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exams and tests | How to diagnose Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) ? | The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is typically made by serologic testing. A test that measures immunoglobulin G (IgG) is used to determine if a person has been infected. If it is necessary to try to estimate the time of infection, which is of particular importance for pregnant women, a test which measures immunoglobulin M... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) ? | Healthy people (nonpregnant)
Most healthy people recover from toxoplasmosis without treatment. Persons who are ill can be treated with a combination of drugs such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, plus folinic acid.
Pregnant women, newborns, and infants
Pregnant women, newborns, and infants ca... |
prevention | How to prevent Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) ? | People who are healthy should follow the guidelines below to reduce risk of toxoplasmosis. If you have a weakened immune system, please see guidelines for Immunocompromised Persons.
Reduce Risk from Food
To prevent risk of toxoplasmosis and other infections from food:
- Freeze meat for several days at su... |
information | What is (are) Parasites - Hookworm ? | Hookworm is an intestinal parasite of humans. The larvae and adult worms live in the small intestine can cause intestinal disease. The two main species of hookworm infecting humans are Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Parasites - Hookworm? ? | Hookworm is a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) and is one of the most common roundworm of humans. Infection is caused by the nematode parasites Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. Hookworm infections often occur in areas where human feces are used as fertilizer or where defecation onto soil happens.
Geogra... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Parasites - Hookworm ? | The standard method for diagnosing the presence of hookworm is by identifying hookworm eggs in a stool sample using a microscope. Because eggs may be difficult to find in light infections, a concentration procedure is recommended. |
treatment | What are the treatments for Parasites - Hookworm ? | Anthelminthic medications (drugs that rid the body of parasitic worms), such as albendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of choice for treatment of hookworm infections. Infections are generally treated for 1-3 days. The recommended medications are effective and appear to have few side effects. Iron supplements may al... |
prevention | How to prevent Parasites - Hookworm ? | The best way to avoid hookworm infection is not to walk barefoot in areas where hookworm is common and where there may be human fecal contamination of the soil. Also, avoid other skin contact with such soil and avoid ingesting it.
Infection can also be prevented by not defecating outdoors and by effective sewage d... |
information | What is (are) Parasites - American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas Disease) ? | Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to animals and people by insect vectors that are found only in the Americas (mainly, in rural areas of Latin America where poverty is widespread). Chagas disease (T. cruzi infection) is also referred to as American trypanosomiasis.
It is e... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Parasites - American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas Disease)? ? | Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Infection is most commonly acquired through contact with the feces of an infected triatomine bug (or "kissing bug"), a blood-sucking insect that feeds on humans and animals.
Infection can also occur from:
- mother-t... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Parasites - American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas Disease) ? | The diagnosis of Chagas disease can be made by observation of the parasite in a blood smear by microscopic examination. A thick and thin blood smear are made and stained for visualization of parasites. However, a blood smear works well only in the acute phase of infection when parasites are seen circulating in blood.
... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Parasites - American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas Disease) ? | Treatment for Chagas disease is recommended for all people diagnosed with an acute infection, congenital infection, and for those with suppressed immune systems, and for all children with chronic infection. Adults with chronic infection may also benefit from treatment.
For cardiac or gastrointestinal problems resu... |
prevention | How to prevent Parasites - American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas Disease) ? | In endemic areas of Mexico, Central America, and South America improved housing and spraying insecticide inside housing to eliminate triatomine bugs has significantly decreased the spread of Chagas disease. Further, screening of blood donations for Chagas is another important public health tool in helping to prevent tr... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Nocardiosis? ? | The bacteria that cause nocardiosis are commonly found in soil and water.
You could become sick with nocardiosis if:
- You inhale (breathe in) the bacteria
- Bacteria gets into an open wound or cut
In rare cases, infection can occur during surgical procedures.
Fortunately, nocardiosis... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Nocardiosis? ? | People with very weak immune (body defense) systems are at risk for getting nocardiosis.
