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until new bone forms. What is osteoporosis? Calcium in the diet is important to bone growth and repair. Too little calcium can lead to a condition called osteoporosis, which results in weak bones that break easily. Joints Two or more bones meet at a joint. The table on the next page describes the ﬁ ve types of joints:...
�� ammation of the bursae, causing pain, swelling, and reduction in movement. What causes a sprain? A sprain is damage to the ligaments of a joint. Sprains result from overstretching a joint and cause pain and swelling. Functions of the Skeletal System Support is a major function of the skeleton. Bones of the legs, pel...
types of muscle: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Muscles are grouped according to their structure and function. Where is smooth muscle found? Smooth muscle lines the inside of hollow organs, such as the stomach, intestines, and bladder. Smooth muscle is involuntary muscle because it cannot be contr...
-874600.indd 383 3/17/06 4:33:06 PM 3/17/06 4:33:06 PM What is the sliding ﬁ lament theory? Suppose you want to make a movement. First, a nerve signal travels to a muscle that you want to move. When the signal reaches the muscle, calcium is released into the myoﬁ brils. Calcium causes the myosin and actin to attach to ...
inter have many more fast-twitch than slow-twitch ﬁ bers. Most people have a similar number of each. 4. Identify the anaerobic process that produces energy during intense exercise. 5. Apply Which type of muscle ﬁ ber is more important for weightlifting? (Circle your answer.) a. fast-twitch ﬁ ber b. slow-twitch ﬁ ber. 3...
G-874600.indd 385 3/17/06 4:35:14 PM 3/17/06 4:35:14 PM ■ ■ What are the three types of neurons? There are sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. All neurons have the same three regions. However, each type of neuron performs a speciﬁ c function. Sensory neurons send signals from receptors in your skin and se...
interneurons could not function? 3. Identify What produces an action potential 386 Chapter 33 Nervous System Reading Essentials 385-398 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 386 385-398 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 386 3/17/06 4:35:18 PM 3/17/06 4:35:18 PM What happens when threshold is reached? When a stimulus reaches threshold, channels i...
touch each other. There is a small gap between them. The gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a synapse (SIH naps). When an action potential reaches the end of one axon, channels open. Vesicles carrying neurotransmitters are released from the axon. A neurotransmitter is a che...
from the CNS. Sensory neurons send information about the environment to the interneurons in the spinal cord. The interneurons relay that information to the brain. The brain responds by sending a message to the interneurons. The interneurons send the message to the motor neurons. Your body responds appropriately to the...
ahb long GAH tuh) and the pons. The medulla oblongata controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. The pons also helps control the rate of breathing. A small structure called the hypothalamus (hi poh THA luh mus) is located between the brain stem and the cerebrum. The hypothalamus helps the body maintain homeos...
became sweaty. This type of reaction is involuntary—you do not think about it, it just happens. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for this reaction. The autonomic nervous system carries impulses from the CNS to the heart and other internal organs and glands. The body responds involuntarily. This response is ...
work by sensing chemical combinations in food. They send this information to the brain. Sensory receptors designed for taste and smell are located in your mouth and nasal cavity. These receptors work together. If you hold your nose while you eat, the food will seem to have less ﬂ avor. Sight Light ﬁ rst enters your ey...
causes a membrane separating the middle ear from the inner ear to move back and forth. The cochlea (KOH klee uh) in the inner ear is ﬁ lled with ﬂ uid and lined with tiny hair cells. When the vibrations reach the inner ear, the ﬂ uid in the cochlea moves like waves against the hair cells. The hair cells produce nerve ...
purpose of pain receptors? Pain receptors are found in all body tissues except the brain. Pain receptors are free nerve endings. They send pain signals to the brain, and the brain responds to help ease the pain 394 Chapter 33 Nervous System biologygmh.com 385-398 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 394 385-398 GHSB RESG-874600.indd...
