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Sample Collection and Preservation – Critical Starting Points in Your Research!
blog / Molecular Biology August 06 2019
In the current ‘omics’ era, there seems to be no limit to the number of ways we can investigate our favorite organism or cell type. We can study genomes, transcriptomes, epigenomes, metabolomes, proteomes, kinomes, and more. Parallel advances in flow cytometry and other immunological techniques make it possible for us to simultaneously detect and profile new and characterized cell surface markers in robust multiplex setups.
With continuous method improvements and an ever-expanding choice of high-performance commercial kits and reagents, it’s never been easier to perform cutting-edge research. However, the success of all applications hinges upon on one critical starting point. High quality samples!
One of our previous articles focused on how proper sample collection and preservation are critical in the field of microbiomics. This article will look at sample collection and preservation more broadly, describing why they are so critical, and how you can address these for virtually any sample type.
So What Could Possibly Go Wrong?
The exact consequences of poor sample collection and storage will differ depending on the downstream application, and most protocols have certain critical steps that require extra attention. That being said, the final results from any experiment are likely to be influenced by every single step in the process, starting with sample collection.
Samples for Nucleic Acid Analysis
Samples destined for nucleic acid analysis applications, for example, PCR and sequencing, are particularly sensitive to nucleic acid degradation through enzymatic activity, biological, and environmental factors. Degradation affects not only the overall yield, but it may also lead to a false representation of the genomic or transcriptomic profile of your sample.
Changes to the overall nucleic acid profile of a sample are of particular concern in microbiomics research. However, the implications can be just as severe for gene expression studies. For instance, it’s easy to assume that good quality and high yield RNA obtained after careful RNA isolation from bacterial cells will result in reliable gene expression data if nothing goes wrong with downstream cDNA synthesis and PCR. But what about the changes those bacterial cells might undergo between the time you harvest them and when you start isolating RNA? If you’re not extremely well prepared, the expression levels of the gene(s) of interest could fluctuate while you wipe your bench down and get your reagents ready for RNA isolation! If you’re comparing your data to a previous experiment carried out the same way, you may never find out about these fluctuations!
Samples for Immunological Applications
Immunological applications such as flow cytometry, ELISA, Western blotting, and immunoprecipitation rely on the formation of immune complexes between the target antigen (e.g., a cell surface marker or a blood-borne biomarker) and the specific antibody that recognizes it. Proper sample handling or storage is critical for such applications because alterations to the antigen resulting from poor storage can severely impact the experimental outcome. For instance, freezing may alter the protein structure of the marker you are trying to detect and prevent it from being bound by an antibody, leading to false negative results. Avoiding such problems is critical where clinical samples are concerned.
Something for Everyone
Whether you work with nucleic acids or immunological techniques or both, we can assist you in finding the best way to protect your samples. The following sections will detail what sample collection and preservation options we currently offer for a wide range of sample types.
Whole Blood
Through Streck Inc., we supply direct-draw Cyto-Chex Blood Collection Tubes (BCT) for the preservation of whole blood samples for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. The preservative in Cyto-Chex BCT maintains the integrity of the white blood cell cluster of differentiation (CD) markers for up to 14 days at room temperature for convenient transport, storage and processing.
Streck’s Cell Preservative can also be purchased as a standalone reagent, and is ideal for the storage and stabilization of bone marrow aspirates, surgical tissue samples, fine needle aspirates, and peripheral and umbilical cord blood for up to 7 days at room temperature.
For a complete stabilization solution for phenotyping, we offer Cytomark’s TransFix® range, which stabilizes cellular antigens and prevents cellular degradation in a variety of sample types, including: whole human and animal blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), bone marrow, and circulating tumor cells. The range includes CE/IVD marked EDTA Vacuum Blood Collection Tubes, Sample Storage Tubes (without coagulant), specialized EDTA CSF Sample Storage Tubes, and Phlebotomy Packs for the drawing and stabilization of whole blood samples.
For flexibility, Cytomark’s CE/IVD cellular antigen stabilization reagent can be purchased alone in a variety of sizes (TransFix Bulk). Cytomark’s collection devices and reagents ensure sample stabilization upon refrigeration for up to 14 days.
DNA/RNA Shield™ from Zymo Research is suitable for storage and stabilization of whole blood samples, and is available in specialized Blood Sample Collection Tubes or as a more concentrated stand-alone preservative for flexibility in storing larger volume samples (2x concentrate).
cfDNA and cfRNA from Blood
Streck’s cfDNA blood collection tubes (BCT) contain a preservative that stabilizes nucleated blood cells and prevents genomic DNA release, allowing cfDNA isolation for use in a range of downstream applications e.g., liquid biopsy, assay development, sequencing, and real-time PCR.
Streck’s cfRNA BCT contain a patented preservative that stabilizes cfRNA in plasma and prevents the release of non-target background RNA during sample processing and storage. With Streck’s BCT, cfDNA and cfRNA is stable for 14 days or 7 days, respectively, at ambient temperature. Streck’s BCT are available in research-use only and CE-IVD formats.
Quantitative nucleic acid profiling of stool samples has taken off in recent years, fuelled largely by the explosion in microbiome research. Here, one of the most critical aspects is obtaining a molecular snapshot of the sample at the exact point of collection. To this end, we offer a range of stool collection devices containing specialized preservatives to stabilize and protect nucleic acids while simultaneously deactivating microbes, thus ‘freezing the sample in time’, rendering it safe for transport at ambient temperature.
DNA/RNA Shield™ from Zymo Research is also available in Fecal Collection Tubes, permitting room temperature storage of stool samples (1 g) for up to 1 month (for RNA) or 2 years (for DNA).
Streck Cell-Free DNA Urine Preserve is a formaldehyde-free aqueous reagent that stabilizes cellular components and cfDNA in urine for up to 7 days across a wide temperature range (6 °C – 37 °C). The preservative enhances the stability of cfDNA and prevents lysis of nucleated blood cells and release of cellular genomic DNA. Isolated cfDNA is highly suited to a range of downstream applications, such as prenatal diagnosis, disease diagnosis, treatment efficacy monitoring, and organ transplant rejection monitoring.
Zymo Research offers a specialized Urine Conditioning Buffer, which is a highly concentrated preservative to facilitate convenient storage of large volumes of urine. Urine in this buffer can be stored for up to 1 month at room temperature. The Urine Collection Kit from Zymo Research combines the Urine Collection Cup and the Urine Conditioning Buffer offering you an all-in-one solution for urine collection and preservation.
Saliva and Swabs
Saliva and swab analysis is gaining traction throughout research and diagnostics e.g., study of the oral microbiome, study of disease biomarkers, and non-invasive genetic testing in saliva. Obtaining and preserving a good saliva or swab sample is critical to success in these areas.
For swab collection and preservation, Zymo Research supplies swabs in collection tubes with DNA/RNA Shield™ , which preserves both DNA and RNA for up to 2 years or 1 month, respectively, when samples are stored at room temperature.
DNA/RNA Shield™ from Zymo Research is suitable for collection and storage of all tissue types and can be custom-filled into customer-supplied vials or collection tubes to meet the varied needs of researchers. To facilitate a smoother sample collection and tissue lysis process, Zymo Research also offers lysis tubes containing DNA/RNA Shield™ and Bashing Beads™ for highly efficient mechanical lysis of all tissue types e.g., insect tissue and biopsies. With DNA/RNA Shield™ , DNA or RNA is stable for up to 2 years or 1 month at room temperature, respectively.
Note: DNA/RNA Shield™ exhibits cell lysis activity and is therefore not suitable for samples destined for immunological applications.
Take the Lab to the Field
For those who work in the field, we can provide the TerraLyzer™ from Zymo Research, a handheld mechanical disruption device for cordless, portable, and convenient homogenization of difficult-to-lyse biological and environmental samples. This device allows researchers to “Take the Lab to the Field” and allows on-the-spot lysis of samples at the sites of collection. Although ideal for those who carry out fieldwork, the TerraLyzer™ may also be an excellent solution for labs that don’t have access to high-throughput mechanical disruption equipment.
By Your Side™ in Life Science Research
We regularly update our portfolio to meet the varied needs of our academic and clinical researchers and we hope you will easily find something that suits your sample type. If not, let us know and we will put you in touch with a local team member who will assist you in your search.
To take a closer look at the products featured in this article, get in touch with us at info@nordicbiosite.com | aca2fd05-e4d0-49c1-98a9-f2b3bebbcd14 | null | 0 | true | false |
What Will Drive the Energy ‘Innovation Revolution’?
Declining energy research investmentsClick here to see how federal spending on energy research has fared since the last energy crisis, compared with other research. This illustration accompanied a page-one story on declining energy research in the face of growing climate risks.
[UPDATE 3 p.m.: President Bush took a different approach to easing the energy gap today, ending a presidential moratorium on drilling for oil on the outer continental shelf of the United States. Yet again, it seems the political imperatives surrounding high energy prices are trumping building climate concerns and the inevitable need for a shift away from fossil fuels.]
Joe Romm, the former Energy Department official who now blogs on climate and works for the Center for American Progress, a nonpartisan/liberal/progressive (depending on who’s choosing the adjective) research group in Washington, has again taken issue with something I’ve written, partly because I left out a link to supporting sources for my statement that the world could face a tripled demand for energy by midcentury.
I’ve posted a link with my response (and supporting link) on his blog, and add a few more links and voices below — all of which illustrate that the world faces a glaring energy gap, presuming its leaders take their commitments to cut greenhouse gas emissions even a tiny bit seriously. I’ve focused a lot of late on the decline in government-supported basic energy research and development (here and everywhere else outside of Japan), even as many experts say a big increase is both vital and affordable.
Among those who have called for a government-driven “innovation revolution” including a doubling of federal energy research is John Podesta, Mr. Romm’s boss at the Center for American Progress.
Here’s what I wrote back to Mr. Romm on Climateprogress.org (he’s followed up there, as well):
Here’s the keystone line from one of a series of papers on this energy gap by Hoffert et al (Science, 2002), John Holdren (pdf), and others: “Mid-century primary power requirements that are free of carbon dioxide emissions could be several times what we now derive from fossil fuels (~10 [to the 13th power] watts), even with improvements in energy efficiency.”
The details are in the Science paper. And when I talk about “energy options,” unlike you, I include the developing world — where kids hike an hour in Guinea to do their homework in an airport parking lot.
I do agree with you, Joe, that — over all — the main impediment to progress on energy (with climate benefits coming as well) is social and political, not technological. But the lack of options is real, whether on the ground in sub-Saharan Africa or in countries seeking primary power sources that don’t come with vastly increased CO2 emissions (or a slippery grid to move intermittent power around).
Whether humanity’s energy thirst in 2050 is at the high end of “several times what we now derive from fossil fuels” or the low end (merely twice as much energy) is almost immaterial. Almost all the experts I’ve talked to in 20 years of exploring the entwined climate and energy challenges agree that satisfying global energy demand while limiting human influence on climate will require revolutionary advances in both policy and technology. Mr. Romm is among those who agree this is not an either/or debate.
The debate is over emphasis. Mr. Romm and many environmental campaigners and energy entrepreneurs say that markets, laws, public campaigns and leadership can prompt the technological transformation, and that government research money has mainly been a distraction and a delaying device promoted by industries or political operatives wedded to fossil fuels. Whatever the merits of that debate, there sure are a lot of seasoned experts in energy technology and economics (Daniel Nocera at M.I.T., Jeffrey Sachs at Columbia) who insist that climate stability will not happen without a huge increase in direct spending for R.&D. along with everything else.
In the end, there are two means of speeding the move away from climate-warming energy choices, as Daniel Schrag of Harvard has explained here before: boosting the public will to act (and accept the costs of the energy-technology transition) or eliminating the cost difference between polluting and nonpolluting energy choices. The latter can happen by making clean-energy technologies cheaper and/or by making climate-warming technologies more expensive (through a tax or cap).
Below in the comment string I’ll be adding more expert views on the role of basic research in propelling the energy transformation that governments, on paper at least, have pledged to pursue in the next two generations. Of course I want your view there, too. A big increase in research would be part of what I have characterized as “the energy quest” — from the wall outlet to the laboratory to the classroom to the boardroom — that many experts say would be needed to have a planet-wide overhaul of a fossil-based energy system that has taken two centuries to build.
Discounting the research imperative, these experts say, discounts the reality that even if the world’s most polluting countries somehow magically adhere to the nonbinding climate pledges made last week, that is only the first step toward limiting risks from what could well be (if worst-case projections hold) centuries of shifting climate patterns and retreating coasts.
Comments are no longer being accepted.
Steven Earl Salmony July 14, 2008 · 1:59 pm
Joe Romm has consistently distinguished himself as a courageous scientist/activist who advocates for much needed changes in federal energy policy.
We need many more scientists with a willingness to step up, remain standing and speak out clearly, as Dr. Romm is doing.
If it is permissible to do so here, I would also like to recommend the establishment of a binding commitment to recruit one thousand more top-rank scientists into high-level positions within the federal government.
The Center for American Progress is hardly non partisan, it is progressive and Joe Romm is a paid hack distributing propaganda and disinformation for a fraction of his worth. He also runs a biased site which banned me in about two days for behaviour much like you see here.
There once was a time in American history where we committed to doing great and wonderful things. Regardless of motivation, it’s hard to argue that landing on the moon was not grand and heroic. Where is our spirit of innovation, of adventure? What will it take to mobilize and motivate our country to rise up and do something great again? If we could make it to the moon, why not this as well?
ANDY REVKIN received by email Sunday night (more on Dr. Lewis’s work and ideas is in my AARP Magazine article on global warming):
This is being/ has been cast into a classic “either/or” decision tree. But it needs to be a “do both” decision.
We need to do everything that we know how to do now, starting today and we need to be doing R&D to help us figure out how to do the things that we don’t know how to do now well or at all (like massive electricity storage etc), starting today
Energy is the only commercialized field that I have ever seen where people try to cogently and consistently advance arguments against doing R&D to develop the next generation of more advanced, cheaper, better, technology…
Whatever is spent on deployment and commercialization, like any healthy high-tech industry, should have 10% of its revenue (more is spent now by pharma or by IT) spent on R&D…energy is now a $3 trillion/year business in the U.S. alone, so that is $300 billion/year on R&D; let’s give 90% of that to D, that “leaves behind” $30 billion/year fon R…
Nathan S. Lewis
George L. Argyros Professor of Chemistry
Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Beckman Institute and Kavli Nanoscience Institute
California Institute of Technology
OK, back to the subject. The market will drive it, or else. If you try to drive it centrally with tax subsidies nothing will be accomplished and much wasted. The old saying applies; I only learned it yesterday: If it doesn’t make sense, it doesn’t make dollars.
ANDY REVKIN received by email Sunday night:
I am in agreement with Nate. I would add that three points.
1. We need R&D to make scalable energy technologies that are currently “available”.
2. We need to avoid getting locked-in to “inferior” technologies, such as “first generation” biofuels, which just a few years ago were considered a slam-dunk carbon-neutral technology/energy source for which the relevant technologies were allegedly both available and scalable. Now just a few EJ/yr of energy on the way to IPCC WG III’s estimate of 100-400 EJ/yr of biomasss/biofuels energy by 2050, and we have a looming food crisis. Moreover, we now learn that not only are biofuels land and water using, but they are very energy-using on a life cycle basis, and are emission-generating if the energy inputs are fossil-based and/or if their expansion requires changes in land-use. Many biofuels backers now admit this and are working on “second-generation” biofuels that require both R&D and technology “breakthroughs”.
3. Development in the much of the developing world will be energy intensive because of high populations to land ratios. If slums are to avoided as people move from rural to urban areas much of the building will be as high rises. These use very large amounts of cement, structural steel, and flat glass, and some aluminum. They will be built on broad boulevards with overpasses which also require large amounts of cement and structural steel. These metals/ materials have energy intensities an order of magnitude higher than most other manufactured products. In 2006, China alone produced 48% of the world’s cement, 49% of the world’s flat glass; 35% of the world’s steel; and 28% of the world’s aluminum. What is happening in China will spread elsewhere in the Far East and in south and south-east Asia. Unless R&D can supply relatively-competitive carbon emission-free energy on a very large scale, global emissions will continue upward no matter what the “West” does. In other words, the problem is far greater than a matter of commercializing and deploying current technologies.
Chris Green, McGill University
//www.thespacereview.com/article/355/1
only talks of 20TWe system, there is no reason to stop there. However, once the Lunar Power System is much under way, we will also be able to start moving energy-using activities such as mining and heavy manufacturing to Space, further helping solve the overall “humans on Earth” problem, not merely the energy-climate part of it.
Andy, good column. You provide a clear-eyed view of the enormous challenge the world faces in meeting it’s expanding energy needs. Even without considering AGW, it will be hard to satisfy this appetite and to continue to raise living standards around the world.
AGW should not be used as a reason to suppress badly-needed fossil-fuels, but rather to encourage the rapid adoption of nuclear and other clean technologies. I’m confident that high energy prices will make all sorts of alternate technologies cost-competitive and speed their adoption. Government funding should be concentrated on basic research.
The policy part is not really difficult: We will need all sorts of energy to satisfy the world’s growing needs, while making an orderly transition to technologies that are sustainable and environmentally sound.
Enhanced Geothermal Anyone? 100+GW of steady state power available that could utilize existing oil and gas drilling technology. The resource seems pretty well spread out throughout the lower 48 (Alaska and Hawaii are rich with geothermal). Check out my blog post in today’s ClimateAtlas:
//environmentaldefenseblogs.org/climateatlas/
The program seems woefully underfunded given such potential, which backs up Andy’s point here.
Here’s the link to the press release for the MIT study on EGS’ potential…
//web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/geothermal.html
ANDY REVKIN received by email Sunday night:
On the whole, I have to say I come down more on Joe Romm’s position on this issue. Certainly further R&D will lower costs and even provide some breakthroughs. (For example, in my group at NREL, we continue to find practical ways to increase the optical efficiency and decrease the heat loss of parabolic trough solar collectors.) However, we already have at our disposal all the energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies we need to make enormous carbon reductions, and we do not have the luxury of waiting any longer to deploy the technologies we have or wait for better ones. Fortunately, the relative added costs of today’s renewable technologies are quite reasonable, especially if one factors in the subsidies that exist for fossil fuels and if we price carbon commensurate with the costs of its environmental damage. (See recent University of Maryland report on climate change costs in the U.S. and, of course, the Stern Review.) And we know from experience that large-scale deployment will yield significant economies of scale and cost reductions associated with learning curves. Plus, simultaneous large-scale deployment of efficiency will SAVE billions of dollars.
In particular, solar and wind represent huge resources and can be deployed fairly rapidly, consistent with the urgency of the climate change crisis. Numerous utility studies have shown that wind can provide over 20% of our energy with modest integration costs on the order of a half cent per kWh to ensure overall dispatchability. And wind is nicely complemented by concentrating solar power with low-cost thermal storage. Add distributed battery storage in the form of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, a smarter grid with long-range DC transmission, and perhaps adiabatic compressed air energy storage in the future and you have a clean, robust electric grid. That we can achieve large carbon reductions in the U.S. with today’s technologies was the whole point of the ASES “Tackling Climate Change” study (at //www.ases.org/climatechange).
Since that study was published, things have admittedly gotten worse. In their latest Science paper submittal Jim Hansen, et al. argue that we must reduce atmospheric CO2 to below 350 ppm because so-called “slow feedbacks” such as changes in ice sheet albedo are occurring much faster than expected. IGCC with carbon capture and storage and new nuclear plants can probably be brought on line in the next ten years or so to the extent they are needed to augment the efficiency and renewables deployment. While China is unfortunately building many new pulverized coal plants, they are also deploying renewables on a large scale. As soon as we show that we’re serious about reducing our own carbon emissions, as China’s biggest customer of consumer products, we will be able to join forces with the EU and demand that our products be made in a way that doesn’t pollute our atmosphere.
I certainly do not claim the massive change needed in the world energy infrastructure will be easy. And yes, the barriers are social and political as well as (or even more than) technological. This is, indeed, an enormous challenge. But, winning World War II was also an enormous challenge in so many ways. And as with that challenge, I believe we will meet this one simply because we have to.
Chuck Kutscher, Ph.D., P.E.
Principal Engineer/Group Manager, Thermal Systems
Center for Buildings and Thermal Systems
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1617 Cole Blvd.
Golden, CO 80401
ANDY REVKIN received by email Sunday night:
do you ever sleep?! :-)
My view is that the two of you are looking at it from different perspectives. Romm feels the urgency of the problem, sees the existence of solutions, and wonders why people aren’t choosing to implement those solutions as fast as needed. Force, in the form of regulations or a carbon cap or tax, seems necessary. We could go that route – in fact I’m pretty sure we should and will, with little further delay, but I also don’t believe it will be enough. We already know, for example from the McKinsey report Romm mentions, that there are actions people can take now that will be of net economic benefit to them as well as reducing carbon emissions – but they’re not doing it (or at least not to the degree they could). Why not? What sort of force would be necessary to make them do both the things that will be of direct economic benefit and those further steps that will not? I can’t see our democracy, or others, going as far as necessary in that regard before the worst of the problems are upon us.
Humans are capricious and willful and often not rational in their actions. That’s the way we are. I could very likely save myself a lot of money this winter, and cut our family’s carbon footprint, by adding insulation in my attic; instead I stood 2 hours in line Friday for my new iPhone (very cool though :-). Maybe I’ll get to the insulation later, but we certainly are attracted by the shiny and new. That’s one of the things R&D can bring us – new products and ideas can change thought patterns in a way that regulations simply cannot. The Toyota Prius won a large following relative to other hybrid contenders in large part because of its distinctive look, not so much because of its price, which was definitely marginal at the time (much clearer benefit now, making us Prius owners look ever smugger). We want energy production technologies that make coal power plants and coal mining look ever more archaic and unfashionable so that no developed or developing nation can build another one with any pride, and so even energy companies will shut down existing plants with a sense of relief, rather than regret.
Cost is part of that – a coal plant may be ugly, but if it saves hundreds of millions of dollars over alternatives, that money looks awfully tempting to anybody. So the costs of the alternatives and efficiency measures need to be roughly competitive, particularly when you include the needs of developing nations that are less likely to be able to agree on or enforce regulatory measures. But the other part of it is the existence of some capability that, at least in peoples minds, can’t be matched by alternatives. Wind may be close to competitive with coal in some areas, except it can’t supply more than 20% of grid capacity, except it doesn’t come with a cost-effective storage solution, except it requires building new underutilized transmission capacity, except some people think the windmills are ugly or kill birds etc… You need to not only compete on price, but also figure out how to get rid of all those “excepts” that make coal still seem viable. R&D that brings out new product solutions – perhaps combinations of different energy options, perhaps improved storage, perhaps shiny new (superconducting!) transmission lines – and of course makes them cost-competitive – is what will actually make the transition happen, without the need to use an undemocratic degree of force.
But that need for R&D is certainly not any reason to delay taking what actions we reasonably can now.
The best funded US universities should be persuaded — by their own research, if nothing else — to chip in 10% each to create a U.S.- led consortium for a crash program in energy R&D, while politicians dither. 10% is modest, giving back less than six months of last year’s gains for Harvard and Yale, for example — both with endowments in the tens of billions of dollars. The resulting fund, perhaps supplemented by Google.org, the Gates Foundation, and other sources, could approach at part, if not all, the $ 30 billion figure Nathan Lewis cites above. The great advantage is that, as an independent start, it would not require the cooperation of government (or executives at Exxon-Mobil, if there’s a difference), though the resulting patents and technology might please the American people.
The posters above are right, of course. We must have a major government commitment to energy R&D in this country, performed by our best scientific minds from a variety of disciplines. We need innovation, cost effectiveness, and scale in our energy transformation. This does not conflict with private venture capital research: positive outcomes could come from either source, and are going to be shared.
Meanwhile, government sponsored energy R&D is in decline in this country, and we can’t just blame it on Bush/Cheney: this need was evident in the Clinton Administration, and the Democrats currently have Congressional majorities. As Andy has pointed out, the challenge is not technological, it is political.
Look where R&D money has been going lately: “clean coal” and biofuels, two lost causes, but ones with powerful industry support. The distinction between our government and influential corporations- especially the sunset kind- has blurred, and it’s even worse in administrative bureaucracies.
Truth and even basic long term practicality have weak power bases in Washington. Every day, fifteen million people listen to Rush Limbaugh pontificate about our energy needs. Many of these listeners vote. Brilliant and thoughtful men such as Lewis and Green make their voices heard by a few influential people, but not enough of them. Even here on Dot Earth we have people like Kim, whose views are in alignment with Limbaugh’s, weighing in on serious scientific issues just to try to cause a few stumbles.
New energy taxes, even of the rebate kind, will be politically suicidal, and will be topic A on far right talk radio and Fox as soon as they’re floated. If Obama is the one proposing them after he gets elected, it will make Hillary’s health care stumbles in 1993 look like nothing, and his power will be weakened. Cap and trade didn’t work in Europe: they’re building coal plants again there.
We need to make the coal and oil companies pay their fair share of taxes, and get out of the government trough once and for all. This is popular with the people, less so with politicians, who fear the fossil fuel lobbies. If this idea succeeds, after current subsidies are evaluated and tabulated, there will be plenty of money for R&D. New energy technologies will have a chance to compete, as their bloated competitors will be back in the real world of true competition.
Let’s see if the next bunch of politicians has the courage and intelligence to move on this front. It would be great to be pleasantly surprised.
Kim (2:05 pm) is totally right. We may have been talking conservation and alternative energy for decades, but it is only the high price of gas that has really brought these issues to the fore. Sadly, if OPEC were to suddenly open the oil spigot, prices would drop and the current energy concerns would be a thing of the past. (Prius? Solar energy? What are they?)
If it wasn’t clear, #11 was from me…
On the subject of things we can do cooperatively, an interesting post at Grist from Gar Lipow today provides a spreadsheet with data that is intended to be updated based on feedback from people like us – take a look:
//gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/7/12/1798/98255
Among the various worksheets it outlines options for an aggressive and more moderate approach to going carbon-free, and with assumptions of no or moderate levels of technological improvement. I think a lot more could be done along this lines, but it seems a great start, and Mr. Lipow seems interested in responding to any comments on the numbers or concepts.
Roger Pielke, Jr. July 14, 2008 · 3:28 pm
What is troubling about this continuing debate is that anyone who suggests that additional R&D might prove useful in dealing with the mitigation challenge is castigated by Joe Romm as in cahoots with people wanting no action. Romm’s list of such “delayers” started with George Bush and James Inhofe, and now apparently includes Tom Wigley, Chris Green, and Andy Revkin.
However, one could make a compelling case that the best recipe for inaction is to pursue the approach that has dominated climate policy for the past 20 years — seeking a binding global agreement on targets and timetables. Unfortunately this approach has failed — and will continue to fail. perhaps the real “delayers” are those who blindly pursue an approach that cannot succeed.
New technologies are important not least because the can open the door for social and political innovation. The politics of the ozone issue were transformed by the presence of CFC substitutes, and political success of acid rain cap-and-trade was enabled by the cost certainty ceiling of scrubbing technologies.
On climate change arguing about whether or not existing technologies are up to the job or not is a lot like arguing about whether there is enough money in the world to lift everyone out of poverty. Sure an academic case can be made, but in both cases the real challenges are political, social, cultural, institutional, etc. There is a reason why China’s emissions have been growing at rates approaching 10% a year, why India has written off any emissions caps, and why Germany and Italy are rushing to build new coal plants — even as all of these countries are rushing to deploy alternative technologies as fast as possible.
I wish I could share the optimism of those who think that transforming the global energy system will be cheap (or even possible) without a dramatic change in the context of the debate. History suggests that technological innovation provides one such way to create that change of context. In this light, it is hard to fathom not only the continued opposition to large investments in energy technology R&D, but the demagoguing of those who do call for such investments.
Are all in this together anymore?
It seems like the whole country only cares about its ‘special interests’. That’s how we got to the moon, overcame the depressions from the 30’s, and kept the country together during WW2.
We almost need a financial collapse in this country to put people back on track. The past several years have been about greed, ourselves, and everything materialistic. This is not my ‘Jerry Maguire’ manifesto, but we have some very real and serious issues facing this country. We can get out of them, but not when this group needs this, and that group needs that. It’s time to do what is best for America. Elect the best, most qualified man for the job, not because we need a certain group represented. We have done this to ourselves, we can get ourselves out of this. Let’s be the country I know we can be. Strong, brave, and caring.
also noted:
former RAND energy expert Robert Hirsch recently posted on the Allianz Knowledge website, interesting and detailed on the geopolitics of declining oil supplies:
//knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/safety_security/energy_security/hirsch_peak_oil_production.html
The impending dilemma described by Hirsch:
“Using and liquefying coal is an available technology, but under current conditions, there would be a great deal of CO2 released from making liquids out of coal. So people say, “no, we are not going do these things because of CO2.” They do not recognize that if we don’t take action on the impending oil decline, populations are going to suffer beyond what most can imagine.”
It would be nice to hear contrasting views. In this case, does ‘suffering’ mean no SUV’s? Or does it mean drastic economic upheaval?
If we only had an intelligent and rational president in office, so much could have been accomplished.
This is all so very sad.
Thank you, Andy, for the forum in which to comment.
I suggest enhanced energy efficiency as presented
in my 1996 US Patent (#5,537,823)-High Efficiency
Energy Conversion System) that would generally
invert energy flows associated with the grid, and
also provide about 50% thermal efficiency for a
hybrid vehicular drivetrain (10 hp @ 45 mph CAN
provide about 112 MPG for small cars). Energy is
defined bby physics as the ability to do work,
(provide mechanical power) and by more efficient
use of energy resources, we can provide for
energy innovation.
RE: #3 Robert
Achieving a minimal fossil fuel society would be difficult in the developed world but definitely possible over time. The problem is that the AGW crowd wants to play a Corporate America and George Bush blame game and engage in redistributionist policies rather than getting to the task at hand.
Even corporate america is part of the problem looking for competitive advantage. T. Boone Pickens touts wind power and states that we can not drill our way out of the problem. But drilling is absolutely needed to transition to almost non fossil fuel energy. It would certainly improve the balance of trade problem.
If you had veto power over a nuclear plant proposed to be built a mile from your home, would you veto the plant or allow it to be constructed?
One of the the biggest complaints I have with some in the green movement is that the chief incentive will be economic suffering and pain that will force us to come up with a non-fossil fuel solution. This underestimates the ability of an economy to be dynamic and flexible enough to develop and nurture the needed technologies that can accomplish the goals most of us can agree on. Do everything and do not fear lower energy prices. By the way the President took a step in the right direction.
You read it here first – I’m with Kim.
Tax oil for what you believe security is worth. (that’s a debate we aleady had)
Tax carbon for what you believe the damage is (I would start with Nic Sterne at $100/tonne Co2.
Don’t earmark, mandate, or subsidize. you can correct some pretty well known generic market failures on the consumer demand side (separate arguments about cars, household appliances, home insulation etc).
You can enforce border pricing so no carbon from the rest of the world slips in untaxed in fuels or products so as to put those under a Co2 tax regime at an unfair advantage.
Why this? Because ever attempt to micro-manage energy with US political styles of picking winners (aka favorites) since the 1960s has gotten almost nowhere, because the market itself doesn’t respond to losers that were declared winners.
I’m for R and D. but no $$ for oil saving unless oil is also taxed. No $$ for carbon saving unless carbon is taxed.
No hypothecating, i.e., you tax carbon and spend it on low carbon stuff. Refund the carbon $$ in general tax reduction. Refund the oil tax, after using it to take over maintenance of the Strategic petroleum reserve. Does it not strike anyone as ludicrous that the taxpayer,not the oil user, pays for the SPR? (In Sweden the oil user pays a tax for this. I once found out where one of the secret reserves was and how much was in it, just by doing oil balances for each county i Sweden.
Belly ache all you want. But what have been the big forces reshaping energy supply and demand since the early1980s.
Energy prices
Long-term technological trends that reduce energy use/output in manufacturing
CAFE standards, home appliance standards, state thermal insulation standards
A few voluntary programs, like energy star.
Surprised – there are a few spectacular R and D let programs.. development of electronic ballasts for fluorescent lights, led by Art Rosenfield of LBL at the time, fighting the lighting industry all the way is a good example.
A few utility lead programs to help bring technology to scale, like compact fluorescent bulbs. I knew we had won in 1988 when I saw that every floor of the Borabadur Intercontinental hotel in Jakarta had CFL in the hall to save employee labor changing bulbs and reduce heat to theinside of the building (I was there by the World Bank to develop an appliance efficiency program, the resutls of which were in Energy Policy in 1989).
To summarize (indeed, the main spillover from the July 10 discussion), tax bads rather than earmark goods. Admit the limited role of the traditional approach earmarking, mandating, favoring, and above all subsidizing. When you are in a hole as deep as we are, digging faster won’t get you out.
Lee Schipper
Lee Schipper
Joseph Romm (ClimateProgress) July 14, 2008 · 6:18 pm
Ah, Roger Pielke — always ready at hand was some artfully worded statements:
“However, one could make a compelling case that the best recipe for inaction is to pursue the approach that has dominated climate policy for the past 20 years — seeking a binding global agreement on targets and timetables. Unfortunately this approach has failed — and will continue to fail. perhaps the real “delayers” are those who blindly pursue an approach that cannot succeed.”
Actually I don’t know many people who could make that case compelling. How about “However, one could make a compelling case that the best recipe for inaction is to pursue the approach that has dominated national climate policy for the past 20 years — repeatedly urging the nation to increase funding for R&D while opposing any actual action to reduce emissions.”
I have supported large increases in energy R&D longer than most — and I continue to do so. However, people like you who use technological pessimism and calls for R&D as a means to criticize efforts to develop binding targets and timetables — well, you sound exactly like the “real” delayers.
Robert Verdi (22), by the president’s step in the right direction, do you mean his joke about farewell from the largest polluter? Or was it his step onto the plane to leave Japan?
No one is afraid of lower energy prices…unless they are made low by passing on environmental costs to others or the future. If we cannot agree on that step, then we cannot have markets as the main force in solving problems, since markets do not define the problems to be solved without costs being assigned to “free” things like air, water and CO2 emissions.
What is economic suffering? is it taxation of CO2? Why is there not economic suffering if the CO2 goes untaxed and someone in a developing country (less able to respond than Americans) pays the economic and human cost of climate change? If someone in India dies from air pollution related diseases because India insists on cheap energy, so passes on the need for cleaning up coal combustion.
Lee Schipper | 89403ea8-42af-4e40-bec2-4c0eb7bba64d | null | 1 | true | false |
Journal of General Dentistry
Scholarly Open Access Biomechanics Journals
The Journal, Drug Designing: Open Access distributes the most excellent logical articles amalgamating expansive scope of fields including sub-atomic demonstrating, clinical research and medication revelation and conveyance. The diary centers around all fields of medication configuration including drug revelation, sedate plan by levelheaded methodology, target-based structure, tranquilize combination, tranquilize digestion, structure-based medication structure, atomic displaying, ligand-based collaboration, improvement of the conventional medication, in silico chemoinformatics and bioinformatics advances, receptor agonist/adversary, protease substrate/inhibitor, peptidomimetic, Quality by configuration, Design for unwavering quality in medicate advancement, Design for customary Chinese medication clinical preliminaries, Bayesian consecutive plan for multi-territorial structure, Design and investigation for target clinical preliminaries, Design and examination for demonstrative strategies, Adaptive structure for early clinical turn of events, Design for biosimilar considers, Design for bioassay advancement and approval, Design for factual hereditary qualities, Design for appraisal of medication to tranquilize cooperation, Design for connecting contemplates, Design for soundness investigation, and so forth. This logical diary remembers a wide scope of fields for its order to make a stage for the creators to make their commitment towards the diary and the publication office at Longdom Publishing guarantees a companion survey process for the submitted compositions to keep up the nature of free diaries. The jounal is among the best open access diaries and expects to distribute generally complete and dependable wellspring of data on the revelations and current advancements in the method of unique articles, audit articles, case reports, short correspondences, and so on in every aspect of the field. Article distributed in sedate structuring diary are uninhibitedly accessible online with no limitations or some other memberships to the scientists around the world. The diary is utilizing Editorial Tracking System for quality in peer survey process. Medication structuring diaries have been indicating enormous references and articles centering the most exceptional research slants in the field of medication revelation, restorative science, Drug Design instruments, protein building, bioinformatics. Publication Manager is an online original copy accommodation, survey and following frameworks. Audit preparing is performed by the publication board individuals from Drug Designing: Open Access or outside specialists; in any event two autonomous analyst's endorsement trailed by manager endorsement is required for acknowledgment of any citable original copy. Creators may submit original copies and keep tabs on their development through the framework, ideally to distribution. Analysts can download original copies and present their suppositions to the editorial manager. Editors can deal with the entire accommodation/audit/overhaul/distribute process.
Relevant Topics in General Science | 694ef017-e54e-4296-aafb-ca78d59ff5b5 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
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Solar module breaks efficiency record
Photovoltaic solar power manufacturer Amonix has broken the solar module efficiency record, becoming the first company to convert more than a third of direct sunlight into electricity.
In May this year, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) confirmed an outdoor operating efficiency rating of 33.5% for an Amonix module, breaking the previous 30.3% record also held by the Californian firm.
Over several days of on-sun testing conducted by NREL, the module efficiency peaked at 34.2% - the highest efficiency ever reported under real world operating conditions for a solar PV module.
"This is a huge milestone for Amonix and the CPV industry," said Vahan Garboushian, Amonix founder and cto. "We have consistently proven that CPV offers the highest efficiencies of all solar technologies in the right operating conditions with plenty of headroom. "Amonix is focused on driving CPV costs down and breaking efficiency records in the near future."
Sarah Kurtz, reliability group manager at NREL, added: "An achievement of >33.3% efficiency for a commercial module is an important milestone - the Department of Energy once targeted this goal 'one third of a sun' for a major initiative. It is exciting to see this goal accomplished, especially in light of the opportunities for further efficiency improvements and the expectation of low costs associated with large scale manufactur | c136aacb-e9df-46a5-aced-db04417f8f3c | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 0 | true | false |
ITS3.8/BG3.23/AS4.32/OS1.33
In spring and summer 2018, Central and Northern Europe faced a severe drought with rainfall deficits beginning as early as April and lasting until late August in some regions (partly combined with a heat wave in July and August). Due to higher spring temperatures and high radiation the Baltic Sea showed a very unusal low pCO2 signal since late April and a spectacular summer bloom this year. The impact on terrestrial ecosystems became obvious through crop failure and forest fires. This transdiciplinary session calls for scientific results from Earth Observation showing the impact of the drought and for presentations from the interface between science a climate action e.g. adaptation strategies, questions on measuring, reporting and verification of inventories or general communication of climate change to societies.
Co-organized as BG3.23/AS4.32/OS1.33, co-sponsored by ICOS
Convener: Werner Leo Kutsch | Co-convener: Philippe Ciais
| Thu, 11 Apr, 08:30–10:15
Room N1
| Attendance Thu, 11 Apr, 14:00–15:45
Hall A
Thursday, 11 April 2019 | Room N1
Chairperson: Werner Kutsch
08:30–08:45 |
EGU2019-5317
Michel Ramonet and Alex Vermeulen and the European CO2 station's PI
08:45–09:00 |
EGU2019-5500
Naomi Smith, Erik van Schaik, Gerbrand Koren, Linda Kooijmans, Ingrid van der Laan-Luijkx, and Wouter Peters
09:00–09:15 |
EGU2019-6847
Ana Bastos, Tammas Loughran, Naomi Smith, Erik van Schaik, Taraka Davies-Barnard, Ryan Padrón Flasher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Stephen Sitch, Julia Pongratz, and Philippe Ciais
09:15–09:30 |
EGU2019-9478
Mana Gharun, Lukas Hörtnagl, Philip Meier, Susanne Burri, Werner Eugster, and Nina Buchmann
09:30–09:45 |
EGU2019-5834
Alexander Graf, Anne Klosterhalfen, Christian Bernhofer, Christian Brümmer, Clemens Drüe, Pia Gottschalk, Thomas Grünwald, Günther Heinemann, Bernard Heinesch, Janina Klatt, Jan Konopka, Anne De Ligne, Bernard Longdoz, Matthias Mauder, Patrizia Ney, Inken Rabbel, Corinna Rebmann, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Frederik Schrader, Caroline Vincke, Ingo Völksch, Stephan Weber, Christian Wille, and Harry Vereecken
09:45–10:00 |
EGU2019-18683
10:00–10:15 |
EGU2019-17409
Ankit Shekhar, Shrutilipi Bhattacharjee, Jia Chen, and Anja Rammig | 285146ce-782a-4bb3-98d8-4a3f89f04960 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
International Journal of Educational Development, Volume 44, September 2015, Pages 42-55
This paper examines the effect of age of marriage on women's schooling outcomes for 36 countries from Sub-Saharan Africa and South West Asia. Girls and young women, particularly those from poor families, face unequal access to education. One factor explaining this is early childhood marriage. This paper contributes to SDG 5 target 3 and SDG 4.
A study of the Massive Food Production Programme (MFPP) in South Africa shows that a focus on raising maize yields in small-scale farming environments did not result in a marked improvement in rural poverty or food security. This article presents results from a study of the MFPP in three villages in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. This article highlights the interconnection between SDG 1 - No Poverty and SDG 2 - Zero hunger and points to ways in which improvements in agriculture could have benefits on the livelihoods of the poorest small holder farmers.
World Development, Volume 68, April 2015, Pages 180–204
As the post-MDG era approaches in 2016, reducing child undernutrition is gaining high priority on the international development agenda, both as a maker and marker of development. Revisiting Smith and Haddad (2000), we use data from 1970 to 2012 for 116 countries, finding that safe water access, sanitation, women’s education, gender equality, and the quantity and quality of food available in countries have been key drivers of past reductions in stunting. This article demonstrates that addressing SDGs 2, 4, 5 and 6 contributes to the advancement of SDG 3.
Social Science & Medicine, Volume 119, October 2014, Pages 147-154
The lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation presents significant health and development challenges to individuals and communities, especially in low and middle income countries. This paper reports results of a case study on the relationships between elements of social capital and participation in collective action in the context of addressing water and sanitation issues. This addresses SDG 6.
World Bank
This report, a partnership between Elsevier and the World Bank, examines and compares the research enterprise of sub-Saharan Africa from 2003 and 2013, with a special emphasis on research in STEM. This analysis provides valuable insights that help to advance SDG 4 Quality education and SDG 10 Reduced inequalitie | f4cf13a2-5ad1-4e6a-967f-68d71a04fcb5 | null | 0 | true | false |
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New California $500 Water Fines
Despite the dry winter, California State Water Resources Control Board and cities representatives support the state water regulators in Sacramento to fine residents up to $500 per water violation.
Orginal water rules were set on a temporary basis during the California drought 2014-2017 by Gov. Jerry Brown. Now, according to the water conservation portal, it will, most likely, become a permanent Califonia law.
In May 2016 Gov. Brown issues an executive order B-37-16 to Make Conservation a California Way of Life. It sets forth actions created to eliminate water waste, strengthen drought resilience and improve residential and agricultural water use efficiency. The proposed regulation makes it illegal for anyone:
1. Housing off driveways, sidewalks and any other hardscapes.
Water sprinkler, car in water.
2. Washing a motor vehicle with a hose not equipped with a shut-off nozzle.
3. Using water in ornamental fountains or other decorative water features, unless it's listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
4. Watering lawns within 48 hours of rainfall.
5. Irrigating ornamental turf on public streets except for cities that use recycled water.
6. Providing new sheets and towels in a hotel or a motel without notifying guests that they have the option of re-using it.
When Gov. Jerry Brown called on the Californians to reduce their water use by 25% in 2015, they took it seriously. By 2016, residents minimized the amount of water they used by 24.5%. This grotesque water experiment had shown unexpected results. Along with keeping the water usage down, state residents also saved 1,830-gigawatt hours of electricity. According to Edward Spang, the associate director of the Center for Water-Energy Efficiency at UC Davis, "California is one the largest scale conveyance systems in the country." Roughly 19% of the state electricity is used for pumping, distributing, conveying, heating and treating water. The drought conservation programs are aka energy-efficiency.
Amid the plausible water savings strategy, a large number of state water agencies claim the regulations violate the water rights. East Bay municipal utility district wrote a comment letter on proposed "Wasteful and Unreasonable Water Use Practices" regulation, stating that " using waste and unreasonable use as the tool to reach these conservation objectives is problematic and inconsistent with the law. The Regulation is defective because it affects - if not the purpose - of diminishing water rights by legislative means, without any process whatsoever."
But the water law lawyers think that in this situation, the water board has rights to proceed with their proposal and the water rights argument isn't reliable. Jennifer Harder, an assistant professor at the McGeorge School of Law at the University of the Pacific, explained that one of the main reasons is the proposal is focused on extreme waste and "a prohibition on waste is one of the fundamental principles of all water rights since the beginning of water rights. There is no question that water rights do not include the right to waste water, which is what we are talking about in this resolution. We're not talking about broader conservation measures."
But the bigger issue is, if the proposal passes, it is setting a precedent. If the board can though seemingly-legislative means, enact this regulation, it can, in the future, declare specific uses to be wasteful and unreasonable without affording due process. Several proposal commenters called it a "slippery slope" of regulations. Here is a state versus local power conflict. It's unclear if water agencies will file legal action if the water board doesn't change its approach to the regulations.
Meanwhile, the winter's most significant storm began this week. The winters dryness has plunged much of California back into drought. The entire state is considered abnormally dry. Is this storm can offset a predicted severe drought in 2018? Unfortunately, the answer is no. It's almost impossible for one storm to end a drought.
A research center near Lake Tahoe found that the snowpack across Sierras is 27% of normal for February 1. It means it tied to the historic lows of 2014-2015. The state will likely wait several months before it officially declares a drought.
Responses To New California $500 Water Fines
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Article info
Volume 4
Pages 10 - 17
DOI 10.5027/jnrd.v4i0.02
Published 24/02/2014
Keywords Stream, Buffer zone, Urban area, Encroachment, Population growth
Download (PDF, 2.39MB)
Under a Creative Commons license
Raymond Aabeyir a, * and Michael S. Aduah b
Department of Environment and Resource Studies University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, P.O. Box 520 Wa Ghana
Department of Geomatics Engineering University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa Ghana
*Correponding author: raypacka2012@gmail.com
This paper assessed encroachment of streams due to physical development in Wa Urban Area of the Upper West Region of Ghana. The assessment was informed by the recognition that the roles played by streams in flood control are undermined by physical developments. This affects sustainable urban development and renders the urban area vulnerable to floods. The assessment was based on the 300m buffer zone standard set by the Ghana Water Resources Commission as a protective zone for such streams in the country. It is mandatory to offset all physical development from this zone but that is not the situation on the ground. For the purpose of this study each buffer zone was divided into sub-buffer zones of 100m in order to appreciate how far development has moved into the prohibited buffer zone. The streams and physical structures were mapped with a Trimble GPS receiver while land owners and tenants were purposively selected and interviewed. The buffer zone and sub-buffer zones were defined using GIS and overlaid with map of the physical structures. The categories of structures found in the buffer zones were residential (93.4 %), commercial (5.1%), public (1.3%) and agriculture (0.2%). The results of the study indicates that more than 50 % of physical structures mapped are located in the inner buffer and the land acquisition process for development of these structures amongst others in Wa is mostly initiated by developers.
Streams in urban environments are important features that add aesthetic and recreational appeal to the urban environment. They also play a critical role in flood control by serving as reservoirs for excess surface water during heavy downpour. The state of urban streams remains an important indicator of sustainable urban development (Furumai et al. 2009, Hai & Yamaguchi 2006) as it is regarded that deliberate occupation of these streams is a sign of unmanaged urbanisation (Drakakis - Smith 2000, WMO 2008 and Karley 2009). In developing countries, streams suffer deliberate encroachment (Darteh et al. 2010 and Ahmed & Dinye 2012) despite the fact that they have become an integral part of urban infrastructural network. Though many factors account for the encroachment, demographic-based urbanisation is a major driving force (Gould 1998, Songsore 2003). This makes residential and commercial land uses in urban areas so lucrative that other important land uses are constrained (Darteh et al. 2010). In such situations urbanisation triggers physical development without regard for buffer zones of streams especially where suitable land for physical development is scarce (UN 2009). The occupation of buffer zones of streams is a major cause of human induced floods in the urban areas in Africa (UN 2011). This poses a serious challenge to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goal 7 which is aimed at ensuring environmental sustainability by 2015.
Expansion of existing physical infrastructure to accommodate the growing urban population is threatening the existence of urban streams and the important roles they play. They have become endangered resources in urban areas as the global urban population is estimated at 4.98 billion by 2030 (Cohen 2004, International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) 2010). In Ghana, the Water Resources Commission has set out a 300 m buffer zone on each side of a stream which legally prohibits physical development in this zone (Water resources commission 2008). The Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) and the building Inspectorate Unit of the District, Municipal or Metropolitan Assemblies are on the ground to enforce it. However, uncontrolled physical development in relation to buffer zones of urban streams is characteristics of Wa Urban area, a fast growing city in terms of population and infrastructure.
The issue of uncontrolled urbanisation in the Wa Urban Area was studied by Ahmed and Dinye (2011) and Boamah et al. (2012) with a focus on the challenges of enforcing development controls. This was done without a spatial appreciation of the magnitude of the problem of uncontrolled physical development especially in high-risk areas such as the immediate surroundings of streams which is relevant for understanding and solving the problem.
This study assessed the state of the streams in Wa urban area in relation to physical development. The locations of the streams and physical structures mapped with a Trimble Global Position System (GPS) receiver and analysed using GIS while land owners and tenants were purposively selected and interviewed for the assessment.
Study Area
The Study was conducted in the Wa Urban area which constitutes the business hub of the Wa Municipality. The Municipality shares administrative boundaries with the Nadowli District to the North, the Wa East District to the East and South, and the Wa West District to the West and South (Figure 1). It lies within latitudes 2º40’N and 2º15’N, and longitudes 9º55’ and 10º20’W and is located in the Savannah zone, which is gently undulating with an average height between 160 m and 300 m above mean sea level. The topography is no barrier to physical development. The Wa municipal is within the Noumbiel sub-basin of the Volta Basin. The low lying areas have given rise to two main drainage systems, Bilibor and its tributaries to the North and the Sing-Bakpong and its tributaries to the South. The streams under consideration in this article are tributaries of the Bilibor. The streams are seasonal and dry up during the long dry season while they experience floods annually in the rainy season depending on the rainfall amounts (Wa Municipal Assembly 2011).
The vegetation is Guinea Savannah grassland type. Common trees found are shea trees, Parkia biglobosa (Dawadawa), Ceiba pentandra (Kapok) and Adansonia digitata (Baobab). Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) and Mangifera indica (mango) are exotic species growing well in the area. Generally, the Municipality has two marked seasons namely, the wet and dry seasons. The mean annual rainfall varies between 840 mm and 1400 mm. Most of the rainfall occur between June and September and is generally low and unreliable both in its timing and duration. The long dry season, dwindling and the erratic rainfall pattern encourages physical development in natural water ways.
Wa is the biggest and most urbanized settlement in the region. Observations of the Wa Township show that there are manifestations of haphazard development, isolated congestion of settlements and associated issues of environmental degradation and pollution of water ways. Housing development is increasing at a fast rate (Ahmed and Dinye 2011) particularly along the Wa-Kumasi highway where the University for Development Studies (UDS) permanent Campus is located, the Wa-Kpongu road where the Wa Polytechnic is situated, and the Wa-Dorimon road where the temporal UDS Campus is located. The two institutions are major development growth poles in the urban area and have contributed significantly to the increasing population and physical development in the study area.
Methods and materials
Mapping Physical Development
Sections of the streams were purposively selected based on proximity to the Central Business District (CBD). The streams that were close to the CBD were selected for the study because this is where the demand for land for physical development is high and competitive. The geographic coordinates of all buildings within and close to the selected streams were mapped with the Trimble GPS receiver in March 2012. The centre of each stream was picked as a line which also serves as basis for the definition of the buffer zone. The mapping was done starting from the centre of the water way and moving outward. This was to ensure that all the structures within the core area (first 100 m sub-buffer zone) of the streams were mapped. The concentration of the mapping of the structures was on the core of the water ways because it is the high-risk area of the buffer zone. It is assumed that the decision to build in the core area of the buffer zone meant that the outer area is already occupied because of the high risks associated with the core area. A total number of one thousand two hundred and seventy-four (1,274) structures were captured as points and two dams as polygons.
The study area was stratified into three sections based on the sections of streams mapped earlier: Dobile-Mangu-Chorkor, Kumbiehi, and Kambali-Kunta. Purposive sampling was used to select landlords and tenants for interview because of the legal implications associated with building in the buffer zone. The targeted respondents were landlords and tenants who were willing to respond to the land issues without fear. This was to ensure that respondents were sincere as much as possible in providing the information sought. Hence, 68 people were interviewed, 38 tenants and 30 landlords (Table 1).
The land lords and the tenants were interviewed based on a questionnaire. The interviews were centred on the initiators of the acquisition process, the motivation for the acquisition and the challenges of developing or living in the buffer zones of the streams. The Town and Country Planning Office and the National Disaster Management Organization (NADMO) of the Wa Municipal Assembly were engaged in separate discussions centred on flood related disasters in the urban area, issuance of permits, availability of development layouts and the level of compliance by physical developers, and enforcement of building regulations.
Data Processing and Analysis
The GPS data were downloaded using GPS Pathfinder 4.00 software as shapefiles. The shape files were assigned WGS1984 coordinate system and projected to Universe Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 30N coordinates system in order to carry out the buffer analysis but the output maps were displayed in global units so that the locations are easily understood within the global context. The steams were overlaid on a February 8, 2011 Landsat Image (which was already in UTM Zone 30N coordinates system) to confirm that the lines depicting the water ways actually define the centre of the streams before the buffer analysis. The image captured these streams very well. For the purpose of this study, the overlay did not show any significant deviations between the lines and the streams as captured in the image.
Spatial data (points, lines and areas) were plotted to generate maps which clearly depicted the spatial relationship between these features within the study area. The 300m buffer zone of each stream was generated using GIS with the centre of the stream as reference. The buffer was divided into three sub-buffer zones of 100m each. The physical structures were then overlaid on the buffer zones and classified into public, residential, commercial and others. The responses from the landlords and tenants were processed and analysed to generate charts and tables that facilitate appreciation of state of the streams under study.
Spatial distribution of physical development
The spatial distribution showed that physical development has spread into the core area (100m from the centre of the stream) of the buffer zones in the selected streams (Table 2, Figures 2, 3 and 4). There are also patches of clustering of physical development in all the selected streams. Out of the one thousand two hundred and seventy-four (1274) structures mapped in the buffer zone, 50.3% were in the core area, 49.70% in the rest of the 200 m outer zone of the 300m buffer (Table 2). The buffer zones were flooded with just 60 mm rainfall (Wa Meteorological Office) on 8th May 2012 (Figure 2).
The categories of physical structures sited in the buffer zone were residential, commercial, public and agriculture. The residential structures were compound, detached and semi-detached homes which were privately owned (Table 3 and Figure 5). The public structures were churches, mosques, schools and markets. The commercial buildings were stores, hostels, guest houses, washing bays and a filling station whilst agricultural consisted of basically fenced gardens. The fence consisted of mud which can impede free flow of water. The residential structures constituted 93.4% of all the structures mapped in the buffer zones (Tables 3 and 4). Commercial and public constituted 5.1% and 1.3% respectively. The rest were fenced gardens.
Educational Status of Respondents
The educational status of the respondents shows that majority of the tenants attained tertiary education while majority of the landlords did not have any formal education. Out of 38 tenants interviewed, 60.5% had tertiary education while 18.4% attained secondary. The rest had either basic education or no formal education (Figure 2). The fact that majority of the tenants are literate and are in a better position to understand the implications of living in a waterway yet accept to live in such places explains the acute accommodation problem in the urban area. In the case of the landlords, out of 30 respondents interviewed, 46.7% had no formal education while 23.3% and 13.3% had tertiary and secondary education respectively. The rest had basic education. Thus the distribution of the educational level of the landlords indicates that a significant number (26.6%) are in a better position to know the consequences of developing infrastructure in waterways. This shows that there are other factors that influence the tenants and the landlords to live in the waterways.
Initiators of Land acquisition process
Physical development in waterways are prone to challenges such as floods and insanitary conditions (Figure 2 and Table 7), it is therefore important to know how the land acquisition process starts. The findings (Table 5) revealed that, 86.7% of the land acquisition processes were initiated by landlords, (the landlords request the land from the land owners) while 13.3% were initiated by the landowners, (the land owner advertises the land to prospective developers). Figure 2 supports this revelation as it shows that parts of the buffer zone have been demarcated into plots (see Survey Pillar in Plate 4 of Figure 2). This means that either land outside the buffer zone is scarce or it is cheap to acquire land in natural waterways. Hence, these lands were acquired for various purposes without considering the dangers associated.
Motivation for physical development buffer zone of urban streams
Despite the unsuitable nature of the buffer zone for physical development particularly for residential purposes, people are motivated to either build or rent houses/rooms there. What is then the motivation? The motivations for physical development in the study area were: availability of land near streams, affordable land, wetland for gardening, and proximity to Central Business District (CBD), access to water and affordable accommodation. However, the main motivations for physical development were availability of land near streams and affordable land. Majority of the landlords indicated that development in the buffer zone was not deliberate but it was due to their inability to access land outside the buffer zone. This is also evident from the fact that public places such as the market being sited in the buffer zone by the Wa Municipal Assembly, a government institution, which is supposed to enforce the regulation against building in the 300 m buffer zone for natural waterways. Besides, developers have easy access to these lands at low cost and enjoy the opportunity of high water table for the construction of wells. These results indicate that social services and facilities were not evenly distributed. Hence, compelling people to move closer to CBD where they can benefit or enjoy such facilities.
