 goodness-of-ﬁt test, 598 large-sample test of population mean, 353–354 least-squares method, 506, 508 line, 109 mean and median, 56 normal approximation
to binomial probabilities, 239–240 normal curves, 224 normal distribution probabilities, 230–233 normal probabilities for means, 270–271 power of z-test, 358 scatterplot, 104, 504 simple events, 138 small-sample test of population mean, 396 Student’s t probabilities, 389, 392, 412 test for slope, 516 t-probabilities, 537 two-sample t test, 404 use of, 35–37 variance, 64 z-scores, 232–233 Approximation mean and standard deviation for, 186–188 normal approximation and, 237–238 Bivariate data explanation of, 9, 98 graphs for qualitative variables and, 98–100 MINITAB to describe, 115–118 numerical measures for quantitative, 105–112 scatterplots for quantitative variables and, normal, 237–243, 634–637, 640–641, 102–104 647–648 Poisson, 201–202, 237 Satterthwaite’s, 406 Arithmetic mean. See Means Average. See Means explanation of, 12–14 for quantitative data, 17–19 stacked, 98–100 using MINITAB, 13, 14, 39, 40 Bayes’ Rule, 160–161 Best-ﬁt line, 110, 506 Bias, in sample surveys, 256, 257 Biased estimator, 301 Bimodal distributions, 23, 57 Binomial distributions, 201–202, 237 Binomial experiments examples of, 184–186 explanation of, 184, 614 Binomial formula, 188, 191, 237 Binomial probabilities calculation of, 201, 240–241 cumulative, 188–189 individual, 188 MINITAB, 209–211 Binomial probability distribution applet, 190–192 calculation of, 188 explanation of, 184–189 MINITAB, 192, 202, 209–211 normal approximation to, 237–243 Binomial proportions estimating difference between two, 324–326 Blocking. See also Randomized block designs cautions regarding, 473 explanation of, 414, 467 Block means comparing treatment and, 472–473 testing for, 470 Blocks, 414 Box plots applet, 82–83 construction of, 81–82 explanation of, 80 Categorical data applications of chi-square test and, 615–616 contingency tables and, 602–607 equivalence of statistical tests and, 614–615 explanation of, 10, 595 goodness-of-ﬁt test for
, 597–599 graphs for, 11–14 Pearson’s chi-square statistic for, 596–597 two-way classiﬁcation with ﬁxed row or column totals and, 610–612 Causal relationships, 580 Cell count estimation of, 603–604 explanation of, 595 Cell probabilities, 597 Central Limit Theorem (CLT) applet, 265 explanation of, 263–265, 281–282 MINITAB, 288–290 statistical inference and, 266 large-sample test of hypothesis for, Charts. See also Graphs 368–371, 373–376 Binomial random variables examples of, 275 explanation of, 184 bar, 12–14, 17–19, 98–100 line, 19 Pareto, 13 pie, 12, 13, 17–19, 98–100 738 ❍ INDEX Chi-square probability distribution applet, 419–420, 596 explanation of, 418, 596 Chi-square statistic applications of, 615–616 explanation of, 595, 596 Chi-square table, 419, 692–693 Chi-square test applications of, 615–616 goodness-of-ﬁt, 597–599, 615 of independence, 602–603, 605 MINITAB, 617–620 Chi-square variable, 418 Clusters, 258 Cluster samples, 258 Coefficient of determination, 518–519, 556–557 Coefficients, correlation, 105–106 Combinations, counting rule for, 140–142 Common variance, 449 Complements calculating probabilities for, 146–147 of events, 144, 146, 147 rules for, 147–148 Complements Rule, 147–148 Completely randomized designs analysis of variance for, 451–458 explanation of, 450–451, 466 Kruskal-Wallis H-test for, 650–654 Conditional distributions, 100 Conditional probability explanation of, 149–151 method to ﬁnd, 159–161 Conﬁdence coefficient explanation of, 307–308 use of, 308, 309 Conﬁdence intervals applet, 312, 314 construction of, 308–309 estimation and prediction and, 529 explanation of, 300 hypothesis testing and, 365–366 interpretation of, 311–315 large-sample, 310–311, 319–320, 325 for single treatment mean, 457 for slope, 517 small-sample, 392–393
