Datasets:

juliensimon
/

forbush-decreases

onset_type int64 0 9	quality float64 2 5 ⌀	solar_source_type float64 -1 40 ⌀	solar_wind_speed_onset_km_s float64 0 3.68k ⌀	solar_wind_speed_max_km_s float64 -99 1.19k ⌀	imf_b_max_nt float64 -99 65.6 ⌀	imf_bz_min_nt float64 -61 999	fd_magnitude_pct float64 0.1 28.1	fd_magnitude_corrected_pct float64 0.2 29.7	fd_min_time_hours float64 -10 47 ⌀	fd_min_depth_pct float64 -7.34 9B	spectral_index_max float64 -99.99 1.13 ⌀	spectral_index_min float64 -99.99 1.05 ⌀	kp_max float64 0.33 9	ap_max float64 -1 400 ⌀	dst_min_nt float64 -589 10k	cme_angle_deg float64 0 359 ⌀	sunspot_number float64 0 503 ⌀	datetime_utc timestamp[ns]date 1957-07-02 08:54:00 2016-07-28 09:00:00	cme_datetime_utc timestamp[ns]date 1996-11-26 21:35:41 2016-04-10 11:12:05 ⌀	solar_source_datetime_utc timestamp[ns]date 1976-03-28 19:12:00 2015-12-28 11:20:00 ⌀
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	3.6	4.2	21	-0.69	0	null	8	207	-101	null	275	1957-07-02T08:54:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	3	5.3	10	-0.97	null	null	7.33	154	-92	null	302	1957-07-05T00:42:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	0.8	1.6	-2	-0.71	null	null	4.67	39	-45	null	320	1957-07-06T20:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.9	1.5	-8	-1.21	null	null	2.67	12	-12	null	229	1957-07-09T06:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.6	1.8	9	-1.23	null	null	3	15	-12	null	152	1957-07-11T10:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.8	1.5	8	-0.78	null	null	2.67	12	-2	null	137	1957-07-13T19:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.9	2.2	26	-0.87	null	null	4	27	-26	null	261	1957-07-16T07:12:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.5	1.9	5	-0.6	null	null	4	27	-21	null	309	1957-07-18T13:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.8	3.9	13	-0.88	null	null	4.67	39	-55	null	316	1957-07-19T15:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.6	3	3	-0.67	null	null	5.67	67	-30	null	361	1957-07-22T04:18:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.3	2.4	42	-0.93	null	null	4	27	6	null	292	1957-07-26T04:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.4	2.3	11	-0.93	null	null	4	27	21	null	245	1957-07-27T20:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2	3.6	7	-0.85	null	null	3.67	22	-20	null	201	1957-07-29T01:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	0.7	1.1	2	-0.53	null	null	3	15	-7	null	204	1957-08-01T22:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	7.6	9.2	45	-0.69	null	null	6.33	94	-39	null	229	1957-08-03T15:54:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.2	2.5	-5	-0.29	null	null	5.67	67	-45	null	231	1957-08-06T05:06:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	0.7	1.3	-10	-0.24	null	null	4.67	39	-8	null	171	1957-08-09T13:48:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2	1.7	14	-0.36	null	null	2.33	9	-8	null	126	1957-08-10T16:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1	2.1	-10	-0.38	null	null	5.67	67	-56	null	164	1957-08-12T04:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.4	2.6	1	-0.57	null	null	3.67	22	-43	null	191	1957-08-14T01:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.5	2.8	-10	-0.51	null	null	4	27	-17	null	278	1957-08-18T12:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.5	1.7	47	-0.82	null	null	5.33	56	-33	null	241	1957-08-20T06:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.4	1.6	17	-0.82	null	null	1.67	6	-25	null	195	1957-08-21T20:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1	1.1	11	-0.37	null	null	1.33	5	8	null	153	1957-08-23T13:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.2	2.2	38	-0.51	null	null	3	15	-7	null	156	1957-08-24T23:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	3.1	3.2	43	-0.47	null	null	4	27	-9	null	232	1957-08-26T21:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	12.42	13.4	25	-3.42	null	null	6.67	111	-75	null	334	1957-08-29T19:18:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.2	2.4	0	-0.85	null	null	7	132	-54	null	370	1957-08-31T18:12:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	4.1	8.4	17	-1	null	null	7.67	179	-162	null	319	1957-09-02T03:12:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.9	5.5	0	-1.27	null	null	8.67	300	-179	null	269	1957-09-03T06:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.4	9.6	9	-1	null	null	9	400	-324	null	245	1957-09-04T13:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2	1.7	33	-0.8	null	null	5.67	67	-105	null	227	1957-09-06T19:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	0.6	1.3	-10	-0.61	null	null	3.67	22	-39	null	244	1957-09-08T22:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	3.2	7.3	0	-1.65	null	null	2.67	12	-33	null	340	1957-09-10T17:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	3.7	7.5	0	-1.65	null	null	8.67	300	-427	null	357	1957-09-13T00:42:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.2	1.5	4	-0.49	null	null	5.33	94	-130	null	355	1957-09-14T21:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.9	1.2	2	-0.38	null	null	4.67	39	-47	null	357	1957-09-16T02:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.5	2.5	-2	-0.5	null	null	3.67	22	-22	null	365	1957-09-17T12:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	3.8	7	13	-1.31	null	null	8	154	-165	null	473	1957-09-21T10:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	3.7	6.1	4	-2.18	null	null	8.33	236	-173	null	428	1957-09-22T13:42:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.1	7.5	0	-1.31	null	null	8.67	300	-303	null	379	1957-09-23T02:30:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2	1.4	-7	-0.54	null	null	4.67	39	-65	null	331	1957-09-25T08:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.4	2.2	7	-0.51	null	null	3.67	22	-39	null	320	1957-09-27T21:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	6.1	11.8	25	-1.36	null	null	8.67	300	-246	null	343	1957-09-29T00:12:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1	3.8	-7	-0.53	null	null	4.67	39	-67	null	334	1957-10-01T08:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.5	1.6	-10	-0.5	null	null	4.67	39	-33	null	343	1957-10-03T12:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.8	