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projected-26723051-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides%20Synagogue | Maimonides Synagogue | Early history | The Maimonides Synagogue (, translit: Bet Knesset ha-Rambam; ), also known as the Rav Moshe Synagogue, is a historic synagogue located in Cairo, Egypt. A synagogue has existed at the site since the 10th century and was subsequently named after the famous Jewish philosopher, rabbi and physician Maimonides, after his arrival there in around 1168. It is believed that Maimonides' original tomb is contained within the building. In March 2010, the Egyptian government completed the restoration of the current building which dates from the late 19th century. | A synagogue has existed at the site from around two centuries before Maimonides emigrated to Egypt in around 1168, following his exile from Córdoba, Spain at the hands of the Almohads. The Almohads had conquered Córdoba in 1148 and threatened the Jewish community with the choice of conversion to Islam, death, or exile. Maimonides' family, along with most other Jews, chose exile. After spending ten years in southern Spain, they moved to Morocco and then eventually settled in Fustat, Egypt in around 1168. In Egypt, he gained widespread recognition and became a court physician to Qadi al-Fadil, secretary to Saladin. Maimonides studied and worked in a yeshiva attached to the small synagogue. The synagogue and yeshiva are located in Harat al-Yahud, the Jewish quarter of medieval Cairo, and can only be reached on foot. (In the time of Maimonides, 97% of the inhabitants of Harat al-Yahud were Jews.)
After his death in Fustat on December 12, 1204, it is believed that he was buried for a short while at the synagogue before being reinterred in Tiberias. According to tradition, his bones were placed for a week in a small shrine where he used to study and to heal strangers. (Some believe his bones never left Egypt.) | [] | [
"Early history"
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"Medieval Cairo",
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projected-26723051-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides%20Synagogue | Maimonides Synagogue | 19th century: Rebuilding | The Maimonides Synagogue (, translit: Bet Knesset ha-Rambam; ), also known as the Rav Moshe Synagogue, is a historic synagogue located in Cairo, Egypt. A synagogue has existed at the site since the 10th century and was subsequently named after the famous Jewish philosopher, rabbi and physician Maimonides, after his arrival there in around 1168. It is believed that Maimonides' original tomb is contained within the building. In March 2010, the Egyptian government completed the restoration of the current building which dates from the late 19th century. | In the 19th century, another synagogue was built on the site and named in his honor. | [] | [
"19th century: Rebuilding"
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"Maimonides",
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projected-26723051-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides%20Synagogue | Maimonides Synagogue | 20th century: Disuse and decay | The Maimonides Synagogue (, translit: Bet Knesset ha-Rambam; ), also known as the Rav Moshe Synagogue, is a historic synagogue located in Cairo, Egypt. A synagogue has existed at the site since the 10th century and was subsequently named after the famous Jewish philosopher, rabbi and physician Maimonides, after his arrival there in around 1168. It is believed that Maimonides' original tomb is contained within the building. In March 2010, the Egyptian government completed the restoration of the current building which dates from the late 19th century. | The situation of Egypt's Jews became increasingly precarious in the middle of the 20th century. Rising Arab nationalism, together with increased tensions between Jews and Arabs following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and later, the Lavon Affair that led to the 1956 Suez War, led to government restrictions on foreign economic activity which deeply impacted Egypt's Jewish community. Several thousand Jewish residents were expelled from the country following the 1956 war and thousands more fled the hostile social and economic conditions. Egypt's Jewish population eventually dropped from 80,000 to less than 100.
With only about 30 Jews (mostly elderly women) left in Cairo, the synagogue was closed, and almost collapsed due to underground water and earthquakes. The ceiling of the building collapsed in 1992, and the debris was left on the floor. The slum area in which synagogue was located was littered with garbage.
