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the process of sexual maturation is gradual, and takes place while general body growth is still going on. Therefore, some degree of sexual maturation does not necessarily mean that the body or the mind is ready for sexual acts. Further, it is not fit for having and bringing up children. How do we decide if the body or... |
worker to your school and discuss about HIV and its impact on society. Social discrimination against AIDS patients is also a social evil. Can you support this? Why? If we follow the simple life styles as cited below one could avoid • many sexually transmitted diseases. • Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partne... |
females a small portion of oviducts (fallopian tube) is removed by surgical operation and the cut ends are tied. This prevents the ovum from entering into the oviducts. This method is called tubectomy. Fighting against social ills Teenage motherhood We have studied how complicated the process of reproduction is. Child... |
generation. Fission, budding, fragmentation, regeneration, spore formation are the ways of asexual reproduction. Several plants may be grown from vegetative parts like stems, roots, leaves etc and is called vegetative propagation. • Vegetative propagation may be natural or man made. It has got some economic importance... |
different modes of asexual reproduction? Cite them with examples.(AS1) 6. In what ways does sexual reproduction differs from asexual one? State at least three reasons.(AS1) 7. How are sperm cells adapted for their function?(AS1) 8. The menstrual cycle prepares the uterus for a fertilised egg. How long is an average me... |
plants.(AS5) 25. Draw a neatly labled diagram to explain plant fertilisation. Write few points on pollen grain.(AS5) 26. What would be the consequences if there is no meiosis in organisms that reproduce sexually?(AS6) Q.No.23 27. How will you appreciate cell division that helps in perpetuation of life? (AS6) stigma st... |
be involved in the breakdown of food in the stomach? • If any of those processes fail to function, what affect would it have on our body? Every process is dependent on other to keep the body in good condition. To understand this concept we analyze how digestive system is coordinated with other systems as an example. W... |
We find that different organ systems are involved in the digestive process. Let us find more about how the organ systems are involved. Feeling hungry leads us to consume food. Sometimes you may have often experienced that stale food is out rightly rejected even before intake. • What plays a major role to identify stal... |
illae on tongue the same? Why? When we smell, the air borne substances get dissolved in the watery film of nasal mucus. The chemoreceptors in nose are other wise called olfactory receptors which trigger signals in the form of nerve impulses to the brain where smell is detected. Similarly as we take food into our mouth ... |
the palate. Record the time from the moment you placed the crystals on your tongue till you got the taste by using stop watch. palate tongue Now repeat the test by placing the sugar crystals on the tongue and pressing it against the palate. Record the time from placing sugar crystals to getting the taste.Or put a drop... |
systems involved in this process? You know that teeth helps in chewing food material. Let us know about different types of teeth in our mouth and how they helps in digestive process. Free distribution by A.P. Government 149 Activity-6 } molars (3) } } premolars (2) canine (1) inscissors (2) fig-3: Dentition Observe th... |
putting a drop of diluted tincture iodine in it. A blue black color confirms the presence of starch. Now again dissolve a pinch of flour into half filled water in a test tube. Now divide the mixture into two equal halves by transferring it to another test tube. Note that both the test tubes have the same amount of sol... |
pH do you think salivary amylase acts well? • Does the type of food have any role to play on the pH of our mouth? Test with different types of food as you eat them and check just after you have swallowed them. Do not hurry to complete the table. Take your own time. (pH beyond 7 is alkaline, pH- below 7 is acidic, pH 7... |
in the tube. Now try to push the potatoes by squeezing the tube. • How do you squeeze the tube to make the potatoes pass through? • Do you think that the muscles in the wall of the oesophagus have to do something like this? • How did oil heip you in pushing the pototoes through the pipe? Peristaltic movement in oesoph... |
the cheek and tongue are stimulated. These carry messages in the form of nerve impulses-to the brain. These messages are transmitted from the brain, to the wall of the stomach, and stimulate the gastric glands to produce gastric juice. The walls of stomach secrete juice containing hydrochloric acid (HCl) Most of us ma... |
throat. Do you see something moving from its throat to mouth? After that, the cow or buffalo starts chewing. It is the bolus moving from a part near the stomach of the animal to its mouth. It is reverse peristalsis. Though it is a common process Free distribution by A.P. Government 155 in ruminants such as the cow, bu... |