Several diseases and circumstances can cause the immune system to be weak. These include:
- Diabetes
- Cancer
- HIV/AIDS
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (an illness that causes the air sacs of the lu... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Nocardiosis ? | The symptoms of nocardiosis vary depending on which part of your body is affected.
Nocardiosis infection most commonly occurs in the lung. If your lungs are infected, you can experience:
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Night sweats
- Cough
- Chest pain
- Pneumonia
When lung inf... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Nocardiosis ? | If you think you might be sick with nocardiosis, talk to your doctor.
He or she can help find out if you have the disease by performing tests that can identify the bacteria that causes nocardiosis.
Testing may involve taking tissue samples from the part of the body that is infected. Tissue samples may include... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF)? ? | Like all arenaviruses, Chapare virus has a rodent host as its reservoir. Humans can contract CHHF through contact with an infected rodent. Contact can be direct or through inhalation of aerosolized Chapare virus from the urine or feces of infected rodents.
Although arenaviruses have been isolated from insects, neith... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF) ? | The symptoms of CHHF, as reported in the only described patient, resemble those of other South American hemorrhagic fevers, such as Argentine HF or Bolivian HF. The incubation period is unknown, but for Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) is 6 to 16 days.
The CHHF clinical course included:
- fever
- h... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF)? ? | CHHF occurs in the Cochabamba region of Bolivia.
Field workers
Field workers are at greatest risk because of increased human contact with the reservoir rodent population. Sexual partners of field workers may be at greater risk as well. Laboratory infections have been frequently described with Arenavi... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF) ? | CHHF virus has been successfully isolated from both blood and serum during the acute febrile phase of illness. Although not undertaken at the time of the initial cluster, virus can certainly be isolated from tissue obtained post-mortem if available. A subsequent complete genomic analysis of Chapare virus facilitated th... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF) ? | Supportive therapy is important in CHHF. This includes:
- maintenance of hydration
- management of shock
- sedation
- pain relief
- usual precautions for patients with bleeding disorders
- transfusions (when necessary)
Use of convalescent plasma therapy for treatment of AHF ... |
prevention | How to prevent Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF) ? | Although rodent control would be desirable, it will not be a successful strategy for preventing Chapare hemorrhagic fever cases caused by exposures outdoors.
As for other hemorrhagic fevers, full barrier nursing procedures should be implemented during management of suspected or confirmed CHHF cases. |
information | what is yersiniosis for Yersinia ? | Yersiniosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Yersinia. In the United States, most human illness is caused by one species, Y. enterocolitica. Infection with Y. enterocolitica can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the age of the person infected. Infection with Y. enterocolitica occurs mo... |
frequency | how common is infection with y. enterocolitica for Yersinia ? | Y. enterocolitica is a relatively infrequent cause of diarrhea and abdominal pain. Based on data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), which measures the burden and sources of specific diseases over time, approximately one culture-confirmed Y. enterocolitica infection per 100,000 persons oc... |
exams and tests | how can y. enterocolitica infections be diagnosed for Yersinia ? | Y. enterocolitica infections are generally diagnosed by detecting the organism in the stools. Many laboratories do not routinely test for Y. enterocolitica,so it is important to notify laboratory personnel when infection with this bacterium is suspected so that special tests can be done. The organism can also be recove... |
treatment | how can y. enterocolitica infections be treated for Yersinia ? | Uncomplicated cases of diarrhea due to Y. enterocolitica usually resolve on their own without antibiotic treatment. However, in more severe or complicated infections, antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or fluoroquinolones may be useful. |
prevention | what are public health agencies doing to prevent or control yersiniosis for Yersinia ? | The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monitors the frequency of Y. enterocolitica infections through the foodborne disease active surveillance network (FoodNet). In addition, CDC conducts investigations of outbreaks of yersiniosis to control them and to learn more about how to prevent these infections. C... |
information | What is (are) Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? | Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Vector Information |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis? ? | There are three different filarial species that can cause lymphatic filariasis in humans. Most of the infections worldwide are caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. In Asia, the disease can also be caused by Brugia malayi and Brugia timori.
