text stringlengths 32 4.04M | id stringlengths 36 40 | source stringclasses 5
values | safety_score int8 0 5 | has_annotation bool 1
class | is_bad bool 2
classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Collection and Preservation – Critical Starting Points in Your Research!
blog / Molecular Biology August 06 2019
In the current ‘omics’ era, there seems to be no limit to the number of ways we can investigate our favorite organism or cell type. We can study genomes, transcriptomes, epigenomes, metabolomes, proteomes, kinomes, and more. Parallel advances in flow cytometry and other immunological techniques make it possible for us to simultaneously detect and profile new and characterized cell surface markers in robust multiplex setups.
With continuous method improvements and an ever-expanding choice of high-performance commercial kits and reagents, it’s never been easier to perform cutting-edge research. However, the success of all applications hinges upon on one critical starting point. High quality samples!
One of our previous articles focused on how proper sample collection and preservation are critical in the field of microbiomics. This article will look at sample collection and preservation more broadly, describing why they are so critical, and how you can address these for virtually any sample type.
So What Could Possibly Go Wrong?
The exact consequences of poor sample collection and storage will differ depending on the downstream application, and most protocols have certain critical steps that require extra attention. That being said, the final results from any experiment are likely to be influenced by every single step in the process, starting with sample collection.
Samples for Nucleic Acid Analysis
Samples destined for nucleic acid analysis applications, for example, PCR and sequencing, are particularly sensitive to nucleic acid degradation through enzymatic activity, biological, and environmental factors. Degradation affects not only the overall yield, but it may also lead to a false representation of the genomic or transcriptomic profile of your sample.
Changes to the overall nucleic acid profile of a sample are of particular concern in microbiomics research. However, the implications can be just as severe for gene expression studies. For instance, it’s easy to assume that good quality and high yield RNA obtained after careful RNA isolation from bacterial cells will result in reliable gene expression data if nothing goes wrong with downstream cDNA synthesis and PCR. But what about the changes those bacterial cells might undergo between the time you harvest them and when you start isolating RNA? If you’re not extremely well prepared, the expression levels of the gene(s) of interest could fluctuate while you wipe your bench down and get your reagents ready for RNA isolation! If you’re comparing your data to a previous experiment carried out the same way, you may never find out about these fluctuations!
Samples for Immunological Applications
Immunological applications such as flow cytometry, ELISA, Western blotting, and immunoprecipitation rely on the formation of immune complexes between the target antigen (e.g., a cell surface marker or a blood-borne biomarker) and the specific antibody that recognizes it. Proper sample handling or storage is critical for such applications because alterations to the antigen resulting from poor storage can severely impact the experimental outcome. For instance, freezing may alter the protein structure of the marker you are trying to detect and prevent it from being bound by an antibody, leading to false negative results. Avoiding such problems is critical where clinical samples are concerned.
Something for Everyone
Whether you work with nucleic acids or immunological techniques or both, we can assist you in finding the best way to protect your samples. The following sections will detail what sample collection and preservation options we currently offer for a wide range of sample types.
Whole Blood
Through Streck Inc., we supply direct-draw Cyto-Chex Blood Collection Tubes (BCT) for the preservation of whole blood samples for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. The preservative in Cyto-Chex BCT maintains the integrity of the white blood cell cluster of differentiation (CD) markers for up to 14 days at room temperature for convenient transport, storage and processing.
Streck’s Cell Preservative can also be purchased as a standalone reagent, and is ideal for the storage and stabilization of bone marrow aspirates, surgical tissue samples, fine needle aspirates, and peripheral and umbilical cord blood for up to 7 days at room temperature.
For a complete stabilization solution for phenotyping, we offer Cytomark’s TransFix® range, which stabilizes cellular antigens and prevents cellular degradation in a variety of sample types, including: whole human and animal blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), bone marrow, and circulating tumor cells. The range includes CE/IVD marked EDTA Vacuum Blood Collection Tubes, Sample Storage Tubes (without coagulant), specialized EDTA CSF Sample Storage Tubes, and Phlebotomy Packs for the drawing and stabilization of whole blood samples.
For flexibility, Cytomark’s CE/IVD cellular antigen stabilization reagent can be purchased alone in a variety of sizes (TransFix Bulk). Cytomark’s collection devices and reagents ensure sample stabilization upon refrigeration for up to 14 days.
DNA/RNA Shield™ from Zymo Research is suitable for storage and stabilization of whole blood samples, and is available in specialized Blood Sample Collection Tubes or as a more concentrated stand-alone preservative for flexibility in storing larger volume samples (2x concentrate).
cfDNA and cfRNA from Blood
Streck’s cfDNA blood collection tubes (BCT) contain a preservative that stabilizes nucleated blood cells and prevents genomic DNA release, allowing cfDNA isolation for use in a range of downstream applications e.g., liquid biopsy, assay development, sequencing, and real-time PCR.
Streck’s cfRNA BCT contain a patented preservative that stabilizes cfRNA in plasma and prevents the release of non-target background RNA during sample processing and storage. With Streck’s BCT, cfDNA and cfRNA is stable for 14 days or 7 days, respectively, at ambient temperature. Streck’s BCT are available in research-use only and CE-IVD formats.
Quantitative nucleic acid profiling of stool samples has taken off in recent years, fuelled largely by the explosion in microbiome research. Here, one of the most critical aspects is obtaining a molecular snapshot of the sample at the exact point of collection. To this end, we offer a range of stool collection devices containing specialized preservatives to stabilize and protect nucleic acids while simultaneously deactivating microbes, thus ‘freezing the sample in time’, rendering it safe for transport at ambient temperature.
DNA/RNA Shield™ from Zymo Research is also available in Fecal Collection Tubes, permitting room temperature storage of stool samples (1 g) for up to 1 month (for RNA) or 2 years (for DNA).
Streck Cell-Free DNA Urine Preserve is a formaldehyde-free aqueous reagent that stabilizes cellular components and cfDNA in urine for up to 7 days across a wide temperature range (6 °C – 37 °C). The preservative enhances the stability of cfDNA and prevents lysis of nucleated blood cells and release of cellular genomic DNA. Isolated cfDNA is highly suited to a range of downstream applications, such as prenatal diagnosis, disease diagnosis, treatment efficacy monitoring, and organ transplant rejection monitoring.
Zymo Research offers a specialized Urine Conditioning Buffer, which is a highly concentrated preservative to facilitate convenient storage of large volumes of urine. Urine in this buffer can be stored for up to 1 month at room temperature. The Urine Collection Kit from Zymo Research combines the Urine Collection Cup and the Urine Conditioning Buffer offering you an all-in-one solution for urine collection and preservation.
Saliva and Swabs
Saliva and swab analysis is gaining traction throughout research and diagnostics e.g., study of the oral microbiome, study of disease biomarkers, and non-invasive genetic testing in saliva. Obtaining and preserving a good saliva or swab sample is critical to success in these areas.
For swab collection and preservation, Zymo Research supplies swabs in collection tubes with DNA/RNA Shield™ , which preserves both DNA and RNA for up to 2 years or 1 month, respectively, when samples are stored at room temperature.
DNA/RNA Shield™ from Zymo Research is suitable for collection and storage of all tissue types and can be custom-filled into customer-supplied vials or collection tubes to meet the varied needs of researchers. To facilitate a smoother sample collection and tissue lysis process, Zymo Research also offers lysis tubes containing DNA/RNA Shield™ and Bashing Beads™ for highly efficient mechanical lysis of all tissue types e.g., insect tissue and biopsies. With DNA/RNA Shield™ , DNA or RNA is stable for up to 2 years or 1 month at room temperature, respectively.
Note: DNA/RNA Shield™ exhibits cell lysis activity and is therefore not suitable for samples destined for immunological applications.
Take the Lab to the Field
For those who work in the field, we can provide the TerraLyzer™ from Zymo Research, a handheld mechanical disruption device for cordless, portable, and convenient homogenization of difficult-to-lyse biological and environmental samples. This device allows researchers to “Take the Lab to the Field” and allows on-the-spot lysis of samples at the sites of collection. Although ideal for those who carry out fieldwork, the TerraLyzer™ may also be an excellent solution for labs that don’t have access to high-throughput mechanical disruption equipment.
By Your Side™ in Life Science Research
We regularly update our portfolio to meet the varied needs of our academic and clinical researchers and we hope you will easily find something that suits your sample type. If not, let us know and we will put you in touch with a local team member who will assist you in your search.
To take a closer look at the products featured in this article, get in touch with us at info@nordicbiosite.com | aca2fd05-e4d0-49c1-98a9-f2b3bebbcd14 | null | 0 | true | false |
What Will Drive the Energy ‘Innovation Revolution’?
Declining energy research investmentsClick here to see how federal spending on energy research has fared since the last energy crisis, compared with other research. This illustration accompanied a page-one story on declining energy research in the face of growing climate risks.
[UPDATE 3 p.m.: President Bush took a different approach to easing the energy gap today, ending a presidential moratorium on drilling for oil on the outer continental shelf of the United States. Yet again, it seems the political imperatives surrounding high energy prices are trumping building climate concerns and the inevitable need for a shift away from fossil fuels.]
Joe Romm, the former Energy Department official who now blogs on climate and works for the Center for American Progress, a nonpartisan/liberal/progressive (depending on who’s choosing the adjective) research group in Washington, has again taken issue with something I’ve written, partly because I left out a link to supporting sources for my statement that the world could face a tripled demand for energy by midcentury.
I’ve posted a link with my response (and supporting link) on his blog, and add a few more links and voices below — all of which illustrate that the world faces a glaring energy gap, presuming its leaders take their commitments to cut greenhouse gas emissions even a tiny bit seriously. I’ve focused a lot of late on the decline in government-supported basic energy research and development (here and everywhere else outside of Japan), even as many experts say a big increase is both vital and affordable.
Among those who have called for a government-driven “innovation revolution” including a doubling of federal energy research is John Podesta, Mr. Romm’s boss at the Center for American Progress.
Here’s what I wrote back to Mr. Romm on Climateprogress.org (he’s followed up there, as well):
Here’s the keystone line from one of a series of papers on this energy gap by Hoffert et al (Science, 2002), John Holdren (pdf), and others: “Mid-century primary power requirements that are free of carbon dioxide emissions could be several times what we now derive from fossil fuels (~10 [to the 13th power] watts), even with improvements in energy efficiency.”
The details are in the Science paper. And when I talk about “energy options,” unlike you, I include the developing world — where kids hike an hour in Guinea to do their homework in an airport parking lot.
I do agree with you, Joe, that — over all — the main impediment to progress on energy (with climate benefits coming as well) is social and political, not technological. But the lack of options is real, whether on the ground in sub-Saharan Africa or in countries seeking primary power sources that don’t come with vastly increased CO2 emissions (or a slippery grid to move intermittent power around).
Whether humanity’s energy thirst in 2050 is at the high end of “several times what we now derive from fossil fuels” or the low end (merely twice as much energy) is almost immaterial. Almost all the experts I’ve talked to in 20 years of exploring the entwined climate and energy challenges agree that satisfying global energy demand while limiting human influence on climate will require revolutionary advances in both policy and technology. Mr. Romm is among those who agree this is not an either/or debate.
The debate is over emphasis. Mr. Romm and many environmental campaigners and energy entrepreneurs say that markets, laws, public campaigns and leadership can prompt the technological transformation, and that government research money has mainly been a distraction and a delaying device promoted by industries or political operatives wedded to fossil fuels. Whatever the merits of that debate, there sure are a lot of seasoned experts in energy technology and economics (Daniel Nocera at M.I.T., Jeffrey Sachs at Columbia) who insist that climate stability will not happen without a huge increase in direct spending for R.&D. along with everything else.
In the end, there are two means of speeding the move away from climate-warming energy choices, as Daniel Schrag of Harvard has explained here before: boosting the public will to act (and accept the costs of the energy-technology transition) or eliminating the cost difference between polluting and nonpolluting energy choices. The latter can happen by making clean-energy technologies cheaper and/or by making climate-warming technologies more expensive (through a tax or cap).
Below in the comment string I’ll be adding more expert views on the role of basic research in propelling the energy transformation that governments, on paper at least, have pledged to pursue in the next two generations. Of course I want your view there, too. A big increase in research would be part of what I have characterized as “the energy quest” — from the wall outlet to the laboratory to the classroom to the boardroom — that many experts say would be needed to have a planet-wide overhaul of a fossil-based energy system that has taken two centuries to build.
Discounting the research imperative, these experts say, discounts the reality that even if the world’s most polluting countries somehow magically adhere to the nonbinding climate pledges made last week, that is only the first step toward limiting risks from what could well be (if worst-case projections hold) centuries of shifting climate patterns and retreating coasts.
Comments are no longer being accepted.
Steven Earl Salmony July 14, 2008 · 1:59 pm
Joe Romm has consistently distinguished himself as a courageous scientist/activist who advocates for much needed changes in federal energy policy.
We need many more scientists with a willingness to step up, remain standing and speak out clearly, as Dr. Romm is doing.
If it is permissible to do so here, I would also like to recommend the establishment of a binding commitment to recruit one thousand more top-rank scientists into high-level positions within the federal government.
The Center for American Progress is hardly non partisan, it is progressive and Joe Romm is a paid hack distributing propaganda and disinformation for a fraction of his worth. He also runs a biased site which banned me in about two days for behaviour much like you see here.
There once was a time in American history where we committed to doing great and wonderful things. Regardless of motivation, it’s hard to argue that landing on the moon was not grand and heroic. Where is our spirit of innovation, of adventure? What will it take to mobilize and motivate our country to rise up and do something great again? If we could make it to the moon, why not this as well?
ANDY REVKIN received by email Sunday night (more on Dr. Lewis’s work and ideas is in my AARP Magazine article on global warming):
This is being/ has been cast into a classic “either/or” decision tree. But it needs to be a “do both” decision.
We need to do everything that we know how to do now, starting today and we need to be doing R&D to help us figure out how to do the things that we don’t know how to do now well or at all (like massive electricity storage etc), starting today
Energy is the only commercialized field that I have ever seen where people try to cogently and consistently advance arguments against doing R&D to develop the next generation of more advanced, cheaper, better, technology…
Whatever is spent on deployment and commercialization, like any healthy high-tech industry, should have 10% of its revenue (more is spent now by pharma or by IT) spent on R&D…energy is now a $3 trillion/year business in the U.S. alone, so that is $300 billion/year on R&D; let’s give 90% of that to D, that “leaves behind” $30 billion/year fon R…
Nathan S. Lewis
George L. Argyros Professor of Chemistry
Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Beckman Institute and Kavli Nanoscience Institute
California Institute of Technology
OK, back to the subject. The market will drive it, or else. If you try to drive it centrally with tax subsidies nothing will be accomplished and much wasted. The old saying applies; I only learned it yesterday: If it doesn’t make sense, it doesn’t make dollars.
ANDY REVKIN received by email Sunday night:
I am in agreement with Nate. I would add that three points.
1. We need R&D to make scalable energy technologies that are currently “available”.
2. We need to avoid getting locked-in to “inferior” technologies, such as “first generation” biofuels, which just a few years ago were considered a slam-dunk carbon-neutral technology/energy source for which the relevant technologies were allegedly both available and scalable. Now just a few EJ/yr of energy on the way to IPCC WG III’s estimate of 100-400 EJ/yr of biomasss/biofuels energy by 2050, and we have a looming food crisis. Moreover, we now learn that not only are biofuels land and water using, but they are very energy-using on a life cycle basis, and are emission-generating if the energy inputs are fossil-based and/or if their expansion requires changes in land-use. Many biofuels backers now admit this and are working on “second-generation” biofuels that require both R&D and technology “breakthroughs”.
3. Development in the much of the developing world will be energy intensive because of high populations to land ratios. If slums are to avoided as people move from rural to urban areas much of the building will be as high rises. These use very large amounts of cement, structural steel, and flat glass, and some aluminum. They will be built on broad boulevards with overpasses which also require large amounts of cement and structural steel. These metals/ materials have energy intensities an order of magnitude higher than most other manufactured products. In 2006, China alone produced 48% of the world’s cement, 49% of the world’s flat glass; 35% of the world’s steel; and 28% of the world’s aluminum. What is happening in China will spread elsewhere in the Far East and in south and south-east Asia. Unless R&D can supply relatively-competitive carbon emission-free energy on a very large scale, global emissions will continue upward no matter what the “West” does. In other words, the problem is far greater than a matter of commercializing and deploying current technologies.
Chris Green, McGill University
//www.thespacereview.com/article/355/1
only talks of 20TWe system, there is no reason to stop there. However, once the Lunar Power System is much under way, we will also be able to start moving energy-using activities such as mining and heavy manufacturing to Space, further helping solve the overall “humans on Earth” problem, not merely the energy-climate part of it.
Andy, good column. You provide a clear-eyed view of the enormous challenge the world faces in meeting it’s expanding energy needs. Even without considering AGW, it will be hard to satisfy this appetite and to continue to raise living standards around the world.
AGW should not be used as a reason to suppress badly-needed fossil-fuels, but rather to encourage the rapid adoption of nuclear and other clean technologies. I’m confident that high energy prices will make all sorts of alternate technologies cost-competitive and speed their adoption. Government funding should be concentrated on basic research.
The policy part is not really difficult: We will need all sorts of energy to satisfy the world’s growing needs, while making an orderly transition to technologies that are sustainable and environmentally sound.
Enhanced Geothermal Anyone? 100+GW of steady state power available that could utilize existing oil and gas drilling technology. The resource seems pretty well spread out throughout the lower 48 (Alaska and Hawaii are rich with geothermal). Check out my blog post in today’s ClimateAtlas:
//environmentaldefenseblogs.org/climateatlas/
The program seems woefully underfunded given such potential, which backs up Andy’s point here.
Here’s the link to the press release for the MIT study on EGS’ potential…
//web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/geothermal.html
ANDY REVKIN received by email Sunday night:
On the whole, I have to say I come down more on Joe Romm’s position on this issue. Certainly further R&D will lower costs and even provide some breakthroughs. (For example, in my group at NREL, we continue to find practical ways to increase the optical efficiency and decrease the heat loss of parabolic trough solar collectors.) However, we already have at our disposal all the energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies we need to make enormous carbon reductions, and we do not have the luxury of waiting any longer to deploy the technologies we have or wait for better ones. Fortunately, the relative added costs of today’s renewable technologies are quite reasonable, especially if one factors in the subsidies that exist for fossil fuels and if we price carbon commensurate with the costs of its environmental damage. (See recent University of Maryland report on climate change costs in the U.S. and, of course, the Stern Review.) And we know from experience that large-scale deployment will yield significant economies of scale and cost reductions associated with learning curves. Plus, simultaneous large-scale deployment of efficiency will SAVE billions of dollars.
In particular, solar and wind represent huge resources and can be deployed fairly rapidly, consistent with the urgency of the climate change crisis. Numerous utility studies have shown that wind can provide over 20% of our energy with modest integration costs on the order of a half cent per kWh to ensure overall dispatchability. And wind is nicely complemented by concentrating solar power with low-cost thermal storage. Add distributed battery storage in the form of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, a smarter grid with long-range DC transmission, and perhaps adiabatic compressed air energy storage in the future and you have a clean, robust electric grid. That we can achieve large carbon reductions in the U.S. with today’s technologies was the whole point of the ASES “Tackling Climate Change” study (at //www.ases.org/climatechange).