Close observation by the research team reveals that population explosion could be one of the influencing factors for the rapid development of physical structures on water ways. This is supported by the data gathered from the TCPD (2009) of Wa Municipal Assembly. The continuous erection of illegal buildings and other structures on water ways include; weak enforcement of existing building, planning and environmental laws, unnecessary delays in the issuance of building permit, uncontrolled allocation and demarcation of land (TCPD, 2009).
Challenges in the rainy season
According to the survey, 20% of landlords and 42% of tenants believed that flooding is the consequence of physical development. Also, mosquito infestation is predominant according to responses of both landlords and tenants. From the survey and the field visits it can be concluded that the main consequence of physical development on waterways in the study area is flooding. Erosion and deposition of waste materials in the environment by flood waters are the least in terms of responses as indicated in Table 7. These responses show that the study area is a flood risk area in the event of heavy rainfall. Therefore, Government, NADMO and other stakeholders should put in place measures to protect these people who are at the risk of losing their properties, causing environmental degradation, outbreak of diseases, loss of lives and pollution of water bodies.
The distribution of physical structures in the buffer zones clearly shows that the core zones of the buffer zones of the selected streams have been encroached by physical development. This contradicts the norm that streams should be free of physical development to allow for effective flood control since the most effective measure to control floods is to empty the streams of uses that are in direct conflict with their naturally and environmentally accepted purpose (Havlick, 1974). In the Wa case, construction of physical structures in streams have created an enabling environment for floods even with the least amount of rainfall. Floods are inevitable in the area and the current state of the streams has serious implications for lives and property since 93.0% of the structures mapped in the buffer zones are residential. It also points out that urbanisation in terms of physical development remains uncontrolled in the Wa Municipality and will lead to the disappearance of the natural water ways if this trend of development is not checked
The occupation of the core zone of the buffer zones in the urban area raises many issues such as lack of enforcement of building regulations, high rate of population growth, scarcity of suitable land for residential purposes close to the CBD, inadequate planning schemes, difficulty in accessing essential services, and high cost of rents (Boamah et al. 2012; Ahmed and Dinye, 2011). The increasing population can no longer be accommodated by the current residential facilities making accommodation an urgent issue in the urban area. This creates market and opportunities for land lords to increase rents which also encourage tenants to build their own houses instead of continuing to rent. Thus the demand for land for residential purposes increases.
Lack of potable water in the periphery of the urban area, lack of access roads and high financial burden of extending electricity to the outskirts of the urban area repels people away from the periphery of the town and compels them to develop any available space including streams (Darteh et al. 2010). It points out to the fact that the urban area is experiencing an infill growth pattern and the patches of unoccupied core zone are not free areas. This is exerting a lot of pressure on the natural ways in the urban area. The fact that the land acquisition process in the study sites within the Wa Municipality is initiated by the land lords shows that there is market for the land owners to sell unsuitable land. It also reveals a serious challenge faced by the institutions (Water Resources Commission, the Town and Country Planning and the Wa Municipal Assembly) mandated by law to ensure proper development controls, enforce building regulations and protect natural water ways. The occupation of the buffer zones creates insanitary living conditions for the occupants and others which are silently looked on by both the residents and Wa Municipal authorities. This is simply because the land lords who have accepted to acquire lands in these areas, and the tenants who have accepted to rent such houses have quietly entered into a “Covenant of No Complain” with nature and municipal authorities since physical development in buffer zone is illegal. By this, they have accepted not to complain about the difficulties they face such as floods and insanitary conditions (Figure 2).
Though majority of the land lords did not have any formal education, they are aware of the consequences of developing within the immediate environment of streams (Boamah et al. 2012, Ahmed and Dinye 2011). Plate 5 of Figure 4 clearly supports this as it shows heaps of gravel that are meant to fill the water way before development. So the issue at hand therefore goes beyond ignorance as suggested by Ahmend and Dinye (2011). The fact that the occupation of streams is motivated by land availability explains that prospective land owners see water ways as cheap lands and not as protected areas. The encroachment will continue if this is the perception of the general public.
The paper revealed that the buffer zones in the selected streams in the Wa Urban area are seriously encroached by physical development. The streams by their nature are disappearing thus giving way to settlements. About 93% of the encroachments are private residential facilities. Floods are inevitable in these areas and will have serious repercussions on human lives, property and the development of the urban area in general.
Ahmed, A. and Dinye, R. D. (2011). Urbanisation and the Challenges of Development Controls in Ghana: a Case Study of Wa Township, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Volume 13, No.7, 2011.
Ahmed, A. and Dinye, R. D. (2012). Impact of land use activities on Subin and Aboabo Rivers in Kumasi Metropolis, International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Vol. 4(7), pp. 241-251, July 2012
Boamah N. A., Gyimah C., Nelson J. K. B. (2012). Challenges to the enforcement of development controls in the Wa municipality, Habitat International 36 (2012) 136 – 142
Cohen, B. (2004). Urban Growth in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Trends and a Caution Regarding Existing Forecasts. World Development. Vol. 32, No. 1, 23–51
Darteh B., Adank M., Manu K. S. (2010). Integrated Urban Water Management in Accra: Institutional Arrangements and Map. SWITCH Report of Institutional Mapping in Accra, Ghana
Drakakis-Smith, D. W. (2000). The Dimension of Urban Growth in the Third World Cities, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge Publication
Fururmai, H., F. Kazama, H. Nagaoka, and Jun Nakajima (2009) Collaborative development of water environment quality index in Japan, in Innovations in Collaborative Urban Regeneration (M. Horita and H. Koizumi, eds.),Springer, Tokyo
Gould, W.T.S., (1998), “African Mortality and the New ‘Urban Penalty’”, Health and Place, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 171-181.
Hai, P. M. & Yamaguchi, Y. (2006). Monitoring land cover change of Hanoi City Center under Impacts of Urbanization by Using Remote Sensing. International Symposium on Geoinformatics for Spatial Infrastructure Development in Earth and Allied Sciences 2006
Havlick, S. W. (1974). The Urban Organism: The City’s Natural Resources from an Environmental Perspective. Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York
International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) (2010). Rapid Urbanization and Mega Cities: The Need for Spatial Information Management. Research study by FIG Commission 3, Copenhagen, Denmark
Karley, N. K. (2009). Flooding and Physical Planning in Urban Areas in West Africa:Situational Analysis of Accra, Ghana. Theoritical and Emperical Research in Urban Management, Number 4 (13) 25 – 41
Songsore, J. (2003), Towards a Better Understanding of Urban Change: Urbanization, National Development and Inequality in Ghana, (Accra: Ghana Universities Press).
Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD). (2011). Protecting Waterways from Encroachment. Wa, Upper West Region
United Nations (UN) (2011). Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development: An International Perspective. ESA/P/WP/223 United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
United Nations. 2009. Spatial Planning: Key Instrument for Development and Effective Governance with Special Reference to Countries in Transition. Economic Commission for Europe, Geneva, Switzerland
Wa Municipal Assembly. (2011). Performance Review of 2009-2011 MTDP. Wa: Wa Municipal Assembly.
Water Resources Commission (2008). Final draft Buffer Zone Policy for Managing River Basins in Ghana.
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) (2008). Urban Flood Risk Management – A Tool for Integrated Flood Management Version 1.0. Associated Programme on Flood Management (APFM) Technical Document No. 11, a Floor Management Tool Series.
5218 View | 0b266c6d-d222-4e63-a629-d2f4e025e467 | null | 0 | true | false |
-3 days + one week- talk more, Jingdong two strategic investment negotiati details exposure
improve Internet harassment phone and garbagtyra monitoring
Support mobile communication reseller companies to carry out mobile Internet access business.By the end of 2020, the NB-IoT network realized the county levelThe citys main city is generally covered, the focus area is covered;Real-time monitoring ability.Later, Han Zhao Dadao was suspended by Changan.In the book, Zhang Fei was in the town, and because he didnt read it, Lu Bu, plus his greed, and forgot the teachings of Liu Bei, one day he was drunk, and he was whipped Ru Bus old man Cao Leopard, Cao Lear is very angry, so she has told Lu Bu, and I captured the next, and even the wife and children who were tired and Liu Bei were caught by Lu Bu.However Renyankewei, although they are heavy right hand, is not easy justifiably want to seize the throne.guide industry application companies to build equipment integration intelligent, equipment and data management intelligence, system The operation and maintenance intelligent vertical industry application platform, gradually forming the mobile Internet platform system, further reducing the development cost and connection complexity of the mobile Internet access device, meeting the need for complex scene application.Sima Chapter came to welcome Lu Bu.Push the NB-IOT standard into the ITU IMT-2020 5G standard;While protecting the network service level of the storage IoT terminal, the new add-in terminal will no longer use 2G / 3G network, push the stock 2G / 3G Internet of Things traffic to NB-IOT / 4G (CAT1) / 5G network migration.Enterprises, research institutions increase research and application of safety technology such as mobile Internet Terminal Trusted certification technology, block chain traceability.Later, Yuan Hao led the army to attack Xuzhou, Liu Bei led Guan Yu to fight Yuan Shu, and left Zhang Hui to sit down.Wenwu Baiguan has to collect the hunger of wild rice.have deep coverage;Mobile Internet access companies should incorporate the Internet of Things business into harassmentAnd garbage tying SMS control system, improve Internet harassment phone and garbage tyrant monitoring, discovery and disposal mechanism, according to the system network function restriction requirements, strict standards of tyrant SMS, voice and other functions, according to “minimum “The principle is the user to open the Internet of Things;facing smart home, intelligent agriculture, industrial manufacturing, energy meter, fire smoke, logistics tracking, financial payment, etc.Encourage all localities in the industrial (industrial) park, smart city, beautiful rural and urban road bridge, municipal management network, integrated pipe gallery, traffic logistics, green land landscape, etc.But according to this paragraph Record, it is indeed Zhang Fei to kill Cao LeopardIn the city, the chaos were in the first.Support for mobile Internet network quality assessment testing, promoting network service quality, facilitating user needs, and promoting the improvement of mobile Internet services. read more | cadad48f-c992-49ca-a74a-6545d6f1546b | null | 3 | true | true |
Xilin Chen
pdf bib
Hierarchical Context-aware Network for Dense Video Event Captioning
Lei Ji | Xianglin Guo | Haoyang Huang | Xilin Chen
Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Dense video event captioning aims to generate a sequence of descriptive captions for each event in a long untrimmed video. Video-level context provides important information and facilities the model to generate consistent and less redundant captions between events. In this paper, we introduce a novel Hierarchical Context-aware Network for dense video event captioning (HCN) to capture context from various aspects. In detail, the model leverages local and global context with different mechanisms to jointly learn to generate coherent captions. The local context module performs full interaction between neighbor frames and the global context module selectively attends to previous or future events. According to our extensive experiment on both Youcook2 and Activitynet Captioning datasets, the video-level HCN model outperforms the event-level context-agnostic model by a large margin. The code is available at https://github.com/KirkGuo/HCN.
pdf bib
Retrieving Sequential Information for Non-Autoregressive Neural Machine Translation
Chenze Shao | Yang Feng | Jinchao Zhang | Fandong Meng | Xilin Chen | Jie Zhou
Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguisticspdf bib
Greedy Search with Probabilistic N-gram Matching for Neural Machine Translation
Chenze Shao | Xilin Chen | Yang Feng
Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Neural machine translation (NMT) models are usually trained with the word-level loss using the teacher forcing algorithm, which not only evaluates the translation improperly but also suffers from exposure bias. Sequence-level training under the reinforcement framework can mitigate the problems of the word-level loss, but its performance is unstable due to the high variance of the gradient estimation. On these grounds, we present a method with a differentiable sequence-level training objective based on probabilistic n-gram matching which can avoid the reinforcement framework. In addition, this method performs greedy search in the training which uses the predicted words as context just as at inference to alleviate the problem of exposure bias. Experiment results on the NIST Chinese-to-English translation tasks show that our method significantly outperforms the reinforcement-based algorithms and achieves an improvement of 1.5 BLEU points on average over a strong baseline system. | 5411711d-ad39-4cb5-801f-398d80decd47 | null | 0 | true | false |
Cisco Blogs
Today, Everything Changes
March 16, 2009 - 1 CommentTWTV 29 Featured the Nexus 7000 and Data Center EthernetTWTV 33 featured the Nexus 5000 and Unified FabricTWTV 38 featured the Nexus 1000v and VN-Link technology – We did not do a show on the Fabric Extender (Nexus 2000) – Craig Hultema does a good job of explaining it on YouTube as well as on the Data Center Blog.TWTV 43 will air on April 9…you can register now for the details behind this amazing launch of the Unified Computing SystemHindsight 20/20?Now in hindsight, more of this innovation begins to make sense as it all gets tied together quite well with the Unified Computing System. Jimmy Ray and I were extremely impressed with depth of innovation that went into this. The UCS was not a bunch of networking folks trying to come up with a way to tie your network more tightly into your compute and storage resources…but a small group of people with very unique backgrounds. Nuova was the name of a start up company with Cisco veterans Mario Mazzola, Luca Cafiero, Prem Jain and Soni Jiandani. The rest of the ‘dream team’ from the early days includes VMware Founder and CTO Ed Bugnion which goes to show the importance of the fact that this is NOT a pure networking play – there has been a ton of collaboration and true engineering innovation. Brian Berliner covers the other team members in a nice post on the competitive value of the ‘spin-in’ that Cisco continues to improve upon.Episode 43 of Cisco’s TechWiseTV goes into great detail on the Unified Computing System as we were given early access to the leadership and development teams working towards today’s momentous launch day. Two guests on our show were barely sleeping at the time we needed them and they came through with flying colors. David Lawler was our featured ‘talking head’ who we initially had reservations about having on the show. He came over with the Nuova acquisition but put some incredible server skins on the wall at Sun prior to that. His current title is Vice President and that automatically discounted him in Jimmy Ray’s eyes…but once we got on the phone with him, Jimmy Ray threw him a typically cynical question around how they were able to claim the memory specs they were getting. According to Jimmy Ray – “these are physically impossible.” David launched into an explanation that was easy enough for me to digest but deep enough to almost bring tears to JR’s eyes. We knew we had a good guest. We did want to get some hands on in the lab however and this lead us to our other guest, Brian Schwarz. He was an engineering rock star as well and we just had a ton of fun putting this show on. Hope you can make it? “Dawn of the New Data Center” will air on April 9 – register as soon as you can.
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Records fall, more to come
TOLEDO, OH (13abc Action News) – Last week we tied a record low of -8°. Tuesday we shattered a different kind of a record. Despite the bright sunny sky, the temperature never got warmer than 5-degrees. That made it the "coldest" high temperature ever recorded for January 2nd. The previous high was 10° set back in 1920.
More records are expected late week as the temperature stays below 10-degrees for 3-straight days. Friday should break another record for the "coldest' high temperature by staying at 5° again during the afternoon. The current record was set back in 1988 and 1884 at 8°.
On Saturday we will tie a record for the longest streak below 20 degrees. We have had 8 days in a row below 20° and Wednesday will be day number 9. The last time the area had a week stay below 20-degrees was in February of 2007. We had a streak of 8-days in 1886, 1893, and in 1899. 9-days stayed below 20° in 1895 and again in January of 1979. The longest streak on record below 20 was in February of 1979. The deep freeze lasted 12-days.
While we have logged 8 days with temperatures under 20-degrees so far, another 4 days are expected in a row which means it is likely that this current streak of arctic cold will tie the record for the longest stretch of temperatures below 20° at 12 days. A warm up above 20 is expected on Sunday. Temperatures should warm up above freezing on Monday. | 9ac44067-aded-4c75-8dc8-4531db8a615d | null | 0 | true | false |
Red Headed Krait – Bungarus flaviceps – Deadly
[Last update: 22 October 2022]
Red Headed Krait – Venomous Snake
Thais say: Ngoo sam lee-um hoo-uh si dang
Length: These kraits grow to about 2 meters long, though most adults found are shorter.
Appearance: Somewhat pronounced vertebral ridge, which differentiates from the Malayan Blue Coral Snake (Calliophis bivurgata). Body is black or dark grey, the head and tail are bright red or orange. The tail on the venter is also the same color. The rest of the venter is creme to white-colored. The head is more distinct from the neck than C. bivirgata. Dorsal scale count: 13-13-13.
Deadly and Beautiful, the red-headed krait is one of the rare and very venomous elapids living in Thailand's rainforests. This is a closeup photo at 3 a.m. as we found one in Trang, Thailand.
Deadly and Beautiful, the red-headed krait is one of the rare and very venomous elapids living in Thailand’s rainforests. ©2011 Vern Lovic.
Range: In Thailand, the Red-headed Krait is only found in the southern Thailand provinces from Ratchaburi and southward. Across the globe, they are most heavily concentrated in Malaysia, Borneo, and a couple of other places.
Recently I found a large 1.9 to 2 meter specimen in the rainforest in Trang province. I have also found them in Surat Thani, and Krabi provinces.
Habitat: Lowlands and hilly rainforest type habitat. The last four of these snakes I saw were all found at less than 200 meters elevation. One was found around 1200 meters elevation in Krabi by hikers camping at the top of Khao Phanom mountain.
Active Time? Probably active both at night and day. Three of five of these snakes in our local area were found during the daylight.
Food: Some say the red-headed kraits eat more frogs, lizards, eggs, and rodents than other snakes. Probably they are opportunistic and eat whatever presents itself. Kraits eat other snakes as well.
Defensive Behavior: Of the four snakes examined – none struck out, none attempted to bite at all. Note – all but one was handled during daylight hours.
Venom Toxicity: Venomous, and deadly. The venom has been shown to have an LD50 subcutaneous measurement of .35 mg/kg for Bungarus flaviceps, while Bungarus candidus (Malayan Krait) was .32 mg/kg, and Bungarus fasciatus (Banded Krait), .62 mg/kg and less than that in another study.
This makes it one of the top venomous snakes on the planet and within the top three most venomous in Thailand. The black mamba is listed at the same .32 mg/kg by a well known venom researcher at his site. (well, now he pulled down his chart). Only 10 other terrestrial snakes in the world were listed with more potent venom.
Little is known of the this venom’s effect on humans after a bite, though it is likely very similar to a bite from Bungarus candidus, I could find no treatment studies due to bites being quite rare by this krait species.
From the abstract of a recent (2/2010) venom study in Malaysia: Bungarus flaviceps (red-headed krait) venom presents an intravenous LD50 of 0.32 μg/g and exhibits enzymatic activities similar to other Bungarus toxins.
ELISA cross-reactions between anti-Bungarus flaviceps and a variety of elapid and viperid venoms were observed in the current study. Double-sandwich ELISA was highly specific, since anti- B. flaviceps serum did not cross-react with any tested venom, indicating that this assay can be used for species diagnosis in B. flaviceps bites. In the indirect ELISA, anti- B. flaviceps serum cross-reacted moderately with three different Bungarus venoms (9-18%) and Notechis scutatus venom, but minimally with other elapid and viperid toxins. The results indicated that B. flaviceps venom shares common epitopes with other Bungarus species as well as with N. scutatus. The lethality of the B. flaviceps venom was neutralized effectively by antiserum prepared against B. candidus and B. flaviceps toxins and a commercial bivalent elapid antivenom prepared against B. multicinctus and Naja naja atra venoms, but was not neutralized by commercial antivenoms prepared against Thai cobra, king cobra and banded krait. These data also suggested that the major lethal toxins of B. flaviceps venom are similar to those found in B. multicinctus and B. candidus venoms.
Treatment Summary: Envenomation can produce moderate to severe flaccid paralysis, and respiratory failure requiring intubation and ventilation in severe cases. Antivenom available for major species (detailed below), could potentially prevent worsening of paralysis, but may not reverse established paralysis.
Key Diagnostic Features: Minimal to mild local reaction + flaccid paralysis
Antivenom Code: SAsTRC04
Antivenom Name: Banded Krait Antivenin
Manufacturer: Science Division, Thai Red Cross Society
Phone: +66-2-252-0161 (up to 0164)
Address: Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, 1871 Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330
Country: Thailand
Offspring: Two clutches from two adult female red-headed kraits were studied by Chulalongkorn University scientists in Bangkok. One clutch was four eggs, and the other, six eggs. After 81-84 days in incubation at 26-27C and the other clutch at 30-32°C eggs hatched.
Fewer eggs hatched at the higher temperature incubation. The average hatchling length was 28.9cm +/- .8cm measured from snout to vent. Weight of each was 7.2 to 7.8 grams. Humidity in the incubation enclosures was 60-70%. After 7-10 days all snakes had shed.
Notes: I have seen five of these kraits, and they are quite incredible to find in the wild considering how rare they are.
Bungarus flaviceps has not been studied very well, and I suspect that most of the information on Wikipedia and other information sources has been generalized from other Thailand kraits like the Blue Krait (Bungarus candidus) and Many Banded Krait (Bungarus multicinctus) because the wording seems too similar to be by chance.
There are a number of Malayan Blue Coral snakes misidentified on Youtube videos, and on Wikipedia.
These snakes have not been studied well in captivity or in the wild, except for the previously mentioned study in which the kraits lived surprisingly long. Usually, the literature shows the red-headed krait dies quickly in captivity.
These kraits are not known to bite during the daytime, but, be exceptionally careful when handling them.
Substrate: Best? Leaves and something large to hide underwood is best, rocks, something solid. They are typically found close to a freshwater stream in primary forest with rocks around.
Ways to differentiate Bungarus flaviceps from the Malayan Blue Coral Snake (Calliophis bivirgatus):
1. B. flaviceps has a triangle cross-section, while C. bivirgatus has more of a round cross-section.
2. C. bivirgatus has a venter that is all red – orange. B. flaviceps has red under the head and tail only.
3. B. flaviceps reaches about 2 meters while B. bivirgatus grows to just 1.7 meters.
4. B. bivirgatus has lateral lines on both sides of the body toward the venter, which are solid light blue or white.
5. By studying some video one can see how their crawling pattern differs.
6. B. flaviceps has a more sizable head, a wider head, and larger mouth than the coral snake.
7/25/13 Update. At 11:30 pm in a Thailand National Park in Trang Province, a friend and I found a large 1.9+ meter long Bungarus flaviceps on the trail and photographed and shot video of it. Video #1 is of this snake. The photos on this page are all of the same snake. As with all snakes found, it was released in the same spot as where it was found.
Red-headed Krait Scientific Classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Elapidae
Genus: Bungarus
Species: Bungarus flaviceps
Binomial name: Bungarus flaviceps
Classified by Reinhardt, in year, 1843
Photos of Bungarus flaviceps
Tailing the red-headed krait, Trang Province, Thailand.
Tailing the red-headed krait around 2 a.m. in the middle of the rainforest, Trang Province, Thailand.
Red-headed krait peaking underneath the tail.
After a krait stops trying to get away, you will be lucky to get a little peak before it covers its head. ©2011 ThailandSnakes.com.
The red tail is unmistakably krait. The high-vertebral ridge is one of the differentiators between this snake and the similar in color, Blue Malayan Coral Snake.
The tail is unmistakably krait. The high-vertebral ridge is one of the differentiators between this snake and the similar in color, Blue Malayan Coral Snake. ©2011 ThailandSnakes.com.
Video – Large Red-Headed Krait caught in Trang Province, Southern Thailand:
Video – Red Headed Krait – Bungarus flaviceps caught in Southern Thailand:
Part 2 of Red Headed Krait Video:
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16 thoughts on “Red Headed Krait – Bungarus flaviceps – Deadly”
1. I recently caught a red headed krait snake in Pai, Mae Hong Son Thailand (north). I released it after cature and have seen it 3 times in the last 5 months. I also caught a white spitting Cobra and yesterday caught a red neck keelback.
2. Vern:
We’ve chatted before and I lived in Satun for a while where I enjoyed snake watching. The most common was Ngu Kappa Samblium, or the Malayan Pit Viper as we all know. But my girlfriend Ping told me of a snake named Ngu Gappa Fai. I had thought it was the red necked keelback but I guess not. Have you or your wife heard of this snake? Ping never really explained how it looked and several Thais had heard of it but didn’t know how it looked.
• You know, I never listen to what Thais say about snakes. I just disregard everything. I’ve heard so much nonsense, and very little fact about any of them. What one calls Ngu Sam Liam, someone else calls something different. There are VERY FEW Thais educated about snake species in the country. There are some, but unless I hear from one of the guys I know, it goes in one ear and out the other. :)
• Thanks for the reply Vern. I am in total agreement but still believe there is a Ngu Gappa Fai, Yet it may be an old term that is not used now. I guessed that Fai means electricity and a snake with red or yellow around the head, plus venom might be it.
I any case I think Thais are not experts on snakes except for having lived with them and knowing people who have been bitten and killed. One teacher sent me a picture of a Blue Krait in her yard and told me it was a Ngu Prong Tong ( Mangrove Cat Snake ). A second teacher told me an Oriental Whip Snake I took a picture of was a very venomous one and if bitten on a finger it must be cut off. My learning comes from internet research while theirs comes from stories meant to keep them safe. Though I feel sorry for the snakes I can’t blaming the Thais for wanting to kill them all due to fear.
• Yeah, i get why Thais kill everything. There are 200+ species of snake in their country, there are few that can know what all is dangerous and what isn’t. The problem isn’t people killing tree snakes at their house, it’s the Thais that hunt and sell king cobras and other snakes. In a couple years there will be VERY few king cobras in the wild. Even just here in Krabi, I’ve seen hundreds come and go to sale to bkk for Chinese to eat, well, and probably Thais too.
• I must say Vern that the YouTube you made of the King Cobra that leaped up the tree root to tower over your friend was scary. Nevertheless I would like to see one in the wild. I spoke to a Vietnamese guy who told me as a kid there were lots of snakes but now not so many. That’s sad because they were killed by people. Here in Canada the fur trade is almost dead. 30 years ago a trapper could get $600.00 for a lynx but today they get only $100.00 The reason is that the world has turned against fur. So the animals can survive trapping. My delight in Satun was to see so many snakes, both alive and dead on the roads around rubber plantations. There may be hope.
• Vern, my friend in Satun said she had Ngu Dang at her home. What do you think it was? I saw a few red necked keel backs there but never anything else with red.
• The Boiga nigriceps is down that way. There is the Blue Coral Snake – which has a red head in addition to Bungarus flaviceps. But they have obvious blue/black mid bodies between the red heads and tails. There is an Oligodon that is orange or maybe another shade. Google Oligodon cinereus with image search. Some of those look reddish.
• Thanks Vern. It could be any of them I guess. The red cat snake might be called Ngu Dang by some I suspect. I’ll need to ask her which parts were red. She’s really used to snakes I’m sure because Satun is quite wild in terms of vegetation.
3. Thanks for this information. Last week I was visiting Railay Beach in Krabi. Was walking from west to east beach when I spotted a snake. It was about 45cm in length with a very distinct bright red head & upper body. It had just caught a live, moving frog. Now doing my research I suspect it’s a krait & is poisonous & a rare find! Coming from SE Australia this surprised me.
• Maybe. I think more likely it was either a Rhabdophis subminiatus (red-necked keelback) or a triangle keelback. Cheers!
4. I am moving to Thailand in a month. I am planning to buy me a set of snake gaiter chaps as where we will live is near a mountain about 45 minutes driving from Korat. I was bit by a rattle snake in Southern Oregon USA as a kid and lived to tell about it thanks to my grandpa seeing it happen and taking immediate action with snake bite kit and first aid. I soon discovered I am severely alergic to the Horse Serum used in the anti-venom at the hospital. I must say, having a healthy respect for all poisonous snakes is just smart!
5. I live in Khaem Son Khao Kho District Phetchabun. A red headed crate was caught by a neighbor a few months ago. They didn’t know what it was but thanks to this site I was able to identify it. Today, about 20 minutes ago, my cat was doing her usual hunting thing. She hunts rats, frogs, birds, lizards. I watched her because she looked like she was going to bounce and then I saw the Kraite pop up. It was red headed with the identical yellow green color body shown in the video. EXACTLY the same but appeared a bit smaller.
• Hi Tony, I’m not sure what you saw, but the red-headed krait has no yellow green body color at all. Just blackish with red head and red tail.
Comments are closed. | 09d27905-1e8b-4900-a381-bf1375df045e | null | 3 | true | true |
NAM and Robustness in Macroeconomic Forrecasting
Structural breaks represent the nemesis of economic forecasters. This is true for all forecasting, no matter which method (or “machine”) is used to produce the forecast, as regime shifts are features of the evolving real world economy, not of the forecasts.
However, model based forecasters in particular experience that the forecasts of some endogenous variables can be seemingly robust with respect to structural breaks that are detrimental to other endogenous variables.
The picture below shows more than ten year old forecast form the Norwegian Aggregate Model (NAM) for a selection of variables (with confidence bounds), together with actuals for the period 2007q1-2011q4. Some forecasts fail after the outbreak of the financial crisis (for example the interest rate, the third figure in the second row!), but for several of the others, the forecasts are not so bad. There are many possible explanations for such seemingly partial robustness to a break, including a (surprising ?) degree of block recursiveness, inherent are created by policy intervention.
The picture is taken from an article titled Forecast robustness in macroeconometric models, just published in the Journal of Forecasting, by Gunnar Bårdsen (NTNU), Dag Kolsrud (Statistics Norway) and Ragnar Nymoen (UiO) . The article tries to answer the question whether the empirical partial robustness in the picture can be established theoretically in a small and analytically tractable macro model which nevertheless the same defining characteristics as NAM, in particular in how wage and price formation is modelled.
The paper shows analytically that there are economically interesting cases where forecast errors of variables in an equilibrium correction model are immune to even regime shifts that may hit after the forecasts have been produced and published. Forecasts of the real exchange rate and the real wage are immune if dynamic homogeneity is a property of the data generating process (DGP), and the DGP is captured by the model. A reduced “real wage target” in the negotiations about nominal wage changes do not hurt the wage-share, if the models of wage setting in the model captures essential features of real world wage fixing.
In terms of econometric theory, the article points out the relationship between forecast robustness and co-breaking. The co-breaking is endogenous in the analysis given in the paper, and it is a property of the DGP.
Although there are good reason to use special-purpose statistical forecasting machines, the paper more generally indicates that the work leading to a well-specified model with (reasonably) good theoretical and empirical properties may pay off also in cases where there is “no escape” from forecasts being damaged by breaks. Structural modeling identifies parameters that are critical to forecast performance of the model—knowledge that can guide formal and informal methods of model forecast robustification, at least after the break has occurred.
Posted 15. August 2017 | 8a4180e0-98bf-4278-8bd5-5ab49f1ce4d4 | null | 0 | true | false |
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The Great Eclipse Trip of 2017
by admin on August 27, 2017
For those who’ve noticed a certain silence from my blog over the last few days, the reason is that I went eclipse-chasing. Somehow or other I managed to turn a less than three-minute eclipse into a full week trip. And it was great!
The best thing about the eclipse was that it provided an occasion for an impromptu family reunion. I went to eastern Tennessee to stay with my father and his wife, who live just outside the zone of totality. I mentioned my plans to my uncle, who said he’d like to come too. And it just snowballed from there, as we ended up with 12 members of my extended family, some of whom I hadn’t seen in years. Of course, they didn’t all stay with my father; most of them stayed at hotels.
What I didn’t realize is that an eclipse is twice as much fun if you are with a crowd of family or friends! You need other people to go “oooh” and “aaah” at appropriate moments. It’s also a lot of fun if you’ve written a book about the moon and everybody treats you as the go-to source for information about eclipses.
Even so, I had never actually seen a total eclipse, so it was a new experience for me as it was for everyone else. And it did not disappoint! I know it’s been said before, but the difference between partial and total is like the difference between day and night. As long as the tiniest bit of sun remains uncovered, your brain still perceives it as daytime. Of course, it’s a bizarro daytime. The light is getting dimmer, like at twilight, but the shadows are staying the same length. So your brain is actually quite confused. It’s as if you’re looking through very smoky glasses.
But the moment that last bit of sunlight goes away, darkness descends and your brain tells you that it’s night. Again, it’s a bizarro night. It’s more like 30 minutes after twilight, when the stars are just coming out and the western horizon is still tinged with red. Except that now, the whole horizon is tinged with red. It’s as if you’re living in a little bubble of night, which really you are. And of course, instead of the moon, you’ve got a black disk up in the sky, surrounded by the most amazing sight of all — the sun’s corona.
They call it a corona because it looks like hair. Angel hair, white and glowing and combed into spectacular waves. The waves don’t visibly move; on the time scales that we can see, they are frozen in place. The corona is as bright as a full moon, maybe a little bit brighter. It’s amazing to think that it’s actually been there, every sunny day of your life, but you just weren’t able to see it.
At the very end of the eclipse, like the last three seconds, there are three more wonderful surprises. First, Bailey’s beads, the little points formed by the sun starting to shine through the valleys on the surface of the moon. Second, the chromosphere emerges — a little red band that is inside the corona, but outside the photosphere (the bright “surface” of the sun). And finally, with a dramatic flair, the “diamond ring” appears — the first rays of the re-emerging sun. Although the diamond ring is a nice analogy, it woefully understates the beauty of the apparition. If you took all the diamonds on earth and put them on a single ring, maybe you’d get something with a thousandth of the fire and brilliance of this one. Really, after you’ve seen this diamond ring in the sky, you might as well chuck your own diamond ring in the wastebasket, because it will never impress anyone anymore.
So that’s the short description. Add in some beer, two kinds of gumbo, some goofy-looking eclipse glasses, some music, and some applause and cheers when the sun disappears and again when the diamond ring appears, and you have one fun party!
Here are some pictures for your amusement:
mcw small
My sister Martha, uncle Carter, and father Walter. Carter and Walter aren’t twins, but they sure look like it! Martha is probably showing them wedding photos of the two young people in the next photograph…
around table small
Facing the camera are my nephew Stephen, his bride Caroline, and my aunt Patsy. Stephen and Caroline had a fairy-tale wedding at Lake Como in Italy in June, and they really are a beautiful couple. They’re at that phase when they are constantly hugging and kissing each other, and it takes me back to the days (a long time ago) when I was a newlywed.
Anyway, moving on…
martha small
My little sister Martha, 55 years ago and today. I put this photo up on Facebook and was swamped with “likes.” Not because it’s such a great photo, but because Martha has so many friends! A typical comment was, “Martha is a compassionate, funny, and brilliant physician.” I completely agree with all three adjectives.
Still, it is a nice photo, too. I spotted the white boards on the bench on my father’s porch, which look exactly like the white boards on the bench in the photograph (which was hanging on the wall of my father’s study). I said, “We’ve got to recreate that photo.” The only thing that’s missing is the dachshund, Fritzy, who died about 50 years ago.
eclipse glasses small
Now we’re on the day of the eclipse. Martha, Stephen, and Walter are showing off their nerdy eclipse glasses. Of course, we all looked like nerds. I was really impressed by the eclipse glasses, by the way. They are totally opaque to everything but the sun, and they let just enough sunlight through so that you can see what’s going on very sharply, but without endangering your eyes.
colander 1 small
colander 2 small
Another way to follow the eclipse in its partial stages is with a pinhole. But why use a pinhole when you can use a colander instead? When it’s close to the paper, the holes look round, but move the colander farther away and you see dozens of crescent suns. Really cool!
near eclipse
Now we’re getting really close to totality, and seeing the weird murky daylight that I wrote about earlier. The temperature had also dropped quite noticeably. When we started out, it was very hot in the direct sun, but now the sunlight seemed to have no warmth to it at all. Note also that my sister seems to have cloned herself. Actually, that’s my cousin Anna next to her.
totality small
Totality! My dinky camera, with no special lenses, really can’t do it justice. However, the color of the sky is about the way I remember it, a very dark indigo. You can see Venus at the lower right, and the dark disk of the moon surrounded by the brilliant corona, like an eye in the sky. The ghostly beauty of the corona does not, however, show up in this picture; you just have to take my word for it.
Just before totality there was a jet plane flying toward the sun, and I thought, “Those passengers are so lucky to be flying through at just the right time to see the eclipse!” Then, of course, I realized, that the jet must be following the eclipse on purpose.
So those are my pictures! I hope that the off-topic post wasn’t too boring; we’ll get back to chess in my next post. For anyone in the U.S. who didn’t see this eclipse, you’ll get another chance in 2024. Actually, that one will be slightly better than this one. It will last longer (3½ minutes rather than 2½) and the sky might get even darker because the earth will be deeper into the moon’s shadow. The path of totality will run from Texas to Maine, so start planning your trip accordingly!
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Mike Splane August 28, 2017 at 9:59 am
There were two jets following the eclipse’s path, in sequence, so they could get an extended film of the event. The first one picked up the chase in Illinois, the second one took on the chase in Tennessee. The moon’s shadow was moving much faster than the jets could fly, so they only got about 8 minutes of film from each jet. You probably saw the second jet.
Larry Smith August 29, 2017 at 7:54 am
Or perhaps you just saw a common commuter jet that happened to be in the sky at the same time. Fellow Stean Punk Richard Robinson was in a plane traveling to PA at the time of the eclipse, and he and his family saw a little bit of it from the air. The moon’s shadow was traveling across the US at a rate of 1800 mph. I wonder how fast the 2024 eclipse shadow will be moving, given that totality will last longer and that the path is much more of an arc than this year’s nearly straight path.
Anyway, great post and thanks for sharing. My 62% experience in So. Cal was good, and as you said made better by making it a communal experience. I went to a local park where the rangers were having exhibits and displays for the kids, and the Native American representatives (this was at a Chumash cultural center) were singing songs and telling stories.
Finally, I’m about halfway through “The Big Splat” and am enjoying it greatly!
Edward Dunne August 29, 2017 at 6:23 pm
Very nice story about getting together with your family and about the eclipse.
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Intelligent Reasoning
Promoting, advancing and defending Intelligent Design via data, logic and Intelligent Reasoning and exposing the alleged theory of evolution as the nonsense it is. I also educate evotards about ID and the alleged theory of evolution one tard at a time and sometimes in groups
Thursday, March 23, 2017
A Willfully Ignorant Sensuous Curmudgeon
Another clueless evoTARD is the sensuous curmudgeon. It now has a post trying to lambaste the Discovery Institute pertaining to the recently announced newly discovered solar system with rocky planets. See here.
The moron thinks the discovery is bad news for Creationists yet it cannot say why. The following is what was discovered: Temperate earth-sized worlds found in extraordinarily rich planetary system (Update).
The host star is much smaller than ours. That means the habitable zone is closer to the star which means any planets in that zone will be locked-in- rotation = revolution. One side of the planets will always face the host star which means one side will always be dark and cold. No rotation means no mixing of any atmospheric gasses. It also means that the side facing the star will not have any surface water as it would have been cooked off- or blasted off by solarwinds.
No rotation also means no magnetic field which means massive amounts of radiation will be hitting the planets.
These planets have no chance of harboring native life.
That said, according to "The Privileged Planet", which TSC talks about, the odds of ET increases with Intelligent Design. And yet TSC seems to be ignorant of that also.
So Earth to TSC- If ID is true we would expect there to be more habitable and inhabited planets. It bothers me that we haven't found any
Tuesday, March 14, 2017
And More Ignorance from TSZ
The evoTARDs at TSZ are so fucking clueless that they don't understand that by using goal-oriented processes to simulate evolution the evolution being simulated cannot be evolution by blind and mindless processes. It has NOTHING to do with the fact the simulation was intelligently designed. One clueless loser sed:
In this brilliant insight, Dembski, Marks, Ewert and Humble have discovered that all simulations of evolution that were programmed on computers, were intentionally programmed to be simulations of evolution.
No, moron, but thanks for proving that you have an inability to think. All models of evolution use goal-oriented processes that are full of the information required for them to do what they are designed to do.
And these are the assholes who think they know more about ID than IDists and yet they cannot grasp the simple fact that ID is not anti-evolution. And that is AFTER it has been explained to them ad nauseum.
The moron even says:
It should be needless to say, but what matters is of course the actual process that takes place in the simulation, not the fact that the simulation was programmed (all simulation are, that’s unavoidably the case with simulations, otherwise they wouldn’tbe simulations).
No DUH! The processes that take place are not blind and mindless. Even AVIDA, which isn't goal-oriented has information snuck in. For one reproduction is just granted. For another when realistic mutation parameters are used nothing happens- no new functions evolved.
Monday, March 13, 2017
Joshua Swamidass is still Confused
And he throws in a straw man too- Joshua sez:
It appears we do disagree with science ability to detect purpose. He seems to think Divine purpose is detectable with science. I do not.
Science can and does detect purpose- see archaeology and forensic science for two such scientific venues that detect purpose. The straw man is "Divine" purpose as ID is not about the Divine. As Arthur Clarke once said:
Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.
So how could we tell?
That's the problem with theistic evolutionists. Just because they think God didit but God cannot be detected for whatever reason, they think ID is also about detecting God. And yet IDists have made it very clear that Paley went too far to infer God didit when looking at design. Even Dr Behe makes it clear that it is his faith and not the evidence for Intelligent Design that leads him to God as the Designer.
So yes we can use science to detect purpose and no ID is not about detecting the divine. The authors of "The Privileged Planet" claim that the evidence points to a purpose- that our place in the universe was designed for discovery.
Only a dipshit would try to limit science, Joshua
keiths is Proudly Full of Shit
keiths is an ignorant ass who thinks his ignorant opinion means something. Now the asshole vomits:
What’s even stranger is that a good number of the skeptics here understand intelligent design better than the IDists do.
Total unsupportable bullshit. And also demonstrably false. Just go to TSZ and search on CSI or any posts about Intelligent Design. Not one TSZ "skeptic" has shown any knowledge of ID. Not one has shown any knowledge of science. And most appear ignorant of their own position. Alan Fox, Patrick, Robin and the rest didn't understand that his position posited blind and mindless processes. They thought blind watchmaker evolution was a strawman that I invented even though Richard Dawkins is the one who used the phrase to describe evolution.,
So keiths is not only wrong, the sentence should read:
What’s even stranger is that a good number of the IDists here understand evolution better than the evos do.
keiths is one of the most willfully ignorant people evah
Sunday, March 12, 2017
TSZ'z keiths is Still a Clueless Ass
keiths loves to spew his ignorant opinions as actual evidence. Now he has something he thinks goes against ID and Creation. Too bad his position cannot explain the phenomena as it can't explain sexual reproduction nor wombs.
keiths and his ignorance
Yes an embryo is akin to a parasite as it lives off of its host. Yes it is alive, wants to stay that way and does what it can to do so.
And yes, what we are observing now is after many generations of genetic entropy.
I don't know how the alleged theory of evolution explains this because as I said it doesn't have a mechanism capable of producing the organisms involved nor sexual reproduction involving meiosis.
Thursday, March 09, 2017
TSZ's Allan Miller is still Confused
Allan Miller is the joke who thinks that genetic code isn't a real code despite the fact that it fits the definition of a real code and meets the same criteria as Morse code. Now the moron says something just as ignorant:
I occasionally had fun (we live in a rural area; we have to make our own fun) ragging Joe G about that. Evolution isn’t testable; ID is. Step 1 in ‘testing ID’: test evolution.
No, dumbass. For one ID is not anti-evolution. You have been told this and yet you choose to remain willfully ignorant. For another if we cannot test the claims of evolutionism then we can just eliminate by invoking the Hitchens- "That which can be declared without evidence can be dismissed without evidence".
Step 1 in testing ID is to see if law/ regularity can account for what we are investigating. Step 2 is to add chance to that. And again if no one can figure out how to test those then we can just eliminate them.
I have told this to Allan too so obviously the moron loves to wallow in his willful ignorance.
Then the moron doubles-down on his ignorance:
IOW, if something is truly not testable, you can’t claim that something that crucially depends on it is [testable].
LoL! If something is truly not testable then it can be eliminated and we move on from there. Tat is all ID requires- the elimination of other, non-telic explanations. But then again Allan is too stupid to grasp that simple point. | 9dd53ae0-afa0-4fdb-9db9-1c9dc271124a | null | 4 | true | true |
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Hyneria is a genus of large prehistoric predatory lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian period around 360 million years ago.
Temporal range: 360 Ma (Famennian)[1]
Scientific classification
Type species
H. lindae
Thomson, 1968
The genus name Hyneria is a reference to the village of Hyner, Pennsylvania, near where the first specimen was found. The species epiphet H. lindae is derived from the name of the wife of Keith Stewart Thomson, who described this fish.[2]
Hyneria was a large fish, estimated at 2.5–3.7 m (8.2–12.1 ft) in total length,[2][3] its skull had heavy, ornamented dermal bones and its lower jaw was relatively long and shallow, the teeth were stout with those of the premaxilla forming fangs upwards of 5 cm (2 in).[2][4] Its body was covered by cycloid scales.[4][3] It had large sensory canals to aid in detection of possible prey, as the freshwater environment it inhabited likely was murky and had low visibility.[3]
The original fossils came from two localities in Pennsylvania, United States, one found between the villages of North Bend and Hyner and another near Emporium. They consisted of a disarticulated partial skull and fragments of the shoulder girdle.[2] The fossils were found in the Catskill Formation of the Red Hill Shale, dating to the upper Devonian.[4] These were the only remains known until 1993 when a renewed collecting effort discovered abundant new material.[4] Hyneria is considered the largest and most common lobe-finned fish found in the Red Hill Shale.[5]
1. ^ Haines, Tim; Chambers, Paul (2006). The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life (illustrated ed.). Canada: Firefly Books. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-1-55407-181-4.
2. ^ a b c d Thomson, K. S. (1968). "A new Devonian fish (Crossopterygii: Rhipidistia) considered in relation to the origin of the Amphibia". Postilla. 124.
3. ^ a b c "25 years of fossil collecting yields clearest picture of extinct 12-foot aquatic predator". ScienceDaily. 7 May 2018.
4. ^ a b c d Daeschler, EB; Shubin, NH (2007). "New data on Hyneria lindae (Sarcopterygii, Tristichopteridae) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (S3). doi:10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458.
5. ^ "The Missing Link". Nova. Season 29. Boston. February 26, 2002. PBS. Transcript: "The Missing Link".
External linksEdit | 7d9730c6-89b1-40d9-9059-f804f97ff2e5 | null | 0 | true | false |
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World's ugliest orchid looks like a soul-sucking, eyeless worm
Behold: the ugly orchid, Gastrodia agnicellus.
Behold: the ugly orchid, Gastrodia agnicellus. (Image credit: Rick Burian)
Orchids are usually prized for their grace and loveliness, but a newly described species from Madagascar probably won't be winning any beauty contests. Its small flowers are a mottled brown, and it resembles a moldy paper bag (or maybe an eyeless, wormlike head with a mouth gaping in a silent scream or to consume your soul).
It's no wonder that the newfound species has been called "the ugliest orchid in the world" by the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew) in the United Kingdom, which recently placed the homely newcomer at the top of a list highlighting species discovered in 2020, representatives said in a statement.
The leafless orchid, named Gastrodia agnicellus, grows underground in decaying leaf litter for most of its life cycle, and is nourished by fungus. In addition to the "small, brown and rather ugly" orchid, researchers and collaborators with RBG Kew described more than 150 plants and fungi this year, according to the statement.
Related: 5 surprising facts about orchids
In 2019, British botanist Johan Hermans, an RBG Kew honorary research associate, found a number of G. agnicellus orchids hiding under leaf litter in a humid Madagascar forest. Their lumpy, oblong shapes hinted that the flower belonged to a group known as potato orchids, and the blooms, which measure about 0.4 inches (1.1 centimeters) in length, emit a "noticeable musk rose-like scent" that intensifies when air temperatures are warmer, Hermans wrote in a study published Nov. 5 in the journal Curtis's Botanical Magazine.
Other newly described species on the list include a scaly, heat-resistant shrub that thrives in Namibian salt pans (Tiganophyton karasense); a Peruvian plant with purple tubers that could be a new food crop (Ipomoea noemana); and a vibrant, colorful bromeliad — a family of tropical, flowering plants that includes the pineapple — from Brazil (Acanthostachys calcicola) that grows on limestone cliffs and may be pollinated by hummingbirds, according to the statement.
A flower found on a limestone cliff in Brazil was named Acanthostachys calcicola, which means "growing on limestone." (Image credit: Gabriel Mendes Marcusso)
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"In a challenging and difficult year, it's so thrilling to see botanical and mycological science continue, with a bumper list of incredible newly named species being documented with our collaborators across the world," said Martin Cheek, an RBG Kew botanist and senior scientist within the Identification and Naming department.
"However, the bleak reality facing us cannot be underplayed: With two in five plants threatened with extinction, it is a race against time to find, identify, name and conserve plants before they disappear," Cheek said. | b734c59b-1323-4170-a3c9-51ed3b88c33d | null | 0 | true | false |
Hackers Are Targeting Microsoft Exchange Servers With Ransomware - Hexafusion Blog | Hexafusion
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Hackers Are Targeting Microsoft Exchange Servers With Ransomware
microsoft-exchange-ransomware
It didn't take long. Intelligence agencies and cybersecurity researchers had been warning that unpatched Exchange Servers could open the pathway for ransomware infections in the wake of swift escalation of the attacks since last week.
Now it appears that threat actors have caught up.
According to the latest reports, cybercriminals are leveraging the heavily exploited ProxyLogon Exchange Server flaws to install a new strain of ransomware called "DearCry."
"Microsoft observed a new family of human operated ransomware attack customers – detected as Ransom:Win32/DoejoCrypt.A," Microsoft researcher Phillip Misner tweeted. "Human operated ransomware attacks are utilizing the Microsoft Exchange vulnerabilities to exploit customers."
In a joint advisory published by the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the agencies warned that "adversaries could exploit these vulnerabilities to compromise networks, steal information, encrypt data for ransom, or even execute a destructive attack."
Successful weaponization of the flaws allows an attacker to access victims' Exchange Servers, enabling them to gain persistent system access and control of an enterprise network. With the new ransomware threat, unpatched Servers are not only at risk of potential data theft but also get potentially encrypted, preventing access to an organization's mailboxes.
Meanwhile, as nation-state hackers and cybercriminals pile on to take advantage of the ProxyLogon flaws, a proof-of-concept (PoC) code shared on Microsoft-owned GitHub by a security researcher has been taken down by the company, citing that the exploit is under active attack.
In a statement to Vice, the company said, "In accordance with our Acceptable Use Policies, we disabled the gist following reports that it contains proof of concept code for a recently disclosed vulnerability that is being actively exploited."
The move has also sparked a debate of its own, with researchers arguing that Microsoft is "silencing security researchers" by removing PoCs shared on GitHub.
"This is huge, removing a security researchers code from GitHub against their own product and which has already been patched," TrustedSec's Dave Kennedy said. "It was a PoC, not a working exploit — none of the PoCs have had the RCE. Even if it did, that's not their call on when the appropriate time to release is. It's an issue in their own product, and they are silencing security researchers on that."
This was also echoed by Google Project Zero researcher Tavis Normandy.
"If the policy from the start was no PoC/metasploit/etc — that would suck, but it's their service," Normandy said in a tweet. "Instead they said OK, and now that it's become the standard for security pros to share code, they have elected themselves the arbiters of what is 'responsible.' How convenient."
If anything, the avalanche of attacks should serve as a warning to patch all versions of the Exchange Server as soon as possible, while also take steps to identify signs of indicators of compromise associated with the hacks, given that the attackers were exploiting these zero-day vulnerabilities in the wild for at least two months before Microsoft released the patches on March 2.
We have reached out to Microsoft for more details, and we will update the story if we hear back.
News source: https://thehackernews.com/2021/03/icrosoft-exchange-ransomware.html
Booking.com fined $560,000 for GDPR data breach vi...
Linux Systems Under Attack By New RedXOR Malwar | 7739601f-5936-473c-82f7-f72986cac3bc | null | 3 | true | true |
Recontamination Helps a Lot to Hunt a Rabbit
Authors Thomas Dissaux, Foivos Fioravantes , Harmender Gahlawat , Nicolas Nisse
LIPIcs.MFCS.2023.42.pdf
• Filesize: 0.77 MB
• 14 pages
Document Identifiers
Author Details
Thomas Dissaux
• Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, I3S, France
Foivos Fioravantes
• Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, I3S, France
• Department of Theoretical Computer Science, FIT, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Harmender Gahlawat
• Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
Nicolas Nisse
• Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, I3S, France
Cite AsGet BibTex
Thomas Dissaux, Foivos Fioravantes, Harmender Gahlawat, and Nicolas Nisse. Recontamination Helps a Lot to Hunt a Rabbit. In 48th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 272, pp. 42:1-42:14, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2023.42
The Hunters and Rabbit game is played on a graph G where the Hunter player shoots at k vertices in every round while the Rabbit player occupies an unknown vertex and, if it is not shot, must move to a neighbouring vertex after each round. The Rabbit player wins if it can ensure that its position is never shot. The Hunter player wins otherwise. The hunter number h(G) of a graph G is the minimum integer k such that the Hunter player has a winning strategy (i.e., allowing him to win whatever be the strategy of the Rabbit player). This game has been studied in several graph classes, in particular in bipartite graphs (grids, trees, hypercubes...), but the computational complexity of computing h(G) remains open in general graphs and even in more restricted graph classes such as trees. To progress further in this study, we propose a notion of monotonicity (a well-studied and useful property in classical pursuit-evasion games such as Graph Searching games) for the Hunters and Rabbit game imposing that, roughly, a vertex that has already been shot "must not host the rabbit anymore". This allows us to obtain new results in various graph classes. More precisely, let the monotone hunter number mh(G) of a graph G be the minimum integer k such that the Hunter player has a monotone winning strategy. We show that pw(G) ≤ mh(G) ≤ pw(G)+1 for any graph G with pathwidth pw(G), which implies that computing mh(G), or even approximating mh(G) up to an additive constant, is NP-hard. Then, we show that mh(G) can be computed in polynomial time in split graphs, interval graphs, cographs and trees. These results go through structural characterisations which allow us to relate the monotone hunter number with the pathwidth in some of these graph classes. In all cases, this allows us to specify the hunter number or to show that there may be an arbitrary gap between h and mh, i.e., that monotonicity does not help. In particular, we show that, for every k ≥ 3, there exists a tree T with h(T) = 2 and mh(T) = k. We conclude by proving that computing h (resp., mh) is FPT parameterised by the minimum size of a vertex cover.
Subject Classification
ACM Subject Classification
• Mathematics of computing → Graph algorithms
• Hunter and Rabbit
• Graph Searching
• Access Statistics
• Total Accesses (updated on a weekly basis)
PDF Downloads
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2. I. Adler. Marshals, monotone marshals, and hypertree-width. Journal of Graph Theory, 47(4):275-296, 2004.
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4. H. L. Bodlaender, J. R. Gilbert, H. Hafsteinsson, and T. Kloks. Approximating treewidth, pathwidth, frontsize, and shortest elimination tree. Journal of Algorithms, 18(2):238-255, 1995.
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12. T. Dissaux, F. Fioravantes, H. Galhawat, and N. Nisse. Further results on the Hunters and Rabbit game through monotonicity. Technical report, Inria - Sophia Antipolis, February 2023. URL: https://hal.science/hal-03995642.
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16. G. Gottlob, N. Leone, and F. Scarcello. Robbers, marshals, and guards: game theoretic and logical characterizations of hypertree width. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 66(4):775-808, 2003.
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• Billions Luxury Portal
Sotheby's and Netflix create a one of a kind New Balance sneaker made with a 4.5 billion-year-old pallasite meteorite which sells for an astonishing $13,300..
To celebrate the release of Adam McKay’s Don’t Look Up these customized New Balance 550s are truly a one-of-a-kind extra-terrestrial sneaker. Made with 4.5 billion-year-old pallasite meteorite, discovered in the dry bed of the river Hekandue - Magadan District, Russia (62°54’ N, 152°26’ E).
The meteorite emblazoned sneakers were created in tribute to Jennifer Lawrence’s character Kate Dibiasky, an astronomy grad student, who alongside her professor Dr. Randall Mindy (Leonardo DiCaprio) makes an astounding discovery of a comet that is on a direct collision course with Earth.
The Seymchan meteorite used to create the sneakers was born 4.5 billion years ago in the core of a comet or asteroid similar to Don’t Look Up’s fictional Dibiasky Comet. The sneaker’s meteorite fragments originated from the core-mantle boundary of an asteroid or comet that broke apart during early solar system history. Following pinball-like impacts, the large mass was serendipitously bumped into an Earth-crossing orbit.
Manchester-based sneaker designer Matt Burgess of MattB Customs created the sneakers using the coveted New Balance 550 silhouette and fragments of the Seymchan meteorite precisely cut using a high-pressure water jet. The fragments were cut to within a millimetre of Matt’s design to ensure the meteorite fits to the contours of the New Balance 550 White / Grey sneaker.
The custom Dibiasky 550s comprise of 34 fragments featuring extra-terrestrial crystals of gleaming olivine and peridot, ranging in hues from emerald to amber. The crystals are the result of small chunks of the stony mantle becoming suspended in the molten metal of an asteroid’s iron-nickel core.
At a sale held on December 17 the sneakers reached a sale price of $13,300, with all proceeds benefitting WWF to reduce human impact on the environment.
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søg på et hvilket som helst ord, for eksempel half chub:
1. an exotic form of torture. see also geometry.
2. the art of figuring what "y" equals when "x" equals 10 through confusing formulas such ast y=12x^2-563x+1/4
3. a method of making high school math teachers feel important.
1. I was a naughty boy, so i had to take algebra.
2. i wanted to figure what y was when y equaled 2 to the third, i think.
3. my math teacher has no talent in anything
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Algebra is a topic that was created thousands of years ago for the sole purpose of pissing high school students off.
