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Notes and References
72 Election Laws
Representation of the People Act, 1950
Representation of the People Act, 1951
Delimitation Act, 2002
Other Acts Relating to Elections
Rules Relating to Elections
Orders Relating to Elections
Notes and References
73 Electoral Reforms
Committees Related to Electoral Reforms
Electoral Reforms Before 1996
Electoral Reforms of 1996
Electoral Reforms After 1996
Electoral Reforms Since 2010
Notes and References
74 Voting Behaviour
Meaning of Voting Behaviour
Significance of Voting Behaviour
Determinants of Voting Behaviour
Role of Media in Elections and Voting Behaviour
Notes and References
75 Coalition Government
Meaning of Coalition Government
Features of Coalition Government
Formation of Coalition Governments
Merits of Coalition Government
Demerits of Coalition Government
Notes and References
76 Anti-Defection Law
Provisions of the Act
Evaluation of the Act
91st Amendment Act (2003)
Notes and References
77 Pressure Groups
Meaning and Techniques
Pressure Groups in India
Notes and References
78 National Integration
Meaning of National Integration
Obstacles to National Integration
National Integration Council
National Foundation for Communal Harmony
Notes and References
79 Foreign Policy
Principles of Indian Foreign Policy
Objectives of Indian Foreign Policy
Gujral Doctrine of India
Nuclear Doctrine of India
Connect Central Asia Policy of India
Act East Policy of India
Notes and References
PART-XI
Working of the Constitution
80 National Commission to Review the Working of the
Constitution
I. Terms of Reference of the Commission
II. Fifty Years of Working of the Constitution
III. Areas of Concern: Commission’s Perception
IV. Recommendations of the Commission
V. Earlier Efforts to Review the Constitution
Notes and References
Appendices
Appendix I: Articles of the Constitution (1–395)
Appendix II: Subjects of Union, State and Concurrent Lists
Appendix III: Table of Precedence
Appendix VI: Chairpersons of the National Commissions
Appendix VII: UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies
—Prelims 2010–2019)
Appendix VIII: Practice Questions on Indian Polity (General
Studies—Prelims)
Appendix IX: UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies
—Mains 2010–2019)
Appendix X: Practice Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies
—Mains)
Additional reading material available at the weblink given below:
http://www.mhhe.com./indianpolity6e
1. Oath by the Constitutional and Other Authorities
2. Definitions Under the Constitution
3. Allied Amending Acts at a Glance
4. Model Code of Conduct Relating to Elections
5. Representation of the People Act, 1950 at a Glance
6. Representation of the People Act, 1951 at a Glance
7. Flag Code of India
8. UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies—
Prelims 2000–2009)
9. UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies—Mains
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Interim Government (1946)
Table 1.2 First Cabinet of Free India (1947)
Table 2.1 Allocation of seats in the Constituent Assembly of
India (1946)
Table 2.2 Results of the Elections to the Constituent Assembly
(July–August 1946)
Table 2.3 Community-wise Representation in the Constituent
Assembly (1946)
Table 2.4 State-wise Membership of the Constituent Assembly
of India as on December 31, 1947
Table 2.5 Sessions of the Constituent Assembly at a Glance
Table 2.6 Time Taken by the Framers of Other Constitutions
Table 2.7 Articles Related to Short Title, Commencement, Hindi
Text and Repeals at a Glance
Table 3.1 The Constitution of India at a Glance
Table 3.2 Important Articles of the Constitution at a Glance
Table 3.3 Schedules of the Constitution at a Glance
Table 3.4 Sources of the Constitution at a Glance
Table 5.1 Territory of India in 1950
Table 5.2 Original Parts of the Constitution Dealing with States
and Territories
Table 5.3 Territory of India in 1956
Table 5.4 Territory of India in 2019
Table 5.5 Laws Made by Parliament Under Article 3 of the
Constitution
Table 5.6 Articles Related to Union and its Territory at a Glance