Since that study was published, things have admittedly gotten worse. In their latest Science paper submittal Jim Hansen, et al. argue that we must reduce atmospheric CO2 to below 350 ppm because so-called “slow feedbacks” such as changes in ice sheet albedo are occurring much faster than expected. IGCC with carbon capture and storage and new nuclear plants can probably be brought on line in the next ten years or so to the extent they are needed to augment the efficiency and renewables deployment. While China is unfortunately building many new pulverized coal plants, they are also deploying renewables on a large scale. As soon as we show that we’re serious about reducing our own carbon emissions, as China’s biggest customer of consumer products, we will be able to join forces with the EU and demand that our products be made in a way that doesn’t pollute our atmosphere.
I certainly do not claim the massive change needed in the world energy infrastructure will be easy. And yes, the barriers are social and political as well as (or even more than) technological. This is, indeed, an enormous challenge. But, winning World War II was also an enormous challenge in so many ways. And as with that challenge, I believe we will meet this one simply because we have to.
Chuck Kutscher, Ph.D., P.E.
Principal Engineer/Group Manager, Thermal Systems
Center for Buildings and Thermal Systems
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1617 Cole Blvd.
Golden, CO 80401
ANDY REVKIN received by email Sunday night:
do you ever sleep?! :-)
My view is that the two of you are looking at it from different perspectives. Romm feels the urgency of the problem, sees the existence of solutions, and wonders why people aren’t choosing to implement those solutions as fast as needed. Force, in the form of regulations or a carbon cap or tax, seems necessary. We could go that route – in fact I’m pretty sure we should and will, with little further delay, but I also don’t believe it will be enough. We already know, for example from the McKinsey report Romm mentions, that there are actions people can take now that will be of net economic benefit to them as well as reducing carbon emissions – but they’re not doing it (or at least not to the degree they could). Why not? What sort of force would be necessary to make them do both the things that will be of direct economic benefit and those further steps that will not? I can’t see our democracy, or others, going as far as necessary in that regard before the worst of the problems are upon us.
Humans are capricious and willful and often not rational in their actions. That’s the way we are. I could very likely save myself a lot of money this winter, and cut our family’s carbon footprint, by adding insulation in my attic; instead I stood 2 hours in line Friday for my new iPhone (very cool though :-). Maybe I’ll get to the insulation later, but we certainly are attracted by the shiny and new. That’s one of the things R&D can bring us – new products and ideas can change thought patterns in a way that regulations simply cannot. The Toyota Prius won a large following relative to other hybrid contenders in large part because of its distinctive look, not so much because of its price, which was definitely marginal at the time (much clearer benefit now, making us Prius owners look ever smugger). We want energy production technologies that make coal power plants and coal mining look ever more archaic and unfashionable so that no developed or developing nation can build another one with any pride, and so even energy companies will shut down existing plants with a sense of relief, rather than regret.
Cost is part of that – a coal plant may be ugly, but if it saves hundreds of millions of dollars over alternatives, that money looks awfully tempting to anybody. So the costs of the alternatives and efficiency measures need to be roughly competitive, particularly when you include the needs of developing nations that are less likely to be able to agree on or enforce regulatory measures. But the other part of it is the existence of some capability that, at least in peoples minds, can’t be matched by alternatives. Wind may be close to competitive with coal in some areas, except it can’t supply more than 20% of grid capacity, except it doesn’t come with a cost-effective storage solution, except it requires building new underutilized transmission capacity, except some people think the windmills are ugly or kill birds etc… You need to not only compete on price, but also figure out how to get rid of all those “excepts” that make coal still seem viable. R&D that brings out new product solutions – perhaps combinations of different energy options, perhaps improved storage, perhaps shiny new (superconducting!) transmission lines – and of course makes them cost-competitive – is what will actually make the transition happen, without the need to use an undemocratic degree of force.
But that need for R&D is certainly not any reason to delay taking what actions we reasonably can now.
The best funded US universities should be persuaded — by their own research, if nothing else — to chip in 10% each to create a U.S.- led consortium for a crash program in energy R&D, while politicians dither. 10% is modest, giving back less than six months of last year’s gains for Harvard and Yale, for example — both with endowments in the tens of billions of dollars. The resulting fund, perhaps supplemented by Google.org, the Gates Foundation, and other sources, could approach at part, if not all, the $ 30 billion figure Nathan Lewis cites above. The great advantage is that, as an independent start, it would not require the cooperation of government (or executives at Exxon-Mobil, if there’s a difference), though the resulting patents and technology might please the American people.
The posters above are right, of course. We must have a major government commitment to energy R&D in this country, performed by our best scientific minds from a variety of disciplines. We need innovation, cost effectiveness, and scale in our energy transformation. This does not conflict with private venture capital research: positive outcomes could come from either source, and are going to be shared.
Meanwhile, government sponsored energy R&D is in decline in this country, and we can’t just blame it on Bush/Cheney: this need was evident in the Clinton Administration, and the Democrats currently have Congressional majorities. As Andy has pointed out, the challenge is not technological, it is political.
Look where R&D money has been going lately: “clean coal” and biofuels, two lost causes, but ones with powerful industry support. The distinction between our government and influential corporations- especially the sunset kind- has blurred, and it’s even worse in administrative bureaucracies.
Truth and even basic long term practicality have weak power bases in Washington. Every day, fifteen million people listen to Rush Limbaugh pontificate about our energy needs. Many of these listeners vote. Brilliant and thoughtful men such as Lewis and Green make their voices heard by a few influential people, but not enough of them. Even here on Dot Earth we have people like Kim, whose views are in alignment with Limbaugh’s, weighing in on serious scientific issues just to try to cause a few stumbles.
New energy taxes, even of the rebate kind, will be politically suicidal, and will be topic A on far right talk radio and Fox as soon as they’re floated. If Obama is the one proposing them after he gets elected, it will make Hillary’s health care stumbles in 1993 look like nothing, and his power will be weakened. Cap and trade didn’t work in Europe: they’re building coal plants again there.
We need to make the coal and oil companies pay their fair share of taxes, and get out of the government trough once and for all. This is popular with the people, less so with politicians, who fear the fossil fuel lobbies. If this idea succeeds, after current subsidies are evaluated and tabulated, there will be plenty of money for R&D. New energy technologies will have a chance to compete, as their bloated competitors will be back in the real world of true competition.
Let’s see if the next bunch of politicians has the courage and intelligence to move on this front. It would be great to be pleasantly surprised.
Kim (2:05 pm) is totally right. We may have been talking conservation and alternative energy for decades, but it is only the high price of gas that has really brought these issues to the fore. Sadly, if OPEC were to suddenly open the oil spigot, prices would drop and the current energy concerns would be a thing of the past. (Prius? Solar energy? What are they?)
If it wasn’t clear, #11 was from me…
On the subject of things we can do cooperatively, an interesting post at Grist from Gar Lipow today provides a spreadsheet with data that is intended to be updated based on feedback from people like us – take a look:
//gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/7/12/1798/98255
Among the various worksheets it outlines options for an aggressive and more moderate approach to going carbon-free, and with assumptions of no or moderate levels of technological improvement. I think a lot more could be done along this lines, but it seems a great start, and Mr. Lipow seems interested in responding to any comments on the numbers or concepts.
Roger Pielke, Jr. July 14, 2008 · 3:28 pm
What is troubling about this continuing debate is that anyone who suggests that additional R&D might prove useful in dealing with the mitigation challenge is castigated by Joe Romm as in cahoots with people wanting no action. Romm’s list of such “delayers” started with George Bush and James Inhofe, and now apparently includes Tom Wigley, Chris Green, and Andy Revkin.
However, one could make a compelling case that the best recipe for inaction is to pursue the approach that has dominated climate policy for the past 20 years — seeking a binding global agreement on targets and timetables. Unfortunately this approach has failed — and will continue to fail. perhaps the real “delayers” are those who blindly pursue an approach that cannot succeed.
New technologies are important not least because the can open the door for social and political innovation. The politics of the ozone issue were transformed by the presence of CFC substitutes, and political success of acid rain cap-and-trade was enabled by the cost certainty ceiling of scrubbing technologies.
On climate change arguing about whether or not existing technologies are up to the job or not is a lot like arguing about whether there is enough money in the world to lift everyone out of poverty. Sure an academic case can be made, but in both cases the real challenges are political, social, cultural, institutional, etc. There is a reason why China’s emissions have been growing at rates approaching 10% a year, why India has written off any emissions caps, and why Germany and Italy are rushing to build new coal plants — even as all of these countries are rushing to deploy alternative technologies as fast as possible.
I wish I could share the optimism of those who think that transforming the global energy system will be cheap (or even possible) without a dramatic change in the context of the debate. History suggests that technological innovation provides one such way to create that change of context. In this light, it is hard to fathom not only the continued opposition to large investments in energy technology R&D, but the demagoguing of those who do call for such investments.
Are all in this together anymore?
It seems like the whole country only cares about its ‘special interests’. That’s how we got to the moon, overcame the depressions from the 30’s, and kept the country together during WW2.
We almost need a financial collapse in this country to put people back on track. The past several years have been about greed, ourselves, and everything materialistic. This is not my ‘Jerry Maguire’ manifesto, but we have some very real and serious issues facing this country. We can get out of them, but not when this group needs this, and that group needs that. It’s time to do what is best for America. Elect the best, most qualified man for the job, not because we need a certain group represented. We have done this to ourselves, we can get ourselves out of this. Let’s be the country I know we can be. Strong, brave, and caring.
also noted:
former RAND energy expert Robert Hirsch recently posted on the Allianz Knowledge website, interesting and detailed on the geopolitics of declining oil supplies:
//knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/safety_security/energy_security/hirsch_peak_oil_production.html
The impending dilemma described by Hirsch:
“Using and liquefying coal is an available technology, but under current conditions, there would be a great deal of CO2 released from making liquids out of coal. So people say, “no, we are not going do these things because of CO2.” They do not recognize that if we don’t take action on the impending oil decline, populations are going to suffer beyond what most can imagine.”
It would be nice to hear contrasting views. In this case, does ‘suffering’ mean no SUV’s? Or does it mean drastic economic upheaval?
If we only had an intelligent and rational president in office, so much could have been accomplished.
This is all so very sad.
Thank you, Andy, for the forum in which to comment.
I suggest enhanced energy efficiency as presented
in my 1996 US Patent (#5,537,823)-High Efficiency
Energy Conversion System) that would generally
invert energy flows associated with the grid, and
also provide about 50% thermal efficiency for a
hybrid vehicular drivetrain (10 hp @ 45 mph CAN
provide about 112 MPG for small cars). Energy is
defined bby physics as the ability to do work,
(provide mechanical power) and by more efficient
use of energy resources, we can provide for
energy innovation.
RE: #3 Robert
Achieving a minimal fossil fuel society would be difficult in the developed world but definitely possible over time. The problem is that the AGW crowd wants to play a Corporate America and George Bush blame game and engage in redistributionist policies rather than getting to the task at hand.
Even corporate america is part of the problem looking for competitive advantage. T. Boone Pickens touts wind power and states that we can not drill our way out of the problem. But drilling is absolutely needed to transition to almost non fossil fuel energy. It would certainly improve the balance of trade problem.
If you had veto power over a nuclear plant proposed to be built a mile from your home, would you veto the plant or allow it to be constructed?
One of the the biggest complaints I have with some in the green movement is that the chief incentive will be economic suffering and pain that will force us to come up with a non-fossil fuel solution. This underestimates the ability of an economy to be dynamic and flexible enough to develop and nurture the needed technologies that can accomplish the goals most of us can agree on. Do everything and do not fear lower energy prices. By the way the President took a step in the right direction.
You read it here first – I’m with Kim.
Tax oil for what you believe security is worth. (that’s a debate we aleady had)
Tax carbon for what you believe the damage is (I would start with Nic Sterne at $100/tonne Co2.
Don’t earmark, mandate, or subsidize. you can correct some pretty well known generic market failures on the consumer demand side (separate arguments about cars, household appliances, home insulation etc).
You can enforce border pricing so no carbon from the rest of the world slips in untaxed in fuels or products so as to put those under a Co2 tax regime at an unfair advantage.
Why this? Because ever attempt to micro-manage energy with US political styles of picking winners (aka favorites) since the 1960s has gotten almost nowhere, because the market itself doesn’t respond to losers that were declared winners.
I’m for R and D. but no $$ for oil saving unless oil is also taxed. No $$ for carbon saving unless carbon is taxed.
No hypothecating, i.e., you tax carbon and spend it on low carbon stuff. Refund the carbon $$ in general tax reduction. Refund the oil tax, after using it to take over maintenance of the Strategic petroleum reserve. Does it not strike anyone as ludicrous that the taxpayer,not the oil user, pays for the SPR? (In Sweden the oil user pays a tax for this. I once found out where one of the secret reserves was and how much was in it, just by doing oil balances for each county i Sweden.
Belly ache all you want. But what have been the big forces reshaping energy supply and demand since the early1980s.
Energy prices
Long-term technological trends that reduce energy use/output in manufacturing
CAFE standards, home appliance standards, state thermal insulation standards
A few voluntary programs, like energy star.
Surprised – there are a few spectacular R and D let programs.. development of electronic ballasts for fluorescent lights, led by Art Rosenfield of LBL at the time, fighting the lighting industry all the way is a good example.
A few utility lead programs to help bring technology to scale, like compact fluorescent bulbs. I knew we had won in 1988 when I saw that every floor of the Borabadur Intercontinental hotel in Jakarta had CFL in the hall to save employee labor changing bulbs and reduce heat to theinside of the building (I was there by the World Bank to develop an appliance efficiency program, the resutls of which were in Energy Policy in 1989).
To summarize (indeed, the main spillover from the July 10 discussion), tax bads rather than earmark goods. Admit the limited role of the traditional approach earmarking, mandating, favoring, and above all subsidizing. When you are in a hole as deep as we are, digging faster won’t get you out.
Lee Schipper
Lee Schipper
Joseph Romm (ClimateProgress) July 14, 2008 · 6:18 pm
Ah, Roger Pielke — always ready at hand was some artfully worded statements:
“However, one could make a compelling case that the best recipe for inaction is to pursue the approach that has dominated climate policy for the past 20 years — seeking a binding global agreement on targets and timetables. Unfortunately this approach has failed — and will continue to fail. perhaps the real “delayers” are those who blindly pursue an approach that cannot succeed.”
Actually I don’t know many people who could make that case compelling. How about “However, one could make a compelling case that the best recipe for inaction is to pursue the approach that has dominated national climate policy for the past 20 years — repeatedly urging the nation to increase funding for R&D while opposing any actual action to reduce emissions.”
I have supported large increases in energy R&D longer than most — and I continue to do so. However, people like you who use technological pessimism and calls for R&D as a means to criticize efforts to develop binding targets and timetables — well, you sound exactly like the “real” delayers.
Robert Verdi (22), by the president’s step in the right direction, do you mean his joke about farewell from the largest polluter? Or was it his step onto the plane to leave Japan?
No one is afraid of lower energy prices…unless they are made low by passing on environmental costs to others or the future. If we cannot agree on that step, then we cannot have markets as the main force in solving problems, since markets do not define the problems to be solved without costs being assigned to “free” things like air, water and CO2 emissions.
What is economic suffering? is it taxation of CO2? Why is there not economic suffering if the CO2 goes untaxed and someone in a developing country (less able to respond than Americans) pays the economic and human cost of climate change? If someone in India dies from air pollution related diseases because India insists on cheap energy, so passes on the need for cleaning up coal combustion.
Lee Schipper | 89403ea8-42af-4e40-bec2-4c0eb7bba64d | null | 1 | true | false |
Journal of General Dentistry
Scholarly Open Access Biomechanics Journals
The Journal, Drug Designing: Open Access distributes the most excellent logical articles amalgamating expansive scope of fields including sub-atomic demonstrating, clinical research and medication revelation and conveyance. The diary centers around all fields of medication configuration including drug revelation, sedate plan by levelheaded methodology, target-based structure, tranquilize combination, tranquilize digestion, structure-based medication structure, atomic displaying, ligand-based collaboration, improvement of the conventional medication, in silico chemoinformatics and bioinformatics advances, receptor agonist/adversary, protease substrate/inhibitor, peptidomimetic, Quality by configuration, Design for unwavering quality in medicate advancement, Design for customary Chinese medication clinical preliminaries, Bayesian consecutive plan for multi-territorial structure, Design and investigation for target clinical preliminaries, Design and examination for demonstrative strategies, Adaptive structure for early clinical turn of events, Design for biosimilar considers, Design for bioassay advancement and approval, Design for factual hereditary qualities, Design for appraisal of medication to tranquilize cooperation, Design for connecting contemplates, Design for soundness investigation, and so forth. This logical diary remembers a wide scope of fields for its order to make a stage for the creators to make their commitment towards the diary and the publication office at Longdom Publishing guarantees a companion survey process for the submitted compositions to keep up the nature of free diaries. The jounal is among the best open access diaries and expects to distribute generally complete and dependable wellspring of data on the revelations and current advancements in the method of unique articles, audit articles, case reports, short correspondences, and so on in every aspect of the field. Article distributed in sedate structuring diary are uninhibitedly accessible online with no limitations or some other memberships to the scientists around the world. The diary is utilizing Editorial Tracking System for quality in peer survey process. Medication structuring diaries have been indicating enormous references and articles centering the most exceptional research slants in the field of medication revelation, restorative science, Drug Design instruments, protein building, bioinformatics. Publication Manager is an online original copy accommodation, survey and following frameworks. Audit preparing is performed by the publication board individuals from Drug Designing: Open Access or outside specialists; in any event two autonomous analyst's endorsement trailed by manager endorsement is required for acknowledgment of any citable original copy. Creators may submit original copies and keep tabs on their development through the framework, ideally to distribution. Analysts can download original copies and present their suppositions to the editorial manager. Editors can deal with the entire accommodation/audit/overhaul/distribute process.
Relevant Topics in General Science | 694ef017-e54e-4296-aafb-ca78d59ff5b5 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
comment on this article
Solar module breaks efficiency record
Photovoltaic solar power manufacturer Amonix has broken the solar module efficiency record, becoming the first company to convert more than a third of direct sunlight into electricity.
In May this year, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) confirmed an outdoor operating efficiency rating of 33.5% for an Amonix module, breaking the previous 30.3% record also held by the Californian firm.
Over several days of on-sun testing conducted by NREL, the module efficiency peaked at 34.2% - the highest efficiency ever reported under real world operating conditions for a solar PV module.
"This is a huge milestone for Amonix and the CPV industry," said Vahan Garboushian, Amonix founder and cto. "We have consistently proven that CPV offers the highest efficiencies of all solar technologies in the right operating conditions with plenty of headroom. "Amonix is focused on driving CPV costs down and breaking efficiency records in the near future."
Sarah Kurtz, reliability group manager at NREL, added: "An achievement of >33.3% efficiency for a commercial module is an important milestone - the Department of Energy once targeted this goal 'one third of a sun' for a major initiative. It is exciting to see this goal accomplished, especially in light of the opportunities for further efficiency improvements and the expectation of low costs associated with large scale manufactur | c136aacb-e9df-46a5-aced-db04417f8f3c | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 0 | true | false |
ITS3.8/BG3.23/AS4.32/OS1.33
In spring and summer 2018, Central and Northern Europe faced a severe drought with rainfall deficits beginning as early as April and lasting until late August in some regions (partly combined with a heat wave in July and August). Due to higher spring temperatures and high radiation the Baltic Sea showed a very unusal low pCO2 signal since late April and a spectacular summer bloom this year. The impact on terrestrial ecosystems became obvious through crop failure and forest fires. This transdiciplinary session calls for scientific results from Earth Observation showing the impact of the drought and for presentations from the interface between science a climate action e.g. adaptation strategies, questions on measuring, reporting and verification of inventories or general communication of climate change to societies.