35:44 PM ■ ■ Picture This 2. Label Draw an arrow on the portion of the ﬁ gure labeled A to show the direction that dopamine travels. 3. Generalize What effect do many people get from drinking coffee when they get up in the morning? Classes of Commonly Abused Drugs Both legal and illegal drugs can be abused. Drug abuse ...
intoxication and can cause nausea and vomiting. Inhalants can cause death. Long-term effects of inhalants include memory loss, hearing loss, vision problems, and permanent nerve and brain damage. What illegal drugs affect the nervous system? Amphetamines and cocaine keep dopamine from being reabsorbed. This leaves dop...
drug to get the same effect. Tolerance can lead to addiction. Addiction is the physical or psychological dependence on a drug. Physical dependence occurs when a drug affects the normal functions of the body’s systems. Psychological dependence means that a person has a strong emotional desire for a drug. Marijuana and ...
Before You Read Press the tips of two ﬁ ngers to the inside of your wrist, at a point just below your thumb. Can you feel the regular pulsing of your blood? Count the number of beats you feel in ﬁ fteen seconds. Record that number on the line below. Multiply the number by four. Then read the section to learn what the ...
connective tissue, a middle layer of smooth muscle, and an inner layer of endothelial tissue. The endothelial layer of an artery is thicker than that of other blood vessels because blood is under higher pressure when it is pumped from the heart. What is the function of capillaries? Capillaries (KAP uh ler eez) are mic...
PM 3. Apply Suppose you are running hard as you play soccer. How do you think the SA node will respond to this situation? Picture This 4. Determine When blood is returning from the body to the heart, which chamber of the heart does the blood enter ﬁ rst? How does the heart beat? First, the atria ﬁ ll with blood. Next,...
causes blood pressure to rise to its highest point. Relaxation of the heart, or diastole (di AS tuh lee), causes blood pressure to drop to its lowest point. A normal blood pressure reading for a healthy adult is about 120 (systolic pressure)/80 (diastolic pressure). How does blood ﬂ ow through the body? In the ﬁ gure ...
cells. Carbon dioxide moves from the cells into the blood. The oxygen-poor blood then ﬂ ows back to the right atrium through the veins. Blood Components Blood contains living cells. It is made up of plasma, red and white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets. What is the role of plasma? Plasma is the clear,...
Blood Types There are four types of blood. They are A, B, AB, and O. What determines blood type? Marker molecules attached to red blood cells determine blood type. Type A blood has A markers. Type B blood has B markers. Type AB has both A and B markers. Type O has neither A nor B markers. Why is blood type important? ...
atory, and Excretory Systems Respiratory System Before You Read Breathing happens automatically. You do not think about every breath you take. Look at the clock and count how many breaths you take in a minute. Write that number on the lines below. Then write one sentence describing a time when you did think about your ...
. What structures does air pass through as it travels to the lungs? Filtered air then passes through the upper throat, or pharynx (FER ingks). A ﬂ ap called the epiglottis covers the opening to the larynx (LER ingks). The epiglottis allows air to pass while keeping food out of the respiratory tubes. Air moves through t...
the diaphragm moves during inhalation and exhalation. Respiratory Disorders The table below lists common disorders that affect the respiratory system. Smoking irritates respiratory tissues and inhibits cellular metabolism. Allergic reactions to particles in the air can also lead to respiratory problems. Lung Disorder ...
purpose of the excretory system? The body produces wastes, such as toxins and carbon dioxide, during metabolism. The excretory system removes these wastes. The excretory system also controls the amount of ﬂ uids and salts in the body and maintains the pH of the blood. All of these activities help maintain homeostasis....
and unneeded ﬂ uids, leaves the kidney through ducts called ureters (YOO ruh turz). The urine is stored in the urinary bladder until it exits the body through the urethra (yoo REE thruh). The process of ﬁ ltering wastes and reabsorbing useful materials requires large amounts of energy. The kidneys account for only 1 p...
s body. This procedure requires three sessions a week. A second type of dialysis uses the membrane lining the abdomen as an artiﬁ cial kidney. A special ﬂ uid is injected through a tube attached to the body. The patient’s waste ﬂ uid is drained. This procedure is performed daily. What is a kidney transplant? In a kidne...
uh gus), a muscular tube that connects the pharynx, or throat, to the stomach. Smooth muscles that line the esophagus contract in a rhythm to move food through the digestive system in a process called peristalsis (per uh STAHL sus). Identify Digestive Structures Highlight each structure involved in digestion as you rea...