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1. A class that makes complete sense to some people, while annoying the hell out of others.
2. An article of clothing worn by mermaids
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2. If you want to get to second base with a mermaid, you have to take her algebra off.
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drive down the road until you see another road perpinducular take a left and there will be another road parrelell eventually it will come in at a 45 degree angle... solve for X
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A new report from Greentech Media and the Energy Storage Association finds residential battery storage in the US surged in the first quarter of 2018.
In total, 36 megawatt-hours of behind the meter residential storage were installed in Q1 — equaling the total amount installed in the previous three quarters combined. The vast majority of new grid connected residential battery storage — 74% — took place in just two states, California and Hawaii.
What’s behind the increase? “Changing net metering rules and increasing customer interest in backup and solar self-consumption drove the residential energy storage market’s record quarter,” said Brett Simon, senior analyst at GTM Research and project manager for the U.S. Energy Storage Monitor report.
“More solar installers are offering residential storage products than ever before and see residential storage as an important area of business growth, particularly as utilities implement time-of-use rates and reduce net-metering compensation. These policy trends are expected to continue as utilities and regulators work to deal with increasing levels of solar PV penetration, which are driving increasing residential storage demand.”
The shift to residential storage is impacted by changing financial considerations for homeowners with rooftop solar installations. When net metering was popular, the grid served as a battery for homeowners. Their systems would crank out solar power during the day and send it to the grid. Later, they would draw power back from the grid. When utilities pay retail rates for excess solar power, the result is usually a wash for the homeowner — the amount of energy sold equals the amount purchased, or nearly so. Not having a sizable utility bill each month helped pay for the home’s solar system.
But as net metering has run into opposition from utilities and regulators, homeowners find it makes more economic sense to purchase a storage battery to compliment their solar system. Their solar panels charge the battery during the day and they run their homes using the stored energy at night. Once again, lower utility bills help pay for the system. Many utilities now have “time of use” rate structures, which raise the price of electricity during high demand periods, such as the late afternoon and early evening. Those are precisely when residential batteries can release their stored energy and help homeowners save money, according to Ars Technica.
Read more: Clean Technica | ecef7fb9-6f96-4155-8dba-014364f1b63f | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
This wiki is a XML full dump clone of "Heroes Wiki", the main wiki about the Heroes saga that has been shut down permanently since June 1, 2020. The purpose of this wiki is to keep online an exhaustive and accurate database about the franchise.
The Company's tracking systems
From Heroes Wiki
(Redirected from Walker system)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Company's tracking systems
Powers molly 4.jpg
The Company has systems for tracking tagged evolved humans.
First mentioned: .07%
Owned by: The Company
Current status: Satellite:
Destroyed by Hana Gitelman
Molly Walker:
No longer under the Company's control
The Company uses tracking systems to monitor the movements of evolved humans.
Matt goes to a cemetery to meet Ted. Ted tells Matt that he found out that the Company uses the mark to track them. Hana appears and tells them that the mark comes from a pneumatic needle that injects a radioisotope for tracking viruses in Africa.
Mr. Bennet explains to Matt and Ted that the Company can track them using a system located in New York. He suggests that their first act to destroy the company should be to destroy that system.
The Hard Part
In St. Louis, MO, Mr. Bennet tells Matt Parkman about the Company's new tracking system, the Walker system: it doesn't rely on radioactive isotopes or satellites--it just finds you.
After accessing the Company facility, Matt and Mr. Bennet head to find the tracking system. After neutralizing Thompson, Matt and Bennet head to destroy the tracking system, only to find that it is Molly Walker. Bennet comments that he knew it was a person, just not a little girl.
How to Stop an Exploding Man
On the phone, Mr. Bennet tells Peter that once the tracking system is fixed, they'll be able to locate Sylar. Mr. Bennet then uses the system to find Peter lying in the street.
Graphic Novel:The Death of Hana Gitelman, Part 1
Mr. Bennet tells Hana that there are two tracking systems used by the Company. Her directive is to take down the Company's isotope tracking system, and points to the sky--it's a satellite.
Graphic Novel:The Death of Hana Gitelman, Part 2
In space, Hana sends the Company's satellite a self-destruct order, but it fights back with a virus. As the virus infects her system, she jumps onto the exterior, sacrificing herself for all evolved humans.
Graphic Novel:From the Files of Primatech, Part 4
In 1978, Mindy Sprague saves a power plant from exploding, but causes a major weather change. After awaking, she flees and the Company is no longer able to contact her or find her. The Company founders discuss how they need to have a way to track those with abilities in case something like this happens again.
Graphic Novel:From the Files of Primatech, Part 5
In 1988, Claude and Thompson go on a mission to retrieve "it" from a special.
Graphic Novel:From the Files of Primatech, Part 6
In 1988, Claude and Thompson finish their mission to retrieve "it" from a special. Once Claude wakes up in the hospital, Angela, Charles, Bob, and Thompson tell Claude what "it" is. "It" is a tracking device to make operations run more smoothly. They inject Claude as he screams in opposition. Thompson writes a report about the device and writes, "The Proto-Type of the Pneumatic Needle Tracking Gun was perfected by R&D scientists... It is widely thought of amongst High Ranking officials as THE Key Piece of Technology within The Company."
Webisode:Dark Matters, Part 5
One of the files that Quentin downloads from Renautas is titled "Walker System".
Noah tells Quentin that they need to find Molly Walker because of her ability to locate people. Noah says that the Company built an entire system around her and her ability years ago.
Heroes Evolutions
A Hero's Quest
In Hiro's ninth blog post, "Memories of Maury", Hiro reports his findings after the Mindy Sprague incident that the Company has developed a tracking system. Hiro believes that this is the moment that the whole game changed for the Company.
Items edit
CatalystCelloClaire's wind chimeCompassDaphne's medalD.L.'s medal of valorHave a Nice Day mugHope's bagMohinder's cocoonsPeter's identity boxRaySpinach canTracking systemsTuning forkVirginia's snow globes
Other Things: ArtworkCatchphrasesClothingDocumentsDrugsFoodJewelryMediaMedical ConditionsMoneyPhonesPublicationsResearchTechnologyVehiclesWeapons | cfcf7335-9081-4b0d-8974-6c598dd47769 | null | 3 | true | true |
Dimeric transthyretin variant assembles into spherical neurotoxins
Kimiaki Matsubara, Mineyuki Mizuguchi, Kouhei Igarashi, Yoshinori Shinohara, Makoto Takeuchi, Atsushi Matsuura, Takayuki Saitoh, Yoshihiro Mori, Hiroyuki Shinoda, Keiichi Kawano
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
23 | 23036cd5-5e65-49b7-abc2-7ff5c9d43186 | null | 0 | true | false |
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Entered dateSiteRegionReactor typeEvent description
ENS 441247 April 2008 18:41:00Rancho SecoNRC Region 4B&W-L-LPRancho Seco is a defueled reactor. All fuel is in the Rancho Seco ISFSI. During decommissioning operations in the reactor building, a debris fire occurred while the contractor was cutting rebar during the removal of interior concrete. Assorted trash and combustible materials were ignited. The building was evacuated per procedures and onsite SMUD staff and contractors brought the fire under control utilizing available fire suppression equipment after several minutes and the fire was deemed extinguished at 1340 hours, 4/5/08. No injuries occurred. All weekend work operations were ceased and a fire watch was established. A review of the incident occurred and measures to prevent future fires were employed. Decommissioning work resumed Monday, 4/7/08. As part of the After Action Review it was determined official notification to response and regulatory agencies still needed to be made. No detectable airborne contamination occurred. No contaminated personnel occurred. The fire was detected in destruction debris under a pile of concrete rubble in the reactor building. The fire was initially extinguished at 1045 PDT by onsite personnel. The fire reflashed two additional times and was extinguished until it was determined to by completely extinguished at 1340 PDT on 04/05/08 and the licensee terminated the Unusual Event. The event was declared and logged by the ISFSI Technician on 04/05/08, who is also the onsite Emergency Coordinator when an emergency is declared. It was discovered on the morning of 04/07/08 that the emergency declaration was made and logged on 04/05/08 at 1140 PDT, but no offsite regulatory notifications had been made. The licensee notified the local NRC Inspector (Garcia) and Region 4 (Keller). The licensee will be notifying the state and local emergency response organizations.
ENS 429686 November 2006 17:20:00Rancho SecoNRC Region 4B&W-L-LPThis event is a 24 hour notification per Technical Specification 2.2.1. Based upon the differences in the definition of damaged fuel presented in RSAP-0112, and the commitments made in various licensing documents, it was determined that a potential existed that damaged assemblies may have been placed in a fuel canister licensed only for intact assemblies. A potential problem exists with fuel assemblies, which had been categorized as class "C" assemblies in the RSAP-0112 inspection results, and therefore would not have had any restrictions on the type of canister to be placed. Class "C" assemblies were those assemblies not meeting the requirements of F2 for gross cladding defects, did not have cracks which exceeded dimensional of approx. 0.34 inches across and 0.7 inches high. Based on further review of the RSAP-0112 inspection results, six fuel assemblies were upgraded as potentially damaged fuel assemblies because the written inspection reports indicated the existence of a crack or missing cladding greater than the class "C" limit. With the exception of assembly 2G6, the video portion of the tape is not 100% conclusive that a crack greater than a hairline exists on the other five fuel assemblies. Based upon the images available of assembly 2G6, the crack on this assembly was scaled to be approx. 0.04 inches wide by 0.25 inches long. The film quality of the remaining 5 assemblies is not sufficient to provide such detailed scaling but is estimated for discussion purposes. NRC Project Manager (Randy Hall) was notified of this by the licensee. | f546c53b-ddef-4e4a-a673-4504108edf4f | null | 0 | true | false |
Li Rui
Chinese mathematician and astronomer
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January 15, 1769, Yuanhe [Suzhou], China
August 12, 1817, Yuanhe (aged 48)
Notable Works:
“Kaifang shuo”
Li Rui (born January 15, 1769, Yuanhe [Suzhou], China—died August 12, 1817, Yuanhe) was a Chinese mathematician and astronomer who made notable contributions to the revival of traditional Chinese mathematics and astronomy and to the development of the theory of equations.
Having failed the Chinese civil service examinations several times, Li Rui could obtain no official position, and he had to make a poor living as an assistant to various mandarin scholar-officials. From about 1800 he began to study the works of the 13th-century mathematicians Li Ye and Qin Jiushao. From these works, he found that the traditional Chinese method of solving higher-degree equations had several advantages over algebraic methods that had recently been imported from the West. Stimulated by his contemporary Wang Lai, who had criticized ancient mathematicians for their satisfaction with obtaining only one positive rational solution of a given algebraic equation, Li Rui created his theory of equations to deal with the relationship between the number of solutions of an equation and the way that terms in the expression change signs. He explored this domain without any knowledge of René Descartes’s comparable work in the West; Li Rui based his research on traditional Chinese terminology and methods, thus demonstrating the continuing utility of Chinese methods.
Li Rui’s Kaifang shuo (1820; “On the Method of Extraction”) contains his work on the theory of equations: a rule of signs, a discussion of multiple roots and negative roots, and the rule that nonreal roots of an algebraic equation must exist in pairs. Most of his works were published as Lishi suanxue yishu (1819; “The Posthumous Works of Li Shangzhi”).
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Bizarre penis shaved by scientists
The most terrifying penis in the animal kingdom has now been under the laser. Here, scientists found the answer to an evolutionary mystery.
The picture above is not an instrument of torture from the Middle Ages. It’s a picture of what may well be the most disgusting penis in the animal kingdom. Its owner is the male bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus).
The many spines on the penis are just as nasty, sharp and destructive as they look. And now a Swedish and American study shows that this is all deliberate.
The female beetle has no say in the matter
Armed with a laser, microscope and a penis pump, the researchers shaved spines off the beetles’ anaesthetised penises, and they can now reveal that the longer and more destructive the spines, the more success the male beetle has.
That’s evolutionary success. The female beetle’s reaction doesn’t matter much. Here it’s all about the number of offspring.
This is the first time that anyone demonstrates in an experimental way the phenomenon of sexual selection after mating.
Göran Arnqvist
”This is the first time that anyone demonstrates in an experimental way the phenomenon of sexual selection after mating,” Professor Göran Arnqvist says about the new study, which is published in the journal Current Biology.
Sexual selection includes a variety of reproduction styles
Sexual selection is one of nature’s strongest evolutionary driving forces and is known well beyond the world of beetles. The phenomenon is often associated with the peacock’s huge tail, horns, antlers, strong colours, etc. In other words, characteristics that ensure that the male gets sex.
But what Arnqvist specialises in is selection after mating, where sperm from several males compete to fertilise the female’s egg.
From primitive aquatic nematodes to mammals, it’s a very widespread phenomenon which gives rise to a number of inventive tricks:
Evolutionary suicide is a theoretical possibility.
Göran Arnqvist
• Sperm that clump together to form a clot
• Sperm that block subsequent suitors’ sperm
• Penises with hooks that enable the male to cling onto the female, enabling longer mating sessions.
• Penises with brushes, which function as a bottle brush and remove sperm from rival males.
Different sex organs give varied sex
The list goes on and includes extremes where:
• The penis breaks inside the female
• Sperm with chemical weapons makes the next suitor virtually impotent
• An ejaculation can be so powerful that the female is flushed free of foreign sperm.
For centuries, scientists have wondered about this great variation in male sex organs in a wide range of animals, and why this particular part of the body has evolved so quickly.
The effect of sexual selection is clearly visible in our close relatives, the chimpanzees, where females discretely mate with several males, and not just the alpha male chimp. This is presumed to have created a selective pressure on the male sex organs.
In comparison, the male gorilla lives quite exclusively with his own harem of females, who only mate with him. So here there has been no selection pressure, and the male gorilla’s penis and sperm production are of a relatively modest character.
Many closely-related species can only be distinguished by the shape of the penis.
But how come teeth, limbs, brains or the body shape don’t evolve as quickly?
”It’s a truly basic, widespread and important evolutionary pattern,” says Arnqvist.
”Only in the past 10-20 years have we started to realise that it’s probably due to sexual selection in the male sex organs.”
A long penis makes good sense
When you think about it, it makes good sense that the penis is longer, so that the sperm is delivered nearer to the eggs, or that the amount of sperm is high.
But this phenomenon is actually very difficult to get hard experimental facts on – because how do you isolate characteristics in for instance a penis and study their effect individually?
This is where the bruchid beetle enters the picture.
Beetle exposed to penis pump and laser
In 2009, Arnqvist and his colleague Cosima Hotzy anaesthetised male beetles from 13 countries and measured the length of their penis spines. They found that the males with the longest spines on their penises fertilise the most eggs and get the most offspring.
But it remained unclear why this was so, and there could theoretically be other hidden factors at play.
In the new study, the biologists have therefore manipulated the penises directly. They have bred males with shorter penis spines, and on some of the beetles, they shortened the spines themselves using lasers.
The latter is a complex procedure in which the male beetle is anaesthetised with carbon dioxide. The researchers used a penis pump – a thin pipette tip with a small air hose – to inflate the penis. They then used a microscope to help them burn off spines individually with a precision laser.
The longest penis spines are most important
The male beetles were given a few days to recover, and then they were allowed to mate with females again. And again the researchers found that the males with the longest spines on their penises get the most offspring, independent of other factors such as body size.
Both groups of males produced the same result, and thus the theory of sexual selection after mating has been documented experimentally.
But the researchers are taking it one step further.
Manipulate the female via the blood
By dissecting the females after mating, the researchers could clearly see that the long spines cause severe damage and tear bleeding holes inside the female.
But why evolve such a cruel penis that hurts the female? It doesn’t appear to have much of an evolutionary advantage, yet the female beetles, strange as it may sound, are ready to mate again before a full day has passed.
The scientists tagged the sperm using a mildly radioactive chemical. This enabled them to demonstrate that up to 40 percent of the male’s seminal fluids flow out of the female’s genital tract and into the bloodstream.
And the longer the spines, the more of the male’s body fluids flow into the female’s blood.
Here, naturally, the sperm does not fertilise any eggs, so “it points to a rather complex mechanism,” says Arnqvist.
For bruchid beetles, and many other animals too, the sperm normally doesn’t travel directly to the eggs. Rather, they are kept in special pockets, from which the eggs are then fertilised.
This pocket typically contains sperm from many males, and Arnqvist’s idea is that the spines open the gates to the bloodstream for factors that make the female take more of the sperm into the sperm pocket.
So further studies of the beetle’s nasty penis are needed to identify which factors are included in the ejaculate, and how they function.
Violent penis could lead to evolutionary suicide
If you’re wondering whether the female simply puts up with this horrific piece of genital terror, the answer is that she would, all other things being equal, certainly be better off if the male did not use his spines.
The female has also developed additional connective tissue in her genital tract, which provides partial protection. And, not surprisingly, she does her best to make the intercourse as short as possible by kicking the male.
But the terrifying penis is here to stay.
“There’s no selection for gentler males,” says the Swedish professor.
”A gentler male wouldn’t really get his genes spread to future generations because he would have lower fertilisation success.”
Ultimately, it is conceivable that the penis could evolve to become so damaging to the female that it could threaten the entire population or even the whole species.
“Evolutionary suicide is a theoretical possibility,” says Arnqvist.
Read the Danish version of this article at videnskab.dk
Translated by: Dann Vinther
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Are Zoos Better than Circuses?
I just finished reading an article in the latest New Yorker. It concerned Marius, a young giraffe killed, or "culled" several months ago at a Denmark zoo. Regrettably born a male similar in genetic material to other males in the zoos's collection, at 18 months of age the young giraffe was offered a piece of rye bread by a keeper and upon leaning over to accept it, shot in the head by the zoo's veterinarian. His genes were not needed to keep up a healthy breeding group of giraffes for the zoo's collection
This however, wasn't what caused animal lovers around the world to have a hissy fit. That was caused by the zoo's scientists dragging the dead animal into a public space and dissecting it in front of several classes of school children. Later, behind the scenes fortunately, they fed it to the big cats. The whole event was staged to make a splash, the Denmark zoo proclaiming, "we're a scientific institution, not a Disney movie. Sentiment has no place here."
Hold the bus right fucking there.
Zoos and oceanaria like to think of themselves as scientific institutions and not entertainment venues. To a zoo's way of thinking, it provides a public service by displaying, housing, and sometimes intentionally breeding, endangered and rare animals. Its "good" is twofold. Part one, so the theory goes, is that by educating the public about animals, patrons/citizens are bound to appreciate them more in the wild, (there is little statistical evidence to support this), and part two, as guardians of endangered species DNA, they are preserving animals destined for extinction in the wild.
"Culling" is an interesting term. It means killing animals judged surplus. This act is carried out routinely by Fish and Game officers throughout the world when local wild animal populations are judged too large. This happens most often with deer. When big predators are gone natural population control vanishes and the deer invade suburban gardens, causing great discomfort to homeowners, then dying of starvation come winter. Sometimes, when islands are devoid of natural predators but flush with populations of boars or goats, riflemen are brought in to shoot the surplus from helicopters
But the killing of Marius, the young giraffe, did not take place on an offshore island or even behind the scenes. It was not something that the Scandinavian zoo sought to hide from the press; indeed, it did not evince any feeling of embarrassment or guilt in ending the life of this animal. It was business as usual and the zoo took pride, overmuch as it turned out, in its decision to represent the event as a fun lesson for school children.
There had been several offers by other organizations to take the animal, including one of several million dollars from an entertainment executive in Los Angeles. All offers were rejected.
Yesterday, the news was agog. After 150 years The Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus is being shut down once and for all. The large animals, elephants particularly, will be relocated to sanctuaries where they will live out their lives in habitats more suited to their roaming nature and social needs. The movement to stop keeping large, intelligent, "charismatic" animals in captivity has been around for awhile but really got off the blocks with the release in 2013 of the documentary "Blackfish." Blackfish made a compelling case that keeping free ranging orca whales in small cement tanks and requiring them to "dance for their bread" 4 or 5 times a day, is cruel. People who previously wouldn't have known an anchovy on a pizza from a killer whale, were suddenly up in arms about orcas in captivity. Sea World in San Diego agreed to end it's Shamu Shows. The hue and cry went out. Ringling Brothers demise was only a matter of time.
It's interesting to note that roadside circuses are still perfectly legal and can be found in any rural county fair. It's also a fact that many discarded zoo and circus animals wind up in attractions where people pay large sums of money to shoot them. So maybe PETA shouldn't be cheering and tossing its babies in the aisle just yet.
But back to Barnum and Bailey. Clearly, riding in trains and performing under the big top for a living is not a natural way for an elephant to live. And just as clearly, most circuses at some time have used cruel methods to tame and subdue elephants, but I got to thinking yesterday, having just come off the Marius article, about what I would choose, if push came to shove, were I an elephant tasked with choosing whether to live in a zoo or the Barnum and Bailey Circus. I think I'd choose the circus.
At least animals in the circus have something to do. Their lives are varied. They go from city to city, receive great veterinary care, are constantly learning new things and are, within their admittedly limited world, loved. Many even seem to enjoy performing. Having worked with captive animals I can honestly state that the majority of persons I've met who spend their lives ministering to them, to the point of living along side them in RV's, forsaking family, relationships, and any other "normal" human activity for the sake of their charges, genuinely care for their animals. As for the tricks or "behaviors" they're trained to do, sophisticated persons may be upset by the perceived degradation of having an elephant sit up and beg like a puppy, but the elephants don't know they're being degraded. All they know is that everybody's excited and happy when the tent goes up and the bright lights go on and that they get a loaf of cinnamon bread chucked into their mouths if they do a particularly good job. Animals in zoos just pace all day, or sleep, or hide, or masturbate. Anything to relieve the relentless boredom of their meaningless lives. In zoos, hunters to not hunt, grazers do not graze, birds have very little room, if any, to fly. One of the Denmark zoo's points was that Marius's birth was due to the fact that they don't neuter or keep their animals on birth control. They are allowed sex and reproduction.
The Denmark zoos's point in being open about the practice of culling, which whether they'll admit it or not is done by almost all zoos worldwide, is a very Scandinavian pragmatism. This is how it works, folks. We are the keepers of the Ark and sometimes it gets too crowded. These beasts are expensive to house and feed. You should thank us. Without us, you'd never get to see these animals at all, alive or dead.
Which brings up an important question. Why should we have the privilege of seeing these marvelous animals at all? Whether discussing circuses or zoos, why is it that we imagine we have the right to stare through bars or slabs of plexiglass at captive wild animals? Worldwide habitat destruction is the single reason that populations of elephants, giraffes, big cats and countless animal species are disappearing. Animals need range. African elephants travel between 19 and 37 miles a day, giraffes dozens of miles. Big cats like leopards require up to 30 square miles of territory, tigers, 23 to 39 square miles. There were 7 billion human beings on earth in 2012. That number has increased by half a billion in the last 5 years. With 7.5 billion people on planet Earth and at the current rate of exponential human population growth, in 50 years there will be no undisturbed animal habitat anywhere. The logic is straightforward. Where humans are, wild animals can't be. If you put a farm or factory in rangeland formerly used by elephants, the elephants, by definition, become a "menace" and are shot. Same thing with big cats and giraffes. In the last 15 years giraffe populations have dropped from 150,000 to 80,000 world wide. Giraffes are a seriously endangered species; Marius was just a drop in the bucket. In 50 years it's entirely feasible that giraffes, both African and Indian elephants, tigers, leopards, pandas and hundreds of other less "charismatic" species will be extinct in the wild. Living examples will exist only in zoos. If you call that living.
If zoos are in fact, genetic repositories for the DNA of animals destined for extinction, neither Marius's existence nor his death make any sense. DNA can be preserved in labs without feeding or housing it, indefinately. The so-called scientific argument propounded by giraffe dissectors and their ilk, that zoos provide a vital function in maintaining genetic diversity, is entirely specious. Unless human populations drop dramatically-- as the result of a pandemic, natural or human caused disaster-- there will never be places these genetically diverse animal populations can thrive.
So we keep them locked up, and justify ourselves with self-serving arguments so that little kids can press their grubby faces against thick glass windows, laughing at gorillas as they masturbate and the polar bears swimming round and round its pond in circles, its suffering having caused it to go stark raving mad. In the wild polar bears have evolved over millions of year to range over hundreds of miles. Climate change not withstanding, we are in the way now.
Zoos are no better than circuses and both have outlived their time. We are the dominant animal on the planet. We won. This is what it looks like. Those "scientists" who shot Marius? They'd have done the world a much greater service by shooting or at least neutering themselves. That would make for a revised human population of seven billion four hundred ninety-nine million nine hundred ninety-nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-eight.
At least that's got things going in the right direction.
Friday, January 13, 2017
Why “God” is Very Meaningful in my Life.
A kid I know told me a story one day. When she was 7 years old a horse fell on her and shattered her pelvis. Rushed to the emergency room a nurse asked, “on a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the worst pain you can imagine, what is your level of pain?” The kid thought for a minute and answered, 1. She may have been broken like a ceramic doll thrown out a train window but 7 year olds have pretty powerful imaginations. “I could imagine way worse pain that what I was in,” she said. “What if the horse had fallen on me and then somebody had set me on fire? What if someone tore my fingernails out one by one then ran me over with a car? That would be way more painful. What if an elephant instead of a horse had fallen on me?” All those things would have been much more painful than what I was feeling.”
They triaged her at the bottom of the list and she spent most of the day, un-medicated, on a gurney in the hall.
Seven year olds have incredible imaginations.
This is something that is hard for grownups to remember. Compared to a kid most grownups hardly have any imagination at all. Even an artist, someone who spends her entire day in creative activities, does not have anything close to the imagination of a child. On the one hand this is cool. Kids have an easy time believing in Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, the Tooth Fairy, ghosts and goblins at Halloween.
On the other hand, not so much.
I was raised in a seriously Roman Catholic household. We had to go to church every Sunday. It never made much sense to me. In those days most of the liturgy was in Latin, which I couldn’t understand, nor could I make out a single word the red-faced and the furious Irish priest blasted at the congregation as if it held collective responsibility for murdering his entire family. After time, I figured out he was talking about a horrible thing done to one poor guy 2000 years ago, but I couldn’t figure out what it had to do with me. Even as a kid I could understand basic arithmetic. Two thousand years was a long time. I knew I was no saint, but there was no way I could have been responsible for that.
Saturday catechism however, was a whole different story. Three hours long, the format was the same as regular school with 20 or 30 kids sitting at desks, the teacher in the front of the room talking, occasionally illustrating things on the chalkboard. But unlike Sunday mass, catechism taught the mechanics of our religion. It’s where the rubber hit the road. We were taught to pray every day, to avoid even the occasion of sin. Sins where things that made God either angry or disappointed. You could get out from under them by going to confession.
Going to confession was like a “get out of jail free” card, which is why so many gangsters embrace Catholicism. You can do just about anything but if you make a good confession you’re forgiven. Of course the tough part is “making a good confession.” Both gangsters and little kids fall short in this area. If you keep murdering people and stealing stuff, then at the end of each week recounting your bad deeds in the presence of some poor unsuspecting priest in the hope of walking out with a clean slate, only to start work again in earnest on Monday morning, that’s not a very good confession. To make a good confession you have to be genuinely sorry for what you did and sincerely resolve not to do it again.
Gangsters aren’t the only ones who have trouble with this. I remember the day before I was supposed to make my first confession. A big deal in the Holy Roman Catholic church, it happens at about the age of 7 and that day I was in an absolutely panic. Not only did the thought of being alone in a dark chamber with a priest on the other side of a screen scare the crap out of me—they were God’s representatives on earth and by definition, terrifying—I couldn’t think of any sins. I was a pretty good kid. Yeah, I’d hit my brother a time or two, but only because he’d hit me first. Okay, maybe I’d stolen a cookie here and there but only because if I didn’t, my siblings would swipe every damn one of them before I even knew they were in the house. When you have multiple siblings it’s a dog eat dog world.
My sister who’d gone through the thing a year earlier told me, “Just make up stuff. Say you stole twice, lied 3 times. You’ll have to say ten Hail Marys and an Our Father and then you can get out of there.” I was thrilled with this elegant solution, but I was also a fairly serious kid and realized that in following my sister’s advice, I would be lying to a priest thereby compounding whatever sins I was not fessing up to in the first place. Doing this, I realized, would have severe consequences for my immortal soul.
But in the end I took the easy way out and did as advised. My penance was 10 Hail Marys and an Our Father.
I was pretty sure I was damned from an early age; and if not damned, destined to spend a long fucking time in Purgatory.
Some religions have Purgatory, others do not. The Holy Roman Catholic Church definitely does and in those days it was one of 4 places you could go after you died. The first and most highly prized was of course, Heaven. Heaven was all clouds and holy songs and whatever you wanted as long as it was consistent with pictures on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Also, you got to sit at the right hand of God. This sounded boring as hell to me— there’s nothing little kids hate more than having to sit still for more than 5 minutes-- but Heaven was certainly the best of the alternatives. Another was Limbo, which is where unbaptized babies went. I spent many an hour wondering if there was any way I could become un-baptized and get into Limbo. Sure, it sounded boring but if they sent little babies there how bad could it be? They weren’t going to put thumbscrews to little babies, were they? Limbo was so ill-defined that the Church eventually cancelled it.
Then came Purgatory. Purgatory was exactly like Hell, only it didn’t last for all eternity. Eventually you could work off your unconfessed sins and ascend into Heaven. It was all a very complicated business because God’s time isn’t like Earth time. When you’re dead you’re not on Earth anymore; and since there’s no planet going around the Sun regulating the days, months, and years, time spent in Purgatory could be weeks, months, or millions of years. The good news was you could and would get out at some point. And it was LOTS better than going to Hell.
Hell was the worst. Supposedly run by The Devil, but clearly an extension of God’s agenda since He’s all knowing and all powerful, Hell was eternal suffering. In Hell, you could be thrown into a pit of hot lava, burned to death, re-made whole all over again, the process repeating and this could go on forever. This was one of the better scenarios. Demons might peel your skin off strip by strip then throw you into a volcano of hot lava and acid, or you might be chopped up into tiny pieces, reassembled then chopped up all over again and roasted on spits; all of this after having had your eyes gouged out with a hot poker. (In Hell, obviously, most things have to do with heat.)
These torments, as described by various part-time catechism teachers in astoundingly graphic detail, were all part of teaching little children to walk the straight and narrow.
I’m a big girl now, have been for many years and while I read scholarly books by enlightened Jesuits along with various modernists trying to explain that God is Love, or all-encompassing compassion, He is neither to me. I’ve come to understand that within myself, the word “God” defines a terrifying and angry entity worse than any Halloween goblin could ever be, with a book full of arbitrary rules penned in almost indecipherable English that I was supposed to memorize and follow under threat of eternal damnation.
I guess this is why I embrace Tibetan Buddhism now. Buddhism requires no God and of course having no God, it’s not really a religion but a way of life. When asked about his beliefs once, the Dalai Lama said, “my religion is kindness.”
Kindness I can get with. | 76600d52-0451-40b6-b77f-c2b0e7ce0a37 | null | 3 | true | true |
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December 10, 2019 by Geeklink
Geeklink becomes member of Guangdong Internet of Things Association
Geeklink Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. has officially become a member of the Guangdong Internet of Things Association.
Guangdong Internet of things Association is a non-profit non-profit organization with independent legal personality approved by the Department of Civil Affairs of Guangdong Province. it is the first provincial-level Internet of things Association established in Guangdong Province after the implementation of social organization reform. It was established in August 2011.
With the slogan of “Wisdom Guangdong, IoT Global”, Guangdong Internet of things Association has gathered a group of industry representatives and professionals who are committed to promoting the development of animal networking industry. accept the business guidance of Guangdong Development and Reform Commission, Guangdong Economic and Informatization Commission, Guangdong Department of Science and Technology, and other government departments, in order to improve the overall strength and market competitiveness of Guangdong Internet of things enterprises. Build a large-scale industrial chain of the Internet of things to promote the rapid development of the Internet of things industry in Guangdong.
intelligent-Guangdong
Up to now, there are nearly 400 member enterprises and more than 5000 active enterprises, gathering a number of leading enterprises in the Internet of things, such as Huawei, Guangdong Mobile, Guangdong Telecom, Geeklink, Orebo, Lvmi Lianchuang, Lingnantong, Wen’s Group and so on. The association has extensive influence in the industry and is one of the most active provincial Internet of things associations in China.
Polar Union Intelligence, which integrates product development, production and sales of the Internet of things, is committed to smart home solutions based on the Internet of things, connecting home devices to the Internet through the Internet of things and artificial intelligence, and connecting people to families in the cloud. improve people’s quality of life.
Polar couplet products are simple to install and easy to operate, and can be combined freely according to the needs of users to realize intelligent home operations such as intelligent control of lighting in the whole house, constant guardianship of family safety, automatic opening and closing of curtains, intelligent switching of household appliances, and so on. On the basis of maintaining the original living function, change the passive relationship of people in the living environment, so that people can take the initiative to live.
geeklink-home | ada2ef33-75b0-49a5-a1bd-96edb9966a0a | null | 0 | true | false |
Hacktivist Group Twelve Targets Russian Entities with Destructive Cyber Attacks
A hacktivist group known as Twelve has been observed using an arsenal of publicly available tools to conduct destructive cyber attacks against Russian targets.
“Rather than demand a ransom for decrypting data, Twelve prefers to encrypt victims’ data and then destroy their infrastructure with a wiper to prevent recovery,” Kaspersky said in a Friday analysis.
“The approach is indicative of a desire to cause maximum damage to target organizations without deriving direct financial benefit.”
The hacking group, believed to have been formed in April 2023 following the onset of the Russo-Ukrainian war, has a track record of mounting cyber attacks that aim to cripple victim networks and disrupt business operations.
It has also been observed conducting hack-and-leak operations that exfiltrate sensitive information, which is then shared on its Telegram channel.
Kaspersky said Twelve shares infrastructural and tactical overlaps with a ransomware group called DARKSTAR (aka COMET or Shadow), raising the possibility that the two intrusion sets are likely related to one another or part of the same activity cluster.
“At the same time, whereas Twelve’s actions are clearly hacktivist in nature, DARKSTAR sticks to the classic double extortion pattern,” the Russian cybersecurity vendor said. “This variation of objectives within the syndicate underscores the complexity and diversity of modern cyberthreats.”
The attack chains start with gaining initial access by abusing valid local or domain accounts, after which the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is used to facilitate lateral movement. Some of these attacks are also carried out via the victim’s contractors.
“To do this, they gained access to the contractor’s infrastructure and then used its certificate to connect to its customer’s VPN,” Kaspersky noted. “Having obtained access to that, the adversary can connect to the customer’s systems via the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) and then penetrate the customer’s infrastructure.”
Prominent among the other tools used by Twelve are Cobalt Strike, Mimikatz, Chisel, BloodHound, PowerView, adPEAS, CrackMapExec, Advanced IP Scanner, and PsExec for credential theft, discovery, network mapping, and privilege escalation. The malicious RDP connections to the system are tunneled through ngrok.
Also deployed are PHP web shells with capabilities to execute arbitrary commands, move files, or send emails. These programs, such as the WSO web shell, are readily available on GitHub.
In one incident investigated by Kaspersky, the threat actors are said to have exploited known security vulnerabilities (e.g., CVE-2021-21972 and CVE-2021-22005) in VMware vCenter to deliver a web shell that then was used to drop a backdoor dubbed FaceFish.
“To gain a foothold in the domain infrastructure, the adversary used PowerShell to add domain users and groups, and to modify ACLs (Access Control Lists) for Active Directory objects,” it said. “To avoid detection, the attackers disguised their malware and tasks under the names of existing products or services.”
Some of the names used include “Update Microsoft,” “Yandex,” “YandexUpdate,” and “intel.exe.”
The attacks are also characterized by the use of a PowerShell script (“Sophos_kill_local.ps1”) to terminate processes related to Sophos security software on the compromised host.
The concluding stages entail using the Windows Task Scheduler to launch ransomware and wiper payloads, but not before gathering and exfiltrating sensitive information about their victims via a file-sharing service called DropMeFiles in the form of ZIP archives.
“The attackers used a version of the popular LockBit 3.0 ransomware, compiled from publicly available source code, to encrypt the data,” Kaspersky researchers said. “Before starting work, the ransomware terminates processes that may interfere with the encryption of individual files.”
The wiper, identical to the Shamoon malware, rewrites the master boot record (MBR) on connected drives and overwrites all file contents with randomly generated bytes, effectively preventing system recovery.
“The group sticks to a publicly available and familiar arsenal of malware tools, which suggests it makes none of its own,” Kaspersky noted. “This makes it possible to detect and prevent Twelve’s attacks in due time.”
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Components designed by computer and produced by a 3-D printer are becoming more commonplace. Leading the field is the aviation industry because it’s easy to make lightweight parts that are very durable.
Imagine an airplane with a huge window where passengers look out at the sky around them through a transparent membrane. The struts holding the plane’s fuselage together are geared more than ever before to the actual forces and load that affect the plane’s rigidity and stability. They look tangled and more like a network of roots and not at all like components designed by simulation software.
Bastian Schäfer has presented this visionary aircraft at the International Laser Technology Convention in Aachen. The German engineer is researching designs for the aircraft of the future at Airbus in Hamburg. “The lighter we design planes, the more fuel we will save,” said Schäfer. “That’s why bionic lightweight construction and 3-D printing are the key technologies which will dramatically affect the aviation industry.”
Up to 70 percent less weight
And that is why the Laser Convention in Aachen had such a strong focus on the aviation industry. Components designed on a computer and printed by a laser printer are gaining in popularity. Such manufacturing techniques create lightweight, resilient constructions that withstand extreme forces.
The Airbus idea has a lot to do with science and not much with fiction. Today, more and more aircraft components are already produced by 3-D laser printers. The weight reduction achieved by using so-called bionic designs is illustrated by a new cabin mount made of titanium. At only 0.6 kilograms (1.3 lbs.) it is only half the weight of the conventional component.
“Our mount was supposed to bear a weight of 2.4 tons. We inserted it in a testing machine and after a while it wasn’t the mount that broke but the testing machine,” said Schäfer. In the end, the component withstood a load of more than six tons. It wasn’t only lighter it was also much sturdier. The lesson was that weight could be reduced even more. The weight of single components can be reduced by up to 70 percent, according to the Airbus developer.
Melting in a powder bed
The Airbus mount was produced in a selective laser sintering process in which a laser melts the component layer by layer in a powder bed. This method allows the production of highly sophisticated and detailed components. The disadvantage is that even the production of small parts takes a long time because the layers are so thin.
Not as fine and latticed, but much faster, is a welding process known as laser cladding, or deposition welding .A robotic arm passes a laser beam over a surface, while miniscule nozzles blow metal dust into its focus. The particles melt on contact with the laser beam, bonding to the surface, and a new structure is formed. This process is often used today to repair high quality components that are subject to wear and tear.
Serial production is already the reality
Laser printed metals are as durable as conventionally forged metals – even after repair. Every imaginable metal alloy – whether titanium, nickel, cobalt, copper or aluminum alloy – can be processed this way. Engineers are even able to print components made of ceramic materials.
Laser developers are convinced that 3-D printing is the future for the serial production of aircraft parts.
“General Electric (GE) is set to generate 100,000 jet fuel injector nozzles in the near future,” says Wilhelm Meiners from the Frauenhofer Institute for Laser Technology. “That is a mass production to be reckoned in the realm of jet engine construction.”
And GE is not alone. Other major turbine manufacturers, like MTU and Rolls Royce, are also focusing on components made by 3-D laser printers. | 1cb4461e-8c6a-4664-aabb-fb55ca6b3b90 | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 0 | true | false |
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Publications (7)33.51 Total impact
• Philip S Burton · Jay T Goodwin ·
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ABSTRACT: Solubility and cellular permeability are two of the most important biopharmaceutical properties impacting the successful development of drug substances. Given the importance of these properties, most pharmaceutical companies have invested in medium to high throughput technologies for early evaluation of these characteristics in the drug discovery funnel in order to select, prioritize or eliminate compounds with unfavorable solubility and/or permeability. However, these technologies require physical samples of the substances to be tested. In order to facilitate the early stages of drug discovery, such as defining compound collection composition, designing combinatorial libraries, and in hit expansion or lead optimization, models for predicting aqueous solubility and permeability in the absence of physical sample are increasingly being employed. In this overview, we will discuss solubility and permeability experimental and computational methods separately and then interrelate them in physiologically relevant models for predicting in vivo performance.
Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening 02/2010; 13(2):101-11. DOI:10.2174/138620710790596763 · 1.22 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Design of successful drug development candidates requires balancing a number of different characteristics simultaneously including intrinsic activity, biopharmaceutical properties, synthesis, stability, and many others. Independently, each of these can be considered a barrier to drug performance or development success (Kerns and Di, 2003). Among the most important of these processes determining in vivo performance are absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, collectively referred to as ADME. The structure and physicochemical characteristics of the drug are important determinants of these processes, as are the characteristics of the physiological mechanisms. Further complicating the issue is the interrelationship of many of these processes, frequently in antagonistic ways. Increasing solute lipophilicity, for example, can decrease aqueous solubility, which frequently compromises oral absorption. Also, it can increase metabolic clearance, thus making difficult sustaining the pharmacologically relevant systemic exposure. In contrast, permeability, in many cases, increases with increasing lipophilicity, favoring absorption (Conradi et al., 1996; Hansch et al., 2004). The actual result will be determined by the relative contributions of these two competing phenomena.
12/2007: pages 195-219;
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ABSTRACT: The relationship of rotatable bond count (N(rot)) and polar surface area (PSA) with oral bioavailability in rats was examined for 434 Pharmacia compounds and compared with an earlier report from Veber et al. (J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 2615). N(rot) and PSA were calculated with QikProp or Cerius2. The resulting correlations depended on the calculation method and the therapeutic class within the data superset. These results underscore that such generalizations must be used with caution.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 11/2004; 47(24):6104-7. DOI:10.1021/jm0306529 · 5.45 Impact Factor
Philip S Burton · Jay T Goodwin · Thomas J Vidmar · Benny M Amore ·
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ABSTRACT: Significant recent work has focused on predicting drug absorption from structure. Several misperceptions regarding the nature of absorption seem to be common. Among these is that intestinal absorption, permeability, fraction absorbed, and, in some cases, even bioavailability, are equivalent properties and can be used interchangeably. A second common misperception is that absorption, permeability, etc. are discrete, fundamental properties of the molecule and can be predicted solely from some structural representation of the drug. In reality, drug absorption is a complex process dependent upon drug properties such as solubility and permeability, formulation factors, and physiological variables, including regional permeability differences, pH, lumenal and mucosal enzymology, and intestinal motility, among others. This article will explore the influence of these different variables on drug absorption and the implications with regards to attempting to develop predictive drug absorption algorithms.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 01/2003; 303(3):889-95. DOI:10.1124/jpet.102.035006 · 3.97 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The relationship of solute structure with cellular permeability was probed. Two series of dipeptide mimetics consisting of glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, and cyclohexylalanine with amino acids in the D-configuration were prepared. Partition coefficients for the peptidemimetics were obtained in the octanol/water (log P(octanol/water)), hydrocarbon/octanol (Delta log P), and heptane/ethylene glycol (log P(heptane/glycol)) systems in order to explore the contributions of solute volume, or surface area, and hydrogen-bond potential to the permeability of the solutes. Permeability coefficients were obtained in Caco-2 cell monolayers as a model of the human intestinal mucosa. The results were interpreted in terms of a partition/diffusion model for solute transport where membrane partitioning into the permeability-limiting membrane microdomain is estimated from the solvent partition coefficients. Neither log P(octanol/water) nor Delta log P alone correlated with cellular permeability for all the solutes. In contrast, log P(heptane/glycol) gave a qualitatively better correlation. With regard to solute properties, log P(octanol/water) is predominantly a measure of solute volume, or surface area, and hydrogen-bond acceptor potential, while Delta log P is principally a measure of hydrogen-bond donor strength. Log P(heptane/glycol) contains contributions from all these solute properties. The results demonstrate that both hydrogen-bond potential and volume of the solutes contribute to permeability and suggests that the nature of the permeability-limiting microenvironment within the cell depends on the properties of a specific solute. Collectively, these findings support the conclusion that a general model of permeability will require consideration of a number of different solute structural properties.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 11/2001; 44(22):3721-9. DOI:10.1021/jm0200963 · 5.45 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Efficient transport of intact drug (solute) across the intestinal epithelium is typically a requirement for good oral activity. In general, the membrane permeability of a solute is a complex function of its size, lipophilicity, hydrogen bond potential, charge, and conformation. In conjunction with theoretical/computational and in vitro drug transport studies, seven dipeptide (R1–D-Xaa–D-Phe–NHMe) homologues were each dissolved in a micellar d38-dodecylphosphocholine solvent system. In this homologous dipeptide series, factors such as size, lipophilicity, hydrogen-bond potential, and charge were either tightly controlled or well-characterized by other methods in order to investigate by nmr how conformational factors relate to transport. Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy experiments and amide-NH–H2O chemical exchange rates showed that the five more lipophilic dipeptides were predominately associated with micelle, whereas the two less lipophilic analogues were not. Rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy derived interproton distance restraints for each analogue, along with 3JHH-derived dihedral restraints, were used in molecular dynamics/simulated annealing computations. Our results suggest that—other factors being equal—flexible dipeptides having a propensity to fold together nonpolar N- and C-terminal moieties allow greater segregation of polar and nonpolar domains and may possess enhanced transport characteristics. Dipeptides that were less flexible or that retained a less amphiphilic conformation did not have comparably enhanced transport characteristics. We suggest that these conformational/transport correlations may hold true for small, highly functionalized solutes (drugs) in general. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 53: 396–410, 2000
Biopolymers 04/2000; 53(5):396 - 410. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(20000415)53:5<396::AID-BIP4>3.0.CO;2-5 · 2.39 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Cellular efflux pathways function to remove both endogenous and exogenous substances from the cell. In the case of a polarized cellular barrier, such as the epithelium, these pathways serve an excretory or secretory role in transporting solutes out of tissue. Although well recognized in organs typically associated with drug excretion such as liver and kidney, similar transport pathways have been found in other tissues including the intestinal mucosa and the endothelial cells comprising the blood-brain barrier. Current evidence suggests that these systems may act as barriers to drug absorption into the tissues in which they are found. More recent studies have shown that hydrophobic peptides such as cyclosporin A are substrates for polarized efflux. In this review we examine the evidence for these mechanisms as absorption barriers and the use of in vitro transport models for characterizing this phenomenon. The presence of such pathways may help explain the poor membrane permeability of peptides which, along with metabolism, contributes to their poor in vivo performance.
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 01/1997; 23(1-3-23):143-156. DOI:10.1016/S0169-409X(96)00432-2 · 15.04 Impact Factor | 44d493d3-79f8-4e1f-b5c9-9d7408ebf64a | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 0 | true | false |
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Bizzare & Odd
Binturong: A Strange creature that looks like a cat, otter, and bear
The animal has the appearance of a cat and a bear at the same time. They found it in the urban area of Malaysia and the video that shows it goes through social networks.
The creature roamed the streets of an urban area of Malaysia until it was found by a group of workers. The scare not only took them but also all users who were spectators of the images of the mysterious animal.
The video was published on Facebook and replicated on the other social networks and portals of different countries. A mixture of cat, anteater and otter.
People who ran into the creature felt the need to know more about her. So they decided to capture her using bananas as bait. Attracted by food, the being walked towards them. According to the residents of the town of Sungai Chon, it has a cat body and bear fur. In the networks, they have attributed similar aspects to other animals, such as the mustache characteristic of an otter.
An elusive species in danger of extinction
The mysterious being strolled around the place, slipping into the houses of neighbors and other places. They were the ones who called the Civil Defense Forces to take the unknown animal to the Department of Wildlife. There, they managed to identify the species in question: a shawl. The creature is also called Binturong or black dark cat.
The animal, which is rarely seen in urban areas, is in danger of extinction and is an omnivore unique in its genus. This creature feeds on fruits and insects and can reach 95 centimeters long.
The images of the video that went viral surprised thousands of users. Comments, shares, likes and horror faces seized the post on Facebook.
Source: FacebookLarge and small holes
Sonar data showing sludge bed layers, indicate that these points have been inactive for the last 50,000 years.
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Bizzare & Odd
Scientists discover that the Y chromosome is disappearing from the blood of men
A study has found that Y chromosomes of men are disappearing as they get older and could put them at greater risk of cancer.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. The Y chromosome is considered the male chromosome and women don’t have it: they have the XX chromosomes while men have XY.
But researchers have discovered that many men also lack Y chromosomes in some of their white blood cells.
The investigation
To reach this conclusion, scientists led by the University of Cambridge conducted a study on samples of 205,011 men, obtained from the Biobank gene bank in the United Kingdom, which contains the DNA of 500,000 volunteers.
They identified 156 autosomal genetic variants related to the loss of the Y chromosome, which were preferably close to genes involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, susceptibility to cancer or somatic drivers of tumor growth.
They found that more than four in 10 men (43.6%) had lost a notable proportion of their Y chromosomes at the age of 70.
The researchers found that one in five men in a sample of more than 200,000 had begun to lose Y chromosomes of DNA in some of their blood cells.
20% of men of all ages had lost some of the Y chromosomes in their blood and this proportion had doubled when men were 70 years old.
Subsequent analysis showed that people with high genetic predisposition to lose the Y chromosome were at greater risk of suffering from some type of cancer. The autosomal genetic variants found also influenced other aspects such as reproductive aging or type 2 diabetes.
Possible causes
The study authors believe that the loss of Y occurs through predisposition to processes that promote errors in cell division, or processes that help create an environment where aneuploid cells (cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes) are more likely to proliferate.
The team that made the discovery said that this strange change may be a sign that men’s DNA was unstable and that the body was allowing random genetic mutations to accumulate.
The research has been published in the magazine Nature.
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Bizzare & Odd
The Dani cannibal tribe and their smoky dead ancestors
In the Baliem Valley, West Papua Province in Indonesia, lives a weirdly primitive tribe called the Dani People.
A few decades ago, Dani actively practiced ritual cannibalism. It is now reported that this tradition has been discontinued.
In their recent macabre history, there is no less a frightening tradition of smoked dried carcasses of their dead relatives over a fire. And also cutting off the phalanges of women’s fingers.
The phalanges were cut with a stone axe. This procedure is performed for those women who have lost a male relative: husband, son, brother or nephew, to emphasise the pain of loss and to appease the dead’s spirit.
The surgery was primitive and rough, but the wounds on the hands of the women healed well and fairly quickly.
Photo: Mediadrum images / Gianluca Chiodini
Recently, Italian photographer Gianluca Chiodini visited the village of Dani People and made unique color photographs.
Gianluca Chiodini
Chiodini wandered in the jungle for days trying to find the tribe and finally he was lucky.
The photographer shares:
“The natives greeted me warmly and did not even try to eat me.”
Gianluca was shocked to see the 250-year-old corpses of the dead, Dani’s “eternal” ancestors, completely black from smoking for a long time.
Photo: Mediadrum images / Gianluca Chiodini
The guide told the Italian that seven smoked mummies are stored in the village, but only two of them are allowed to be shown to strangers. The rest are taboos, and if the photographer tries to find them himself and photographs them, the natives could kill him.
Photo: Mediadrum images / Gianluca Chiodini
To prevent mummies from decomposing, they are removed daily and carefully smeared with ointment of herbs and lard. Then they are hung over the fire so that the smoke can penetrate well into the body. All this has been happening daily for 250 years.
Photo: Mediadrum images / Gianluca Chiodini
Dani people stopped eating their relatives only after 1990, at least officially. Now the meat they eat is mostly pork.
Photo: Mediadrum images / Gianluca Chiodini
The natives hunt wild pigs with bows and arrows. After being captured and killed, the pigs are wrapped in palm leaves and allowed to be smoked by fire, like the mummies of their ancestors.
When the meat is hot, it is considered ready. Men are the first to eat, and women and children eat what is left behind.
Photo: Mediadrum images / Gianluca Chiodini
Many women in the tribe have their fingers cut off, meaning they have lost many male relatives.
Photo: Mediadrum images / Gianluca Chiodini
Whether these deaths were in battle with neighboring tribes or through illness, history is silent …
Photo: Mediadrumimages / Gianluca Chiodini
Now, finger-cutting is also considered a forbidden procedure and in young women the fingers are already intact but you can still see the amputated hands of the older women.
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A Brief Insight into Wild Cactus
Wild cactus is plant specie that normally grows in arid deserts and lives without water for long periods. As compared to the other continents, numerous species of cactus are observed in America. Most species of this cactus are filled with thorns. Since it is very simple to look after a cactus plant, most people like to keep them at home. Although most consider them to be a burden on the region in which they thrive, it is not true on most occasions. They are an essential part of the desert and also provide umpteen uses to the wildlife thriving in the desert regions. These species of wild cactus provides protection to the animals from the sun and also provides smaller quantities of water essential for the survival of the desert creatures. Most of these cactus plants are known to live for three centuries.
Size and Shape of Wild Cactus:
There are numerous varieties of cactus that vary in shape and size. While some cacti grow to a height of 20 meters, other varieties of cacti are known to grow not beyond 1 centimeter at full growth. Most varieties of wild cactus yield flowers, which normally bloom during the night. Unlike the typical flowering plants, the flowers of these cacti are not pollinated by bees, but by moths and bats. In addition, there are some few wild cacti species which also yield fruits. The most prominent amongst them is the “Pitaya” or “dragonfruit”. The main characteristic of this fruit is its large size and numerous tiny seeds, which dots the flesh of this fruit. Mostly, the fruits of cactus have a pleasant taste, are largely fleshy in nature and have bright colors. These fruits are mostly consumed by birds, goats, mice, ants and bats. These seeds enter the digestive system of these animals and then spread throughout the other regions of the desert through their droppings. Wild Cactus normally has grown through this process over millions of years.
Interesting Facts about Wild Cactus:
Although most varieties of wild cacti are found in the New World, some species are also found in the island of Sri Lanka and the African Continent. Normally, these plants found their way in these regions with the help of the migratory birds, which normally carry their seeds. Although such cactus is normally found in the desert and arid regions, there are some species that normally grows in the rainforests also. For instance, the Christmas cactus, a form of wild cactus, it grows in abundance in the Brazilian rainforests. It is also a common belief that these kinds of cactus are full of thorns and seldom have any leaves. However, the “pereskia grandifolia” is a plant that has leaves and is considered to be the earliest form of cacti. | 01f1d64f-14b4-42ee-b1a9-146c13126f96 | null | 0 | true | false |
basic information
Great Reed Warbler
Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Дроздовидная камышевка | Шырылдауық айқабақ
2013-06-21
© Viktor Kolesnikov
The Great Reed Warbler is much larger than other Reed Warblers (except the allied Clamorous Reed Warbler), larger than Sparrow. The upperparts are brownish-olive, underparts are whitish buffy tinged especially on the flanks. There is dark eye-strip; the supercilium is light and clear. Both sexes are similar. The autumn plumage differs insignificantly; the upperparts are rustier, underparts are more buffy. Juveniles are similar on adults; more rufous; the fresh non- stale primaries (as and the tail feathers) have broad rusty edges (adults have old edges). The wing form: 1st primary is tip, shorter than coverts; 2nd primary is about equal on 3rd (may be some shorter or longer) and longer than 4th; the top of wing is formed by 2-4th primaries. The outer web of 3rd primary is slightly narrowed. The tail is rounded, the outer tail feathers are shorter than central one on 8-11 mm. Weight 25-38 grams, lenght 19-21, wing 8,6-10,2, wingspan 25-30 cm.
The Great Reed Warbler nests on most parts of Kazakhstan territory. It is very distinctive the non- equable, sporadically distributions; alternation of the local breeding places with the large intervals. The detailed distribution in Kazakhstan please see in the chapter "Subspecies".
The Great Reed Warbler is common, in places abundant breeding migrant. It inhabits the tall reed-beds on the fresh and saltwater lakes, rivers, pounds. On migration it prefers the reed beds too, but also visits the shrub-thickets, gardens and rare the single trees in open country. It appears in mid-April – early May. It breeds in separate pairs on 15-50 m from each other. Nest is built by female only among the last-year reed stems at 15-50 cm from the water; from the dry reed leaves mixed with grass; and is lined with the vegetation fluff and reed panicles. Sometimes the nest's bottom is very thick. Clutches of 3-6 (usually 5) eggs is in second half of May – early July. Both parents feed juveniles, which fledge at 12-14 days old, in end June – late August. Some explorers explain the very long nesting by the two seasonal broods, but it is not proved. Repeated breeding after the losing of the first nest (mostly through the Cuckoo's actions) is common. It eats mostly the insects living on the near-water plants. Also it catches invertebrates living in the most upper water level, even tadpoles, little frogs and little fishes. Autumn migration begins in the end of July, majority of the birds migrate in August, latest migrants recorded in the end of September.
Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Description. The general color is darker; the upper parts are more reddish-brown, less olive than on zarudnyi. The buffy tinge on flanks and upper tail coverts is well expressed.
Distribution. The occurrence in Western Kazakhstan on migration is possible.
Acrocephalus arundinaceus zarudnyi (Hartert, 1907)
Description. The general color is lighter; the upper parts are more olive, less reddish-brown than on arundinaceus. The buffy tinge on flanks and upper tail coverts is slightly expressed.
Distribution. Breeds in the most parts of plain Kazakhstan, in south to northern coast of Caspian Sea, lower of Syrdarya (from delta up to Chiili), Chushkakol lake (120 km on west from Chimkent), Stone lake (50 km to south from Biylikol lake) and on Sorbulak reservoir near Almaty. Occurs to south on migration.