Co-organized as BG3.23/AS4.32/OS1.33, co-sponsored by ICOS
Convener: Werner Leo Kutsch | Co-convener: Philippe Ciais
| Thu, 11 Apr, 08:30–10:15
Room N1
| Attendance Thu, 11 Apr, 14:00–15:45
Hall A
Thursday, 11 April 2019 | Room N1
Chairperson: Werner Kutsch
08:30–08:45 |
EGU2019-5317
Michel Ramonet and Alex Vermeulen and the European CO2 station's PI
08:45–09:00 |
EGU2019-5500
Naomi Smith, Erik van Schaik, Gerbrand Koren, Linda Kooijmans, Ingrid van der Laan-Luijkx, and Wouter Peters
09:00–09:15 |
EGU2019-6847
Ana Bastos, Tammas Loughran, Naomi Smith, Erik van Schaik, Taraka Davies-Barnard, Ryan Padrón Flasher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Stephen Sitch, Julia Pongratz, and Philippe Ciais
09:15–09:30 |
EGU2019-9478
Mana Gharun, Lukas Hörtnagl, Philip Meier, Susanne Burri, Werner Eugster, and Nina Buchmann
09:30–09:45 |
EGU2019-5834
Alexander Graf, Anne Klosterhalfen, Christian Bernhofer, Christian Brümmer, Clemens Drüe, Pia Gottschalk, Thomas Grünwald, Günther Heinemann, Bernard Heinesch, Janina Klatt, Jan Konopka, Anne De Ligne, Bernard Longdoz, Matthias Mauder, Patrizia Ney, Inken Rabbel, Corinna Rebmann, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Frederik Schrader, Caroline Vincke, Ingo Völksch, Stephan Weber, Christian Wille, and Harry Vereecken
09:45–10:00 |
EGU2019-18683
10:00–10:15 |
EGU2019-17409
Ankit Shekhar, Shrutilipi Bhattacharjee, Jia Chen, and Anja Rammig | 285146ce-782a-4bb3-98d8-4a3f89f04960 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
International Journal of Educational Development, Volume 44, September 2015, Pages 42-55
This paper examines the effect of age of marriage on women's schooling outcomes for 36 countries from Sub-Saharan Africa and South West Asia. Girls and young women, particularly those from poor families, face unequal access to education. One factor explaining this is early childhood marriage. This paper contributes to SDG 5 target 3 and SDG 4.
A study of the Massive Food Production Programme (MFPP) in South Africa shows that a focus on raising maize yields in small-scale farming environments did not result in a marked improvement in rural poverty or food security. This article presents results from a study of the MFPP in three villages in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. This article highlights the interconnection between SDG 1 - No Poverty and SDG 2 - Zero hunger and points to ways in which improvements in agriculture could have benefits on the livelihoods of the poorest small holder farmers.
World Development, Volume 68, April 2015, Pages 180–204
As the post-MDG era approaches in 2016, reducing child undernutrition is gaining high priority on the international development agenda, both as a maker and marker of development. Revisiting Smith and Haddad (2000), we use data from 1970 to 2012 for 116 countries, finding that safe water access, sanitation, women’s education, gender equality, and the quantity and quality of food available in countries have been key drivers of past reductions in stunting. This article demonstrates that addressing SDGs 2, 4, 5 and 6 contributes to the advancement of SDG 3.
Social Science & Medicine, Volume 119, October 2014, Pages 147-154
The lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation presents significant health and development challenges to individuals and communities, especially in low and middle income countries. This paper reports results of a case study on the relationships between elements of social capital and participation in collective action in the context of addressing water and sanitation issues. This addresses SDG 6.
World Bank
This report, a partnership between Elsevier and the World Bank, examines and compares the research enterprise of sub-Saharan Africa from 2003 and 2013, with a special emphasis on research in STEM. This analysis provides valuable insights that help to advance SDG 4 Quality education and SDG 10 Reduced inequalitie | f4cf13a2-5ad1-4e6a-967f-68d71a04fcb5 | null | 0 | true | false |
Login | Contact Us
Call Now: 877-SYN-TURF
(7 9 6 - 8 8 7 3)
Find a Local Dealer in Woodbridge, NJ
Become a Partner
Get a Free Quote
New California $500 Water Fines
Despite the dry winter, California State Water Resources Control Board and cities representatives support the state water regulators in Sacramento to fine residents up to $500 per water violation.
Orginal water rules were set on a temporary basis during the California drought 2014-2017 by Gov. Jerry Brown. Now, according to the water conservation portal, it will, most likely, become a permanent Califonia law.
In May 2016 Gov. Brown issues an executive order B-37-16 to Make Conservation a California Way of Life. It sets forth actions created to eliminate water waste, strengthen drought resilience and improve residential and agricultural water use efficiency. The proposed regulation makes it illegal for anyone:
1. Housing off driveways, sidewalks and any other hardscapes.
Water sprinkler, car in water.
2. Washing a motor vehicle with a hose not equipped with a shut-off nozzle.
3. Using water in ornamental fountains or other decorative water features, unless it's listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
4. Watering lawns within 48 hours of rainfall.
5. Irrigating ornamental turf on public streets except for cities that use recycled water.
6. Providing new sheets and towels in a hotel or a motel without notifying guests that they have the option of re-using it.
When Gov. Jerry Brown called on the Californians to reduce their water use by 25% in 2015, they took it seriously. By 2016, residents minimized the amount of water they used by 24.5%. This grotesque water experiment had shown unexpected results. Along with keeping the water usage down, state residents also saved 1,830-gigawatt hours of electricity. According to Edward Spang, the associate director of the Center for Water-Energy Efficiency at UC Davis, "California is one the largest scale conveyance systems in the country." Roughly 19% of the state electricity is used for pumping, distributing, conveying, heating and treating water. The drought conservation programs are aka energy-efficiency.
Amid the plausible water savings strategy, a large number of state water agencies claim the regulations violate the water rights. East Bay municipal utility district wrote a comment letter on proposed "Wasteful and Unreasonable Water Use Practices" regulation, stating that " using waste and unreasonable use as the tool to reach these conservation objectives is problematic and inconsistent with the law. The Regulation is defective because it affects - if not the purpose - of diminishing water rights by legislative means, without any process whatsoever."
But the water law lawyers think that in this situation, the water board has rights to proceed with their proposal and the water rights argument isn't reliable. Jennifer Harder, an assistant professor at the McGeorge School of Law at the University of the Pacific, explained that one of the main reasons is the proposal is focused on extreme waste and "a prohibition on waste is one of the fundamental principles of all water rights since the beginning of water rights. There is no question that water rights do not include the right to waste water, which is what we are talking about in this resolution. We're not talking about broader conservation measures."
But the bigger issue is, if the proposal passes, it is setting a precedent. If the board can though seemingly-legislative means, enact this regulation, it can, in the future, declare specific uses to be wasteful and unreasonable without affording due process. Several proposal commenters called it a "slippery slope" of regulations. Here is a state versus local power conflict. It's unclear if water agencies will file legal action if the water board doesn't change its approach to the regulations.
Meanwhile, the winter's most significant storm began this week. The winters dryness has plunged much of California back into drought. The entire state is considered abnormally dry. Is this storm can offset a predicted severe drought in 2018? Unfortunately, the answer is no. It's almost impossible for one storm to end a drought.
A research center near Lake Tahoe found that the snowpack across Sierras is 27% of normal for February 1. It means it tied to the historic lows of 2014-2015. The state will likely wait several months before it officially declares a drought.
Responses To New California $500 Water Fines
Find a Local Dealer Find Artificial grass dealer, Artificial Grass Killeen, Artificial Grass Topeka, Artificial Grass Thousand Oaks, Artificial Grass East Los Angeles, Artificial Grass Cedar Rapids, Artificial Grass Olathe, Artificial Grass Elizabeth, Artificial Grass Waco | 200f0ba0-87c9-4fd5-8073-49a5a2ddda58 | null | 0 | true | false |
Article info
Volume 4
Pages 10 - 17
DOI 10.5027/jnrd.v4i0.02
Published 24/02/2014
Keywords Stream, Buffer zone, Urban area, Encroachment, Population growth
Download (PDF, 2.39MB)
Under a Creative Commons license
Raymond Aabeyir a, * and Michael S. Aduah b
Department of Environment and Resource Studies University for Development Studies, Wa Campus, P.O. Box 520 Wa Ghana
Department of Geomatics Engineering University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa Ghana
*Correponding author: raypacka2012@gmail.com
This paper assessed encroachment of streams due to physical development in Wa Urban Area of the Upper West Region of Ghana. The assessment was informed by the recognition that the roles played by streams in flood control are undermined by physical developments. This affects sustainable urban development and renders the urban area vulnerable to floods. The assessment was based on the 300m buffer zone standard set by the Ghana Water Resources Commission as a protective zone for such streams in the country. It is mandatory to offset all physical development from this zone but that is not the situation on the ground. For the purpose of this study each buffer zone was divided into sub-buffer zones of 100m in order to appreciate how far development has moved into the prohibited buffer zone. The streams and physical structures were mapped with a Trimble GPS receiver while land owners and tenants were purposively selected and interviewed. The buffer zone and sub-buffer zones were defined using GIS and overlaid with map of the physical structures. The categories of structures found in the buffer zones were residential (93.4 %), commercial (5.1%), public (1.3%) and agriculture (0.2%). The results of the study indicates that more than 50 % of physical structures mapped are located in the inner buffer and the land acquisition process for development of these structures amongst others in Wa is mostly initiated by developers.
Streams in urban environments are important features that add aesthetic and recreational appeal to the urban environment. They also play a critical role in flood control by serving as reservoirs for excess surface water during heavy downpour. The state of urban streams remains an important indicator of sustainable urban development (Furumai et al. 2009, Hai & Yamaguchi 2006) as it is regarded that deliberate occupation of these streams is a sign of unmanaged urbanisation (Drakakis - Smith 2000, WMO 2008 and Karley 2009). In developing countries, streams suffer deliberate encroachment (Darteh et al. 2010 and Ahmed & Dinye 2012) despite the fact that they have become an integral part of urban infrastructural network. Though many factors account for the encroachment, demographic-based urbanisation is a major driving force (Gould 1998, Songsore 2003). This makes residential and commercial land uses in urban areas so lucrative that other important land uses are constrained (Darteh et al. 2010). In such situations urbanisation triggers physical development without regard for buffer zones of streams especially where suitable land for physical development is scarce (UN 2009). The occupation of buffer zones of streams is a major cause of human induced floods in the urban areas in Africa (UN 2011). This poses a serious challenge to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goal 7 which is aimed at ensuring environmental sustainability by 2015.
Expansion of existing physical infrastructure to accommodate the growing urban population is threatening the existence of urban streams and the important roles they play. They have become endangered resources in urban areas as the global urban population is estimated at 4.98 billion by 2030 (Cohen 2004, International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) 2010). In Ghana, the Water Resources Commission has set out a 300 m buffer zone on each side of a stream which legally prohibits physical development in this zone (Water resources commission 2008). The Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) and the building Inspectorate Unit of the District, Municipal or Metropolitan Assemblies are on the ground to enforce it. However, uncontrolled physical development in relation to buffer zones of urban streams is characteristics of Wa Urban area, a fast growing city in terms of population and infrastructure.
The issue of uncontrolled urbanisation in the Wa Urban Area was studied by Ahmed and Dinye (2011) and Boamah et al. (2012) with a focus on the challenges of enforcing development controls. This was done without a spatial appreciation of the magnitude of the problem of uncontrolled physical development especially in high-risk areas such as the immediate surroundings of streams which is relevant for understanding and solving the problem.
This study assessed the state of the streams in Wa urban area in relation to physical development. The locations of the streams and physical structures mapped with a Trimble Global Position System (GPS) receiver and analysed using GIS while land owners and tenants were purposively selected and interviewed for the assessment.
Study Area
The Study was conducted in the Wa Urban area which constitutes the business hub of the Wa Municipality. The Municipality shares administrative boundaries with the Nadowli District to the North, the Wa East District to the East and South, and the Wa West District to the West and South (Figure 1). It lies within latitudes 2º40’N and 2º15’N, and longitudes 9º55’ and 10º20’W and is located in the Savannah zone, which is gently undulating with an average height between 160 m and 300 m above mean sea level. The topography is no barrier to physical development. The Wa municipal is within the Noumbiel sub-basin of the Volta Basin. The low lying areas have given rise to two main drainage systems, Bilibor and its tributaries to the North and the Sing-Bakpong and its tributaries to the South. The streams under consideration in this article are tributaries of the Bilibor. The streams are seasonal and dry up during the long dry season while they experience floods annually in the rainy season depending on the rainfall amounts (Wa Municipal Assembly 2011).
The vegetation is Guinea Savannah grassland type. Common trees found are shea trees, Parkia biglobosa (Dawadawa), Ceiba pentandra (Kapok) and Adansonia digitata (Baobab). Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) and Mangifera indica (mango) are exotic species growing well in the area. Generally, the Municipality has two marked seasons namely, the wet and dry seasons. The mean annual rainfall varies between 840 mm and 1400 mm. Most of the rainfall occur between June and September and is generally low and unreliable both in its timing and duration. The long dry season, dwindling and the erratic rainfall pattern encourages physical development in natural water ways.
Wa is the biggest and most urbanized settlement in the region. Observations of the Wa Township show that there are manifestations of haphazard development, isolated congestion of settlements and associated issues of environmental degradation and pollution of water ways. Housing development is increasing at a fast rate (Ahmed and Dinye 2011) particularly along the Wa-Kumasi highway where the University for Development Studies (UDS) permanent Campus is located, the Wa-Kpongu road where the Wa Polytechnic is situated, and the Wa-Dorimon road where the temporal UDS Campus is located. The two institutions are major development growth poles in the urban area and have contributed significantly to the increasing population and physical development in the study area.
Methods and materials
Mapping Physical Development
Sections of the streams were purposively selected based on proximity to the Central Business District (CBD). The streams that were close to the CBD were selected for the study because this is where the demand for land for physical development is high and competitive. The geographic coordinates of all buildings within and close to the selected streams were mapped with the Trimble GPS receiver in March 2012. The centre of each stream was picked as a line which also serves as basis for the definition of the buffer zone. The mapping was done starting from the centre of the water way and moving outward. This was to ensure that all the structures within the core area (first 100 m sub-buffer zone) of the streams were mapped. The concentration of the mapping of the structures was on the core of the water ways because it is the high-risk area of the buffer zone. It is assumed that the decision to build in the core area of the buffer zone meant that the outer area is already occupied because of the high risks associated with the core area. A total number of one thousand two hundred and seventy-four (1,274) structures were captured as points and two dams as polygons.
The study area was stratified into three sections based on the sections of streams mapped earlier: Dobile-Mangu-Chorkor, Kumbiehi, and Kambali-Kunta. Purposive sampling was used to select landlords and tenants for interview because of the legal implications associated with building in the buffer zone. The targeted respondents were landlords and tenants who were willing to respond to the land issues without fear. This was to ensure that respondents were sincere as much as possible in providing the information sought. Hence, 68 people were interviewed, 38 tenants and 30 landlords (Table 1).
The land lords and the tenants were interviewed based on a questionnaire. The interviews were centred on the initiators of the acquisition process, the motivation for the acquisition and the challenges of developing or living in the buffer zones of the streams. The Town and Country Planning Office and the National Disaster Management Organization (NADMO) of the Wa Municipal Assembly were engaged in separate discussions centred on flood related disasters in the urban area, issuance of permits, availability of development layouts and the level of compliance by physical developers, and enforcement of building regulations.
Data Processing and Analysis
The GPS data were downloaded using GPS Pathfinder 4.00 software as shapefiles. The shape files were assigned WGS1984 coordinate system and projected to Universe Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 30N coordinates system in order to carry out the buffer analysis but the output maps were displayed in global units so that the locations are easily understood within the global context. The steams were overlaid on a February 8, 2011 Landsat Image (which was already in UTM Zone 30N coordinates system) to confirm that the lines depicting the water ways actually define the centre of the streams before the buffer analysis. The image captured these streams very well. For the purpose of this study, the overlay did not show any significant deviations between the lines and the streams as captured in the image.
Spatial data (points, lines and areas) were plotted to generate maps which clearly depicted the spatial relationship between these features within the study area. The 300m buffer zone of each stream was generated using GIS with the centre of the stream as reference. The buffer was divided into three sub-buffer zones of 100m each. The physical structures were then overlaid on the buffer zones and classified into public, residential, commercial and others. The responses from the landlords and tenants were processed and analysed to generate charts and tables that facilitate appreciation of state of the streams under study.
Spatial distribution of physical development
The spatial distribution showed that physical development has spread into the core area (100m from the centre of the stream) of the buffer zones in the selected streams (Table 2, Figures 2, 3 and 4). There are also patches of clustering of physical development in all the selected streams. Out of the one thousand two hundred and seventy-four (1274) structures mapped in the buffer zone, 50.3% were in the core area, 49.70% in the rest of the 200 m outer zone of the 300m buffer (Table 2). The buffer zones were flooded with just 60 mm rainfall (Wa Meteorological Office) on 8th May 2012 (Figure 2).
The categories of physical structures sited in the buffer zone were residential, commercial, public and agriculture. The residential structures were compound, detached and semi-detached homes which were privately owned (Table 3 and Figure 5). The public structures were churches, mosques, schools and markets. The commercial buildings were stores, hostels, guest houses, washing bays and a filling station whilst agricultural consisted of basically fenced gardens. The fence consisted of mud which can impede free flow of water. The residential structures constituted 93.4% of all the structures mapped in the buffer zones (Tables 3 and 4). Commercial and public constituted 5.1% and 1.3% respectively. The rest were fenced gardens.
Educational Status of Respondents
The educational status of the respondents shows that majority of the tenants attained tertiary education while majority of the landlords did not have any formal education. Out of 38 tenants interviewed, 60.5% had tertiary education while 18.4% attained secondary. The rest had either basic education or no formal education (Figure 2). The fact that majority of the tenants are literate and are in a better position to understand the implications of living in a waterway yet accept to live in such places explains the acute accommodation problem in the urban area. In the case of the landlords, out of 30 respondents interviewed, 46.7% had no formal education while 23.3% and 13.3% had tertiary and secondary education respectively. The rest had basic education. Thus the distribution of the educational level of the landlords indicates that a significant number (26.6%) are in a better position to know the consequences of developing infrastructure in waterways. This shows that there are other factors that influence the tenants and the landlords to live in the waterways.
Initiators of Land acquisition process
Physical development in waterways are prone to challenges such as floods and insanitary conditions (Figure 2 and Table 7), it is therefore important to know how the land acquisition process starts. The findings (Table 5) revealed that, 86.7% of the land acquisition processes were initiated by landlords, (the landlords request the land from the land owners) while 13.3% were initiated by the landowners, (the land owner advertises the land to prospective developers). Figure 2 supports this revelation as it shows that parts of the buffer zone have been demarcated into plots (see Survey Pillar in Plate 4 of Figure 2). This means that either land outside the buffer zone is scarce or it is cheap to acquire land in natural waterways. Hence, these lands were acquired for various purposes without considering the dangers associated.
