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in Figure 16.25 to illustrate how the ray changes Access for free at openstax.org. direction both as it enters and as it leaves the lens. Because the index of refraction of the lens is greater than that of air, the ray moves toward the perpendicular as it enters and away from the perpendicular as it leaves. (This is i...
from which the rays appear to come. The focal length, ƒ, of a diverging lens is negative. An expanded view of the path taken by ray 1 shows the perpendiculars and the angles of incidence and refraction at both surfaces. The power, P, of a lens is very easy to calculate. It is simply the reciprocal of the focal length,...
the nearer focal point on its way into the lens and leaves the lens parallel to its axis (rule 4). All rays that come from the same point on the top of the person’s head are refracted in such a way as to cross at the same point on the other side of the lens. The image of the top of the person’s head is located at this...
radius of curvature and the refractive index increase. b. The focal length decreases in both cases: when the radius of curvature and the refractive index increase. c. The focal length increases when the radius of curvature increases; it decreases when the refractive index increases. d. The focal length decreases when ...
a. True b. False Image formation by lenses can also be calculated from simple equations. We learn how these calculations are carried out near the end of this section. Some common applications of lenses with which we are all familiar are magnifying glasses, eyeglasses, cameras, microscopes, and telescopes. We take a lo...
eyepiece. The objective forms a case 1 image that is larger than the object. This first image is the object for the eyepiece. The eyepiece forms a case 2 final image that is magnified even further. Real lenses behave somewhat differently from how they are modeled using rays diagrams or the thin-lens equations. Real le...
ly while traveling from air into the cornea. The lens provides the remaining magnification needed to produce an image on the retina. The cornea and lens can be treated as a single thin lens, although the light rays pass through several layers of material (such as the cornea, aqueous humor, several layers in the lens, a...
cross in front of the retina. More divergent rays from a close object are converged on the retina, producing a clear image. Farsightedness, or hyperopia, is the inability to see close objects clearly whereas distant objects may be in focus. A farsighted eye does not converge rays from a close object sufficiently to ma...
Equations As promised, there are no new equations to memorize. We can use equations already presented for solving problems involving curved mirrors. Careful analysis allows you to apply these equations to lenses. Here are the equations you need where Pis power, expressed in reciprocal meters (m–1) rather than diopters...
ray tracing used only for general analysis of the problem. The steps then simplify to the following: Identify the unknown. Identify the knowns. 1. 2. 3. Choose an equation, plug in the knowns, and solve for the unknown. Here are some worked examples: WORKED EXAMPLE The Power of a Magnifying Glass Strategy The Sun is s...
to scale in Figure 16.36 shows two rays from a point on the bulb’s filament crossing about 1.50 m on the far side of the lens. Thus, the image distance, di, is about 1.50 m. Similarly, the image height based on ray tracing is greater than the object height by about a factor of two, and the image is inverted. Thus, mis...
ness. Access for free at openstax.org. 16.3 • Lenses 511 WATCH PHYSICS The Lens Equation and Problem Solving The video shows calculations for both concave and convex lenses. It also explains real versus virtual images, erect versus inverted images, and the significance of negative and positive signs for the involved va...
. Describe the main symptom of farsightedness and the type of lens that corrects it. a. Farsighted people cannot focus on objects that are far away, but they can see nearby objects easily. A convex lens is used to correct this. b. Farsighted people cannot focus on objects that are close up, but they can see far-off obj...
curved as outward critical angle an incident angle that produces an angle of refraction of 90° dispersion separation of white light into its component wavelengths diverging lens a concave lens focal length the distance from the focal point to the mirror SECTION SUMMARY 16.1 Reflection • The angle of reflection equals ...
no; B. No, an image from a flat mirror cannot be photographed. 2. State the law of reflection. a. b. c. d., where is the angle of incidence., where is the angle of incidence., where is the angle of incidence., where is the angle of reflection and is the angle of reflection and is the angle of reflection and is the ang...
images focused on the retina. d. The shape of the lens was changed by the muscles, and thus its focal length was also changed, so that each of the images focused on the retina. 6. For a concave lens, if the image distance, di, is negative, where does the image appear to be with respect to the object? a. The image alwa...
on the opposite side of the lens. c. The image appears on the opposite side of the lens only if the object distance is greater than the focal length. d. The image appears on the same side of the lens only if the object distance is less than the focal length. deserts, where there is a hot layer of air near the ground. ...
lens of the eye compare with the refractive index of air? Part B—How do the comparisons in part A explain how images are focused on the retina? a. (A) The cornea, aqueous humor, and lens of the eye have smaller refractive indices than air. (B) Rays entering the eye are refracted away from the central axis, which cause...