1.9	1	-0.74	null	null	3	15	-24	null	310	1957-10-05T03:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.7	2.2	1	-0.55	null	null	2.33	9	-8	null	346	1957-10-08T01:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2	2.4	43	-0.44	null	null	4.33	32	-59	null	374	1957-10-10T00:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	0.8	1.6	null	-0.4	null	null	6.33	56	-67	null	334	1957-10-12T23:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.2	1.6	14	-0.64	null	null	6.33	94	-88	null	329	1957-10-14T04:36:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.1	2.1	23	-0.79	null	null	3	15	-9	null	379	1957-10-16T22:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	13	13.1	0	-2.79	null	null	6.67	111	-60	null	326	1957-10-20T12:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	11.8	11.6	38	-2.55	null	null	6.67	111	-60	null	336	1957-10-21T22:36:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.3	1.6	-10	-0.54	null	null	3.67	22	-13	null	391	1957-10-24T20:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.8	2.8	-10	-0.52	null	null	4	27	-28	null	396	1957-10-27T16:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.3	4.7	20	-0.66	null	null	4.67	39	-42	null	473	1957-10-29T22:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.4	1.6	8	-0.51	null	null	3.33	18	-29	null	354	1957-11-02T20:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.3	1.5	3	-0.64	null	null	1.67	6	-14	null	303	1957-11-04T07:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1	1	10	-0.61	null	null	2.67	7	9	null	285	1957-11-05T20:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.5	4.3	10	-0.91	null	null	7	132	-121	null	258	1957-11-06T18:18:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.1	2.4	45	-0.63	null	null	5	48	-65	null	224	1957-11-08T06:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.9	1.4	-8	-0.45	null	null	4	27	-47	null	329	1957-11-11T01:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.6	1.8	39	-0.41	null	null	4	27	-25	null	313	1957-11-13T19:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.1	1.1	11	-0.29	null	null	4	27	-19	null	251	1957-11-15T20:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.5	2.2	44	-0.65	null	null	4.67	39	-67	null	256	1957-11-17T11:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	5.1	5.6	44	-1.15	null	null	3.33	18	-1	null	372	1957-11-22T08:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	6.6	9.8	20	-1.53	null	null	6.67	111	-122	null	282	1957-11-26T01:54:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.9	2.2	4	-0.36	null	null	4.67	27	-59	null	304	1957-11-29T02:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.7	2.6	null	-0.43	null	null	5.67	67	-35	null	326	1957-12-01T03:36:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.1	1.2	null	-0.61	null	null	3.67	22	-27	null	326	1957-12-03T14:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.1	1.3	2	-0.61	null	null	4.67	39	-57	null	344	1957-12-04T18:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	0.9	1.1	45	-0.5	null	null	4.67	39	-41	null	269	1957-12-07T08:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.6	2.7	16	-0.5	null	null	5.67	67	-55	null	215	1957-12-09T13:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	0.9	1.7	-8	-0.47	null	null	5	48	-37	null	222	1957-12-12T20:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1	1.3	26	-0.47	null	null	4.67	39	-25	null	236	1957-12-14T09:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	4.1	4.7	41	-0.67	null	null	4.67	39	-31	null	265	1957-12-16T21:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	5.8	6.9	20	-1.57	null	null	4.67	39	-46	null	353	1957-12-19T09:36:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.6	2.5	23	-0.55	null	null	4.67	39	-40	null	402	1957-12-20T22:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.4	2.6	2	-0.68	null	null	1.33	5	-10	null	447	1957-12-22T17:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	3.5	4.7	30	-0.74	null	null	3.67	22	-23	null	503	1957-12-24T01:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.6	2.6	42	-0.38	null	null	2.33	9	-19	null	389	1957-12-27T20:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.9	6.7	39	-2.84	null	null	6.33	94	-130	null	388	1957-12-30T07:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.8	2.5	1	-0.54	null	null	6.33	94	-130	null	303	1958-01-01T14:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.4	1.3	16	-0.31	null	null	2	4	-29	null	283	1958-01-03T14:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.3	1.4	10	-0.5	null	null	3	15	-19	null	307	1958-01-04T23:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.1	2.1	-10	-0.52	null	null	4	27	-26	null	329	1958-01-09T22:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	0.7	1.6	-8	-0.23	null	null	4.67	39	-46	null	395	1958-01-14T10:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.2	2.4	24	-0.46	null	null	3.67	22	-28	null	394	1958-01-16T07:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.8	3.8	27	-0.74	null	null	5	48	-72	null	350	1958-01-17T17:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.9	2.9	9	-0.47	null	null	6.67	111	-72	null	269	1958-01-20T15:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.4	1.5	20	-0.3	null	null	4.67	39	-47	null	245	1958-01-22T05:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.8	2.2	-7	-0.31	null	null	5	48	-52	null	194	1958-01-25T10:48:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1.4	1.4	-10	-0.41	null	null	4.33	32	-21	null	239	1958-01-27T20:00:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	1	7	21	-0.44	null	null	3.33	18	-15	null	184	1958-01-29T23:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.1	2.6	-4	-0.39	null	null	4.67	39	-40	null	204	1958-02-04T13:06:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.1	3.2	33	-0.33	null	null	4.67	39	-42	null	256	1958-02-08T00:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	5.2	14	3	-3.23	null	null	9	400	-426	null	242	1958-02-11T01:24:00	null	null
9	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.1	2.4	8	-0.5	null	null	6	80	-113	null	251	1958-02-12T10:00:00	null	null
1	null	-1	null	null	null	999	2.1	1.1	7	-0.33	null	null	5	48	-44	null	210	1958-02-16T16:36:00	null	null

