text
stringlengths
559
401k
source
stringlengths
13
121
The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was the contingent of the British Army sent to France in 1939 after Britain and France declared war on Nazi Germany on 3 September, beginning the Second World War. The BEF existed from 2 September 1939 when the BEF GHQ was formed until 31 May 1940, when GHQ closed down and its troo...
Wikipedia/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)
The Force Research Unit (FRU) was a covert military intelligence unit of the British Army's Intelligence Corps. It was established in 1980 during the Troubles to obtain intelligence from terrorist organisations in Northern Ireland by recruiting and running agents and informants. From 1987 to 1991, it was commanded by G...
Wikipedia/Force_Research_Unit
In cryptography, the clock was a method devised by Polish mathematician-cryptologist Jerzy Różycki, at the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, to facilitate decrypting German Enigma ciphers. The method determined the rightmost rotor in the German Enigma by exploiting the different turnover positions. For the Poles, l...
Wikipedia/Clock_(cryptography)
Magic was an Allied cryptanalysis project during World War II. It involved the United States Army's Signals Intelligence Service (SIS) and the United States Navy's Communication Special Unit. == Codebreaking == Magic was set up to combine the US government's cryptologic capabilities in one organization dubbed the Res...
Wikipedia/Magic_(cryptography)
The bomba, or bomba kryptologiczna (Polish for "bomb" or "cryptologic bomb"), was a special-purpose machine designed around October 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski to break German Enigma-machine ciphers. == Etymology == How the machine came to be called a "bomb" has been an object of fascina...
Wikipedia/Bomba_(cryptography)
The native resolution of a liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) or other flat panel display refers to its single fixed resolution. As an LCD consists of a fixed raster, it cannot change the resolution to match the signal being displayed as a cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor can, meaning that opt...
Wikipedia/Native_resolution
2K resolution is a generic term for display devices or content having a horizontal resolution of approximately 2,000 pixels. In the movie projection industry, Digital Cinema Initiatives is the dominant standard for 2K output and defines a 2K format with a resolution of 2048 × 1080. For television and consumer media, th...
Wikipedia/2K_resolution
Resolution independence is where elements on a computer screen are rendered at sizes independent from the pixel grid, resulting in a graphical user interface that is displayed at a consistent physical size, regardless of the resolution of the screen. == Concept == As early as 1978, the typesetting system TeX due to D...
Wikipedia/Resolution_independence
Tandy Graphics Adapter (TGA, also Tandy graphics) is a computer display standard for the Tandy 1000 series of IBM PC compatibles, which has compatibility with the video subsystem of the IBM PCjr but became a standard in its own right. == PCjr graphics == The Tandy 1000 series began in 1984 as a clone of the IBM PCjr,...
Wikipedia/Tandy_Graphics_Adapter
Extended Video Graphics Array (or EVGA) is a standard created by VESA in 1991 (VBE 1.2) denoting a non-interlaced resolution of 1024x768 at a maximum of 70 Hz refresh rate. EVGA is similar to (but is not the same as) the IBM XGA standard. The 1990s were a period of evolving standards and EVGA did not achieve wide adop...
Wikipedia/Extended_Video_Graphics_Array
The eXtended Graphics Array (usually called XGA) is a graphics card manufactured by IBM and introduced for the IBM PS/2 line of personal computers in 1990 as a successor to the 8514/A. It supports, among other modes, a display resolution of 1024 × 768 pixels with 256 colors at 43.5 Hz (interlaced), or 640 × 480 at 60 H...
Wikipedia/Extended_Graphics_Array
The Color Graphics Adapter (CGA), originally also called the Color/Graphics Adapter or IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter, introduced in 1981, was IBM's first color graphics card for the IBM PC and established a de facto computer display standard. == Hardware design == The original IBM CGA graphics card was built aro...
Wikipedia/Color_Graphics_Adapter
An optical system with astigmatism is one where rays that propagate in two perpendicular planes have different foci. If an optical system with astigmatism is used to form an image of a cross, the vertical and horizontal lines will be in sharp focus at two different distances. The term comes from the Greek α- (a-) meani...
Wikipedia/Astigmatism_(optical_systems)
A display resolution standard is a commonly used width and height dimension (display resolution) of an electronic visual display device, measured in pixels. This information is used for electronic devices such as a computer monitor. Certain combinations of width and height are standardized (e.g. by VESA) and typically ...
Wikipedia/Display_resolution_standards
Professional Graphics Controller (PGC, often called Professional Graphics Adapter and sometimes Professional Graphics Array) is a graphics card manufactured by IBM for PCs. It consists of three interconnected PCBs, and contains its own processor and memory. The PGC was, at the time of its release, the most advanced gra...
Wikipedia/Professional_Graphics_Controller
The Hercules Graphics Card (HGC) is a computer graphics controller formerly made by Hercules Computer Technology, Inc. that combines IBM's text-only MDA display standard with a bitmapped graphics mode, also offering a parallel printer port. This allows the HGC to offer both high-quality text and graphics from a single ...
Wikipedia/Hercules_Graphics_Card
The generalized entropy index has been proposed as a measure of income inequality in a population. It is derived from information theory as a measure of redundancy in data. In information theory a measure of redundancy can be interpreted as non-randomness or data compression; thus this interpretation also applies to ...
Wikipedia/Generalized_entropy_index
In mathematics, a Schur-convex function, also known as S-convex, isotonic function and order-preserving function is a function f : R d → R {\displayst...
Wikipedia/Schur-concave_function
In mathematics, an automorphic function is a function on a space that is invariant under the action of some group, in other words a function on the quotient space. Often the space is a complex manifold and the group is a discrete group. == Factor of automorphy == In mathematics, the notion of factor of automorphy ar...
Wikipedia/Automorphic_function
In mathematics, a Schur-convex function, also known as S-convex, isotonic function and order-preserving function is a function f : R d → R {\displayst...
Wikipedia/Schur-convex_function