Essentials 411-420 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 412 411-420 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 412 3/17/06 4:41:53 PM 3/17/06 4:41:53 PM What is the role of the small intestine? The small intestine is a muscular tube that connects the stomach and the large intestine. Smooth muscles in the wall of the small intestine continue mechanical d...
needs certain nutrients to function properly. What You’ll Learn how proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are broken down roles of vitamins and minerals in homeostasis how to eat healthfully Before You Read On the lines below, describe foods that are healthful. In this section you will learn how to use the food pyramid an...
is stored in the liver. Cellulose, or dietary ﬁ ber, is also a complex carbohydrate found in plants. Fiber is important in the diet, even though humans cannot digest it. Fiber helps keep food moving through and out of the digestive tract. Bran, whole-grain breads, and beans are good sources of ﬁ ber. Fats Fats are the...
ramid, shown in the ﬁ gure below. This diagram provides general guidelines for a healthful diet. Notice that the bands representing food groups are not the same width. The message is that people need more nutrients from grains and vegetables than from meats and oils. Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins are organic compounds...
hormones based on their structure and how they do their job. How do steroid hormones produce a response? All steroid hormones cause target cells to start protein synthesis. Steroid hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells and bind to receptors inside the cell. The hormones and receptors move togeth...
” It is located at the base of the brain. Human growth hormone secreted by the pituitary gland stimulates cell division in muscle and bone tissue. How do parathyroid and thyroid glands work together? The thyroid gland makes thyroxine and calcitonin. Thyroxine does not act on speciﬁ c organs. Instead, it causes body cel...
aldosterone (al DAWS tuh rohn) affects the kidneys and aids sodium reabsorption. Cortisol raises blood glucose levels and reduces inﬂ ammation. How do adrenal glands respond to stress? During a stressful situation, the adrenal glands create a sudden burst of energy. The inner part of the adrenal glands secretes epinep...
helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the balance of which important substance in the body? (Circle your answer.) a. calcium b. glucose c. water. 420 Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems biologygmh.com 411-420 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 420 411-420 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 420 3/17/06 4:42:13 PM 3/17/06 4:42:13 PM 3...
puh DIH duh mus). When the sperm are released from the body, they travel away from the testis through a duct called the vas deferens (VAS DEF uh runz). The vas deferens, one for each testis, joins and enters the urethra. The urethra (yoo REE thruh) is the tube that carries both semen and urine outside the body through...
/17/06 4:43:55 PM 3. Compare Name one similarity between the male and female reproductive systems. Human Female Reproductive System The female reproductive system has three main functions. The ﬁ rst is to produce the female sex cells called egg cells. The second is to receive sperm. The third function is to provide an ...
rst meiotic division are unequal in size. The smaller structure is called a polar body. The chromosomes separate following the general pattern of meiosis, but the cytoplasm divides unequally. Most of the cytoplasm goes to the cell that will eventually become the egg. The polar body disintegrates. The second meiotic di...
and progesterone. Only one follicle continues to grow and secrete estrogen. The amount of estrogen in the blood keeps the production of LH and FSH low. On approximately day 12 of the menstrual cycle, the high level of estrogen stimulates the anterior pituitary to release a large quantity of LH. At this point, ovulatio...
about the development of humans before birth. Read to Learn Fertilization Fertilization is the joining of a sperm cell with an egg cell. Fertilization occurs in the upper part of the oviduct, near the ovary. Sperm enter the vagina from the male’s penis during intercourse. Sperm can survive for up to 48 hours in the fe...
twins might form. The blastocyst attaches to the endometrium around the sixth day after fertilization, becoming more ﬁ rmly implanted over the next few days. Implantation is shown in the ﬁ gure below. What four extraembryonic membranes develop? Early human development includes the formation of four extraembryonic memb...
the fetus. Harmful substances such as alcohol and drugs can also pass through the placenta to the developing fetus. Metabolic waste products and carbon dioxide travel through the placenta from the fetus to the mother, as shown in the ﬁ gure below. The fetus and the mother have separate circulatory systems, and blood c...