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Forbush Decrease Events (IZMIRAN FEID)

Aurora borealis blankets the Earth, seen from the ISS

Credit: NASA

Part of the Space Weather Datasets collection on Hugging Face.

A comprehensive catalog of 7,097 Forbush decrease events spanning 1957--2016, from the Forbush Effects and Interplanetary Disturbances (FEID) database maintained by IZMIRAN (Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation). Each event includes solar wind parameters, interplanetary magnetic field measurements, Forbush decrease magnitudes, geomagnetic indices, and associated CME data.

Dataset description

A Forbush decrease is a rapid reduction in the galactic cosmic ray intensity observed at Earth, caused by the passage of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) or co-rotating interaction region (CIR) through the heliosphere. The enhanced magnetic field within these structures acts as a shield, temporarily deflecting galactic cosmic rays away from the inner solar system. Typical decreases range from 1--10% of the ambient cosmic ray flux, with the largest events (associated with extreme CMEs) exceeding 15%.

Forbush decreases are measured by the worldwide network of ground-based neutron monitors at ~10 GV rigidity. The FEID catalog cross-references each cosmic ray decrease with its solar source (flare, CME), the interplanetary disturbance parameters (solar wind speed, IMF magnitude, Bz component), and the geomagnetic response (Kp, Ap, Dst indices). This multi-parameter approach makes the FEID one of the most richly annotated Forbush decrease catalogs available.