The head of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, Zahi Hawass, said that the synagogue was used for the last time in 1960, and then was allowed to "crumble". Although it was declared an antiquity in 1986, the condition of the medieval synagogue had deteriorated further by 2005. A holy ark with a broken door was located in the small courtyard, covered with debris. The ark's Star of David was still present, but was hanging on only by a thread. | [
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projected-26723051-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides%20Synagogue | Maimonides Synagogue | 21st century: Restoration | The Maimonides Synagogue (, translit: Bet Knesset ha-Rambam; ), also known as the Rav Moshe Synagogue, is a historic synagogue located in Cairo, Egypt. A synagogue has existed at the site since the 10th century and was subsequently named after the famous Jewish philosopher, rabbi and physician Maimonides, after his arrival there in around 1168. It is believed that Maimonides' original tomb is contained within the building. In March 2010, the Egyptian government completed the restoration of the current building which dates from the late 19th century. | In June 2009, the Egyptian government began a year-long restoration project, unveiled in August 2009 by their head of antiquities Zahi Hawass. The $2 million, 18-month restoration project of the Rav Moshe synagogue, in an area of Cairo once called "the neighborhood of the Jews," was financed by the Egyptian government. The restoration work was finished in March 2010. Along with Maimonides tomb, the synagogue contains two areas that were for prayer and rituals, one of which included a section for women.
Among the synagogue's treasures is a Bible that allegedly was written by Maimonides himself. Former Israeli ambassador to Egypt, Zvi Mazel, said "the results were spectacular; the original colors were restored almost perfectly". | [] | [
"21st century: Restoration"
] | [
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projected-26723051-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides%20Synagogue | Maimonides Synagogue | Inauguration controversy | The Maimonides Synagogue (, translit: Bet Knesset ha-Rambam; ), also known as the Rav Moshe Synagogue, is a historic synagogue located in Cairo, Egypt. A synagogue has existed at the site since the 10th century and was subsequently named after the famous Jewish philosopher, rabbi and physician Maimonides, after his arrival there in around 1168. It is believed that Maimonides' original tomb is contained within the building. In March 2010, the Egyptian government completed the restoration of the current building which dates from the late 19th century. | As restoration work was nearing completion, the Egyptian authorities agreed that the small Jewish community of Cairo would organize a dedication ceremony on March 7, 2010. The official inauguration was planned for the middle of March. The dedication ceremony was closed to media but attendees said it was an emotional event, especially for the Egyptian-Jewish families invited, many of whom now live in Europe. About 150 people attended, none of them Egyptian officials.
On March 14, 2010 the official inauguration ceremony was canceled. Zahi Hawass explained that the cancellation was due to media reports of Jews "dancing and drinking alcohol in the synagogue" during the private March 7 dedication, which Hawass described as a "provocation to the feelings of hundreds of millions of Muslims in Egypt and around the world". Hawass later added that the decision to scrap the ceremony was made at "a time when Muslim holy sites in occupied Palestine face assaults from Israeli occupation forces and settlers...". Later still, he characterized the cancellation of the ceremony as a "strong slap in the face" to "the Zionist enemy." | [] | [
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projected-26723051-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides%20Synagogue | Maimonides Synagogue | Legends and tradition | The Maimonides Synagogue (, translit: Bet Knesset ha-Rambam; ), also known as the Rav Moshe Synagogue, is a historic synagogue located in Cairo, Egypt. A synagogue has existed at the site since the 10th century and was subsequently named after the famous Jewish philosopher, rabbi and physician Maimonides, after his arrival there in around 1168. It is believed that Maimonides' original tomb is contained within the building. In March 2010, the Egyptian government completed the restoration of the current building which dates from the late 19th century. | According to a legend told by Joseph ben Isaac Sambari, (c.1640 - 1703), a Jewish-Egyptian chronicler of the 17th century, the people who carried the body of Maimonides to the Sea of Galilee for permanent burial mistakenly left one of his toes behind in the synagogue, which at that time was called the synagogue of Western (Tunisian) Jews. Later, one of the people who carried the body had a dream, in which a wise man of Egypt reminded him about the forgotten toe. The toe was later recovered and buried next to the body.