, tobacco, and pollutants can harm the fetus. A lack of important nutrients might cause damage that cannot be reversed. What changes occur during the second trimester? The second trimester marks a period of rapid body growth. The developing fetus can suck its thumb and open its eyes. Hair usually forms during this peri...
. What else is used to diagnose problems with the fetus? Amniocentesis (am nee oh sen TEE sus) and chorionic villi sampling are prenatal tests. Both tests carry a small risk of miscarriage. Amniocentesis is usually performed during the second trimester if a problem is suspected. Fluid from the amniotic sac is removed b...
mother’s body through the vagina. A baby is called a newborn during the ﬁ rst four weeks of life. The average human newborn has a mass of 3300 g and is 51 cm long. Developmental changes continue throughout a person’s life. What You’ll Learn the events that occur during the three stages of birth the hormones needed for...
ty begins between ages 8 and 13 in girls and between ages 10 and 15 in boys. You have already learned about the sexual development that occurs during adolescence. An adolescent also experiences growth spurts and other physical changes. Adulthood begins when physical growth is complete. What happens as adults age? As th...
the quizzes, review your answers together Germ Theory and Koch’s Experiments With the invention of the microscope, scientists discovered microorganisms. Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms from the air could grow in nutrient solutions. With knowledge gained from discoveries like these, scientists began to develop...
as the ﬁ rst pathogen grown in laboratory c. d. pathogen isolated from animal with the disease 434 Chapter 37 Immune System Reading Essentials. 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 434 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 434 3/17/06 4:46:17 PM 3/17/06 4:46:17 PM Spread of Disease Of the many microorganisms that surround us, only a...
contact nervous system animal bite respiratory system droplets/direct contact respiratory system droplets/direct contact liver direct contact with exchange of body ﬂ uids nervous system vector (mosquito) protozoan digestive tract contaminated water protozoan blood and liver vector (mosquito) Chapter 37 Immune System 4...
All viruses and some types of bacteria and protozoans invade and live inside cells. They damage and sometimes kill the cells, causing symptoms in the host. 5. Explain how “mono” is spread. 6. Deﬁ ne toxins 436 Chapter 37 Immune System Reading Essentials 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 436 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 4...
indd 437 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 437 3/17/06 4:46:24 PM 3/17/06 4:46:24 PM 37 section ● Immune System The Immune System 2 Components of the immune system are nonspeciﬁ c immunity and speciﬁ c immunity. What You’ll Learn the structure and function of the lymphatic system the difference between passive and active i...
448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 438 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 438 3/17/06 4:46:27 PM 3/17/06 4:46:27 PM ■ ■ What if pathogens get past the barriers? When pathogens get through the barriers, the body’s nonspeciﬁ c immunity continues the defense. Cellular Defense If foreign microorganisms enter the body, the cells of the i...
. Lymph leaks out of capillaries to bathe body cells. After the ﬂ uid circulates among the cells, lymphatic vessels collect and return it to the veins near the heart. 2. Describe the process of phagocytosis. 3. Identify the system that provides speciﬁ c immunity Reading Essentials Chapter 37 Immune System 439 433-448 G...
in all lymphatic tissues. The ﬁ gure below shows how B cells are activated to produce antibodies. When a macrophage surrounds, takes in, and digests a pathogen, it displays a piece of the pathogen, called a processed antigen, on its membrane. In lymphatic tissues, the macrophage, with the process antigen on its surfac...
d 441 3/17/06 4:46:35 PM 3/17/06 4:46:35 PM Take Notes Make a two-tab Foldable, as shown below. As you read, take notes and organize what you learn about active and passive immunity. Active Immunity Passive Immunity 7. Draw Conclusions Many AIDS patients die of diseases unrelated to HIV. Why do you think this happens? ...
but can still spread the infection through sexual intercourse or blood 442 Chapter 37 Immune System biologygmh.com 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 442 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 442 3/17/06 4:46:38 PM 3/17/06 4:46:38 PM 37 section ● Immune System Noninfectious Disorders 3 Before You Read Do you or a friend have an al...