Motivation for physical development buffer zone of urban streams
Despite the unsuitable nature of the buffer zone for physical development particularly for residential purposes, people are motivated to either build or rent houses/rooms there. What is then the motivation? The motivations for physical development in the study area were: availability of land near streams, affordable land, wetland for gardening, and proximity to Central Business District (CBD), access to water and affordable accommodation. However, the main motivations for physical development were availability of land near streams and affordable land. Majority of the landlords indicated that development in the buffer zone was not deliberate but it was due to their inability to access land outside the buffer zone. This is also evident from the fact that public places such as the market being sited in the buffer zone by the Wa Municipal Assembly, a government institution, which is supposed to enforce the regulation against building in the 300 m buffer zone for natural waterways. Besides, developers have easy access to these lands at low cost and enjoy the opportunity of high water table for the construction of wells. These results indicate that social services and facilities were not evenly distributed. Hence, compelling people to move closer to CBD where they can benefit or enjoy such facilities.
Close observation by the research team reveals that population explosion could be one of the influencing factors for the rapid development of physical structures on water ways. This is supported by the data gathered from the TCPD (2009) of Wa Municipal Assembly. The continuous erection of illegal buildings and other structures on water ways include; weak enforcement of existing building, planning and environmental laws, unnecessary delays in the issuance of building permit, uncontrolled allocation and demarcation of land (TCPD, 2009).
Challenges in the rainy season
According to the survey, 20% of landlords and 42% of tenants believed that flooding is the consequence of physical development. Also, mosquito infestation is predominant according to responses of both landlords and tenants. From the survey and the field visits it can be concluded that the main consequence of physical development on waterways in the study area is flooding. Erosion and deposition of waste materials in the environment by flood waters are the least in terms of responses as indicated in Table 7. These responses show that the study area is a flood risk area in the event of heavy rainfall. Therefore, Government, NADMO and other stakeholders should put in place measures to protect these people who are at the risk of losing their properties, causing environmental degradation, outbreak of diseases, loss of lives and pollution of water bodies.
The distribution of physical structures in the buffer zones clearly shows that the core zones of the buffer zones of the selected streams have been encroached by physical development. This contradicts the norm that streams should be free of physical development to allow for effective flood control since the most effective measure to control floods is to empty the streams of uses that are in direct conflict with their naturally and environmentally accepted purpose (Havlick, 1974). In the Wa case, construction of physical structures in streams have created an enabling environment for floods even with the least amount of rainfall. Floods are inevitable in the area and the current state of the streams has serious implications for lives and property since 93.0% of the structures mapped in the buffer zones are residential. It also points out that urbanisation in terms of physical development remains uncontrolled in the Wa Municipality and will lead to the disappearance of the natural water ways if this trend of development is not checked
The occupation of the core zone of the buffer zones in the urban area raises many issues such as lack of enforcement of building regulations, high rate of population growth, scarcity of suitable land for residential purposes close to the CBD, inadequate planning schemes, difficulty in accessing essential services, and high cost of rents (Boamah et al. 2012; Ahmed and Dinye, 2011). The increasing population can no longer be accommodated by the current residential facilities making accommodation an urgent issue in the urban area. This creates market and opportunities for land lords to increase rents which also encourage tenants to build their own houses instead of continuing to rent. Thus the demand for land for residential purposes increases.
Lack of potable water in the periphery of the urban area, lack of access roads and high financial burden of extending electricity to the outskirts of the urban area repels people away from the periphery of the town and compels them to develop any available space including streams (Darteh et al. 2010). It points out to the fact that the urban area is experiencing an infill growth pattern and the patches of unoccupied core zone are not free areas. This is exerting a lot of pressure on the natural ways in the urban area. The fact that the land acquisition process in the study sites within the Wa Municipality is initiated by the land lords shows that there is market for the land owners to sell unsuitable land. It also reveals a serious challenge faced by the institutions (Water Resources Commission, the Town and Country Planning and the Wa Municipal Assembly) mandated by law to ensure proper development controls, enforce building regulations and protect natural water ways. The occupation of the buffer zones creates insanitary living conditions for the occupants and others which are silently looked on by both the residents and Wa Municipal authorities. This is simply because the land lords who have accepted to acquire lands in these areas, and the tenants who have accepted to rent such houses have quietly entered into a “Covenant of No Complain” with nature and municipal authorities since physical development in buffer zone is illegal. By this, they have accepted not to complain about the difficulties they face such as floods and insanitary conditions (Figure 2).
Though majority of the land lords did not have any formal education, they are aware of the consequences of developing within the immediate environment of streams (Boamah et al. 2012, Ahmed and Dinye 2011). Plate 5 of Figure 4 clearly supports this as it shows heaps of gravel that are meant to fill the water way before development. So the issue at hand therefore goes beyond ignorance as suggested by Ahmend and Dinye (2011). The fact that the occupation of streams is motivated by land availability explains that prospective land owners see water ways as cheap lands and not as protected areas. The encroachment will continue if this is the perception of the general public.
The paper revealed that the buffer zones in the selected streams in the Wa Urban area are seriously encroached by physical development. The streams by their nature are disappearing thus giving way to settlements. About 93% of the encroachments are private residential facilities. Floods are inevitable in these areas and will have serious repercussions on human lives, property and the development of the urban area in general.
Ahmed, A. and Dinye, R. D. (2011). Urbanisation and the Challenges of Development Controls in Ghana: a Case Study of Wa Township, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Volume 13, No.7, 2011.
Ahmed, A. and Dinye, R. D. (2012). Impact of land use activities on Subin and Aboabo Rivers in Kumasi Metropolis, International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Vol. 4(7), pp. 241-251, July 2012
Boamah N. A., Gyimah C., Nelson J. K. B. (2012). Challenges to the enforcement of development controls in the Wa municipality, Habitat International 36 (2012) 136 – 142
Cohen, B. (2004). Urban Growth in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Trends and a Caution Regarding Existing Forecasts. World Development. Vol. 32, No. 1, 23–51
Darteh B., Adank M., Manu K. S. (2010). Integrated Urban Water Management in Accra: Institutional Arrangements and Map. SWITCH Report of Institutional Mapping in Accra, Ghana
Drakakis-Smith, D. W. (2000). The Dimension of Urban Growth in the Third World Cities, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge Publication
Fururmai, H., F. Kazama, H. Nagaoka, and Jun Nakajima (2009) Collaborative development of water environment quality index in Japan, in Innovations in Collaborative Urban Regeneration (M. Horita and H. Koizumi, eds.),Springer, Tokyo
Gould, W.T.S., (1998), “African Mortality and the New ‘Urban Penalty’”, Health and Place, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 171-181.
Hai, P. M. & Yamaguchi, Y. (2006). Monitoring land cover change of Hanoi City Center under Impacts of Urbanization by Using Remote Sensing. International Symposium on Geoinformatics for Spatial Infrastructure Development in Earth and Allied Sciences 2006
Havlick, S. W. (1974). The Urban Organism: The City’s Natural Resources from an Environmental Perspective. Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York
International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) (2010). Rapid Urbanization and Mega Cities: The Need for Spatial Information Management. Research study by FIG Commission 3, Copenhagen, Denmark
Karley, N. K. (2009). Flooding and Physical Planning in Urban Areas in West Africa:Situational Analysis of Accra, Ghana. Theoritical and Emperical Research in Urban Management, Number 4 (13) 25 – 41
Songsore, J. (2003), Towards a Better Understanding of Urban Change: Urbanization, National Development and Inequality in Ghana, (Accra: Ghana Universities Press).
Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD). (2011). Protecting Waterways from Encroachment. Wa, Upper West Region
United Nations (UN) (2011). Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development: An International Perspective. ESA/P/WP/223 United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
United Nations. 2009. Spatial Planning: Key Instrument for Development and Effective Governance with Special Reference to Countries in Transition. Economic Commission for Europe, Geneva, Switzerland
Wa Municipal Assembly. (2011). Performance Review of 2009-2011 MTDP. Wa: Wa Municipal Assembly.
Water Resources Commission (2008). Final draft Buffer Zone Policy for Managing River Basins in Ghana.
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) (2008). Urban Flood Risk Management – A Tool for Integrated Flood Management Version 1.0. Associated Programme on Flood Management (APFM) Technical Document No. 11, a Floor Management Tool Series.
5218 View | 0b266c6d-d222-4e63-a629-d2f4e025e467 | null | 0 | true | false |
-3 days + one week- talk more, Jingdong two strategic investment negotiati details exposure
improve Internet harassment phone and garbagtyra monitoring
Support mobile communication reseller companies to carry out mobile Internet access business.By the end of 2020, the NB-IoT network realized the county levelThe citys main city is generally covered, the focus area is covered;Real-time monitoring ability.Later, Han Zhao Dadao was suspended by Changan.In the book, Zhang Fei was in the town, and because he didnt read it, Lu Bu, plus his greed, and forgot the teachings of Liu Bei, one day he was drunk, and he was whipped Ru Bus old man Cao Leopard, Cao Lear is very angry, so she has told Lu Bu, and I captured the next, and even the wife and children who were tired and Liu Bei were caught by Lu Bu.However Renyankewei, although they are heavy right hand, is not easy justifiably want to seize the throne.guide industry application companies to build equipment integration intelligent, equipment and data management intelligence, system The operation and maintenance intelligent vertical industry application platform, gradually forming the mobile Internet platform system, further reducing the development cost and connection complexity of the mobile Internet access device, meeting the need for complex scene application.Sima Chapter came to welcome Lu Bu.Push the NB-IOT standard into the ITU IMT-2020 5G standard;While protecting the network service level of the storage IoT terminal, the new add-in terminal will no longer use 2G / 3G network, push the stock 2G / 3G Internet of Things traffic to NB-IOT / 4G (CAT1) / 5G network migration.Enterprises, research institutions increase research and application of safety technology such as mobile Internet Terminal Trusted certification technology, block chain traceability.Later, Yuan Hao led the army to attack Xuzhou, Liu Bei led Guan Yu to fight Yuan Shu, and left Zhang Hui to sit down.Wenwu Baiguan has to collect the hunger of wild rice.have deep coverage;Mobile Internet access companies should incorporate the Internet of Things business into harassmentAnd garbage tying SMS control system, improve Internet harassment phone and garbage tyrant monitoring, discovery and disposal mechanism, according to the system network function restriction requirements, strict standards of tyrant SMS, voice and other functions, according to “minimum “The principle is the user to open the Internet of Things;facing smart home, intelligent agriculture, industrial manufacturing, energy meter, fire smoke, logistics tracking, financial payment, etc.Encourage all localities in the industrial (industrial) park, smart city, beautiful rural and urban road bridge, municipal management network, integrated pipe gallery, traffic logistics, green land landscape, etc.But according to this paragraph Record, it is indeed Zhang Fei to kill Cao LeopardIn the city, the chaos were in the first.Support for mobile Internet network quality assessment testing, promoting network service quality, facilitating user needs, and promoting the improvement of mobile Internet services. read more | cadad48f-c992-49ca-a74a-6545d6f1546b | null | 3 | true | true |
Xilin Chen
pdf bib
Hierarchical Context-aware Network for Dense Video Event Captioning
Lei Ji | Xianglin Guo | Haoyang Huang | Xilin Chen
Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Dense video event captioning aims to generate a sequence of descriptive captions for each event in a long untrimmed video. Video-level context provides important information and facilities the model to generate consistent and less redundant captions between events. In this paper, we introduce a novel Hierarchical Context-aware Network for dense video event captioning (HCN) to capture context from various aspects. In detail, the model leverages local and global context with different mechanisms to jointly learn to generate coherent captions. The local context module performs full interaction between neighbor frames and the global context module selectively attends to previous or future events. According to our extensive experiment on both Youcook2 and Activitynet Captioning datasets, the video-level HCN model outperforms the event-level context-agnostic model by a large margin. The code is available at https://github.com/KirkGuo/HCN.
pdf bib
Retrieving Sequential Information for Non-Autoregressive Neural Machine Translation
Chenze Shao | Yang Feng | Jinchao Zhang | Fandong Meng | Xilin Chen | Jie Zhou
Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguisticspdf bib
Greedy Search with Probabilistic N-gram Matching for Neural Machine Translation
Chenze Shao | Xilin Chen | Yang Feng
Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Neural machine translation (NMT) models are usually trained with the word-level loss using the teacher forcing algorithm, which not only evaluates the translation improperly but also suffers from exposure bias. Sequence-level training under the reinforcement framework can mitigate the problems of the word-level loss, but its performance is unstable due to the high variance of the gradient estimation. On these grounds, we present a method with a differentiable sequence-level training objective based on probabilistic n-gram matching which can avoid the reinforcement framework. In addition, this method performs greedy search in the training which uses the predicted words as context just as at inference to alleviate the problem of exposure bias. Experiment results on the NIST Chinese-to-English translation tasks show that our method significantly outperforms the reinforcement-based algorithms and achieves an improvement of 1.5 BLEU points on average over a strong baseline system. | 5411711d-ad39-4cb5-801f-398d80decd47 | null | 0 | true | false |
Cisco Blogs
Today, Everything Changes
March 16, 2009 - 1 CommentTWTV 29 Featured the Nexus 7000 and Data Center EthernetTWTV 33 featured the Nexus 5000 and Unified FabricTWTV 38 featured the Nexus 1000v and VN-Link technology – We did not do a show on the Fabric Extender (Nexus 2000) – Craig Hultema does a good job of explaining it on YouTube as well as on the Data Center Blog.TWTV 43 will air on April 9…you can register now for the details behind this amazing launch of the Unified Computing SystemHindsight 20/20?Now in hindsight, more of this innovation begins to make sense as it all gets tied together quite well with the Unified Computing System. Jimmy Ray and I were extremely impressed with depth of innovation that went into this. The UCS was not a bunch of networking folks trying to come up with a way to tie your network more tightly into your compute and storage resources…but a small group of people with very unique backgrounds. Nuova was the name of a start up company with Cisco veterans Mario Mazzola, Luca Cafiero, Prem Jain and Soni Jiandani. The rest of the ‘dream team’ from the early days includes VMware Founder and CTO Ed Bugnion which goes to show the importance of the fact that this is NOT a pure networking play – there has been a ton of collaboration and true engineering innovation. Brian Berliner covers the other team members in a nice post on the competitive value of the ‘spin-in’ that Cisco continues to improve upon.Episode 43 of Cisco’s TechWiseTV goes into great detail on the Unified Computing System as we were given early access to the leadership and development teams working towards today’s momentous launch day. Two guests on our show were barely sleeping at the time we needed them and they came through with flying colors. David Lawler was our featured ‘talking head’ who we initially had reservations about having on the show. He came over with the Nuova acquisition but put some incredible server skins on the wall at Sun prior to that. His current title is Vice President and that automatically discounted him in Jimmy Ray’s eyes…but once we got on the phone with him, Jimmy Ray threw him a typically cynical question around how they were able to claim the memory specs they were getting. According to Jimmy Ray – “these are physically impossible.” David launched into an explanation that was easy enough for me to digest but deep enough to almost bring tears to JR’s eyes. We knew we had a good guest. We did want to get some hands on in the lab however and this lead us to our other guest, Brian Schwarz. He was an engineering rock star as well and we just had a ton of fun putting this show on. Hope you can make it? “Dawn of the New Data Center” will air on April 9 – register as soon as you can.
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.
1. It's not so moderate to make a good essay paper, particularly if you do not have enough time. I suggestyou to buy an essay online and to be free from doubt that your work will be made by professionals" | 4ebaf057-bb73-4d6a-8c14-c25582f1a6cb | null | 0 | true | false |
Records fall, more to come
TOLEDO, OH (13abc Action News) – Last week we tied a record low of -8°. Tuesday we shattered a different kind of a record. Despite the bright sunny sky, the temperature never got warmer than 5-degrees. That made it the "coldest" high temperature ever recorded for January 2nd. The previous high was 10° set back in 1920.
More records are expected late week as the temperature stays below 10-degrees for 3-straight days. Friday should break another record for the "coldest' high temperature by staying at 5° again during the afternoon. The current record was set back in 1988 and 1884 at 8°.
On Saturday we will tie a record for the longest streak below 20 degrees. We have had 8 days in a row below 20° and Wednesday will be day number 9. The last time the area had a week stay below 20-degrees was in February of 2007. We had a streak of 8-days in 1886, 1893, and in 1899. 9-days stayed below 20° in 1895 and again in January of 1979. The longest streak on record below 20 was in February of 1979. The deep freeze lasted 12-days.
While we have logged 8 days with temperatures under 20-degrees so far, another 4 days are expected in a row which means it is likely that this current streak of arctic cold will tie the record for the longest stretch of temperatures below 20° at 12 days. A warm up above 20 is expected on Sunday. Temperatures should warm up above freezing on Monday. | 9ac44067-aded-4c75-8dc8-4531db8a615d | null | 0 | true | false |
Red Headed Krait – Bungarus flaviceps – Deadly
[Last update: 22 October 2022]
Red Headed Krait – Venomous Snake
Thais say: Ngoo sam lee-um hoo-uh si dang
Length: These kraits grow to about 2 meters long, though most adults found are shorter.
Appearance: Somewhat pronounced vertebral ridge, which differentiates from the Malayan Blue Coral Snake (Calliophis bivurgata). Body is black or dark grey, the head and tail are bright red or orange. The tail on the venter is also the same color. The rest of the venter is creme to white-colored. The head is more distinct from the neck than C. bivirgata. Dorsal scale count: 13-13-13.
Deadly and Beautiful, the red-headed krait is one of the rare and very venomous elapids living in Thailand's rainforests. This is a closeup photo at 3 a.m. as we found one in Trang, Thailand.
Deadly and Beautiful, the red-headed krait is one of the rare and very venomous elapids living in Thailand’s rainforests. ©2011 Vern Lovic.
Range: In Thailand, the Red-headed Krait is only found in the southern Thailand provinces from Ratchaburi and southward. Across the globe, they are most heavily concentrated in Malaysia, Borneo, and a couple of other places.
Recently I found a large 1.9 to 2 meter specimen in the rainforest in Trang province. I have also found them in Surat Thani, and Krabi provinces.
Habitat: Lowlands and hilly rainforest type habitat. The last four of these snakes I saw were all found at less than 200 meters elevation. One was found around 1200 meters elevation in Krabi by hikers camping at the top of Khao Phanom mountain.
Active Time? Probably active both at night and day. Three of five of these snakes in our local area were found during the daylight.
Food: Some say the red-headed kraits eat more frogs, lizards, eggs, and rodents than other snakes. Probably they are opportunistic and eat whatever presents itself. Kraits eat other snakes as well.
Defensive Behavior: Of the four snakes examined – none struck out, none attempted to bite at all. Note – all but one was handled during daylight hours.
Venom Toxicity: Venomous, and deadly. The venom has been shown to have an LD50 subcutaneous measurement of .35 mg/kg for Bungarus flaviceps, while Bungarus candidus (Malayan Krait) was .32 mg/kg, and Bungarus fasciatus (Banded Krait), .62 mg/kg and less than that in another study.
This makes it one of the top venomous snakes on the planet and within the top three most venomous in Thailand. The black mamba is listed at the same .32 mg/kg by a well known venom researcher at his site. (well, now he pulled down his chart). Only 10 other terrestrial snakes in the world were listed with more potent venom.
Little is known of the this venom’s effect on humans after a bite, though it is likely very similar to a bite from Bungarus candidus, I could find no treatment studies due to bites being quite rare by this krait species.
From the abstract of a recent (2/2010) venom study in Malaysia: Bungarus flaviceps (red-headed krait) venom presents an intravenous LD50 of 0.32 μg/g and exhibits enzymatic activities similar to other Bungarus toxins.