. Suppose this figure represents a ray of light going from air (n= 1.0003) through crown glass (n= 1.52) into water, similar to a beam of light going into a fish tank. 16. A camera’s zoom lens has an adjustable focal length ranging from 80.0 to 200 mm. What is its range of powers? a. The lowest power is 0.05 D and the ...
object reflected from a mirror is 5.0 cm tall. What is the magnification of the mirror? a. 0.4 b. 2.5 3 c. 10 d. 21. Can a virtual image be projected onto a screen with additional lenses or mirrors? Explain your answer. a. Yes, the rays actually meet behind the lens or mirror. b. No, the image is formed by rays that c...
is. a. Because of the refraction of light, the light coming from the object bends toward the normal at the interface of water and air. This causes the object to appear at a location that is above the actual position of the object. Hence, the image appears to 518 Chapter 16 • Test Prep be at a depth that is more shallo...
lens the fovea the optic nerve the vitreous humor 28. What is the power of a lens with a focal length of 10 cm? a. b. c. d. 10 m–1, or 10 D 10 cm–1, or 10 D 10 m, or 10 D 10 cm, or 10 D 29. Describe the cause of chromatic aberration. a. Chromatic aberration results from the dependence of the frequency of light on the ...
image distance? a. hi = – 16 cm, di = – 12 cm b. hi = – 16 cm, di = 12 cm c. hi = 16 cm, di = – 12 cm d. hi = 16 cm, di = 12 cm 16.2 Refraction 34. At what minimum angle does total internal reflection of toward light occur if it travels from water ice? a. b. c. d. 35. Water floats on a liquid called carbon tetrachlori...
diverging lens or a concave lens c. a converging lens or a concave lens d. a converging lens or a convex lens 38. Define the term virtual image. a. A virtual image is an image that cannot be projected onto a screen. b. A virtual image is an image that can be projected onto a screen. c. A virtual image is an image that...
with the normal to the water (n= 1.33) at the point where the ray enters? Assume n= 1.00 for air. a. 68° b. 25° 19° c. 34° d. 46. Describe total internal reflection. Include a definition of the critical angle and how it is related to total internal reflection. Also, compare the indices of refraction of the interior ma...
index of refraction than the surrounding material, the incident ray may approach the boundary at an angle (called the critical angle) such that the refraction angle is 90°. The refracted ray cannot leave the interior, so it is reflected back inside and total internal reflection occurs. 16.3 Lenses 47. The muscles that...
the reds, blues, and greens in a sunlit soap bubble and wondered how straw-colored soapy water could produce them, you have hit upon one of the many phenomena that can only be explained by the wave character of light. That and other interesting phenomena, such as the dispersion of white light into a rainbow of colors ...
of the European Southern Observatory in Chile) acts like a ray, traveling in a straight line. (credit: Yuri Beletsky, European Southern Observatory) (b) A laser beam passing through a grid of vertical slits produces an interference pattern—characteristic of a wave. (credit: Shim’on and Slava Rybka, Wikimedia Commons) ...
speed as the wave itself. The new wavefront is a line tangent to all of the wavelets.” Figure 17.4 shows how Huygens’s principle is applied. A wavefront is the long edge that moves; for example, the crest or the trough. Each point on the wavefront emits a semicircular wave that moves at the propagation speed v. These ...
gens’s principle applied to a straight wavefront striking an opening. The edges of the wavefront bend after passing through the opening, a process called diffraction. The amount of bending is more extreme for a small opening, consistent with the fact that wave characteristics are most noticeable for interactions with o...
(b). Note that regions of constructive and destructive interference move out from the slits at well-defined angles to the original beam. Those angles depend on wavelength and the distance between the slits, as you will see below. Figure 17.8 Double slits produce two sources of waves that interfere. (a) Light spreads o...
whole wavelength, then the waves arrive in phase (crest to crest) at the screen, interfering constructively. More, then generally, if the paths taken by the two waves differ by any half-integral number of wavelengths destructive interference occurs. Similarly, if the paths taken by the two waves differ by any integral...
are shown in terms of and D. The analysis of single-slit diffraction is illustrated in Figure 17.12. Assuming the screen is very far away compared with the size of the slit, rays heading toward a common destination are nearly parallel. That approximation allows a series of trigonometric operations that result in the e...