Gavrilov E. I., Gavrilov A. E. "The Birds of Kazakhstan". Almaty, 2005. Э.И.Гаврилов. "Фауна и распространение птиц Казахстана". Алматы, 1999. В.К.Рябицев. "Птицы Урала, Приуралья и Западной Сибири". Екатеринбург, Изд-во Уральского университета, 2000.
Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
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Acrocephalus arundinaceus zarudnyi
(Hartert, 1907)
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unidentified birds
2018-04-21
Айнура: Здравствуйте, вроде Седоголовый щегол
2018-04-20
Аскар Исабеков: Перевожу - анонимный комментатор высказывает мнение, что это северная бормотушка.
2018-04-17
Аскар Исабеков: Мне кажется общий зеленоватый фон может ввести в заблуждение. Мне кажется, что бровь более желтого цвета, чем окружающие части головы. Плюс
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supply agreement
British genomics interpretation software vendor Congenica inked a deal with a Portuguese hospital to analyze whole-exome sequencing data for the In2Genome project.
The companies will combine OpGen's Acuitas Rapid Test for Pathogen ID and Thermo Fisher's new mid-throughput real-time PCR system.
WeGene will use DNA Genotek's saliva DNA collection kits for its genetic testing and personalized healthcare services.
The institute has selected the firm's RNA-seq library preparation kits for use in gene expression profiling in single-cell analysis of brain cells.
Clinical lab supply firm Streck will exclusively supply Biodesix with DNA and RNA tubes, including its lines of blood collection tubes.
The companies will use their respective technologies to develop multiplex molecular diagnostic panels for laboratory testing.
Under the terms of the agreement, Natera will develop in vitro diagnostic products for oncology and pay Illumina milestone payments and royalties.
Seattle-based chemical manufacturer Arzeda will buy megabase quantities of synthetic DNA from Gen9 for use in developing new advanced molecules.
The supply agreement was originally established between BG and the now defunct Health Diagnostics Laboratory, which was formerly BG's biggest customer.
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User-Centered Design For Medical Devices: If It Isn’t Documented It Doesn’t Exist
The FDA and international standards bodies have long recognized that use error committed during interactions with medical devices negatively influences patient safety. In many cases, these errors are the result of poor design. The regulatory pressures are increasing to demonstrate that products are safe and easy to learn and use. Given the recent addition of the human factors discipline to the Office of Device Evaluation (ODE), the medical device industry is in a state of flux.
Dean Hooper
September 7, 2012
10 Min Read
The FDA and international standards bodies have long recognized that use error committed during interactions with medical devices negatively influences patient safety. In many cases, these errors are the result of poor design. The regulatory pressures are increasing to demonstrate that products are safe and easy to learn and use. Given the recent addition of the human factors discipline to the Office of Device Evaluation (ODE), the medical device industry is in a state of flux. For some devices, a development program may just be nearing transfer to manufacturing only to be halted by new, user centered design requirements for regulatory submission, i.e., a usability validation study. This article will provide solutions for meeting newer FDA requirements for validation studies without mandating that a client start anew or lose too much development time.
The lockheed p 38 Lightning aircraft from WWII demonstrates user-centered design. Photo used with permission from www.world-war-2-planes.com
If user centered design activities have not been conducted during the development process, there is risk that the design is not conducive to consistently safe use. However a sound validation study is still possible if it includes the relevant users and testing scenarios to ensure the method follows FDA guidelines. Using the tools discussed here, some risk to the project can be reduced. The goal is to determine the prerequisites (e.g., user profiles, safety related functions and intended use environment) for a successful submission of a validation study.
This article will also cover good practices for meeting these requirements from the start of a program. That is, incorporating the user early and often in the design decision process. The objective is to ensure a user-centered design so that by the time you reach the validation study, all issues and concerns have been addressed. The design is sound so the risk associated with a validation study is minimized.
User Design Comes Full Circle
A high tech culture has a tendency to quickly implement technologies for the good of society and the bottom line. First to market is key; and first is defined as the latest gadget, not the latest, usable gadget. In this environment, knowing the customers (i.e., users) and how they might interact with a product takes a back seat to technology- and resource-centered factors. User-centered design is a remedy for this condition. Considering the users’ needs and abilities throughout the development cycle is the only way to ensure a product is easy to use and as safe as possible.
The popularity of user-centered design, whether it is due to safety or bottom-line concerns, has ebbed and flowed since its early days in the cockpit design of WWII aircraft. It typically lags just behind technology booms. In a way, the human factors discipline and user-centered product design have come full circle. They began as a necessary process in the design and development of safe machines as they became more and more sophisticated. Then usability research became relegated to offering a competitive edge to manufacturers of consumer products. Now, human factors are again on the front lines in ensuring use error is minimized and safety is maximized in the design of today’s high tech medical devices.
Human Factors and Regulation
Both large and small device manufacturers are being asked by ODE to provide evidence of use error analysis and user-centered design during premarket submissions. However, their respective development processes might not include sufficient human factors input. In many cases a development program may just be nearing transfer to manufacturing or introducing a new product in the U.S. market only to be halted by newly enforced, user-centered design requirements for regulatory submission.
Many device manufacturers share similar regulatory experiences. They have received a review of a premarket submission that states they need to conduct a usability validation study. Others are at the point of submission and need to fulfill the user-testing requirement but have not previously tested the product with actual users.
The only way to be completely sure a product meets the usability requirements for a successful submission is to employ a user-centered design process throughout the development cycle. However, there are strategies for reducing the risk of deficiencies by meeting many FDA guidelines and ISO requirements for usability validation studies without mandating that a client start anew or lose too much development time.
The first steps toward conducting a validation study can be found in the introduction to FDA’s Guidance document on human factors validation activities, which states that these activities must “demonstrate and provide evidence that a medical device, as designed, can be used safely and effectively by people who are representative of the intended users, under expected use conditions, for essential and critical tasks.”1
Figure 1. This diagram illustrates the prerequisite nature of various exploratory activities for conducting a usability validation study and its inclusion in the device history file (DHF) and subsequent submission. Other activity reports such as the UseFMEA should also be placed in the DHF and be part of the submission materials.
The implications of this statement drive the necessary, preliminary activities for conducting a meaningful, thus successful, usability validation study. It implies the manufacturer must understand the intended user population, know the conditions under which the device will be used, and possess detailed knowledge of the essential and critical tasks required for the intended use of the device. Figure 1 illustrates the interdependence of each of these activities along with references to the specific sections within the guidelines and associated ISO standards.
The activities referenced in FDA’s guidelines are exploratory in nature. That is, they should be conducted early in the development cycle to drive design so that the outcome is a user-centered product. In many cases, however, once an organization realizes they are required to perform a validation study and the extent to which they need to justify the current design, they perceive themselves as unprepared. It could be that the employees don’t possess the required information or that the company has not conducted the prerequisite studies. However, in many instances, organizations do have a pretty good understanding of the users and intended work environment through early marketing activities, knowledge of predicate device usage, and contact with domain experts and key opinion leaders; they just haven’t formalized such through documentation. If they have such knowledge, the process becomes a matter of investigating and uncovering activities that can be used to show an understanding of the user, the use environment, and the tasks. An important maxim when planning to submit a usability validation study is, “If it isn’t documented, it doesn’t exist.” In essence, the organization may have conducted some human factors exploratory work, they just need to recognize it and get credit for it, so to speak.
The boxes in Figure 1 represent needed documentation for a validation study to proceed. FDA guidelines provide a road map for describing the aspects of the user population that are critical to safe use and must be considered in product design. The sample of test users to participate in the validation study must be drawn from this population. Likewise the testing environment should mimic those aspects of the real world associated with product use. If the device will be used in the home, for example, then the testing environment should mimic that setting. The researchers must understand and copy idiosyncrasies in the validation test setting, such as low light levels that are common to homes. In addition, the organization needs to understand and document the intended use of the device from a task perspective. This step is accomplished by performing a task analysis. A task analysis helps gain an understanding of the necessary tasks and the skills needed to complete each. It allows the design team to understand the types of errors that may occur during actual use. The task analysis becomes the framework for designing the validation testing protocol. It includes all essential and critical task steps that may be required of the end user during normal and remedial operation. In addition, the task analysis is the framework used for building a use failure mode and effects analysis (UseFMEA). This activity identifies and assesses the risk of potential use errors. The potential errors that carry significant risk need to be documented and included in the usability validation study.
Finding out late in the development process that a usability validation study is required for a premarket submission may be daunting. However, with a little research and careful adherence to guidelines and standards, the need for costly or lengthy activities may be reduced.
Figure 2. Typical user-centered development cycles involve the end user early and often.
Integrate Human Factors Activities into Development
Conducting the first usability test at the end of the project for validation purposes and after design freeze carries considerable risk. It may be that, even after the best efforts of the design team, the validation study reveals that the product design lends itself to use error that, if it occurred in the real world, could result in risk to the patient or clinician. In this case, the only option may be to revisit the device design and make needed changes through design control processes. Such efforts can be quite costly to the overall project. In addition, usability testing would need to be conducted again to ensure all mitigations were effective and no residual risk was generated. In essence, an additional validation study would be required.
A much less risky (and cost effective) endeavor is to incorporate human factors activities into the development process. This user-centered design process allows the team to determine risk due to use error very early in the project and design it out before the changes become expensive. That is, human factors input can help define design requirements, not just validate them at the end. Figure 2 depicts a typical user-centered development process.
Note that, per Figure 2, the end user is taken into account and, indeed, allowed to participate on a consistent basis throughout the entire process. By the time a usability validation study is conducted, the organization knows most foreseeable risk associated with use error has been accounted for and eliminated via design controls. The usability validation study has the potential of being simply a technicality at that point—in contrast to the unknowns that may be present if the validation study is the first contact with real users, in an actual use environment with simulated clinical tasks.
Finding out through the regulatory premarket review process that a usability validation study is required may not be as daunting as first perceived. An understanding of study prerequisites and how to find them is key to designing a sound usability validation study protocol and, ultimately, meeting the needs of the FDA reviewers. However, this process still holds a certain amount of unknowns. To ensure these unknowns are minimized, thus reduce risk to the project, a user-centered development process should be incorporated.
1. Medical Device Use-Safety: Incorporating Human Factors Engineering into Risk Management, July 18, 2000, FDA; Available from Internet: http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm094460.htm
Dean Hooper is human factors engineer at Ximedica. He has provided human factors input to software and hardware development projects for more than 17 years. Before joining Ximedica, Hooper designed the user interfaces for a system that treats cardiac arrhythmias via remotely controlled sensing, mapping, and ablation catheters. Hooper has been awarded design patents and produced several publications. He presents at conferences, including AdvaMed seminars on initiating a human factors programs and robotic system development case studies. He also has received an innovation award for his work in system design of implantable pacemakers. Hooper holds an MS in cognitive science from New Mexico State University.
More on User-Centered Design
Achieving Success at User Interface Validation
Lessons manufacturers can apply to increase the chance of a successful validation usability test.
User-Centered Design and the Medical Device Start-Up
Start-ups may have an advantage within the medical device industry because of their innovative ideas. The trick is to use those ideas effectively through user-driven design.
Creative Collaboration: User-Centered Design in Practice
A case study of the development of a blood parameter monitor illustrates the benefits of teamwork and human factors engineering during the design process.
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If you were wondering where winter has been since it began back on December 20, don't look now, but it's over your shoulder.
We didn't get a white Christmas, but New Year's Day promises to be plenty white after a New Year's Eve storm drops some snow on us.
The National Weather Service promises high winds, snow and cold for the next 36 hours as we prepare to drop the ball on 2019.
The good news? New Year's Day will dawn bright and sunny, although the cold will stick around for a bit.
Depending on which forecast you want to lean on, about 4-7 inches of snow will fall beginning Monday evening. The Winter Weather Advisory will be in effect until 7pm on Tuesday evening.
Travel will be challenging at times, especially with the heavy winds accompanying the snow.
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Dogs understand both language and intonation, making their brains similar to humans’
The World Today By Anne Barker
cientists have come up with proof that shows dogs not only understand human language, but also know the difference between genuine praise and meaningless words.
Key points:
• Study confirms dogs use different parts of the brain to understand language
• They only registered praise when both the words and intonation were positive
• Experiment suggests humans developed language earlier than previously thought
The research was conducted at the Eotvos Lorand University in Budapest, where they scanned the brains of 13 dogs trained to lie in MRI scanners and monitored what happened as they listened to their owners speak to them.
Dr Attila Andics, who led the study, said it confirmed that just like humans, dogs used different parts of the brain to understand language.
“We’ve found that in dog brains, very similarly to what was found in the human brain, the left hemisphere is more involved in processing meaningful words,” he said.
“We’ve found the right hemisphere auditory brain region will respond differently to praising intonation and neutral intonation, independently of word meaning.”
That means the dogs only registered they were being praised when both the words and intonation were positive.
Experiment offers a clue to when humans started using words
Dr Andics was most excited by what the experiment revealed about how and when humans developed language.
He said the findings suggested the mental ability to process language evolved in humans earlier than previously thought. There’s no special neuron mechanism, it seems from this study, in humans that made us able to start using words. It’s something else, it has to be something else,” Dr Andics said.
“Because the neural mechanism is there in dogs as well”. It seems that the ‘big boom’, if anything, is the actual invention of humans to start using words.
“The very idea that we can use words, and not only intonation, to communicate our feelings.”
The research was published in this month’s Science journal
Calls to improve regulations for assistance animals
Source: Australian Human Rights Commission
The Australian Human Rights Commission has responded to an increased number of complaints regarding assistance animals, by holding a forum with various stakeholders to discuss issues around certification, accreditation and regulation of assistance animals.
Assistance animals, particularly assistance dogs, guide dogs and hearing dogs provide invaluable support to some people with disability to enable them to participate in various activities of public and private life.
But there have been a number of cases brought to the Commission, where people with disability have complained that services providers have denied them access because they won’t accept their assistance dogs. This has been particularly problematic when it comes to air travel. Members of the Australian Government’s Aviation Access Forum and other groups agreed to hold a specific meeting to further discuss this issue in coming months.
Age and Disability Discrimination Commissioner, Susan Ryan, opened the meeting. “It is clear that there’s an appetite for clarification of some of these issues, particularly regarding training, certification and accreditation of assistance animals, and we have agreed to
continue to work together to progress the issues,” said Commissioner Ryan. | cc389300-9b2a-4d3c-88aa-909f9c9176fc | null | 0 | true | false |
The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is already underway, and its pace is expected to increase in the coming years. The number of EVs on the road worldwide is projected to grow from one million this year to 24.4 million by 2030.
Such growth in the EV fleet will require a significant expansion of battery production, specifically of Lithium-ion batteries. Although several types of Lithium-ion batteries can be used in EVs, they all contain lithium, cobalt, and nickel, metals which can carry significant supply and price risks.
The nickel market will be affected by the EV boom, but far less so than lithium and cobalt, since the existing market is larger and EVs will claim a much smaller portion of the future market.
Lithium and cobalt supplies are more likely to pose problems for future EV demand. One reason is that, despite a greater margin for meeting demand, the price of lithium has more than doubled, rising from $6,000 to $15,000 per metric ton in the last two years. Similarly, cobalt has nearly quadrupled in price between 2016 and 2018, increasing from $22,000 to almost $80,000 per metric ton.
The risks of inadequate lithium and cobalt supplies also go beyond high prices. Reserves of both are geographically concentrated in countries that could pose problems for supply chains. This problem is less serious for lithium, since Chile and Argentina hold around two-thirds of world reserves. Lithium resources that nearly match Chile and Argentina’s reserves can also be found in Bolivia, although President Evo Morales has severely stunted lithium production by preventing the entry of technologically-advanced foreign companies.
Inadequate supplies of cobalt pose a much more serious risk because about half of the world’s current production and reserves are found in the conflict-prone Democratic Republic of Congo. Recently, the Congolese parliament even passed a bill that could raise royalties on cobalt from 2 percent to 10 percent and the state-owned mining company announced it would renegotiate all foreign contracts in the next year and consider nationalization.
Yet, measures can be taken to mitigate these risks. Advances have already been made to reduce the share of cobalt needed in Lithium-ion batteries, and with 95 percent of Lithium-ion batteries currently being dumped in landfills, recycling recovery could ease the risks of extraction and development. Finally, general advances in battery technology have and will continue to make Lithium-ion batteries longer-lasting, faster-charging, and safer to use.
Looking beyond EVs, the supply risks of metals related to energy generation and storage also apply to many other areas of advanced energy. Wind, solar, and smart grid technologies all require specialized metals, including bauxite, manganese, and neodymium. As the energy transformation continues, we must be cognizant that these supply risks may become a fact of life, just like current concerns about oil.
Reed Blakemore is an associate director and Jens Jessen is an intern at the Atlantic Council Global Energy Center. You can follow Reed on Twitter @reed_blakemore
Related Experts: Reed Blakemore | aa5c66ea-bda2-496e-b1e8-5093024d3690 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
Product Focus
Software for Laboratory Balances
Do you need data system connectivity?
Angelo DePalma, PhD
recording laboratory data by handCredit: iStock
Recording laboratory data by hand is more than just mind-numbingly boring. Manual transcription of multi-digit balance readings is a significant source of errors which, when introduced early, can change the outcome of an experiment or process. Hence the emergence, evolution, and coalescence of laboratory data products like laboratory information management systems (LIMS, which are sample-centric) and electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs, process-centered).
Major instrument makers provide software for linking a lab’s spectrometers, chromatographs, and high stickerprice process equipment with enterprise- or laboratory-level information systems. Lab peripherals like rotary evaporators, dryers, and balances were the last pieces to join the networked ecosystem, which they are now doing to great benefit through the elimination of drudgery and transcription errors.
Today, almost every lab captures weighing data as it is generated, without operators as much as touching pen, paper, or electronic device (other than the instrument’s keypad). In regulated environments, particularly pharmaceutical and biotech service laboratories operating under “Good-X-Practices” (GLP for labs, GMPs for production), adherence to relevant FDA regulations is a must.
At its most basic, lab balance software automates routine, repetitive operations like taring and calibration, while flawlessly copying, storing, and retrieving numbers that stretch to five or six significant figures.
In a review of weighing automation and data acquisition, METTLER TOLEDO (Columbus, OH) discusses the data processing hierarchy as it relates to balances, emphasizing the company’s LabX software. LabX covers the aforementioned “peripheral” instruments that LIMS or ELN developers may have overlooked, like balances, pH meters, titrators, and densitometers. It provides the usual advantages of scalability, security, and elimination of human error but the applicability of LabX to balances outside the METTLER TOLEDO product line is unknown.
Laboratories with LIMS, ELNs, enterprise- or operation-level software already in place need not worry about ever missing a significant figure. LIMS/ELN and leading balance companies have already done the grunt work for you, providing more or less plug-and-play capability.
Related Infographic: Balance Best Practices
However, academic or small labs with lots of weighing to do but which have not yet taken (or are unlikely ever to take) the plunge into scientific data management systems are not without recourse, as several vendors sell data software specifically for balances.
For example, Adam Equipment (Oxford, CT) offers AdamDU Data Collection software, which collects data from up to eight of the company’s balances. AdamDU interfaces with more-encompassing data systems or works as a standalone program, feeding data into familiar office programs.
An older article on do-it-yourself solutions suggests that someone with modest information technology skills can exploit the communications interfaces built into modern balances and computers to achieve automated data capture directly into an Excel spreadsheet. More recently, Progressive Scale & Software Solutions (Bethel, CT) introduced Soft Indicator 3.78 Scale Software, a configurable balance data collection system that works with any streaming bidirectional RS-232 indicator or balance. Data are exported into Excel or Microsoft Access.
Some labs with very specific data acquisition needs limited to balances might also consider one of the many cloud-based LIMS, ELN, or hybrid products. I know, you’re thinking “but I don’t need a LIMS or an ELN, and I have neither the time nor the money for that kind of project.” If that is your feeling, think again.
Sales staff at every LIMS/ELN company will try their best to convince you that you’re wrong, that data integrity for all your workflows is your most valuable asset, and that you will undoubtedly find other instruments and processes (aside from weighing) that can benefit. They’re right, of course. What they don’t always advertise up front is that their systems are modular, with the capability of adding or removing instruments and workflows as needed. Are these systems worth deploying, from either the vendor’s or customer’s perspective, only for weighing? The only way to know for sure is to ask.
For additional resources on laboratory balances, including useful articles and a list of manufacturers, visit www.labmanager.com/balances | e5a757e6-f911-43ff-84e5-dc112ce3c036 | null | 0 | true | false |
TechBites brings researchers into the spotlight
TechBites events feature hot topics that bring together companies and researchers. The first of this year’s three events is TechBites: Elastronics on 28. March
TechBites showcases the latest research and applications in the fields of technology. The concept supports dialogue between industry and the scientific community and promotes collaboration. Event is organized by Tampere University.
Science and spectacle
TechBites is all about hard science spiced up with a bit of entertainment. The atmosphere is professional but easy-going. The events always follow a similar pattern that ensures that they run like a well-oiled machine and stay within the allotted timeframe of under three hours. The events begin with refreshments and informal networking before moving on to the actual programme. The programme is divided into three rounds.
Round one
The first round comprises three keynote speeches. The keynote speeches explore technological phenomena, applications and future trends that interest both companies and researchers. The keynotes are researchers from the University. One of the keynotes may be a representative of a partner company. Previous partner keynotes have come from Axon, Rolls-Royce, Nokia and GE Healthcare.
Keep your eye on the ball!
The second round is called Pitch and Catch. Researchers pitch their topical research themes or projects to companies. The goal may be, for example, to find new collaboration partners or gain new research perspectives.
The pitchers who get to wear the team jersey are pitted against each other to capture the audience's attention and receive as many TechBites bills from the audience as possible. After hearing all the pitches, the audience members select the ones that they found particularly fascinating.
The playground beckons
The third round, Science Playground, is an arena for in-depth discussion. As the pitchers proceed to the stands marked with their jersey number, the audience members gather around the stands of their favourite pitchers. The pitchers collect their assigned TechBites bills from the audience members, who have written on the bills their contact information and perhaps a concrete idea for collaboration or additional questions and comments. The bills facilitate active dialogue between the participants and help them explore potential collaboration opportunities. Being more specific than calling cards, the bills also serve as a tangible reminder for researchers to move the collaboration forward later on.
"The Impact Canvas® developed by the University can also be used as a starting point, especially if the participants are looking to examine the impact of a specific research theme from different angles", says Leena Köppä
Köppä serves as a coach and facilitator at the Science Playground together with Marja Hyypiä. They provide pre-event support and sparring to help pitchers deliver their top performance at TechBites.
"The third round ends with counting how many TechBites bills each pitcher received and which audience member handed out the most bills. The winners of this playful contest will naturally receive prizes, although useful contacts, fresh perspectives and new collaboration partners are the ultimate prizes of TechBites," says Marja Hyypiä.
Read more about TechBites
Read more about Elastronics | dec32c75-cac4-4502-ac0b-b000e5179934 | null | 0 | true | false |
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Is British local government quietly building a kind of Field of Internet Gigabit ‘Dreams’?
Is British local government quietly building a kind of Field of Internet Gigabit ‘Dreams’?
Once upon a time, a pretty sentimental movie called Field of Dreams gave the Millennial generation something of a catchphrase: “Build it, and he will come” (it gets mis-phrased now as “they will come”, as tends to happen to so many catchphrases).
What’s often forgotten is that the protagonist of the movie does just that—but that doing so wrecks all his chances of getting any income that year from his corn crop, which to say the least doesn’t impress his wife too much. Instead, the tech industry, the slogan’s biggest fan for a while, interpreted the image as to mean that if you have a great business and put the effort in to apply shovel to the ground and start a ball rolling, stuff will happen: your new web page or dot com will become a reality, and a new business will spring up.
Not much smart city stuff really happening. But does that actually matter?
We’ve also forgotten the phrase itself now. But the lesson is still being applied. There is absolutely massive ego on display in the recent space-faring high-jinks of Sir Richard Branson and Jeff Bezos, but their going into space wasn’t just a jaunt: Branson wants to build interest in a commercial tourist space excursion business, Bezos wants to build a new industry around reusable rocket components.
Coming down to Earth with something of a bang, UK local government doesn’t seem that prepared to build something hoping something (if not someone) will come, too. Recent GlobalData analysis suggest that for all the hype around smart cities the past decade, there’s really not that much going on in reality: in the six financial years 2015-16 to FY2020-21, a total of 363 smart cities information and communications technology (ICT)-related procurements were made by UK local authorities… but of these, less than half resulted in an actual contract being awarded, with less than a quarter of councils (94 out of 404) having made any smart cities ICT awards at all.
So far, so bad for smart cities? Perhaps. For sure, adoption of what the analyst firm calls “keystone smart cities technologies” such as environmental monitoring and waste management remains low, accounting for only eight awards, and adds up to a pretty paltry estimated total of a very modest £2m. It’s more than fair for GlobalData to be sceptical about the trend: in a sentence I think few of us can disagree with, Tony Cripps, the organisation’s Public Sector Principal Analyst, notes that, “The scepticism of UK local authorities towards smart cities ICT appears to be ongoing, despite the best efforts over the years of major technology vendors such as IBM, Huawei and Cisco and mounting best practice.”
Perhaps the real loser here, though, is public sector Internet of Things, of which smart city girdling is always hailed as the definitional use case. But what’s really the interesting part of GlobalData’s analysis for the fibre industry is that, quietly enough, there’s a lot going on with another foundational next-gen networking technology: gigabit broadband. When we look at that, the above findings don’t seem too much of a surprise.
A further £527m in currently-unawarded tenders and pre-tenders
Specifically, GlobalData’s look-see—which is based on data compiled from public sector procurements published by the UK Government’s Contracts Finder service, the Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU), and other publicly available sources—has identified that 82% of the £474m the of smart city awards in these six years relates to gigabit-speed broadband build, (that’s £389m). In addition, public Wi-Fi deployments accounted for the second largest chunk of smart cities ICT spending, totalling 24% of all awards made, with a total value of £57m.
That’s a significant investment. And it’s not even the total amount of what’s going in this direction: there’s a further £527m in currently-unawarded tenders and pre-tenders issued in the past two financial years.
Yes, other network investments currently remain rare, with six 4G/ 5G small cell awards totalling a modest £9m in value. But that gigabit ethernet outlay is a foundation stone for something great, for sure. It may not be smart cities; it may end up being the platform for something totally different – either way, smart city apps will depend on the existence of widespread, super-fast infrastructure.
If you don’t build the platform, you can’t do anything anyway. Building the advanced, open-ended infrastructure is a necessary first step: you won’t be able to deliver any sort of new services without it.
Pragmatism is the key here. An excellent technology foundation can serve as the launch pad, Branson and Bezos-style if you like, for many new things. What you really want is to try a few punts and build on them, provided that you can do so on a common connectivity infrastructure and can avoid the trap of building a range of vertical service silos without ensuring horizontal visibility and assurance across all new services you add (and keep risk to an acceptable low, as Britain’s Town Halls seem to be sensibly doing here).
In other words, it’s not really that surprising that investment in real smart city projects has been modest. For sure, there have been numerous trials, PoCs and the like – but these have often been highly targeted and localised. They haven’t spread across the full urban areas available, largely because the infrastructure to support them isn’t yet in place. So, while some might interpret this as simply the reality behind the hype, another view is that it’s exactly what one might expect. Once the pervasive high-speed connectivity is in place, then we should start to see services actually coming on stream.
The film doesn’t tell us what happened to the new baseball field the main character so bravely built, only that a great game starts on it. But once it was built and he’d proven “they” came to watch…wasn’t the risk worth taking? | ab263258-8bc9-476f-a7bc-e13743676bfd | null | 0 | true | false |
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Breakthrough extends quantum state stability by 10,000 times
Aug. 14 (UPI) — Scientists in Chicago have developed a way to keep quantum states operating for longer periods of time — a breakthrough they say could accelerate the development of quantum communication, computing and sensing.
Hundreds of studies have hinted at the power of quantum mechanics, and scientists have predicted quantum technologies will provide a speed boost to computers, beef up cyber security, enhance the resolution of astronomical images and more.
For now, however, these applications remain relegated to the realm of theory. While scientists have successfully created quantum systems, they have proven delicate, unstable and frequently finicky.
One of the challenges of building useful quantum technologies is that most quantum systems remain operational, or “coherent,” for extremely brief periods of time, scientists say.
But, according to a study published this week in the journal Science, researchers at the University of Chicago claim to have developed a tweak that helps quantum states work 10,000 times longer than before.
“This breakthrough lays the groundwork for exciting new avenues of research in quantum science,” study author David Awschalom said in a news release.
“The broad applicability of this discovery, coupled with a remarkably simple implementation, allows this robust coherence to impact many aspects of quantum engineering,” said Awschalom, director of the Chicago Quantum Exchange. “It enables new research opportunities previously thought impractical.”
Quantum systems involve the storage and movement of information that is governed by quantum mechanics — the physics that describes the behavior of atomic particles.
Because quantum systems and states are so delicate — easily disturbed by background vibrations, temperature changes and interfering electromagnetic fields — they need extremely quiet, stable spaces to operate.
Traditional solutions to this problem, like physically isolating quantum states or using only extremely pure materials, are complex, expensive and impractical.
“With [our] approach, we don’t try to eliminate noise in the surroundings; instead, we ‘trick’ the system into thinking it doesn’t experience the noise,” said postdoctoral researcher Kevin Miao.
In the lab, researchers exposed their quantum system to electromagnetic pulses, which are normally used to influence the system, as well as a continuous alternating magnetic field. The team of physicists was able to tune the magnetic field to the rapid rotation of the electron spins inside their quantum system, causing the system to “tune out” interfering noise.
“To get a sense of the principle, it’s like sitting on a merry-go-round with people yelling all around you,” Miao said. “When the ride is still, you can hear them perfectly, but if you’re rapidly spinning, the noise blurs into a background.”
The trick kept the quantum system operational for a total of 22 milliseconds, four orders of magnitude greater than if the quantum system was left unshielded. Researchers used the same technique to tune out temperature fluctuations, physical vibrations and electromagnetic noise.
“This approach creates a pathway to scalability,” said Awschalom. “It should make storing quantum information in electron spin practical. Extended storage times will enable more complex operations in quantum computers and allow quantum information transmitted from spin-based devices to travel longer distances in networks.”
Researchers claim their method is relatively easy to execute, and that it could be used to reevaluate various quantum systems that were prematurely cast aside because they couldn’t achieve long-lasting coherence.
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Sounds made by fluttering feathers help fork-tailed flycatchers communicate
Sept. 22 (UPI) — Scientists have added another species to the list of birds that use sounds made with their feathers to communicate.
The male fork-tailed flycatcher, a passerine bird species native to the American tropics, creates unique sounds by fluttering its feathers at high frequencies, according to research published Wednesday in the journal Integrative and Comparative Biology.
“Back in the 1960’s, scientists noticed that they produce a distinctive sound only during a particular flight display,” researcher Christopher Clark, told UPI in an email.
“And those species of flycatcher in the genus Tyrannus, those that make the most distinctive sounds have the most distinctly shaped outer primary feathers,” said Clark, an associate professor of evolutionary biology at the University of California Riverside.
For the latest research, scientists conducted field studies to better understand both the mechanics of the feather fluttering and its communicative utility.
“We found that the birds don’t produce sounds every time they fly, but only under specific behavioral contexts,” lead study author Valentina Gomez told UPI in an email.
“One is during the pre-dawn display, after waking up. They begin displaying by singing and then they include feather songs. They also produce these sounds during territorial displays,” said Gomez, a doctoral student at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
To study the fluttering’s acoustic qualities, scientists captured males with mist netting, and used cameras and microphones to record the sounds the birds made as they escaped and retreated.
Fork-tailed flycatchers are quite territorial and aggressively defend their nests. Males are especially aggressive, regularly engaging in aerial battles with other males over mating opportunities and territory. They’re also more than willing to attack larger birds that stray too close to their nests.
Researchers used a taxidermy hawk outfitted with microphones and a camera to measure the movement of the fork-tailed flycatcher’s feathers during displays of aggression. The recordings revealed a difference in the sounds made by two subspecies, one that migrates long distances and another that is more stationary.
“Differences in migration likely influenced the shape of feathers and this affects the frequency at which they flutter,” Gomez said.
In effect, the two subspecies have developed dialects. Researchers suspect this phenomenon might help drive speciation, or species divergence.
“The evolution of different movement behaviors promotes the initial trigger of the speciation process,” Gomez said. “Through time, correlated evolution of morphological traits affects how they communicate.”
In other words, the difference in sound-making didn’t jumpstart the speciation process, but Gomez and her research partners hypothesize that the development of feather-flapping dialects works to reinforce the divergence.
Similarly, while the sound-making feathers of fork-tailed flycatchers may have initially evolved in response to pressures unrelated to communication, researchers claim the birds now utilize their sound-making abilities with intentionality. They’ve harnessed the power of their fluttering features for the purposes of communication.
“The birds alter how they are flapping their wings when they produce sound; their wingbeat frequency goes up by quite a bit,” Clark said. “The altered kinematics is another clue that this is ‘intentional.'”
While non-vocal communication has been observed in a variety of bird genus and species, scientists suspect the prevalence of the practice is underestimated.
Researchers hope that future investigations of feather-based communication among flycatchers will offer new insights into why so many birds have evolved non-vocal communication over and over again.
While the latest findings suggest the fork-tailed flycatcher relies on feather-based communication for pair bonding and displays of aggression, many questions about the fluttering’s utility remain.
“We still need to learn a lot about bird acoustic perception,” Gomez said.
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Once exposed to humans, animals start to lose their fear of predators
Sept. 22 (UPI) — New research suggests animals begin to lose their fear of predators once they start encountering humans on a regular basis.
For the study, scientists surveyed the findings of 173 peer-reviewed papers on predator avoidance behaviors and traits deployed by 102 species of domesticated, captive and urbanized mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and mollusks.
The analysis, published Tuesday in the journal PLOS Biology, showed predator avoidance traits and behaviors, including vigilance, freezing and fleeing, decreased as a result of exposure to humans.
Researchers found individual variation in anti-predator characteristics increased upon a species’ initial exposure to humans, but then gradually decreased after generations of human exposure.
“While it is well known that the fact of being protected by humans decreases anti-predator capacities in animals, we did not know how fast this occurs and to what extent this is comparable between contexts,” lead researcher Benjamin Geffroy, biologist at the University of Montpellier in France, said in a news release.
The findings suggest behavioral flexibility allows for the initial increase in the variability of anti-predator traits, but researchers suspect genetic changes solidify declines in predator avoidance as subsequent generations adjust to the presence of humans.
In the studies analyzed by Geffroy and his colleagues, domesticated animals lose their anti-predator traits much more quickly than urbanized animals, which can cause problems when domesticated or urbanized species are released back into the wild.
“We also integrated physiological traits in the study but they were much less numerous that behavioral traits,” Geffroy said. “We believe they should be systematically investigated to draw a global pattern of what is happening at the individual level.
“We need more data to understand whether this occurs also with the mere presence of tourists,” Geffroy said.
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Search and rescue dogs fared well after work at 9/11 sites, study says
Search and rescue dogs used during the 9/11 attacks lived as long as dogs not at the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon, a new study finds.
“I was at Ground Zero and I would hear people make comments like, ‘Did you hear that half of the dogs that responded to the bombing in Oklahoma City died of X, Y, or Z?’ Or they’d say dogs responding to 9/11 had died,” said Dr. Cynthia Otto, director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Working Dog Center, in Philadelphia. “It was really disconcerting.”
Otto and her School of Veterinary Medicine colleagues’ findings are reassuring.
Dogs that participated in search-and-rescue efforts after 9/11 lived as long as search-and-rescue dogs not at the scene — a median of about 12.8 years, meaning half died sooner, half did not. They also outlived the life spans of their breed. There was no difference in the dogs’ cause of death.
“Honestly, this was not what we expected it’s surprising and wonderful,” said Otto, a veterinarian.
The researchers expected to see respiratory problems in the exposed dogs, but they did not. The most common cause of death was age-related conditions, such as arthritis and cancer.
For the study, Otto collected data on 95 dogs that had worked at the World Trade Center, the nearby Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, N.Y., or Pentagon disaster sites in Washington, D.C. They compared these dogs with 55 search-and-rescue dogs that were not deployed on 9/11.
“We anticipated that the dogs would be the ‘canary in the coal mine’ for the human first responders since dogs age faster than humans and didn’t have any of the protective equipment during the response,” Otto said in a university news release. “But we didn’t see a lot that was concerning.”
Generally, these dogs are stronger and healthier than pets, which might partly explain why the dogs fared well, she said.
The findings were published Sept. 21 in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.
More information
For more on responder health after 9/11, visit the New York State Department of Health.
Copyright 2020 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
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The Norman Transcript
November 15, 2012
Coal plant one step closer to retirement
Coal-fired power plants are a major contributor of ozone-forming pollution, and air quality data for 2011 and 2012 has shown that Tulsa and Oklahoma City exceeded federal limits on ozone pollution, threatening Oklahoma’s most vulnerable citizens, such as children, the elderly and people who work or exercise outdoors.
Oklahoma has significant clean energy potential, which could power the state while protecting public health. Oklahoma’s wind resources rank ninth in the United States, with more than 50,000 megawatts of wind power potential.
Wind power in Oklahoma supports thousands of jobs. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, wind can provide more than 31 times as much electricity as Oklahoma currently uses. States such as Alabama are already purchasing Oklahoma wind power.
Nationwide, Sierra Club’s Beyond Coal campaign has worked with allies and partners to prevent the construction of 168 new coal plants and has helped secure the retirement of 125 coal plants.
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Spin pumping effect proven for the first time
German physicists led by Prof. Dr. Hartmut Zabel have demonstrated the spin pumping effect in magnetic layers for the first time experimentally. The behaviour of the spin pumping had previously only been predicted theoretically. The research team at the Ruhr-University Bochum has now succeeded in measuring the effect using ultrafast X-ray scattering with picosecond resolution. Through their rotation of the magnetic moments, the so-called magnetic precession, single electrons can mutually influence each other's rotation (spin) through a non-magnetic intermediate layer. This is a crucial insight for future generations of magnetic sensors in hard disk read heads and other data storage. The researchers reported on their findings in Applied Physics Letters.
Magnetic spinning tops are different
Once put into motion and left to itself, a spinning top will slow down after a few rotations and eventually come to a halt. Friction losses deprive it of energy, until it finally stops spinning. Also, two spinning tops put at a certain distance to avoid touching show by and large the same behaviour. "In particular, we do not expect that one spinning top can affect the rotation of the other", said Prof. Hartmut Zabel. Whether both tops rotate in the same or in the opposite direction, should have no impact on the number of rotations before they come to a stop. "But that's precisely what happens with spinning tops", as Bochum's research group confirmed in its experiments.
Magnetic rotation in the gigahertz range
Once triggered, the rotate in a until their rotation energy is exhausted through of and spin waves. are excitations of the magnetic moments in a crystal, which propagate in form of waves. The research team separated two ultra-thin magnetic layers with a layer of copper. The copper layer was made thick enough that the two ferromagnetic layers can have no influence on each other - at least no static influence. However, once one of the two ferromagnetic layers is stimulated to a very fast precession in the gigahertz range, the damping of the precession depends of the orientation of the second magnetic layer. If both layers have the same orientation, then the damping is lower. If both are oriented in opposite directions, then the damping is higher.
Dynamic interaction
Up to now, it had not been possible to research the effect described as "spin-pumping" experimentally. The scientists have now been able to demonstrate the effect in the ALICE test chamber built by RUB physicists in Berlin. The precession of the magnetic moments in a ferromagnetic layer is "pumped" through the non-magnetic intermediate copper layer and absorbed by the second ferromagnetic layer. In other words, ferromagnetic layers, which do not interact with each other statically because the intermediate layer is too thick, are still able to "affect" each other dynamically through pumping and diffusion of spins from one layer to another.
A typical "spin valve" in data storage
The sequence of layers selected in the experiment is that of a typical spin valve. These are nano-magnetic layer structures which are used as in the read heads of hard disks and which encode the logical bits "0" and "1" in non-volatile magnetic . The speed at which data can be read and written, depends crucially on the precession of the magnetic moments and their damping. "Therefore, the finding that the damping of the magnetic precession is influenced by spin pumping through non-magnetic intermediate layers is not only of fundamental but also of practical interest for industrial applications" said Professor Zabel.
Explore further
Ultrathin copper-oxide layers behave like quantum spin liquid
More information: R. Salikhov, R. Abrudan, F. Brüssing, St. Buschhorn, M. Ewerlin, D. Mishra, F. Radu, I. A. Garifullin, and H. Zabel, "Precessional Dynamics and Damping in Co/Cu/Py Spin Valves", Applied Physics Letters Vol. 99, 092509 (2011), DOI: 10.1063/1.3633115
Provided by Ruhr-University Bochum
Citation: Spin pumping effect proven for the first time (2011, September 12) retrieved 4 August 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2011-09-effect-proven.html
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Innocent Until Proven Guilty: Closure of Property Through the State Innocent Owner Program
Whitehead E.S. is a Texas-based environmental consulting firm that specializes in the assessment, remediation, and regulatory closure of contaminated properties. Many of the properties we work with are located in urban areas of Texas such as Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio, and Austin.
Whitehead E. S. assisted a local property investor to obtain an Innocent Owner/Operator Program (IOP) Certificate through the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) for a restaurant located in a re-developed area northeast of downtown Dallas. The Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) indicated that the property was potentially impacted by a north-adjacent former service station and south-adjacent dry cleaner. No sources of potential contamination were identified on the Site itself since it has historically operated as a restaurant.
Initial soil and groundwater sampling identified low concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) just above the TCEQ Assessment Levels. These VOCs are common degradation products of the dry cleaning solvent tetrachloroethene or “perc”. No gasoline VOCs were detected. Soil samples with elevated VOCs were present at depths above the water table in a paved area adjacent to the back door and sewer line of the former dry cleaner. The historical data, along with sampling results, suggested an off-Site source. However, the presence of VOCs at low concentrations in the shallow soil is typically problematic in obtaining an IOP Certificate from TCEQ.
The Site was entered into the TCEQ’s IOP to prove that the chemicals of concern were the result of a migration of dry cleaning chemicals from the adjacent property and not the Site. A key part of the IOP is that the Site did not “cause or contribute” to the contamination. Whitehead E. S. performed multiple rounds of soil sampling to determine the hot spot/source of the impact. Unfortunately, no smoking gun was identified in the sampling. However, during the sampling process and working with the TCEQ IOP case manager, the adjacent former dry cleaning property was entered into the Dry Cleaning Remediation Program (DCRP). Extensive soil and groundwater sampling by the DCRP contractor indicated the dry cleaner was the primary source of the VOCs. This aided our overall assessment of the case. After review of the available facts, the TCEQ issued the property owner an IOP Certificate in October 2019.
In summary, this case proved difficult because of the low concentrations of VOCs in the soil above the water table. The keys to successfully obtaining an IOP Certificate were: 1) extensive sampling showing that surface spills and leaks from the shallow sewer line of the former dry cleaner were the likely sources to soil impacts at the Site; 2) sampling data from the off-Site DCRP case showed a clear source; and 3) no on-Site source was identified. Whitehead E. S. is appreciative of our excellent working relationship with the TCEQ which was needed to work through the technical challenges of this IOP case.
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“Ready, Aim, Fire”
Whitehead E. S. assisted a gun range near San Antonio receive closure through the TCEQ Corrective Action Program. After the gun range was decommissioned in
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sible effects on the inmates of Hanwell, but to concentrate in one concise and complete vade mecum all the irrelevant twaddle of the ancient house of Dogberry. If Mr. Darwin survives this attack, he will at least know that the force of utter flabbiness can go no further. To the present generation he is a very Goliath of the Philistines; but, though the cranium of a catarrhine-ape may some day confute him, he is not to be annihilated in this off-hand fashion by the jawbone of an ass.—Examiner.
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DURING special states of disease the mind sometimes develops faculties such as it does not possess when the body is in full health. Some of the abnormal qualities thus exhibited by the mind seem strikingly suggestive of the possible acquisition by the human race of similar powers under ordinary conditions. For this reason, though we fear there is no likelihood at present of any practical application of the knowledge we may obtain on this subject, it seems to us that there is considerable interest in examining the evidence afforded by the strange powers which the mind occasionally shows during diseases of the body, and especially during such diseases as are said, in unscientific but expressive language, to lower the tone of the nervous system.
We may begin by citing a case which seems exceedingly significant. Miss H. Martineau relates that a congenital idiot, who had lost his mother when he was less than two years old, when dying, "suddenly turned his head, looked bright and sensible, and exclaimed, in a tone never heard from him before, 'O my mother! how beautiful!' and sank down again—dead." Dr. Carpenter cites this as a case of abnormal memory, illustrating his thesis that the basis of recollection "may be laid at a very early period of life." But the story seems to contain a deeper meaning. The poor idiot not only recalled a long-past time, a face that he had not seen for years except in dreams, but he gained for a moment a degree of intelligence which he had not possessed when in health. The quality of his brain was such, it appears, that with the ordinary activity of the circulation, the ordinary vitality of the organ, mental action was uncertain and feeble; but when the circulation had all but ceased, when the nervous powers were all but prostrate, the feeble brain, though it may have become no stronger actually, became relatively stronger, in such sort that for the time being, a mere moment before dissolution, the idiot became an intelligent being.
A somewhat similar case is on record in which an insane person, during that stage of typhus fever in which sane persons are apt to become delirious, became perfectly sane and reasonable, his insanity re- | 388dfd14-881c-4c7a-b1b3-a313199259e5 | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 3 | true | true |
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A recent article in Slate carried this headline:
If You Don’t accept Climate Change is Real, You’re Not a Sceptic. You’re a Denier.
I’ll return to its claim in a minute. The piece, by Arizona State University professor Lawrence Krauss, ruefully notes that the term “climate skeptic” is frequently used in the media as a shorthand label to identify someone who denies the reality of anthropogenic (human-caused) global warming. He writes:
Skepticism is all about critical examination, evidence-based scientific inquiry, and the use of reason in examining controversial claims. Those who flatly deny the results of climate science do not partake in any of the above. They base their conclusions on a priori convictions. Theirs is an ideological conviction—the opposite of skepticism.
This certainly is true to a considerable extent. Anyone who reads the most highly trafficked “climate skeptic” blogs, such as the one run by Anthony Watts, will detect a consistent ideological bias and a skepticism that runs in only one direction–broadly doubtful of mainstream climate science. The criticisms published there are often slanted, marred by conspicuous omissions or a selective use of facts. The overall tone at the site is hostile and conspiratorial. What you mostly see at Watts Up With That is not true skepticism but rather confirmation bias masquerading as skepticism.
Of course, confirmation bias and motivated thinking are part of the human condition–cognitive behaviors that govern us all, to varying degrees. It is thus healthy to periodically question one’s own assumptions that take root in the mind.
Does this happen at “climate skeptic” blogs? Do the hosts there openly reassess governing notions from time to time? Do they apply critical thinking skills to all the research spotlighted on their sites, regardless of a given study’s results? For some sense of this, let’s look at how various “climate skeptic” blogs have dealt with something called “wind turbine syndrome,” an assortment of adverse medical symptoms supposedly triggered by exposure to low frequency noise from rotating wind turbine blades. I thoroughly examined the phenomenon some time ago. As one public health scientist who has studied it noted last year:
There is no reliable or consistent evidence that proximity to wind farms or wind farm noise directly causes health effects.
And there have been numerous reliably-conducted studies and reports affirming this. A cursory Google search would lead you to that information. Nonetheless, Jo Nova, a well known Australian “climate skeptic” blogger recently trumpeted:
New small study: Wind farms show health effects–why wasn’t this done before?
Nova uncritically pivoted off a media story and its breathless claim (“groundbreaking study”). A true skeptic would have drilled down into the methodological rigor of the cited research and would also have mentioned the existence of numerous other studies that has not found any causal link between wind turbine noise and health effects. You won’t find any of that in Nova’s post.
An equally biased and uncritical take on wind turbine syndrome was highlighted in 2013 at the Bishop Hill site, a “climate skeptic” blog run by Andrew Montford. And look, here’s a similarly credulous post over at the Anthony Watts site. Of course, nothing is too far-fetched for Watts, who also published a post by someone claiming that horses in Spain were becoming deformed by wind farm noise.
The common denominator: No skepticism whatsoever, no critical thinking skills exhibited by these “climate skeptics” about a claim that has as much scientific validity as the power lines-cause-cancer scare.
I mention all this to illustrate why I don’t consider these “climate skeptics” to be true skeptics. They don’t think skeptically; they are captive to their ideologically-driven biases and it often shows. So if they are not “climate skeptics,” how do you characterize them and others who don’t think the earth is warming (or at least not at a worrisome rate)?
(This is something I tried to figure out a few years ago, with mixed results.)
Today, there’s a movement afoot to brand these people as “deniers.” This language police campaign is unbecoming. It’s also problematic, for reasons science journalist faye Flam explains in this smart post at Forbes:
What if we don’t have evidence as to whether a person is in denial? A much more appropriate word would be “wrong” because we don’t generally have access to the internal mental states of people who are saying wrong things. Denial implies people are aware of something but can’t face it. Some people may be in denial about global warming, but how do we know they aren’t just unaware? Or perhaps they are influenced by misinformation?
Another really smart and somewhat similar take has just been laid out in a post at The Science of Doom blog. I encourage folks to read the whole thing. It pretty much captures my thinking on this issue. Here’s an excerpt:
I can’t find words to describe how I feel about the apologists for the Nazi regime, and those who deny that the holocaust took place. The evidence for the genocide is overwhelming and everyone can understand it.
On the other hand, those who ascribe the word ‘denier’ to people not in agreement with consensus climate science are trivializing the suffering and deaths of millions of people. Everyone knows what this word means. It means people who are apologists for those evil jackbooted thugs who carried the swastika and cheered as they sent six million people to their execution.
By comparison, understanding climate means understanding maths, physics and statistics. This is hard, very hard. It’s time consuming, requires some training (although people can be self-taught), actually requires academic access to be able to follow the thread of an argument through papers over a few decades – and lots and lots of dedication.
The worst you could say is people who don’t accept ‘consensus climate science’ are likely finding basic – or advanced – thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer and statistics a little difficult and might have misunderstood, or missed, a step somewhere.
I think that last paragraph with “the worst you could say” is a bit charitable, but honestly, the larger point about “trivializing” is why I avoid using “denier” in the climate context. To me, the provenance of “denier” can be clearly traced back to holocaust denial. That spawned the usage of the term in public discourse. Up until the last decade or so, the term “denier” was commonly associated with holocaust denial.
Now I happen to know and respect Jewish academics, writers, and scientists involved in the climate debate who do use the “denier” term and don’t make that association, so they don’t believe they are trivializing the holocaust or exploiting the original ugliness of the term. I disagree, but I respect these individuals and take them at their word.
All this said, I think the term “denier” is just as misused as “skeptic” when referring to someone who doesn’t accept the consensus that 1) man-made climate change is real and 2) that it poses a risk to humanity if not addressed. “Skeptic” may not be an accurate way to define someone who rejects climate science or doubts the potential severity of climate change. But calling someone a “climate denier”–an emotionally and politically charged term–is as inflammatory as calling a climate scientist a fraud, or climate science fraudulent. These are conversation stoppers.
If your objective is to get more people seriously engaged with the climate change issue, you probably want to avoid unwittingly antagonizing them with derogatory language. And by them, I mean the lurkers and fence-sitters in the mushy middle who tune in and out of the volatile climate discussion.
388 Responses to “Climate Communication Undermined by Inflammatory Language”
1. Graham Thompson says:
This is quite culturally specific, I think. It sounds as though in the USA climate deniers (or skeptics) are a large constituency, and need to be courted.
In most of the world, they’re a tiny fringe, and can be ignored.
Where they’re down to the residue of deadenders who will never change their views, there’s no harm in offending them, but there may potentially be some harm in giving them credibility by taking them seriously.
2. Andy Skuce says:
One of the few things I agree with Richard Lindzen about is that “denier” is often more accurate than “skeptic”.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2566659/Are-global-warming-Nazi-People-label-sceptics-deniers-kill-MORE-people-Holocaust-claims-scientist.html
However, I generally avoid the term when commenting in public, mostly because it provides a distraction that can derail the conversation away from science and policy. I don’t mind at all if someone calls me a “pause denier” (Google it), I am one.
Frankly, I find the whole connection with Holocaust denial a bit of an outrage. Almost nobody means it that way, certainly I don’t, certainly Lindzen doesn’t. The word has been in use in English for centuries before the Nazi atrocities.
It’s not the people who use the term “denier” who co-opt and trivialize the Holocaust: it’s the people who complain about it and who want to Godwinize the conversation in order to claim that they are being persecuted. It’s actually rather pathetic.
3. Yep, I think I agree with pretty much all of that. One-sided scepticism is prevalent and not true scepticism. However ‘denier’ is not helpful -indeed labels of any kind tend to be unhelpful, as there’s a range of opinions in all areas of the climate change discussion. Surely there must be a way of challenging one-sided scepticism without simply fanning the flames of an already totally overheated debate….?
4. kkloor says:
I disagree. I think the term became associated as such in public discourse when various strains of Holocaust denial were being widely covered in media in 1980s and 1990s.
5. mem_somerville says:
So, in a tweet we say the climate-wrong? The vaccine-wrong? The GMO-wrong?
Not really handy. Now those words are stuck together in a way that could be unhelpful to connect. And the “wrong” will just use them back because they think they are right.
6. Uncle Al says:
That the US northeast is deep frozen and heavily snowed in winter disqualifies its populations from criticizing Klimate Kaos. They fail their test of faith. Fill Carbon Tax on Everything collection plates – it’s coming!
7. Paul_Butler says:
Call them “selective skeptics”
Some people accept AGW theory but advocate a low-end sensitivity, which is a perfectly reasonable scientific position, but may also be disingenuous, since it can be seen to justify a complacent political reponse.
Others apply random skepticism, but only about anything that appears to support the link between human activity and climate change (sometimes even if they have to adopt inconsistent positions at the same time). You could these deniers, but really it isn’t worth the grief!
8. kkloor says:
I think the challenge to one-sided climate skepticism has to come from within that sphere.
9. Tom Scharf says:
The vast majority of skeptics acknowledge the world has warmed.
To me, the actual working definition of denier is one who does not support costly and immediate action to prevent climate change. That is clearly how the tribes are sorted. The logical fallacy at play here is that an implied assumption is always made that anyone who accepts the world is warming must therefore believe warming is dangerous. Therefore if you don’t believe warming is dangerous, then you are “denying” climate change.
What you will almost never find is the actual meaningful debate explicitly stated. There is a world of difference between “skeptics don’t believe in climate change” and “skeptics aren’t convinced climate change is dangerous”.
Our esteemed author gets a little closer to reality: “that it poses a risk to humanity if not addressed”. Yes, it poses “a risk”.
What are those risks?
What is the uncertainty that these risks will occur?
Can we wait and get better data?
How do we prevent these risks?
Will these preventative actions work?
How much will it cost to prevent them?
How much will it cost to adapt to them?
These are typical skeptical questions. You can support all the basic tenets of the consensus science and easily conclude the dangers of global warming have been overstated *** by the media and activists ***. Extreme events are a good example of the media’s narrative not matching science reality.
It is bit ironic that the same people who get all worked up about micro-aggressions and subtle social queues such as stereotype threat turn around and broad stroke an entire loosely defined group as deniers. The fact that the media and academia routinely use this is pretty shameful by their own rule book.
10. Tom Scharf says:
We all know it’s a two way street here. The skeptics can look at overt climate alarmism and AGW advocates can look at those who believe the temperature record is a conspiracy and conclude the extremes are representative of the entire spectrum. This way the substantive arguments do not need to be addressed.
Both sides try to sell this. Both pretend to be blind to their own extremists and think only the other side needs fixed. They put up with their own embarrassing uncles because they are family.
11. Jack Foster III says:
Are the scientists of the IPCC “deniers” because they recognize broad uncertainty in the value of climate sensitivity? 😉 I think “skeptics/skeptical” are the right term, perhaps modified by an adjectives or adverbs: “appropriately skeptical” . . . “way too skeptical”.
12. Les Johnson says:
Keith: I think you are over simplifying the issue. The range of “deniers” goes from the Dragon Slayers, who think that global warming is not possible, to people like Lomborg, who feel that warming is a problem, but that there are more urgent problems that need to be addressed.
In my experience, most of the “deniers” are actually “lukewarmers”. In fact, most fit into the consensus (defined as there is warming; man contributes, and CO2 part of that). Witness Moncton’s resolution at a Heartland conference, where 100% of the vote affirmed the above.
The range of “deniers” makes generalization impossible. (I use “denier” here, not because I think it is accurate, but because that is the most used term in the blogosphere by the pro-CAGW side.)
If you do need to generalize, the term “skeptic” is probably closest. For the majority (who are lukewarmers like myself), there is evidence for AGW, and CO2 is a part of that. But the evidence for the “catastrophic” part of CAGW is missing.
13. willard says:
> To me, the provenance of “denier” can be clearly traced back to holocaust denial.
Citation needed.
14. willard says:
Scratching my own itch:
https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=denier&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3
ADD. First hit I got goes back to 1858:
https://books.google.com/books?id=UyFeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA192&dq=“bible+denier”&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=zGfSVMr_HoX4yQSF_ICABQ&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA
15. Tom Scharf says:
Rules for Radicals #4: “Make the enemy live up to its own book of rules.”
Tarring and feathering a group with a derogatory term is sacrilege to the left in the US. Exceptions are made when the group is not in the blue tribe.
Sticks and stones…
16. Nom de Plume says:
This can all be summed up as follows:
Skeptic: When you want proof that something is true.
Denier: When your opponent wants proof that something is true.