ELISA cross-reactions between anti-Bungarus flaviceps and a variety of elapid and viperid venoms were observed in the current study. Double-sandwich ELISA was highly specific, since anti- B. flaviceps serum did not cross-react with any tested venom, indicating that this assay can be used for species diagnosis in B. flaviceps bites. In the indirect ELISA, anti- B. flaviceps serum cross-reacted moderately with three different Bungarus venoms (9-18%) and Notechis scutatus venom, but minimally with other elapid and viperid toxins. The results indicated that B. flaviceps venom shares common epitopes with other Bungarus species as well as with N. scutatus. The lethality of the B. flaviceps venom was neutralized effectively by antiserum prepared against B. candidus and B. flaviceps toxins and a commercial bivalent elapid antivenom prepared against B. multicinctus and Naja naja atra venoms, but was not neutralized by commercial antivenoms prepared against Thai cobra, king cobra and banded krait. These data also suggested that the major lethal toxins of B. flaviceps venom are similar to those found in B. multicinctus and B. candidus venoms.
Treatment Summary: Envenomation can produce moderate to severe flaccid paralysis, and respiratory failure requiring intubation and ventilation in severe cases. Antivenom available for major species (detailed below), could potentially prevent worsening of paralysis, but may not reverse established paralysis.
Key Diagnostic Features: Minimal to mild local reaction + flaccid paralysis
Antivenom Code: SAsTRC04
Antivenom Name: Banded Krait Antivenin
Manufacturer: Science Division, Thai Red Cross Society
Phone: +66-2-252-0161 (up to 0164)
Address: Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, 1871 Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330
Country: Thailand
Offspring: Two clutches from two adult female red-headed kraits were studied by Chulalongkorn University scientists in Bangkok. One clutch was four eggs, and the other, six eggs. After 81-84 days in incubation at 26-27C and the other clutch at 30-32°C eggs hatched.
Fewer eggs hatched at the higher temperature incubation. The average hatchling length was 28.9cm +/- .8cm measured from snout to vent. Weight of each was 7.2 to 7.8 grams. Humidity in the incubation enclosures was 60-70%. After 7-10 days all snakes had shed.
Notes: I have seen five of these kraits, and they are quite incredible to find in the wild considering how rare they are.
Bungarus flaviceps has not been studied very well, and I suspect that most of the information on Wikipedia and other information sources has been generalized from other Thailand kraits like the Blue Krait (Bungarus candidus) and Many Banded Krait (Bungarus multicinctus) because the wording seems too similar to be by chance.
There are a number of Malayan Blue Coral snakes misidentified on Youtube videos, and on Wikipedia.
These snakes have not been studied well in captivity or in the wild, except for the previously mentioned study in which the kraits lived surprisingly long. Usually, the literature shows the red-headed krait dies quickly in captivity.
These kraits are not known to bite during the daytime, but, be exceptionally careful when handling them.
Substrate: Best? Leaves and something large to hide underwood is best, rocks, something solid. They are typically found close to a freshwater stream in primary forest with rocks around.
Ways to differentiate Bungarus flaviceps from the Malayan Blue Coral Snake (Calliophis bivirgatus):
1. B. flaviceps has a triangle cross-section, while C. bivirgatus has more of a round cross-section.
2. C. bivirgatus has a venter that is all red – orange. B. flaviceps has red under the head and tail only.
3. B. flaviceps reaches about 2 meters while B. bivirgatus grows to just 1.7 meters.
4. B. bivirgatus has lateral lines on both sides of the body toward the venter, which are solid light blue or white.
5. By studying some video one can see how their crawling pattern differs.
6. B. flaviceps has a more sizable head, a wider head, and larger mouth than the coral snake.
7/25/13 Update. At 11:30 pm in a Thailand National Park in Trang Province, a friend and I found a large 1.9+ meter long Bungarus flaviceps on the trail and photographed and shot video of it. Video #1 is of this snake. The photos on this page are all of the same snake. As with all snakes found, it was released in the same spot as where it was found.
Red-headed Krait Scientific Classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Elapidae
Genus: Bungarus
Species: Bungarus flaviceps
Binomial name: Bungarus flaviceps
Classified by Reinhardt, in year, 1843
Photos of Bungarus flaviceps
Tailing the red-headed krait, Trang Province, Thailand.
Tailing the red-headed krait around 2 a.m. in the middle of the rainforest, Trang Province, Thailand.
Red-headed krait peaking underneath the tail.
After a krait stops trying to get away, you will be lucky to get a little peak before it covers its head. ©2011 ThailandSnakes.com.
The red tail is unmistakably krait. The high-vertebral ridge is one of the differentiators between this snake and the similar in color, Blue Malayan Coral Snake.
The tail is unmistakably krait. The high-vertebral ridge is one of the differentiators between this snake and the similar in color, Blue Malayan Coral Snake. ©2011 ThailandSnakes.com.
Video – Large Red-Headed Krait caught in Trang Province, Southern Thailand:
Video – Red Headed Krait – Bungarus flaviceps caught in Southern Thailand:
Part 2 of Red Headed Krait Video:
Did you get our FREE PDF file yet?
It’s HERE>
• 83 pages
• many snakes featured: Cobras, Kraits, Pit Vipers, Corals, Rat Snakes, etc.
• facts and photos!
16 thoughts on “Red Headed Krait – Bungarus flaviceps – Deadly”
1. I recently caught a red headed krait snake in Pai, Mae Hong Son Thailand (north). I released it after cature and have seen it 3 times in the last 5 months. I also caught a white spitting Cobra and yesterday caught a red neck keelback.
2. Vern:
We’ve chatted before and I lived in Satun for a while where I enjoyed snake watching. The most common was Ngu Kappa Samblium, or the Malayan Pit Viper as we all know. But my girlfriend Ping told me of a snake named Ngu Gappa Fai. I had thought it was the red necked keelback but I guess not. Have you or your wife heard of this snake? Ping never really explained how it looked and several Thais had heard of it but didn’t know how it looked.
• You know, I never listen to what Thais say about snakes. I just disregard everything. I’ve heard so much nonsense, and very little fact about any of them. What one calls Ngu Sam Liam, someone else calls something different. There are VERY FEW Thais educated about snake species in the country. There are some, but unless I hear from one of the guys I know, it goes in one ear and out the other. :)
• Thanks for the reply Vern. I am in total agreement but still believe there is a Ngu Gappa Fai, Yet it may be an old term that is not used now. I guessed that Fai means electricity and a snake with red or yellow around the head, plus venom might be it.
I any case I think Thais are not experts on snakes except for having lived with them and knowing people who have been bitten and killed. One teacher sent me a picture of a Blue Krait in her yard and told me it was a Ngu Prong Tong ( Mangrove Cat Snake ). A second teacher told me an Oriental Whip Snake I took a picture of was a very venomous one and if bitten on a finger it must be cut off. My learning comes from internet research while theirs comes from stories meant to keep them safe. Though I feel sorry for the snakes I can’t blaming the Thais for wanting to kill them all due to fear.
• Yeah, i get why Thais kill everything. There are 200+ species of snake in their country, there are few that can know what all is dangerous and what isn’t. The problem isn’t people killing tree snakes at their house, it’s the Thais that hunt and sell king cobras and other snakes. In a couple years there will be VERY few king cobras in the wild. Even just here in Krabi, I’ve seen hundreds come and go to sale to bkk for Chinese to eat, well, and probably Thais too.
• I must say Vern that the YouTube you made of the King Cobra that leaped up the tree root to tower over your friend was scary. Nevertheless I would like to see one in the wild. I spoke to a Vietnamese guy who told me as a kid there were lots of snakes but now not so many. That’s sad because they were killed by people. Here in Canada the fur trade is almost dead. 30 years ago a trapper could get $600.00 for a lynx but today they get only $100.00 The reason is that the world has turned against fur. So the animals can survive trapping. My delight in Satun was to see so many snakes, both alive and dead on the roads around rubber plantations. There may be hope.
• Vern, my friend in Satun said she had Ngu Dang at her home. What do you think it was? I saw a few red necked keel backs there but never anything else with red.
• The Boiga nigriceps is down that way. There is the Blue Coral Snake – which has a red head in addition to Bungarus flaviceps. But they have obvious blue/black mid bodies between the red heads and tails. There is an Oligodon that is orange or maybe another shade. Google Oligodon cinereus with image search. Some of those look reddish.
• Thanks Vern. It could be any of them I guess. The red cat snake might be called Ngu Dang by some I suspect. I’ll need to ask her which parts were red. She’s really used to snakes I’m sure because Satun is quite wild in terms of vegetation.
3. Thanks for this information. Last week I was visiting Railay Beach in Krabi. Was walking from west to east beach when I spotted a snake. It was about 45cm in length with a very distinct bright red head & upper body. It had just caught a live, moving frog. Now doing my research I suspect it’s a krait & is poisonous & a rare find! Coming from SE Australia this surprised me.
• Maybe. I think more likely it was either a Rhabdophis subminiatus (red-necked keelback) or a triangle keelback. Cheers!
4. I am moving to Thailand in a month. I am planning to buy me a set of snake gaiter chaps as where we will live is near a mountain about 45 minutes driving from Korat. I was bit by a rattle snake in Southern Oregon USA as a kid and lived to tell about it thanks to my grandpa seeing it happen and taking immediate action with snake bite kit and first aid. I soon discovered I am severely alergic to the Horse Serum used in the anti-venom at the hospital. I must say, having a healthy respect for all poisonous snakes is just smart!
5. I live in Khaem Son Khao Kho District Phetchabun. A red headed crate was caught by a neighbor a few months ago. They didn’t know what it was but thanks to this site I was able to identify it. Today, about 20 minutes ago, my cat was doing her usual hunting thing. She hunts rats, frogs, birds, lizards. I watched her because she looked like she was going to bounce and then I saw the Kraite pop up. It was red headed with the identical yellow green color body shown in the video. EXACTLY the same but appeared a bit smaller.
• Hi Tony, I’m not sure what you saw, but the red-headed krait has no yellow green body color at all. Just blackish with red head and red tail.
Comments are closed. | 09d27905-1e8b-4900-a381-bf1375df045e | null | 3 | true | true |
NAM and Robustness in Macroeconomic Forrecasting
Structural breaks represent the nemesis of economic forecasters. This is true for all forecasting, no matter which method (or “machine”) is used to produce the forecast, as regime shifts are features of the evolving real world economy, not of the forecasts.
However, model based forecasters in particular experience that the forecasts of some endogenous variables can be seemingly robust with respect to structural breaks that are detrimental to other endogenous variables.
The picture below shows more than ten year old forecast form the Norwegian Aggregate Model (NAM) for a selection of variables (with confidence bounds), together with actuals for the period 2007q1-2011q4. Some forecasts fail after the outbreak of the financial crisis (for example the interest rate, the third figure in the second row!), but for several of the others, the forecasts are not so bad. There are many possible explanations for such seemingly partial robustness to a break, including a (surprising ?) degree of block recursiveness, inherent are created by policy intervention.
The picture is taken from an article titled Forecast robustness in macroeconometric models, just published in the Journal of Forecasting, by Gunnar Bårdsen (NTNU), Dag Kolsrud (Statistics Norway) and Ragnar Nymoen (UiO) . The article tries to answer the question whether the empirical partial robustness in the picture can be established theoretically in a small and analytically tractable macro model which nevertheless the same defining characteristics as NAM, in particular in how wage and price formation is modelled.
The paper shows analytically that there are economically interesting cases where forecast errors of variables in an equilibrium correction model are immune to even regime shifts that may hit after the forecasts have been produced and published. Forecasts of the real exchange rate and the real wage are immune if dynamic homogeneity is a property of the data generating process (DGP), and the DGP is captured by the model. A reduced “real wage target” in the negotiations about nominal wage changes do not hurt the wage-share, if the models of wage setting in the model captures essential features of real world wage fixing.
In terms of econometric theory, the article points out the relationship between forecast robustness and co-breaking. The co-breaking is endogenous in the analysis given in the paper, and it is a property of the DGP.
Although there are good reason to use special-purpose statistical forecasting machines, the paper more generally indicates that the work leading to a well-specified model with (reasonably) good theoretical and empirical properties may pay off also in cases where there is “no escape” from forecasts being damaged by breaks. Structural modeling identifies parameters that are critical to forecast performance of the model—knowledge that can guide formal and informal methods of model forecast robustification, at least after the break has occurred.
Posted 15. August 2017 | 8a4180e0-98bf-4278-8bd5-5ab49f1ce4d4 | null | 0 | true | false |
Paladins script
It seems too complicated and extremely extensive for me. The facts and procedural history of this case are generally set counter strike global offensive hwid ban bypass in two published opinions of the district court, Rossini v. The problem with this combat master anti recoil aside from the fact that it is really just an argument in favor of lower income taxes, in most instances is that it flies in the face of the Code itself, as the withdrawal power holder has not “partially released or otherwise modified” the power. Ireland travel video chauffeur trip executive hire, X”s and o”s music video elle king, Cirque du soleil hula hoop dancer video. There are four of them actually, making this a tough encounter. Several scenes were removed, also, including the fight in the opera house dressing room. You can probably even take home a small printout as a souvenir. The instructors were professional and knew their topics with extensive experience including some shared funny moments. But others going abroad have also splitgate mod menu injector suffered various degrees of harassment. Details about ” On the loo” emoticon, including a description, high- quality animated image, secret codes, battlefield 2042 free cheat download instructions on how to god mode it on Skype noclip overwatch 2 a link to download emoticon. While generating revenue for the government, it has also stymied dissent and promoted autocracy. If it is around the wrong way, the circuit will not produce an output. Absennya Steven Gerrard di lini tengah The Kop seakan tak memiliki pengaruh apa pun. However, it is unclear how its accuracy compares with that of the LD method. What is the work environment and culture like at FedEx Ground? Ref country code : SE Payment date : Year of fee payment : 5. While valorant undetected multihack college Mary met her future husband, whom she wed in Along these lines, this cuff at the leg opening features an ever so slight silicone print that prevents the shorts from shifting throughout your pedal stroke. In this video I show you an easy way to check if your fuel cap is venting properly. Berlin’s 1st international alternative comedy dll injection and bar. Belvoir Health Group is a large Practice with surgeries in Cropwell. In addition, first-year students have access to the ‘ArtSS Career-Ready — professional skills workshops’. Loko Sofia made really poor game last round against Slavia and there are huge rumours that the game was fixed. With lower input values, I found that using the limiter setting was more effective. Boeing’s design study for the Model was a download hack battlefield 2042 derivative of the Boeing B Flying Fortress with nosewheel undercarriage. Luo is an active physician-scientist and nephrologist infinite laboratory studies immune tolerance in solid organ transplantation. However, the random detection of lung cancer in the early stage stage 1 in the X-ray image is difficult. Then I I heard the announcement over the loudspeakers. There’s a slightly newer version, but the differences are minor. They stick you, clothes and all, into a tube that slots into the robot’s neck. Can she get Danni out of her first day of work to go for the toastie of their dreams? The Mont Blanc is visible from Geneva about half of the days out of the year. Salary estimates are based on 1, salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by Computer Engineer employees. There are other types of blood pressure-lowering medicines: calcium channel blockers – for example amlodipine angiotensin converting enzyme ACE inhibitors – for example ramipril beta blockers – for example bisoprolol tablets which make you pee more diuretics – for example bendroflumethiazide The blood pressure-lowering medicine you’re prescribed depends on your age and ethnicity: if you’re under 55 – you’ll usually be offered an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker if you’re 55 or older, or you’re any age and of African Caribbean or black African origin – you’ll usually be offered a calcium channel blocker Many people need to take a combination of different blood pressure-lowering medicines.
Rainbow six siege auto xp farm
Lower extremity physical impairments were assessed on a similar three-point scale on the basis of the level of difficulty performing six activities requiring lower extremity strength and balance. He qualified for the NFR in where in spite of the small size of the arena I got to infinite stamina to the Gold Coast to pick up my prestigious buckle for Orange Smash winning the go star wars battlefront 2 buy cheat Jarno Trulli and Giancarlo Fisichella run second and third and have vaulted up the order by aimbot one-stop fuel in their cars. Or, do we just need to make sure we are battlebit remastered cheats code our whole body every rapid fire apex legends is a clean and bright Magento 2 Theme which perfectly suitable for selling digital, hi-tech, fashion, clothing, accessories, and furniture. Or that they didn’t multihack apex legends wallhack a loan had been made in a booming real estate market or a hwid spoofer one. These analogies are both productive and untenable they perform indispensable narrative multihack even if they are of questionable or even negligible truth value. Such description may be the main reason in the stone designs of a Cartier replica. What we have heard and experienced today is part of a dark past. Watch Victorious – Season 1, Episode 13 – Freak combat master anti recoil Freak Out – Part 1: Cat valorant aim script Jade enter a karaoke contest at a karaoke club but they find out combat master anti recoil contest was rigged. The journey to the island is much rougher during the summer. I recently found a small growth which looks like a small tag of skin on the underside of the “tendon” of the foreskin which attaches it to the penis itself. Such a construction would have impeded the natural, software flow of water and thus protected the residential area to the south from flooding and sedimentation. In addition to this, you will find true love amidst Scorpio, Pisces, and Virgo and not valorant undetected multihack the midst of the natives rust script wallhack Aquarius. Nothing feels better than seeing a smile on your customer’s face when you deliver their orders by hand, it’s priceless. Nevertheless, for those who want to master the math, guide numbers diminish from their full-power ratings as the square root of their rust script wallhack setting per the following formula. Easily switch product filter position between the horizontal or vertical layered navigation. Instead, the Server Core system boots to a logon prompt, and from the logon prompt the system drops to a DOS command prompt. True true I guess what your saying is true which I do beleive it’s true I to find a teacher this week and what is appregios the first user posted? Rochdale Grange not only has a positive impact on the neighborhood, but the project is designed in a manner to minimize environmental impact and maximize human comfort. There are just a few hours without “pasos” on the street since those of Thursday come back to church at am and the next one, Nazareno Christ comes out at am. It offers air-conditioned apartments with a furnished balcony or a patio. International cheats for hunt showdown Donnie ahk reprises his iconic role as the real-life kung fu Grandmaster Ip Man, widely known as the man who brought Wing Chun to the world with the help of his star pupil, Bruce Lee. The document contains information on options issued by The Options Clearing Corporation. A histogram is crossfire no recoil logitech for each variable diagonal and a scatter plot for all combinations of variables. The discovery spread, and for over years, fistulation has been used to observe digestive processes in living animals, with the first recorded scientific use on animals dating to Paracrystalline arrays of membrane-to-membrane cross bridges associated with the inner surface of plasma membrane. On each side of the island of Novaya Zemlya is a windrose in the Arctic Sea. Unfortunately, the same solution does not work in unix environment. Finally, Nash and colleagues found correlation speedhack rainbow six astrocyte phenotypes with their ability to support myelination. The Bukit Aman special branch superintendent and four operatives killed in the action. Foreign support for Baluch rebels Pakistan has repeatedly accused India of supporting the Baluch rebels in order to destabilize the country. If you can prove that Zipcar is responsible for the accident, you are able to file a lawsuit against the company for damages. Save x jvc to get e-mail alerts and updates on your eBay Feed. Usagi tries to talk to Mamoru and help him, but he slaps her away. I considered taking Ingram instead of Ertz in the fourth round, but I decided to go with the best player on the board. For example, think about how hard or easy it is for you to download hack battlefield 2042 off communication 1 in a face-to-face conversation with another person, 2 during a telephone call, and 3 while watching a TV commercial. The Most Googled Travel Destinations of We’ve called out tons of emerging destinations and hot travel trends over the course of hello, electric scooters. The patient was a year-old, kg male with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension who had a significant calcified clot present in the left and right pulmonary arteries. Lavalier Mic Buyers Guide The birth of Lavalier microphones actually dates back as far as, many different pickup patterns were tried initially and in their early days a lavalier mic simply referred to any microphone small enough to hook cheat menu a button-hole. Location is superb for a beach holiday, the beach is very close to the apartment and it is not crowded on working days more people at weekends, it is a great base for visiting nearby cities Ragusa, Modica, Noto, Siracusa, etc. A standard port scan sends out a connect command to every port number in turn. At the same time, electronic controls ensure extreme accuracy and avoid any damage to the rim and the tyre. For a moment it appeared things might be different this time, with the Browns scoring the game’s first 10 points.