its own acids. Travel of food from the stomach to the intestine Now food is a soup like mixture when it leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine. When the food enters the intestine the acidic nature of the chyme initiates the production of hormones like secretin and cholecystokinin which stimulate pancreas, l... |
ates the body’s immune response; after all, at least 70 percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut to expel and kill foreign invaders. Scientists are also working to find out how trillions of bacteria in the gut ‘communicate’ with the cells of gut nervous system. A deeper understanding of this mass of neural tiss... |
(stools / faeces) reach the large intestine. The peristaltic waves move the stool into the rectum. The left side of the colon acts like a storage tank of faeces. Water gets reabsorbed and the remaining wastes usually hard mass gets stored in the last part (Rectum) of the large intestine. This smelly yellowish faecal m... |
to reach the tissues it has to be circulated through blood. How does this process go on? Hence the process of digestion which is a complex process that involves many organs and organ systems. Though digestion occurs in the food canal, co-ordination of respiration and blood circulation is necessary otherwise oxidation ... |
system. • The muscular contractions of the stomach churns the food into a semiliquid substance known as chyme. Entry of chyme into the duodenum is regulated by a muscle called as the pyloric sphincter. • The strong acid (HCl) renders the pH in stomach acidic causing the protein digesting enzymes to swing into function... |
the process of digestion?(AS1) 12. What is the function of peristalsis in these parts?(AS1) b) stomach a) oesophagus 13. How can you justify the enteric nervous system as the second brain of the gut?(AS1) 14. Rajesh feels hungry upon seeing food.Sheela says no to food as she is not hungry.What makes c) small intestine... |
in view of this chapter.(AS7) 162 X Class Coordination in life processess Fill in the blanks 1. 3:2:1:2 is the ratio of our dentition. Here 1 represents ____________ 2. Large protein molecule are broken down in _________ of digestive track. 3. __________ is the strong acid which is secreated during digestion. 4. Olfac... |
fast from breakfast time till 4’0 Clock and then introduced food into the stomach through the flap. The sensation of hunger subsided. Though it was fortuitous experiments in medicine connected to digestion raised many questions. • What is the cause of hunger? • How does the brain know the happenings of the stomach? • ... |
Father In my grandma / grandpa Table-1 • Is there any character in you similar to that of your mother as well as your grandma? Is there any character in you similar only to that of your grandma? • • How do you think these characters may have been inherited by you • from grandma? Is there any character that is not pres... |
2: Gregor Johann Mendel not do his experimental work either in a University or in a Laboratory. As he was a monk in a monastery he simply did his experiments in the monastery garden. He worked for over seven years after which he presented the conclusions from his experimental data in the form of a detailed research pap... |
.P. Government 169 Table-3: The results of Mendel’s F1 crosses for seven characters in pea plants Character Dominant Trait Recessive Trait F2 Generation Dominant: Recessive Ratio Purple White Flower colour 705:224 3.15:1 Flower position Axial Terminal Yellow Green 651:207 3.14:1 Seed colour 6022:2001 3.01:1 Round Wrink... |
breeds having contrasting characters. Mendel started with two pure breeds of peas with different properties. We here take as an example a characteristic colour of the pea seeds yellow and green. Do you know? Pea is an annual plant, with a life cycle of one year. It is a cool season crop grown in many parts of the worl... |
. Let us denote them by ‘y’. 172 X Class Heredity - From parent to progeny Assumption-2 : During reproduction one ‘factor’ from each parent is taken to form a new pair in the progeny. Assumption-3 : One of these will always dominate the other if mixed together. The trait expressed in F1 generation was called dominant. ... |
were sown some of the plants produced green coloured seeds. So we can’t determine internal character based on external visible character. Phenotype Thus in F1 generation we can clearly observe that 75 percent are yellow seed producing pea plants and 25 percent are green ones. This is known as ‘Phenotype’(externally vi... |
round skin. Each pea will have factors ‘YyRr’. Since Yellow colour (Y factor) and round skin (R factor) are dominant traits. All the pea seeds will be round and yellow (F1 generation). He got in F2 generation some seeds were round and yellow (YyRr or YYRR), some seeds were round and green (yyRR or yyRr), some seeds we... |
Game 1: Monohybrid cross (starting with hybrid parents) To start with take 1,2 or 3,4. In case you start 1,2 pick all the 16 long and short pieces and prepare such pairs in each of which you have a long and short piece. Take 8 pairs each of long and short strips and put them in two separate bags. Now each bag contains... |
. It controls the expression of a trait or character. In vireses RNA can also be controlling the expression of a character. Do you know? In 1953 the detailed structure of DNA was finally worked out at Cambridge by Francis Crick and James Watson. They discovered that DNA molecule looks rather like a spiral stair case, h... |