17. Les Johnson says:
Lots of evidence out there. Here is a sample, with references to original sources.
http://www.populartechnology.net/2014/02/skeptics-smeared-as-holocaust-deniers.html
18. Tom Scharf says:
Here is a more adult version of the different perspectives on climate change, but it’s not nearly as fun as calling each other names.
http://judithcurry.com/2015/02/03/taxonomy-of-climateenergy-policy-perspectives/#more-17744
19. kkloor says:
You have a legitimate point in terms of the spectrum, but I’ve argued in the past that the fringe (like inhofe et al) is the face of climate denial/skepticism, whatever you want to call it it.
So when I thought (mistakenly) that Perry would be the GOP candidate a few years ago, I said he would be the face. .
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/collideascape/tag/rick-perry/#.VNJsPigwL18
The larger argument being: the nutter fringe is what gets all the attention (in part because some are in seat of political power), so that defines the position of those skeptical/dismissive of climate change threat.
20. willard says:
Thank you, Les.
This evidence does not answer my question.
The first usage of the concept of “denier” goes back way before WWII.
Another hit with “denial”, this time against some guy named Tyndall:
https://books.google.com/books?id=cuMHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=“denial”+science&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6mzSVOKmJ8SdyATIrYKwDA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA
Small world.
21. kkloor says:
Perhaps I was imprecise, but I was referring to its wider usage in public discourse/media.
22. Les Johnson says:
No, its the “nutter fringe” on the pro AGW side that defines the position. The ones that use the “denier” term.
Even Inhofe does not “deny” warming. per se.
But let me get this straight: you are defining the vast majority of lukewarmers, who are actually in the “consensus”, by the actions of the lunatic fringe?
Perhaps you also define all muslims by the actions of the very small minority?
23. Les Johnson says:
You asked for provenance that “denier” can be traced back to “holocaust denier”. I provided this.
Now you say this NOT what you wanted. Please clarify what exactly you are looking for.
24. Paul_Butler says:
Is the use of the term “denial” here problematic for anybody?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-31130750
25. Tom Scharf says:
He’s asking for proof for a question noone is asking: “prove the word denier is associated only with the holocaust”.
You are answering the question: “prove that climate denial is being associated with the holocaust”.
It’s equivocating on whether all references to climate denial refer to holocaust denial. A lot of the use of this word falls under plausible deniability (ha ha pun).
26. kkloor says:
I made my point in brief twitter exchange with Ryan Maue.
Short version: Limbaugh/Inhofe yell hoax/fraud, climate advocates/Dems step up “denier” usage.
Sorry, but lukewarmers, whoever they are, don’t speak for U.S. Republican party/Tea Party/conservative establishment, et al.
The battle, whatever we may think of it, is often fought rhetorically. This is especially so since climate change became heavily politicized.
Those (including myself) who would like to see a more substantive, nuanced debate don’t like that these are the terms that have framed the discourse. But that’s what it’s become.
27. Buddy199 says:
I’m skeptical that the same central planning geniuses who have ham-handedly mangled the $3.8 trillion U.S. healthcare sector can be trusted to work their same magic on the global energy supply and $87 trillion world economy.
28. realheadline says:
What you mostly see at Collide-a-Scape is not true science but confirmation bias masquerading as science.
29. Yes. I consider it a gross insult.
It is nothing but name calling.
When arguments extend to name calling they are over.
The name isn’t even accurate.
Nobody denies that the climate changes.
I mean literally, there is nobody who argues that the climate of today is the same as the climate of 30 years ago, or 60 years ago or 300 years ago – this person literally does not exist. Climate change denier is a really really bad label.
There were a few dragon slayers who deny “global warming” happened (meaning humans caused the planet to warm via CO2 emissions) – but the vast majority of “skeptics” do not deny that the Earth has warmed about .8C over the last 150 years. And I bet if you took a poll of dragon slayers even they would agree the climate changes over time and that the climate of today is not the same as the climate of 1750.
Most skeptics do not deny the physics of the direct effects of adding CO2 to the atmosphere.
Most skeptics merely wonder how much of the .8C of warming from about 1850 on is due to humans and how much to nature.
Until we have a good handle on this question it is impossible to forecast the climate of 2100 (or 2050 or even 2030).
Personally, I am very very skeptical of the non-direct so called amplification effects of CO2 added to the atmosphere. When you pull this out (which trebles the direct effects), we are only due for another .4C of warming until we hit 560 ppm of CO2. This is only about .1C of additional warming per decade. Which is about the amount of natural variability per decade also – so the two sometimes cancel out (hello pause) – and sometimes reinforce each other (hello 1990’s).
None of the observation evidence shows this amplification effect – the data to date are very close to what you would expect from the direct effects of CO2 (1.2C from doubling CO2 from 280 ppm to 560 ppm). Which is why the 3C of warming due to doubling CO2 from 280 ppm to 560 ppm is gradually being cut in half to about 1.5C – that is because the consensus group is taking a reinforcing period of .2C and blaming it all on CO2 – when in fact only 1/2 of the warming is due to CO2. No wonder the models are running hot.
The ramp up is always in the future and never in the actual data, and we are just supposed to believe the models, all of which are running hot, not validated and which are constantly being changed and updated with new features of the climate which nobody realized were important – but which are important.
So I, for one, do find the term “denier” problematic. If people disagree with me – I would much preferred to be called wrong. But do not call me a denier.
Do not accuse me of denying climate change because I do believe that the climate changes. I believe in the MWP and the LIA (examples of changing climate). I believe the river Thames froze over during the LIA. I believe the Earth has warmed up since the LIA.
What I do not believe is that the Earth warmed up after the LIA BECAUSE of human emitted CO2, as there is no evidence of this. Most of the warming has happened since 1950, and yet it started in 1750.
It seems to me that of the .8C, as much as .4C could easily be due to nature not humans (and the human contribution seems to be mostly after 1950). So what caused the warming from 1750 to 1950? Natural variation? The sun? Ocean currents? I have no idea – but it sure wasn’t human emitted CO2.
So even if we get the entire world on board to stop emitting CO2, would it make a difference? How much of a difference? How long would it take to make a difference? How much would it cost to make a difference. How much more expensive would food, fuel and energy become? What is the cost/benefit?
In the USA we only generate 20% of our power with nuclear. Why not boost that to 50%? That would bring the costs of nuclear down and is a no-brainer as a baseload power source which doesn’t produce CO2 (or not much compared to coal, oil and natural gas).
Just my personal opinion.
30. Buddy199 says:
A climate catatrophist would consider a lukewarmer to be just another denier, and themself to be the cool-eyed rationalist.
31. Buddy199 says:
Don’t kid yourself. The term “denier” is used deliberately because of its Holocaust connotations. It is used as a word bomb meant to shock, intimidate and silence. Used by the same people who in other circumstances specialize in PC exorcising any words from the English language that could be considered in any way offensive to anyone, anywhere. That they continue to use the term after its offensiveness is pointed out is proof of their cynical intention.
32. Buddy199 says:
The term is offensive. Why use it?
33. willard says:
> You asked for provenance that “denier” can be traced back to “holocaust denier”. I provided this.
No, Les: you provided evidence that climate scientists and acolytes associate AGW denial to Holocaust denial.
Also, I asked for the “the provenance of “denier,” not the provenance of the usage in the climatesphere.
Denial as a psychological concept dates back at least from the early 1920s.
Usages of “denial” and “denier” can be documented from earlier than the Holocaust itself, unless by Holocaust we’re referring to what Abraham was asked to do to his son Isaac.
Anyone who disbelieve that the WWII genocide bears any mystical resemblance to the myth in the Old Testament could, at least in principle, be called an Holocaust denier.
It would be interesting to know if this label was used against those who denied the effects of nicotine or tobacco.
34. willard says:
Thanks, Keith. It would still be interesting to document that usage. Poptech’s list can help for that genealogy:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy_%28philosophy%29
35. Les Johnson says:
Which means there will NEVER be any communication between the two majorities; one on the pro-AGW side, and the other on the skeptic side. They will be ignored for the lunatic fringe, sadly.
And really, there is not much separation between the two.
But, I would think that as a journalist, you would be trying to reframe the discussion, rather than perpetuate the old and failed method of discussion.
36. Buddy199 says:
“Negro” is no longer commonly used because so people said that they were offended by it. Why can’t “denier” be similarly retired to cultural obsolescence in the face of the same objection?
37. Eli Rabett says:
Rejectionists, all of the power none of the concern troll bagage
38. Eli Rabett says:
C David Irving
39. Eli Rabett says:
Inhofe is a us senator which is not a fringe group last Eli looked
40. windy2 says:
Years ago for shits and giggles I would post direct quotes from IPCC reports or peer reviewed science papers at Progressive web sites like Mother Jones that did not align with the meme being pushed. For instance if MoJo posted an “Arctic death spiral” styled article I would link one of the 20+ proxy based paleoclimate studies I’ve read indicating that the Arctic was ice free in winters during much of the Early Holocene. On one occasion I even linked published data from Russian Journals showing Semilitov’s and Sharkova’s actual methodology and data and explained why it was less than robust and that anyone pushing the Ticking Methane Time Bomb might want to actually read the study before blindly accepting a belief that MoJo was pushing.
In both occasions I was immediately savaged with accusations of being a denier even though these were studies published in/by Nature, Harvard Press, Russian Academies Of Science. Even when scientists like Edward Dlugokencky and Richard Alley later came out and posted similar views on the Methane Bomb scare on Andy Revkin’s blog and I linked to Revkin’s blog, I still got hammered as a denier.
Roger Pielke Jr. got attacked as a denier using IPCC and SREX reports regarding extreme weather events.
The term has lost all meaning in its overuse and misapplication and if I come across someone using the term denier, I either stop reading their article, comment, tweet, etc. or I just start mocking them.
41. Reject what? I do not reject that the climate changes. I do not reject that humans are causing the climate to change. I do reject that all of the change in climate is caused by humans – as it is pretty clear that some (about 1/2 in my opinion) is caused by natural variation of one kind or another. Whether the natural variation is caused by cosmic rays changing cloud cover, or solar variation, or magnetic coupling of the sun with the earth’s atmosphere, or ocean current variations or whatever else you want to call nature or natural variability – all of the climate change is not caused by humans (in my opinion).
42. Even the senator you call a “nutter” voted with 97 other senators that “climate change is real and not a hoax.” Of course the amendment that the humans are contributing to the change in climate was not passed by a majority of the senators.
That makes sense to me, because the science on how much of the change in climate is caused by humans and how much is caused naturally is not very clear. It looks to be about 1/2 and 1/2 right now – so which is greater?
43. What power? I don’t find this label any more accurate than calling someone a climate change denier.
44. Buddy199 says:
How about heretic? Since what we’re talking about for many people amounts to a self-contained, unquestionable belief system that equates to quasi-religious faith.
45. kkloor says:
“But, I would think that as a journalist, you would be trying to reframe the discussion, rather than perpetuate the old and failed method of discussion.”
As a journalist, I see my job more as an observer/chronicler/reporter, so I’m not trying to reframe anything. I don’t see myself as a communicator or someone with an agenda trying to advance a message.
This blog happens to be a forum where I comment more on the dynamics of conflict-laden issues, such as climate change, vaccines, GMOs, etc. And even that commentary is subtle and understated–more often than not, I hope. (At least this is what I strive for.)
So I’m really just trying to open different windows onto these ongoing conflicts, or sometimes actively shed light where I can.
Thought leaders, policymakers and politicians have the capacity to reframe debates and I’m none of the above,
46. Instead of climate change denier or climate change denial how about global warming doubter?
Kind of like a doubting Thomas.
Given that the data seem to show about 1/2 natural and about 1/2 human for the .8C of warming from 1850, I doubt whether science can show which is greater, the human contribution or the natural contribution (at least as of today).
So I don’t believe I am in denial – I think the data are in balance and I doubt it is definitive either way.
So global warming doubter.
Not that there is global warming.
Not that humans have caused some of it (about 1/2).
But I doubt the data show humans cause most (i.e. more than 1/2) of it.
You could also call me a global warming balancer – but that is not very catchy.
47. Ketan Joshi says:
I’ve been constantly fascinated with how the phenomenon of ‘wind turbine syndrome’ is considered in the climate denial community – an Australian climate change skeptic group called ‘the Galileo Movement’ (yep) is particularly obsessed with it.
https://twitter.com/search?q=from%3Agalileomovement%20syndrome&src=typd
But; other members of the community tip-toe around the issue with extreme caution – eg, Patrick Moore:
https://twitter.com/EcoSenseNow/status/526340150557544452
Then; you get politicians in Australia who both reject climate science and angrily propagate the ‘wind syndrome’ theory:
https://www.facebook.com/CraigKellyMP/photos/a.117937578400885.1073741828.117871478407495/222262851301690/?type=1&permPage=1
It’s all very fascinating 🙂
48. Buddy199 says:
And Americans who are all about climate science but think GMO’s are poison and fracking causes earthquakes. Go figure.
49. A low-end sensitivity position is only disingenuous if the person who holds it doesn’t really believe it. If they do believe, then they are not disingenuous (by definition).
50. Tom Scharf says:
What you are doing is a very transparent guilt by association. Skeptics don’t care what Inhofe has to say about anything. He is your face of climate denial because this is what you choose to look at. Read your own thoughts on confirmation bias. Highlighting the clowns on the opposing side is not very useful for anything because Al Gore says…
51. Tom Scharf says:
And for the record your copy/paste from SoD ended right before the sentence:
“The best you could say is with such a complex subject straddling so many different disciplines, they might be entitled to have a point.”
It would have been appropriate to include this I think.
52. kkloor says:
For the record, I also strongly encouraged everyone to go read the full post, and I’m sure many have–such as yourself.
53. Maurizio Morabito says:
Sad isn’t it when both SoD and Kloor find it necessary to go for brownie points, and clarify, clarify and clarify again that they ARE part of the Good Guys Brigade indeed, and have NO DOUBTS about the greenhouse effect, or the fact that increasing anthropogenic GHGs has been a significant contribution to rising temperatures of the last 100 years.
You are missing a very important point.
I have been labelled a D many many times. I have even collected all the insults received during a brief period in the Greenfyre blog
http://omnologos.com/the-agw-debate-challenged-game-1-word-list/
The insults haven’t gone away…they just resurface whenever I say anything in “warmist” blogs.
What’s the issue? The issue is that in my About page there is a text from 2007 where I clearly state that I have no doubts about the greenhouse effect, or the fact that increasing anthropogenic GHGs has been a significant contribution to rising temperatures of the last 100 years.
It’s from eight years ago. Yet the “concerned heretic watchers” would not and will not accept my membership of the Good Guys Brigade.
And who wrote that text? Why, Willis Eschenbach of WUWT fame. This should obviously and clearly and definitely destroy Kloor’s defense. WUWT is not the Very Bad Place he tried to describe in order to get brownie points.
Know what, the vituperated Bishop Hill has a blog owner who I suspect would subscribe to the same – that is, he has no doubts about the greenhouse effect, or the fact that increasing anthropogenic GHGs has been a significant contribution to rising temperatures of the last 100 years. There is a category of self-style Lukewarmers: Ridley, Lomborg, Lawson among them.
However, as seen countless times and for at least seven years and again in this thread, and about Ridley and Lomborg and Lawson, this does not matter. The people who utter the D word do not care about what the objects of their ires actually think: because the issue is not one’s opinion on the GHG properties of CO2, and not even what the temperature record says, or what the equations may indicate, or how good the numerical solutions we call Models are.
The issue for those who want/need to use the D word has been indicated by the Guardian some time ago: a skeptic is somebody who thinks at least some of the alarming claims made about climate change are exaggerated.
Conversely, a Believer is somebody who thinks no alarming claim is exaggerated.
In other words, a Believer does see the world as destined to a fiery and burning death. With the catastrophe approaching, anybody who doesn’t agree we’re a few years away from total collapse of civilization and more, is put in the D category.
You guys, (SoD and Kloor) are hovering about, almost ready to fall in the B camp. Maybe you should make it clear to yourselves and to your readers.
Are some claims of what is going to happen about global warming and climate change, exaggerated?
54. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
How do you come to that conclusion, Keith? My grandfather was a very serious alcoholic and I remember as a kid in the late 1960’s the term being used in relation to his alcoholism. It was a widely accepted term in Alcoholics Anonymous circles.
55. kkloor says:
Did people say he was in “denial?” Or a *denier*? Those are two different meanings.
And even if the former, my contention is that in the public mind, “denier” entered the lexicon with an association to holocaust denial.
56. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
“However ‘denier’ is not helpful…”
For whom is it not helpful? The person is denial?
Somehow I don’t necessarily think the point is to get those in denial of AGW to accept it. What is fundamentally important is to get action on climate change. What best serves that end goal?
I would suggest those in denial are going to remain there regardless of what terms are used. Perhaps it serves the greater purpose to not worry too much about their personal feelings and consider what will move the larger voting populace to action. Consider the possibility that pointing out the absurdity of their position, and highlighting their denial of science, is a production path toward action.
57. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
Are they not just two forms of the same word?
58. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
From Merriam-Webster…
: to say that something is not true
: to refuse to accept or admit (something)
: to refuse to give (something) to someone : to prevent someone from having or receiving (something)
I genuinely think this is the same thing as denial and denier. A person who denies something is a “denier.” A person engaged in the act of denying is in “denial.”
59. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
“The term “denier” is used deliberately because of its Holocaust connotations.”
And how do you determine the motives of others?
60. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
That’s a false equivalence since the term “negro” referred to a physical attribute. The term “denier” is a reference to the rejection of a large body of science.
One can choose whether or not to reject science. One’s race is inherited.
61. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
That’s not provenance. That’s merely usage.
62. DavidAppell says:
“Denier” is not inflammatory language. It is a perfectly good English word with a specific meaning, that in the case of climate change accurately portrays the position of those who deny AGW.
This word existed long before the Holocaust.
But for sure, some of their tactics are very much the same as those who deny the Holocaust.
That hardly means climate change deniers deny the Holocaust, or favor burning Jews and gays.
It means they use some of the same tactics as those who deny the Holocaust, and of those who deny anything with overwhelming evidence.
And climate change deniers don’t get to decide how they will be labeled. It’s irrelevant whether they like the moniker or not — it’s not up to them.
63. DavidAppell says:
Want to talk about deliberate? Then let’s talk about Ben Santer, who in the mid-1990s was accused of “scientific cleansing” the 3AR chaper on attribution.
This was during the Bosnia War, with its heavy, ugly accusations of genocide and “ethnic cleansing.” And it immediately brought to mind the “racial cleansing” practiced by the Nazis.
It was a phrase chosen for a specific reason. A very ugly reason.
64. Uncle Al says:
They can be trusted to steal and sour everything they touch. Sacrifices, sacrifices, mankind’s making a sacrifices. Imagine a boot crushing a human face forever. Test of faith! Fill the collection plate to be shriven into heaven. Eventually.
http://www.nature.com/news/us-government-abandons-carbon-capture-demonstration-1.16868
Tthermodynamics cannot be cheated, purchased, subborned, or counterfeited. It cannot be made diverse, compassionate, non-discriminatory, or activist. Ignorance is not a form of knowing things, nor is faith. A society inundated with rules from religious and secular political classes ignoring productive ends will implode.
65. DavidAppell says:
Then propose your own solution to the problem, instead of denying it.
People like James Hansen, who I’ve personally heard express his skepticism of government solutions, therefore suggest a carbon tax-and-dividend, where all carbon taxes collected are distributed back to Americans on an equal per-capita basis.
60% of Americans would make money under that plan.
And let’s not forget, the cap-and-trade program initiated by the US government 20 years ago for SO2 and N2O has lead to significant reductions in these pollutants, without bring western civilization to a halt or personal freedom to an end.
66. DavidAppell says:
“What are those risks?
What is the uncertainty that these risks will occur?”
Answer your own questions.
You’re the one in favor of doing nothing. You must have therefore made a calculation, conscious or not, that these risks are small.
So let’s see your numbers that show action isn’t worth the risk.
PS: Do you buy fire insurance for your home?
67. DavidAppell says:
Several prominent deniers are happy to be called “deniers”:
http://davidappell.blogspot.com/2012/05/why-its-ok-to-use-word-denier.html
68. DavidAppell says:
“The range of “deniers” goes from the Dragon Slayers, who think that global warming is not possible….”
Slayers like Joseph Postma are even stupider and more dishonest than that — they think the energy radiated from a colder object doesn’t impact a warmer object.
69. DavidAppell says:
“It looks to be about 1/2 and 1/2 right now…”
Based on what science?
70. DavidAppell says:
What “alarmism” is unjustified?
71. Jack Foster III says:
72. DavidAppell says:
It’s the METHODS of denial that are the same (between Holocaust denial and climate change denial), not the ends.
The goal of climate Change denial has NOTHING to do with the goals of Holocaust denial. I can’t imagine how anyone could assume so.
It’s up to me to decide what I mean by words, not anyone else.
73. Jack Foster III says:
How about earthquake insurance?
74. Jack Foster III says:
So call them deniers. If someone isn’t happy to be called a denier . . .then don’t.
75. Tom Scharf says:
Slightly on topic. Slate tracked how their employees voted in the last 4 presidential elections. Anybody want to take a guess? This will surprise absolutely nobody:
Democrat 162 times, Republican 12 and third party 10
http://danfrank.ca/?p=264%3Cbr%20/%3E
What is a bit surprising is that every media outlet’s (including Fox!) % employees donate more money to Democrats. The lineup here will no doubt also surprise no one. It’s only a bit surprising as journalism tends to be left leaning. It is noted that many employees have nothing to do with content creation.
76. kkloor says:
“It’s up to me to decide what I mean by words, not anyone else.”
Really? So if you wanted to use certain well- known pejorative words that grossly insulted gays, women, religious faiths, and people with a certain skin color, it would be up to you to decide what those words mean? You get to be the sole arbiter of their meaning? You can discount the meaning those words had in larger society?
I’m sure you can think of a few of those words.
Regarding “denier” and its association with holocaust denial: David, you’d have to be in denial not to see that.
77. DavidAppell says:
“Denier” is an accurate word for them. Why can’t it be used?
78. DavidAppell says:
It’s a question with the same methodology.
79. Guest says:
But often a different answer. . .
80. DavidAppell says:
I said the opposite — it’s up to you to decide the meaning of the words you use, not me.
81. Jack Foster III says:
People assess risks and costs and then make decisions. Most people I know have fire insurance but no earthquake insurance. And I live in California!
82. Jack Foster III says:
2 reasons: vague and offensive.
83. Jack Foster III says:
There’s significant difference between denying what happened in the past and “denying” what might happen in the future. Really strange that people can’t see that . . .
84. Michael Brown says:
“Crank” is a word that has a well established meaning and may be relevant here.
Cranks have odd pet theories who primarily publish in blogs, vanity press and news paper columns, and they are common to a number of debates (e.g., vaccines, climate). These same people typically reject professional science and ignore many lines of evidence that support mainstream hypotheses (and demolish cranks’ pet theories).
85. kkloor says:
You lost me.
The assertion: climate “denier” has an implicit association with holocaust denial. They get bundled together in the mind in such a way that one is just analogous to the other. I can assure you that I’m not only one who finds that association offensive.
So what are you saying? That this is my problem? Can you clarify?
86. DavidAppell says:
So, when will your house be burning down?
87. DavidAppell says:
I don’t see at all how “climate change denier” gets mixed with “Holocaust denier,” except that certain tactics are common to both.
I think Anthony Watts is a climate change denier. But I have no idea at all what his position is on the Holocaust, on Jews, on gays, or anything related to that episode of history. I have no idea whatsoever of his position on the Holocaust.
88. NiCuCo says:
What part of his is unjustified?
89. Jack Foster III says:
Don’t know; unlike you, I can’t tell the future.
90. DavidAppell says:
So why buy fire insurance?
91. NiCuCo says:
“The assertion: climate “denier” has an implicit association with holocaust denial. They get bundled together in the mind in such a way that one is just analogous to the other.”
Only because the assertion that they are “bundled together” has been made over and over again by those who want argue that deniers are not deniers.
92. kkloor says:
You don’t see it because you’re in denial, plain and simple. I’ve had this debate with people who take your position but they at least acknowledge how it can be perceived that there is an association.
Before climate “denier” came into being, the term was commonly used in reference to holocaust denial. Not only that, there is a history of public figures deliberately making the association between holocaust and climate denial. Look it up.
Now, since that’s not considered cool anymore, people don’t don’t outwardly make the connection these days. But its implicit.
What I can figure out is if you are being disingenuous or just argumentative for argument sake.
93. Tom Scharf says:
If you have a mortgage, you have no choice whether to buy fire insurance or not. Insurance is useful for small probability large cost scenarios where a pool of people can share the costs and the risks are well defined.
Just like anything it is an individual calculation of whether the protection is worth it. I wouldn’t buy fire insurance for $10,000 a year based on the risk. Fire and auto insurance have well known risks and costs so they tend to be wise investments.
I don’t buy insurance for my big screen TV or cell phone because I can self insure and over the long run I should come out ahead because insurance companies by definition charge more than the actual risk to make money.
You typically would not buy asteroid or nuclear war insurance because in these cases all members of the group incur large costs and the insurance company would be unable to pay.
The risks on climate change are not well known, and neither are the costs for mitigation or adaption. This makes this economic calculation very unclear. This is likely why people just default to their ideological preference.
94. Tom Scharf says:
How’s that working for you so far?
95. kkloor says:
Your logic is stupefying.
96. kkloor says:
Afraid not.
I know plenty of people who feel quite strongly about the risks of climate change–and who have little regard for the Anthony Watts’ of the world–and they see the association and so don’t use the “denier” term.
97. Tom Scharf says:
Go ahead. Knowingly using a word like this that you know may be offensive to someone says a lot more about you than it does about them.
98. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
Not too bad. How about you?
99. DavidAppell says:
“Just like anything it is an individual calculation of whether the protection is worth it.”
It’s not your calculation, it’s the mortgage company’s. After all, it’s their money at risk, much more than yours.
Because the risks of fire “are not well known” — does not mean your mortgage company can’t make you buy fire insurance.
They make you buy it BECAUSE the risk is ultimately unknown.
If they knew the day your house would burn down, there’s no need at all for insurance.
Not knowing the risks of climate change in no way says you can ignore it. (Ever hear of the Cheney doctrine?)
It says you choose to stick your head in the sand. Most of us won’t do that.
Where did you learn that igorance is a reason for doing nothing?
100. DavidAppell says:
Keith: the word “denier” has a meaning, right?
Didn’t it have a meaning before the Holocaust?
Can it not still have a meaning outside the Holocaust?
101. DavidAppell says:
Or does the term like “Bigfoot denier” now always mean denial too of the Nazi Holocaust?
102. Tom Scharf says:
My understanding of the latest PC rules in play is that the oppressed community gets to decide what is offensive. You can try that line of thinking with the feminists and race relations experts and see what kind of response you get.
103. DavidAppell says:
False. I don’t think the word “denier” is offensive.
I deny the Seattle Seahawks are the best team in the NFL.
How is that offensive?? Am I an anti-Semite for that belief? Does it mean I think the Nazis were big fun-loving guys who never did a thing wrong?
I don’t see at all how it’s offensive, just because some people use the word “denier” in the phrase “Holocaust denier,” which when combined means something completely different.
More to the point, you don’t get to decide how I use words. It’s not up to you.
104. DavidAppell says:
PC rules? Where are they found, outside of your own ideology?
105. kkloor says:
You keep ignoring what I’ve been saying. Of course “denier” existed before the holocaust.
But in the latter part of the 20th century the term became identified with Holocaust denial. Then, as I mentioned in another comment, some public figures a decade ago made an explicit connection so that a climate “denier” could be seen as variant of a Holocaust “denier.”
Are you not aware of all this or are you contesting it?
106. kkloor says:
Your argument here is once again making me shake my head. You are such a smart guy so I’m going to chalk this up to stubbornness.
I’m going to call it a night. You might want to, as well.
107. DavidAppell says:
The word “denier” has NOTHING to do with a Holocaust denier.
As I said earlier, some people are happy to be called climate change deniers.
http://davidappell.blogspot.com/2012/05/why-its-ok-to-use-word-denier.html
Why would you ever associte the Cornwall Alliance with Holocaust denial, just because they said they deny manmade climate change?
How can you justifiy such a associate? Because it’s not what THEY mean….
108. DavidAppell says:
Keith, you know I have tons of respect for you and your work. I just disagree with you on this. Strongly, I guess.
109. Tom Scharf says:
If I own my house, it’s my calculation on whether it is worth it.
Of course the fire risk is known. Their risk is bounded by the cost of the home and they have reliable statistics on how many homes burn down each year and the average cost of each claim. If the numbers are large enough their annual claims will be pretty stable and they will reliably make money every year and the consumer will get a fair price.
If my cost to fix climate change is $1/year I am in. If it is $10,000/year I’m not. I would say the breaking point for me at this point would be about $100/year. I would prefer that money to go for energy research and nuclear power.
How much are you willing to pay? Note I am talking about your personal income, not spending other people’s money.
110. Dadamax says:
You may find this analogy helpful. http://youtu.be/o4oMsfa_30Q?t=40m38s
111. DavidAppell says:
I just don’t see that “denier” means “Holocaust denier.”
If it did, we could now just use the word “denier,” and not have to include the word “Holocaust” in front of it.
If I called you out at random and said you were a “denier,” to me that does not mean you are a Holocaust denier. It means I still need to define WHAT KIND of denier you are.
I’m a “Seahawks denier” — I deny that the Seattle Seahawks are the best team in the NFL.
How in the world does that also make me a Holocaust denier??
112. Tom Scharf says:
IPCC AR5 Chapter 13. You may find that helpful. When geologists talk about ice sheet “collapses” they are speaking in geological time, typically millennial scale. If a WAIS collapse were to occur it could add 4 feet to sea level over a period of 200 to 900 years. This event is theoretical and the odds of this happening are unknown (i.e. low probability). For now seas are rising at 1 inch/decade. Catastrophe is not imminent and I feel no need to buy sea level rise insurance.
113. DavidAppell says:
Your fire risk is known??
So what date will your house be burning down? Perhaps you can even tell us the hour….
114. Tom Scharf says:
I could probably find a million references, but here is one I found in 5 seconds:
http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/04/17/1202506/-Who-defines-racist
115. DavidAppell says:
I’ve never read Daily Kos. Why am I subject to its rules?
116. DavidAppell says:
That is to say, I think “political correctness” is a term people like you use to pigeon-hole others, so as to avoid confronting the details of their ideas. It’s an excuse for your own intellectual laziness.
117. Dadamax says:
You can apply this analogy of risk management to all of the risks of climate change. Not just myopically to the WAIS. There is thermosteric sea rise to consider as well. And we’re talking about a public “insurance policy” that is a responsible policy for civilization, not a litteral insurance policy for your personal property.
Investing in mitigation now may seem expensive and draconian to you, but delaying will only necessitate measures with even higher costs that are even more draconian. Acting now is the economically prudent course. This isn’t going to magically get better or go away on its own.
118. Jack Foster III says:
First off, thanks for the article! It’s a move in the right direction, and even the conversation below the fold is more civil and thoughtful than we usually see. Second, I don’t think it’s just the skeptics that tend to one-sided. Confirmation bias is pervasive on both sides of the argument. Will the challenge to one-sided climate alarmism also come from within that sphere?
119. BarryWoods says:
The word denier of course has existed for a long time, but that is a distraction..
When it is used in the context of the climate debate, it has a number of associations, including climate deniers are the moral equivalent of holocaust deniers..
in the 80-90’s green groups were saying politicians, public were in ‘denial’ of climate change. and there was a theme was the coming climate catastrophe would be worse than any holocaust.. and that the public (like the Jews) were in denial about what was to befall them. (George Marshall, ex Greenpeace, Rainforest Foundation, Earth First, RisingTide) – 2001 Ecologist
http://www.ecoglobe.ch/motivation/e/clim2922.htm
Which then appears to morphed among activists into those that question, must be bad, mad as sad as holocaust deniers, or creationists or cranks or conspiracy theorists.. a pretty standard activist/political trick to associate your opposition with a label, that nobody would like to be labelled with (to shut them up)
The very real David Irving trial (a real holocaust denier) came to prominence in UK/EU at least, and a number of writers made the comparison.. Not least writers Johann Hari, George Monbiot and Mark Lynas (both environmental activists)
The Guardian (in 2010) recognized the well established problems and associations of using the phrase climate denier, or denier in the context of the climate debate.. and had internal arguments about it’s use
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/mar/01/climate-change-scepticism-style-guide
they are well aware of it!, because George Monbiot was making the comparison as far back as 2006 (in the Guardian). Irving was still in the news at this time.
“Almost everywhere, climate change denial now looks as stupid and as unacceptable as Holocaust denial.”
– George Monbiot, The Guardian (2006)
“The climate-change deniers are rapidly ending up with as much intellectual credibility as creationists and Flat Earthers. …they are nudging close to having the moral credibility of Holocaust deniers.”
– Johann Hari, The Independent (2005)
“I wonder what sentences judges might hand down at future international criminal tribunals on those who will be partially but directly responsible for millions of deaths from starvation, famine and disease in decades ahead. I put this in a similar moral category to Holocaust denial.”
– Mark Lynas, Environmental Activist (2006)
or in America:
“It’s about the climate-change “denial industry”, …we should have war crimes trials for these bastards – some sort of climate Nuremberg.”
– David Roberts, Grist Magazine (2006)
“These are not debunkers, testing outrageous claims with scientific rigor. They are deniers – like Holocaust deniers.”
– Jim Hoggan, DeSmogBlog (2005)
“Would PBS go so far as to give air time to an even more extreme kind of disinformer, a Holocaust denier?”
– Joe Romm, Climate Progress (2012)
also a concern to see UK politicians making similar analogies
“Giving in to the forces of low ambition would be an act of climate appeasement. This is our Munich moment.”
– Chris Huhne, U.K. Energy and Climate Change Minister (2011)
As for Lindzen, ‘liking’ it… well most people don’t, and just maybe the sight of a scientist with a Jewish background, trying to (rather desperately) repatriate the word into something else, isn’t rather sad/tragic, really shows how desperate people are to keep hold of a label they like to use to discredit people in the eyes of the public..
Mosher summarises with some irony..(about the apparent desire to never concede any point, on any issue, to any sceptic, ever)
Steven Mosher says:
February 4, 2015 at 6:58 pm
“The term denier is saving the planet.
don’t give it up. the cause depends on it.”
https://andthentheresphysics.wordpress.com/2015/02/03/hostilities/#comment-46489
The offensiveness of the phrase is really the intent of the person using it, to discredit people, and they will happily use what ever association floats the boats of a particular audience. If their was a worse comparison than holocaust denial (that would also be used)
“Would the media insist on having a Holocaust-denier to balance any report about the Second Word War?”
– Caroline Lucas, U.K. Green Party MP (2007)
more quotes here:
http://www.populartechnology.net/2014/02/skeptics-smeared-as-holocaust-deniers.html
120. Paul_Butler says:
Perhaps. I have no views on that, and I prefer not to use it if possble.
But what I’m trying to say is that the term is used in all sorts of contexts, but as far as I know the connection with denial of the holocaust is only brought up in a major way when it is used of people who don’t accept a human influence on climate.
121. Paul_Butler says:
It can be more subtle than that. They can emphasize the low-sensitivity position for scientific reasons that they understand, but their decision can also be influenced by other more political concerns, such as their emotioinal attachment to business as usual.
Of course this can also apply to people who favour a high-end sensitivity position.
122. iFred says:
I’ve never seen Appell giving in, ever, how much wrong he was. It’s like discussing with a bot.
123. iFred says:
You don’t WANT to see it, Appell, that’s all.
124. chadke says:
Do you pay fire insurance for your home that costs more than the value of your home?
125. chadke says:
You’re wrong, and not just with the terminology you used. No one denies natural variation in climate. There’s a difference between climate change and anthropogenic climate change. You should start learning that.
Anthony Watts has stated publicly many times that he believes that CO2 has a warming effect. Try again.
126. Buddy199 says:
That they continue to use the term after its offensiveness is pointed out, the way a racist or other bigot would use an offensive slur, is proof of their cynical intention.
127. Buddy199 says:
Because it is pointed out as very offensive to many people. I’m sure you bend over backwards to adopt every new PC euphemism created to drain any offense. Why do you insist on being offensive to people whom you disagree with in this case, instead of simply disagreeing with them in a civilized way?
128. Buddy199 says:
Race, religon, belief system. Whatever. Why do people search for loopholes to continue to be offensive to others after it has been clearly pointed out.
129. Buddy199 says:
Like “colored” is a perfectly good word that is rarely used anymore because it offends. Go find another word. Especially in this age of PC Word Police creativity, I’m sure they can help you come up with a new, completely inoffensive term.
130. JaimeIslandGuy says:
As an actuary I can say your reply is not serious. It is quite easy to determine it, we do it for you — based on tens of millions of data points — and we reflect it in you insurance calculation which you can look at — it is called your “premium.”
Subtract about 15% for our administrative costs, our profit, undetected fraud, and a few other small costs in fact you do know the fire risk in your zip code, for your age and type of structure, and for your age demographic. And we even factor in your credit report and criminal history. We even do quite exact projections on rebuild cost changes every time your jurisdiction adopts new building codes.
As someone who deals specifically with rebuild cost changes, from reading some of the work on the climate change issue, I think the major unaccounted aspect of climate change amelioration discussion is the major and perhaps dominant metric, the certain steep future decline in costs for carbon storage and sequestration technology.
It is one thing to add about 15% to your risk amelioration costs. It is another thing to erect a vast machine that may well be many times the actually loss costs.
131. JaimeIslandGuy says:
132. JaimeIslandGuy says:
David, earthquake insurance is not the same methodology.
133. JaimeIslandGuy says:
Not all solutions require erecting a gigantic tax scheme. In fact that is more often counter productive.
You seem to be luddite and lack faith in future technology,
134. Eli Rabett says:
Replacement value tends to be much higher
135. Buddy199 says:
The solutions that work the best are usually the product of pure government research and the free market developing those technologies. Enormous tax schemes, political favoritism, crony capitalism, grandiose programs run by bureaucrats have a tendency to misallocate and waste enormous amounts of taxpayer money and resources before they crash and burn. This is particularly true in the energy sector. Because of a tech revolution implemented in the private sector the U.S. is on the verge of becoming the lead producer of oil and natgas, a development unimaginable six years ago. Versus the checkered and still underperforming green sector, despite the commitment of vast government resources and power.
136. Eli Rabett says:
Amusing. Try asking about 2014 being the hottest year in most of the temperature anomaly series.
137. Eli Rabett says:
Shaming works
138. Eli Rabett says:
Thermo also requires an equilibrium
139. Eli Rabett says:
Now you’re trying to negotiate your rejection down
140. Eli Rabett says:
The Arctic being ice free a few thousand years ago is relevant how? And how many of today’s large cities would then have been under water. To paraphrase Keats we would have all not have been born then.
141. Eli Rabett says:
Cmon, that crap passed it’s sell by date back when USENET was the only game in town
142. BarryWoods says:
context – 0.09C over 55 years.
What proportion is attributed to natural variabiliy, what proportion to AGW..
that sort of thing. oh and 1 ARGO buoy per 250,000 CUBIC kilometres of ocean, and that’s the good data in the last 15 yrs.
143. BarryWoods says:
If we were to call someone a ‘bigot’ despite their protests, and insist on a purely dictionary definition?
“a person who is intolerant towards those holding different opinions.”
144. Tom Fuller says:
Mr. Appell, people who use insulting terminology deliberately to cause offence are rarely the ones who should be the arbiter of the terms’ affects.
Lots of racists sought to legitimize the term ‘nigger.’ I have heard people who were otherwise apparently sane say that blacks used the term for each other, so why shouldn’t they?
The word denier does have a legitimate history. You and others like you on the more rabid side of the consensus fence pretty much destroyed legitimate usage of the term with your explicit association of climate contrarians with Holocaust deniers.
“The deniers of climate change are cut from the same cloth as Holocaust deniers. They’ve never been to the death camps, Auschwitz and Birkenau, so what they haven’t seen does not exist.” – Charles Larson, American University (2013)
“At its core, global warming denial is like Holocaust denial, an assault on common decency.” – David Fiderer, The Huffington Post (2009)
“There are many more traits that the climate deniers share with the creationists and Holocaust deniers and others who distort the truth.” – Donald Prothero, Occidental College (2012)
“Let’s just say that global warming deniers are now on a par with Holocaust deniers.” – Ellen Goodman, Boston Globe (2007)
“I think these people are anti-science flat-earthers. …They are every bit as dangerous as Holocaust deniers.” – Guy Keleny, The Independent (2013)
“These are not debunkers, testing outrageous claims with scientific rigor. They are deniers – like Holocaust deniers.” – Jim Hoggan, DeSmogBlog (2005)
“There are now proposals that ‘global warming deniers’ be treated the same as ‘Holocaust deniers: professional ostracism, belittlement, ridicule and, even, jail.” – Paul Payack, Global Language Monitor (2006)
“Denialism, a concept that was first widely used, as far as I know, for those who claimed that the Holocaust was a fraud, is the concept I believe we should use.” – Robert Manne, La Trobe University (2009)
145. willard says:
> But in the latter part of the 20th century the term became identified with Holocaust denial.
The reason why we use “Holocaust denier” is exactly because “denier” simpliciter is not enough to convey the genocide connotation, Keith.
In a context where historical revisionism is relevant, “denier” could refer to the Holocaust. In a context where AGW is discussed, “denier” refers to AGW denial.
For instance:
> How did genocide denial become a doctrine of the internationalist left?
http://www.monbiot.com/2012/05/21/see-no-evil/
146. Tom Fuller says:
You wouldn’t fight so hard to retain the term if you didn’t think it was effective. I repeat–the insulter doesn’t get to determine the effect of the insult.
147. Tom Fuller says:
No, they were bundled together as part of a cluster of statements made in the media by scientists, commentators and politicians. The term Holocaust denier was used repeatedly and those who oppose the consensus on climate change were directly compared to Holocaust deniers.
148. Tom Fuller says:
Please see above, Mr. Appell. Those on your team worked very hard to create an explicit association between climate contrarians and Holocaust deniers. Their words live on thanks to the Internet.
149. Tom Fuller says:
I actually think Jim Hoggan of DeSmog blog might have been the first: “These are not debunkers, testing outrageous claims with scientific rigor. They are deniers – like Holocaust deniers.” – Jim Hoggan, DeSmogBlog (2005)
150. Tom Fuller says:
“Let’s just say that global warming deniers are now on a par with Holocaust deniers.” – Ellen Goodman, Boston Globe (2007)
151. Tom Fuller says:
“There are many more traits that the climate deniers share with the creationists and Holocaust deniers and others who distort the truth.” – Donald Prothero, Occidental College (2012)
152. Tom Fuller says:
“It’s about the climate-change “denial industry”, …we should have war crimes trials for these bastards – some sort of climate Nuremberg.“- David Roberts, Grist Magazine (2006)
153. Tom Fuller says:
“At its core, global warming denial is like Holocaust denial, an assault on common decency.” – David Fiderer, The Huffington Post (2009)
154. Tom Fuller says:
“The deniers of climate change are cut from the same cloth as Holocaust deniers. They’ve never been to the death camps, Auschwitz and Birkenau, so what they haven’t seen does not exist.” – Charles Larson, American
155. kkloor says:
And the feeling is mutual. I can see the passion you have about this issue. So we’ll just have to agree to disagree since I think we’re talking past each other.
156. Tom Fuller says:
“Surely it’s time for climate-change deniers to have their opinions forcibly tattooed on their bodies.” – Richard Glover, The Sydney Morning Herald (2011)
157. Tom Fuller says:
“Denialism, a concept that was first widely used, as far as I know, for those who claimed that the Holocaust was a fraud, is the concept I believe we should use.” – Robert Manne, La Trobe University (2009)
158. Tom Fuller says:
“We don’t give Holocaust deniers equal time to vent their noxious views, so why offer it to the climate change deniers?” – Richard Schiffman, The Huffington Post (2012)
159. willard says:
“Tobis is scum. You’re worse.” – A groundskeeper that shall remain unnamed (February 4, 2015 at 5:49 am).
What’s the connotation of “scum,” again?
160. willard says:
> I just don’t see that “denier” means “Holocaust denier.”
Connoting is not meaning.
161. willard says:
“Alarmists have called for skeptics to face Nuremburg trials, go to prison, ad absurdium. Alarmists have killed their children and then themselves in a chilling echo of Jonestown. Alarmists have committed suicide by cop at the Discovery Channel headquarters. They trash archaeological treasures, agitate against cheap energy for the poor in South Africa and tell skeptics ‘we know where you live.’ The issue is serious enough to warrant comparison with what happened in Paris, if not exactly the same.” A groundskeeper who shall remain unnamed (January 12, 2015 at 7:39 am)
162. Joshua says:
Judith Curry – one of the leading hand-wringers about the term “denier,” then turns around and uses the term to describe people at the Pentagon.
The “outrage, outrage I say” about the term is hilarious…
But yeah, there is no particular reason that I can think of to insist on using the term – unless for some reason you like hearing “outrage, outrage I say” over and over from drama queens.
It’s also amusing that Keith (they’re loons, loons I say) Kloor is again expressing his selective concern about name-calling.
163. willard says:
> You asked for provenance that “denier” can be traced back to “holocaust denier”. I provided this.
Pop’s list does not clarify **the provenance** of “denier””, Les.
The **provenance** of “denier” can’t be traced back to “holocaust” denier, Les.
I don’t think **provenance** means what you think it means.
Thanks for playing.
164. AR5, WG1 Box TS.3. This basically says that when looking at periods of 10 to 15 years, the internal variability can negate the trend, leading to a hiatus. Therefore, they are about equal and sometimes cancel and sometimes reinforce (i.e. 1/2 and 1/2).
165. Joshua says:
You don’t see it because you’re in denial, plain and simple
Just goes to show how incredibly bogus your argument is, Keith.
curryja | October 14, 2014 at 5:45 pm | ReplyYes, they confuse extreme weather events as being caused by anthropogenic global warming. I would call them extreme weather deniers – they seem to be in denial that these are caused naturally.
So there we see that Judith goes directly from calling people at the Pentagon “deniers” to saying that they are “in denial.”
So now it would be OK if instead, folks started saying that ‘skeptics” are “in denial” rather than calling them “deniers?”
You think “skeptics” wouldn’t claim offense about being compared to Nazis, even as they compare people to Lysenko and Stalin, and Pol Pot, and Mao, and McCarthy, and Genghis Kahn, blah, blah, blah, or actually call people “deniers” themselves?:
Spare me the sanctimony.
166. willard says:
> That’s not provenance. That’s merely usage.
Only tracing back usages will lead you to provenance, Buzz.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenance
Do you know the provenance of “denial industry” by any chance?
167. johndaddyo444 says:
There’s one major flaw in this entire article: among scientists, there is no “consensus” that mankind has caused global warming by the emission of CO2 from the consumption of fossil fuels.
The reports of 97% consensus refer to the widespread agreement among all scientists that climate warmed during the 20th century, and is likely to be continuing on a long-term warming trend going forward. Note the use of the word “likely”.
Some serious scientists are proposing (we use the term “hypothesizing”) an alternative cause for 20th century warming which has nothing to do with CO2. This hypothesis is important because the physics of radiation do not support the notion that atmospheric CO2 “back-radiation” can drive climate change.
Any scientist can run the calculations – and so can lay people, perhaps with just a little bit of assistance:
Human CO2 emissions = 37 Gt/yr (Gt = gigatonnes)
Natural CO2 emissions = 820 Gt/yr
This means human consumption of fossil fuels cannot exceed 5% of all CO2 emissions each year.
Furthermore, nature sinks all but +2ppm (16 Gt) of CO2 every year. This is the average rate of increase in atmospheric CO2 over the past few decades.
Now, a scientist will recognize that Nature has no mind of its own, and therefore, cannot selectively sink only the CO2 it has emitted. Simple algebra shows that only a small fraction of annual human emissions of CO2 remain in the atmosphere:
37/857 x 16 = 0.69 Gt
Finally, the atmosphere contains 3200 Gt of CO2, and this CO2 is credited with contributing 5% of Earth’s Greenhouse Warming Effect. (The other 95% is credited to atmospheric Water Vapor)
The total GWE = +33 C. So the CO2 GWE = 5% x 33 = +1.65 C.
Our maximum possible contribution to this global warming effect?
0.69/3200 x 1.65 = +0.00035 C. per year, or about one-third of one degree Celsius for 1,000 years of human emissions (at current rates of emission).
Now, it is neither “denial” nor “self-delusional” to trust in basic algebraic calculations, and in the scientific facts upon which all climate scientists must agree (the numbers used in this post are widely reported and accepted by all scientists familiar with this subject – however, I rarely see any “climate scientist” review the numbers in as obvious and open a manner as seen here).
“Denial”, such as it may exist in climate science today, seems to be dominated by those who would argue mankind is driving climate change through the consumption of fossil fuels.
Therefore, when one reads about “consensus” in science, one must be careful to evaluate what exactly does the consensus agreement mean? As any good scientist knows, science does not progress through consensus, but through open, honest, and robust criticism. No scientist ever seeks to shut down debate. No scientist ever thinks he or she has “arrived” at the answer — there are always known sources of error in the measurements, known systemic sources of error in the method, and unknown sources of error.
P.S. This post is not intended to obscure the fact that some climate scientists (e.g. working at NASA GISS, Hadley CRU, and NOAA NCDC) have created computer models which indicate this tiny bit of warming due to CO2 (if it actually exists in reality) might cause a positive feedback in Earth’s climate system through the melting of polar ice caps and the evaporation of water. The added water vapor then causes more warming, and the cycle repeats. The CO2 warming effect is essentially “amplified” in Earth’s climate system. Or, at least that’s what the most widely reported theory has been among government-sponsored climate scientists for the past 25 years.
I’ll spare the reader the details of the computer models. The important point is that the models were created using an assumption that more CO2 in the atmosphere must cause some warming. They were created specifically to estimate “how much” warming was attributable to added CO2.
Unfortunately, the scientific process was corrupted by a few politically active scientists, and has now been thoroughly dominated by politics. We find ourselves set backward in climate science progress about 30 years, all thanks to the misguided “denial” of the climate activists.
168. Joshua says:
Let’s let Keith lay out just how transparent the sanctimony actually is:
kkloor Mod DavidAppell • 10 hours ago
You don’t see it because you’re in denial, plain and simple.
Although Judith Curry does try to outdo Keith’s sanctimony:
curryja | October 14, 2014 at 5:45 pm | ReplyYes, they confuse extreme weather events as being caused by anthropogenic global warming. I would call them extreme weather deniers – they seem to be in denial that these are caused naturally.
Rules for radicals, eh Tom?
169. johndaddyo444 says:
Yes, Thermo DOES require reaching an equilibrium. What is the time constant associated with our planet’s thermal reservoir? How long does it take for CO2 warming to present itself?
Approximately 40% of all human CO2 emissions have occurred since 1958. During that period of time, we’ve had planetary cooling for 20 years, then planetary warming for 20 years, and finally, planetary temperature stagnation for 15 years.
What’s the word again? “Denial”?
170. Joshua says:
Keith really got into calling me a troll when I started pointing out that his name-calling in the context of GMOs was probably sub-optimal and perhaps even counter-productive.
I could be mistaken, but I think that “loon” was his pejorative label of choice.
‘Cause, you know, it’s so much more useful than “denier.”
But yeah – Rules for Radicals explains it, Tom.
171. johndaddyo444 says:
I agree, Andy. Complaining about persecution is pathetic. This is what I saw people like Al Gore, Dr. James Hansen, and Dr. Gavin Schmidt (NASA GISS directors) do on a weekly basis when legitimate criticism by competent scientists was brought against their computer models — the ones built to show CO2 warming amplified beyond credulity.
See Tom Scharf’s post on Rules for Radicals #4. You’ve fallen victim to it.
172. Jeffn says:
97% of Bigfoot researchers assert that bigfoot is real. They think you are a denier if you disagree. All the bigfoot journals agree.
Is Judith Curry a “denier” David?
James Hansen says faith in renewables is tantamount to belief in the Easter bunny. Should we call people who disagree with him deniers.
The word is a political construct- designed to inflame, designed to mislead. It’s one of the reasons it’s so popular amongst the warm.
173. johndaddyo444 says:
Do you care more about what people are called, or about what science is correct?
174. johndaddyo444 says:
Ah, then you ARE a Denier, because the 2014 Seahawks WERE the best team in the NFL. They proved it in Superbowl XLIX, and had to throw the game on the one yard line in order to give Brady his 4th ring.
Wilson is young; Seattle has a fledgling dynasty in the making. The Patriots are last decade’s team.
175. Jeffn says:
Ten years ago, you were a “denier” if you didn’t believe in 6-degrees, Florida underwater this century, the Arctic ice-free this decade, and British and German industries powered entirely by wind and solar by 2030, worst ever hurricane seasons annually and 50 million climate refugees by now.
We’re all deniers now.
176. willard says:
Could the term “loon” be traced back to holocaust denial, Keith?
An URL:
http://www.loonwatch.com/tag/holocaust-denial/
A random quote:
I hadn’t really wanted to mention this nutcase again for a while, but unfortunately he’s like the Energizer Bunny of Holocaust denial. He just keeps going and going and going and goin. If theres’s any doubt about it now that the President of Iran is a complete and total wingnut, this ought to put it to rest: […]
http://oracknows.blogspot.ca/2006/01/loon-running-iran.html
Seems that “total wingnut” can also be traced back to Holocaust denial.
177. kkloor says:
I called you a troll because you often take something I write out of context. Similarly, in this case, you are selectively remembering the exchange.
But as I said to you before, I don’t bother engaging you anymore because of your disingenuousness.
178. kkloor says:
Please link to the “loons” post(s) you are referencing for all to see the context. I’ve written much about GMOs, so any posts you could supply would be helpful.
179. kkloor says:
Did I reference anything Judith Curry said in this post? Typical misdirection of a trolling commenter.
180. JH says:
As usual, David is denying that he puts words in other people’s mouths to tar them as deniers.
That’s the Your-a-Climate-Consensus-Denier game plan: ignore any strong arguments against the consensus and shout “you’re a denier!!!!” as loud as possible.
181. JH says:
David’s rational functions no longer work on this topic.
182. Tom Fuller says:
That was me. All of that happened in the real world.
183. Joshua says:
Gee – that was tough, Keith. I’m sure you couldn’t have done it:
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/collideascape/2014/01/30/stop-legitimizing-loony-anti-gmo-voices/#.VNOUti7Yqed
First, hit, first Google search.
Maybe you could link to that post where you acknowledged your tendency towards name-calling before then resuming your name-calling?
How about this?:
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/collideascape/2014/01/30/stop-legitimizing-loony-anti-gmo-voices/#.VNOUti7Yqed
Which you advertised on twitter as such:
If you want to know why the #GMO debate is mired in loony land, here’s a one-stop shop of recent crazy talk.
184. Tom Fuller says:
As mentioned above with numerous examples, alarmists hijacked the term ‘denier’ and corrupted it. In other fields it can still be used. But you and your buddies trashed it. Kinda like ClimateBall. You both created and destroyed it.
185. Tom Fuller says:
Yeah, Rabitt. You used that for about 10 minutes a while back, but couldn’t resists and went back to ‘denier.’
186. Tom Fuller says:
Look in a mirror.
187. Joshua says:
You started calling me a “troll” when I started to point out the fallacious association you were drawing with “the left” and anti-GMO ideology.
You started calling me a “troll” when I argued (without personalizing my arguments) that by focusing on the extreme ends of the scale, you were adding to, not detracting from, the polarization on any number of these issues.
I like a lot of the stuff you do, Keith. For example, I really appreciate the posts and articles that you’ve written about the different directions of different conservationists (even if I think that there was a bit too much of your own personal bias in the way that you did that reporting). I learned a lot from those posts.
But I think that you tend towards mercurial and hyperbolic, and that undermines the good work you do. It is when I started to point that out that you started calling me a “troll,”
188. Joshua says:
And BTW –
As much as I disagree with Shub – he’s right in the sense that this very post of yours is more a representative of the problematic polarization than a part of the solution.
189. Tom Scharf says:
That one’s going to leave a bruise.
190. Joshua says:
The point is that the concern about the use of the term “denier” is mostly sanctimonious. Most of who complain the loudest use the same term or similar terms themselves. Including yourself. The reference to Judith was just one example. The same way that your use of pejorative labels are examples of the larger phenomenon.
Pejorative labeling is sub-optimal and likely counterproductive no matter who does it. The use of the term “denier,” IMO, displays fallacious reasoning. I would say that same about much of your rhetoric – and as I long have told you, I think that your use of that kind of rhetoric detracts from the value of the good work that you do.
191. Tom Scharf says:
People who are incapable of making a clear coherent statement have deep seated fears of appearing wrong. Know anyone like this?
192. Tom Scharf says:
“but delaying will only necessitate measures with even higher costs ”
“but delaying MAY necessitate measures with even higher costs ”
Your point is valid. One of the big differences between the opposing groups on climate change is tolerance for risk. Some people put their money in CD’s and some people are day traders.
If I was convinced that mitigation costs were less than adaption costs I would be on your side. I’m not convinced.
193. Tom Scharf says:
Come on Joshua, I think everyone on the Internet has called you a troll at one point or another. For whatever reason you seem to be obsessed with ankle biting the hosts. But it is mostly entertaining.
He who has never called someone a name can throw the first stone.
194. Tom Scharf says:
For the record Joshua I personally could care less about the name calling. I also could care less that there is documentable hypocrisy in a polarized debate. I’m not holier than thou and neither is the other side.
The left cares a lot more about labels and their connotations than the right does (spare me your impulse to go find an example where the right cares). You can chalk up much of this skeptic faux outrage as an exercise in rule #4 and nothing else. I grant that there are some people who are legitimately offended.