The synagogue and accompanying yeshiva have traditionally been considered to have miraculous healing powers. Until the Egyptian government forbade the practice in 1948, the synagogue was used as a place of healing by the local Jewish community. The ailing person was left to sleep in the special underground room in the hope that the sufferer would dream of Maimonides and get better. | [
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projected-26723051-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides%20Synagogue | Maimonides Synagogue | References | The Maimonides Synagogue (, translit: Bet Knesset ha-Rambam; ), also known as the Rav Moshe Synagogue, is a historic synagogue located in Cairo, Egypt. A synagogue has existed at the site since the 10th century and was subsequently named after the famous Jewish philosopher, rabbi and physician Maimonides, after his arrival there in around 1168. It is believed that Maimonides' original tomb is contained within the building. In March 2010, the Egyptian government completed the restoration of the current building which dates from the late 19th century. | Category:Medieval Cairo
Synagogue
Category:Synagogues in Cairo | [] | [
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projected-26723055-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Cooper%20Nott | Charles Cooper Nott | Introduction | Charles Cooper Nott may refer to:
Charles C. Nott, Sr. (1827–1916), Chief Justice of the United States Court of Claims
Charles Cooper Nott, Jr. (1869–1957), Assistant District Attorney and Judge of the New York General Sessions Court | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-44498778-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20UCLA%20Bruins%20football%20team | 1951 UCLA Bruins football team | Introduction | The 1951 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) during the 1951 college football season. | [] | [
"Introduction"
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"1951 Pacific Coast Conference football season",
"UCLA Bruins football seasons",
"1951 in Los Angeles",
"1951 in sports in California"
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projected-44498778-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20UCLA%20Bruins%20football%20team | 1951 UCLA Bruins football team | USC | The 1951 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) during the 1951 college football season. | For the first time, the Bruins defeated the Trojans in consecutive seasons. UCLA won the previous season's game 39–0. Scoring for the Bruins were Don Stalwick, Ike Jones, and Donn Moomaw. Late in the fourth quarter, Jim Sears scored for USC to avoid another shutout. | [] | [
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"1951 in sports in California"
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projected-44498778-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20UCLA%20Bruins%20football%20team | 1951 UCLA Bruins football team | References | The 1951 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) during the 1951 college football season. | UCLA
Category:UCLA Bruins football seasons
UCLA Bruins football
UCLA Bruins football | [] | [
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projected-23575035-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Introduction | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | [] | [
"Introduction"
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"Sexual violence by country",
"Sexual violence in Africa",
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projected-23575035-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Official police statistics | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | South Africa's Police Service releases the country's crime statistics. The crime category "sexual offences" includes a wide range of sexual offences, including rape, sexual assault, incest, bestiality, flashing and other crimes.
The South African Police Service releases rape statistics every quarter of the year as well as an annual report. | [] | [
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projected-23575035-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Prevalence | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | According to the report by the United Nations Office on Crimes and Drugs for the period 1998–2000, South Africa was ranked first for rapes per capita. In 1998, one in three of the 4,000 women questioned in Johannesburg had been raped, according to Community Information, Empowerment and Transparency (CIET) Africa. While women's groups in South Africa estimate that a woman is raped every 26 seconds, the South African police estimates that a woman is raped every 36 seconds.
A survey from the comprehensive study "Rape in South Africa" from 2000 indicated that 2.1% of women aged 16 years or older across population groups reported that they had been sexually abused at least once between the beginning of 1993 and March 1998, results which seem to starkly conflict the MRC survey results. Similarly, The South African demographic and health survey of 1998 gave results of rape prevalence at 4.0% of all women aged between 15 and 49 years in the sampled households (a survey also performed by the Medical Research Council and Department of Health). So far no attempts have been made to address these large statistical disparities. | [
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projected-23575035-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Regional differences | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | There are deviations in sexual violence rates in different provinces of South Africa.
In a study of three South African provinces (Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga, and Limpopo) in 1997, 6.8% of women surveyed in Mpumalanga said they had been raped during their lifetime, 5.0% of women surveyed in Limpopo had been raped, and 4.5% of women in Eastern Cape had been raped. In 1998, the region of Gauteng accounted for the largest percentage of prisoners in custody for sexual offences with 20.6% and Western Cape had the second largest percentage with 17.3%. The province with the least percentage of prisoners convicted of sexual offences was Northern Cape with 3.8% and Limpopo with 2.6%.
The South African Crime Survey 2003 highlights the regional differences of citizens' perceptions and fears. Surveying what type of crime respondents thought occurred most in their area of residence, 14.6% of Northern Cape respondents reported that they believed rape to be the most prevalent type of crime. While the Northern Cape had the largest percentage of respondents who believed rape to be most prevalent, the province of KwaZulu-Natal had the least with 1.7%.