46:41 PM 3/17/06 4:46:41 PM ■ ■ Cancer Cancer is abnormal cell growth. Normally, the body can control cell division. If this control is lost, abnormal cell growth results, which can lead to tumors. The abnormal cells can interfere with normal body functions and travel throughout the body. Cancer tumors can develop in a...
. 3. Compare How does anaphylactic shock differ from more common allergic reactions 444 Chapter 37 Immune System biologygmh.com 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 444 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 444 3/17/06 4:46:43 PM 3/17/06 4:46:43 PM 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 445 433-448 GHSB RESG-874600.indd 445 3/17/06 4:46:46 PM...
each segment has two pairs of bristles called chaetae or setae which grip the ground during locomotion. • • The circulatory, digestive and excretory systems are well developed in all annelids. In terrestrial annelids like the earthworm, there are no special respiratory organs. Gaseous exchange takes place through the ...
such as grasshopper, butterflies, cockroaches, centipede, millipede, spider and ticks among others. 3. Draw the organisms labelling the features observed under the lens. 4. List the common features of all the animals you observed. 5. Use images, video clips and pictures for the organisms not present in your immediate ...
, auditory organs (in insects) and statocysts (in crustaceans). Distinguishing characteristics of arthropods 1. Despite their incredible diversity and sheer numbers, arthropods share a number of important distinguishing characteristics. These are: • Exoskeleton. • Segmented bodies. • Jointed appendages. Bilateral symme...
). • Excretion is through Malpighian tubules which remove uric acid. Tick Scorpion Cockroach Butterfly Housefly Bee Did you know? Work to do The oldest arthropod known to have lived on land is the Pneumodesmus newmani. 1. Find out some of the diseases, insects transmit to human beings. 2. Firefly is an insect that prod...
14: Examinination of the features of organisms in Class Pisces Requirements Tilapia or other suitable fish, hand lens, scalpel or scissors and tray. Procedure 1. Place any freshly obtained bony fish or tilapia on a tray. 2. Examine the external features of the specimen and record them. • All fishes have a lateral line ...
othermic. • They exhibit sexual reproduction with external fertilisation taking place in frogs and toads and internal fertilisation in salamanders. The larval stages (tadpoles) develop in water whereas the adults live on land but go back to water to breed. • Gaseous exchange takes place through external gills in tadpol...
features of a crocodile, lizard, snake, tortoise and chameleon and explain how General characteristics of aves • They have two pairs of limbs. The forelimbs are modified as wings 31 that propel them during flight. The hind limbs are covered with scales and are used for walking, swimming or perching. Some birds like th...
glands, heterodont dentition and external pinna. Work to do Visit the National Museum of Southern Sudan. Study the organisms in the Phylum Chordata. Note their diversity. Compare their observable characteristics and use them to group the organisms in their Classes. Check your progress 1c 1. You have discovered that th...
needed to deworm himself. The doctor sent him with a note to the pharmacy to get the medication he had prescribed for his condition. It turns out that Majok lived in a place where there 35 The facts Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases. They exist in five groups, viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminthic and...
sexual contact. (b) Through food or water: Some pathogenic microorganisms spread diseases through contaminated food and water. Such diseases are called waterborne diseases. Examples include cholera, amoebic dysentery, typhoid and bilharzia. (c) Through the air: Pathogens are spread through liquid droplets that are rel...