There are some here who seem to be pushing that there is no connotation with denier and that is not a very credible argument. There is a connotation, and I don’t care.
People who stand in front of abortion clinics and call people baby murderers have the right to do so. I don’t find it a particularly effective strategy. My feelings are that denier does more damage to the AGW cause than it helps. Others feel differently.
195. Tom Scharf says:
Funny, because it is exactly the opposite.
196. Joshua says:
==> “For the record Joshua I personally could care less about the name
At the personal level, I couldn’t care less either (I assume you mean you couldn’t care less?) But I think that the name-calling is sub-optimal, sometimes counterproductive, and pretty much evidence lways that the discussions were the name-calling is taking place are really about identity politics and not the ostensible subject at hand. As Kahan might say – they’re about “who you are” rather than “what you know” or ” what you believe”
==> “The left cares a lot more about labels and their connotations than the right does (spare me your impulse to go find an
example where the right cares).”
Not sure where you get that from. I see plenty of “political corectness” from the right. Maybe worth a discussion at another time.
==> ” I grant that there are some people who are legitimately offended.”
Sure, I think that there are. But not nearly all those who hand wring about the outrage.
==> “There are some here who seem to be pushing that there is no connotation with
denier and that is not a very credible argument.”
I agree that there is/can be some connotation in that regard. But that kind of guilt-by-association is ubiquitous on both sides (Lysenko, McCarthy, etc.) What’s laughable is that each side tries to claim that it characterizes the other side but not their own.
==> ” My feelings are that denier does more damage to the AGW cause than it helps. f”
Maybe. I think that it doesn’t really change anything in any significant way. The polarization is already in place. I don’t think it creates polarization or makes the polarization that already exists any worse. But I do think that the use of the term displays poor reasoning, just as does the Lysenko BS.
197. Joshua says:
The subjective assignation of the attribute of being a “troll” is just more evidence of how people engaged in these debates make no effort to control for their own biases.
Usually, “troll” just means someone that I disagree with.
198. kkloor says:
You don’t like it when I hold certain thought leaders accountable for their false rhetoric or scare-mongering.
Understandable. On the issue of GMOs, people that adore Michael Pollan. Vandana Shiva, Jeffrey Smith, etc are not going to like it when I rap them on the knuckles.
I got the same flak when I was critical of Joe Romm years ago. Today, it’s anthony watts yammering away at the “hit job” I supposedly did on him, and so on.
You should recognize your own biases and try to understand how that filters your perceptions of what I write.
I often do “reality checks” with experts I respect who keep track of Scicomm and ask them if I am positively contributing to various debates in my blog or if I am fueling the conflict? I am very conscious of this.
What do you think their answer is? I’ll give you a hint: they do not share your perspective.
199. kkloor says:
You linked to one post that contains loony land in the headline. I’m pretty comfortable characterizing Jeffrey Smith’s world as “loony land”
That said, can you find posts where I refer to specific anti-GMO activists as loons.
You really need to do better than one headline and one tweet.
I have written tons about anti-GMO activists, so it shouldn’t be hard to find.
200. Joshua says:
==> “You don’t like it when I hold certain thought leaders accountable for their false rhetoric or scare-mongering.”
That’s your overlay. I have no problem, per se, with you holding people accountable for false rhetoric or scare-mongering. I disagree, often, with the hyperbolic and pejorative way that you do that, as I think it makes some combatants further entrenched and others feel vindicated in their partisan orientation. I have stated that to you many, many times. My criticism has been consistent. You may not agree with my criticism. Fine. But your overlay is inaccurate.
==> “What do you think their answer is? I’ll give you a hint: they do not share your perspective.”
Which is fine. I think that the field of scicomm is evolving and quite open. For the most part, I think that no one really knows what is effective. I don’t doubt that there are people more expert than I, and their expertise should be given due consideration. I reserve the right formulate my own views, and criticize you accordingly. I’m always open to engagement about the logic behind different views on what is or isn’t effective.
201. Dadamax says:
Well, I very much appreciate your unusual pragmatism and the fact that you are clearly not an ideologue. Refreshing.
There is also the problem that traditional crude oil supplies will likely peak sometime in the middle of the century anyway. As the world economy continues to grow and develop, its demand for energy will grow with it. When that demand bumps up against the ceiling of supply constraints, things are going to get ugly. The problem of AGW is simply making this a premature reality. A transition in this century will be necessitated either way, and I don’t see how getting a head start on the inevitable tech race does more harm than good.
There is an argument to be made that investing in technological advancement is economic stimulus and that in the long run will yield a greater return than the cost of investment. An investment comparable to the Manhattan Project ($26 billion in 2015 dollars) would represent less than 1/5 of 1% of US GDP, if my math is right. Imagine if we invested 3% of GDP. If we can split the atom, I don’t see why we can’t harness the power of the sun in the 21st century, if we want to. There is also the fact that competing in the STEM fields globally is in national security interests, as it was with the space race and nuclear arms race, if less blatantly so. Relying on a finite raw-material commodity, subject to market speculation and geopolitical conflict as our primary energy source can only be sustained for so long. Hence the need for ‘sustainable’ energy.
202. Toby Joyce says:
Shep Smith called anti-vaxxers “science deniers” on Fox News.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AojGzJyOypo
Denier like “Truther”, “Birther”, “Tea Party”, are now popularly accepted terms. “Big Bang” began as a derisive name for a scientific theory. This horse has bolted, closing the stable door is an idle fantasy.
No more that anyone can stop deniers using the terms “warmists” or “alarmists” or “watermelons” or “green fascists”.
Accept them as features and learn to love em. Or advocate for a code of “speech correctness” on all sides.
203. Tom Scharf says:
Remember that splitting the atom already gave us the cleanest form of deployable energy we have today.
I’m all for energy research. India and China will not deploy cost ineffective clean energy en masse. Everyone wins with cheap clean energy. We just need to solve the cheap part.
204. Hi Tom, can you link to some examples?
205. Dadamax says:
I agree with all of that.
Nuclear power plants are great, but unfortunately it takes a decade just to build a handful of them. I think along with natural gas they are an important bridge to renewables, but they are not the end game. They are also extremely expensive and there are only so many dollars to go around.
The way I see it is that the problems of peak oil and AGW are more or less proportional to each other. The better we are at discovering and extracting hydrocarbon deposits, peak oil is less of a problem, but emissions go up and AGW is more of a problem. The less we are able to extract, the sooner we hit peak oil, and the more that is a problem.
I believe in capitalism, but capitalism has a limited capability of addressing far-horizon problems that have consequences that are not immediate. Sometimes circumstances call for the stimulation of technological innovation with public dollars.
206. windy2 says:
How is it relevant for 3 dozen climate scientists to study the Greenland ice sheet during the Eemian and learn that it was 14.4 degrees warmer than today? Why were the Dutch building sea walls in the 12th century?
If you run into Keats while you’re surfing the astral plane, let me know what he thinks too.
207. windy2 says:
The concept of denial is rooted in religion. Scriptures note that Jesus foretold his apostles that Peter would deny that he knew Jesus 3 times for instance. The historical use of the term “denier” and its equivalents (heretic, unbeliever, etc) has always been used throughout history by those who sought to oppress others. As far as I can see nothing has changed with the use of the term “denier” today.
208. Joshua says:
Sorry, Keith, but that argument looks like it comes from loony land to me. It’s from the world of crazy talk.
Not that anyone should think that in describing it that way, I’m implying anything about anyone who might make such loony, crazy arguments. I’m sure that people who make such loony, crazy arguments are entirely well-reasoned and rational people who just happen to make loony, crazy arguments and live in crazy land.
209. Joshua says:
You know what? Argument X is the kind of argument that holocaust deniers make..
But let’s be clear, I’m not saying that person A and B, who make that argument, are like holocaust deniers. In fact, I haven’t said that anyone in specific who makes that argument, is analogous to a holocaust denier.
210. JH says:
The problem with climate communication isn’t the tone. It’s the message.
211. 7eggert says:
This thread is the first time I see this word in that connection. Greetings from Germany, we call them “Holocaustleugner”.
212. Tom Fuller says:
But Joshua, you are a troll… doesn’t truth count?
213. Tom Fuller says:
Actually, Joshua, ‘troll’ does have a meaning. You fit the definition.
214. Tom Fuller says:
Joshua, people have been calling you a troll for years now.There’s a reason why. It’s because you are a troll.
215. Joshua says:
Hi Tom.
216. Joshua says:
Hi Tom
217. Tom Fuller says:
France built 80 nuclear power plants in two decades.
218. Joshua says:
Hi Tom,
3 comments in 3 minutes? All saying the same thing?
219. Tom Fuller says:
In a survey I did a couple of years back for Examiner.com, Republicans were willing to see taxes raised by $250 a year to support improvements to the grid. Sometimes it’s how it’s phrased.
220. Joshua says:
9:18 PM
Tom Fuller wrote, in response to Joshua: Joshua, people have been calling you a troll for years now.There’s a reason why. It’s because you are a troll.
9:17 PM
Tom Fuller wrote, in response to Joshua: Actually, Joshua, ‘troll’ does have a meaning. You fit the definition.
9:15 PM
Tom Fuller wrote, in response to Joshua: But Joshua, you are a troll… doesn’t truth count?
221. Tom Fuller says:
Hiya Les. The Consensus really, really wants for reasonable skeptics to be classed with the skydragons. They work hard at it.
222. Tom Fuller says:
There is no logic there. There is no there there. That’s what is stupefying.
223. 7eggert says:
What message would you like?
224. Tom Fuller says:
Denier used to be a normal word. Your team trashed it. So quit using it.
225. Tom Fuller says:
Context is king. When you use it as a label in a conversation about climate change, your team has constructed a specific meaning for the term: Holocaust denying Koch sucking pinhead.
You need the term because you need to degrade your opponents. You need to degrade them because you have chosen not to debate them. Maybe some day you will reconsider that.
You know this to be true. If you didn’t need the emotive value of the term you would have quit using it when you realized it offended.
226. Tom Fuller says:
Yes, so why did you ruin a good word?
227. Dadamax says:
The Messmer Plan? The goal was 80 nuclear plants by 1985 and a total of 170 plants by 2000. They still haven’t managed to get to 60 yet.
228. Tom Fuller says:
Well, even the skeptical use their own labels for different shades of thought, from Skydragons to Iron Sunners. But that sort of ubiquitous shorthand is everywhere.
The denier meme as regards to climate skepticism surfaced about 20 years ago (it was used prior, both as a general term and to describe skeptics) but was rapidly adopted in popular media starting around 2005. See various examples on this thread and I provided you a link to a compilation.
Because NGOs and media writers had been specifically advised not to debate those who opposed the skeptics, having a reason to invalidate opponents seemed necessary.
As for alternatives, I would suggest that climate skeptic or climate change skeptic works just fine. It doesn’t imply appropriation of the meaning of skepticism and since it is used by skeptics to refer to themselves it is unlikely to cause offence.
229. Tom Fuller says:
Hiya Keith. It has–skeptics have confronted and rejected things like Iron Sun, Sky Dragon, Oliver Manuel, Doug Cotton and more.
Moreover, a group of those who oppose the tactics and strategy of the Consensus and were classed as skeptics by the skeptics and denier by the alarmists ended up labeling themselves as lukewarmers.
It is easy to find skeptic criticism of Anthony Watts, Monckton and Morano. They continue to accept them as allies. That would never happen on the alarmist side, right?
230. Tom Fuller says:
How about ‘my opponents;?
231. stevenmosher says:
and some native americans dont object to the name redskins.. go figure
232. stevenmosher says:
“It’s the METHODS of denial that are the same (between Holocaust denial and climate change denial), not the ends.”
The methods that challenge any claim to knowledge are the same whether the knowledge claim is true or false.
You have to show that climate science denial and holocaust denial are uniquely similar.
they are not.
233. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
In your comment you’re quoting something that I don’t say.
234. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
Maybe not, though. Perceptions of the past can be just as unsure as predictions of the future.
In this case in particular, the certainty that holocaust occurred his very high. And the certainty that a BAU emissions path will cause a global crisis is equally high.
235. viggen says:
Using the word “denier” toward someone who simply disagrees with you is typical of leftist, totalitarianism. The problem with climate change promoters is they don’t actually act as if man-made climate change is real. 1,700 private jets fly the affluent to Davos to discuss climate change. Al Gore builds an oceanfront mansion (rising sea levels anyone?). Leo DeCaprio operates a ginormous yacht with just a small handful of people aboard. Scientists falsify climate data to protect their grants; one leading climate scientist actually claims publicly that he is a Nobel prize winner and he is not. The list goes on and on and on. Am I to believe you, or what I can see with my own eyes?
236. Tom Fuller says:
No, the concern about the use of the term denier is mostly honest anger at being compared to skinhead thugs who deny the Holocaust occurred. especially when the term is used to legitimize ignoring their concerns.
237. Tom Fuller says:
Sorry–59 plants, 80 plus reactors.
238. Its funny you see this when someone you admire is getting smeared, but fail to see you are doing the same thing when you use the term “denier” yourself.
239. What if the person doesn’t deny something, but is called a denier anyway?
I do not deny that the climate changes, but get called a climate change denier anyway.
Falsely accusing someone by inaccurately labelling them – hmmm – is there a word or phrase for such an action?
240. Eli Rabett says:
If you embrace the email you also sign on to a high climate sensitivity and proxy studies. It’s a package deal
241. BarryWoods says:
for David Appell –
Even John Cook (Skeptical Science) once got the problems with denier and nazi’s. This was several years ago a few months before he started Skeptical science – on his Cricketblog:
“….Apparently in a flame war, there’s no greater insult than
comparing your opponent to Nazis. I’ve been following the global warming argument closely of late and I’ve noticed both sides often fulfill Godwin’s Law. Global warming advocates liken skeptics to Holocaust deniers (akin to a Nazi). Sceptics compare Al Gore’s public awareness campaign to Nazi-like propoganda. It’s lazy debating – why discuss the issues with facts and logic when you can easily write off your opponent with a derogatory label? …..“– John Cook 2007
http://web.archive.org/web/20130821112704/http://www.cricket-blog.com/archives/2007/05/13/JCs-Law/
http://web.archive.org/web/20130820001731/http://www.cricket-blog.com/about.php
242. Buddy199 says:
The Denier is the modern heretic, since we’ve dealing with what many adhere to as their quasi-religon.
243. kkloor says:
You wrote in a separate comment on this thread: “It’s also amusing that Keith (they’re loons, loons I say) Kloor is again expressing his selective concern about name-calling.”
I asked for some examples of my writing where I engage in similar name-calling.
You responded with a link to a post of mine that contained “loony land” in the headline–and a single tweet of the same nature.
I asked you to supply some concrete examples of my supposed name calling–and I have written many, many posts taking anti-GMO and anti-vaccine activists to task for their false claims and scare-mongering.
You have yet to offer concrete examples from my voluminous blog writings.
I find that amusing.
244. kkloor says:
I asked you upthread for examples of my work where employ similar “use of pejorative labels,” as you content.
Other than a single headline and a single tweet (out of thousands and thousands of words of mine, you have not provided evidence in support of your claim.
I’m sure it’s there somewhere, since I’ve written so much about these conflict-laden topics. Could you point to some concrete examples?
You also write:
“The point is that the concern about the use of the term “denier” is mostly sanctimonious. Most of who complain the loudest use the same term or similar terms themselves.”
This is a fallacious argument. And it happens to be the argument you emphasize, which again, speaks to why I consider you a troll.
Because instead of focusing on WHY “climate denier” is considered to be an association with holocaust denial, you focus on individuals “who complain the loudest” about it who engage in similar name-calling.
That kind of reasoning is what I hear from my 8 and ten year old boys, when one complains “he started it it first” or he “called me x first.”
Your focus is rarely on the argument being made but on who is making it (and why said person is supposedly hypocritical for making it). That’s a hallmark of a troll.
And in my case you claim–falsely–that “much of your rhetoric”-meaning mine–is similarly pejorative.
That is a sweeping claim that happens to be false. That you can make a baldly false claim like this is why I have no respect for you.
245. kkloor says:
Not always. You have been shamed many times on the internet, but it hasn’t had any noticeable effect on your behavior.
246. JH says:
“and demolish cranks’ pet theories”
Or sometimes the “cranks” demolish academic work. Is McIntyre a “crank”? 🙂 He disemboweled Mann’s hockey stick. He also showed that hockey stick itself was a fraud. But the rest of academia likes to keep their head in the sand on that front, presumably because even if the hockey stick was wrong and even if it was fraud, it was for a good cause. Right?
247. OWilson says:
If pointing out that the projections of the 1990 UN IPPC FAR report were completely wrong these 25 years later, and if pointing out that global sea ice is at the same extent as it was in 1980 and,
If pointing out that Amundsen sailed through the Northwest Passage in a wooden boat over a hundred years ago, while today it is frozen solid….
If pointing out that the UN are mainly a corrupt bunch of third world despots, who have never been able to stop war, nuclear proliferation and terrorism, but tell us they can modulate a planet’s temperature to within 2 degrees, makes me a denier.
Then yes, I am your denier!
248. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
Richard… Just through the way you’ve stated this I can already see what’s happening.
When people use the term “climate change” what we mean is this:
1) That CO2 is a greenhouse gas,
2) That CO2 is an important greenhouse gas that modulates global temperature over geologic time,
3) That humans are contributing to a rapid rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations,
4) That doubling CO2 concentrations will likely drive a ~3C rise in surface temperature,
5) That the current emissions path we’re on will more than double atmospheric concentrations from pre-industrial times over the coming century,
6) That such a rise in global temperature would likely cause massive disruption to human society,
7) That we are still in a position to take action to reduce CO2 emissions and avoid the worst consequences, and…
8) The window of opportunity to avoid the worst consequences is closing very rapidly.
This is really really basic stuff, all well accepted in the published scientific literature. There is nothing remotely controversial about these points I’ve laid out. Within a reasonable level of uncertainty, this is accepted scientific fact.
If you are in alignment with all this, then you’re certainly not a denier. But, based on your comment, I would gather that there are a number of points that you likely do not accept. And that would mean you’re denying science that is accepted by nearly all experts in this field and nearly all the relevant published research.
What I find is that people who deny these fundamental points do so out of a lack of understanding of the science. They find, like perhaps you have, various blogs and graphs that purport to challenge the established science, but actually do nothing of the sort.
249. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
“…the insulter doesn’t get to determine the effect of the insult.”
Huh? It’s the one who is insulted who is in control of whether they are insulted or not. Only you can choose to be insulted. I can say, “Hey, your hair looks interesting today,” and you can choose to be insulted or you can choose not to be insulted.
And this is exactly what’s going on. Deniers are people who are denying basic fundamental scientific facts about climate science. And the way one deflects that assessment is to find a way to become insulted over being confronted by the denial. This is psychology 101.
250. Mike Mangan says:
Let’s see, I think Ellen Goodman got the ball rolling with the “denier” label back in 2006, IIRC? It’s been the bloodthirsty cry of Alarmists since then and has resulted in…what, exactly? Apparently nothing. Combating “climate change” still doesn’t even register as far as voter’s concerns are expressed. Actually, I can’t think of a single Alarmist tactic that has changed since 2006. What do you call it when you keep doing the same thing over and over, always expecting different results? Insanity?
251. Dano2 says:
Overwrought, comical hyperbole is overwrought. And incorrect in the facts.
252. Mike Mangan says:
It’s 2015 and all of your efforts are going into convincing the public that it’s still getting warmer and it’s OK to use provocative slurs against huge segments of the populace. Brilliant. In any other endeavor you would have all been sacked years ago.
253. Mike Mangan says:
Look, it’s my own personal troll, Drano2. Silently he sits in his dank downstairs apartment waiting, waiting for me to post on Disquis again….
254. Mike Mangan says:
Alarmists should have put their efforts into affecting the political process. Trust me, it works…
http://amash.house.gov/
255. Tom Scharf says:
I think the right way to ask is to query people on how much they would tolerate their electrical bill being raised per month. Everyone understands this measurement.
You start asking about tax policy and people start thinking how much other people’s taxes should be raised.
The big question is: Would they spend this wisely?
I might be labelled a denier with my response to this question, ha ha.
256. Tom Scharf says:
We might have to add stalker to the list, ha ha.
257. Dano2 says:
No need to call widdle namie-names to dissemble away from your untruths.
258. Mike Mangan says:
Not that you would supply any contradictory facts, would you? Links? Arguments? Persuasive yet pithy observations? Hmmmm? Cans someone find me a better troll please?
259. Dano2 says:
Now you are back to your old stand-by: making stuff up to feel better.
260. Mike Mangan says:
Sigh. If my troll were a car he would be a Pontiac Aztec.
261. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
That’s pretty convenient for those in denial, huh? You can deflect the description of your position by calling the description offensive.
262. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
“Redskins” is a pejorative terms, and has clear pejorative roots.
“Denier” is a descriptive term, well pre-dating anything to do with the holocaust, related to a psychological response to a cognitive dissonance.
Being offended by the term is also an expected response to being presented with the conditions of their cognitive dissonance. (Termed as “Denial of denial.”)
263. OWilson says:
Well put.
“The most exciting phrase in science, that heralds the most scientific discoveries, is not Eureka!, but, “Mmmm,that’s strange”
Isaac Asimov
264. Michael Brown says:
McIntyre is interesting, because he did publish some of his work in reputable journals, so he isn’t just throwing around pet theories on blogs and in the popular press.
That said, McIntyre’s focus on the Mann papers from the late-1990s seems unjustified given other groups using other data and improved methods get comparable results to MBH. (Mann and collaborators have also produced improved temperature reconstructions.)
There are examples of pseudo-skeptics (noted in the article) who operate almost exclusively in the blogsphere, and who often promote ideas that are frankly nowhere near plausible. Watts’ instances of using “Journal of Cosmology” as if it’s a reputable source of information is an example of this.
265. stevenmosher says:
You are missing the point
“Several prominent deniers are happy to be called “deniers”:
This seeks to justify the term by the assertion that SOME people dont mind being called denier.
Your argument
“Denier” is a descriptive term, well pre-dating anything to do with the holocaust, related to a psychological response to a cognitive dissonance.”
This is akin to the etemology fallacy. That you can determine the meaning of a word by looking at its history.
you can’t
266. stevenmosher says:
try that in a libel case and you lose
267. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
The etymological fallacy doesn’t mean that the history of the word has no value. It means merely that the meaning of words can change based on their circumstances. That’s fine.
I think this is exactly what we’re talking about here. In response to being presented their cognitive dissonance on the subject of AGW, “rejectionists” (we can use that term for the moment) are assuming a meaning that most do not intend. And that’s a rather convenient tactic for the person who needs to reject the consequences of their position in order to maintain the status quo of their cognitive dissonance.
Part of the problem here is that the word “deny” is a base level word whose meaning is accepted, and the derivations of that word have to follow in form.
I honestly don’t think “rejectionists” are offended because of the word itself (regardless of their protestations). They’re reacting to being faced with their cognitive challenge. It’s a defense mechanism.
268. windy2 says:
I have relatives involved with GCMs at DOE since 2005 and now with NOAA. I know the problems and shortcomings. Thanks.
269. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
Look, I’ve had climate deniers repeatedly say I’m a “natural causation denier” and I don’t immediately jump to the holocaust association. I just laugh because I know my position is backed by the vast majority of scientific research.
Climate change deniers become offended because it deflects from having to confront their cognitive dissonance.
270. I agree with your points 1-3 and 5. I do not agree with your points 4, 6, 7 and 8.
The data do not support a 3C rise, but only about a 1.5 to 1.8C rise.
Every year the 3C midpoint (between 1.5 and 4.5) is looking less correct, as study after study shows that the midpoint of a range derived by actual observations keeps dropping (down to 1.6 to 1.8 C rise due to a doubling).
The trend over the last 10 – 15 years is only about 1/3 of .3C (i.e. about .1C per decade).
So the data do not support your position, nor have the data ever supported your position. It is only by tripling the observed warming with amplification effects from indirect warming, which is always going to show up in the future (i.e. the curve shots up in the future, never in the present) that we even get to 3C anyway. The amplification effects from indirect warming due to CO2 are not showing up in the data, which is why CS keeps dropping in the scientific literature.
My solution is wait and see.
I don’t see the need to wait until 2100, but I would like to wait until we hit 560 ppm for CO2.
Then we can actually measure TCR and see what the actual observation is for the transient climate response to a doubling of CO2 from 280 ppm to 560 ppm.
Based on that number we can make our plans.
In the meantime, a no regrets solution is to go nuclear and double or triple the power we generate from nuclear. Preferably with recycling reactors and regional storage of waste.
Lets generate 40 or 60% of our power with nuclear.
The cost to build a new plant will drop significantly if we start building a bunch and the new designs (passive cooling) are much much safer than the older designs.
To the extent any science is based on the models, they are crap and the science is therefore crap. Garbage in, garbage out. Forget the models and just look at the observations and the trend is much much smaller (and not concerning).
Sea level has risen 120 meters over the last 20000 years. Only the last 8 inches or so is down to CO2 from human emissions. Why is this? Because we are in an inter-glacier and it gets warmer in an inter-glacier. If there were no humans on the planet as of 20, 000 years ago, it would still have warmed and we can expect another 2 or 3C until we hit the peak of the inter-glacier, and then it will start to cool down.
Don’t worry and be happy it is warmer – life does better when it is warmer.
271. The people you argue with get offended because you descend to name calling. But hey – keep name calling – it is working very well for advocates of climate mitigation.
272. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
Yup. Just as I thought.
You’re being highly selective in what research you want to believe and discard anything that doesn’t support your preferred conclusion.
This is why people call you a denier. You deny the vast body of research that doesn’t support your position.
273. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
All I’m doing is pointing out they’re in denial of the vast body of scientific research.
274. Buzz Fledderjohn says:
We can go through your list of responses, though, Richard.
1) “The data do not support a 3C rise, but only about a 1.5 to 1.8C rise.”
Wrong. In fact, fantastically wrong. Central estimates continue to be ~3C and the frequency curve drops of rapidly on the low end of CS and not nearly as fast on the high end.
2) “…study after study shows that the midpoint of a range derived by actual observations keeps dropping…” Wrong again. That’s cherry picking studies that you believe support your position without looking at the full body of evidence. (Spending too much time on denial blogs will cause this mis-interpretation of the science.)
3) “The trend over the last 10 – 15 years is only about 1/3 of .3C (i.e. about .1C per decade).” You can’t determine CS based on 10-15 years of surface temperature data. Especially when that time frame has been dominated by La Nina and ENSO neutral conditions.
4) “To the extent any science is based on the models, they are crap and the science is therefore crap.” No. That means you also do not understand climate modeling and are spending your time reading denial blogs instead of reading the research.
5) “Sea level has risen 120 meters over the last 20000 years….” Yes, coming out of a glaciation and into an interglacial over the course of 20ky is going to do that. It takes time to melt ice. The research shows that changing the radiative forcing of the atmosphere by 8.5w/m2 will likely drive sea levels to another 10-20m over the coming millennia.
275. JH says:
The truth? that would be a good start:
a) climate change has a very small chance of having a disastrous impact on human affairs.
b) as of yet there is no rise in extreme weather events.
c) there is no compelling reason to believe there will be a rise in extreme weather events.
d) the current trend in increasing global temperature is far below projection and thus projections are incorrect.
e) no one knows why they are incorrect and thus no one knows how to model the future global average temperature to small enough uncertainty to be at all useful.
f) global warming’s potential impact on the biosphere is small compared to, say, the impact from farming and urbanization.
That’s a start at any rate.
276. DavidAppell says:
I’ve already said: I don’t think there’s anything wrong with using the common English word “denier” to identify those who deny the science of climate change. It has nothing whatsoever to do with the Holocaust, except that the arguments used are similar to other denials (on GMOs, and vaccines, etc.)
It’s simply the most accurate word for such people.
277. DavidAppell says:
Then, like climate change deniers, they have nothing to worry about.
278. DavidAppell says:
“Denier” is an accurate term. It’s deniers who pretend to be insulted because they find it useful to pretend it means a link to the Holocaust, and then ‘look at how bad those global warming people are, calling us Nazis!’
They don’t get to specify what language I can and cannot use.
279. DavidAppell says:
a) I’m on no “team.”
b) who trashed it? Specifically? Details….
280. DavidAppell says:
Funny, because you’re wrong.
281. DavidAppell says:
“Denier” is an English word with a specific meaning.
In the case of the stance of many on climate science, it fits.
282. DavidAppell says:
We all discuss both the science and its social ramifications.
283. DavidAppell says:
Who designed this phrase, supposedly?
Did it exist in the dictionary before the Holocaust?
284. DavidAppell says:
THe connoting is in your head. I’m just trying to use the most accurate words I can find.
285. Tom Fuller says:
You, amongst the many others quoted here.
286. DavidAppell says:
Not true: any Holocause denier, or climate change denier, can vent their views anywhere they want (in America). No one is stopping them from exercising their right to government-protected free speech.
287. DavidAppell says:
OK. Cheers.
288. DavidAppell says:
Take your complaints up with Fiderer, not me — I’m not responsible for what he has written.
289. Tom Fuller says:
Your team worked very hard to create an association between ‘climate change denier’ and ‘Holocaust denier.’ Instead of pretending that didn’t happen, you should thank them for their hard work.
Thank you Ellen Goodman
Thank you Mr. Hoggan
Thank you Dave Roberts
etc… There are hundreds in the media for you to thank, so it might be like an Academy Award speech, but you can do it.
Appell, you’re hilarious.
290. DavidAppell says:
Again, your claims are misdirected, as I did not write that, David Roberts did.
291. DavidAppell says:
Yet again, your claims are misdirected, as I did not write that.
292. willard says:
> [W]hy did you ruin a good word?
For the same reason alarmists beat their wives.
Quoting me using that good word to label anyone would be nice.
293. DavidAppell says:
That hardly proves where the term came from. But it does begin to illustrate the tactics and rhetoric that are common between the two groups.
294. DavidAppell says:
Yes, I admit I do find the term “climate change denier” to be accurate for what I mean. Hence I consider it effective.
295. willard says:
> THe connoting is in your head.
Your journo card does not grant you access to my head, DavidA.
Here’s where the connoting is:
I think that last paragraph with “the worst you could say” is a bit charitable, but honestly, the larger point about “trivializing” is why I avoid using “denier” in the climate context. To me, the provenance of “denier” can be clearly traced back to holocaust denial. That spawned the usage of the term in public discourse. Up until the last decade or so, the term “denier” was commonly associated with holocaust denial.
In other words, Keith’s argument is not that the D-word means anything related to the Holocaust, therefore your argument is invalid.
296. DavidAppell says:
“Future technology” doesn’t come from wishing it into being. It comes from knowledge, sweat, and capital, and as long as fossil fuel pollution is emitted without cost — that is, as long as the emitter doesn’t have to pay for its damage costs — any sustainable technology will be considerably delayed, having a cost hurdle to overcome that isn’t a true hurdle, but a subsidized one.
In other words, sustainable energy technologies aren’t competing in a free market, but in one whose costs are socialized.
297. DavidAppell says:
If you don’t know when your house is going to burn down — or even *if* it will — why buy fire insurance?
298. DavidAppell says:
It’s “quite easy” to determine when your house will be burning down?
So then, give us the data of that future event.
299. DavidAppell says:
Anthony Watts is the King of Climate Deniers. Try again.
300. DavidAppell says:
I don’t know Ellen Goodman, I don’t read her (and did not even when I lived in New England), nor am I on any of her “teams.”
Try again.
301. DavidAppell says:
4 or 5 people analogized the term to the Holocaust, and suddernly all the few billion English speakers have to mean the same thing by it?
302. DavidAppell says:
That is very much what Keith’s argument was.
303. Tom Fuller says:
You’re contradicting your fellow alarmist, Appell. Schiffman is arguing that his opponents in the climate debate should not be offered equal time.
304. Tom Fuller says:
Roberts had lots of company, Appell. Your tribe has been trying to deligitimize your opponents for 10 years now, starting with DeSmogBlog’s Hoggan. You’re fighting for the right to continue using hate speech.
305. Tom Fuller says:
No, Anthony Watts is a meteorologist who disagrees with your policy prescription for dealing with anthropogenic climate change that he agrees is occurring.
306. DavidAppell says:
You are paranoid.
And I don’t think “denier” is hate speech:
DENIER: one who denies
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/denier
307. Tom Fuller says:
Ah, so the story changes? Because some skeptics use terms you don’t like it’s okay to link them to skinhead thugs that deny the Holocaust occurred? I see…not…
308. DavidAppell says:
I don’t even know who “Schiffman” is.
Offered “equal time” by whom?
309. Tom Fuller says:
You’re responsible for what you write, though. And you write hate speech.
310. Tom Fuller says:
Intellectual laziness is grabbing for the quickest insult so you don’t have to engage with the arguments of those you oppose.
311. Tom Fuller says:
No, you just piggyback on the associations Prothero made so you don’t have to debate the issue.
312. Tom Fuller says:
Dozens of media commentators used it in a calculated fashion to create a meme. They were joined by hundreds of bloggers and blog commenters.
There are about 50 sources cited here by myself and others. That’s a bit more than 4 or 5.
313. Tom Fuller says:
You seem remarkably ignorant of what others write. “I know nothing. Nothing!” Sergeant Schultz used to say that…
314. DavidAppell says:
As I said, you’re paranoid. “Denier” means one who denies. Look it up in the dictionary.
You don’t get to decide what words I use. I don’t see any point of continuing this conversation.
315. DavidAppell says:
I don’t know who “Prothero” is either.
316. Tom Fuller says:
No, you’re fighting to retain the word denier because the emotional impact serves your political purposes.
If you inadvertently used the word Spic in a conversation about immigration and a Latino/a pointed out to you it was offensive, you would immediately apologize and never use it again.
It is only because you recognize that denier is a loaded term that you fight to preserve it.
317. DavidAppell says:
I disagree — I think the word is appropriate, as per its definition. I couldn’t care less if you like it or not.
Time to wrap up this conversation.
318. Tom Fuller says:
It used to have one meaning. You and your ilk have corrupted it. You killed a word, David! Bad David. Naughty David.
319. Tom Fuller says:
Oh–Slayers? Don’t you mean Deniers? David, I am amazed! You found another word to describe your opponents. I didn’t know that was possible.
320. Tom Fuller says:
Dano! How are you? I miss your clarion call “But climategate……….” I hope all is well with you.
321. Tom Fuller says:
Because they are of course mutually exclusive. You must choose!
322. DavidAppell says:
Now you’re the one connecting them to Holocaust deniers….. I’m sure most people know who/what the “Slayers” are — and see, I didn’t reference the Holocaust at all.
323. Tom Fuller says:
This debate in a nutshell:
David Appel: It’s up to me to decide what I mean by words, not anyone else.
David Appel: I said the opposite — it’s up to you to decide the meaning of the words you use, not me.
324. DavidAppell says:
Now you’re just lying — I never said or implied the second. And I don’t correspond with liars. Bye.
325. Tom Fuller says:
DavidAppell kkloor • 2 days ago
It’s the METHODS of denial that are the same (between Holocaust denial and climate change denial), not the ends.
The goal of climate Change denial has NOTHING to do with the goals of Holocaust denial. I can’t imagine how anyone could assume so.
It’s up to me to decide what I mean by words, not anyone else.
DavidAppell kkloor • 2 days ago
I said the opposite — it’s up to you to decide the meaning of the words you use, not me.
326. Tom Fuller says:
Yeah, you can use the n word too. You have the right. You can call women the c word, Latinos the s word, Italians the w word and Jews the k word. Go ahead.
327. Tom Fuller says:
Kind of making our point, aren’t you David? You actually have alternatives to hate speech.
328. Graham Strouts says:
Hi Keith I partly agree with you on things like wind-turbine syndrome, although it is not a topic I have looked at in any detail. However, your broader argument does not work- if YOU were a “real skeptic” you would compare “so-called skeptic” bogs with “so-called alarmist” blogs- but it seems that anyone who is on the “climate change is more a problem than not” side of the fence gets a free pass, no matter how much exaggeration, hyperbole or fear-mongering they engage with. There is just as much “denial” of the science on this side of the debate on the “luke-warmer” side- what would you call such activists who bend the science to suit their political stance?
“the consensus that 1) man-made climate change is real and 2) that it poses a risk to humanity if not addressed.”
This is a very weak “consensus”, widely open to interpretation , and with an extremely wide margin of views where the jury is still out (viz how much warming? how fast? how much of a risk? how to address it?). It is within this very broad area that of positions that the real climate debates take place. The vast majority of so-called “skeptics” are for the most part genuinely skeptical in the proper sense of the word, and sit well within your “consensus” yet are routinely called “denier”.
I think this is what is missing from your analysis- “denier” was never anything about the science, always a political slur. No-one is a “perfect” skeptic with zero cognitive bias- the problem is the political use of climate alarmism – people are not stupid and many see through this, which leads to a wider distrust in the science and a (false) conclusion that the whole thing is fabricated. So-called “denialism” is merely a response to this. If the actual state of the science (and all its uncertainties) had not been abused in the first place, the word “denier” would never have been used in this context.
329. 7eggert says:
a) The Larki eruption lead to a climate change of about 2 °C, caused fame in Europe, doubled the number of deaths and probably caused the french revolution.
c) Simulations show a correlation between increased temperatures and more violent events.
d) Sceptics claim that the amount of solar activity is a main factor – which is quite possible. Currently there is low solar activity and therefore the temperatures should be much lower than the local maximum.
f) Farming and urbanization are contributing to global warming, too. You can even see an increase of methane when the Chinese started farming rice, and if you also look at the isotopes from solar radiation and the isotopes from global temperatures, they seem to have prevented a glacial period.
330. kkloor says:
That is a disingenuous characterization of Watts. He inflames the climate conversation with his style of blogging–which I summarized in my post. Of course, he’s not alone in that regard, but c’mon, let’s not pretend that Watts is something other than he really is.
331. Tom Scharf says:
Since you are so fond of literal meanings:
“Climate denier” means one who denies climate.
I believe there is a climate.
“Climate change denier” means one who denies climate change.
I believe climate does change.
“Climate science denier” means one who denies climate science.
I believe climate science exists.
Make sure when you use those phrases you are using them properly. Feel free to let us know what you literally mean with the proper words.
332. Peter Gleick says:
Oh for goodness sakes, this semantic argument has been going on for years and years (see my Forbes column on it four years ago, link below). “Deny” is a perfectly good verb; “Denier” is a perfectly good noun. Apply it where it fits. If you think it is polarizing, fine — don’t use it. If you think it accurately describes a particular person’s position (on climate, second-hand smoke, moon landings, etc.) use it.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/petergleick/2011/11/21/the-rise-and-fall-of-climate-change-denial/
333. Eli Rabett says:
Cites please. Strangely enough Eli has not used the naked denier term much if at all. Climate change denier on rare occasion.
Now it’s not that Eli thinks denialist is a bad description, or that he has much use for the crocodile tears pouring down some cherub like cheeks, but as some put it (thanks Bart), it pays to listen to what your opponents are talking about.
Truth is that the Watt’s Up With That, Climate Audit, Judith Curry crowd are not denialists, they are rejectionists, and this extends, as Ethon will show, to the Roger P Jr. and Sr., Shellenberger, Tol and Lucia bunch with able assistance from the Heartland, GMI, Fred Singers and beyond.
Frequently, actually most often, the rejection of climate science emerges from political views. It takes a certain maturity to decouple belief from observation, the kind of maturity that a Kerry Emmanuel has, and maybe to an extent Richard Muller (jury is out on the latter).
It’s not that these other folks don’t believe science, they reject science, sometimes with lip service, sometimes hillariously. We only have to look at the Gerlichs, the Chillingers, the Manuels. the Fullers and more for the funny page side, but even folk who should know better fall into the trap of rejectionism. And, of course, we have the rejectionist for the sake of controversy which sells papers crowd, the Kloors and their pals.
Denial is passive, rejection is active. Willard would appreciate the difference.
334. Eli Rabett says:
Others prefer to distribute sufficient amounts of rope for amusement value
335. Eli Rabett says:
Maybe you didn’t do a very good job of it?
336. willard says:
> Denial is passive, rejection is active. Willard would appreciate the difference.
Nice. Note, Eli, that Rogatien Vachon denied many goals without being passive. Considering his size, he did not have much choice.
337. Dano2 says:
Tom! We were talking that we need some quality mendacicizing and FUD around here, and look who shows up!
338. Tom Fuller says:
So over at Bart’s when Miles Allen was called a denier a couple of years ago you would instead call him a rejectionist?
I think the term is ludicrous but i would gladly accept it over the other one. But when you first started using it a couple of years ago, posting about it and all, it took about two weeks before you went back to using denier.
Be consistent.
339. Tom Fuller says:
You umm, claim you stole the term from other users? How’s that rehabilitation thing working out for you? Other fundamentalist preachers–Swaggart, Baker–were able to climb back to respectability.Why not you?
340. Eli Rabett says:
Link please. Are you saying that Eli called Allen a denier in general, a climate denier or that someother bunny did.
341. Eli Rabett says:
And you would be a horse and buggy. Hmmm
342. Eli Rabett says:
Took Amundsen three years to do it, in a ship designed to be frozen in.
The global sea ice measure depends on a growth of sea ice in the Antarctic that partially compensates the annual loss in the Arctic, but the West Antarctic ice sheet is melting three times faster than thought
Your arguments are at best cherry picks.
343. Eli Rabett says:
Of course, those who deny scientific studies of climate are more direct
344. Eli Rabett says:
Ah yes, sort of like premature anti-Fascism. They didn’t get any credit from the Preston Bushes of the world.
345. Eli Rabett says:
Bunnies can call Tom Fuller the A word. So?
You going full victim on us? Please do not expect any sympathy.
346. Eli Rabett says:
Wrong. What has happened is those who it accurately describes with respect to their denial of climate science studies are trying to shed the label by a full Godwin appeal.
347. Eli Rabett says:
Ah yes, as Roy put it
348. Eli Rabett says:
Ah yes, as Roy Spencer put it
349. Eli Rabett says:
On the earthquake thingee, you might want to look at what has happened in Oklahoma
And, oh yes, those who dislike GMO food, tend to be spread across the political spectrum, thought Keith appears not to have read the surveys. FWIW the group most opposed to GMO food in Europe is women.
350. Eli Rabett says:
And, of course, the strengths and high points.
351. Tom Fuller says:
https://ourchangingclimate.wordpress.com/2012/04/17/dilemmas-in-science-communication/#comments
It was a group of your buddies, actually. And it was Mike Kelly, not Miles Allen.
Marco: Regarding Kelly, I pointed out that he supported an analysis by a fake expert (Pat Franks – who’s analysis is outright mathturbation, something any engineer should be able to see), drew from that analysis a conclusion that contradicts very well established science (CO2 increase due to ocean outgassing), and signed a letter that pointed to a conspiracy (by referring to Lysenkoism). That’s three out of five on the denialism scale. I could dig into the last two and find some examples, too, but three out of five is already enough for me.
Sidd: Mr. Michael Kelly is denying the science just as much as Mr. Pat Franks.
Opatrick: Michael Kelly signed the Wall Street Journal letterThat would certainly put him squarely in my database.
Your comment was: There is no depoliticizing the policy response to climate change and should not be.
FYI: Mike Kelly is a respected physicist chosen by Rod Oxburgh to help investigate the CRU leaks and has 250 published papers.
352. Tom Fuller says:
Ah, I see. You compare us to Holocaust deniers and we are the ones invoking Godwin. Right.
353. Tom Fuller says:
No Eli. I’m sticking up for skeptics even though I am not one.
354. Tom Fuller says:
The Western Antarctic ice sheet has been forecast to melt since the 1930s due to mechanical issues unrelated to global warming. Get real.
355. OWilson says:
I’m talking Global Sea Ice, this idiot throws up “Western Antarctic” and the accuses me of cherry picking!
Ah, well, what else do we expect from warmers?
356. OWilson says:
Something keeps getting in the way of their dire catastrophe, – reality!
Here’s an example:
Antarctic Ice Thicker Than Previously Thought, Study Finds – Nature Geoscience, November 2014
““The key thing is that this is a game changer because it was previously very challenging to measure ice depth. We were limited to visual observation from the decks of ships or ice cores and take measures.
“It was a lot of hard work and quite crude, which means we were BIASED towards thinner ice. It was a bit like a doctor diagnosing a condition by prodding the skin.”
Biased? is that the opposite of Denier?
357. Eli Rabett says:
You know, Eli had forgotten how unpleasant and journalistic you were in that set of comments Tom, Still, the Bunny is happy to rewrite what he wrote there about deniers
As far as Michael Kelly goes, the answer is what it always has been
this is a problem with physicists: they think they know everything, because they’re smart. What they don’t understand is that yes, it is true, actually meteorology is a branch of physics. And so you take a physicist, like me, and you can sit him down, and in 2 or 3 years, they could learn meteorology. But physicists confuse being smart and having the ability to learn everything with actually knowing stuff!
so if Eli were to be as careful with words as Willard, he would call Kelly ignorant**, if there were evidence that the ignorance were purposeful in furtherance of a particular end he would call the reasoning thereto denial logic and Kelly a denier.
1 a : destitute of knowledge or education ; also : lacking knowledge or comprehension of the thing specified b : resulting from or showing lack of knowledge or intelligence
2 : unaware, uninformed
FWIW and not to pour gasoline on anything (at current prices who can afford to) misleading and denying are not the same things. Someone who misleads is always culpable for actively promoting lies. Someone who denies can do so because they are ignorant whether that ignorance arises from a lack of knowledge, capacity or the desire to not admit to something. Thus, at least to Eli, a misleader is always worse morally than a denier.
Well, gasoline is a lot cheaper these days
358. Eli Rabett says:
A hero in his own head is our Tom.
359. Eli Rabett says:
Ok well Amundsen is off the table.
Sea ice is interesting but contributes nothing to sea level rise (ice floats), otoh, let Eli in the interest of using no inflammatory language quote a paragraph from that link
It often has been speculated that West Antarctica may be the most unstable of the world’s great ice sheets, a group that also includes the still-larger Greenland, and the truly massive East Antarctica. And research published in May suggested that for the oceanfront glaciers of West Antarctica, held in place by moorings at the seafloor, a point of no return already may have been reached.
Don’t worry, be happy
360. Tom Fuller says:
That could have been written in the 1930s, long before any concerns about global warming. In fact, maybe it was written in the Thirties.
361. Tom Fuller says:
Your last few sentences there read as if they are someone speaking from gradually increasing self awareness. They describe what you do.
362. Tom Fuller says:
Whereas you are a hero in your own bed. Sans heroine, sadly.
363. Tom Fuller says:
You should look at the number of tags or categories at Mac’s blog. To say he is focused on Mann would certainly make some people happy, mostly scientists that like Mann publish without thinking through their statistics.
364. Tom Fuller says:
Whereas you can be spotted wandering the streets of Mexico City, axe in hand, searching for stray Trotskys. Look! It’s a Curry! Look! It’s a Pielke! Look! It’s a Kloor. The post modern equivalent of squirrels, I guess.
365. Michael Brown says:
Your original comment was “disemboweled Mann’s hockey stick”, whereas the reality is multiple groups using a variety of data and improved methods are now producing comparable results to MBH.
McIntyre has made some legitimate criticisms, but many of his claims are very much disputed. The fact that Mann’s results are comparable to more recent studies indicates criticisms of MBH are less significant than some originally claimed.
366. Tom Fuller says:
Hi Michael
I believe another commenter said Mac ‘disemboweled’ Mann’s Hockey Stick, but that is pretty much what happened.
And indeed, many people can replicate the blade of the stick and have. Sadly, those who try to replicate the low and even level of the shaft have to resort to the same machinations as Mann. Yamal and the Night Visitors, Whistle Down The Pinecones or Do It Again With Varve.
367. Michael Brown says:
My mistake regarding who said “disemboweled”.
There are multiple groups now that have produced results comparable to MBH, and many of these are plotted in IPCC AR5 WG1 Figure 5.7. The continued focus on the MBH papers from over 15 years ago is thus rather odd.
368. Tom Fuller says:
Well, MBH is wrong. It is still defended by Mann. Mann attacks those who point out the errors. Might explain why it doesn’t just go away…
369. Michael Brown says:
Well, some of the claims made about MBH are wrong or not significant, so Mann is understandably not accepting those criticisms.
Regardless, MBH is not the state of the art as it is 15+ years old and has been superseded by other studies using more/different data and improved methods (see AR5 WG1 Figure 5.7). Science moves on.
370. Tom Fuller says:
Hi Michael,
I think what is state of the art is saying that we can’t be as certain of temperatures before 1850 as we thought we could be back in the halcyon days of 1998.
371. Michael Brown says:
I think that statement is incorrect. MBH was a huge improvement on Lamb (1982), and now we have multiple studies from multiple groups using a variety of data that are providing comparable results. The more modern studies also provide more coverage of the globe and now span a greater amount of history.
372. Tom Fuller says:
He got the blade right. He could read thermometers. Do we give him a pass because of that?
373. Tom Fuller says:
There is a body of recent research indicating that sensitivity is far lower than 3C and that temperatures may not rise as much as previously thought. The matter is not settled, obviously, but there is certainly data to support Mr. Arrett’s position.
As for your number 6, not even Nicholas Stern said that–he postulated a 5% hit on GDP globally. That’s about a recession worth of disruption.
Global climate refugees have yet to appear on stage. Agricultural output set records in 2014, the hottest year with an asterisk we’ve seen. Sea level rise ticks along at 3mm a year, about a foot a century.
There is data supporting Mr. Arrett.
374. Tom Fuller says:
Oh. You’re religious. Never mind.
375. Jeffn says:
The words “tax” and “spend” have existed in the dictionary for thousands of years. And yet, i bet i can still use them in a phrase that you would object to.
376. Tom Scharf says:
If you examine the shameless case of confirmation bias that occurred with Gergis, it is hard to give much credence to paleo reconstructions. Gergis was clearly only interested in an end result, this was an embarrassment.
It is not so much that these guys made mistakes, this happens. It was the response to these mistakes that give paleo a bad name. Clearly Gergis should have republished using the math described in his original paper. Instead he went back and modified the processing until a HS could be output.
The raw data in paleo is so bad that the processing methods have way too much influence on results. Perhaps they are truth, but I don’t trust them based on the weakness of the raw data (trees aren’t very good thermometers and neither are the other proxies) and the history of the apparent bias in processing methods.
The game of appending high resolution high frequency observations to low frequency low resolution proxy data and making a finding that recent observations are higher frequency is corrupt at its core.
377. Michael Brown says:
I would argue MBH is far better than that. But regardless of whether it is right or wrong, why do some people (yourself included?) feel it is still important given it has been superseded by other studies?
(Similarly, it is curious that some people still want Lamb 1982 to be a definitive measure of global temperature, even though it only measured central England.)
378. Michael Brown says:
Joelle Gergis is a woman.
You are claiming you know Gergis’ intentions and she “modified the processing” to reach a pre-determined outcome. That’s a pretty wild claim.
If you believe this is the case, then it should be possible for other scientists to reach very different results using legitimate methods. Instead we have IPCC WG1 AR5 Figure 5.7 showing comparable results from multiple studies.
379. Stu says:
Heh… “not skeptical enough”… “so skeptical it hurts”…
380. Eli Rabett says:
381. Susan Anderson says:
This seems one of the better discussions I’ve seen on the subject. I particularly like the use of the direct word “wrong”.
It really doesn’t matter what word you use, it will be exploited by professionals to prevent honest discussion. The professional element seems to me to get bypassed in responses to discussions of language, which means you are looking at symptoms of a larger problem. You can see the progression as soon as a new bit of information comes out. As time goes on, increasingly clever bits of misleading information are put out. This work is ongoing but the holocaust association with the perfectly good dictionary word denial was a work of perverted genius.
“a statement saying that something is not true or real : a statement in which someone denies something.”
“2.a. A refusal to grant the truth of a statement or allegation; a contradiction.
“b. Law The formal challenge by a defendant of the truth of an allegation made by the plaintiff.
“3.a. A refusal to accept or believe something, such as a doctrine or belief.
“b. Psychology An unconscious defense mechanism characterized by refusal to acknowledge painful realities,thoughts, or feelings.
“4. The act of disowning or disavowing; repudiation.”
People who are by wishful thinking or political inclination wrong because they are incurious as to the source of the information prefer leaders who themselves may be getting their material at second or third hand. There is a vast array of carefully mirrored false information ready to hand for this purpose.
There is no logical argument that will bypass this endless stream of distraction. It has prevented honest discussion and will continue to do so.
But thanks for “wrong”!
Since I’m here I’m going to go a little off topic, because I’m tired of the misuse of “no single event can be attributed” to mean no event can ever be attributed. Only a pointy-headed thinker would come up with this knuckle-headed way to establish their credibility with colleagues and mislead a much less language-precise public.
Saying attribution is too precise for a system as complex as weather but there are obvious relationships between increased energy and water vapor in the system, and broken circulatory patterns would not be so readily exploited by those who cannot bear to look at the dangerous situation we are making worse by ignoring it.
382. vaggin says:
383. Bill says:
I don’t see what the writer is speaking about.
What is not scientific about NASA’s catilite data?
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page6.php
And what is not scientific about GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW?
This is the Mathematical formula that controls the Greenhouse Effect
How can anyone talk about the Greenhouse effect without discussing it?
This is not Conformation bias, this is science.
NASA is quite direct. It’s satellite and earth based observatories report that GHGs in the air block out 23% of the sun’s incoming heat making the earth 23% cooler than it would be with no GHGs in the air.
The Greenhouse effect captures only 5% of the outgoing heat.
NASA’s web page above clearly says this.
GHG cool the earth.
They make the earth 18% cooler than the earth would be without them in the air.
384. Bill says:
Andy I don’t deny anything, you just aren’t educated.
The Daily mail is not a scientific site, go here to learn about the Greenhouse effect and the effect of GHGs on earth heat
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page6.php
385. Bill says:
I know what a Patient Troll is, but what do you mean by Troll?
386. Bill says:
Oh, well NE should give them the trophy eh?
NE was THE team over the last 15 years, but the next ten are yet to be played so well have to see how NE and everyone else does, however, I’m more of the belief that the Seahawks will fade like all the others while NE remains. WE will see in the Seahawks are still a dominating team over the next 13 years.
NE won the SB, then didn’t make the playoffs the next year, before wining back to back rings. Wilson win to back to back SBs an lost one, so he is up on Brady. But he has to win two more rings in the next two years to equal him.
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Development of a High-power Motor/Generator for the ARPA-E Hub-Less Flywheel
Award Information
Department of Energy
n/a
Award Year:
Phase II
DE-FG02-11ER90075
Agency Tracking Number:
Solicitation Year:
Solicitation Topic Code:
71 a
Solicitation Number:
DE-FOA-0000676
Small Business Information
Beacon Power Corporation
65 Middlesex Road, Tyngsboro, MA, 01879-2041
Hubzone Owned:
Socially and Economically Disadvantaged:
Woman Owned:
Principal Investigator:
Richard Hockney
(978) 661-2085
hockney@beaconpower.com
Business Contact:
Richard Hockney
(978) 661-2085
hockney@beaconpower.com
Research Institution:
Recognizing the advantages of energy storage flywheels in rapid-response, high cycle-life applications, ARPA-E has funded Beacon Power to develop critical components for a low cost flying ring hub-less flywheel under the GRIDS program. The funded system will provide 100 kW for 1 hour for firming and smoothing of intermittent-renewable power generation. The goal is to reduce the cost per kWh by a factor of 8. For this large, low-cost flywheel to be applicable to either Frequency Regulation or Frequency Response applications, the motor/generator capability will need to be increased to 400 kW. The permanent magnet motor/generator (PMMG) configuration proposed in the ARPA-E project is based upon the use of bonded magnets (which give up a significant amount of remnant flux density (Br) in exchange for strain capability) together with a stator with no back-iron (and so, no negative spring constant). The questions for the SBIR project are: 1. Can some of this Br be regained with other bonded magnet materials and/or processes? 2. Can the bearing system be designed to accommodate the negative stiffness from adding back-iron? 3. Is the resulting stator size reasonable? and 4. Can the losses in the resulting high-power design be dissipated? The Phase I effort has resulted in a 400 kW motor/generator design using the same rotor magnet and stator winding as the ARPA-E design. The 4 times increase in power has been achieved with a combination of concentrating the magnetic field by adding some iron to the stator, and with additional cooling of the stator winding. The proposed Phase II project is to demonstrate that the design approach developed during Phase I will achieve the required four-times improvement in power capability for the motor/generator. This will involve building a full-scale version of the machine, and obtaining operational test data up to rated speed on a dynamometer. Commercial Applications and Other Benefits: The new high-power motor/generator will make it possible to commercialize at least six major energy balancing grid-scale applications at a cost equal to one-fourth the cost of our current Gen4 flywheel that is currently operating in our 20 MW Frequency Regulation plant in Stephentown, NY. These are: 1. Frequency Regulation and Frequency Response; 2. Primary and Secondary Reserve, which is what Europe and parts of the rest of the world use to balance system frequency; 3. Super Primary Response, a derivative of our core technology that can replace conventional spinning reserve for event contingencies; 4. ramp mitigation for solar PV; 5. load following and ramp mitigation for wind-diesel-storage hybrid applications; and 6. micro grid stabilization.
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HomeTrendingStrange And Awkward Photographs Of People & Snapshot Images Of Hidden Travel...