Averaging all provinces, rape ranked 7th in the crime that respondents thought was most prevalent, after housebreaking, property theft, robbery, murder, livestock theft, and assault. This survey also investigated what type of crime respondents feared most in their area. Rape ranked third in this category after only murder and housebreaking. 40.8% of respondents in the Northern Cape and 31.8% of respondents in Free State feared rape the most. On the other side of the spectrum, 11.6% of KwaZulu-Natal and 12.1% of respondents in Mpumalanga stated rape as the crime they were most afraid of in their area.
By September 2019, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa acknowledged that sexual violence against women had grown in South Africa, The nation's "Mother City" Cape Town has seen an extended use of military deployment to combat sexual violence against women as well. | [
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projected-23575035-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Violence against women | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | The South African government reports that one of these reasons is the culture of patriarchy in South Africa. Its report states that patriarchy is firmly rooted in black and white culture and fighting it is seen as attempting to destroy South African tradition or South African ideals.
The danger from rape and sexual assault is compounded because of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in South African townships. A woman being raped over the age of 25 has a one in four chance that her attacker is HIV positive and more women than men are affected from HIV/AIDS.
The perpetrators of rape in South Africa tend to be men known to the victim. It is reported that a husband or boyfriend kills a woman every six hours in South Africa. Many men and women say that rape cannot occur in relationships; however, one in four women reported having been abused by an intimate partner. In 1993 South Africa outlawed marital rape. In September 2019, President Ramaphosa responded to a surge in violence against women by calling for the passage of laws making rape punishable by death and called an emergency session of the South African Parliament. | [] | [
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projected-23575035-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Violence against infants and children | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | South Africa has some of the highest incidences of child and infant rape in the world. The Tears Foundation and the MRC stated 50% of South Africa's children will be abused before the age of 18. The MRC study stated that, in 2009, 15% were under 12 years old. In 2017, the police reported that 9% of reported rape are those of 9 years old or younger with agencies reporting an increase throughout the country. Although there are varying numbers on the number of reported rapes of children, one report states that in 2000, 21,538 rapes and attempted rapes of children under the age of 18 were reported and another from 2001 states that there were 24,892 rapes. Child welfare groups believe that the number of unreported incidents could be up to 10 times that number. The largest increase in attacks was against children under seven. A trade union report said a child was being raped in South Africa every three minutes. Some cite a 400% increase in sexual violence against children in the decade preceding 2002 and that it may still be on the rise. A third of the cases are committed by a family member or close relative.
A number of high-profile infant rapes appeared since 2001 (including the fact that they required extensive reconstructive surgery to rebuild urinary, genital, abdominal, or tracheal systems). In October 2001, a 9-month-old girl named Tshepang was raped by an HIV-positive man and had to undergo extensive reconstructive surgery in Cape Town. In February 2002, an 8-month-old infant was reportedly gang raped by four men. One has been charged. The infant has required extensive reconstructive surgery. The 8-month-old infant's injuries were so extensive, increased attention on prosecution has occurred.
A significant contributing factor for the escalation in child abuse is the widespread myth in HIV ravaged South Africa that having sex with a virgin will cure a man of AIDS. This virgin cleansing myth exists in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Nigeria. The child abusers are often relatives of their victims and are at times their fathers or providers. | [] | [
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projected-23575035-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Corrective rape | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | Lesbians in certain parts of South Africa also face a dangerous environment. Raping lesbians (a practice referred to as corrective rape) is believed to convert them to heterosexuality. The South African government reported to CEDAW that lesbians and gays are discriminated against in many spheres. The government has been accused of condoning the practice for fear of not appearing "macho."
One notable case of this was the gang-rape and murder of Eudy Simelane, a member of the South African football team and LGBT-rights activist. 31 lesbians have died from these attacks in the last 10 years and more than 10 lesbians per week are raped or gang-raped in Cape Town alone.