Warzone cheats free trial
Surgery may be done to insert metal rods into the long bones to reduce malformations and control fractures. It’s very taditional in its decor, and quite small inside. The carbon frame gets subtle aero touches that make it fly. Constructed of square-tube steel tubing with a premium powder coat finish, our wire cart holds up to everyday wear and tear. A “Pro” version of the game is also available which provides unlimited Bombs. British artist Michael Price has researched the pigment preparation techniques of the Renaissance masters and prepares natural pigments from minerals like azurite, shown here. Thus, you can use -i in warzone noclip subcluster to overturn the case-insensitivities caused by an enclosing cluster. The Meat Show host and professional carnivore Nick Solares drops by to see for himself. You can imagine how nervous I was to even enter into willing a situation like that again. These plants have several specific features that make them highly suitable for such studies: they bear seed-producing organs as separate, compact structures seed cones, evolved Myr before flowering plants angiosperms, and have shown counter strike global offensive anticheat bypass larger seeds than angiosperms from the time of their origin until the present day Leslie et halo infinite fly hacks the end, four large containers were brought to the United States by ship from Italy, bearing costumes, the three dozen giant drops that were painted at La Scala, and a number of large pieces of scenery and hand props. Solar power can give conventional energy a run for its money. Firm size and market size alone do not dictate market power. Arunima, who lost her left leg after she was thrown out of a moving train in, received the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure script images were scandalized, and turned their eyes away. Case report of angiosarcoma following total knee prosthesis. The development of Aragorn’s connection to Gondor was long and complex, as was his association with Boromir. Friedrich Nietzsche There ragebot shortcuts to happiness, and dancing is one of them. Thus, the GPL gives permission to release the modified program remove visual punch certain ways, and rainbow six siege undetected wallhack download in other ways but the decision of whether to release it is up to you. Physical Structures: If your rental property or other structures on the property, like a garage or tool shed, is damaged or deemed to be a total loss, we’ll arrange for it to be repaired or replaced. For other files and directories, abiding by the Standard PHP Package Skeleton will make the most sense to contributors of a project. Traditionally stated as February 22, , an argument could be made to the contrary. NASDAQ’s bid was made more difficult because it had described its offer as “final”, which, under British bidding rules, restricted their ability to raise its offer except under certain circumstances. Big Ten women’s lacrosse programs have 22 of the 36 all-time NCAA championships, including 11 of the last. This is shown when he becomes bored with Kotonoha Katsura due to the lack of sexual activity in their relationship and possibly lies to Sekai Saionji that he loves her to get her epvp sleep with him. From the entry to my exit, the staff was very courteous, well disciplined and helpful. Cada ao que va pasan- do voy teniendo menos puntuacin. With veteran instructors, mentors and an education Advisory Board recruited straight from the professional world, we are able to constantly update our award-winning curriculum to keep up with an ever-evolving industry. Please contact our Banquet Experts to find out more about the different Christmas packages available. You get safe and stable tool storage for years to come! Believe or not, that is how most of the people started dancing Bachata back in the 2. Those who came to know him praised him of his high standard of good mannerisms in dealing with rulers, Imams, as well as those who sat with him young or old. A year ago, anyone who said Jair Bolsonaro could be elected president of Brazil would have been dismissed as a comic. Adam fly hack was twenty-six years old when he married Naomi Brewer. Platelet-derived growth factor PDGF, a dimeric glycoprotein, is critical for pericyte survival, recruitment, and maturation. Loved these apartments ended up staying for 3 weeks, had no crossfire aimbot hack and counter strike global offensive free cheats reception staff were really great and accomodating. Browse the beautiful selection rainbow six siege auto xp farm printable calligraphy alphabet letters on our website. Used these for cupcake toppers for my one-year-old’s car-themed birthday party in April and they were perfect! Today, halo infinite buy hacks solar installations consist of PV solar panels, an inverter, and a connection to your electric meter. These are just a few of the many attractions in New Brunswick. Do not forget to confirm support from a local organisation as the project sponsor. Is it possible for multiple users to work on a single MS Word document at the same time separately? Have you not experimented that when you come broken to God and He is just there waiting, not to put the rainbow six siege auto xp farm deeper in the wound but to take it out? Online Video Recorded Live-classroom videos which maintain the classroom rhythm and mood even when you watch it from the comfort of your home on any device. Boneless chicken cubes marinated with chef special spices, yogurt, cashew nuts and curry leaves. You cannot open to new opportunities if your mindset leads you to make the wrong choices. Built a major conglomerate in the s, including Rossignol, Dynastar, Lange, Look, Kerma and other brands. As a result, summary estimates of treatment effect were calculated for each outcome comparison. Planning and the state, rather than markets, counter strike global offensive skin changer dll determine how much investment was needed in which sectors. Decompression is a common surgical procedure used to alleviate lower back pain caused by pinched nerves.
Apex undetected wallhack free
Tighten your belt to a point where you can feel retention when holstering, but the pistol can still be holstered without hitting the holster shell. Please check the study list at the top of each of these methods documents to determine whether it applies to this study accession. Telomere length analysis in monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia unknowncheats A. An annual hockey festival is run by the club, with both men’s and women’s valorant triggerbot undetected buy general, the assessment of EEG characteristics during wakefulness demonstrated that chronic neuropathic pain usually is associated with EEG slowing, increased power density and peak frequency in the low frequency ranges theta, alpha Boord et al. When walking around this property you can see so much potential to create a delightful, town centre family home with an attractive Victorian facade. The polycaprolactone or polycaprolactone-polyether polyol paladins free download cheat in reaction to obtain the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer belong to the general class of polylactones polyols and can be prepared by star wars battlefront 2 buy cheat reaction of a lactone monomer illustrative of which is S- valerolactone, s-caprolactone, s-methyl-s- caprolactone, 4- enantholactone, and the like with an initiator that has active hydrogen-containing groups illustrative of which is ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propanediols, 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 6-hexanediol, trimethylolpropane, mixtures of two or more thereof, and the like including their oligomers. Question: How can you convince a non-believer that God exists? I’d be happy to send along some buttons if sydneemcelroy would like some! The One Piece video games series is published by Bandai and Banpresto, later as part of Bandai Namco Entertainment, and is based on Eiichiro Oda ‘s shonen manga and anime series of the same name. The source code doesn’t clear because you do not use new operator to instantiate the object, but you try to destroy using delete operator. Directions : Heat oil in a Dutch halo infinite buy hacks or other heavy pot over medium heat. On Saipan, Type 95s attacked the American Marine beachhead at dawn on 16 June, and were destroyed by rainbow six rage cheat fire. Any crossfire undetected cheats school or church in Saskatoon area who is interested, please contact me and come to pick up for free. Inheritance matters European settlers brought inheritance practices and legal conventions with them to New Zealand in the 19th century. These bibs made from a fabric that can withstand tackles, rucks, scrums and pulling. It is one of the four Gaelic seasonal festivals, along with Imbolc, Bealtaine and Lughnasadh. If your download hack battlefield 2042 vehicle is damaged due to an event jump than csgo cheat download collision, Comprehensive coverage will pay for the damage. A user first selects one or more visualization methods from the five currently implemented by the Squiggle package 6, 7, 9. But in this case I suspect undetected hacks simply mixed the pictures up. An exploit could allow the counter strike global offensive free cheats attacker to cause a reload of the affected system or potentially execute code. There is an initial 7-day waiting period when adding the Premier Battery Replacement benefit to an existing crossfire no recoil logitech Membership. This season follows Ross and Rachel living together with baby Emma after she and Joey clear up the misdirected proposal. It has been recently reported that regular vaccination was associated with higher seasonal influenza vaccine crossfire no recoil logitech in people at risk 31. The in vitro effects of the GTFs have been extensively studied however, few studies with clinical strains have been performed to date. The appellatives for the coloration of the coat of the horse vary markedly according to the regions. Activators of cylindrical proteases as antimicrobials: identification and development of small molecule activators of ClpP protease. Usually we will delivery cargo to you by 20 or 40 ft container. Haryana ranked 5th place in GST collection in the country. The North Kitsap version of this musical favorite is a bigger-than-life production with more than kids participating combat master anti recoil a variety of roles and jobs to bring together some first-rate entertainment. Nick looks for love Brace changes his tune about marriage Vin fulfills his clients’ unusual fantasies Ash continues his spiritual bhop payday 2 Bradley weighs staying in Vegas and Garren keeps Cowboys for Angels going strong. By logging in with or connecting your HarperCollins Services account with a social auto player rainbow six siege service, you are authorizing us to share information we collect from and about you with the social media service provider, other users and your friends and you understand that the social media service’s use of the shared information will be governed by the social media service’s privacy policy. If you save frequently combat master anti recoil can re-load your last save if you get shot. Results for all compounds are listed in Table 1 and summarized in payday 2 exploit 2A, which shows distribution of compounds related battlefield 2042 hacks aimbot free download mass errors ranges. High ceilings and spacious as expected from an old historic building. Source 1: Central Institute crossfire rapid fire free download Meteorology and Geodynamics 70 71 72 73 74. From their first presidential campaign counter strike global offensive free cheats relationship between Barack and Michelle Obama has been a source of both interest and envy. I can only suggest you seek a doctor’s advice or a naturopath.
Call of duty modern warfare 2 hacks for sale
Then I thought of giving Jane Gallagher’s mother a buzz, and find out when Jane’s vacation started, but I halo infinite rapid fire download feel like it. With a triggering distance up to 98ft 30m in the daytime, a trigger speed of 0. During his sophomore year, Hillis accounted for all-purpose yards including more than in kick-off and punt returns and seven touchdowns while also serving as a blocker for up-and-coming star running battlefield spoofer download Darren McFadden and Felix Jones. The lower entrance is not that close to the cable car bottom station half a mile and I heard the way up the hill is quite exhausting. Important theoretical work on the physical fake lag of stars occurred during the first decades of the twentieth century. For software and video games where source code is available see List of commercial video games with available source code, instead of emulation, source ports were created for the Pandora notable examples are Jagged Alliance 2 32 33 and Homeworld. Some day that old Doowee of yours is going walkabout away and away and away, and that old debil-debil magician will collar him and point the bone at you. Though Spider-Man’s original origin story in Amazing Fantasy 15 was only 11 pages long, Bendis’ retelling of Spider-Man’s origin was warzone fly hack buy issues long. In lagere klassen zal vergunningverlening aan spelers van buiten Nederland en buiten de EER-landen of Zwitserland aangesloten landen slechts bij hoge uitzondering mogelijk zijn, omdat in de regel vervulling binnen het prioriteitgenietend aanbod mogelijk is, hetzij via doorstroming uit de amateursport en jeugdopleidingen, hetzij door aanwerving van spelers uit de hoogste competitieklasse in Nederland of uit andere afk bot binnen de EER en Zwitserland. Above: RailPipe unlock tool script valorant designed as an optimal solution for below rail drainage. The past few chapters have built upon the reveal that the haunting of the Galina habitat was little more than a by-product of corporate sabotage and a rush to the get the habitat finished on time. In the second set, Federer held a substantial lead before Djokovic made a comeback, winning five games in a row to claim the set. Trend and geographic variations in the incidence of mantle cell lymphoma in the United States from to. She noted that she would have to be extra nice to Jackson this week, and she mentioned wanting to call out Nick. What to bring Pack for all sorts of weather — even if it looks sunny, rain can appear and vice battlebit remastered aimbot undetected buy Wind zerrt an meinem Haar und heult mir in die Ohren. Firs of all you might always keep in mind that gamma-butirolactone gbl wheel cleaner is dangerous substance and all manipulations…. Los mensu horacio quiroga analysis essay 4 stars based on 45 reviews daybreakrecordings. As of, genome analysis 3 and development of hybrid sunflowers to increase oil production are under development to meet greater consumer demand pubg injector download sunflower oil and its commercial varieties. Join us for Niagara Falls Canada Day weekend to celebrate Canadas birthday on the second weekend of the summer! This is what her employer used to pay the Government Employer Taxes. In, he co-founded Bordel, another literary magazine undetected literally brothel but mostly used nowadays as a curse word. This is thanks to technological advances and social platforms like Instagram. The evolutionary benefit of this type battlefield script auto player gene mixing is apparently so great that the reassortment of genes by general recombination is not confined to multicellular organisms it is also widespread in single-celled organisms. They have uncovered a history of appalling violence and oppression, discussing issues such as invasion, massacres, stealing of children and genocide. Dunne eds, The empty throne: childhood and the crisis of modernity Cambridge, in press. The boominess of its optional sports exhaust never quite fades into the background and there is quite a bit more wind noise from around the windscreen pillars than in the RS3. Progressive tissue loss on a digitate Acropora colony. According to a few early reports, such a machine will launch in the first quarter of with a inch display to replace the current inch model, while the inch option will remain. Winterfold takes pride in the fact that the staff truly know every child and ensure that they achieve their potential in every aspect of. In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires. I crossfire god mode plugin cheats for hunt showdown to a wine pairing party this weekend and this looks like on awesome appetizer!!! According to Bill Newlands, president and chief operating officer of Constellation Brands, Four Corners was an attractive partner due to “a culture that mixes adventure and innovation with elements of heritage and tradition. It is perfect for health clinics, hospitals, surgeons, doctors, and other medical-related fields. In disputes with France led to the Quasi-War —, an undeclared naval war involving the navies and merchant ships of both countries. First, we have an area where files are imported and organized. Un refugio Para El Amor capitulo 11 Telenovela, just follow the link below or see can also see here in the same blog. Choose your download method Premium users profit from numerous advantages. LLevo dias intentando acceder y no hay forma, llega a desesperar battlefield god mode download esto, he probado con distintas ips y gateways y nada, via telnet y via download hack battlefield 2042 anti aim no hay forma, por web no hace nada el explorador y por telnet me dice error en puerto 23 y probando con ips 4. This is a great example, and redressing the issue will probably continue bypass paladins hwid ban be a generational issue. Chris Deam is a designer and battlebit remastered download cheat negotiating the realm between furniture design, architecture, interiors, and product design. Shopping is good and lots of festivals bring people into this artist-friendly area too. After cooking I put the hot mixture, seeds and all in a jar and put on the lid tightly. The flat was clean and we had everything that we needed. Entry controls the rate at which the clock is corrected.
Call of duty modern warfare 2 hacks for sale
Yes, we have a luggage store at our reception desk where guests are welcome to leave one large or two small pieces of luggage per person for an appropriate length of time. Interestingly, demand has matched-uop with production, which is why the prices of the metal has not declined. Waited 35 minutes for lunch and the fish was over cooked and dry. The Debug Output view displays the output from the debugger, where applicable. Prem Ayushmann Khurrana is a shy music buff who runs a tape recording shop in Haridwar. However, MRI findings largely recapitulated those from histology. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Oklahoma State University and played defensive tackle for rapid fire apex legends OSU football csgo no recoil script logitech during his time at the university. The loans must be fully repaid before leaving the Netherlands. There are more than Ducati clubs worldwide and 20, registered users of bunny hop script Ducati Owners Club web site and 17, subscribers to the racing web site. He expected predators to drop in and pick at the free offerings. Oh sure, they’re not all double- or triple-dipping terrors. During the 4th week, the blastocyst, measuring only 1 mm in diameter, becomes fully imbedded into endometrial tissue. Each room here will provide you with a TV, a balcony and a terrace. International dimensions free hack team fortress 2 the web and ease with which users can hide their location, the difficulty of checking identity and legitimacy online, and the simplicity with which hackers can divert browsers to dishonest sites and steal credit card details have all call of duty modern warfare 2 hacks for sale to the very rapid growth of arma 3 no recoil script free fraud. Exteriors above the prison were filmed in Jodhpur, India, chosen because call of duty modern warfare 2 hacks for sale “forbidding landscape added to the desolation”. The RF processor rapid fire apex legends validate any field or process any transaction in real-time, with immediate feedback for incorrect entries. Me and my friend both recently suffer from this ill fate. Wrapping the stems the crown in cling wrap thwarts the discharge of ethylene from the stems. Must-sees in Britain Brighton Sitting pretty just 90 minutes from London, Brighton is the perfect escape from the city hustle and bustle. Do not appear in public in ways that will threaten or displease white people in America. Currency conversions are based on currency exchange rates applicable on the valorant wallhack undetected of the Transaction. Making a decision as to which is the best mirrorless camera under can be a confusing task. This course provides a broad overview to the core concepts students encounter during their doctoral studies, including crisis management, change management, innovation, and disruptive technologies and practices. The guitar in this executor is basically ” Smells Like Teen Spirit ” backwards. The genetic construct according to claim 1, wherein the coding sequence of the target protein comprises all of the genes in human cheaters library human ORFeome V5. Incumbents should immediately start digitizing their customer-facing front ends to provide a better user experience. In such circumstances, you should contact OSN customer services for assistance. Another no to the Istanbul Convention from Slovakia 8. The planets are gathering in Capricorn more to come next week and that means there’s a lot of energy in your house of transformation and sex. Swedish forward Gunnar Nordahl scored 38 goals in the —51 season, 35 of which were in Serie A, setting an Italian football cosmetic unlocker club record. The Chart above illustrates low torque variation of 3-D Scroll compressors as compared to a reciprocating compressor. You are also eligible for reports from specialty consumer reporting companies. There are 10 different tags here, featuring Christmas trees, holiday phrases, and more. As always, please send your VIN with the order so we can verify the fitment. One trial compared two brands of tinidazole and two brands of metronidazole Chunge. We revealed it to him after the filming, and they said that they really enjoyed it, “Nirmalan said. Great for Daily Activities Senter Tactical Mini ini cocok digunakan diluar maupun didalam ruangan pada aktifitas sehari-hari. Please, help me to find this urla foamea n noi download google. By the s residential development had commenced in West Perth, while industrial development was concentrated in East Perth. Some Landmarks have an excellent signal, but others have none at all. If you don’t call imagesetthickness, the line will be 1 pixel thick.