= 1) destructive interference minimum, y, the distance from the slit to the screen, L, and the wavelength,, are given by Also, for single-slit diffraction, is the angle between a line from the slit to the minimum and a line perpendicular to the screen, and mis the order of where the minimum. WORKED EXAMPLE Two-Slit Int...
pattern. Practice Problems 1. Monochromatic light from a laser passes through two slits separated by. The third bright line on a screen is 17.4 relative to the incident beam. What is the wavelength of the light? formed at an angle of a. b. c. d. 2. What is the width of a single slit through which 610-nm orange light p...
a certain amount of energy and what would happen if that atom were hit by a photon with the same amount of energy. He suggested that the atom would emit a photon with that amount of energy, and it would be accompanied by the original photon. The exciting part is that you would have twophotons with the same energy andt...
focal length. Virtual Physics Lasers Click to view content (https://www.openstax.org/l/28lasers) This animation allows you to examine the workings of a laser. First view the picture of a real laser. Change the energy of the incoming photons, and see if you can match it to an excitation level that will produce pairs of...
central maximum is white, and the higher-order maxima disperse white light into a rainbow of colors. 534 Chapter 17 • Diffraction and Interference Figure 17.14 (a) This Australian opal and (b) the butterfly wings have rows of reflectors that act like reflection gratings, reflecting different colors at different angles...
data. Figure 17.16 For its size, this CD holds a surprising amount of information. Likewise, the CD player it is in houses a surprising number of electronic devices. The grooves are actually one continuous groove that spirals outward from the center. Data are recorded in the grooves as binary code (zeroes and ones) in...
through. The result is an image with contrast and shadowing that could not be observed with traditional optics. Where are diffraction gratings used? Diffraction gratings are key components of monochromators—devices that separate the various wavelengths of incoming light and allow a beam with only a specific wavelength...
raction. (c) If they are closer together, they cannot be resolved, that is, distinguished. How does diffraction affect the detail that can be observed when light passes through an aperture? Figure 17.19 (b) shows the diffraction pattern produced by two point light sources that are close to one another. The pattern is s...
double slit. As you know from the discussion of double slits in Young’s double-slit experiment, light is diffracted by, and spreads out after passing through, each slit. Rays travel at an angle relative to the incident direction. Each ray travels a different distance to a common point on a screen far away. The rays st...
light, which is the case for most optical instruments. The accepted criterion for determining the diffraction limit to resolution based on diffraction was developed by Lord Rayleigh in the 19th century. The Rayleigh criterion for the diffraction limit to resolution states that two images are just resolvable when the c...
second minimum of the pattern for the other line. d. The limit for resolution is when the minimum of the pattern for one of the lines is directly over the second maximum of the pattern for the other line. WORKED EXAMPLE Change of Wavelength A monochromatic laser beam of green light with a wavelength of 550 nm passes f...
iglas. What is the refractive index of Plexiglas? a. 1.51 b. 2.61 3.02 c. 3.77 d. 7. What is the angle between two just-resolved points of light for a 3.00 mm diameter pupil, assuming an average wavelength of 550 nm? a. 224 rad 183 rad b. 1.83 × 10–4 rad c. d. 2.24 × 10–4 rad Check Your Understanding 8. How is an inter...
wavelets. polarized light source into two beams polarized at right angles to each other and coherent with each other then, after passing through the sample, recombining and realigning the beams so they have the same plane of polarization, and then creating an interference pattern caused by the differences in their opt...
incorporated in many instruments, including microscopes and spectrometers. • Resolution has a limit that can be predicted. two-slit destructive interference, for m= 0, 1, −1, 2, −2, … one-slit, first-order destructive interference; wavelength related to dimensions one-slit destructive interference Access for free at o...
center of the diffraction pattern of one image is directly over the first minimum of the diffraction pattern of the other d. The center of the diffraction pattern of one is directly over the first maximum of the diffraction pattern of the other through two narrow openings and enter a smaller body of water, a diffracti...
interference patterns that result. • A utility knife (a knife with a razor blade-like cutting edge) • Aluminum foil • A straight edge • A strong, small light source or a laser pointer • A tape measure • A white wall Access for free at openstax.org. c. d. It can only be used to analyze spectra in the short‐wavelength v...
if you used white light. If you used a colored laser pointer, look up the wavelength of the color. You from its tangent may find it easier to calculate TEST PREP Multiple Choice 17.1 Understanding Diffraction and Interference 14. Which remains unchanged when a monochromatic beam of light passes from air into water? a....
its source? Explain.? a. Yes, the beam passing through the hole will spread out as it travels, because it is diffracted by the edges of the hole, whereas the 1 -mm beam, which encounters no diffracting obstacle, will not spread out. b. Yes, the beam passing through the hole will be made more parallelby passing through...
produces an interference pattern that is similar to but sharper and better dispersed than that of a double slit. d. A diffraction grating is a large collection of evenly spaced intersecting lines that produces an interference pattern that is similar to but less sharp or well-dispersed as that of a double slit. b. The ...