The infection spreads from person to person by mosquito bites. The adult worm li... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? | The standard method for diagnosing active infection is the identification of microfilariae in a blood smear by microscopic examination. The microfilariae that cause lymphatic filariasis circulate in the blood at night (called nocturnal periodicity). Blood collection should be done at night to coincide with the appearan... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? | Patients currently infected with the parasite
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is the drug of choice in the United States. The drug kills the microfilaria and some of the adult worms. DEC has been used world-wide for more than 50 years. Because this infection is rare in the U.S., the drug is no longer approved by the Food... |
prevention | How to prevent Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? | The best way to prevent lymphatic filariasis is to avoid mosquito bites. The mosquitoes that carry the microscopic worms usually bite between the hours of dusk and dawn. If you live in an area with lymphatic filariasis:
- at night
- sleep in an air-conditioned room or
- sleep under a mosquito... |
information | What is (are) Parasites - Loiasis ? | Loiasis is an infection caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa. |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Parasites - Loiasis? ? | Loa loa parasites are found in West and Central Africa. Ten countries have areas where there are high rates of infection (i.e., where more than 40% of the people who live in that area report that they have had eye worm in the past). An estimated 14.4 million people live in these areas of high rates of infection. Anothe... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Parasites - Loiasis ? | In people who have been bitten by the flies that carry Loa loa in areas where Loa loa is known to exist, the diagnosis can be made in the following ways:
- Identification of the adult worm by a microbiologist or pathologist after its removal from under the skin or eye
- Identification of an adult worm in the e... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Parasites - Loiasis ? | Decisions about treatment of loiasis can be difficult and often require advice from an expert in infectious diseases or tropical medicine. Although surgical removal of adult worms moving under the skin or across the eye can be done to relieve anxiety, loiasis is not cured by surgery alone. There are two medications tha... |
prevention | How to prevent Parasites - Loiasis ? | There are no programs to control or eliminate loiasis in affected areas. Your risk of infection may be less in areas where communities receive regular treatment for onchocerciasis or lymphatic filariasis.
There are no vaccines that protect you from loiasis. If you are going to be in an area with loiasis for a long... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF)? ? | Humans can become infected through tick bites or through contact with the blood, feces, or urine of an infected, sick, or dead animal – most commonly, rodents. Occupational and recreational activities such as hunting or trapping may increase human risk of infection.
Transmission may also occur with no direct tick or... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF) ? | After an incubation period of 3-8 days, the symptoms of OHF begin suddenly with chills, fever, headache, and severe muscle pain with vomiting, gastrointestinal symptoms and bleeding problems occurring 3-4 days after initial symptom onset. Patients may experience abnormally low blood pressure and low platelet, red blood... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF)? ? | In areas where rodent reservoirs and tick species are prevalent, people with recreational or occupational exposure to rural or outdoor settings (e.g., hunters, campers, forest workers, farmers) are potentially at increased risk for OHF by contact with infected ticks and animals. Furthermore, those in Siberia who hunt a... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF) ? | OHF virus may be detected in blood samples by virus isolation in cell culture or using molecular techniques such as PCR. Blood samples can also be tested for antibody presence using enzyme-linked immunosorbent seologic assay (ELISA). |
treatment | What are the treatments for Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF) ? | There is no specific treatment for OHF, but supportive therapy is important. Supportive therapy includes the maintenance of hydration and the usual precautions for patients with bleeding disorders.
Though rare, OHF can cause hearing loss, hair loss, and behavioral or psychological difficulties associa... |
prevention | How to prevent Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF) ? | There is no vaccine currently available for OHF, but vaccines for tick-borne encephalitis disease (TBE) have been shown to confer some immunity and may be used for high-risk groups.