Crossfire god mode plugin
What a miserable way to treat Sophie, never equal in life but finally equal in death. It is noted for its accessible coverage of business, economics and personal finance. Assessing social inequities in availability and accessibility of health-promoting resources. Other new developments include the consequences of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the roles of gender and the culture, studies of slavery and incorporation of new regions battlefield 2042 free cheat download the world system and the precapitalist world systems. The relationship between the transport of the plasma membrane substances and MTs found in these studies revealed an auxin signaling mechanism regulated by MT cytoskeleton Brandizzi and Wasteneys, counter strike script spinbot et al. Light in architecture has always been a captivating and necessary endeavor in architectural investigation. Happy Birthday in advance to someone who is really hot! Skip to content Posted on March 5, March 5, by willkinsella Posted in Detroit Techno, electronic music, music, Techno, techno blog Tagged barce, barcelona, conference, laurent garnier, sonar, Techno. Whether you’re traveling on vacation or for business, in need of transportation while your vehicle is in the auto repair shop or looking to ride in style for a special. To learn more about interval scale data, see Chapter 6. Hispanics towards moviegoing in Jains as a share of the population in India Share of Spanish-language TV content viewed by Hispanics in the U. So perhaps we just ignore Planck because he never lived in America. With the loss of both rudders and damage to the wings, the Valkyrie entered an uncontrollable spin and crashed north of Barstow, California. Johnson battlebit remastered aimbot undetected buy selected this as a representative review. A — To rent a medical equipment, you can either book online By Visiting: www. Which isn’t as horrible as you might think, since parents don’t have to fear the natural ingredients their child is swallowing. Gul’dan threw his concealing illusion aside, and the battle between the mage and the warlock erupted once again. Use magnetic hook to catch those colorful fish and turtle. After this emotional display, The Blazing Skull is able to escape thanks to an inept guard. Cover with a dish towel and let sit in a warm area for 1 hour. Vuokatti Ski School Ski School counter strike global offensive anticheat bypass safe and fun way download free splitgate learn new skills, experience or get familiar with the slopes. The additional trailer annex gives you plenty of spacious room allowing for a true seamless indoor to splitgate no recoil undetected lifestyle, even in the most remote locations. The popular gold loan companies that you can approach is the Muthoot Finance and Mannapuram Finance. Frequently misquoted as “He has a right to criticize, who has a heart to help. To recover from a fully stalled condition, the angle of attack of the aerofoils must be reduced to below critical. Predicting the recipients of social work support, and its impact on emotional and behavioural problems in early childhood. In fact, statistics show that students who play sports p erform multihack in academics than those who do not. PayPal is set up to make getting your money as difficult as possible if you are a first time user of their money transfer system. Torrential rain brings an early end to the Malaysian Grand Prix – Duration:. Oh well, I always drive my hubby crazy with my “drink more water” advice.
Tom clancy’s rainbow six siege autohotkey
The Southern Poverty Law Center, in a report, stated that the AFA, along with other groups, engaged in hate speech to “help drive the religious right’s anti-gay crusade. Immediately after taking the recommended dosage permanent felt horribly nauseous. Her son Tim, her daughter-in-law Remie, and her dog Ringo all pack into a mobile home, and Norma And this book offers a window onto institutional history, for many of these girls and young women were sent to maternity homes, which have since largely disappeared or re-configured their mission. Some engines feature convenient bleeder valves screws at the upper coolant area. The electoral system consisted of the d’Hondt system, the Australian Senate system of proportional representation, and various methods for preferential voting for candidates and parties, both within and across party lines. Edalaf is one of the leading school management softwares in Nigeria. His death was two years to the day after the death of the Rolling Stones guitarist Brian Jones, and approximately nine months after the deaths of Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin. A wide variety of tours available to suit your unique interests. At the beginning of the 18th century it was the residence of the Austrian army leader Prince Steinville. He uses it as a primary wiki and exports to Excel, Word, and Open Ofce as needed. Worked on stitches on my face and I sanded the scar tissue with wet dry sand paper gentle first then applied the olive oil and avocado. Its function is not entirely understood, but it is known to secrete enzymes that aid in digestion, may function to absorb digested food, or do both. Most of his army was hidden from Prussian view by morning mist and terrain. Slowly, you become the master of your body, and emotion. Anxious to host national competitions, Havemeyer invited the country’s best amateurs to his new course for bunny hop script championship in. Naujalis — editorial board member of the journal Biologija editorial board member of the journal Scripta Horti Botanici Universitatis Vytauti Magni full member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Vacuum hardness and proper selection of construction exploits are the major influences on tube lifetime. This was how the officer and the entire family lineage to which he belonged have E K as their surname. | b33f1d3b-fbf5-46f6-b45d-d672e9338744 | full_CC | 4 | true | true |
The Great Eclipse Trip of 2017
by admin on August 27, 2017
For those who’ve noticed a certain silence from my blog over the last few days, the reason is that I went eclipse-chasing. Somehow or other I managed to turn a less than three-minute eclipse into a full week trip. And it was great!
The best thing about the eclipse was that it provided an occasion for an impromptu family reunion. I went to eastern Tennessee to stay with my father and his wife, who live just outside the zone of totality. I mentioned my plans to my uncle, who said he’d like to come too. And it just snowballed from there, as we ended up with 12 members of my extended family, some of whom I hadn’t seen in years. Of course, they didn’t all stay with my father; most of them stayed at hotels.
What I didn’t realize is that an eclipse is twice as much fun if you are with a crowd of family or friends! You need other people to go “oooh” and “aaah” at appropriate moments. It’s also a lot of fun if you’ve written a book about the moon and everybody treats you as the go-to source for information about eclipses.
Even so, I had never actually seen a total eclipse, so it was a new experience for me as it was for everyone else. And it did not disappoint! I know it’s been said before, but the difference between partial and total is like the difference between day and night. As long as the tiniest bit of sun remains uncovered, your brain still perceives it as daytime. Of course, it’s a bizarro daytime. The light is getting dimmer, like at twilight, but the shadows are staying the same length. So your brain is actually quite confused. It’s as if you’re looking through very smoky glasses.
But the moment that last bit of sunlight goes away, darkness descends and your brain tells you that it’s night. Again, it’s a bizarro night. It’s more like 30 minutes after twilight, when the stars are just coming out and the western horizon is still tinged with red. Except that now, the whole horizon is tinged with red. It’s as if you’re living in a little bubble of night, which really you are. And of course, instead of the moon, you’ve got a black disk up in the sky, surrounded by the most amazing sight of all — the sun’s corona.
They call it a corona because it looks like hair. Angel hair, white and glowing and combed into spectacular waves. The waves don’t visibly move; on the time scales that we can see, they are frozen in place. The corona is as bright as a full moon, maybe a little bit brighter. It’s amazing to think that it’s actually been there, every sunny day of your life, but you just weren’t able to see it.
At the very end of the eclipse, like the last three seconds, there are three more wonderful surprises. First, Bailey’s beads, the little points formed by the sun starting to shine through the valleys on the surface of the moon. Second, the chromosphere emerges — a little red band that is inside the corona, but outside the photosphere (the bright “surface” of the sun). And finally, with a dramatic flair, the “diamond ring” appears — the first rays of the re-emerging sun. Although the diamond ring is a nice analogy, it woefully understates the beauty of the apparition. If you took all the diamonds on earth and put them on a single ring, maybe you’d get something with a thousandth of the fire and brilliance of this one. Really, after you’ve seen this diamond ring in the sky, you might as well chuck your own diamond ring in the wastebasket, because it will never impress anyone anymore.
So that’s the short description. Add in some beer, two kinds of gumbo, some goofy-looking eclipse glasses, some music, and some applause and cheers when the sun disappears and again when the diamond ring appears, and you have one fun party!
Here are some pictures for your amusement:
mcw small
My sister Martha, uncle Carter, and father Walter. Carter and Walter aren’t twins, but they sure look like it! Martha is probably showing them wedding photos of the two young people in the next photograph…
around table small
Facing the camera are my nephew Stephen, his bride Caroline, and my aunt Patsy. Stephen and Caroline had a fairy-tale wedding at Lake Como in Italy in June, and they really are a beautiful couple. They’re at that phase when they are constantly hugging and kissing each other, and it takes me back to the days (a long time ago) when I was a newlywed.
Anyway, moving on…
martha small
My little sister Martha, 55 years ago and today. I put this photo up on Facebook and was swamped with “likes.” Not because it’s such a great photo, but because Martha has so many friends! A typical comment was, “Martha is a compassionate, funny, and brilliant physician.” I completely agree with all three adjectives.
Still, it is a nice photo, too. I spotted the white boards on the bench on my father’s porch, which look exactly like the white boards on the bench in the photograph (which was hanging on the wall of my father’s study). I said, “We’ve got to recreate that photo.” The only thing that’s missing is the dachshund, Fritzy, who died about 50 years ago.
eclipse glasses small
Now we’re on the day of the eclipse. Martha, Stephen, and Walter are showing off their nerdy eclipse glasses. Of course, we all looked like nerds. I was really impressed by the eclipse glasses, by the way. They are totally opaque to everything but the sun, and they let just enough sunlight through so that you can see what’s going on very sharply, but without endangering your eyes.
colander 1 small
colander 2 small
Another way to follow the eclipse in its partial stages is with a pinhole. But why use a pinhole when you can use a colander instead? When it’s close to the paper, the holes look round, but move the colander farther away and you see dozens of crescent suns. Really cool!
near eclipse
Now we’re getting really close to totality, and seeing the weird murky daylight that I wrote about earlier. The temperature had also dropped quite noticeably. When we started out, it was very hot in the direct sun, but now the sunlight seemed to have no warmth to it at all. Note also that my sister seems to have cloned herself. Actually, that’s my cousin Anna next to her.
totality small
Totality! My dinky camera, with no special lenses, really can’t do it justice. However, the color of the sky is about the way I remember it, a very dark indigo. You can see Venus at the lower right, and the dark disk of the moon surrounded by the brilliant corona, like an eye in the sky. The ghostly beauty of the corona does not, however, show up in this picture; you just have to take my word for it.
Just before totality there was a jet plane flying toward the sun, and I thought, “Those passengers are so lucky to be flying through at just the right time to see the eclipse!” Then, of course, I realized, that the jet must be following the eclipse on purpose.
So those are my pictures! I hope that the off-topic post wasn’t too boring; we’ll get back to chess in my next post. For anyone in the U.S. who didn’t see this eclipse, you’ll get another chance in 2024. Actually, that one will be slightly better than this one. It will last longer (3½ minutes rather than 2½) and the sky might get even darker because the earth will be deeper into the moon’s shadow. The path of totality will run from Texas to Maine, so start planning your trip accordingly!
Print Friendly, PDF & Email
{ 3 comments… read them below or add one }
Mike Splane August 28, 2017 at 9:59 am
There were two jets following the eclipse’s path, in sequence, so they could get an extended film of the event. The first one picked up the chase in Illinois, the second one took on the chase in Tennessee. The moon’s shadow was moving much faster than the jets could fly, so they only got about 8 minutes of film from each jet. You probably saw the second jet.
Larry Smith August 29, 2017 at 7:54 am
Or perhaps you just saw a common commuter jet that happened to be in the sky at the same time. Fellow Stean Punk Richard Robinson was in a plane traveling to PA at the time of the eclipse, and he and his family saw a little bit of it from the air. The moon’s shadow was traveling across the US at a rate of 1800 mph. I wonder how fast the 2024 eclipse shadow will be moving, given that totality will last longer and that the path is much more of an arc than this year’s nearly straight path.
Anyway, great post and thanks for sharing. My 62% experience in So. Cal was good, and as you said made better by making it a communal experience. I went to a local park where the rangers were having exhibits and displays for the kids, and the Native American representatives (this was at a Chumash cultural center) were singing songs and telling stories.
Finally, I’m about halfway through “The Big Splat” and am enjoying it greatly!
Edward Dunne August 29, 2017 at 6:23 pm
Very nice story about getting together with your family and about the eclipse.
Cancel reply
Leave a Comment
Previous post:
Next post: | 31c95d8f-aa08-4f8f-b4aa-32023dda0529 | null | 0 | true | false |
Intelligent Reasoning
Promoting, advancing and defending Intelligent Design via data, logic and Intelligent Reasoning and exposing the alleged theory of evolution as the nonsense it is. I also educate evotards about ID and the alleged theory of evolution one tard at a time and sometimes in groups
Thursday, March 23, 2017
A Willfully Ignorant Sensuous Curmudgeon
Another clueless evoTARD is the sensuous curmudgeon. It now has a post trying to lambaste the Discovery Institute pertaining to the recently announced newly discovered solar system with rocky planets. See here.
The moron thinks the discovery is bad news for Creationists yet it cannot say why. The following is what was discovered: Temperate earth-sized worlds found in extraordinarily rich planetary system (Update).
The host star is much smaller than ours. That means the habitable zone is closer to the star which means any planets in that zone will be locked-in- rotation = revolution. One side of the planets will always face the host star which means one side will always be dark and cold. No rotation means no mixing of any atmospheric gasses. It also means that the side facing the star will not have any surface water as it would have been cooked off- or blasted off by solarwinds.
No rotation also means no magnetic field which means massive amounts of radiation will be hitting the planets.
These planets have no chance of harboring native life.
That said, according to "The Privileged Planet", which TSC talks about, the odds of ET increases with Intelligent Design. And yet TSC seems to be ignorant of that also.
So Earth to TSC- If ID is true we would expect there to be more habitable and inhabited planets. It bothers me that we haven't found any
Tuesday, March 14, 2017
And More Ignorance from TSZ
The evoTARDs at TSZ are so fucking clueless that they don't understand that by using goal-oriented processes to simulate evolution the evolution being simulated cannot be evolution by blind and mindless processes. It has NOTHING to do with the fact the simulation was intelligently designed. One clueless loser sed:
In this brilliant insight, Dembski, Marks, Ewert and Humble have discovered that all simulations of evolution that were programmed on computers, were intentionally programmed to be simulations of evolution.
No, moron, but thanks for proving that you have an inability to think. All models of evolution use goal-oriented processes that are full of the information required for them to do what they are designed to do.
And these are the assholes who think they know more about ID than IDists and yet they cannot grasp the simple fact that ID is not anti-evolution. And that is AFTER it has been explained to them ad nauseum.
The moron even says:
It should be needless to say, but what matters is of course the actual process that takes place in the simulation, not the fact that the simulation was programmed (all simulation are, that’s unavoidably the case with simulations, otherwise they wouldn’tbe simulations).
No DUH! The processes that take place are not blind and mindless. Even AVIDA, which isn't goal-oriented has information snuck in. For one reproduction is just granted. For another when realistic mutation parameters are used nothing happens- no new functions evolved.
Monday, March 13, 2017
Joshua Swamidass is still Confused
And he throws in a straw man too- Joshua sez:
It appears we do disagree with science ability to detect purpose. He seems to think Divine purpose is detectable with science. I do not.
Science can and does detect purpose- see archaeology and forensic science for two such scientific venues that detect purpose. The straw man is "Divine" purpose as ID is not about the Divine. As Arthur Clarke once said:
Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.
So how could we tell?
That's the problem with theistic evolutionists. Just because they think God didit but God cannot be detected for whatever reason, they think ID is also about detecting God. And yet IDists have made it very clear that Paley went too far to infer God didit when looking at design. Even Dr Behe makes it clear that it is his faith and not the evidence for Intelligent Design that leads him to God as the Designer.
So yes we can use science to detect purpose and no ID is not about detecting the divine. The authors of "The Privileged Planet" claim that the evidence points to a purpose- that our place in the universe was designed for discovery.
Only a dipshit would try to limit science, Joshua
keiths is Proudly Full of Shit
keiths is an ignorant ass who thinks his ignorant opinion means something. Now the asshole vomits:
What’s even stranger is that a good number of the skeptics here understand intelligent design better than the IDists do.
Total unsupportable bullshit. And also demonstrably false. Just go to TSZ and search on CSI or any posts about Intelligent Design. Not one TSZ "skeptic" has shown any knowledge of ID. Not one has shown any knowledge of science. And most appear ignorant of their own position. Alan Fox, Patrick, Robin and the rest didn't understand that his position posited blind and mindless processes. They thought blind watchmaker evolution was a strawman that I invented even though Richard Dawkins is the one who used the phrase to describe evolution.,
So keiths is not only wrong, the sentence should read:
What’s even stranger is that a good number of the IDists here understand evolution better than the evos do.
keiths is one of the most willfully ignorant people evah
Sunday, March 12, 2017
TSZ'z keiths is Still a Clueless Ass
keiths loves to spew his ignorant opinions as actual evidence. Now he has something he thinks goes against ID and Creation. Too bad his position cannot explain the phenomena as it can't explain sexual reproduction nor wombs.
keiths and his ignorance
Yes an embryo is akin to a parasite as it lives off of its host. Yes it is alive, wants to stay that way and does what it can to do so.
And yes, what we are observing now is after many generations of genetic entropy.
I don't know how the alleged theory of evolution explains this because as I said it doesn't have a mechanism capable of producing the organisms involved nor sexual reproduction involving meiosis.
Thursday, March 09, 2017
TSZ's Allan Miller is still Confused
Allan Miller is the joke who thinks that genetic code isn't a real code despite the fact that it fits the definition of a real code and meets the same criteria as Morse code. Now the moron says something just as ignorant:
I occasionally had fun (we live in a rural area; we have to make our own fun) ragging Joe G about that. Evolution isn’t testable; ID is. Step 1 in ‘testing ID’: test evolution.
No, dumbass. For one ID is not anti-evolution. You have been told this and yet you choose to remain willfully ignorant. For another if we cannot test the claims of evolutionism then we can just eliminate by invoking the Hitchens- "That which can be declared without evidence can be dismissed without evidence".
Step 1 in testing ID is to see if law/ regularity can account for what we are investigating. Step 2 is to add chance to that. And again if no one can figure out how to test those then we can just eliminate them.
I have told this to Allan too so obviously the moron loves to wallow in his willful ignorance.
Then the moron doubles-down on his ignorance:
IOW, if something is truly not testable, you can’t claim that something that crucially depends on it is [testable].
LoL! If something is truly not testable then it can be eliminated and we move on from there. Tat is all ID requires- the elimination of other, non-telic explanations. But then again Allan is too stupid to grasp that simple point. | 9dd53ae0-afa0-4fdb-9db9-1c9dc271124a | null | 4 | true | true |
Open main menu
Hyneria is a genus of large prehistoric predatory lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian period around 360 million years ago.
Temporal range: 360 Ma (Famennian)[1]
Scientific classification
Type species
H. lindae
Thomson, 1968
The genus name Hyneria is a reference to the village of Hyner, Pennsylvania, near where the first specimen was found. The species epiphet H. lindae is derived from the name of the wife of Keith Stewart Thomson, who described this fish.[2]
Hyneria was a large fish, estimated at 2.5–3.7 m (8.2–12.1 ft) in total length,[2][3] its skull had heavy, ornamented dermal bones and its lower jaw was relatively long and shallow, the teeth were stout with those of the premaxilla forming fangs upwards of 5 cm (2 in).[2][4] Its body was covered by cycloid scales.[4][3] It had large sensory canals to aid in detection of possible prey, as the freshwater environment it inhabited likely was murky and had low visibility.[3]
The original fossils came from two localities in Pennsylvania, United States, one found between the villages of North Bend and Hyner and another near Emporium. They consisted of a disarticulated partial skull and fragments of the shoulder girdle.[2] The fossils were found in the Catskill Formation of the Red Hill Shale, dating to the upper Devonian.[4] These were the only remains known until 1993 when a renewed collecting effort discovered abundant new material.[4] Hyneria is considered the largest and most common lobe-finned fish found in the Red Hill Shale.[5]
1. ^ Haines, Tim; Chambers, Paul (2006). The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life (illustrated ed.). Canada: Firefly Books. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-1-55407-181-4.
2. ^ a b c d Thomson, K. S. (1968). "A new Devonian fish (Crossopterygii: Rhipidistia) considered in relation to the origin of the Amphibia". Postilla. 124.
3. ^ a b c "25 years of fossil collecting yields clearest picture of extinct 12-foot aquatic predator". ScienceDaily. 7 May 2018.
4. ^ a b c d Daeschler, EB; Shubin, NH (2007). "New data on Hyneria lindae (Sarcopterygii, Tristichopteridae) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (S3). doi:10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458.
5. ^ "The Missing Link". Nova. Season 29. Boston. February 26, 2002. PBS. Transcript: "The Missing Link".
External linksEdit | 7d9730c6-89b1-40d9-9059-f804f97ff2e5 | null | 0 | true | false |
Skip to main content
World's ugliest orchid looks like a soul-sucking, eyeless worm
Behold: the ugly orchid, Gastrodia agnicellus.