Corrective rape is also perpetrated against gay men. A 2003 study conducted by Out LGBT Well-Being (Out) and the University of South Africa Centre for Applied Psychology (UCAP) discovered that the percentage of black gay men who said they have experienced corrective rape matched that of the black lesbians who partook in the study. Stigmatization of male victims was said to be the cause of low reporting rates for corrective gay rape. | [] | [
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projected-23575035-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Violence against men | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | About 3.5% of men have been forced to have sex with other men in a 2009 Medical Research Council survey. About 19.4% of all adult victims of sexual assault in South Africa in 2012 were male. Another group's survey estimates that one in five adult males become victims of sexual offences, and this figure could be much higher as a male is 10 times less likely to report a sexual violation than a woman. There are very few support networks for male victims of rape in the country, which makes it difficult for men to report being raped. | [] | [
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projected-23575035-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Prison rape | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | Nearly half of all South African inmates surveyed by the Judicial Inspectorate for Correctional Services reported that sexual abuse happens "sometimes", "often" or "very often". Sexual violence in prisons is linked to gang violence and its power structures, and inmates who are sexually abused are targets for repeated abuse, and usually are victimized again and again. Survivors of prison rape have told that officials in the country are of the opinion that "[males should] expect this treatment in prison," and scholarship has found that "new inmates in male prisons are raped upon arrival by all members of any given cell." The high prevalence of prison rape has been tied to the high rate of HIV infection in the country. | [] | [
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projected-23575035-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Men | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | In 2014 and 2015, a Western Cape study estimated that 15% of men had raped a woman who was not their partner. A Gauteng study conducted in 2010 revealed that 37.4% of men admitted to raping a woman. More than 25% of a sample of 1,738 South African men from the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces admitted to raping someone when anonymously questioned in 2009; of these, nearly half said they had raped more than one person, according to a non-peer reviewed policy brief issued by the Medical Research Council (MRC). Several news publications wrongly extrapolated these results to the rest of the South African population, giving reported rape prevalence several times higher in the two provinces in question. Nearly three out of four men who admitted rape stated they had first forced a woman or girl into sex before the men were the age of 20, and nearly one in ten admitted to doing so before the age of 10.
The Medical Research Council states, "Many forms of sexual violence, particularly sexual harassment and forms of sexual coercion that do not involve physical force are widely viewed as normal male behaviour." It also said practices such as gang rape were common because they were considered a form of male bonding. Market Research Africa, a Johannesburg-based market research agency, reported in 1994 that 76% of men felt that women had a right to say no to sex, one third thought that women could not decide for themselves on abortion, and 10% condoned a man beating a woman or his wife. | [
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projected-23575035-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Children and adolescents | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | Among children, a 2007 survey by CIET found 60% of both boys and girls, aged 10 to 19 years old, thought it was not violent to force sex upon someone they knew, while around 11% of boys and 4% of girls admitted to forcing someone else to have sex with them. The study also found that 12.7% of the students believed in the virgin cleansing myth.
In a related survey conducted among 1,500 school children in the Johannesburg township of Soweto, a quarter of all the boys interviewed said that 'jackrolling', a term for gang rape, was fun. Furthermore, more than half the interviewees insisted that when a girl says no to sex she really means yes. It is also noteworthy that those in this study were school children as age is significantly associated with rape. Men from ages 20–40 are more likely to have raped younger or older men. | [] | [
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projected-23575035-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Teachers | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | Another issue with sexual violence against minors in South Africa is the sexual abuse and harassment that is reported to occur in schools by teachers and other students. According to the Human Rights Watch, girls from all levels of society and ethnic groups have been subjected to sexual violence at school in bathrooms, empty classrooms, dormitories, and more. Police, prosecutors, and social workers have also complained that many incidents of sexual violence in schools are not reported to them because schools often prefer to deal with it internally, thus hindering justice against the perpetrators. The danger of sexual violence in schools has created a barrier for girls to seek education. HRW also reported that South African girls' school performance suffers after an incident of sexual violence. | [] | [
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"Human rights abuses in South Africa"
] |
projected-23575035-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Law | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | The government of the Republic of South Africa is cognizant of this problem. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa sets to ensure rights of all of the people in South Africa with the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. Furthermore, it calls for the right to freedom and security, including freedom from all forms of violence by either public or private sources and the right to bodily and psychological integrity, including reproduction and bodily security. South Africa is also a member of the UN Convention for the Elimination of all Discrimination Against Women, where it reported on some issues of sexual violence. It reported about how the Truth and Reconciliation Commission offered a platform for the voices of victims of violence and sexual violence during the Apartheid. It also reported details on the Judicial Authority of South Africa, where the lower courts are responsible for important issues such as sexual assault and family violence.