Additionally, utilizing insect repellents and wearing protective clothing in areas where ticks are endemic is recommende... |
information | What is (are) Parasites - Enterobiasis (also known as Pinworm Infection) ? | A pinworm ("threadworm") is a small, thin, white roundworm (nematode) called Enterobius vermicularis that sometimes lives in the colon and rectum of humans. Pinworms are about the length of a staple. While an infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the intestine through the anus and deposit their eggs on the surr... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Parasites - Enterobiasis (also known as Pinworm Infection)? ? | Risk Factors
The people most likely to be infected with pinworm are children under 18, people who take care of infected children and people who are institutionalized. In these groups, the prevalence can reach 50%.
Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States. Humans are the only species that... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Parasites - Enterobiasis (also known as Pinworm Infection) ? | A person infected with pinworm is often asymptomatic, but itching around the anus is a common symptom. Diagnosis of pinworm can be reached from three simple techniques. The first option is to look for the worms in the perianal reqion 2 to 3 hours after the infected person is asleep. The second option is to touch the pe... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Parasites - Enterobiasis (also known as Pinworm Infection) ? | The medications used for the treatment of pinworm are mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, and albendazole. All three of these drugs are to be given in 1 dose at first and then another single dose 2 weeks later. Pyrantel pamoate is available without prescription. The medication does not reliably kill pinworm eggs. Therefore,... |
prevention | How to prevent Parasites - Enterobiasis (also known as Pinworm Infection) ? | Washing your hands with soap and warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before handling food is the most successful way to prevent pinworm infection. In order to stop the spread of pinworm and possible re-infection, people who are infected should bathe every morning to help remove a large amount of th... |
treatment | how is hps diagnosed and treated for Hantavirus ? | Diagnosing HPS
Diagnosing HPS in an individual who has only been infected a few days is difficult, because early symptoms such as fever, muscle aches, and fatigue are easily confused with influenza. However, if the individual is experiencing fever and fatigue and has a history of potential rural rodent exposure, tog... |
symptoms | what are the symptoms for Hantavirus ? | Due to the small number of HPS cases, the "incubation time" is not positively known. However, on the basis of limited information, it appears that symptoms may develop between 1 and 5 weeks after exposure to fresh urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents.
Early Symptoms
Early symptoms include fatig... |
prevention | how can hps be prevented for Hantavirus ? | Eliminate or minimize contact with rodents in your home, workplace, or campsite. If rodents don't find that where you are is a good place for them to be, then you're less likely to come into contact with them. Seal up holes and gaps in your home or garage. Place traps in and around your home to decrease rodent infestat... |
information | what is the history of hps for Hantavirus ? | The "First"Outbreak
In May 1993, an outbreak of an unexplained pulmonary illness occurred in the southwestern United States, in an area shared by Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah known as "The Four Corners". A young, physically fit Navajo man suffering from shortness of breath was rushed to a hospital in New M... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Q Fever ? | Q fever can cause acute or chronic illness in humans, who usually acquire infection after contact with infected animals or exposure to contaminated environments. The acute symptoms caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii usually develop within 2-3 weeks of exposure, although as many as half of humans infected withC.... |
information | What is (are) Q Fever ? | More detailed information on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of Q fever is available in other sections of this web site and in the materials referenced in the section titled “Further Reading”.
How to Contact the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch at CDC
The general public and healthcare providers should first c... |
prevention | How to prevent Q Fever ? | In the United States, Q fever outbreaks have resulted mainly from occupational exposure involving veterinarians, meat processing plant workers, sheep and dairy workers, livestock farmers, and researchers at facilities housing sheep. Prevention and control efforts should be directed primarily toward these groups and env... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Hendra Virus Disease (HeV)? ? | Transmission of Hendra virus to humans can occur after exposure to body fluids and tissues or excretions of horses infected with Hendra virus.
Horses may be infected after exposure to virus in the urine of infected flying foxes.
To date, no human-to-human transmission has been documented. |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Hendra Virus Disease (HeV) ? | After an incubation of 9-16 days, infection with Hendra virus can lead to respiratory illness with severe flu-like signs and symptoms. In some cases, illness may progress to encephalitis.