. c. A single slit produces the sharpest and most distinct bands. d. The diffraction grating produces the sharpest and most distinct bands. 32. An electric current through hydrogen gas produces several distinct wavelengths of visible light. The light is projected onto a diffraction grating having per centimeter. What a...
the child sliding down the slide in the opening INTRODUCTION photograph (Figure 18.1). The zapthat he is likely to receive if he touches a playmate or parent tends to bring home the lesson. But static electricity is more than just fun and games—it is put to use in many industries. The forces between electrically charg...
silk in this manner will repel one another, because each rod has positive charge on it. Similarly, two silk cloths rubbed in this manner will repel each other, because both cloths have negative charge. Figure 18.2 shows how these simple materials can be used to explore the nature of the force between charges. Figure 1...
. His student, Ernest Rutherford, originally believed that this model was correct and used it (along with other models) to try to understand the results of his experiments bombarding gold foils with alphaparticles (i.e., helium atoms stripped of their electrons). The results, however, did not confirm Thomson’s model bu...
They designed what is now a classic 1Protons were later found to contain sub particles called quarks, which have fractional electric charge. But that is another story that we leave for subsequent physics courses. 552 Chapter 18 • Static Electricity experiment performed by students. The Millikan oil-drop experiment is ...
make it agree better with Millikan’s value. This reveals the important psychological weight carried by preconceived notions and shows how hard it is to refute them. Scientists, however devoted to logic and data they may be, are apparently just as vulnerable to this aspect of human nature as everyone else. The lesson h...
piece of tape (i.e., the nonsticky side), as shown in Figure 18.6(b). 8. Peel the two pieces of tape apart by pulling on their handles, as shown in Figure 18.6(c). 9. Slowly bring the two pieces of tape together. What happens? Figure 18.6 GRASP CHECK In step 4, why did the two pieces of tape repel each other? In step ...
. Conservation of charge tells us that we can solve for., where, so 18.3 Solution Equating and and solving for gives The red sphere has +2 C of charge. Figure 18.7 Two spheres, one blue and one red, initially have +4 C and +8 C of charge, respectively. After the two spheres interact, the blue sphere has a charge of +10...
The most commonly used semiconductor is silicon. Figure 18.8 shows various materials arranged according to their ability to conduct electrons. Figure 18.8 Materials can be arranged according to their ability to conduct electric charge. The slashes on the arrow mean that there is a very large gap in conducting ability ...
of different materials are placed in close contact. If one of the materials holds electrons more tightly than the other, then it takes some electrons with it when the materials are separated. Rubbing two surfaces together increases the transfer of electrons, because it creates a closer contact between the materials. I...
excess of 50 electrons. After the transfer, both spheres have 75 excess electrons. In the bottom row, a metal sphere with 100 excess protons receives 25 electrons from a ball with 50 excess protons. After the transfer, both spheres have 75 excess protons. In this discussion, you may wonder how the excess electrons ori...
induction, whereby a charge is created by approaching a charged object with a second object to create an unbalanced charge in the second object. If we then separate the two spheres, as shown in Figure 18.11(c), the excess charge is stuck on each sphere. The left sphere now has an excess negative charge, and the right ...
Transfer of Charge 559 Figure 18.12 Van de Graaff generators transfer electrons onto a metallic sphere, where the electrons distribute themselves uniformly over the outer surface. Van de Graaff generators are used to demonstrate many interesting effects caused by static electricity. By touching the globe, a person gai...