, 402, 413, 421–422, 428, 429 two-sided, 328 Constant variance assumption, 490 Contingency tables explanation of, 602, 606, 610 multidimensional, 616 Continuity correction, 240 Continuous probability distributions, 220–222 Continuous random variables calculating expected value for, 170 discrete vs., 163, 221 probability distributions for, 220–223 Continuous variables, 10, 11, 17 Control charts explanation of, 281 for process mean, 282–283 for proportion defective, 283–285 Control groups, 448 Convenience samples, 258 Correction for mean (CM), 451 Correlation analysis, 533–537 Correlation coefficient applet, 106–107, 535 calculation of, 107–108, 111 explanation of, 105–106, 518, 533 hypothesis testing concerning, 536–537 Pearson product moment sample, 533–534 population, 536 rank, 660–664 use of, 111–112 Counting rules for combinations, 140–142 Extended mn Rule, 138–139 mn Rule, 137–138, 142 for permutations, 140–141 Covariance, 106 Covariance formula, 106 Critical values of chi-square, 692–693 explanation of, 347 hypothesis tests and, 349, 353, 364, 394, 422 left-tailed, 632, 702–703 right-tailed, 454 of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient for one-tailed test, 705 of t, 691 for Wilcoxon signed-rank test, 704 Cumulative area, 225, 229 Cumulative binomial probabilities applet, 190–192 calculation of, 190–193 explanation of, 188–189 table of, 680–685 Cumulative binomial tables explanation of, 189 use of, 201, 237 Cumulative distribution function, 192 Cumulative Poisson tables, 198, 686–687 Curvilinear function, 537 Data bivariate, 9, 98 (See also Bivariate data) categorical, 10–14 (See also Categorical data) explanation of, 8 formulas for mean and variance for, 74 methods to describe, 53 multivariate, 9 quantitative, 17–24, 105–107 univariate, 9 Defective items, 283–285 Degrees of freedom determining appropriate number of, 596–597, 606, 611 explanation of, 388, 391, 392, 400, 406, 452 multiple regression and, 555 randomized block design and, 468 sources
of variation divided by, 481, 510 Density, of probability, 221 Density function, formula for, 388 Dependent events, 149, 151, 152 Dependent variables, 108 Descriptive statistics, 4 Deterministic model, 503–504 Deviation explanation of, 61–62 standard, 62–63, 65–70 Diagnostic tools for analysis of variance assumptions, 488 for checking regression assumptions, 522–524 Discrete probability distributions applets for, 165–166 binomial, 184–197 hypergeometric, 205–207 MINITAB for, 173–175 Poisson, 197–205 requirements for, 164–165 Discrete random variables continuous vs., 163, 221 mean and standard deviation for, 166–170 probability distributions for, 163–170 requirements for, 164–165 Discrete variables, 10, 11, 17 Disjoint events, 146–147 Dispersion. See Variability Distribution function, cumulative, 192 Distributions. See also Probability distributions; Sampling distributions; speciﬁc types of distributions bimodal, 23, 57 binomial, 201–202 conditional, 100 normal, 68 skewed, 22–23, 56 symmetric, 22, 56, 223 unimodal, 23 Dotplots applet, 35 distributions on, 23, 24 explanation of, 20 showing deviation of points from mean, 61 using MINITAB, 20, 23, 40, 41 Dummy variables, 567 Efficiency, relative, 644 Elements of sample, 3 Empirical Rule calculation of s and, 70 explanation of, 67–69 normal random variables and, 224, 229 use of, 68–70, 193 z-scores and, 76 Error of estimation, 302 margin of, 302 residual, 511, 523 sampling, 305 Type I, 347, 356–357 Type II, 356, 357 Error terms, dependent, 523 Estimation. See also Large-sample estimation error of, 302 explanation of, 298–299 interval, 300, 307–315 point, 299–305 small-sample inference and, 391 use of ﬁtted line for, 527–531 use of regression model for, 559 Estimators biased, 301 explanation of, 299–300 interval, 300, 307 least-squares, 507–508 point, 299 standard error of, 267 unbiased, 301–303 variability of, 301–303 Events calculating probability using, 129–134, 137, 153–154 complements of

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