Although infection with Hendra virus is rare, the case fatality is high: 4/7 (57%). |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Hendra Virus Disease (HeV)? ? | Australia’s “Flying fox” bats (genus Pteropus) are the natural reservoir of Hendra virus. Serologic evidence for HeV infection have been found in all fours species of Australian flying foxes, but spillover of the virus in horses is limited to coastal and forested regions in Australia (Queensland and New South Wales sta... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Hendra Virus Disease (HeV) ? | Laboratory tests that are used to diagnose Hendra virus (HV) and Nipah virus (NV) include detection of antibody by ELISA (IgG and IgM), real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and virus isolation attempts. In most countries, handling Hendra virus needs to be done in high containment laboratories. Laboratory diag... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Hendra Virus Disease (HeV) ? | The drug ribavirin has been shown to be effective against the viruses in vitro, but the clinical usefulness of this drug is uncertain.
A post-exposure therapy with a Nipah/Hendra neutralizing antibody, efficacious in animal models is in human preclinical development stages in Australia. |
prevention | How to prevent Hendra Virus Disease (HeV) ? | The occurrence of the disease in humans has been associated only with infection of an intermediate species such as horses. Early recognition of the disease in the intermediate animal host is probably the most crucial means of limiting future human cases.
Hendra virus infection can be prevented by av... |
information | What is (are) Parasites - Zoonotic Hookworm ? | There are many different species of hookworms, some are human parasites and some are animal parasites. People can be infected by larvae of animal hookworms, usually dog and cat hookworms. The most common result of animal hookworm infection is a skin condition called cutaneous larva migrans. |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Parasites - Zoonotic Hookworm? ? | Dog and cat hookworms are found throughout the world, especially in warmer climates. In the United States, zoonotic hookworms are found everywhere but more commonly along the East Coast than the West Coast. Worldwide, zoonotic hookworms are found in tropical and subtropical regions where the parasite is better able to ... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Parasites - Zoonotic Hookworm ? | Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a clinical diagnosis based on the presence of the characteristic signs and symptoms, and exposure history to zoonotic hookworm. For example, the diagnosis can be made based on finding red, raised tracks in the skin that are very itchy. This is usually found on the feet or lower part of ... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Parasites - Zoonotic Hookworm ? | The zoonotic hookworm larvae that cause cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) usually do not survive more than 5 – 6 weeks in the human host. In most patients with CLM, the signs and symptoms resolve without medical treatment. However, treatment may help control symptoms and help prevent secondary bacterial infections. Antipar... |
prevention | How to prevent Parasites - Zoonotic Hookworm ? | Wearing shoes and taking other protective measures to avoid skin contact with sand or soil will prevent infection with zoonotic hookworms. Travelers to tropical and subtropical climates, especially where beach exposures are likely, should be advised to wear shoes and use protective mats or other coverings to prevent di... |
information | What is (are) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? | Chronic fatigue syndrome, or CFS, is a devastating and complex disorder. People with CFS have overwhelming fatigue and a host of other symptoms that are not improved by bed rest and that can get worse after physical activity or mental exertion. They often function at a substantially lower level of activity than they we... |
causes | What causes Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? | Despite a vigorous search, scientists have not yet identified what causes CFS. While a single cause for CFS may yet be identified, another possibility is that CFS has multiple causes. Conditions that have been studied to determine if they cause or trigger the development of CFS include infections, immune disorders, str... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? | Diagnostic Challenges
For doctors, diagnosing chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) can be complicated by a number of factors:
- There's no lab test or biomarker for CFS.
- Fatigue and other symptoms of CFS are common to many illnesses.
- For some CFS patients, it may not be obvious to doctors that they are ill... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? | Chronic fatigue syndrome can be misdiagnosed or overlooked because its symptoms are similar to so many other illnesses. Fatigue, for instance, can be a symptom for hundreds of illnesses. Looking closer at the nature of the symptoms though, can help a doctor distinguish CFS from other illnesses.