The Parliament of South Africa has enacted the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, which has been in effect since 16 December 2007. The comprehensive act looks to review and amend all laws dealing with sexual offences and strengthening them. The preamble of the amendment calls to scrutinize the problem in South Africa, noting that the problem "is reflective of deep-seated, systemic dysfunctionality in our society". The amendment defines sexual violence as including, but not limited to, the following forms:
rape and compelled rape
sexual assault
compelled assault and compelled self-sexual assault
forced witness of sexual body parts
child pornography
incest
bestiality
acts of necrophilia
It also adds measures in the matters of sexual offences against children (including consensual sexual acts), sexual exploitation, exposure to pornography, forced witness of sexual acts, and sexual offences against mentally disabled. Furthermore, the amendment provides services for victims of sexual offences and compulsory HIV testing of alleged sex offenders and creates a national registry for sex offenders. The Department of Justice also conducted a major national Campaign on Prevention of Violence Against Women, launched on 25 November 1996, as an education campaign.
The offense of rape is defined by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007. This act has repealed the common law offence of rape, replacing it with a broader statutory offense which is defined in section 3 of the act as follows:
and "sexual penetration" is defined as:
Marital rape is illegal; section 56 of the act provides that:
With regard to sentencing, S.3(aA) of the Criminal Law (Sentencing) Amendment Act 2007 provides that: | [] | [
"Law"
] | [
"Sexual violence by country",
"Sexual violence in Africa",
"Sexuality in South Africa",
"Violence in South Africa",
"Human rights abuses in South Africa"
] |
projected-23575035-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Report and conviction rates | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | It is estimated that over 40% of South African women will be raped in their lifetime and that only 1 in 9 rapes are reported. It is also estimated that 14% of perpetrators of rape are convicted in South Africa. In 1997, violence against women was added as one of the priority crimes under the National Crime Prevention Strategy; nevertheless, the rates of reported rape, sexual abuse of children and domestic violence continue to rise.
The South African report to CEDAW partly attributes the low report and conviction rate to the post-apartheid public perception of the police force. Moreover, the report states that the attitudes and prejudices of law enforcement agencies and other government personnel and the inaccessibility of services, particularly in rural areas, are also part of the problem. Much of the South African public regard the police as symbols of the oppressors during the apartheid; thus, poor faith in the police is still instituted in the post-apartheid country.
Other institutional barriers contribute to lack of report and conviction rates. The "cautionary rule" is a law that requires that a judge must show awareness to special dangers on relying on uncorroborated evidence of a complainant, lowering this rate and making victims of sexual violence feel as if the court will deem them untrustworthy. According to a survey that questioned rape victims who did not report the crime to the police, 33.3% of victims cited they feared reprisals, 9.6% cited that they felt the police would not be able to solve the crime, and 9.2% cited embarrassment as their reasons for not reporting the crime. | [] | [
"Law",
"Report and conviction rates"
] | [
"Sexual violence by country",
"Sexual violence in Africa",
"Sexuality in South Africa",
"Violence in South Africa",
"Human rights abuses in South Africa"
] |
projected-23575035-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Media portrayal | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | This problem is portrayed in the media to the public through different avenues. Media reports documenting high levels of sexual violence in South Africa have increased in the media since the 1990s.
Others have condemned South African sexual violence in the media as fitting into a specific narrative of only broadcasting incidents where the victims are white, middle-class and educated and are not attacked by their peers or family members. | [] | [
"Media portrayal"
] | [
"Sexual violence by country",
"Sexual violence in Africa",
"Sexuality in South Africa",
"Violence in South Africa",
"Human rights abuses in South Africa"
] |
projected-23575035-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | News and events | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | However, there are many news stories and events dealing with sexual violence in South Africa that have garnered a lot of international attention.
In April 1999, a female American UNICEF official visiting South Africa on business was gang raped during a robbery of the home where she was staying.