um (X chromosome). Then the baby will have XY condition. So the baby will be a boy. • What will happen if the sperm containing Y chromosomes fertilizes the ovum? • Who decides the sex of the baby – mother or father? • Is the sex also a character or trait? Does it follow Mendels’ law of dominance? • Were all your traits... |
beetles in the population would be. Thus the natural selection is directing evolution in the beetle population. It results in adaptation in the beetle population to fit in their environment better. Let us think of another situation. Situation-2: In this situation a colour variation occurs again in its progeny during r... |
that is not an example of evolution, since the change is not inherited over generations. Change in non reproductive tissues cannot be passed on to the DNA of the germ cells. Therefore the experiences of an individual during its lifetime cannot be passed on to its progeny, and cannot direct evolution. Lamarckism In the... |
occured fig-11: Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Large ground finch (seeds) Cactus ground finch Vegetarian finch (buds) Wood pecker finch (insects) fig-12: Some Darwin finches in a uniform rate, Darwin did not agree to this idea. He felt that large changes occured due to accumulation of small changes. Darwin was also infl... |
existence, only the fittest can survive. This is called ‘survival of the fittest’. Over a long period of time this leads to the formation of new species. You may observe in your surroundings some seedilings and some of the animal kids only survive. Discuss in your class based on those examples to understand survival o... |
organism which contains the non benificial traits may not be adapted in the environment. They are going to perish or eliminated slowly, like red and blue beetles in a population which we have discussed earlier in this chapter. These small changes within the species for example colour of 184 X Class Heredity - From par... |
jump into this conclusion, let us look at the wings of birds and bats more closely. When we observe, we find that the wings of bats have skin folds (patagium) stretched between elongated fingers. But the wings of birds have a feathery covering all along the arm. The designs of the two wings, their structure and compon... |
parts of the body do not decompose completely. For example if a dead insect get caught in mud, it will not decompose quickly and the mud will eventually harden and retain the impression of the body parts of insect. All such preserved traces of living organisms are called fossils. fig-15: Fossil Geologists can tell the... |
‘races’. Skin colour used to be the commonest way of identifying the so called races. Some were called black, some white or brown. A major question debated for long time was, have these apparent groups evolved differently? Over recent years, the evidence has become very clear. The answer is that there is no biological... |
are quite apparent among closely related groups of organisms. • In about 1857 Gregor Johann Mendel started working on the problem of how variations were passed from one generation to other. • Mendel had choosen seven distinguishing traits: flower colour, position, seed colour, shape, pod • • • colour, pod shape, stem ... |
mango garden a farmer saw one mango tree with full of mango fruits but with a lot of pests. he also saw another mango tree without pests but with few mangoes. But the farmer wants the mango tree with full of mango fruits and pest free. Is it possible to create new mango tree which the farmer wants? Can you explain how... |
In this dihybrid cross, parents produce offsprings containing the factors for Characters (traits) of Yellow (YY), Round (RR), and wrinkled (rr), green (yy). These characters appeared independently without mixing with each other in F2 generation, which were produced by self pollination in F1 generation. Observe thc che... |
own surrounding. It plays an important role in the survival of all organisms. The sum of physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism is called environment. The living organisms maintain a balance with each other and to its biotic and abiotic factors. All components of... |
for the above question we have to recall some of the things which have been discussed in the earlier classes. In chapter 7 “Different Ecosystems” of class 8th it was mentioned that all organisms in an ecosystem derive energy from food to live and sunlight is the main source of the energy. Food chain shows that how the... |
on the vegetation. All these animals feed on leaves but they differ both in size and in the manner in which they feed. So the term ‘niche’ denotes not only the animal’s position in the food web and what it eats, but also its mode of life. Just as a habitat is the place where an animal lives, so a niche describes its o... |
of numbers The number of organisms in a food chain can be represented graphically in a pyramid. Each bar represents the number of individuals at each trophic level in the food chain. At each link in a food chain, from the first-order consumers to the large carnivores, there is 196 X Class Our environment - Our concern... |