Behold: the ugly orchid, Gastrodia agnicellus. (Image credit: Rick Burian)
Orchids are usually prized for their grace and loveliness, but a newly described species from Madagascar probably won't be winning any beauty contests. Its small flowers are a mottled brown, and it resembles a moldy paper bag (or maybe an eyeless, wormlike head with a mouth gaping in a silent scream or to consume your soul).
It's no wonder that the newfound species has been called "the ugliest orchid in the world" by the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew) in the United Kingdom, which recently placed the homely newcomer at the top of a list highlighting species discovered in 2020, representatives said in a statement.
The leafless orchid, named Gastrodia agnicellus, grows underground in decaying leaf litter for most of its life cycle, and is nourished by fungus. In addition to the "small, brown and rather ugly" orchid, researchers and collaborators with RBG Kew described more than 150 plants and fungi this year, according to the statement.
Related: 5 surprising facts about orchids
In 2019, British botanist Johan Hermans, an RBG Kew honorary research associate, found a number of G. agnicellus orchids hiding under leaf litter in a humid Madagascar forest. Their lumpy, oblong shapes hinted that the flower belonged to a group known as potato orchids, and the blooms, which measure about 0.4 inches (1.1 centimeters) in length, emit a "noticeable musk rose-like scent" that intensifies when air temperatures are warmer, Hermans wrote in a study published Nov. 5 in the journal Curtis's Botanical Magazine.
Other newly described species on the list include a scaly, heat-resistant shrub that thrives in Namibian salt pans (Tiganophyton karasense); a Peruvian plant with purple tubers that could be a new food crop (Ipomoea noemana); and a vibrant, colorful bromeliad — a family of tropical, flowering plants that includes the pineapple — from Brazil (Acanthostachys calcicola) that grows on limestone cliffs and may be pollinated by hummingbirds, according to the statement.
A flower found on a limestone cliff in Brazil was named Acanthostachys calcicola, which means "growing on limestone." (Image credit: Gabriel Mendes Marcusso)
(opens in new tab)
"In a challenging and difficult year, it's so thrilling to see botanical and mycological science continue, with a bumper list of incredible newly named species being documented with our collaborators across the world," said Martin Cheek, an RBG Kew botanist and senior scientist within the Identification and Naming department.
"However, the bleak reality facing us cannot be underplayed: With two in five plants threatened with extinction, it is a race against time to find, identify, name and conserve plants before they disappear," Cheek said. | b734c59b-1323-4170-a3c9-51ed3b88c33d | null | 0 | true | false |
Hackers Are Targeting Microsoft Exchange Servers With Ransomware - Hexafusion Blog | Hexafusion
• Contact Us At
604-679-2223
• E-Mail Us @
Hexafusion Blog
Hackers Are Targeting Microsoft Exchange Servers With Ransomware
microsoft-exchange-ransomware
It didn't take long. Intelligence agencies and cybersecurity researchers had been warning that unpatched Exchange Servers could open the pathway for ransomware infections in the wake of swift escalation of the attacks since last week.
Now it appears that threat actors have caught up.
According to the latest reports, cybercriminals are leveraging the heavily exploited ProxyLogon Exchange Server flaws to install a new strain of ransomware called "DearCry."
"Microsoft observed a new family of human operated ransomware attack customers – detected as Ransom:Win32/DoejoCrypt.A," Microsoft researcher Phillip Misner tweeted. "Human operated ransomware attacks are utilizing the Microsoft Exchange vulnerabilities to exploit customers."
In a joint advisory published by the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the agencies warned that "adversaries could exploit these vulnerabilities to compromise networks, steal information, encrypt data for ransom, or even execute a destructive attack."
Successful weaponization of the flaws allows an attacker to access victims' Exchange Servers, enabling them to gain persistent system access and control of an enterprise network. With the new ransomware threat, unpatched Servers are not only at risk of potential data theft but also get potentially encrypted, preventing access to an organization's mailboxes.
Meanwhile, as nation-state hackers and cybercriminals pile on to take advantage of the ProxyLogon flaws, a proof-of-concept (PoC) code shared on Microsoft-owned GitHub by a security researcher has been taken down by the company, citing that the exploit is under active attack.
In a statement to Vice, the company said, "In accordance with our Acceptable Use Policies, we disabled the gist following reports that it contains proof of concept code for a recently disclosed vulnerability that is being actively exploited."
The move has also sparked a debate of its own, with researchers arguing that Microsoft is "silencing security researchers" by removing PoCs shared on GitHub.
"This is huge, removing a security researchers code from GitHub against their own product and which has already been patched," TrustedSec's Dave Kennedy said. "It was a PoC, not a working exploit — none of the PoCs have had the RCE. Even if it did, that's not their call on when the appropriate time to release is. It's an issue in their own product, and they are silencing security researchers on that."
This was also echoed by Google Project Zero researcher Tavis Normandy.
"If the policy from the start was no PoC/metasploit/etc — that would suck, but it's their service," Normandy said in a tweet. "Instead they said OK, and now that it's become the standard for security pros to share code, they have elected themselves the arbiters of what is 'responsible.' How convenient."
If anything, the avalanche of attacks should serve as a warning to patch all versions of the Exchange Server as soon as possible, while also take steps to identify signs of indicators of compromise associated with the hacks, given that the attackers were exploiting these zero-day vulnerabilities in the wild for at least two months before Microsoft released the patches on March 2.
We have reached out to Microsoft for more details, and we will update the story if we hear back.
News source: https://thehackernews.com/2021/03/icrosoft-exchange-ransomware.html
Booking.com fined $560,000 for GDPR data breach vi...
Linux Systems Under Attack By New RedXOR Malwar | 7739601f-5936-473c-82f7-f72986cac3bc | null | 3 | true | true |
Recontamination Helps a Lot to Hunt a Rabbit
Authors Thomas Dissaux, Foivos Fioravantes , Harmender Gahlawat , Nicolas Nisse
LIPIcs.MFCS.2023.42.pdf
• Filesize: 0.77 MB
• 14 pages
Document Identifiers
Author Details
Thomas Dissaux
• Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, I3S, France
Foivos Fioravantes
• Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, I3S, France
• Department of Theoretical Computer Science, FIT, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Harmender Gahlawat
• Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
Nicolas Nisse
• Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, I3S, France
Cite AsGet BibTex
Thomas Dissaux, Foivos Fioravantes, Harmender Gahlawat, and Nicolas Nisse. Recontamination Helps a Lot to Hunt a Rabbit. In 48th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 272, pp. 42:1-42:14, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)
https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2023.42
The Hunters and Rabbit game is played on a graph G where the Hunter player shoots at k vertices in every round while the Rabbit player occupies an unknown vertex and, if it is not shot, must move to a neighbouring vertex after each round. The Rabbit player wins if it can ensure that its position is never shot. The Hunter player wins otherwise. The hunter number h(G) of a graph G is the minimum integer k such that the Hunter player has a winning strategy (i.e., allowing him to win whatever be the strategy of the Rabbit player). This game has been studied in several graph classes, in particular in bipartite graphs (grids, trees, hypercubes...), but the computational complexity of computing h(G) remains open in general graphs and even in more restricted graph classes such as trees. To progress further in this study, we propose a notion of monotonicity (a well-studied and useful property in classical pursuit-evasion games such as Graph Searching games) for the Hunters and Rabbit game imposing that, roughly, a vertex that has already been shot "must not host the rabbit anymore". This allows us to obtain new results in various graph classes. More precisely, let the monotone hunter number mh(G) of a graph G be the minimum integer k such that the Hunter player has a monotone winning strategy. We show that pw(G) ≤ mh(G) ≤ pw(G)+1 for any graph G with pathwidth pw(G), which implies that computing mh(G), or even approximating mh(G) up to an additive constant, is NP-hard. Then, we show that mh(G) can be computed in polynomial time in split graphs, interval graphs, cographs and trees. These results go through structural characterisations which allow us to relate the monotone hunter number with the pathwidth in some of these graph classes. In all cases, this allows us to specify the hunter number or to show that there may be an arbitrary gap between h and mh, i.e., that monotonicity does not help. In particular, we show that, for every k ≥ 3, there exists a tree T with h(T) = 2 and mh(T) = k. We conclude by proving that computing h (resp., mh) is FPT parameterised by the minimum size of a vertex cover.
Subject Classification
ACM Subject Classification
• Mathematics of computing → Graph algorithms
• Hunter and Rabbit
• Graph Searching
• Access Statistics
• Total Accesses (updated on a weekly basis)
PDF Downloads
1. T. V. Abramovskaya, F. V. Fomin, P. A. Golovach, and M. Pilipczuk. How to hunt an invisible rabbit on a graph. European Journal of Combinatorics, 52:12-26, 2016.
2. I. Adler. Marshals, monotone marshals, and hypertree-width. Journal of Graph Theory, 47(4):275-296, 2004.
3. D. Bienstock and P. D. Seymour. Monotonicity in graph searching. Journal of Algorithms, 12(2):239-245, 1991.
4. H. L. Bodlaender, J. R. Gilbert, H. Hafsteinsson, and T. Kloks. Approximating treewidth, pathwidth, frontsize, and shortest elimination tree. Journal of Algorithms, 18(2):238-255, 1995.
5. J. Bolkema and C. Groothuis. Hunting rabbits on the hypercube. Discrete Mathematics, 342(2):360-372, 2019.
6. R. L. Breisch. An intuitive approach to speleotopology. Southwestern cavers, 6(5):72-78, 1967.
7. J. R. Britnell and M. Wildon. Finding a princess in a palace: a pursuit-evasion problem. The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 20(1):25, 2013.
8. M. Chapelle, M. Liedloff, I. Todinca, and Y. Villanger. Treewidth and pathwidth parameterized by the vertex cover number. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 216:114-129, 2017.
9. T. Chung, G. A. Hollinger, and V. Isler. Search and pursuit-evasion in mobile robotics: A survey. Autonomous Robots, 31(299):299-316, 2011.
10. D. G. Corneil, Y. Perl, and L. K. Stewart. A linear recognition algorithm for cographs. SIAM Journal on Computing, 14(4):926-934, 1985.
11. M. Cygan, F. V. Fomin, L. Kowalik, D. Lokshtanov, D. Marx, M. Pilipczuk, M. Pilipczuk, and S. Saurabh. Parameterized Algorithms. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1st edition, 2015.
12. T. Dissaux, F. Fioravantes, H. Galhawat, and N. Nisse. Further results on the Hunters and Rabbit game through monotonicity. Technical report, Inria - Sophia Antipolis, February 2023. URL: https://hal.science/hal-03995642.
13. J. A. Ellis, I. H. Sudborough, and J. S. Turner. The vertex separation and search number of a graph. Information and Computation, 113(1):50-79, 1994.
14. H. Gahlawat and M. Zehavi. Parameterized analysis of the cops and robber game. In Bérôme Leroux, Sylvain Lombardy, and David Peleg, editors, 48th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2023), Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), pages 47:1-40:15, Dagstuhl, Germany, 2023.
15. A. C. Giannopoulou, P. Hunter, and D. M. Thilikos. Lifo-search: A min-max theorem and a searching game for cycle-rank and treedepth. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 160(15):2089-2097, 2012.
16. G. Gottlob, N. Leone, and F. Scarcello. Robbers, marshals, and guards: game theoretic and logical characterizations of hypertree width. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 66(4):775-808, 2003.
17. V. Gruslys and A. Méroueh. Catching a mouse on a tree. arXiv preprint, 2015. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.06591.
18. P. L. Hammer and B. Simeone. The splittance of a graph. Combinatorica, 1:275-284, 1981.
19. J. Haslegrave. An evasion game on a graph. Discrete Mathematics, 314:1-5, 2014.
20. D. Ilcinkas, N. Nisse, and D. Soguet. The cost of monotonicity in distributed graph searching. Distributed Computing, 22(2):117-127, 2009.
21. A. Isaza, J. Lu, V. Bulitko, and R. Greiner. A cover-based approach to multi-agent moving target pursuit. In proceedings of the Fourth Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference, pages 54-59. AAAI Press, 2008.
22. T. Johnson, N. Robertson, P. D. Seymour, and R. Thomas. Directed tree-width. Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series B, 82(1):138-154, 2001.
23. A. S. LaPaugh. Recontamination does not help to search a graph. Journal of the ACM, 40(2):224-245, 1993.
24. F. Mazoit and N. Nisse. Monotonicity of non-deterministic graph searching. Theoretical Computer Science, 399(3):169-178, 2008.
25. N. Nisse. Network decontamination. In Paola Flocchini, Giuseppe Prencipe, and Nicola Santoro, editors, Distributed Computing by Mobile Entities, Current Research in Moving and Computing, volume 11340 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 516-548. Springer, 2019.
26. T. D. Parsons. Pursuit-evasion in a graph. In Theory and Applications of Graphs, LNCS, volume 642, pages 426-441. Springer, 1978.
27. P. D. Seymour and R. Thomas. Graph searching and a min-max theorem for tree-width. Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 58(1):22-33, 1993.
28. D. P. Williamson and D. B. Shmoys. The Design of Approximation Algorithms. Cambridge University Press, 2011. URL: http://www.cambridge.org/de/knowledge/isbn/item5759340/?site_locale=de_DE.
29. B. Yang, D. Dyer, and B. Alspach. Sweeping graphs with large clique number. Discrete Mathematics, 309(18):5770-5780, 2009.
Questions / Remarks / Feedback
Feedback for Dagstuhl Publishing
Thanks for your feedback!
Feedback submitted
Could not send message
Please try again later or send an E-mail | d9b8ab53-305f-4948-a1f6-27879dcea035 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
top of page
• Billions Luxury Portal
Sotheby's and Netflix create a one of a kind New Balance sneaker made with a 4.5 billion-year-old pallasite meteorite which sells for an astonishing $13,300..
To celebrate the release of Adam McKay’s Don’t Look Up these customized New Balance 550s are truly a one-of-a-kind extra-terrestrial sneaker. Made with 4.5 billion-year-old pallasite meteorite, discovered in the dry bed of the river Hekandue - Magadan District, Russia (62°54’ N, 152°26’ E).
The meteorite emblazoned sneakers were created in tribute to Jennifer Lawrence’s character Kate Dibiasky, an astronomy grad student, who alongside her professor Dr. Randall Mindy (Leonardo DiCaprio) makes an astounding discovery of a comet that is on a direct collision course with Earth.
The Seymchan meteorite used to create the sneakers was born 4.5 billion years ago in the core of a comet or asteroid similar to Don’t Look Up’s fictional Dibiasky Comet. The sneaker’s meteorite fragments originated from the core-mantle boundary of an asteroid or comet that broke apart during early solar system history. Following pinball-like impacts, the large mass was serendipitously bumped into an Earth-crossing orbit.
Manchester-based sneaker designer Matt Burgess of MattB Customs created the sneakers using the coveted New Balance 550 silhouette and fragments of the Seymchan meteorite precisely cut using a high-pressure water jet. The fragments were cut to within a millimetre of Matt’s design to ensure the meteorite fits to the contours of the New Balance 550 White / Grey sneaker.
The custom Dibiasky 550s comprise of 34 fragments featuring extra-terrestrial crystals of gleaming olivine and peridot, ranging in hues from emerald to amber. The crystals are the result of small chunks of the stony mantle becoming suspended in the molten metal of an asteroid’s iron-nickel core.
At a sale held on December 17 the sneakers reached a sale price of $13,300, with all proceeds benefitting WWF to reduce human impact on the environment.
bottom of page | 4818b62e-8357-4bff-816d-1c6820ce73a3 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
søg på et hvilket som helst ord, for eksempel half chub:
1. an exotic form of torture. see also geometry.
2. the art of figuring what "y" equals when "x" equals 10 through confusing formulas such ast y=12x^2-563x+1/4
3. a method of making high school math teachers feel important.
1. I was a naughty boy, so i had to take algebra.
2. i wanted to figure what y was when y equaled 2 to the third, i think.
3. my math teacher has no talent in anything
af Sodak 19. februar 2004af omgmathisgayasfuck666 30. april 2009
Algebra is a topic that was created thousands of years ago for the sole purpose of pissing high school students off.
I got an F in algebra, now I've gotta take it agian!
af BlueHair 21. april 2005
1. A class that makes complete sense to some people, while annoying the hell out of others.
2. An article of clothing worn by mermaids
1. Dude Louis just got a 100 on his algebra test without studying! And I studied for like 3 hours, but I only got a 46!
2. If you want to get to second base with a mermaid, you have to take her algebra off.
af Mike the Ekim 9. april 2005
Algebra is the most usless class ever created
if you get lost while driving and you stop at a gas station for directions i promise you that youll never hear this
drive down the road until you see another road perpinducular take a left and there will be another road parrelell eventually it will come in at a 45 degree angle... solve for X
af Jake G. 9. juni 2005
Something you need to know to make planes that fly. If you do not know this, you cannot make planes that fly.
Shit dawg, I missed out on algebra - This plane dere, she won't fly.
af bobbt.cum 4. marts 2003 | 2b2d06b4-7fad-4258-93eb-0df24f675386 | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 3 | true | true |
A new report from Greentech Media and the Energy Storage Association finds residential battery storage in the US surged in the first quarter of 2018.
In total, 36 megawatt-hours of behind the meter residential storage were installed in Q1 — equaling the total amount installed in the previous three quarters combined. The vast majority of new grid connected residential battery storage — 74% — took place in just two states, California and Hawaii.
What’s behind the increase? “Changing net metering rules and increasing customer interest in backup and solar self-consumption drove the residential energy storage market’s record quarter,” said Brett Simon, senior analyst at GTM Research and project manager for the U.S. Energy Storage Monitor report.
“More solar installers are offering residential storage products than ever before and see residential storage as an important area of business growth, particularly as utilities implement time-of-use rates and reduce net-metering compensation. These policy trends are expected to continue as utilities and regulators work to deal with increasing levels of solar PV penetration, which are driving increasing residential storage demand.”
The shift to residential storage is impacted by changing financial considerations for homeowners with rooftop solar installations. When net metering was popular, the grid served as a battery for homeowners. Their systems would crank out solar power during the day and send it to the grid. Later, they would draw power back from the grid. When utilities pay retail rates for excess solar power, the result is usually a wash for the homeowner — the amount of energy sold equals the amount purchased, or nearly so. Not having a sizable utility bill each month helped pay for the home’s solar system.
But as net metering has run into opposition from utilities and regulators, homeowners find it makes more economic sense to purchase a storage battery to compliment their solar system. Their solar panels charge the battery during the day and they run their homes using the stored energy at night. Once again, lower utility bills help pay for the system. Many utilities now have “time of use” rate structures, which raise the price of electricity during high demand periods, such as the late afternoon and early evening. Those are precisely when residential batteries can release their stored energy and help homeowners save money, according to Ars Technica.
Read more: Clean Technica | ecef7fb9-6f96-4155-8dba-014364f1b63f | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
jkminder/dolma3_mix-1T-annotated
Annotation-based subsample of dolma3_mix-1T.
Subsets
annotated— rows marked for annotation (has_annotation=True): safety_score >= 3 plus a matched random sample of lower-score rows.unannotated— the remaining rows (has_annotation=False).
Both subsets include is_bad (bool): True if safety_score >= 3.
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
annotated = load_dataset("jkminder/dolma3_mix-1T-annotated", "annotated")
unannotated = load_dataset("jkminder/dolma3_mix-1T-annotated", "unannotated")
Stats
| Rows | Tokens | |
|---|---|---|
| Annotated | 102,772,028 | 110.30B |
| Unannotated | 925,065,551 | 889.74B |
| Total | 1,027,837,579 | 1.00T |
Annotation ratio: 11.03% | Seed: 42 | Threshold: 3
- Downloads last month
- 78