Table 6.1 Comparing NRI, PIO and OCI Cardholder
Table 6.2 Articles Related to Citizenship at a Glance
Table 7.1 Fundamental Rights at a Glance
Table 7.3 Martial Law Vs National Emergency
Table 7.4 Articles Related to Fundamental Rights at a Glance
Table 8.1 Distinction Between Fundamental Rights and
Directive Principles
Table 8.2 Articles Related to Directive Principles of State Policy
at a Glance
Table 11.1 Evolution of the Basic Structure of the Constitution
Table 12.1 Comparing Parliamentary and Presidential Systems
Table 13.1 Comparing Features of Federal and Unitary
Governments
Table 14.1 Articles Related to Centre-State Legislative Relations
at a Glance
Table 14.2 Articles Related to Centre-State Administrative
Relations at a Glance
Table 14.3 Articles Related to Centre-State Financial Relations
at a Glance
Table 15.1 Inter-State Water Dispute Tribunals Set-up So Far
Table 15.3 Articles Related to Inter-State Relations at a Glance
Table 15.2 Zonal Councils at a Glance
Table 16.1 Comparing National Emergency and President’s
Rule
Table 16.2 Imposition of President’s Rule (1951–2019)
Table 16.3 Articles Related to Emergency Provisions at a
Glance
Table 17.1 Elections of the Presidents (1952–2017)
Table 17.2 Veto Power of the President At a Glance
Table 17.3 Articles Related to President at a Glance
Table 18.1 Elections of the Vice-Presidents (1952–2017)
Table 18.2 Articles Related to Vice-President at a Glance
Table 19.1 Articles Related to Prime Minister at a Glance
Table 20.1 Distinction Between Council of Ministers and Cabinet
Table 20.2 Articles Related to Central Council of Ministers at a
Glance
Table 22.2 Censure Motion vs No Confidence Motion
Table 22.3 Public Bill vs Private Bill
Table 22.4 Ordinary Bill vs Money Bill
Table 22.5 Allocation of Seats in Parliament for States and
Union Territories (2019)
Table 22.6 Seats Reserved for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha
(2019)
Table 22.7 Durations of the Lok Sabha (from First Lok Sabha to
Present Lok Sabha)
Table 22.8 Speakers of the Lok Sabha (from First Lok Sabha to
Present Lok Sabha)
Table 22.9 Articles Related to Parliament at a Glance
Table 23.1 Departmental Standing Committees and their
Jurisdiction (2019)
Table 26.1 Comparing Indian and American Supreme Courts
Table 26.2 Articles Related to Supreme Court at a Glance
Table 27.1 Number of Acts and Regulations Included in the
Ninth Schedule
Table 30.1 Comparing Veto Powers of President and Governor
Table 30.2 Comparing Ordinance-Making Power of President
and Governor
Table 30.3 Comparing Pardoning Powers of President and
Governor
Table 30.4 Articles Related to Governor at a Glance
Table 31.1 Articles Related to Chief Minister at a Glance
Table 32.1 Articles Related to State Council of Ministers at a
Glance
Table 33.1 Comparing Legislative Procedure in the Parliament
and State Legislature
Table 33.2 Strength of Legislative Assemblies and Legislative
Councils (2019)
Table 33.3 Seats Reserved for SCs and STs in the Legislative
Assemblies (2019)
Table 33.5 Laws made by Parliament under Article 169 of the
Constitution
Table 34.1 Name and Jurisdiction of High Courts
Table 34.2 Articles Related to High Courts at a Glance
Table 35.1 Name and Jurisdiction of Benches of CAT
Table 35.2 Circuit Sittings of Benches of CAT
Table 35.3 Articles Related to Tribunals at a Glance
Table 36.1 Articles Related to Subordinate Courts at a Glance
Table 37.1 Articles Related to Special Provisions for some
States at a Glance
Table 38.1 Study Teams and Committees on Panchayati Raj
Table 38.2 Articles Related to Panchayats at a Glance
Table 38.3 Name of Panchayati Raj Institutions in the States
(2019)
Table 38.4 Milestones in the Evolution of Panchayati Raj
Table 38.5 Committees Related to Panchayati Raj (After
Constitutionalisation)
Table 39.1 Committees and Commissions on Urban Local
Governments
Table 39.2 Classification of Cantonment Boards
Table 39.3 Articles Related to Municipalities at a Glance
Table 39.4 Name of Urban Local Bodies in the States (2019)
Table 40.1 Administrative System of Union Territories at a
Glance
Table 40.2 Comparing States and Union Territories