of a harmful virus inside the body. Viruses cannot reproduce without the assistance of a host. Did you know? Every person inherits a gut virus from their mothers from the time they are born. Group Activity 2.2 In groups look at Figure 2.3 below. Discuss the text and draw each stage in the life cycle of viruses with a ...
the host cell’s replication mechanisms. It is at this stage that a distinction between susceptibility and permissibility of a host cell is made. Permissibility determines the outcome of the infection. After control is established and the environment is set for the virus to begin, replication occurs rapidly. With some ...
required for replication of the viral genome. b) Early proteins are also involved in the regulation of 40 viral gene expression. c) Early proteins also play a role in altering host-cell metabolism by activating pathways that induce cell entry into S phase. 2. Viral DNA replication. Once the viral early genes have been...
and infection, leading to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV is transmitted by coming into contact with blood or bodily fluids of an infected person, infected mother to baby during birth or breastfeeding. 41 Viral components are reproduced HIV virus is assembled HIV DNA is integrated into host DNA HIV att...
with algae blooms. Infection • Incubation period of 2 hours to 5 days • About 75 percent of infected people do not develop symptoms • 20 percent of those showing symptoms develop acute watery diarrhoea and dehydration • Can kill within hours if untreated or can successfully treated with rehydration salts and intraveno...
botulinum Botulism Contaminated food Shigella dysenteriae Bacterial dysentery Clostridium tetani Tetanus Contaminated food (as cholera) Wound infection Rickettsia Typhus Vector (rat flea and louse Constipation, vomiting, intense thirstiness and paralysis of muscles Diarrhoea with mucus and blood, abdominal pains Muscu...
ure releasing the parasites into the bloodstream where they attack the red blood cells or brain cells. Further, asexual 47 reproduction in red blood cells leads to the destruction of the cells, which rapture to release the parasites in man. In the brain, they cause cerebral malaria or mental disorder. This leads to sig...
cup (60 ml) of hot water. 2. Boil the mixture for three minutes to completely dissolve the agar. CAUTION: Teacher supervision is required to boil water. If you are using a microwave oven to boil the mixture, be careful not to let it boil over. The mixture should be clear with no particles floating in it after boiling....
. 8. Use a sanitising wipe to thoroughly clean one of the surfaces you tested in Step 6, for example, cellphone. 9. With a clean swab, redo the squiggle test in the other half of the Petri dish from Step 6 to confirm your cleaning efforts. NOTE: You have to add a variable, or something that changes in the experiment. I...
Practical Activity 2.2: Identifying organisms that produce enzyme catalase Requirements • Microscope slides of cultured bacteria • Sterile wooden splint • 3% Hydrogen peroxide Procedure 1. Using a sterile wooden stick, touch the colony in a microscope slide of cultured bacteria. 2. Touch a drop of 3% Hydrogen peroxide...
, like Shigella dysenteriae. These lactose non-fermenting enterics generally tend to be the more serious pathogens of the the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The first differential ingredient, glucose, is in very short supply. Organisms capable of fermenting this sugar will use it up within the first few hours of incubat...
amino acids/proteins. The slant of the tube will be red and the colour of the butt will remain unchanged (see picture on the far right below in Figure 2.13). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an example of a nonfermenter. KIA tubes are also capable of detecting the production of Hydrogen sulphide H2S. It is seen as a black pr...
increase the ability of the body to fight against infectious diseases. 7. Balanced diet Eating a balanced diet makes someone strong and healthy. 8. Bathing Avoid bathing in streams and ponds. Bath in clean water. 9. Overcrowding Avoid overcrowded places. 10. Coughing Cover your mouth with a clean handkerchief when cou...
of the insulin hormone, which decreases the glucose level to normal and reduces the symptoms of the disease. Insulin is administered through injection into a vein. Work to do Suggest reasons why insulin is not taken orally. A diabetic person is advised to limit carbohydrates intake in the diet. This ensures that blood...
are not harmful. They grown on one part of the body only. (b) Malignant tumours These are abnormal growths whose cells spread and invade other cells of the body. They attack and destroy healthy body cells and may spread throughout the body and cause death. Examples of cancerous disease are discussed below. occur mostl...