Strange And Awkward Photographs Of People & Snapshot Images Of Hidden Travel Locations Secretly Taken By Flying Aircraft Drones
Although you can purchase one from a toy shop for $20 or so, drones have changed photography and filmmaking forever. Thanks to the low-price, compact design, and simplicity of the typical drone, aspiring directors have the ability to obtain aerial shots once exclusive to the producers of major motion pictures. The vast majority of the world’s drone enthusiasts are little more than hobbyists who wish to shoot some short aerial videos using their airborne camera. Some are aspiring urban explorers, determined to see what surprises await them in their hometown’s most inaccessible locations. Others are treasure hunters, convinced that the only thing standing between them and riches beyond their wildest dreams is a clear bird’s-eye view. Most of the pictures that have been captured on drones are pretty innocent if a little boring. They tend to show nothing more than some fallen branches and a couple of tree stumps, with the occasional stray frisbee or curious rabbit thrown in to spice things up. On occasion, however, drone enthusiasts have unintentionally captured photos and videos of a far more sinister nature. Those hoping to stumble upon some hidden sack of gold coins deep in a forest have instead been greeted by horrifying visuals that chilled them to their very core, as have the aforementioned urban explorers and hobbyist filmmakers. Today, we’re going to be looking at 15 of the most terrifying photos ever captured by drones, so the faint of heart should X out now. Here we go…
This image was captured by an Irish drone enthusiast in July of 2017 and shows what was once St. Kevin’s Asylum engulfed in flames. The asylum, which was thankfully empty when the blaze broke out, is located in Cork City, meaning the consequences could have been far worse had the city’s fire and police departments not been there to get it under control. Of course, getting said blaze under control was no easy task, as the nearby fire hydrants couldn’t provide the water pressure necessary for a timely extinguishing and the fire actually burned through the night before it finally began to slow down. By the time this picture was taken, many of the asylum’s ceilings had caved in and two-thirds of the building had been destroyed.
When it occurred on the 26th of April,1986, the Chernobyl disaster became one of the most catastrophic events in the history of mankind and remains such today. Caused by the explosion of a reactor core during a simulated power outage, the disaster resulted in 31 direct deaths and left thousands of people with life-shortening illnesses and mutations. The city of Pripyat, where the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was located, was evacuated in the immediate aftermath of the explosion and the region remains radioactive to this day, with even the most daring of urban explorers knowing better than to risk visiting. In November of 2014, photographer Danny Cooke used a drone to gain access to Pripyat and document the effects of the disaster nearly three decades after the fact. What he saw was a deeply disturbing portrait of the dangers of nuclear power; crumbled buildings, rusted swing sets, and long-abandoned carnival rides seemingly frozen in a moment that the whole world would like to forget.
World War II was fought by the Allies to bring down the oppressive regime the Third Reich and force an end to the persecution and senseless killing of Jews and other minorities across Europe. While democracy ruled the day and the Allies came out on the winning end, Adolf Hitler and his band of vile bigots managed to kill some six million Jews during the Holocaust. The majority of these killings took place in concentration camps established by the Nazis, many of which are still standing today. Auschwitz concentration camp, located in the Polish town of the same name, is perhaps the most infamous of all Nazi concentration camps. Those who were held captive within its walls were subjected to horrifyingly cruel treatment until they were either put to death by Nazi officers or died of starvation and exhaustion. This image, captured by a drone in 2015, shows a bird’s-eye view of what is left of the concentration camp. From above, we are shown the rows of decrepit cells and laboratories, within which some of the most heinous and inhumane acts of the 20th century took place.
Sharia law is notoriously harsh and insists on astonishingly violent punishments for the smallest of misdeeds. In fact, many of the supposed crimes for which one can be put to death while living under Sharia law are not even illegal in most western countries. This image comes from a drone that was used by an Anbar arm of the terrorist group ISIS to film the execution of a man they deemed to be guilty of “insulting Allah”. The death penalty is barbaric even when carried out by injection (as it is in many areas of the United States), but the execution shown in this picture is particularly brutal. The blindfolded blasphemer kneels with his hands tied and his head on a literal chopping block while the assigned executioner holds a machete aloft, waiting for the signal to bring it down in a terrifying display of the consequences of fanatical devotion to one’s religion.
California’s Silicon Valley is arguably the number one location for tech businesses in the world and is a popular destination among industry juggernauts and start-up companies alike. With Apple Inc., Adobe Systems, and Amazon all operating out of the region, it is no exaggeration to say that what happens in Silicon Valley seriously impacts the rest of the world and influences the evolution of humankind. I suppose it only makes sense, then, that extraterrestrials would want to explore the area for themselves when visiting Earth. This image was captured by a Californian drone operator in 2015 and appears to show an alien spacecraft traveling through the sky above Silicon Valley. According to ufologists and scientists who examined the video from which this screenshot was taken, the unidentified flying object jolts across the sky with such great speed that it could only be matched by a supersonic jet.
Few creatures within the world of cryptozoology have managed to captivate the mainstream media quite like Bigfoot (or Sasquatch, if that’s your preferred term). For decades now, shaky-handed hunters have been reporting unexpected encounters with Bigfoot in the wilderness of Middle America. Some have even attempted to prove the existence of the beast by capturing it on camera, though the footage is almost always too grainy to be of any scientific use. This image was captured by a wildlife fanatic in Idaho, who was using his drone to search for animals in a forest near his home. Rather than seeing the usual elk and deer, the camera operator captured footage of what looks to be a bipedal creature, covered in hair and strolling confidently towards a cluster of trees. While the image is indeed unsettling, it is, unfortunately, not clear enough to conclusively prove the existence of Bigfoot.
Flying Sting Ray
What an amazing and startling image! This stingray looks like one of the ships from Star Wars, Just as scary too!
Active Volcano
There’s just something about lava that makes me nervous. Oh, maybe it’s the fact that it could melt me away in seconds! I’d day however far away this drone is as close as anyone needs to get.
Low Flying Airplane
Wow, this airplane is getting a bit too close for comfort for my liking. Or maybe this parking lot is just too darn close to the runway. Talk about poor planning.
Shark for Lunch
Truly a powerful image. This lucky drone pilot caught a killer whale enjoying a delicious great white shark for lunch. The food chain really is something else!
Oceanside Spaceship
I never knew that NASA transports spaceships over water, but I guess they do! This one scares me just because that thing cost so much money! I bet a lot of people were crossing their fingers it didn’t fall into the ocean!
Where Planes Go To Die
Check out this creepy airplane graveyard in Arizona. Countless military airplanes end up here after they are taken out of service. This restricted area is rarely seen but often fantasized about.
Giant Stuffed Bunny
A drone was flying through the Alps recently and came across this very disturbing stuffed bunny that is 200 feet tall. The weirdest part of this is that this bunny was found high up in the Alps, so who knows why or how it got there. The owners must be into strange art or at the least have a giant baby.
This beachgoer was spotted floating in this man-made swimming pool that is built into the ocean. It looks pretty dramatic from above with the crashing waves etc. She seems at peace, which makes me jealous.
The Kraken Hole
This photograph was taken while the drone was flying over Lake Berryessa in Napa County, the Monticello Dam. This is during the time of April, where rainfall was most abundant and thus filling up the lake so full that it overspilled into the well, making it seem like there is a mysterious hole of infinite depths in a body of water. Its as if the Kraken could come out of that hole at any moment. Truly frightening, if one did not know it was actually just a well.
Figure Built Out Of Stones
In the English countryside, we found this creepy figure constructed out of large stones that have been around for more than 3,000 years. Why would they build this structure if no one could possibly see it back then? They must have been speaking to the gods or aliens.
Get Out Of The Water
These kinds of drone images will never not scare the heck out of me. In fact, I think I’ll just never swim in the ocean ever again. Better safe than sorry!
Poor Cow
This image was taken by a drone right after this terrifying alligator snagged himself a cow. Alligators are powerful animals that are not to be messed with. I feel sorry for this cow, but what an amazing shot!
Under Attack!
This rare image was captured on a mountainside right next to the ocean. It seems like the drone might’ve seriously startled these seagulls and started to attack the man and the drone.
Giant Bird’s Nest
This what appears to be a giant bird’s nest rested on top of an electric line utility pole. This is probably one of the biggest bird’s nest ever built by these tiny birds in this general area. Kinda creepy if you didn’t know what it was at first glance.
The Kraken Hole (AERIAL VIEW)
Here’s another look at the Kraken Hole (some call it the “Glory Hole” of the earth) from a bird’s eye point of view. It truly looks like a terrifying bottomless pit that will drain anything around it.
Ocean Life
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Next-generation sequencing for identifying a novel/de novo pathogenic variant in a Mexican patient with cystic fibrosis: a case report
Mexico is among the countries showing the highest heterogeneity of CFTR variants. However, no de novo variants have previously been reported in Mexican patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).
Case presentation
Here, we report the first case of a novel/de novo variant in a Mexican patient with CF. Our patient was an 8-year-old male who had exhibited the clinical onset of CF at one month of age, with steatorrhea, malabsorption, poor weight gain, anemia, and recurrent respiratory tract infections. Complete sequencing of the CFTR gene by next generation sequencing (NGS) revealed two different variants in trans, including the previously reported CF-causing variant c.3266G > A (p.Trp1089*, W1089*), that was inherited from the mother, and the novel/de novo CFTR variant c.1762G > T (p.Glu588*).
Our results demonstrate the efficiency of targeted NGS for making a rapid and precise diagnosis in patients with clinically suspected CF. This method can enable the provision of accurate genetic counselling, and improve our understanding of the molecular basis of genetic diseases.
Peer Review reports
Cystic fibrosis (CF, MIM# 219700) is the most common autosomal recessive disorder among Caucasians. Its incidence varies between different populations, spannig from 1/900 to 1/25,000 or even lower in Eastern populations [1].
Despite the recent instigation of neonatal screening, molecular diagnosis of CF is challenging due to the complex genotype–phenotype relationship, and high genetic heterogeneity [2,3,4], as found in the Latino American population [5,6,7]. Since the CFTR gene was identified as being responsible for CF [8], over 2000 variants have been detected, with the deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (c.1521_1523delCTT, p.Phe508del, F508del) being the most frequent worldwide [9]. To date, only nine reported CF cases have involved de novo variants [10,11,12,13,14,15]. Although Mexico is among the countries showing the highest heterogeneity of CFTR pathogenic variants, no de novo variants have previously been reported in Mexican patients.
Here, we report the first case of a novel/de novo variant in a Mexican patient with CF.
Case presentation
Clinical phenotype
An 8-year-old male Mexican patient was referred to our Institution with a diagnosis of CF. He was the fifth child born from healthy non-consanguineous parents, without a family history of the disease (Fig. 1). The mother previously had a spontaneous abortion after 16 weeks gestation by anencephaly. Clinical onset occurred at one month of age with steatorrhea, malabsorption, poor weight gain, and anemia. At 5 months of age, the patient had recurrent respiratory tract infections colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. He was diagnosed with CF at 18 months of age, with elevated sweat chloride levels (88, 130, and 129 mmol/l). Currently, the patient’s weight is below the 5th percentile and his height is between the 5th and 10th percentiles.
Fig. 1
a Family pedigree showing the carriers of variants c.3266G > A, p.Trp1089* and c.1762G > T, p.Glu588*, and the patient with both variants (p.Trp1089*/p.Glu588*). b Sanger sequencing of the patient, father, and mother. Left, sequence of the variant c.3266G > A, p.Trp1089*. Right, sequence of the variant c.1762G > T, p.Glu588*
Molecular analysis
Using samples from the patient, his parents, and his four siblings, we extracted genomic DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes using the QIAamp DNA Blood Maxi kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The index case was screened for the five pathogenic variants that are most frequent in the Mexican population (c.1521_1523delCTT, p.Phe508del; c.1624G > T, p.Gly542*; c.1519_1521delATC, p.Ile507del; c.1646G > A, p.Ser549Asn; and c.3909C > G, p.Asn1303Lys [16,17,18]), using PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis (PSM) as previously reported [19, 20]. Since none of the above-listed variants were identified, we performed complete sequencing of the CFTR gene using next generation sequencing (NGS; Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencer). The NGS data were analyzed using the Genome Analysis Toolkit: UnifiedGenotyper (GATK) and Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) software. To predict the functional effect of the variant on the protein, we performed in silico analysis using Variant Effect Predictor (VEP) software [21].
Data collection and molecular analysis were approved by the Research and Ethics Committees at INMEGEN. The parents provided written consent for the child participants, and all children assented.
Our initial screening of the patient revealed none of the pathogenic variants that are most frequent in the Mexican population. Analysis of the completely sequenced CFTR gene using GATK and IGV software revealed that the patient carried two different variants in trans. One was c.3266G > A (p.Trp1089*, W1089*), which is a previously report CF-causing variation, and the other was the novel variant c.1762G > T, p.Glu588* (https://www.cftr2.org/, [22]). The novel variation involved the change of a G for T in codon 588 of exon 12. Functional effect prediction analysis revealed that this variant induced a premature stop codon (c.1762G > T, p.Glu588*).
Both variants were validated via automated Sanger sequencing. To identify their carrier status, we screened both parents for these variants. The patient’s mother carried only the c.3266G > A (p.Trp1089*, W1089*) variant, while the father carried neither of the variants identified in the patient (Fig. 1). Since the father was not a carrier of any CF variant, paternity was tested using 23 STR genetic markers, which confirmed a paternal probability of > 99.99%. Thus, c.1762G > T, p.Glu588* was determined to be a de novo variant. The patient’s three sisters were carriers of the c.3266G > A, p.Trp1089* variant, while his brother showed a wild-type CFTR sequence. Additionally, two maternal uncles and the grandmother were also found to carry the c.3266G > A, p.Trp1089 variant.
Discussion and conclusions
To date, only nine cases of CF caused by de novo pathogenic variants have been reported [10,11,12,13,14]. Most of these variants are single-nucleotide variants, although small and large deletions and partial duplications have also been described [14, 15]. The small number of de novo variants reported in recessive disorders is likely due to the extremely low probability of a de novo variant occurring in combination with the transmission of an allele carrying a pathogenic variation from the other parent. It is also possible that traditional technologies did not enable prior detection of these variants. High-throughput NGS technologies have greatly improved the possibility of identifying rare CFTR variants, and of thus further elucidating the genetic heterogeneity of CF [9, 17, 23]. These approaches also dramatically increase the possibility of identifying novel and de novo variants.
In the presently reported case, we identified a novel/de novo variant at position 588, which resulted in a premature stop codon (c.1762G > T, p.Glu588*) in exon 12 of the CFTR gene. The patient was an 8-year-old Mexican male who had experienced the clinical onset of CF at one month of age, with pancreatic insufficiency and obstructive lung disease. Compared to inherited variants, de novo variants are probably more deleterious because they have been subjected to less stringent evolutionary selection [24]. However, our patient also harbored the previously reported variant c.3266G > A (p.Trp1089*, W1089*), which is a severe variant that also introduces a stop codon, UAG, at position 1089 in exon 20 [25]. In silico prediction indicated that both identified variants could lead to the production of a truncated protein, decreased translation and elongation accuracy, or production of a final protein that lacks an exon due to exon skipping [26]. Further functional characterization of the novel variant is necessary [3, 27].
The patient carried two class I variants, and thus would be expected to show severe disease, which is in accordance with the observed phenotype. Family analysis revealed that the patient’s mother, three sisters, two uncles, and grandmother were carriers of the c.3266G > A, p.Trp1089* pathogenic variant. However, the c.1762G > T, p.Glu588* variant was not found in the father or in the siblings, and was thus determined to be a novel and de novo variant in our patient with CF. Since our patient harbors two nonsense pathogenic variants, personalized therapy based on the readthrough approach may be appropriate as a future approach [28].
Interestingly, the previously reported novel variants have been located on the paternal chromosome, as in our present case, supporting reports that the male germ line may be more mutagenic [29, 30]. This assumption is related to paternal age at conception, which correlates with the pathogenic variant rate in germline cells. There is presently insufficient information to assess this possibility in CF, since of the nine previously reported CF cases with de novo variants, only two provide information regarding the father’s age (25 and 32 years old). The father of our present patient was 40 years of age.
The present case report demonstrates the efficiency of using targeted NGS to make a rapid and precise diagnosis in patients with clinically suspected CF. This method facilitates the identification of rare or exclusive variants, supporting the provision of accurate genetic counselling and personalized therapy, as well as furthering our understanding of the molecular basis of genetic diseases.
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
Genome Analysis Toolkit
Integrative Genomics Viewer
Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica
Next generation sequencing
Variant Effect Predictor
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We thank the patient and his family for participating in the study. Also, we would like to acknowledgment to M. en C. Alfredo Mendoza and Quim. Juan Luis Jiménez for technical support.
Julieta Larrosa received a scholarship (#819707) from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT). She is a student of Master’s degree in science of the Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). The student participated in the analysis and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available.
from the corresponding author on request.
Author information
LO, AMH, conceived and conducted the study; EMC, JLL identified.the patients and carried out the clinical characterizations; JL,FBO, HGO, EM carried. Out the molecular genetics studies; JL, CCC, HGO analysis; LO, AMH, JL wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Lorena Orozco.
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Data collection and molecular analysis were approved by the Research and Ethics Committees at Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN).
Consent for publication
The parents signed a letter of consent to participate in the study and all children assented. They also gave their authorization for the publication of thenández, A., Larrosa, J., Barajas-Olmos, F. et al. Next-generation sequencing for identifying a novel/de novo pathogenic variant in a Mexican patient with cystic fibrosis: a case report. BMC Med Genomics 12, 68 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-019-0528-1
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• Cystic fibrosis
• Next generation sequencing
• Novel/de novo variant | 3361666e-ae17-4e83-b1ba-280d1be181a6 | null | 0 | true | false |
Ptarmigan is now closed.
Ptarmigan operated in Tallinn from 2011-2014. We no longer maintain any presence in Tallinn, but this website will continue to serve as an archive of the activities produced at Ptarmigan during these years.
PALFUCON: Paleofuturist Trade Conference
25 september 2010 00:00
from 13:00 - 18:00
Speeches and presentations at 15:00
We are proud to host this landmark event in science, technology and future happiness. Palfucon presents key developments in technology by true visionaries of our time. Palfucon presents key developments in technology by true visionaries of our time. Palfucon is the foremost conference on paleofuturistic technologies. All of our presenters are leaders in their fields and offer you the opportunity to get a hands on approach to the latest in cutting edge technologies. Our conference is intended to foster the dissemination of state-of-the-art research in all future areas, including their models, services, and novel applications associated with their utilisation.
Apocolypti Technologies: Theosis Wherever you look, whatever you glance at, whatever you remember from your past, whatever you imagine in your head – Theosis will be able to configure its exact visual representation in full colour on your computer screen. It is designed to run through and configure all possible combinations of all possible pixels in all possible colours, thus revealing every possible picture representable on a computer screen. The total number of pictures configurable through this programme is a number containing 5681750 digits. (As a comparison, the total number of elementary particles in the Universe, according to scientists, is a number with 77 digits. One million, 1000000, contains 7 digits.) Stellers Ltd: Biodiversity Kit Biodiversity Kit brings a possibility for any concerned citizen to take care of their natural surrounding. Kit provides easy-to-use tool to measure biodiversity and see which animals or plants are about to extinct due to human activities like for example hunting. Lacks in flora or fauna can be cured with simple cloning device; Biodiversity Kit contains DNA of almost every species on planet earth. For the first time in history, someone with no cloning skills can easily enhance their nature experience! Biodiversity Kit is developed and presented by Stellers Ltd. Justin Tyler Tate presents Inventions for a Red Future from Soviet theoretical physicist, Peter Bronstein
M. Petrovich (Peter) Bronstein (Russian: М. Петрович Бронштейн, August 17 1936 — February 18, 1988) was a Soviet theoretical physicist, a pioneer of quantum mechanics, author of works in astrophysics, semiconductors, quantum electrodynamics and cosmology, as well as of a number of books in popular science for children.
Bronstein’s legacy was born in, what was then, a secret laboratory atop a Soviet toy factory in Estonia. In this lab he worked on his quantum theories which fueled inventions for the Soviet future he had been told was coming. Most of his inventions were to help those in newly acquired Soviet regions who may be affected by toxic substances, radiation as well as loss of information and technology.
During the 1970’s and 1980’s M.P. Bronstein worked on methods for communication across vast distances of time using quantum theories. These theories enabled him acquire a Gmail account (mpetrobronstein@gmail.com) and communicate across 26 years.
During the Really Great Purge, in February 1988 Bronstein was arrested. He was convicted by a list trial ("по списку") and executed the same day. His wife was told that he was sentenced to 10 years of labor camps without the right of correspondence.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Petrovich_%28Peter%29_Bronstein
http://cargocollective.com/jtt/ Lisa Erdman: The Worry Machine® Huolikone® In contemporary society, human beings are experts at the act of worrying. Why not create a positive use out this excess energy produced by the brain? The Worry Machine® is a performance art installation that investigates the possibility of transforming human anxiety into a practical, alternative source of energy. The project features a special ʻdeviceʼ that collects peoples worries and converts them into a usable energy source in the form of biofuel and stored electricity. Our sponsors
This advancement towards our bright future was realised in part through the generous assistance of Central Station | 5400f804-d489-4d40-91f4-ab93d7fce168 | null | 1 | true | false |
Coyote Attacks 9-Year-Old North Carolina Girl As She Was Entering Her House
Matt KnothShutterstock
A wild coyote attacked a 9-year-old North Carolina girl earlier this week, and while she was wounded multiple times in the attack, she was able to relate to reporters what happened when, in her words, the coyote “decided it wants to eat [her].”
According to the Winston-Salem Journal, Madilyn Fowler, a third-grader at Shady Grove Elementary in Advance, N.C., was outside her house on Thursday evening, when she saw a coyote approximately the same size as her black Labrador. The wild animal then charged at her, biting at her skirt and chasing her as she tried to run for safety. All in all, the coyote bit the young girl three times and left her with several cuts and wounds on her face and back, with the most severe one being a 10-inch cut on her lower back.
“I tried [to] open the door but it pinned me to the door,” Madilyn said, as quoted by 11 Alive.
“It bit me, it wasn’t scratches. At first, they thought it was scratches, then they said it had to be rabid because [coyotes] don’t come out during the daytime. They’re nocturnal.”
Madilyn Fowler’s mother, April, spotted the coyote and hit it on its snout to drive it away and keep her daughter away from further harm. While Animal Control was notified soon after the incident, at around 6:35 p.m. on Thursday, the coyote has yet to be spotted. 11 Alive also noted that the animal had tried to attack the Fowler family’s dog before it attacked Madilyn.
After the coyote attack, Madilyn received five rabies shots at Brenner Children’s Hospital in Winston-Salem, which she said “hurt less than the coyote bites.” She continues to recover successfully as of this writing, with the cuts on her back and her face now showing as “purple bruises,” as the Winston-Salem Journal described them. The 9-year-old is still due for another three rabies treatments.
Coyotes are larger members of the dog family, measuring about 32 to 37 inches from head to rump and weighing about 20 to 50 pounds, according to Live Science. They are known to be nocturnal creatures who hunt at night, while also standing out for their sharp senses of sight, smell, and hearing, and their “wily” nature. While they can normally be found in forests and mountainous areas, Live Science noted that they have recently become more common in big cities, as they adjust to the increasing presence of humans in their countryside habitats. Earlier this week, the Inquisitr reported on a series of coyote attacks in Westchester County, New York, as authorities recently shot one of the two coyotes responsible for biting multiple people in the area. | d67b760a-e35c-49d3-a8ef-16528421c756 | null | 1 | true | false |
ASP1022 - Life in the universe - astrobiology - 2017
6 points, SCA Band 2, 0.125 EFTSL
Undergraduate - Unit
Refer to the specific census and withdrawal dates for the semester(s) in which this unit is offered.
Organisational Unit
School of Physics and Astronomy
Coordinator(s)
Dr Jasmina Lazendic-Galloway
Unit guides
• Second semester 2017 (Day)
This unit focuses on understanding astronomical, geological, chemical, biological and technological conditions necessary for primitive and intelligent life. The topics covered include: stellar and planetary formation, dynamics of planetary orbits, detection and properties of extrasolar planets, habitability, chemical and biological characteristics of life, how life first appeared on the Earth and how life depends on energy from the stars, probabilities of life forming on other planets, artificial life and artificial intelligence, interstellar travel and colonisation, the fate of the Universe and the implications for any life present.
On completion of this unit students will be able to:
1. Explain modern theories of stellar and planetary formation and evolution
2. Compare properties of our Solar system to that of extrasolar planetary systems
3. Describe the necessary conditions for life and how species evolve
4. Debate how development of life is dependent on the conditions in the physical universe
5. Theorise on the possibilities of other life forms, interstellar communication and interstellar travel.
Examination (2 hours): 40%
Workshops: 30%
Assignments: 30%
Hurdle requirement: Student must pass achieve a pass mark in the workshops to achieve an overall pass grade.
Workload requirements
• Two 1-hour lecture/tutorials per week
• One 2-hour workshop per week
• Eight hours of independent study per week
See also Unit timetable information
Chief examiner(s)
This unit applies to the following area(s) of study
No formal background in astronomy or astrophysics is required. | ae90fd94-30fa-43b8-8db9-f9a04008e130 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
Residents can resume one of the country’s most popular past times: feeding the birds.
As bird deaths decrease, the Pennsylvania Game Commission announced Friday that it is lifting its recommendation issued in early July to cease bird feeding in the state because of a mysterious bird illness.
Longtime bird-feeding aficionados Patrick and Mardelle Kopnicky of Fawn were thrilled to hear the news.
The couple has been feeding their avian friends for 40 years. They have at least six feeders. The couple enjoys a sunroom, which they call a nature room because the feeders are strategically placed for viewing.
“We would see 10 species at one time, and it’s been a pleasure,” Mardelle said. “We’ve been missing them.”
The ban on feeding was prompted by reports in Pennsylvania and neighboring states of birds dying with crusted-over eyes and potential neurological problems.
The commission is recommending that residents can resume bird feeding because there are decreasing numbers of sick and dead wild birds, according to Travis Lau, commission spokesman, in Friday’s press statement.
The Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania, which also urged the public to stop feeding the birds in early July, agrees with the commission. It is resuming its sales of bird feed at its nature stores, said Audubon spokeswoman Rachel Handel.
“People were very understanding of the reasoning behind keeping feeders inside,” she said. “The priority was, and is, bird safety. Now that we believe the illness is no longer a threat to the birds, people may replace their bird and hummingbird feeders, as well as birdbaths.”
Birds that have died of the mysterious illness include blue jays, European starlings, common grackles, American robins, northern cardinals, house finches, house sparrows, eastern bluebirds, red-bellied woodpeckers, Carolina chickadees and Carolina wrens.
Much is still unknown about what caused the birds deaths in at least 10 states and Washington, D.C.
“No definitive cause of illness or death has been determined,” Lau said. “But research has ruled out many potential causes, and there is no indication that feeding birds or maintaining birdbaths were contributing factors.”
Scientists will continue to search for answers, Lau said.
The game commission credited the public with helping researchers learn more about the disease.
“All those extra sets of eyes and ears enable us to respond as quickly as possible and resolve or investigate the situation,” said Game Commission wildlife veterinarian Andrew Di Salvo.
Numerous agencies and universities continue to investigate the illness. Among them is the University of Pennsylvania Wildlife Futures Program.
For those putting their feeders back up, Audubon recommends removing any remaining seed from the feeder and cleaning it.
Game commission recommendations for bird feeding:
• Because birds congregate at bird feeders and baths, clean the equipment weekly. Use soap and water, then disinfect with a 10% household bleach solution.
After allowing 10 minutes of contact time, rinse with clean water and allow to air dry. When feeding birds, follow expert recommendations such as those listed in Audubon International’s Guide to Bird Feeding.
• Remain vigilant and report any sick or dead wild birds to your local Pennsylvania Game Commission office.
• Keep pets away from sick or dead wild birds.
• Avoid handling wild birds. If you must do so, wear disposable gloves or use inverted plastic bags on your hands to avoid direct contact. Dead birds can be disposed of in a closed plastic bag in household trash or buried deeply, greater than 3 feet deep, to prevent disease transmission to other animals.
Mary Ann Thomas is a Tribune-Review staff writer. You can contact Mary at 724-226-4691, mthomas@triblive.com or via Twitter .
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United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
Title: Assignment of 204 Genes Localized on Hsa17 to a Porcine Rh (Imprh) Map to Generate a Dense Comparative Map Between Pig and Human/mouse
item Shimogiri, Takeshi - KAGOSHIMA UNIV. JAPAN
item Kiuchi, Sachiko - NATL INST AGROBIO, JAPAN
item Hiraiwa, Hideki - NATL INST AGROBIO, JAPAN
item Hayashi, Takeshi - NATL INST AGROBIO, JAPAN
item Takano, Yuu - KAGOSHIMA UNIV. JAPAN
item Yoshizane, Maeda - KAGOSHIMA UNIV. JAPAN
item Rohrer, Gary
item Milan, Denis - INST NATL RES FRANCE
item Yasue, Hiroshi - NATL INST AGROBIO, JAPAN
Submitted to: Cytogenetics and Genome Research
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: June 20, 2005
Publication Date: December 20, 2005
Citation: Shimogiri, T., Kiuchi, S., Hiraiwa, H., Hayashi, T., Takano, Y., Yoshizane, M., Rohrer, G.A., Milan, D., Yasue, H. Assignment of 204 genes localized on hsa17 to a porcine rh (imprh) map to generatate a dense comparative map between pig and human/mouse. Cytogenetics and Genome Research. 112:114-120. 2006.
Interpretive Summary: Pig chromosome 12 has been shown to possess genes influencing economically important traits such as fatty acid composition, growth rate after weaning, and meat color. While pig chromosome 12 is known to contain genes that are located on human chromosome 17, many rearrangements in gene order are suspected and the current resolution is not sufficient for effective selection of candidate gene(s) responsible for these traits. Thus, a study to construct a high resolution comparative map between pig chromosome 12 and human chromosome 17 was designed. Over 200 genes that reside on human chromosome 17 spanning the entire chromosome were placed on pig chromosome 12. The resultant high resolution comparative map revealed numerous rearrangements occurred during the evolution of mammals for this chromosome. In addition, this map makes it easier to select positional candidate genes for growth and pork quality traits and should expedite the development of useful genetic markers for selection of superior pigs.
Technical Abstract: Bi- and uni-directional chromosome painting (ZOO-FISH) and gene mapping have revealed correspondences between human chromosome (HSA) 17 and porcine chromosome (SSC) 12 harboring economically important quantitative trait loci. In the present study, we have assigned 204 genes localized on HSA17 to SSC12 to generate a comprehensive comparative map between HSA17 and SSC12. Two hundred fifty-five primer pairs were designed using porcine sequences orthologous with human genes. Of the 255 primer pairs, 208 (81.6%) were used to assign the corresponding genes to porcine chromosomes using the INRA-Minnesota 7000-rad porcine × Chinese hamster whole genome radiation hybrid (IMpRH) panel. Two hundred three genes were integrated into the SSC12 IMpRH linkage maps; and one gene, PPARBP, was found to link to THRA1 located in SSC12 but not incorporated into the linkage maps. Three genes (GIT1, SLC25A11, and HT008) were suggested to link to SSC12 markers, and the remaining one (RPL26) did not link to any genes/expressed sequence tags/markers registered, including those in the present study. A comparison of the gene orders among SSC12, HSA17, and mouse chromosome 11 indicates that intra-chromosomal rearrangements occurred frequently in this ancestral mammalian chromosome during speciation.
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Galaxy cluster to cloud - genomics at scale.
Afgan E, Baker D, Coraor N, Taylor J.
GCE '14 Proceedings of the 9th Gateway Computing Environments Workshop. November 2014; :47-50
Links: ACM Digital Library
Fueled by the radically increased capacity to generate data over the past decade, the field of biomedical research has been constrained by the ability to analyze data. Galaxy, an open genomics and biomedical research platform, has been democratizing access to data analysis tools with its effective and accessible web interface. However, the scale of data and the scope of tools required have proven to be a significant challenge for any monolithic deployment of the Galaxy application. We have found that a distributed and federated approach to utilizing compute and storage resources is necessary. This paper describes the ongoing efforts in creating a ubiquitous platform capable of simultaneously utilizing dedicated as well as on-demand cloud resources. | 212aa8df-2e1c-44c2-aa77-d62fca9bef8e | null | 0 | true | false |
Convert Milliliter to Quart (Cooking / Recipes)
Milliliter into Quart
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Assessing Healthcare Liquid Waste Management In Kathmandu, Nepal | 18511ing healthcare liquid waste management in Kathmandu, Nepal
3rd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change
Bandana K Pradhan
ScientificTracks Abstracts: J Earth Sci Clim Change
DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.S1.013
Over the years, the number of healthcare services, particularly in large cities of Nepal has been increasing and consequently healthcare liquid waste management is becoming a crucial challenge to the public health. There have been limited efforts to explore the healthcare service management in Nepal. This paper intends to assess the healthcare liquid waste (HCLW) management in the hospitals of Kathmandu city, Nepal. Based on the descriptive cross sectional design, 15 out of 35 hospitals with over 50 beds, consisting of six public and nine private types were selected randomly. This study has estimated of HCLW generation by the sample hospitals at 976 m?/day. The HCLW has shown acidic with an average of pH 5.6. The average temperature ranged from 26 0 C to 29 0 C and the conductivity was recorded at >500 μ S/cm. In the sample hospitals, dissolved oxygen was less than 2 mg/l, whereas the ratio of chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand ranged from 1.7 to 2.7. They indicate high organic load and higher toxic and non biodegradable chemicals in the wastewater. It was also detected high bacteriological load and concentration of free residual chlorine. This means that the HCLW has been directly discharged into the surface water. The Waste Management Committee (WMC) to be formed in each hospital has to look after HCLW, but not in all sample hospitals. Only one hospital had HCLW treatment plant, which was also not functioning. The number of hospital staff being involved in the waste management was however just adequate according to the national standard, but none of them had got training in HCLW management. It was found that, none of the hospitals had complied with the national healthcare liquid waste management guidelines.
Bandana K Pradhan has completed PhD from BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria in 1998 and MSc in Basic Science (Botany), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. She is Professor at the Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu and also is a Program Coordinator of Masters of Public Health. She has teaching experience of more than 25 years as a faculty in the IOM, TU. She has given academic contribution also in the national level especially for Ministry of Enviroment (MoEnv) and Ministy of Health and Population (MoHP) for producing ?State of Enviroment Report 2001? and other Climate Change related Policy Documents, Strategy and Action Plans. She has published over 30 papers in reputed national and international journals in the field of Enviromnet Health and Climate Change | f94f10ac-c2e5-440a-96bf-00d582ba7843 | null | 0 | true | false |
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Apollo 11 Research Paper Help
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Both planted a U. S flag, and ran a few simple scientific tests. Both astronauts were back in the lunar module by 1: On July 24, the Apollo 11 safely splashed down in the Pacific Ocean at Apollo 11 July 20, marks the moment when humanity experienced what it would be like to become a multi-planet species. It also marks when human courage and ingenuity showed us what we could do if we work together toward a transcendent goal.
Popular presentations See more popular or the latest prezis. Blog 31 August Prezi at Dreamforce The proof of concept Latest posts. Creating downloadable prezi, be patient. Delete comment or cancel. Cancel Reply 0 characters used from the allowed. Send link to edit together this prezi using Prezi Meeting learn more: Originally published by the Daily News on July 21, This story was written by Mark Bloom.
With his camera recording the fantastic, totally unreal scene for his home planet, Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong climbed down a nine-rung ladder from the cabin of the landing craft called Eagle, and became the first man to step on the moon. Excerpts of talks between Apollo 11 crew and mission control.
Nineteen minutes later, Edwin E. It may unlock many secrets of the universe and provide clues to how it all started. The astronauts collected more than 50 pounds of lunar rocks and soil, the most valuable payload science has ever known. Many scientists on earth believe that when these rocks are studied on earth they will show a record of the solar system as it was when it was formed - untarnished by wind and weather in the airless wastes of the moon. The astronauts left two self contained, automated scientific experiments on the moon.
One will answer the age-old question of whether the moon is internally active, like the earth, or cold and inert like a meteorite. The two men planted the American flag on the moon - not as a sign of acquisition of territory but as a sign of the nation which was willing to spend the energy and money to carry out this adventure.
And they got a warm telephone call of congratulations from President Nixon, , miles away on earth. Some ask about tasks the astronauts did while in orbit. Some question whether or not the moon missions were real. Start off by doing light or basic research on Apollo Doing this can help you approach the subject slowly without getting overwhelmed. This can include reading short articles on the subject or checking out books at the library. Try to answer basic questions such as who was part of the mission, why was it named Apollo 11, on what day did the mission occur?
Basic research may eventually turn into something more extensive once you find an area of interest. If you want to include photos with your research paper, review sources that offer a unique selection of photos. Some may have photos you can use for this purpose.
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Apollo 11 Research Paper Help Apollo 11 is a significant space flight mission that occurred during the late s. It included an array of achievements from 3 astronauts who made history flying into outer space.
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Apollo 11 took off with astronauts, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins. The commander of the mission was, year-old civilian research pilot, Neil Armstrong. Within 76 hours traveling , miles, Apollo 11 entered into a lunar orbit on July
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Research Paper On Apollo Apollo 11 Author Note This research is being submitted on May 24, , for Barton Pritzl’s G Introduction to Astronomy Course. Apollo 11 American astronauts Neil . Apollo 11 research paper module! I never do my math homework Can't wait to be back in my garden playing tequila full blast and doing work but not really, just smoking and watching my essay carefully.
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Research Papers words ( pages) Differences and Similarities: Apollo and Dionysus Essay - Differences and Similarities: Apollo and Dionysus In Greek Mythology a rivalry always occurs between certain Gods and Goddesses. Secondly, Apollo 11 established the United States as the leader of the cold war. This was particularly because the United States was competing with the Soviet Union. The third significance was the fact . | 31bec5db-fad9-4571-af9f-a6f4af5e4704 | null | 0 | true | false |
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Calcium from coral is primarily calcium carbonate, which is used as a dietary calcium supplement. Coral calcium is mined from the coral beds along the coastline and is then typically ground into a fine powder and heated. Preliminary scientific investigations indicate that coral calcium may provide health benefits. However, the advice of a medical professional should be sought before trying to prevent, treat or cure any condition with coral calcium.
Coral underwater. (Image: Digital Vision./Photodisc/Getty Images)
Coral calcium was found to be an antioxidant, in a study published in 2009 in "Biomaterials." Antioxidants are an important component of health. This is because they work on a cellular level thereby reducing the onset of disease in general. When cells use oxygen to produce energy, they give off harmful byproducts called free radicals that can attack healthy cells. However, antioxidants attach themselves to free radicals and prevent them from damaging or killing cells.
Accelerated Senescence
Accelerated senescence is essentially rapid aging. Coral calcium may help prevent this from occurring. The 2009 study in "Biomaterials" found that coral calcium protected against accelerated senescence in the brains of mice. The coral calcium supplementation worked by affecting the processes of genes involved with cellular preservation.
Bone Formation
Coral calcium may help promote bone growth. A study published in 2010 in the "Journal of Oral Implantology" revealed that bone tissue was grown in the presence of coral calcium. The researchers implanted graphs that contained coral calcium with steel rods into the bones of mice that lead to accelerated bone growth compared to controls. The researchers noted that coral calcium improved bone growth by roughly 36 percent.
Coral calcium has been associated with longer lifespans among certain ethnic groups. For example, people in Okinawa,, Japan as well as people of the mountainous regions of Pakistan commonly enjoy long lives. Scientific observation has revealed that one of the contributing factors is the intake of minerals. In these regions, coral calcium is one such mineral source, according to an article published in July 2008 in the "Townsend Letter | dee33c7f-708a-4d59-be10-3aa96c0d3f33 | null | 0 | true | false |
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STUDY: Ivermectin is a “broad spectrum antiviral of interest” for humans
This article may contain statements that reflect the opinion of the author
Bypass censorship by sharing this link:
(Natural News) In May 2020, Australian researchers published a little-known study in the journal Antiviral Research that presents ivermectin, an FDA-approved drug for humans, as a “broad spectrum antiviral of interest.”
RNA viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, influenza and dengue fever, the paper suggests, could be mitigated through the use of ivermectin, which blocks viral components from taking hold inside the body.
“Although RNA viruses replicate in the infected host cell cytoplasm, the nucleus is central to key stages of the infectious cycle of HIV-1 and influenza, and an important target of DENV nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) in limiting the host antiviral response,” the paper explains.
“We previously identified the small molecule ivermectin as an inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase nuclear entry, subsequently showing ivermectin could inhibit DENV NS5 nuclear import, as well as limit infection by viruses such as HIV-1 and DENV.”
Ivermectin’s broad spectrum functionality includes its ability to target the host importin (IMP) ?/?1 nuclear transport proteins that are responsible for nuclear entry of cargoes such as integrase and NS5, the paper goes on to reveal.
“We establish for the first time that ivermectin can dissociate the preformed IMP?/?1 heterodimer, as well as prevent its formation, through binding to the IMP? armadillo (ARM) repeat domain to impact IMP? thermal stability and ?-helicity.”
It is a bit complicated for the layperson to understand, but suffice it to say that ivermectin, which was developed in Japan from a natural soil organism, inhibits the attachment of viral components to human cells, effectively blocking infection without the need for masks or “vaccines.”
“Since it is FDA approved for parasitic indications, ivermectin merits closer consideration as a broad spectrum antiviral of interest,” the paper concludes.
If the government really cared about saving lives, it would get ivermectin into the hands of every American
This is critical information that needs to get out there, especially as the mainstream media continues to lie about ivermectin by calling it a “horse de-wormer.” While ivermectin is, in fact, also used in animals, it was also approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans.
The drug shows considerable promise in fighting the Wuhan coronavirus (Covid-19), and is widely used in India, as one example, to treat the disease. There, citizens are being cured of their infections without the need for novel Big Pharma therapeutics and mystery injections.
This explains why ivermectin is so aggressively opposed here in the United States that it is now almost impossible to get, except for the animal variety which is easily accessible online and in feed stores, though those varieties are getting a lot more expensive.
The lying corporate media wants everyone to believe that ivermectin is nothing more than “horse paste” that should never be consumed by humans. Fake news reports continue to circulate about people “overdosing” on ivermectin, though several of them have been debunked as made-up nonsense.
While it may not be an absolute panacea against the Wuhan Flu, ivermectin deserves greater attention than it is currently getting. At the very least, it needs to stop being vilified by the medical fascists who refuse to look at the science showing its safety and efficacy.
“Acknowledging that any alternative is in any way effective against covid would automatically mean that all EUAs for the ‘vaccines’ are illegal and in direct violation of the FDA’s own rules,” wrote one commenter at Natural News.
“The ‘vaccines’ were just one of the many goals of the plandemic, and there is no way they were going to not have them as soon as possible, regardless of how many tens of thousands of people had to die. This is what crimes against humanity also look like.”
More of the latest news about Chinese Virus deception and the witch hunt against ivermectin can be found at Pandemic.news.
Sources for this article include:
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Capital One Ventures announced a $24 million investment in security startup Securonix in a bid to capitalize on the company’s newly developed, cloud-based security information and event management platform, VentureBeat reports. The move comes as more enterprises transition into the cloud, creating the need for cloud-native threat analysis architectures that employ human researchers enhanced by machine learning and artificial intelligence. “Cloud-native and scalable architectures are the direction where this market is going to go, and Securonix is built cloud-native from the ground up,” said Capital One Ventures Partner Jay Emmanuel. According to Securonix CEO Sachin Nayyar, the company is in the middle of strengthening its AI and machine learning capabilities to allow automation of more of its vulnerability and attack monitoring activities, which are currently performed by 450 security analysts using the company’s array of SaaS-based security analytics tools. “There’s going to be a significant amount of machine assistance to the human operators in threat detection and incident response activity,” Nayyar said, predicting that AI and machine learning-driven cybersecurity lies ahead for the industry. | d91352ba-1e02-4f4d-956e-8f952d2925d0 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
Question: Why Do African Dwarf Frogs Die?
Why is my African dwarf frog floating?
Idle Behavior African dwarf frogs often opt to float at the top of the water when they’re in particularly idle and sluggish moods.
When they float like this, it prevents them from having to exert all of the energy of swimming all the way to the top..
Do African dwarf frogs kill each other?
African dwarf frogs don’t have an ounce of aggression in their tiny bodies. Even two males can live together peacefully. Your frogs might seem aggressive toward each other, but that’s typically either because they’re crawling over one another or they’re attempting to mate.
Why is my African dwarf frog so fat?
There are two explanations for your frogs getting “fat”, bloating or ready to lay eggs. I keep ACFs and a couple of my females became huge. After a few days they shrunk back to normal. The eggs were not fertile.
Can an African dwarf frog live in a 1 gallon tank?
A 1 gallon tank is too small for any aquatic life except pond snails or some species of shrimp. … A one gallon is actually perfect for African dwarf frogs. They don’t even need a filter, they are actually sensitive to water vibrations.
How do you know if a frog is dying?
5 Signs Your African Dwarf Frog Is Sick or DyingIt’s Eating Little or Not at All. (1–4 Days Before Death) … Its Skin Is Turning Pale. (1–3 Days Before Death) … They’re Hanging Around at the Top of the Tank. (1–2 Days Before Death) … It Has Tattered Dead Skin. (0–2 Days Before Death) … Floating and Being Still. (Hours Before Death)
Do African dwarf frogs eat shrimp?
African dwarf frogs heartily eat brine shrimp, fresh or frozen. … The same method works for frozen brine shrimp, just without the capturing. Avoid offering too much frozen brine shrimp, as any leftovers will dirty your frog’s home.
Do African dwarf frogs get lonely?
Do African dwarf frogs get lonely? Obviously, a dwarf frog would not be alone if there was a betta in the tank. … You should always have a minimum of two dwarf frogs in a tank. This makes sure they’re not going to get lonely or bored.
Will African dwarf frogs eat fish flakes?
Dwarf frogs will eat fish flakes readily, but relish the occasional live treat, like blood worms, brine shrimp or mosquito larvae.
Can you touch an African dwarf frog?
Can You Touch An African Dwarf Frog? Unfortunately no, it’s actually recommended that you don’t remove African dwarf frogs from the tank, hold them, or pet them in any way. … African dwarf frogs are strictly meant for being looked at, not handled. Even the oils on your hands can hurt these African dwarf frogs.
How can I tell if my African dwarf frog is male or female?
African Dwarf Frog Lift the frogs up and look for signs of a white bump on the back of each front leg. This subdermal gland indicates a male. During mating it should be easier to spot the difference: the male is the frog clinging to the back of the female.
What do African dwarf frogs like in their tank?
African dwarf frogs especially love plants in their tanks, whether living or artificial. They’ll sit on the leaves for a swim break.
Why did my African dwarf frogs die?
Fish food usually makes them sick and kills them. Their diet is strictly bloodworms or shrimp. If you see them at the surface of the water it usually means they have a fungal infection so take them out immediately or it will spread to the others, same with the ones who sit on the out-take value.
Can African dwarf frogs live out of water?
Like other frogs, African Dwarf Frogs are amphibians, but unlike many amphibians, they spend their entire lives in water. … African Dwarf Frogs should not be taken out of water since they cannot tolerate dry conditions.
Where do African dwarf frogs hide?
These frogs need to have dimly lit areas in their aquarium so they are not in bright light all the time. Small sections 1 inch diameter PVC pipes are simple caves but not particularly pleasing to see. You may also use submerged logs, caves of stone, or aquarium-safe decoractions to provide these hiding places.
Do dwarf frogs need a heater?
African dwarf frogs prefer a temperature of about 78 F (about 26 C), and they need a temperature of at least 75 F (about 24 C). … Therefore, if you’re like most people, your ADF habitat needs an aquarium heater to keep the water warm enough for the frogs to be healthy and happy. | b4076e93-3097-4243-a91b-4f0ae5852c03 | null | 0 | true | false |
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Wednesday, January 3, 2018
Elephant Electrocuted While Trying To Get Food
A female elephant weighing about two tonnes was found dead after being electrocuted near Tasek Banding yesterday.
Perak Wildlife and National Parks Department acting director Wan Shaharuddin Wan Nordin said a team of officers rushed to the scene after being alerted to the incident at 7.30am.
"We cordoned off the area while Tenaga Nasional Berhad disconnected the electricity supply," he added.
The animal is believed to be about 40 years old and believed to have been electrocuted after pushing against the zinc wall of a contractor's cabin in the area.
Wan Shaharuddin said initial investigations showed the female elephant had approached the cabin as it smelled food.
“It tried to push down the cabin door to get to the food. The impact of the push instead caused the electricity supplied to the cabin to land on it thus electrocuting it,” he said.
Wan Shaharuddin added that the female pachyderm was most probably the leader of the herd.
“Upon seeing the leader dead, the herd ran amok and destroyed the other cabins in the area,” he explained.
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Fossils preserved by Kansas chalk for eons will be digitized and shared via new NSF grant
Thursday, January 19, 2017
Monument Rocks
If you stroll the halls of a natural history museum anywhere in the world and come face-to-face with the prehistoric fossil of a pterodactyl or mosasaur, the odds are good it was unearthed in Kansas.
Indeed, American paleontology came of age in the 19th century largely thanks to Kansas’ chalky earth — made famous by the University of Kansas’ “Rock Chalk Chant.” The fine-grained chalk, especially good at preserving fossils, was ocean floor during the Late Cretaceous, from 65 to 100 million years ago, when much of Kansas was beneath the Western Interior Seaway.
“That ocean ran all the way from present-day Gulf of Mexico to northern Canada, through the middle part of this country,” said Bruce Lieberman, senior curator at the KU Natural History Museum, which houses one of the world’s foremost collections of Late Cretaceous fossils. “The water would have been warm and tropical, no deeper than 200 meters at its deepest point.”
The KU researcher said the seaway and its shoreline abounded with ancient marine life such as diving birds, winged and swimming reptiles, fish, clams, and ancient squid relatives called ammonites.
“It’d have been a great place to swim, except there were giant mosasaurs and sharks that would have loved to eat a human,” Lieberman said.
While many fossil treasures from the Western Interior Seaway adorn museums, today many thousands more are stored in the back rooms of various research institutions, inaccessible to most people.
So Lieberman is heading up a project to change that. He’s the primary investigator on a new $2.1 million National Science Foundation grant to digitize Western Interior Seaway collections from eight leading institutions — KU’s Biodiversity Institute, the American Museum of Natural History, the Sternberg Museum of Natural History at Fort Hays State University, the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, the University of New Mexico, the Jackson School Museum of Earth History at the University of Texas and the Yale University Peabody Museum of Natural History. Scientists from the Paleontological Research Institution in Ithaca, New York will also be involved.
“We have all kinds of fossils in these museums, but too many are buried away in drawers and cabinets that make them inaccessible to scientists and the public,” said Lieberman. “We think digitization of these fossils has value for answering scientific questions.”
For instance, a warming climate during the Late Cretaceous is similar to conditions climate scientists expected Earth to undergo in coming centuries. So the comprehensive view offered by digitizing Late Cretaceous fossils could forecast how species may react to altered habitats.
“We’re going to use computer mapping called ‘ecological niche modeling’ to look at how species were competing with one another — when you pack more species in more tightly, theoretically they’re going to be competing more with each other, which could drive more extinctions,” said Lieberman. “We’d like to see how species adjust their range. Do they partition their range to avoid overlapping as much as possible? This has practical applications because people get food from oceans. We’re predicting as climate gets warmer it’ll cause lots of extinctions. But we’re wondering if we should expect increased competition as well.”
Not only will the digitization work make the Western Interior Seaway fossils more useful to scientists, but the grant will open up access to the fossil treasures for the public at large.
“We’re going to be creating images and providing information about where fossils come from,” Lieberman said. “The public can look at the same resources as a museum researcher, to expand science out to the public more.”
The public outreach will center on a new “Digital Encyclopedia of Ancient Life” intended as an open-access textbook of paleontology. The atlas will feature an online Cretaceous Atlas with at least 800 species from the Western Interior Seaway to be added to the existing Digital Atlas of Ancient Life for the web and an iPhone app.
In addition to open-access resources, the researchers will develop K-12 curricular materials from the digitization project as well as providing 3-D scans of the fossils and 3-D models for some classrooms. Additionally, exhibitions based on the grant work are planned at the associated institutions.
Lieberman said the work would involve at least 13 undergraduates and 4 graduate students with the intention of recruiting students from underrepresented groups.
Along with Lieberman, KU Biodiversity Institute faculty working on the grant include Chris Beard and Jim Beach.
Indeed, KU has been at the forefront of digitizing fossils in the 21st century — in the same way that Kansas, thanks to its chalk, was the hotbed of paleontological fieldwork in the 19th century.
“I’ve always thought it was cool that our KU ‘Rock Chalk Chant’ ultimately goes back to rocks in Kansas where some of these awesome fossils were discovered,” said Lieberman. “When people today are chanting ‘Rock Chalk’ they’re probably not thinking of these fossils — but when I hear the chant, I think of fossils.”
--Brendan Lynch, KU News
Photo credit: Richard T. Bryant | 3dfd5039-8d49-4bcc-b89b-dcff1409d16b | null | 0 | true | false |
Triceratops Horn Dated to 33,500 Years
Did Humans Walk the Earth with Dinosaurs? Triceratops Horn Dated to 33,500 Years
(Read the article on one page)
A Triceratops brow horn discovered in Dawson County, Montana, has been controversially dated to around 33,500 years, challenging the view that dinosaurs died out around 65 million years ago. The finding radically suggests that early humans may have once walked the earth with the fearsome reptiles thousands of years ago.
The Triceratops brow horn was excavated in May 2012 and stored at the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum. The Museum, which has since 2005 been in cooperation with the Paleochronology Group, a team of consultants in geology, paleontology, chemistry, engineering, and education, sent a sample of the outer portion of the Triceratops brow horn to Head of the Paleochronology Group Hugh Miller, at his request, in order to carry out Carbon-14 dating. Mr Miller sent the sample to the University of Georgia, Center for Applied Isotope Studies, for this purpose. The sample was divided at the lab into two fractions with the “bulk” or collagen break down products yielding an age of 33,570 ± 120 years and the carbonate fraction of bone bioapatite yielding an age of 41,010 ± 220 years [UGAMS-11752 & 11752a]. However, scientists from the Paleochronology Group, who perform research relating to “anomalies of science”, maintain that dinosaurs did not die out millions of years ago and that there is substantial evidence that they were still alive as recently as 23,000 years ago.
Classical reconstruction of a Triceratops
Classical reconstruction of a Triceratops ( Wikimedia Commons )
Until recently, Carbon-14 dating was never used to test dinosaur bones, as the analysis is only reliable up to 55,000 years. Scientists never considered it worthwhile to run the test since it is generally believed that dinosaurs have been extinct for 65 million years, based on radiometric dating of the volcanic layers above or below fossils, a method which the Paleochronology Group states has “serious problems and gross assumptions must be made”.
"It became clear years ago that paleontologists were not just neglecting to test dinosaur bones for C-14 content but were refusing to. Normally a good scientist will be curious about the ages of important fossil bones,” Mr Miller told Ancient Origins in an email.
YouTube video explaining results of carbon testing on dinosaur bones
The results of the Triceratops Horn analysis are not unique. According to Mr Miller, numerous C-14 tests have now been carried out on dinosaur bones, and surprisingly, they all returned results dating back in the thousands rather than millions of years.
“I organized the Paleochronology group in 2003 to fill a void with regards fossil wood and dinosaur bones as I was curious as to their age by C-14 dating. We thus have used C-14 dating to solve the mystery why soft tissue and dinosaur depictions exist world-wide. Our model predicted dinosaur bones would have significant C-14 and indeed they did in the range of 22,000 to 39,000 years BP,” Mr Miller added.
Results of C-14 tests on dinosaur bones
Results of C-14 tests on dinosaur bones provided by the Paleochronology Group .
Numerous independent researchers have long argued that there is evidence man and dinosaur once walked the Earth together, such as hundreds of ancient artworks and artifacts that appear to depict dinosaurs, long before modern science had pieced together dinosaur fossils and conducted analyses to produce detailed reconstructions of their appearance.
Top left: Relief carving at Angkor Wat, Cambodia (1186 AD). Top Right: Textile from Nazca, Peru (700 AD). Bottom: Tapestry in the Chateau de Blois (1500 AD)
Top left: Relief carving at Angkor Wat, Cambodia (1186 AD). Top Right: Textile from Nazca, Peru (700 AD). Bottom: Tapestry in the Chateau de Blois (1500 AD)
However, even more intriguing is the discovery of soft tissue in dinosaur fossils. In the March 2005 issue of Science , paleontologist Mary Schweitzer and her team announced the discovery of soft tissue inside a 68-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex leg bone from the Hell Creek Formation in Montana, a controversial finding considering scientists had thought soft tissue proteins degrade in less than 1 million years in the best of conditions. After recovery, the tissue was rehydrated by the science team and testing revealed evidence of intact structures such as blood vessels, bone matrix, and connective tissue.
Roberto Peron's picture
It's all about maintaining conformity Peter. The production of nice little human robots is the goal. Education and questioning? Not allowed! The very first professor I had in archaeology told us that C14 dating was a "load of crap." I'll never forget that comment. As I went along through college other professors said it was "highly reliable." So which is it and why all the confusion? In my 3rd year after making a few comments to professors I found myself in the Dean's office where I was told that I was a "loose cannon" and needed to not ask so many questions. Up until that point I thought education was about asking question but found that my assumption was wrong! So for the rest of my education I sat silent, doing the work, passing the exams, and moving along. Oh yes, I realized I was in the Lion's Den and I knew it well. And when I finished? I started asking questions again and continue to do so today as I REFUSE to be one of their little nice conforming human robots!!
Peter Harrap's picture
This article makes for depressing reading. That people can be sacked for merely challenging somebody else's idea is as narrow-minded and as dangerous as religious fanaticism at its worst. Similar actions are typical of the Taliban, and it really is high time that everybody's ideas and beliefs were respected, in so-called research and educational establishments above all, because otherwise we shall all remain in the Dark Ages.