that feed on these producers. The biomass of large carnivorous fish living on small fishes is still greater. This makes the pyramid of biomass inverted. It is found that 10 - 20 % of the biomass is transferred from one tropic level to the next in a food chain. A more accurate idea of food relationship may be obtained ... |
chain when we eat the fish. The pyramid of biomass for this particular food chain will be as follows. In this particular food chain roughly 90% of the food is lost at each step. So it allows that it would take 1000 kg of plant plankton to produce 100 kg of animal plankton to form 10 kg of fish to produce 1 kg of human... |
digested by most animals. These materials are either egected by defaecation or regurgitated in pellets of indigested remains. Assimilated energy (that is not lost through respiration or excretion) is available for the synthesis of new biomass through growth and reproduction. Organisms lose some biomass by death, disea... |
human interventions in the following story. Story of Kolleru Lake Fresh water lakes provide the nutritional requirements of the world’s poorest people. One such lake is Kolleru which is no ordinary wetland. It is one of the largest fresh water lakes in India, existing between West Godavari and Krishna districts of the... |
the area. In 1996, almost entire lake was brought under cultivation and bunds were constructed to keep water out to protect the crops. This divertion affected the natural flow system of the lake. The water holding capacity of the lake is also found significantly reduced. In due course of time activities such as agricu... |
of India (GoI) constituted a committee “Operation Kolleru” to protect the lake. The objective of the programe is to bring back the ecological balance of Kolleru Lake which is a Gift of nature. Activity-1 Observe any water ecosystem in your surroundings and identify the different food chains and food web operating in t... |
exists or likely to be. • Name any two pesticides you have heard about? • How are the food grains and cereals being stored in your house and how do you protected them from pests and fungus? Pesticides are often indiscriminate in their action and vast number of other animals may be destroyed. Some of these may be preda... |
luents. Cyprinus carpio (common scale carp) is a cheap and high proteinaceous fish used as food for human beings, living in polluted EBWR was chosen for the study. Heavy metals in water samples and its bioaccumulation in various tissues including liver, kidney and gill of the fish growing in the reservoir were analyzed... |
found that pollution levels increase during monsoon season. Why they found so? • Why did people also suffer from various diseases after consuming fishes living in local water reservoir? In many areas man has changed the natural ecosystems to a great extent by damming rivers, draining marshes, re-claiming land from the... |
to ambitious goals for the following year, but the weather didn’t cooperate. Even though fewer crops were harvested, rural officials overstated the amount of grain for fear of not meeting their quotas. This over-reporting led to an imbalance between the demand and the supply. The sparrows were accused of pecking away ... |
arrows between each item in the food chain always point from the food to feeder. • Pyramid of numbers and pyramid of biomass are other ways to show food relationship and flow of energy among living things • A pyramid is a structure whose shape is roughly that of a pyramid in geometric sense. • • Pyramid of number show... |
11. What type of information do you require to explain pyramid of biomass? (AS4) 12. Draw a pyramid of numbers considering yourself as a top level consumer.(AS5) 13. Prepare slogans to promote awareness in your classmates about ecofriendly activities.(AS7) 14. Suggest any three programmes for prevention of soil pollut... |
in order to get a complete picture of well irrigation and its status as well as availability of water. Basic information on well irrigation 212 X Class Natural Resource was collected using a small questionnaire from all the well owners in the sample villages. Detailed information regarding various socio-economic aspec... |
rise in population? The change in area under cultivation, percentage change in number of wells and cropping pattern in 5 years as narrated by the people has been presented in table-2. The population in the villages have also gone up in a period of 5 years by nearly 10%. Table 2: Status after five years Village Percent... |
with small land holdings or small farmers tend to spend more money per well in terms of installation of pump sets and pipeline connections to farms(or capital expenditure) as well as running costs towards maintenance, electric charges etc. On per acre basis, both capital and running costs are the lowest in Vanaparthy ... |
Total income per acre year in rupees Vanaparthy Large Small Vaddicherla Large Small 8200 8700 4900 7046 8490 10889 10698 5970 4000 9128 7380 3031 3300 3110 3595 2650 25100 29535 24263 22189 • Which crop is most profitable for a small farmer in Vaddicherla? • What is the difference between a small farmer in Vanaparthy ... |
% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow(nearly two thirds of the available freshwater), 0.7–0.8% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers. Though it is a meagre portion of the whole, if used judiciously, shall last for a long time. • How do you think we c... |