These events are important for: (1) understanding cosmic ray modulation by solar activity, (2) forecasting radiation environment changes relevant to aviation and spaceflight, and (3) studying the propagation and geo-effectiveness of CMEs and ICMEs through the heliosphere.

Schema

Column	Type	Description
`datetime_utc`	datetime	Event onset time (UTC)
`onset_type`	float64	Onset type: 1=shock+SSC, 2=interplanetary shock, 3=weak SSC, 9=no shock
`quality`	float64	Data quality (1-5, higher = better)
`solar_source_datetime_utc`	datetime	Solar source event time
`solar_source_type`	float64	Solar source type code
`solar_wind_speed_onset_km_s`	float64	Solar wind speed at onset (km/s)
`solar_wind_speed_mean_km_s`	float64	Mean solar wind speed during event (km/s)
`solar_wind_speed_max_km_s`	float64	Maximum solar wind speed (km/s)
`imf_b_max_nt`	float64	Maximum IMF magnitude (nT)
`imf_bz_min_nt`	float64	Minimum IMF Bz component (nT, southward = negative)
`fd_magnitude_pct`	float64	Forbush decrease magnitude at 10 GV (%)
`fd_magnitude_corrected_pct`	float64	Magnetosphere-corrected FD magnitude (%)
`fd_min_time_hours`	float64	Time to minimum cosmic ray flux (hours)
`fd_min_depth_pct`	float64	Minimum depth of cosmic ray decrease (%)
`spectral_index_max`	float64	Maximum spectral index of the decrease
`spectral_index_min`	float64	Minimum spectral index (during recovery)
`kp_max`	float64	Maximum Kp index during event
`ap_max`	float64	Maximum Ap index during event
`dst_min_nt`	float64	Minimum Dst index during event (nT)
`cme_datetime_utc`	datetime	Associated CME observation time
`cme_width_deg`	float64	CME angular width (degrees)
`cme_angle_deg`	float64	CME position angle (degrees)
`ground_level_enhancement`	float64	GLE flag (>0 if ground-level enhancement observed)
`sunspot_number`	float64	Daily sunspot number at event time

Quick stats

7,097 Forbush decrease events (1957--2016)
Median FD magnitude: 1.0%, maximum: 28.1%
656 events with associated CME data
7097 events with Dst index measurements
91 events coinciding with ground-level enhancements (GLEs)

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("juliensimon/forbush-decreases", split="train")
df = ds.to_pandas()

# FD magnitude distribution
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
df["fd_magnitude_pct"].dropna().hist(bins=50)
plt.xlabel("Forbush Decrease Magnitude (%)")
plt.ylabel("Count")
plt.title("Distribution of Forbush Decrease Magnitudes")
plt.show()

# FD magnitude vs solar wind speed
valid = df.dropna(subset=["fd_magnitude_pct", "solar_wind_speed_max_km_s"])
plt.scatter(valid["solar_wind_speed_max_km_s"], valid["fd_magnitude_pct"], alpha=0.3, s=10)
plt.xlabel("Max Solar Wind Speed (km/s)")
plt.ylabel("FD Magnitude (%)")
plt.title("Forbush Decrease vs Solar Wind Speed")
plt.show()

# Annual event count (tracks solar cycle)
df["year"] = df["datetime_utc"].dt.year
df.groupby("year").size().plot(kind="bar", figsize=(14, 4))
plt.ylabel("Events per year")
plt.title("Forbush Decrease Events by Year")
plt.show()

Data source

IZMIRAN Forbush Effects and Interplanetary Disturbances (FEID) database, maintained by the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences. spaceweather.izmiran.ru

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Pipeline

Source code: juliensimon/space-datasets

Support

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Citation

@dataset{forbush_decreases,
  author = {Simon, Julien},
  title = {Forbush Decrease Events (IZMIRAN FEID)},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {Hugging Face},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/juliensimon/forbush-decreases},
  note = {Based on IZMIRAN FEID catalog (spaceweather.izmiran.ru)}
}

License

CC-BY-4.0

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Size of downloaded dataset files:

180 kB

Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:

180 kB

Number of rows:

7,097

Collection including juliensimon/forbush-decreases

Space Weather Datasets

Collection

Solar flares, CMEs, geomagnetic storms, Kp/Ap/Dst/AE indices, F10.7, sunspot numbers, solar wind, and NOAA alerts. Updated daily. • 18 items • Updated 6 days ago