Snap Lab Polarizing Tap Water This lab will demonstrate how water molecules can easily be polarized. • Plastic object of small dimensions, such as comb or plastic stirrer • Source of tap water Instructions Procedure 1. Thoroughly rub the plastic object with a dry cloth. 2. Open the faucet just enough to let a smooth f...
so that they all touch one another, what is the total charge on the three spheres? a. b. c. d. Check Your Understanding 5. How many types of electric charge exist? a. one type two types b. three types c. four types d. 6. Which are the two main electrical classifications of materials based on how easily charges can mov...
metallic ball (shown at the bottom of the diagram) that was charged. An unknown amount of charge would distribute evenly between spheres A and B, which would then repel each other, because like charges repel. This force would cause sphere A to rotate away from sphere B, thus twisting the wire until the torsion in the ...
and both negative charge and This is shown in Figure 18.16(b). is a is a positive charge (or vice versa), then the charges are different, so the force between them is attractive. are negative or if both are positive, the force between them is repulsive. This is shown in Figure 18.16(a). If Figure 18.16 The magnitude o...
PHYSICS Electrostatics (part 1): Introduction to charge and Coulomb's law This video explains the basics of Coulomb’s law. Note that the lecturer uses dfor the distance between the center of the particles instead of r. Click to view content (https://www.openstax.org/l/28coulomb) GRASP CHECK True or false—If one partic...
after the spheres are brought closer together. Although we do not know the charges on the spheres, we do know that they remain the same. We call these unknown but constant charges Because these charges appear as a product in Coulomb’s law, they form a single unknown. We thus have two equations and two unknowns, which ...
The charges in Coulomb’s law are so the numerator in Coulomb’s law takes the form. Inserting this into Coulomb’s law and solving for the distance rgives 18.14 or 130 microns (about one-tenth of a millimeter). Discussion The plus-minus sign means that we do not know which ink drop is to the right and which is to the le...
a spaceship from enemy fire. The concept of a fieldis very useful in physics, although it differs somewhat from what you see in movies. A fieldis a way of conceptualizing and mapping the force that surrounds any object and acts on another object at a distance without apparent physical connection. For example, the grav...
placing the test charge in various locations in the field. At each location, measure the force on the charge, and use the vector equation to calculate the electric field. Draw an arrow at each point where you place the test charge to represent the strength and the direction of the electric field. The length of the arr...
this sum can only be a single number, we know that only a single electric-field line can go through any given point. In other words, electric-field lines cannotcross each other. Figure 18.19(a) shows a two-dimensional map of the electric field generated by a charge of +qand a nearby charge of −q. The three-dimensional...
in general. Note 570 Chapter 18 • Static Electricity that the lecturer uses dfor the distance between particles instead of r. Note that the point charges are infinitesimally small, so all their charges are focused at a point. When larger charged objects are considered, the distance between the objects must be measured...
doorknob, and define your coordinate system. Use What is Access for free at openstax.org. perpendicular to the door, with at the center of the doorknob (as shown in the figure below). 18.3 • Electric Field 571 If the diameter of the doorknob is 5.0 cm, its radius is 2.5 cm. We want to know the electric field 1.0 cm fr...
. d. The electric field is inversely proportional to the square root of density of electric field lines. 18. If five electric-field lines come out of a +5 nC charge, how many electric-field lines should come out of a +20 nC charge? a. five field lines 10 field lines b. c. 15 field lines d. 20 field lines 18.4 Electric ...
negative charge. Access for free at openstax.org. 18.4 • Electric Potential 573 Figure 18.21 On the left, the gravitational field points toward Earth. The higher the ball is in the gravitational field, the higher the potential energy is of the Earth-ball system. On the right, the electric field points toward a negativ...
18.22 In the top picture, a mass accelerates due to a constant electric field. In the bottom picture, the mass accelerates due to a constant gravitational field. WATCH PHYSICS Analogy between Gravity and Electricity This video discusses the analogy between gravitational potential energy and electric potential energy. ...
the charges and their separation. The arrows on the charges indicate the direction in which the charges would move if released. When charges with the same sign are far apart, their potential energy is low, as shown in the top panel for two positive charges. The situation is the reverse for charges of opposite signs, a...
, as shown in Figure 18.28 Figure 18.24 The potential at the red point is simply the sum of the potentials due to each individual charge. Now let’s consider the electric potential in a uniform electric field. From the equation potential difference in going from to in a uniform electric field Eis, we see that the TIPS F...
detect electric fields are called electroreceptive. Most fish that are electrogenic are also electroreceptive. One of the most well-known electric fish is the electric eel (see Figure 18.25), which is both electrogenic and electroreceptive. These fish have three pairs of organs that produce the electric charge: the ma...
cm from a metallic target. The electrons are accelerated from the source to the target by a uniform electric field with a magnitude of about 100 kN/C, as drawn in Figure 18.26. When the electrons hit the target, X-rays are produced. (a) What is the potential difference between the electron source and the metallic targ...