The former president of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, was accused of raping the HIV-positive 31-year-old daughter of a family friend in November 2005 before he was president. He was acquitted by the court in 2006, yet he did admit to consensual unprotected sex with the woman. This event was widely covered by the press.
One particularly well-known publication of rape in South Africa was Charlene Leonora Smith's report of her own rape. As a journalist of the Mail and Guardian and having contributed to articles for the Washington Post and BBC, Smith claimed that 'rape is endemic' in the culture of South Africa.
Another scandal of sexual violence in South Africa involved the media tycoon Oprah Winfrey's, school, Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls, in Johannesburg, South Africa. The dormitory matron, Tiny Virginia Makopo, was charged with 13 separate counts of abuse against students at the school.
A particularly controversial issue was an episode of Big Brother Africa in South Africa where Richard Bezuidenhout, a 24-year-old film student, allegedly sexually assaulted his housemate, Ofunneka Molokwu, a 29-year-old medical assistant. While many watchers disagree on what was actually shown, some saw Bezuidenhout manually penetrating Molokwu while she was unconscious or intoxicated while another housemate pleaded with him to stop. After the contested un-consensual act ceased, the producers intervened, sending paramedics into the house and cutting the live feed. News publications and blogs have widely discussed this controversy.
Another contentious issue was when the only black player in the South African cricket team, Makhaya Ntini, was convicted of the rape of a 22-year-old student. This was particularly controversial as Ntini was the first black cricketer to represent South Africa on an international level and was viewed as a role model. However, Ntini won his appeal against his rape conviction and had his six-year jail sentence overturned.
In contrast to these scandals of sexual violence, action against sexual violence in South Africa has also been featured in the news and media.
A protest against sexual violence that was portrayed in the media occurred in 2012, when the African National Congress Women's League called on hundreds of South Africans to engage in a "mini-skirt march" to protest the attack of two women in Johannesburg for wearing short skirts. In response to corrective rape, the New York Festivals Television and Film Awards Gala at the NAB Show in Las Vegas will award ESPN for their E:60 production, "Corrective Rape," with the Gold Award. This award was established in 1990 to films that reflected the ideals of the United Nations and signifies that the issue of corrective rape is becoming more discussed on an international level.
In late August 2019, student Uyinene Mrwetyana was raped and murdered by a post office attendant who was working in Claremont, Cape Town. Her death highlighted the broader national problem of gender based violence and femicide in South Africa, and is credited with "shifting the South African collective consciousness" and "igniting a movement". | [] | [
"Media portrayal",
"News and events"
] | [
"Sexual violence by country",
"Sexual violence in Africa",
"Sexuality in South Africa",
"Violence in South Africa",
"Human rights abuses in South Africa"
] |
projected-23575035-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Literature and fiction | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | Some novels and movies have also delved into this issue in its connection to the Apartheid. Antjie Krog's Country of My Skull delves into the Truth and Reconciliatory Commission and the reports of women that were victims of sexual violence during the Apartheid. J.M. Coetzee's novel, Disgrace, has been accused of racism as it depicts a young white woman being raped by three black men in her house in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The book, The Writing Circle, by Rozena Maart, depicts a group of young women's experiences with rape and other forms of violence living in Cape Town, South Africa. The 2006 documentary, Rape for Who I Am, delves into the lives of black lesbians living in South Africa. | [] | [
"Media portrayal",
"Literature and fiction"
] | [
"Sexual violence by country",
"Sexual violence in Africa",
"Sexuality in South Africa",
"Violence in South Africa",
"Human rights abuses in South Africa"
] |
projected-23575035-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | See also | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | RapeaXe, an anti-rape device which was invented in South Africa
Rape statistics
Estimates of sexual violence
Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea
Crime in South Africa
Corrective rape
HIV/AIDS in South African townships | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Sexual violence by country",