P. Government 219 was undertaken by the farmers. 2500 fruit trees and teak plants were planted. • What other ways of restoration of a resource does the Kothapally case tell us about? • What are some common means of restoration and conservation of water resource that we came across in the cases studied so far? According... |
an area, where annual water supply drops below 1700 m3 per person, is becoming scarce.” The food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations has predicted that by 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity. Activity-1 Study the different ways in which water is u... |
for construction materials. A business company may want to build a factory or shopping mall on the land. All these needs are valid for us, but sometimes the plants and animals that live in the area are forgotten. The benefits of development need to be weighed against the harm to animals that may be forced to find new ... |
. It is a set of 29 rules to conserve natures’ resources that every bishnoi vows to protect. You have also studied about the Chenchu tribe of our state and are aware of how carefully they extract resources from nature and help revive it. Some sustainable forestry methods include using low-impact logging practices, harv... |
discover thousands of new species every year. For example, after looking at just 19 trees in Panama, scientists found 1,200 different species of beetles 80 percent of them unknown to science at the time. Based on various estimates of the number of species on Earth, we could be losing anywhere from 200 to 100,000 speci... |
use. Scientists are exploring alternatives to fossil fuels. They are trying to produce renewable biofuels to power cars and trucks. They have successfully produced electricity using the sun, wind, water etc. Free distribution by A.P. Government 225 Do you know? Seeds from the Jatropha curcas plant are used for the pro... |
-linked that disturbance of one gives rise to imbalance in the other”. (By Srimati Indira Gandhi, while launching the world conservation strategy in India on6th March 1980). In the 1960s most countries lived within their ecological resources. But the latest figure shows that today three-quarters of the human population... |
. In addition, the IUCN monitors the status of endangered wildlife, threatened national parks and preserves, and other environments around the world. Take Kothapally village as an example; discuss the role of organizations involved in conservation and that of the villagers. • Can international, national or state organi... |
be benefitted by the rich minerals extracted from sand? iv) Why does the private company want to carry out mining in the area? v) Does the government have any role to play? vi) How will mining in that piece of land affect people of the area? 3. What is sustainable development?How is it useful in natural resource manag... |
suitable for................ areas. Choose the correct answer........................ is the alternative method to prevent ground water depeletion. 6. Percolation tanks helps to ( ) (a) supply water for agriculture (c) preserve rain water (b) increase ground water level (d) prevent overflow of water from tanks during ... |
1.A.4. Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. 2.1, 5.2, 8.2, 11.1, 14.1, 17.1 18.1, 19.3 Enduring understanding 1.B. Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry. Chapter/Key Concepts 1.B.1. Organisms share many conserved core processes a... |
All living systems require constant input of free energy 2.A.2. Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 8.2, 23.1, 23.5, 36.3, 37.2 3.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.2, 22.1, 22.2, 23.1, 2... |
.1, 21.1, 23.5, 24.3, 28.3 2.1, 6.4, 7.5, 7.6, 22.5, 23.5, 26.3, 26.5 Enduring understanding 2.D. Growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system's environment. Chapter/Key Concepts 2.D.1. All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosy... |
E.3. Timing and coordination of behavior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in natural selection. 11.1, 21.2, 23.5, 30.6, 35.2, 45.7 Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Enduring understanding 3.A. Heritable information provides ... |
13.2, 14.6, 15.1, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.3 3.C.2. Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. 11.2, 13.1, 14.1, 14.6, 15.2, 17.1, 20.3, 21.2, 22.4 3.C.3. Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. 21.1, 21.2 Enduring... |
3.5, 5.2, 6.2, 14.1, 14.3, 14.4, 17.1 4.A.2. The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. 3.4, 4.3, 4.4, 4.6, 10.3, 15.3 4.A.3. Interactions between external stimuli and regulated gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues and organ... |
1 4.C.2. Environmental factors influence the expression of the genotype in an organism. 14.2, 19.3, 22.3, 30.4, 43.1 4.C.3. The level of variation in a population affects population dynamics. 7.5, 7.6, 19.1, 45.6, 47.1 8 Preface Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess c... |
(http://openstaxcollege.org/l/32plasmodium) about the response of type A and B blood groups to infection by Plasmodium. 1.1 | The Science of Biology In this section, you will explore the following questions: • What are the characteristics shared by the natural sciences? • What are the steps of the scientific method? 1... |