accelerate, and this energy is enough to make. The result is that an electron go extremely fast. You can find their speed by using the definition of kinetic energy, the electrons are moving at more than 100 million miles per hour! WORKED EXAMPLE Electric Potential Energy of Doorknob and Dust Speck Consider again the d...
from 0 to 10 × 104 m/s in an electric field. Through what potential difference did the electron travel? The mass of an electron is 9.11 × 10–31 kg, and its charge is −1.60 × 10–19 C. a. 29 mV b. 290 mV c. 2,900 mV d. 29 V Check Your Understanding 21. Gravitational potential energy is the potential for two masses to do...
at openstax.org. 18.5 • Capacitors and Dielectrics 581 Figure 18.27 The red dots are positive charges, and the blue dots are negative charges. The electric-field direction is shown by the red arrows. Notice that the electric field between the positive and negative dots is fairly uniform. We can extend this idea even f...
electric field existed between the plates, no energy would be stored between them. If we now disconnect the plates from the battery, they will hold the energy. We could connect the plates to a lightbulb, for example, and the lightbulb would light up until this energy was used up. These plates thus have the capacity to...
. We use nothing between its plates (in the next section, we’ll see what happens when this is not the case). The constant zerois called the permittivity of free space, and its value is instead of C, because the capacitor has read epsilon 18.37 Coming back to the energy stored in a capacitor, we can ask exactly how much...
is charged with negative or positive charge. a. b. false true WORKED EXAMPLE Capacitance and Charge Stored in a Parallel Plate Capacitor (a) What is the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor with metal plates, each of area 1.00 m2, separated by 0.0010 m? (b) What charge is stored in this capacitor if a voltage of ...
lectrics Before working through some sample problems, let’s look at what happens if we put an insulating material between the plates of a capacitor that has been charged and then disconnected from the charging battery, as illustrated in Figure 18.30. Because the material is insulating, the charge cannot move through it...
capacitor is smaller, so it becomes easier to put more charge on the capacitor. Placing a dielectric in a capacitor before charging it therefore allows more charge and potential energy to be stored in the capacitor. A parallel plate with a dielectric has a capacitance of 18.43 (kappa) is a dimensionless constant calle...
during this brief time is power, this is not bad for a little capacitor!. Considering that a car engine delivers about 100 kW of STRATEGY FOR (B) Because the capacitor plates are in contact with the dielectric, we know that the spacing between the capacitor plates is. From the previous table, the dielectric constant o...
the distance between the objects of negative electric charge induction creating an unbalanced charge distribution in an object by moving a charged object toward it (but without touching) insulator material through which a charge does not move, such as rubber inverse-square law law that has the form of a ratio, with th...
a charge in a region with many electric field lines than in a region with few electric field lines. • Electric field lines start at positive charges and point away from positive charges. They end at negative charges and point toward negative charges. 18.4 Electric Potential • Electric potential energy is a concept sim...
conductor. Access for free at openstax.org. c. Yes, an uncharged insulator can charge a conductor by induction. d. Yes, a charged insulator can charge a conductor upon contact. 3. True or false—A liquid can be an insulating material. a. b. true false 18.2 Coulomb's law 4. Two plastic spheres with uniform charge repel ...
nC charge placed in this field? a. The direction of the force is in the direction. direction. b. The direction of the force is in the c. The direction of the force is in the −ŷ direction. d. The direction of the force is in the +ŷ direction. 18.4 Electric Potential 9. True or false—The potential from a group of charge...
of each molecule. 18.2 Coulomb's law 18. In terms of Coulomb’s law, why are water molecules attracted by positive and negative charges? a. Water molecules are neutral. b. Water molecules have a third type of charge that is attracted by positive as well as negative charges. c. Water molecules are polar. d. Water molecu...
? a. nine electric field lines 10 electric field lines b. 11 electric field lines c. 12 electric field lines d. 21. In a science-fiction movie, a villain emits a radial electric field to repulse the hero. Knowing that the hero is electrically neutral, is this possible? Explain your reasoning. a. No, because an electric...
nC. The middle charge is q2 = 5.0 nC. The right charge is q3 = − 3.0 nC. The left and right charges are 2.0 cm from the middle charge. What is the force on the middle charge? a. −5.6 × 10−4 N to the left b. −1.12 × 10−4 N to the left c. +1.12 × 10−4 N to the right 5.6 × 10−4 N to the right d. 18.3 Electric Field 29. A...

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