diseases such as hepatitis increase chances of cancer in the liver. Also, Human papilloma virus causes cervical cancer. Chemicals Chemicals such as mercury are carcinogenic and hence initiate cancer in the body. Cancerous cells have the following effects in the body. • They form lumps or masses of tissue called tumour...
team composed of a doctor, nurses and other health specialists. It is used to provide support to cancer patients and other patients with terminal illnesses. (A terminal illness is any illness that has reached a stage where it will automatically cause death). It is a disease that cannot be reversed by any form of treat...
regional and global climate. • Observe and gauge changes in biodiversity. • Measure greenhouse concentration in the atmosphere. • Appraise biodiversity values and the efforts exerted by man to conserve and protect them. 3.1 Biodiversity Group Activity 3.1 How much life can you find around you? In this activity you are...
land Fig. 3.2: The two species of Eland. Biodiversity is the difference of genes, species and ecosystems as well as their interactions with their environment. Sudan Ethiopia Central African Repuublic South Sudan Democratic Republic of the Congo Uganda Kenya Fig. 3.3: The map of Southern Sudan. 64 Types of biodiversity ...
.pdf 66 Fig. 3.7: Protected areas of South Sudan. The facts Biodiversity is greatest in the tropics and decreases as you move further from the equator towards the north and south pole. Those regions of the world with extremely large concentration of species are referred to as biodiversity hotspots. Examples of global b...
ania. • The Sudd Wetland, considered the largest tropical wetland in Africa and possibly the world. • The largest intact savannahs in Africa (UNDP, 2009). 3.2 Biodiversity and human activities Group Activity 3.6 Read this passage of a true report about South Sudan “The catchments of the Nile River are the highlands alo...
The other fish could be premature therefore their removal from the natural reproduction cycle leads to a considerable decrease in the fish population. Overfishing may be controlled by: • Selecting the correct mesh size and shape allowing immature fish to escape. Limiting the quantities of fish each fisherman can catch...
Figure 3.10? Suggest how the situations captured in the photographs can be prevented. What changes can be made in laws on environmental protection? Suggest how you may correct the situation. Fig. 3.10: Images of environmental pollution in South Sudan. The facts Pollution is any process which leads to adverse harmful c...
) oxide, hence lower the rate of photosynthesis. Dust particles also get into the respiratory surfaces where they clog them reducing their efficiency. Cutting down trees: This interferes with the carbon cycle, that is, carbon (IV) oxide accumulates in the atmosphere and causes temperature inversions that lead to therma...
the water. Heat production industries may discharge hot water directly into the water bodies. Hot water causes reduction in the amount of dissolved oxygen: This is because oxygen becomes lighter due to heating and evaporates. This then causes suffocation. Control of water pollution • Treat sewage and industrial wastes...
last 35 years. These satellite sensors have shown that there are greater climatic extremes, for example, heat waves are becoming more frequent, cold breaks are now shorter and milder, snow and ice cover are decreasing in the Northern and Southern hemisphere, glaciers and ice caps on mountains around the world are melt...
ide. On September 16, 1987, World nations agreed on the protocol. 78 Deforestation causes climate change Land-use change alters the biodiversity therefore, the carbon stored in the vegetation is released into the atmosphere. Deforestation to pave way for land for agriculture is the main cause of destruction of biodiver...
2 directly increases temperatures about 1 degree Celsius Feedbacks multiply this by 3 – 5 or more Observations This world has warmed about 0.8 degree Celsius in the last century All of this (and more) due to human made CO2 Warming will/ is causing many negative effects • Hurricanes • Tornadoes • Glaciers melting • More...
water flowing in the rivers, therefore, dry water beds. Few suitable habitats for wildlife, therefore, reduction of tourism to the country. • Check your progress 3d 1. What would happen if there was no greenhouse effect on Earth? 2. What are the four main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? 3. What do you predict woul...

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