Table 40.3 Articles Related to Union Territories at a Glance
Table 41.1 Tribal Areas at a Glance (2019)
Table 41.2 Articles Related to Scheduled and Tribal Areas at a
Glance
Table 41.3 Parliamentary Laws Related to the Fifth and Sixth
Schedules of the Constitution
Table 43.1 Articles Related to UPSC at a Glance
Table 44.1 Articles Related to SPSC at a Glance
Table 45.2 Articles Related to Finance Commission at a Glance
Table 51.1 Articles Related to Comptroller and Auditor-General
of India at a Glance
Table 52.1 Articles Related to Attorney-General of India at a
Glance
Table 53.1 Articles Related to Advocate-General of the state at a
Glance
Table 53.2 Articles Related to Constitutional Bodies at a Glance
Table 57.1 National Commissions / Central Bodies and the
Related Ministries
Table 61.1 Establishment of Lokayukta in States (Chronological
Order)
Table 64.1 Articles Related to Co-operative Societies at a
Glance
Table 65.1 Languages conferred with Classical Language
Status
Table 65.2 Articles Related to Official Language at a Glance
Table 66.1 Articles Related to Public Services at a Glance
Table 67.1 Articles Related to Rights and Liabilities of the
Government at a Glance
Table 68.1 Articles Related to Special Provisions for Certain
Classes at a Glance
Table 69.1 Recognised National Parties and State Parties (First
to Seventeenth General Elections)
Table 69.2 Recognised National Parties and their Symbols
(2019)
Table 69.3 Recognised State Parties and their Symbols (2019)
Table 69.4 Formation of Political Parties (Chronological Order)
Table 71.1 Results of Lok Sabha Elections
Table 71.2 Prime Ministers after each Lok Sabha General
Election
Table 71.3 Participation in Lok Sabha Elections
Table 71.4 Women in Lok Sabha Elections
Table 71.6 Largest and Smallest (Area-wise) Lok Sabha
Constituencies in Fourteenth General Elections
(2004)
Table 71.7 Largest and Smallest (Electors-wise) Lok Sabha
Constituencies in Sixteenth General Elections (2014)
Table 71.8 Articles Related to Elections at a Glance
Table 73.1 Limit on Election Expenditure (As declared in 2014)
Table 75.1 Formation of Coalition Governments at the Centre
Table 78.1 Meetings of the National Integration Council
PART-I
CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
1. Historical Background
2. Making of the Constitution
3. Salient Features of the Constitution
4. Preamble of the Constitution
5. Union and its Territory
6. Citizenship
7. Fundamental Rights
8. Directive Principles of State Policy
9. Fundamental Duties
10. Amendment of the Constitution
1 Historical Background
T
he British came to India in 1600 as traders, in the form of
East India Company, which had the exclusive right of
trading in India under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth
I. In 1765, the Company, which till now had purely trading
functions obtained the ‘diwani’ (i.e., rights over revenue and civil
justice) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.1 This started its career as a
territorial power. In 1858, in the wake of the ‘sepoy mutiny’, the
British Crown assumed direct responsibility for the governance of
India. This rule continued until India was granted independence
on August 15, 1947.
With Independence came the need for a Constitution. Hence, a
Constituent Assembly was formed for this purpose in 1946 and on
January 26, 1950, the Constitution came into being. However,
various features of the Indian Constitution and polity have their
roots in the British rule. There were certain events in the British
rule that laid down the legal framework for the organisation and
functioning of government and administration in British India.
These events have greatly influenced our constitution and polity.
They are explained here in a chronological order under two major
headings :
1. The Company Rule (1773 – 1858)
2. The Crown Rule (1858 – 1947)
THE COMPANY RULE (1773–1858)
Regulating Act of 1773
This act was of great constitutional importance as (a) it was the
first step taken by the British Government to control and regulate
the affairs of the East India Company in India; (b) it recognised,
for the first time, the political and administrative functions of the