blue-green algae, these (a) cyanobacteria, shown here at 300x magnification under a light microscope, are some of Earth’s oldest life forms. These (b) stromatolites along the shores of Lake Thetis in Western Australia are ancient structures formed by the layering of cyanobacteria in shallow waters. (credit a: modifica... |
hypotheses by means of repeatable experiments. A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested. Although using the scientific method is inherent to science, it is inadequate in determining what science is. This is because it is relatively easy to apply the scientific method to disciplines suc... |
study society and human behavior are more likely to use qualitative assessments to drive investigations and findings. Not surprisingly, the natural science of biology has many branches or subdisciplines. Cell biologists study cell structure and function, while biologists who study anatomy investigate the structure of ... |
the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid. Studies in climate change can illustrate this type of reasoning. For example, scientists may predict that if the climate becomes warmer in a particular region, then the distribution of plants and animals should change. These predicti... |
That is an observation that also describes a problem: the classroom is too warm. The student then asks a question: “Why is the classroom so warm?” Proposing a Hypothesis Recall that a hypothesis is a suggested explanation that can be tested. To solve a problem, several hypotheses may be proposed. For example, one hypo... |
rejected. Each hypothesis should be tested by carrying out appropriate experiments. Be aware that rejecting one hypothesis does not determine whether or not the other hypotheses can be accepted; it simply eliminates one hypothesis that is not valid (see this figure). Using the scientific method, the hypotheses that ar... |
Hypothesis (answer) C My toaster doesn’t toast my bread. 4 5 Prediction D I plug my coffee maker into the outlet. Experiment E My coffeemaker works. 16 Chapter 1 | The Study of Life Scientific Method Everyday process 6 Result F What is preventing my toaster from working? a. The original hypothesis is correct. There is... |
in a linear fashion; instead, scientists continually draw inferences and make generalizations, finding patterns as their research proceeds. Scientific reasoning is more complex than the scientific method alone suggests. Notice, too, that the scientific method can be applied to solving problems that aren’t necessarily ... |
example of how basic and applied science can work together to solve practical problems occurred after the discovery of DNA structure led to an understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing DNA replication. Strands of DNA, unique in every human, are found in our cells, where they provide the instructions necessar... |
build upon their discoveries. Collaboration with other scientists—when planning, conducting, and analyzing results—are all important for scientific research. For this reason, important aspects of a scientist’s work are communicating with peers and disseminating results to peers. Scientists can share results by present... |
gather data. The description should be thorough enough to allow another researcher to repeat the experiment and obtain similar results, but it does not have to be verbose. This section will also include information on how measurements were made and what types of calculations and statistical analyses were used to exami... |
respond to information, from DNA sequences to nerve impulses and behaviors, Big Idea 3. All biological systems interact, and these interactions result in emergent properties and characteristics unique to life, Big Idea 4. The redesigned AP® Biology course also emphasizes the investigative practices that students shoul... |
a silly question with an obvious response, but it is not always easy to define life. For example, a branch of biology called virology studies viruses, which exhibit some of the characteristics of living entities but lack others. It turns out that although viruses can attack living organisms, cause diseases, and even r... |
Even tiny bacteria can move toward or away from chemicals (a process called chemotaxis) or light (phototaxis). Movement toward a stimulus is considered a positive response, while movement away from a stimulus is considered a negative response. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/movement_plants) to see how ... |
and a dense layer of fat under their skin. (credit: “longhorndave”/Flickr) In order to function properly, cells need to have appropriate conditions such as proper temperature, pH, and appropriate concentration of diverse chemicals. These conditions may, however, change from one moment to the next. Organisms are able t... |
describe an example of an adaptation that evolved in a desert plant or animal that allows them to survive in extreme temperatures. Levels of Organization of Living Things Living things are highly organized and structured, following a hierarchy that can be examined on a scale from small to large. The atom is the smalle... |
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