I went to school and to college, and I can even remember having to put up with some guy saying that God and evolution were perfectly compatible. Now I personally have realised as a fact that they are, but you might not be there yet.
Again at University we all had to suffer some freak of a professor instructing us that it was just fine to drill holes through the skulls and into the brains of rats because there is no proof, he said, that rats are capable of experiencing pain!.
I walked out in disgust at his absolute stupidity and further to this was then subjugated to an idiot professor stating that all of Freud was nonsense.
It got worse. I was instructed by my tutors that to get a degree I had to accept as fact that murder was occasionally morally justifiable, and that schizophrenics should not be allowed to have children; and this was recently in the UK in the late C20th, not you will be surprised to hear in Nazi Germany in the 30s.
I left in disgust, and reading what happens now to ordinary researchers and their research I do begin to wonder whether going to college is not a complete waste of time, and I know from friends and ex-students too, that archeology is a pretty dead rigid subject in which unproven and outmoded theories like Evolution are being defended pretty much at the end of a Kalashnikov, when there is NO proof for any theory existing today at all.
They are just ideas, and that students can be failed for differeing from the Orthodoxy, or that Professors can be fired for advocating ideas AS valid as those of the Orthodoxy stinks: it is frightening, very, because it is an equal intolerance that is behind Al Quaeda, and the Taliban. It is exactly the same, and it seems to me there's little point pretending we are any better when we are so unspeakably similar
Somebody please tell me what Jesus would do
rbflooringinstall's picture
This coincides with too much other evidence of the dinosaurs and humans coexisting. I think it would be ignorant to not at least consider the possibility.
Peace and Love,
Isn't this a non starter? If two samples from the same specimen have dating results with an 8000 year disparity, that can only mean one thing: the data is unreliable and the sample can only be declared not possible to date. Next! | b95549df-582c-4585-849a-96a16b353c8b | null | 3 | true | true |
You naughty little wizards—don’t you care about biodiversity?
This goes double for you, kid: Do you know what they have to eat in Slytherin? Shape up, or you'll find out.
This goes double for you, kid: Do you know what they have to eat in Slytherin? Shape up, or you'll find out.Courtesy plainsight
Please, students, have a seat. Dinner will be served momentarily, but first I need your attention for a few words. Thank you.
Well well, my little wizketeers. You have been bad, very bad indeed.
I think you all know what it is I am referring to, but I will say it anyway: owl thievery is through the roof, and I’m inclined to think that many of you are nothing but stinking little owl thieves.
I know that some of you are from muggle families, and have only recently been introduced to the traditions of wizardry, but even you should know that owl stealing is one of the worst crimes of the wizarding world. Worse than sealing a goblin in an empty pumpkin juice cask and burying it in the woods. Do you understand?
Here: extend your right arm. Place your hand on the shoulder of the wizard or witch sitting to your right. Now remove your hand from their shoulder, and thrust your finger into their eye. Either eye will do. And, for those of you sitting at the extreme left of your row, I ask that you poke your own eyeballs as well.
How did you all like that? Well, that was nowhere near as bad as stealing an owl. Do you know who else was an owl thief? Voldemort. Also, Hitler. It was certainly the least of their crimes, but no one would disagree that it was indicative of their characters.
You see, owl populations have been shrinking on the Indian subcontinent. (And, for those of you who haven’t pursued geography outside of our more magic-based curriculum, India is a massive chunk of the Earth, which is the planet we live on.) India is tremendously rich in biodiversity, but its 30 or so species of native owls are disappearing thanks, in part, to the illegal sale of owls as pets.
Oh. Gosh. Where could those owls be going? What a mystery. Wait… By Godrick’s beard… Could they maybe, just maybe, be going to one place in the world you’re most likely to find spoiled children with pet owls, Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry?!
It’s not as if you even take care of them. Believe me, I’ve pulled enough dead owls out of the toilet traps in this school to know.
And what’s worse is that you’re encouraging others to buy owls as well. I can—and believe me, I will—personally hunt down and punish each owl-owning student in this school, but there’s little I can do about the legions of muggle children you are inspiring to buy owls. The most I can hope for is that they all catch salmonella from careless pellet handling. But that does the owls little good, and all the while Indian ecosystems are becoming weaker and unbalanced, because top predators are being eliminated. Without creatures like owls to keep them in check, rodent populations will boom. They, in turn, can over-consume the plant life of an ecosystem and outcompete other animals.
But then, what would you all understand of ecology. Most of you can barely handle basic sums. Such is the drawback of the narrow focus of our school.
So I will make it simple for you: if I catch any of you with an owl, you will be transferred to Slytherin House. Have you ever seen Syltherin? Those kids are the worst. I’ve been in the Slytherin common room once, and I got some sort of fungus there. And if you already live in Slytherin, owl possession will earn you room and board in the forest. Does that sound fun? It’s not. The forest is like the Jersey Shore for elves. If you don’t know what I’m talking about, at least remember this: always keep an eye on your drink.
Well. I think you all have got the message now. Remember: I’m only stern with you because I care so much for you. You little poachers.
Now let’s eat!
Your Comments, Thoughts, Questions, Ideas
DoFollow Blogger's picture
Biodiversity is a necessity, not a luxury.
IMHO of course :-)
posted on Fri, 11/05/2010 - 8:3 | 6b7763a9-9d36-47fb-8c16-f6d842f35621 | null | 3 | true | true |
Results shows reef sharks are functionally extinct on many coral reefs, but Australian populations are among the healthiest.
4 greey sharks swim around pole and bait bag
New research has taken scientists closer to being able to identify corals that are less likely to bleach. The scientists hope this knowledge will be used to target protection of resilient corals and facilitate research into adaptation measures such as selective breeding.
Diver measures bleached coral
Scientists have discovered a significant coral bleaching event at one of Western Australia’s healthiest coral reefs.
Coral reef scene at Rowleys with bleached corals and fish
New research has confirmed that corals reefs along the Kimberley coastline will not recover quickly from an extreme event such as mass coral bleaching, unless local populations survive.
aerial photo of vessel near a reef
Research finds current models underestimate the impact of hurricanes and typhoons on coral reef communities.
A damaged coral reef with broken and dead coral
AIMS research finds the destructive starfish is eaten more often than thought.
SCUBA diver observes crown-of-thorns starfish on reef wall.
An impressive $2.25 million solar system is now set to deliver a major savings at AIMS' headquarters.
Aerial view of solar panels at the AIMS Cape Cleveland site
Remotely operated vehicles used by the oil and gas sector can be enhanced to gather more scientific data, researchers say.
A metal claw holds a marine organism in dark waters
The radioactive legacy of the arms race solves a mystery about the world’s largest fish.
cross section of whale shark vertebrae showing growth bands
Ocean temperatures across parts of the Great Barrier Reef have been above or close to thresholds where there is a high risk of coral bleaching for several weeks.
Yellow glider underwater next to coral reef | 17823267-4559-47e1-8b11-aa2988e6921f | null | 0 | true | false |
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Rich Ross
So make the bad horse gleeful, or he’ll make you his mare
2011 Philippine Biodiversity Expedition – Part 1
Planning, Science and Surreality
From Reefs Magazine
by Richard Ross
Researchers from the California Academy of Sciences have been visiting an area called the Verde Island Passage off the coast of Batangas Province on Luzon Island, Philippines for almost 20 years. Research by scientists during that period suggested that this area is the “center of the center” of marine biodiversity, and perhaps home to more documented species than any other marine habitat on Earth; there can be more species of soft corals at just one dive site in this area than in all of the Caribbean. Thus it was only natural that when the Steinhart’s 212,000 gallon reef tank was designed, the Academy decided to represent the reefs of Luzon. Ever since, Steinhart biologists have traveled to this area in small groups with the objective of acquiring first hand knowledge of the environments they hope to recreate in San Francisco.
The 2011 Philippine Biodiversity Expedition, however, was a trip of a completely different magnitude: the largest expedition in the Academy’s history covering both land and sea. Consisting of a Shallow Water team, Deep Water team and a Terrestrial/Fresh Water team, the 2011 Philippine Biodiversity expedition, funded by by a generous gift from Margaret and Will Hearst, was the most comprehensive scientific survey effort ever conducted in the Philippines. Joining the expedition were over eighty scientists from the Academy, the University of the Philippines, De La Salle University, the Philippines National Museum and the Philippines Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, as well as a team of Academy educators whose mission was to share the expedition’s findings with local community and conservation groups as the Expedition was happening.
This video by Bart Shepherd show some of the reefscapes we encountered on the 2011 Philippine Biodiversity Expedition
As part of the Shallow Water team Bart Shepherd, Matt Wandell and I surveyed and further documented the underwater sites that served as the inspiration for the Steinhart’s Philippine Coral Reef exhibit. We also responsibly collected coral, cephalopods and other invertebrates for captive propagation, research and display at our Golden Gate Park facility. As the only public aquarium permitted to collect stony corals in the Philippines, we were to obtain these unique species for study, captive culture research, distribution to other institutions as well for display at the aquarium.
On previous trips to the Philippines, Steinhart biologists had been given special permission to collect and export small numbers of small coral fragments, most of them collected as ‘found frags’. The 2011 Expedition would continue this tradition, albeit with some modifications. In order to reduce stress on the organisms, we planned to adopt Ken Nedimyer’s work with the Coral Restoration Foundation (http://www.coralrestoration.org/) to create a system for holding our coral fragments offshore until transport. We mocked up the system using materials that we could travel easily with, or that we could find in the field – silicone airline tubing, zip ties, dive weights and empty plastic water bottles as floats (after all, you can sadly find empty plastic water bottles on just about any beach in the world). The mock up went into our big reef tank for testing and was immediately dubbed ‘the coral clothesline’ by the aquariums docents.
In addition to our clothesline supplies, we packed everything else we could think that we might possibly need. Some highlights: six large, low style plastic tanks that could be weighted and sunk offshore for holding larger fish and other inverts, as well as smaller plastic tanks that could be hung from the Clothesline to hold small fish and other inverts. A backpack kit for harvesting jelly gonads (as removing the gonads doesn’t impact the jellies long term and the gonads ship better than adult jellies). Fiberglass window screen to make lids for impromptu holding containers, as well as the rubber bands to hold those lids on. Dozens of tubes of super glue and rolls of duct tape. LCD microscope just in case we needed to look at something close up. Sharpies for note taking. Scissors for cutting everything. Needle nose pliers for coral fragmenting. Plastic rulers for scale in photographs. Deli cups for transport, collection and shipping or animals. All this stuff and more went into one fish shipping box and filled every empty space in our luggage.
After flying all night to Manila, all this gear, along with some very tired biologists, hit the ground running at 5am, finding our checked items, finding our ride and driving 3 hours to Club Ocellaris, a world renowned SCUBA resort, which would be the base of operations for the shallow water team.
Science was everywhere
When we arrived at Club Ocellaris, we found it had already been completely taken over by the Expedition. Science was everywhere. Across the resort, any flat space had already become some sort of makeshift lab, with equipment and apparatus piled all over the place. Every electrical outlet had a computer, camera, light or batteries charging. Containers of every conceivable kind from plastic bags, to lidded jars, to 5 gallon buckets waited everywhere to be filled with hunks of science. While all of that was exciting, we really wanted to get in the water. Within an hour of arriving our Diving Safety Officer, Elliott Jessup, got us suited up and on a boat for our first dive of the trip – we saw sea snake, corals and fish galore. After our afternoon dive, we assembled our offshore holding about 50 meters offshore so we would be ready for whatever collecting we would do the next day. When we were done, we were treated to the most spectacular sunset I have seen in a long time. Not a bad way to start off the expedition.
The overall dive plan for the Steinhart Biologists was to dive and collect for 6 days, then drive the animals we had obtained back to Manila for ship out on our ‘dry day’ (to give our bodies a chance to off gas Nitrogen in our tissues from diving), drive right back to Club Ocellaris for another 6 days of diving and collecting, then back to Manila for packing and shipping then fly home the next day. The daily schedule of activities would be a grueling marathon, but we couldn’t wait to get started.
Life in the expedition
Every morning, we woke at around 6 am for coffee and Skype video calls to home and work where it was 2 pm the previous day. Breakfast (ummm, mango shakes) and our dive briefing started at 7 am. With up to five dive boats going out each day, coming to agreement on where we would be diving was no small act of coordination. After breakfast we would collect and test our NITROX tanks for the day, get our cameras and collecting gear ready, and assemble & check our dive gear and load it onto the boats. Then we would suit up and zoom out to a good place to get under the wanter.
On each dive, we not only collected animals, but also completed multiple steps designed to track each specimen – every coral fragment was photographed and assigned a number that provided information on when it was collected, from what dive site and depth it was harvested, as well as the name of the biologist who collected it. Each coral got at tag attached to it so we would, in theory, be able to ID it later. The tagging was a learning experience and morphed over time, so much so, that next year we will most likely use heat stamped numbered zip ties as tracking id’s, but attach those zip ties to the coral with 20 gauge coated wire the tips of which are sealed with a rubberized plastic dip because the wire will be easier to manipulate and create less waste than other methods we tried.
After the second dive, we would head back to land and offload our animals. From the dock, we would change our scuba equipment for snorkels, and then swim our new specimens to the off shore holding facility, often making multiple trips. Then we would eat ravenously, then turn around and repeat the same process for the afternoon dives.
We would finally climb out of the water at 6pm for dinner… unless we were doing a night dive. On night dive days, dinner and dry-off was often as late as 10 pm.
After dinner, there was more sciencing to be done. The spreadsheet detailing what we had collected needed to be brought up to date, the Coral ID software needed to be consulted to identify each SPS coral to species. Paperwork for permits for export, and shipment/arrival details needed to be initiated and updated. When that was done, we were often drafted to help the researchers on other teams process specimens they had collected, take pictures, be all around helpful, and tend to whatever animals we were keeping onshore. Sometimes we even had a moment to geek out with Philippine scientists, or have a drink of the local rum (which I still think also contained Formalin). We were lucky if we fell into bed by 11:30.
The second night
Our first night dive was something special. The moon was full and the dive site wascalled Dead Palm. We hit the water just after the sun set to swim over stands of Acropora of all different kinds and Turbinaria colonies as large as a car. It was an SPS lover’s dream dive. About halfway through the dive the particulate in the water started to gradually become noticeably thicker, and virtually at the same time the three of us looked at each other and yelled SPAWN through our regulators.
Many corals reproduce in coordinated mass orgies where they release millions of gametes into the water. None of us had ever seen a coral spawn in the wild, and it really is as cool as it looks in the documentaries. We traced the spawn to a huge thicket of Acropora nobilis, and watched in amazement as each egg/sperm bundle emerged from the branches and floated towards the surface where fertilization takes place. Within a few days the fertilized eggs change into a coral planula, coral larvae, which swim around (yes, swim!), until they find a suitable place to settle and develop into a mature coral.
Coral spawning is one of the new frontiers in captive coral reproduction, because collecting spawn instead of coral fragments can yield many more corals in captivity in an incredibly sustainable collection method. A group of public aquarists and coral scientists formed SECORE (SExual COral REproduction – http://www.secore.org/) and they have been holding workshops in the Caribbean for the last several years to perfect spawning, fertilization and settling procedures. Building on the success of the Caribbean workshops the Steinhart Aquarium hopes to hold a SECORE workshop in the Philippines in the next few years. The most important part of such a workshop is of course timing it with the coral spawn. There is not much information on the timing of Philippine coral spawns, and none of the previous trips to the area had ever come across one, so actually observing coral spawning in the Philippines is a good and necessary start to bringing SECORE to the area.
We, along with some of the other California Academy of Sciences researchers and a Philippine television crew, returned to Dead Palm the next night where the coral spawn was in full swing yet again. We were able to find a colony of Acropora willisae when it was beginning to release gametes and set up around the coral to both collect some of the spawn and to document the event. I’ll never forget filming Matt collecting gametes in a plastic bag while the television crew was filming me film him. We were able to collect several hundred sperm and egg bundles, and though completely unprepared for the labor intensive process of fertilization and settlement, were gave it a go.
via Vimeo
My video of the coral spawn and the gamete collection
A surreal night
After years of having the privilege of diving around the world practicing no impact diving, after collecting for the trade practicing and teaching having as little impact as possible, and after planning to take ‘found frags’ when possible, watching a scientific survey on the move takes a bit of getting used to. The researchers were collecting everything – worms, urchins, fish, nudibranchs – and just about every dive on the Expedition yielded at least one animal that seemed to be undescribed by science. The animals were being collected and preserved for scientific description, genetic analysis and as a way to be comprehensive in the survey, and being in the midst of a full on scientific survey lead to the Steinhart biologists to try to take advantage of the situation, and alter our plan regarding what we would try to bring back to San Francisco for our living collection.
On the third evening of our diving, Dr. Healy Hamilton showed us some ghost pipefish, Solenostomus cyanopterus, and some pygmy seahorses, Hippocampus bargibanti, that had been collected that day. These animals were going to be sacrificed for their genetic material. I know some people have a visceral reaction to that idea, but as Dr. Gerald Allen once said during a MACNA talk “It’s a necessary part of science”. Of course when we saw the ghost pipefish, a species that we had always wanted to work with but hadn’t because of their dismal record of surviving collection and shipping through the trade, we immediately suggested that we try to keep them alive and that we try to ship them home and put them on display – if they didn’t make it, we would still have their genetic material available for science. Though we weren’t prepared for holding these kinds of animals, Bart, Matt and I had been trained in the ultimate McGyver proving ground – the reefkeeping hobby. We got to work setting up buckets aerated by scuba tanks, faux gargonian hitching posts for the seahorses made from zip ties, and prepared ourselves to do water changes as often as needed by slogging 5 gallon buckets up and down 2 flights of stairs.
Of course, the third night of diving was also the night we collected coral spawn, so while we were preparing to try to keep these amazing fish alive, we were also preparing to attempt to keep the coral spawn healthy and fertilized which included ‘stirring’ the gametes every hour or two. This led to the most surreal night of the trip. We had coral out on the clothesline, ghost pipefish in the offshore holding tanks, trays of coral eggs and sperm, and a bucket with two pygmy seahorses next to our beds. Throughout the night we kept waking up and tending to these animals – a strange, wonderful and exhausting time.
In the end, we were successful keeping the ghost pipefish alive, and getting them home to the aquarium in Golden Gate Park. Sometime in the night we noticed that the pygmy seahorses were no longer living, and we preserved them. The coral spawn failed to thrive, and it seems that we were simply too unprepared and understaffed to have succeeded in that labor intensive realm. We learned a lot and helped move science forward. Of course, we plan that for next year’s trip, we will be much more prepared for new surprises and opportunities.
In the next installment – coral collecting, octopus wrangling, shipping & packing for the trip home, and 300-500 new species discovered.
Special thanks to Bart Shepherd, Matt Wandell and Elizabeth Palomeque | fd891564-a01d-45c6-bfee-7036416cf32e | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
15:48 uur 05-05-2022
Energy Vault, Atlas Renewable en China Tianying beginnen met de bouw van de eerste Chinese implementatie van een EVx™ op zwaartekracht gebaseerd energieopslagsysteem
De bouw is aan de gang sinds maart 2022 voor het eerste 100 MWh EVx-systeem om de veerkracht van het net en de levering van hernieuwbare energie aan het Chinese nationale elektriciteitsnet te ondersteunen
LUGANO, Zwitserland & WESTLAKE VILLAGE, Californië & HOUSTON & PEKING–(BUSINESS WIRE)– Energy Vault Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: NRGV, NRGV WS) (“Energy Vault), een leider in duurzame energieopslagoplossingen op netschaal , kondigde vandaag het baanbrekende aan voor de eerste EVx™-implementatie in China.
Het op zwaartekracht gebaseerde EVx-systeem van 100 MWh wordt gebouwd naast een windmolenpark en een nationaal elektriciteitsnet in Rudong, de provincie Jiangsu, buiten Shanghai om het nationale energienet van China te vergroten en in evenwicht te brengen door de levering van hernieuwbare energie aan de State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC). SGCC is ‘s werelds grootste nutsbedrijf en levert stroom aan meer dan 1,1 miljard Chinese burgers in 26 provincies, autonome regio’s en gemeenten, die 88% van het Chinese nationale grondgebied bestrijken.
Energy Vault, Atlas Renewable and China Tianying Begin Construction of First Chinese Deployment of EVx™ Gravity-Based Energy Storage System
Construction underway since March 2022 for the first 100 MWh EVx system to support grid resiliency and delivery of renewable energy to the Chinese national grid
LUGANO, Switzerland & WESTLAKE VILLAGE, Calif. & HOUSTON & BEIJING–(BUSINESS WIRE)– Energy Vault Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: NRGV, NRGV WS) (“Energy Vault), a leader in sustainable, grid-scale energy storage solutions, today announced the groundbreaking for the first EVx™ deployment in China.
This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220505005467/en/
Energy Vault Resiliency Center™ (Photo: Business Wire)
The 100 MWh gravity-based EVx system is being built adjacent to a wind farm and national grid site in Rudong, Jiangsu Province located outside of Shanghai to augment and balance China’s national energy grid through the delivery of renewable energy to the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC). SGCC is the world’s largest utility and provides power to more than 1.1 billion Chinese citizens in 26 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, covering 88% of Chinese national territory.
Commencement of EVx construction follows the previously announced License and Royalty agreement for renewable energy storage in partnership with Houston-based Atlas Renewable LLC (“Atlas Renewable”) and its majority investor China Tianying Inc. (CNTY) (CN: 000035), an international environmental management and waste remediation corporation engaged in smart urban environmental services, resource recycling and recovery, and zero-carbon clean energy technologies.
The project is the first utility scale gravity-based storage deployment between a U.S. and Chinese company and was approved by the local city government and provincial government with support from the central government agencies within the People’s Republic of China. The EVx deployment was granted unprecedented fast-tracked preliminary approval at a March 12th conference of cross-governmental agencies, including National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Ecology & Environment, Ministry of Industry Information and Technology, National Energy Bureau, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, National Power Grid and National Electric Power Planning Institute, as well as some of China’s leading scientists, academicians, and engineers, to accelerate and advance its State mandated environmental policy commonly referred to as “30-60”. That policy has a stated goal of Carbon Peak in 2030 and Carbon Neutrality in 2060.
On April 26th, the Energy Investment Professional Committee of the Investment Association of China, Three Gorges Construction Group, China Construction New Energy Shanghai (7th Unit), China Tianying and Atlas Renewable held an online seminar to discuss the deployment of gravity energy storage technology in China. The parties conducted in-depth exchanges and communication on gravity energy storage technology and the deployment of Energy Vault’s EVx system in Rudong, Jiangsu Province. Representatives of all parties expressed their ardent support for the project and full confidence in the future of gravity energy storage technology in China. Both Three Gorges Construction Engineering Group and China Construction New Energy Shanghai (7th Unit), two major tier-one global energy and construction companies, vowed to participate in the in-depth cooperation with Atlas Renewable and China Tianying on Energy Vault’s gravity energy storage projects and promote the implementation of the project in China.
Energy Vault and Atlas Renewable signed a $50 million licensing agreement for the use of Energy Vault’s proprietary gravity-based energy storage technology and its technology agnostic energy management and asset optimization software suite in the Chinese power market. The agreement also includes terms governing volume-based deployment royalties and covers maintenance, monitoring and the beneficial re-use of waste materials within Energy Vault’s composite blocks. The payment of the $50 million licensing fee is scheduled to be completed in 2022.
Energy Vault’s partnership with Atlas Renewable and China Tianying, and the deployment of EVx, are directly aligned with the U.S.-China Joint Glasgow Declaration on Enhancing Climate Action in the 2020s, published at COP26 in November 2021. The Declaration states that the U.S. and China intend to expand their combined efforts to accelerate the transition to a global net zero economy through cooperation on policies to encourage decarbonization and electrification of end-use sectors; key areas related to the circular economy, such as green design and renewable resource utilization; transmission policies that encourage efficient balancing of electricity supply and demand across broad geographies; and distributed generation policies that encourage integration of solar, storage, and other clean power solutions closer to electricity users; among other initiatives.
“Our first commercial EVx™ deployment in China is a significant milestone for Energy Vault and for the People’s Republic of China as it pursues its decarbonization goals,” said Robert Piconi, Chairman, Co-Founder and CEO, Energy Vault. “China is rapidly expanding its use of renewable energy coupled with annual energy storage mandates in order to meet its decarbonization goals. We are very pleased that EVx and our Energy Management Software Platform have already received local regulatory endorsement and is being deployed now as a critical enabling technology to support China’s energy transition and carbon neutrality goals. In 2021, China produced more metric tons of greenhouse gasses than the next four largest countries combined, and as currently planned, will continue to increase emissions until 2030. We must move swiftly to reverse this trend, and together with local partners China Tianying and Atlas Renewable, we will do just that.”
Eric Fang, Chief Executive Officer, Atlas Renewable, stated: “The world’s first deployment of Energy Vault’s transformative EVx™ technology is taking place in China and it represents U.S. and Chinese collaboration in its best form. The world’s two largest economies have joined forces to meaningfully address climate change with breakthrough, innovative technology that will play a critical role in enabling China’s clean energy transition and 30-60 policy. This project clearly demonstrates the seriousness with which China takes its COP26 commitments and will serve as a model for global decarbonization.”
CNTY Chairman Yan further stated: “The achievement of the Rudong project, will be historically noteworthy, as a path forward, enabled by both Chinese and American private business working together cooperatively and effectively, for a common climate goal: non carbon based energy storage that fully completes the energy production and use cycle of renewable electric power generated from non-carbon sources.”
Energy Vault’s gravity-based solutions are based on the well-understood physics and mechanical engineering fundamentals of pumped hydroelectric energy storage, but replace water with custom-made composite blocks that can be made from low-cost and locally sourced materials, including local soil, mine tailings, coal combustion residuals (coal ash), and end-of-life decommissioned wind turbine blades.
Energy Vault’s EVx systems are designed to help utilities, independent power producers and large industrial energy users significantly reduce their levelized cost of energy while maintaining power reliability. The circular economic design of EVx minimizes environmental and supply chain risks while increasing local jobs in the communities in which the systems are built, providing according to our current expectations from 50% to 75% of the storage investment back to local economies in the form of construction contracts to build the EVx structures and to fabricate the composite bricks locally on site, as well as ongoing maintenance contracts during operation of the systems over time. The systems are automated leveraging Energy Vault’s proprietary advanced computer control and machine vision software that orchestrate the charging and discharging cycles while meeting a broad set of storage durations starting from 2 hours and continuing to 12 hours, or more.
About Energy Vault
Energy Vault develops and deploys turnkey sustainable energy storage solutions designed to transform the world’s approach to utility-scale energy storage in realizing decarbonization while maintaining grid resiliency. The company’s proprietary energy management system and optimization software suite is technology agnostic in its ability to orchestrate various generation and energy storage resources to help utilities, independent power producers and large industrial energy users to significantly reduce their levelized cost of energy while maintaining power quality and grid reliability. Energy Vault’s EVx™ gravity energy storage system utilizes eco-friendly materials with the ability to integrate waste materials for beneficial re-use. Energy Vault is facilitating the shift to a circular economy while accelerating the clean energy transition for its customers. For additional information, please visit: www.energyvault.com
About China (CNTY) Tianying Inc., Nantong City, Jiangsu Province
China Tianying Inc. (CNTY) is the largest environmental services firm in China. A listed international company, CNTY is engaged in smart urban environmental services, resource recycling and recovery, and zero-carbon clean energy technologies (stock code: 000035). The company’s business expands from smart urban environmental services, waste-to-energy (WtE) power generation, renewable energy power generation, regional energy centers, hydrogen energy centers, and investment, construction, and operation of circular economy industrial parks, to reduction, recycling, and harmless treatment of catering waste, hazardous waste, construction and demolition waste. CNTY also researches, develops, and manufactures environmental protection equipment and energy storage systems. CNTY has established a whole-industry-chain business coverage from cleaning services, to waste collection, transfer, and end treatment.
Driven by innovation and backed by top-notch equipment manufacturing and R&D capabilities, CNTY strives to lead renewable energy upgrades and business model transformation through informatization, automatization, and industrialization solutions. These solutions include plasma technology, automated sorting systems, intelligent integrated urban service cloud platforms, zero-carbon energy network centers, and smart IoT centers, contributing to the realization of China’s carbon peak and neutrality goals.
About Atlas Renewable LLC, Houston, Texas
Atlas Renewable LLC is structured as an integral part of the project development and execution process led by CNTY in China. Atlas Renewable LLC serves as an American facilitation bridge between Chinese institutions, investors and regulatory entities and Energy Vault to identify projects, help pre-qualify and oversee financing efforts through the available mechanisms supported by Chinese Local, Provincial and National policies. Atlas Renewable LLC can evaluate situations quickly for Energy Vault, help to solve problems and give context to the new world of getting things done in China efficiently and effectively. Atlas Renewable LLC principals each have decades of experience and relationships in China with people at all levels.
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions including statements regarding our future expansion, deployments and capabilities. There are a significant number of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the statements made in this press release, including: expectations and timing related to the deployment of the EVx system announced in this press release, the availability of low-cost and locally sourced materials to produce “mobile masses,” developments and changes in the general market, the continuing impact of COVID-19, political, economic, and business conditions; our limited operating history as a public company; and our ability to retain qualified personnel. Additional risks and uncertainties that could affect our financial results are included under the captions “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 14, 2022, as amended on March 31energyvaultIR@icrinc.com
media@energyvault.com
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Traverse City Record-Eagle
Archive: Wednesday
July 3, 2013
Forum: Climate change is already taking a toll
Summertime in northern Michigan is glorious. Clean water and fresh air make swimming, fishing, boating and hiking the basis of many happy memories. We have an obligation to future generations to ensure that they, too, can experience the wonders of a northern Michigan summer. Unfortunately, climate change is already taking a toll on the place we love.
Right now we are experiencing extremely low Great Lakes water levels. Another impact of climate change is increases in flashy type rains as opposed to those slow steady rains we remember from our childhood. For example, the intense storm that hit Illinois this spring had the highest levels of flooding ever recorded there. Last year, Duluth, Minnesota had a 10-inch rainfall in less than two days. The flooding there collapsed roads and caused damage costing millions to repair. These are just a few of the effects we are experiencing right now that threaten the health of our waters and communities.
President Obama’s plan to cut carbon pollution is a good and positive step to address this problem. Power plants release as much carbon pollution as they want. There are limits for arsenic, mercury and lead, now it is time to protect the air we breathe, the water we drink and limit carbon pollution too.
However, these needed cuts to carbon pollution will take years to take effect in our atmosphere. That’s why Freshwater Future is working to help communities around the Great Lakes adapt to current impacts of climate change. Through our Climate Program we are training citizens and providing crucial funds to help communities be more resilient to the impacts of climate change in the Great Lakes region. For example, neighborhoods in Detroit are installing rain gardens to collect and treat stormwater, reducing flows to the city’s overburdened wastewater treatment plant and pollution to the Detroit River.
Unfortunately, President Obama’s support for using natural gas as a transition towards renewable energy is too big of a risk. Drilling for shale gas leaks methane, increasing climate change, not to mention the millions of gallons of water it takes to drill a well. Once used to drill, the water is not suitable in our rivers, lakes, streams and homes. What is returned above ground is polluted while much of it is lost to us deep underground in the fractured shale formations. Do we really want to lose billions of gallons water that we rely on for drinking water, agriculture, and tourism?
It’s common sense. If we want our children and grandchildren to experience the waters and beauty of Michigan like we have, we must reduce carbon pollution, ensure natural gas drilling does not destroy billions of gallons of our water, and begin to address the impacts of our changing climate now.
About the author: Ann Baughman is an Associate Director for Freshwater Future of Petoskey, a nonprofit working to ensure the healthy future of the waters in the Great Lakes. She manages Freshwater Future’s Climate Program. On the Web at: www.freshwaterfuture.org
About the forum: The forum is a periodic column of opinion written by Record-Eagle readers in their areas of expertise. Submissions of 500 words or less may be made by emailing letters@record-eagle.com. Please include biographical information and a photo.
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In brief
• Overpumping groundwater has caused land in parts of the San Joaquin Valley to sink by over one foot per year in many years since 2006.
• Rapid and uneven sinking has forced multimillion-dollar infrastructure repairs and exacerbated water supply issues for one of the world’s most agriculturally productive regions.
• California has enough surface water available to replenish key aquifers in the San Joaquin Valley to stop the sinking.
A new study shows land in California’s San Joaquin Valley has been sinking at record-breaking rates over the last two decades as groundwater extraction has outpaced natural recharge.
The researchers found that the average rate of sinking for the entire valley reached nearly an inch per year between 2006 and 2022.
Researchers and water managers have known that sinking, technically termed “subsidence,” was occurring over the past 20 years. But the true impact was not fully appreciated because the total subsidence had not been quantified. This was in part due to a gap in data. Satellite radar systems, which provide the most precise measure of elevation changes, did not consistently monitor the San Joaquin Valley between 2011 and 2015. The Stanford researchers have now estimated how much the land sank during these four years.
“Our study is the first attempt to really quantify the full Valley-scale extent of subsidence over the last two decades,” said senior study author Rosemary Knight, a professor of geophysics in the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability. “With these findings, we can look at the big picture of mitigating this record-breaking subsidence.”
The new study, published Nov. 19 in Nature Communication Earth and Environment, offers ideas on how to stop the sinking through strategic regional water recharge and other management approaches.
Rapid and uneven declines in land elevation have forced multimillion-dollar repairs to canals and aqueducts that ferry critical water through the San Joaquin Valley to southern California’s major cities. By damaging local wells and irrigation ditches, this subsidence is also exacerbating water supply issues for one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the world.
“The bill for repairing major aqueducts like the Friant-Kern Canal and the California Aqueduct is exceptionally high,” said lead author Matthew Lees, PhD ’23, a research associate with the University of Manchester who worked on the study as a PhD student in geophysics at Stanford. “But the subsidence is having other effects, too. How much was last year’s flooding worsened by subsidence? How much are farmers spending to re-level their land? A lot of the costs of subsidence aren’t well known.”
History repeating itself
Subsidence occurs as water is removed from natural reservoirs called aquifers, where water is stored in underground sediments including sand, gravel, and clay. Like a sponge, the sediments are full of pores. As those spaces are emptied, the sediments compact – in some cases permanently, altering future water-carrying capacity – and cause the ground level to fall.
In the San Joaquin Valley, which runs from east of the San Francisco Bay Area down to the mountains north of Los Angeles, booming agriculture and population growth prompted aggressive pumping of groundwater between 1925 and 1970. The result: More than 4,000 square miles – an area half the size of New Jersey – sank by over 12 inches, reaching about 30 feet in some locations, a profound landscape change that a 1999 governmental report described as “one of the single largest alterations of the land surface attributed to humankind.”
The problem ebbed during the 1970s following the installation of new aqueducts. But it roared back in the early 2000s amid a series of droughts, intensified groundwater pumping, land-use changes, and reduced deliveries from Northern California rivers. “There are two astonishing things about the subsidence in the valley. First, is the magnitude of what occurred prior to 1970. And second, is that it is happening again today,” said Knight.
Understanding the problem
To gauge the recent subsidence rate, Lees and Knight turned to a technique known as interferometric synthetic aperture radar, or InSAR. The technique captures elevation changes across roughly football field-size chunks of land as frequently now as a few times per month by beaming radar signals from orbit. The signals reflect off the ground back to the satellites, and analysis of the received signal reveals changes in ground elevation.
The InSAR data record for the San Joaquin Valley is patchy between 2011 and 2015, due to limited satellite coverage. To fill this gap, Lees and Knight used elevation data from Global Positioning System (GPS) stations scattered throughout the region. They identified spatial patterns in the InSAR record and used these to interpolate elevation in the vast areas between GPS stations.
Additional analysis by the researchers suggests that San Joaquin Valley aquifers require approximately 220 billion gallons of water coming in each year – through natural or engineered processes – to prevent future subsidence.
This is about 7 billion gallons less than the amount of surface water left over in the San Joaquin Valley in an average year after all environmental needs are covered. “I am optimistic that we can do something about subsidence,” said Knight. “My group and others have been studying this problem for some time, and this study is a key piece in figuring out how to sustainably address it.”
Replenishing aquifers to prevent sinking
A water management approach called flood-managed aquifer recharge (flood-MAR), which is being widely adopted in California, could help. It involves diverting excess surface water from precipitation and snowmelt to locations where the water can percolate down and recharge aquifers
Drenching the whole of the Valley via flood-MAR water is not feasible. “We should be targeting the places where subsidence will cause the greatest social and economic costs,” said Knight. “So, we look at places where subsidence is going to damage an aqueduct or domestic wells in small communities, for instance.”
“By taking this Valley-scale perspective,” added Knight, “we can start to get our head around viable solutions.”
For more information
Knight is also a senior fellow at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment.
This research was supported by funding from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grant number GBMF6189).
Media contacts
Rosemary Knight, Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability: rknight@stanford.edu
Matthew Lees, University of Manchester: matthew.lees@manchester.ac.uk
Josie Garthwaite, Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability: josieg@stanford.edu | 2c7f7f9d-cd89-4e6d-b766-dd25329045a8 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
Zombie (computing)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Zombie computer)
In computing, a zombie is a computer connected to the Internet that has been compromised by a hacker via a computer virus, computer worm, or trojan horse program and can be used to perform malicious tasks under the remote direction of the hacker. Zombie computers often coordinate together in a botnet controlled by the hacker, and are used for activities such as spreading e-mail spam and launching distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS attacks) against web servers. Most victims are unaware that their computers have become zombies. The concept is similar to the zombie of Haitian Voodoo folklore, which refers to a corpse resurrected by a sorcerer via magic and enslaved to the sorcerer's commands, having no free will of its own.[1] A coordinated DDoS attack by multiple botnet machines also resembles a "zombie horde attack", as depicted in fictional zombie films.
Advertising[edit]
Zombie computers have been used extensively to send e-mail spam; as of 2005, an estimated 50–80% of all spam worldwide was sent by zombie computers.[2] This allows spammers to avoid detection and presumably reduces their bandwidth costs, since the owners of zombies pay for their own bandwidth. This spam also greatly increases the spread of Trojan horses, as Trojans are not self-replicating. They rely on the movement of e-mails or spam to grow, whereas worms can spread by other means.[3] For similar reasons, zombies are also used to commit click fraud against sites displaying pay-per-click advertising. Others can host phishing or money mule recruiting websites.
Distributed denial-of-service attacks[edit]
Zombies can be used to conduct distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, a term which refers to the orchestrated flooding of target websites by large numbers of computers at once. The large number of Internet users making simultaneous requests of a website's server is intended to result in crashing and the prevention of legitimate users from accessing the site.[4] A variant of this type of flooding is known as distributed degradation-of-service. Committed by "pulsing" zombies, distributed degradation-of-service is the moderated and periodical flooding of websites intended to slow down rather than crash a victim site. The effectiveness of this tactic springs from the fact that intense flooding can be quickly detected and remedied, but pulsing zombie attacks and the resulting slow-down in website access can go unnoticed for months and even years.[5]
The computing facilitated by Internet of Things (IoT) has been productive for modern day usage but it has played a significant role in the increase in such web attacks. The potential of IoT enables every device to communicate efficiently but this increases the need of policy enforcement regarding the security threats. Through these devices, the most prominent attacking behaviors is the DDoS. Research has been conducted to study the impact of such attacks on IoT networks and their compensating provisions for defense.[6]
Notable incidents of distributed denial- and degradation-of-service attacks in the past include the attack upon the SPEWS service in 2003, and the one against Blue Frog service in 2006. In 2000, several prominent Web sites (Yahoo, eBay, etc.) were clogged to a standstill by a distributed denial of service attack mounted by 'MafiaBoy', a Canadian teenager.7]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
1. ^ "Zombie - Port Security". August 3, 2021.
2. ^ Tom Spring (June 20, 2005). "Spam Slayer: Slaying Spam-Spewing Zombie PCs". PC World. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
3. ^ White, Jay D. (2007). Managing Information in the Public Sector. M.E. Sharpe. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-7656-1748-4.
4. ^ Weisman, Steve (2008). The Truth about Avoiding Scams. FT Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-13-233385-6.
5. ^ Schwabach, Aaron (2006). Internet and the Law. ABC-CLIO. p. 325. ISBN 1-85109-731-7.
6. ^ Lohachab, Ankur; Karambir, Bidhan (September 1, 2018). "Critical Analysis of DDoS—An Emerging Security Threat over IoT Networks". Journal of Communications and Information Networks. 3 (3): 57–78. doi:10.1007/s41650-018-0022-5. ISSN 2509-3312. S2CID 52924506.
7. ^ Furchgott, Roy (August 14, 2009). "Phone Hacking Threat Is Low, but it Exists". Gadgetwise Blog. New York Times. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
External links[edit] | 3a213db7-a6dc-4ae2-9de2-3d547b294559 | full_CC | 3 | true | true |
“Personas” to Support Development of Cyberinfrastructure for Scientific Data Sharing
Publication Type:
Journal Article
Journal of e-Science Librarianship, Volume 4, Issue 2 (2015)
http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/jeslib/vol4/iss2/2/
Objective: To ensure that cyberinfrastructure for sharing scientific data is useful, system developers need to understand what scientists and other intended users do with data as well as the attitudes and beliefs that shape that use. This paper introduces personas—detailed descriptions of an “archetypical user of a system”—as an approach for capturing and sharing knowledge about potential system users.
Setting: Personas were developed to support development of the ‘DataONE’ (Data Observation Network for Earth) project, which has developed and deployed a sustainable long-term data preservation and access network to ensure the preservation and access to multi-scale, multi-discipline, and multi-national environmental and biological science data (https://www.dataone.org/what-dataone) (Michener et al. 2012).
Methods: Personas for DataONE were developed based on data from surveys and interviews done by members of DataONE working groups along with sources such as usage scenarios for DataONE and the Data Conservancy project and the Purdue Data Curation Profiles (Witt et al. 2009).
Results: A total of 11 personas were developed: five for various kinds of research scientists (e.g., at different career stages and using different types of data); a science data librarian; and five for secondary roles.
Conclusion: Personas were found to be useful for helping developers and other project members to understand users and their needs. The developed DataONE personas may be useful for others trying to develop systems or programs for scientists involved in data sharing.
PDF icon 150728 DataONEpersonas.pdf854.96 KB | 50dc03bf-5240-4c6e-ba32-5357302558a3 | null | 0 | true | false |
Connecting countries to climate technology solutions
Costing a 2020 target of 15% renewable electricity for South Africa
Publication date:
A. Marquard (ed)
Type of publication:
Relevant for:
This paper models the costs and benefits of setting a target of generating 15% of South Africa’s electricity from renewable sources by 2020. The modelling results show that the most promising scenario is a mix of solar thermal and wind, which benefits both from the lower cost of wind and the ability of solar thermal plants to contribute to peak demand.Key findings of the study are:
reaching a 15% renewable target by 2020 will cost only slightly higher than the baseline (around 15%)
combined with an energy efficiency programme, average electricity costs will be lower than the baseline for most of the 2015-2020 period
with the addition of carbon finance for both the efficiency programme and the renewable programme, average electricity costs will drop to 18% below the baseline by 2020
the target could reduce GHG emissions from the electricity sector by up to 14%.
Financing the renewable electricity programme is identified as the main challenge to achieving the target. The study suggests that financing could be accomplished through:
a feed-in tariff
tradable renewable energy certificates
international climate-related finance including current and “new” Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or a second form of support which may be forthcoming known as Sustainable Development Policy and Measures
subsidies for technology development through direct government grants for research and development.
The authors suggest the following policy measures in order for the 2020 target to be met:
Eskom, the national utility, could play a key development role in piloting solar thermal and wind energy technology. If they become a African or global leader in this regard, this could stimulate investment in their projects
the development of an industrial strategy by the government that focuses on increasing the local content of renewable plants and developing a competitive edge in solar thermal technology. | 1b8ea63d-8a09-404d-bedb-52a9b36dba47 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
Be a Legal guidelines Unto Themselves Concept From British https://philtattooranch.com/tarifs/ , Meaning of Be described as a Guidelines Onto Alone At Uk
Henry Smithson and commence Maria Holt — that came up with research installment Have some fun Tunnels in the Ut traditional western desert with Pot Old County — appeared one of many leaders where had been known as the “terrain technology” stream, centered on recognized significant-level great mission about the surroundings. A skin mole “can be a indicator to obtain a ways that we’re generating from your temperatures survival,” described Lisa Le Feuvre, the https://philtattooranch.com/tarifs/ face area in the Holt/Smithson Platform, which heads up any novel legacies regarding Smithson and his lady, Karen Holt. Like all masterpiece, the value of Coil Breakwater — entirely very obvious art work with Utah — commences with how you look at it. Wherein upside down and after this high and initiate lifeless, Paul Smithson’azines landscape-art work has changed into a star of the waves’azines wellness. If you clarify a person or even element as a industry beater, you want them to be a lot better than most other a person as well as items of its type.
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Lawrence Odonnell States Horn ‘confessed’ With this 1 Rally Series
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Current Inference
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Concept And commence Principle Article
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Gop Senator Is a good Improper Remark Equation Black One to Thieves
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The fabrication and initiate statement of communicative constructions successful as it well and begin flexibly textbooks ‘regimes’ regarding consideration which allow species exceptional varieties of societal actively playing (look at Ramstead et the state of alabama., 2016; Veissière et al., forthcoming). Diachronically, communicative structures are usually finessed through a location regarding real estate agents via a monetary gift and start limiting associated with houses in either enjoying or use. With amount, at implying the particular humans are usually composed of a good versatile earlier for place, many of us effectively argue that procedures needed to disambiguate others’ mind united states of america are generally made up of a low credited totally free petrol. That is due to her high epistemic affordance (i.mirielle., from the discipline in part constituted in other folks’ brain united states of america).
Medical prejudice symptoms then actually modulate online game and begin manual which usually is actually discovered (Feldman and begin Friston, 2010; Adams et birmingham,al., 2013). A new match up of the attentional variety would be the falling regarding accuracy; documented from psychophysics as neuronal falling; my partner and i.mirielle., participating out of your as well as ignoring certain whizzes; specially those we all bring about oneself. At existing inference, any individuals-emotional key phrase ‘attention’ is the term for a pair of clear, however closely attached, phenomena; specifically, epistemic signal and begin accuracy weighting . Epistemic signal, salience, as well as affordance are the section of code variety not too long ago discussed; it’s the particular portion of the importance of guidelines your tracks the level of plans lessens guesswork just the condition from the business (meters.capital t., Friston et alabama., 2012). It provides a explanation in the individuals-mental trend involving make an effort to orienting forward to or perhaps ‘switching you’ersus interest’ of the certain modality or perhaps the main nerve organs package (michael.t., at seen saccades the test an area from visible room).
Gray is often a neutral colour, usually regarded as within the cold facet from the coloring variety. Lamp fixture grays is employed as an alternative to bright by some means styles, and initiate dark-colored grays is used instead of african american. In type, white is commonly considered a natural backdrop the actual allows other tones from the variety please take a increased communicate. | b6103b30-68fa-4365-a999-9607de166394 | full_CC | 1 | true | false |
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Dynamic evolution of energetic outer zone electrons due to wave-particle interactions during storms
AuthorLi, W.; Shprits, Y; Thorne, R.;
KeywordsLocal Loss due to VLF/ELF/EMIC Waves
Abstract[1] Relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt are subjected to pitch angle and energy diffusion by chorus, electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC), and hiss waves. Using quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for cyclotron resonance with field-aligned waves, we examine whether the resonant interactions with chorus waves produce a net acceleration or loss of relativistic electrons. We also examine the effect of pitch angle scattering by EMIC and hiss waves during the main and recovery phases of a storm. The numerical simulations show that wave-particle interactions with whistler mode chorus waves with realistic wave spectral properties result in a net acceleration of relativistic electrons, while EMIC waves, which provide very fast scattering near the edge of the loss cone, may be a dominant loss mechanism during the main phase of a storm. In addition, hiss waves are effective in scattering equatorially mirroring electrons and may be an important mechanism of transporting high pitch angle electrons toward the loss cone.
Year of Publication2007
JournalJournal of Geophysical Research
Number of Pages
Date Published10/2007
URLhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007JA012368/full
DOI10.1029/2007JA012368 | af8278e1-0aff-45bd-be38-043ddd0699ce | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
Last updated on December 13, 2013 at 1:21 EST
Tree From Oldest Known Seed Thrives In Masada
June 13, 2008
Just over three years old and standing about four-feet tall, Methuselah appears to be a normal date palm.
However, scientists have proven that the little tree that sprouted in 2005 came from a seed that dates back about 2,000 years.
The tree grew from a seed recovered from Masada four decades ago in 1965.
Named after the oldest person in the Bible, the seed surpasses the previous record for oldest germinated seed held by a 1,300 year-old Chinese lotus, according to researchers in the journal Science.
Dr. Sarah Sallon, director of the Louis L. Borick Natural Medicine Research Center at Hadassah Medical Organization in Israel, said she became interested in the ancient date palm as a possible source of medicines. She enlisted Dr. Elaine Solowey of the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies at Kibbutz Ketura to coax the seeds out of dormancy.
Based on carbon dating of other seeds found at the site, scientists estimated that the one tree that sprouted was about 2,000 years old, but didn’t have substantial proof until Solowey found fragments of the seed’s shell clinging to the roots.
The shell fragments were initially dated to AD 295, but a small percentage of “modern” carbon incorporated at the seed germinated made it seem 250 to 300 years younger than it actually was. After realizing this, the researchers reported that the seed dates from 60 BC to AD 95, similar to the other seeds from the site.
Researchers say that estimate would put the seed’s origins within the time shortly after the Roman siege in 73, when, according to the ancient historian Josephus, nearly 1,000 Jewish Zealots in the Masada fortress committed mass suicide rather than capitulate to the Romans.
“These people were eating these dates up on the mountain and looking down at the Roman camp, knowing that they were going to die soon, and spitting out the pits,” Sallon said. “Maybe here is one of those pits.”
Cary Fowler, seed preservation expert and executive director of the Global Crop Diversity Trust said the seeds probably survived for so long because of the arid conditions of the Masada mesa.
Preliminary comparison of Methuselah’s DNA with modern date palms shows a 20 percent to 50 percent difference from current varieties, differences which may include lost traits for resistance to pests and diseases.
Sallon and her colleagues hope to cultivate more ancient date seeds and eventually reintroduce the Judean date palm to the area.
“It should be there because that’s where it belongs,” she said.
She also plans to question whether the palm is the legendary tree of life.
That question won’t be answered until around 2010, when Methuselah — if female — may bear fruit.
Louis L. Borick Natural Medicine Research Center | 1f3925d9-34d3-420f-8036-9cb5646b079a | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 0 | true | false |
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free space optics
Free space optics technology (abbreviated as FSO), also referred to as open-air photonics or optical wireless or infrared broadband, transmits data from point-to-point and multipoint using low-powered infrared lasers. Unlike traditional copper wires or fiber-optic technology, which transmits data by light across glass, FSO uses laser technology to send optical signals through the air using lenses and mirrors to focus and redirect the beams and send data from one chip to another. And unlike radio frequencies, FSO technology does not require a spectrum license.
An FSO system uses optical amplifiers and a telescope that sends multiple wavelengths of light in direct line of sight through the atmosphere to another telescope waiting to receive the information. The receiving telescope is connected to a highly sensitive receiver through an optical fiber and a DWDM demultiplexer. Since the system is bidirectional, each telescope can simultaneously send and receive information. The only weather condition that affects an FSO transmission is fog. Fog can corrupt the direct line of sight between the two telescopes because the moisture particles in the air are so small and dense that they act as millions of tiny prisms dissipating the band of light sent from the laser.
Free space optics provides a higher bandwidth to the end user at a faster speed. The photons transmitted by the laser are much quicker than electrons moving along a wire and they can pass straight through each other, which charge-bearing electrons cannot do. Because of this, large amounts of data, such as IP -based voice and video, can be transmitted through a narrow corridor of spa | 62fd433c-5418-47aa-b855-b2ca22eefb5b | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 0 | true | false |
Cyro cell
Cryo-Cell uses the PrepaCyte®-CB processing method. Cryo-Cell is headquartered outside of Tampa, in Oldsmar, Florida. According to data posted on the website of Cryo-Cell, one of the country's oldest and largest private banks, most units they release go to clinical trials or family members of the newborn Another study run by the Sutter Institute of Medical Research explored the use of stem cells from umbilical cord blood to improve language and behavior in children with autism. The banks say that the cells have saved children’s lives and that no one knows what scientists. If that wasn't enough, Cryo-Cell has a time-honored international reputation.
Cyro cell
Did you know?
Cryo-Cell International's headquarters. Cryo-Cell is the world's first cord blood bank, having given birth to the industry in 1989. Jul 15, 2024 · Its two main competitors, ViaCord and Cryo-Cell, each have more than 500,000 samples in storage. It was founded by Dan Richard in 1989.
Today, we have been entrusted to store the cord blood from the babies of more than 500,000 parents from 87 countries. Whether you’re looking for a new phone, plan, or accessories, there are a few. Cryo-Cell cites multiple studies that show that PrepaCyte-CB leads to faster patient recovery over other processing methods. Feb 28, 2024 5:00pm EST.
Currently, most proteins are solved by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) technology, where the macromolecular. Business Wire Jul 15, 2024 8:30pm. Trading Information. ….
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Cryotherapy is the use of extreme cold to freeze and remove abnormal tissue. Learn what cord blood is, how it can treat diseases, how much it costs and how it works. , founded in 1989, is the world’s first private cord blood bank.
Cryo-Cell International Inc. Cord Blood Banking Leader Cryo-Cell Enters Into Patent Option Agreement With Duke University. The B cell receptor (BCR) initiates immune responses through antigen recognition3-angstrom cryo-electron microscopy structure of human immunoglobulin M (IgM)-BCR in the resting state.
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Lineage for d1zs4c_ (1zs4 C:)
1. Root: SCOPe 2.02
2. 1074916Class a: All alpha proteins [46456] (284 folds)
3. 1087132Fold a.35: lambda repressor-like DNA-binding domains [47412] (1 superfamily)
core: 4 helices; folded leaf, closed
4. 1087133Superfamily a.35.1: lambda repressor-like DNA-binding domains [47413] (14 families) (S)
5. 1087433Family a.35.1.9: Bacteriophage CII protein [140520] (1 protein)
Pfam PF05269; a compact helix-swapped dimer of the canonical fold; includes the extra C-terminal teramerisation region (alpha-helix); in the tetramer-DNA complex only two of the four HTH motifs interact with DNA
6. 1087434Protein Regulatory protein cII [140521] (1 species)
7. 1087435Species Bacteriophage lambda [TaxId:10710] [140522] (3 PDB entries)
Uniprot P03042 2-80! Uniprot P03042 4-81
8. 1087438Domain d1zs4c_: 1zs4 C: [125587]
automated match to d1zs4a1
protein/DNA complex
Details for d1zs4c_
PDB Entry: 1zs4 (more details), 1.7 Å
PDB Description: Structure of bacteriophage lambda cII protein in complex with DNA
PDB Compounds: (C:) Regulatory protein CII
SCOPe Domain Sequences for d1zs4c_:
Sequence; same for both SEQRES and ATOM records: (download)
>d1zs4c_ a.35.1.9 (C:) Regulatory protein cII {Bacteriophage lambda [TaxId: 10710]}
SCOPe Domain Coordinates for d1zs4c_:
Click to download the PDB-style file with coordinates for d1zs4c_.
(The format of our PDB-style files is described here.)
Timeline for d1zs4c_: | 7753d3aa-e750-49f5-81fe-b73f8e3180a9 | null | 0 | true | false |
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Temperature and respiratory function in ectothermi... - BV FAPESP
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(Reference retrieved automatically from Web of Science through information on FAPESP grant and its corresponding number as mentioned in the publication by the authors.)
Temperature and respiratory function in ectothermic vertebrates
Full text
Author(s):
da Silva, Glauber S. F. [1] ; Glass, Mogens L. [2] ; Branco, Luiz G. S. [1]
Total Authors: 3
[1] Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Morphol Physiol & Pathol, FORP, Ribeirao Preto, SP - Brazil
[2] Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Physiol, FMRP, Ribeirao Preto, SP - Brazil
Total Affiliations: 2
Document type: Review article
Source: Journal of Thermal Biology; v. 38, n. 2, p. 55-63, FEB 2013.
Web of Science Citations: 13
Pulmonary ventilation is adjusted to maintain balance between O-2 demands and CO2 elimination, which is essential for acid-base status in land ectothermic vertebrates. Rising temperatures cause increases in O-2 consumption (Q(10) effect) and decreases in the O-2 affinity of hemoglobin (a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve). These changes in air-breathing ectotherms are not proportional, i.e., the increased ventilation is relatively smaller than the change in metabolic rate. Therefore, the ratio between ventilation and metabolic rate is reduced, and consequently blood pH changes inversely with temperature. The combination of high temperatures and hypoxia exposure results in an amplified increase of ventilation, which may be explained by the balance between increased O-2-demand and decreased O-2-supply as well as increased O-2-chemoreceptors sensitivity. High temperature also increases pulmonary diffusing capacity. Global warming is expected to have significant impacts on the world's climate, with temperature changes affecting living organisms, in relation to their physiology and distribution. These physiological mechanisms and their capacity to respond appropriately to temperature illustrate the complexity of the relationship between ambient temperature and the respiratory function in ectothermic vertebrates, which are particularly susceptible to change in their environment. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (AU) | 88980a7b-37bc-40a3-b260-b28fbeef9a50 | null | 0 | true | false |
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