Primary Symptoms
As... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? | Introduction
Managing chronic fatigue syndrome can be as complex as the illness itself. There is no cure, no prescription drugs have been developed specifically for CFS, and symptoms can vary a lot over time. Thus, people with CFS should closely monitor their health and let their doctor know of any changes; and doct... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) ? | The first symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) typically begin 2-14 days after the bite of an infected tick. A tick bite is usually painless and about half of the people who develop RMSF do not remember being bitten. The disease frequently begins as a sudden onset of fever and headache and most people visit ... |
information | What is (are) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) ? | More detailed information on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of tickborne rickettsial diseases is available in Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis – United States.
*Case definitions have been updated since publication
How to ... |
information | What is (are) Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) ? | Frequently Asked Queestions (FAQs) |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness)? ? | There are two subspecies of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei that cause disease in humans. The clinical features of the infection depend on the subspecies involved. The two subspecies are found in different regions of Africa. At present, there is no overlap in their geographic distribution.
T. b. rhodesiense (East ... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) ? | The diagnosis of African Trypanosomiasis is made through laboratory methods, because the clinical features of infection are not sufficiently specific. The diagnosis rests on finding the parasite in body fluid or tissue by microscopy. The parasite load in T. b. rhodesiense infection is substantially higher than the leve... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) ? | All persons diagnosed with African Trypanosomiasis should receive treatment. The specific drug and treatment course will depend on the type of infection (T. b. gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense) and the disease stage (i.e. whether the central nervous system has been invaded by the parasite). Pentamidine, which is the reco... |
prevention | How to prevent Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) ? | There is no vaccine or drug for prophylaxis against African trypanosomiasis. Preventive measures are aimed at minimizing contact with tsetse flies. Local residents are usually aware of the areas that are heavily infested and they can provide advice about places to avoid. Other helpful measures include:
- Wear... |
prevention | How to prevent Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccination ? | At a Glance
Vaccine-preventable disease levels are at or near record lows. Even though most infants and toddlers have received all recommended vaccines by age 2, many under-immunized children remain, leaving the potential for outbreaks of disease. Many adolescents and adults are under-immunized as well, missing oppo... |
information | What is (are) Parasites - Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection) ? | Fascioliasis is an infectious disease caused by Fasciola parasites, which are flat worms referred to as liver flukes. The adult (mature) flukes are found in the bile ducts and liver of infected people and animals, such as sheep and cattle. In general, fascioliasis is more common in livestock and other animals than in p... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Parasites - Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection)? ? | Fascioliasis occurs in many areas of the world and usually is caused by F. hepatica, which is a common liver fluke of sheep and cattle. In general, fascioliasis is more common and widespread in animals than in people. Even so, the number of infected people in the world is thought to exceed 2 million.
Fasciola hepa... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Parasites - Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection) ? | The standard way to be sure a person is infected with Fasciola is by seeing the parasite. This is usually done by finding Fasciola eggs in stool (fecal) specimens examined under a microscope. More than one specimen may need to be examined to find the parasite. Sometimes eggs are found by examining duodenal contents or ... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Parasites - Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection) ? | The first step is to make sure the diagnosis is correct. For more information, patients should consult their health care provider. Health care providers may consult with CDC staff about the diagnosis and treatment of fascioliasis.
The drug of choice is triclabendazole. In the United States, this drug is available ... |
prevention | How to prevent Parasites - Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection) ? | No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection.
In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control o... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Anaplasmosis ? | Anaplasmosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilium. This pathogen is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. The black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) is the vector of A. phagocytophilum in the northeast and upper midwestern United States. The western black-legged tick (Ixodes p... |
information | What is (are) Anaplasmosis ? | More detailed information on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of anaplasmosis is available in Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis – United States.
*Case definitions have been updated since publication
How to Contact the Ricke... |
information | What is (are) Parasites - Echinococcosis ? | Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) disease results from being infected with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a tiny tapeworm (~2-7 millimeters in length) found in dogs (definitive host), sheep, cattle, goats, foxes, and pigs, amongst others (intermediate hosts). Most infection... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Parasites - Echinococcosis? ? | Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. CE is found in Africa, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Central and South America, and in rare cases, North America. The parasite is transmitted to dogs when they ingest the organs of other animals that contain hydatid cys... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Parasites - Echinococcosis ? | The presence of a cyst-like mass in a person with a history of exposure to sheepdogs in an area where E. granulosus is endemic suggests a diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Imaging techniques, such as CT scans, ultrasonography, and MRIs, are used to detect cysts. After a cyst has been detected, serologic tests may be ... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Parasites - Echinococcosis ? | In the past, surgery was the only treatment for cystic echinococcal cysts. Chemotherapy, cyst puncture, and PAIR (percutaneous aspiration, injection of chemicals and reaspiration) have been used to replace surgery as effective treatments for cystic echinococcosis. However, surgery remains the most effective treatment t... |
prevention | How to prevent Parasites - Echinococcosis ? | Cystic echinococcosis is controlled by preventing transmission of the parasite. Prevention measures include limiting the areas where dogs are allowed and preventing animals from consuming meat infected with cysts.
- Prevent dogs from feeding on the carcasses of infected sheep.
- Control stray dog populat... |
information | What is (are) Parasites - Angiostrongyliasis (also known as Angiostrongylus Infection) ? | Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic worm of rats. It is also called the rat lungworm. The adult form of the parasite is found only in rodents. Infected rats pass larvae of the parasite in their feces. Snails and slugs get infected by ingesting the larvae. These larvae mature in snails and slugs but do not become... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Parasites - Angiostrongyliasis (also known as Angiostrongylus Infection)? ? | Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis, also known as the rat lungworm, is a parasitic nematode (worm) that is transmitted between rats and mollusks (such as slugs or snails) in its natural life cycle. Other animals that become infected such as freshwater shrimp, land crabs, frogs, and planarians ... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Parasites - Angiostrongyliasis (also known as Angiostrongylus Infection) ? | Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Diagnosing A. cantonensis infections can be difficult, in part because there are no readily available blood tests. Important clues that could lead to the diagnosis of infection are a history of travel to where the parasite is known to be found and ingestion of raw or undercooked snails,... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Parasites - Angiostrongyliasis (also known as Angiostrongylus Infection) ? | Angiostrongylus cantonensis
There is no specific treatment for A. cantonensis infection. There is some evidence that certain supportive treatments may reduce the severity of headache and the duration of symptoms. Persons with symptoms should consult their health care provider for more information.
Angiostrongy... |
prevention | How to prevent Parasites - Angiostrongyliasis (also known as Angiostrongylus Infection) ? | Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Prevention of A. cantonensis infections involves educating persons residing in or traveling to areas where the parasite is found about not ingesting raw or undercooked snails and slugs, freshwater shrimp, land crabs, frogs, and monitor lizards, or potentially contaminated vegetables, or... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Typhoid Fever ? | Persons with typhoid fever usually have a sustained fever as high as 103° to 104° F (39° to 40° C). They may also feel weak, or have stomach pains, headache, or loss of appetite. In some cases, patients have a rash of flat, rose-colored spots. The only way to know for sure if an illness is typhoid fever is to have samp... |
information | What is (are) Parasites - Ascariasis ? | Ascaris is an intestinal parasite of humans. It is the most common human worm infection. The larvae and adult worms live in the small intestine and can cause intestinal disease. |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Parasites - Ascariasis? ? | Ascaris infection is one of the most common intestinal worm infections. It is found in association with poor personal hygiene, poor sanitation, and in places where human feces are used as fertilizer.
Geographic Distribution
The geographic distributions of Ascaris are worldwide in areas with warm, moist climate... |
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