"Sexual violence in Africa",
"Sexuality in South Africa",
"Violence in South Africa",
"Human rights abuses in South Africa"
] |
projected-23575035-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | Further reading | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | Pamela Scully. "Rape, Race, and Colonial Culture: The Sexual Politics of Identity in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony, South Africa" The American Historical Review, 100, 2 (1995): 335-359 Academia.edu | [] | [
"Further reading"
] | [
"Sexual violence by country",
"Sexual violence in Africa",
"Sexuality in South Africa",
"Violence in South Africa",
"Human rights abuses in South Africa"
] |
projected-23575035-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | References | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service. | South Africa
South Africa
Violence
Category:Violence in South Africa
Category:Human rights abuses in South Africa | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Sexual violence by country",
"Sexual violence in Africa",
"Sexuality in South Africa",
"Violence in South Africa",
"Human rights abuses in South Africa"
] |
projected-56567599-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwanath%20Datta | Vishwanath Datta | Introduction | Vishwanath Datta (1835 — 25 February 1884) was a Bengali Attorney at law, philanthropist and novelist. He was the father of Swami Vivekananda, Mahendranath Dutta and Bhupendranath Dutta. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1835 births",
"1884 deaths",
"Bengali novelists",
"Bengali Hindus",
"19th-century Bengalis",
"Oriental Seminary alumni",
"19th-century Indian lawyers"
] | |
projected-56567599-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwanath%20Datta | Vishwanath Datta | Early life | Vishwanath Datta (1835 — 25 February 1884) was a Bengali Attorney at law, philanthropist and novelist. He was the father of Swami Vivekananda, Mahendranath Dutta and Bhupendranath Dutta. | Vishwanath was born in an aristocratic Hindu family of North Kolkata. His father Durgaprasad (1816—1850/55) preferred Sannyas life and left home when Vishwanath was six years old only. There is an interesting incident when he longed to return to Calcutta after five years of wandering for sanyass which Swami Vivekananda used to listen in his childhood. It happened so that, in somewhere between 1845 or 1846 Durgaprasad returned to Calcutta, He was recognised by one of his neighbours who locked him in a tiny room in his house so he cannot escape and remain in a starving condition as Sanyassi. He was locked in this room for 3 days. At last, on the third day the neighbour's wife Sarita Devi took pity on him and helped him escape from the house. Later Vishwanath was brought up by his uncle. He entered in Gourmohan Addy's school or Oriental Seminary. After completion of graduation in 1859 Datta worked as a clerk under an attorney, Charles Peter. | [] | [
"Early life"
] | [
"1835 births",
"1884 deaths",
"Bengali novelists",
"Bengali Hindus",
"19th-century Bengalis",
"Oriental Seminary alumni",
"19th-century Indian lawyers"
] |
projected-56567599-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwanath%20Datta | Vishwanath Datta | Career | Vishwanath Datta (1835 — 25 February 1884) was a Bengali Attorney at law, philanthropist and novelist. He was the father of Swami Vivekananda, Mahendranath Dutta and Bhupendranath Dutta. | Datta was an enlightened person of the 18th century, free from religious superstitions, known for his charity and liberal outlook. He was well versed in Sanskrit, Hindi, Persian, Arabic and Urdu languages.
He married Bhuvaneswari Devi in 1851 and had nine children. Narendranath Dutta, his sixth child and second son, who later became famous as Swami Vivekananda, was born in 1863.
In 1866 he applied for the post of proctor to Barnes Peacock, the first Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court. His prayer was approved by Justice Walter Morgan (judge). Datta also maintained a law firm in Kolkata named Dhar & Datta. Later he faced serious economic troubles for frequent litigation and lawsuits among Datta family. | [] | [
"Career"
] | [
"1835 births",
"1884 deaths",
"Bengali novelists",
"Bengali Hindus",
"19th-century Bengalis",
"Oriental Seminary alumni",
"19th-century Indian lawyers"
] |
projected-56567599-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwanath%20Datta | Vishwanath Datta | Literary works | Vishwanath Datta (1835 — 25 February 1884) was a Bengali Attorney at law, philanthropist and novelist. He was the father of Swami Vivekananda, Mahendranath Dutta and Bhupendranath Dutta. | Datta wrote a Bengali autobiographical novel named Sulochana based on a joint family dispute. In 1882 the novel was first published in Kolkata (then "Calcutta"). | [] | [
"Literary works"
] | [
"1835 births",
"1884 deaths",
"Bengali novelists",
"Bengali Hindus",
"19th-century Bengalis",
"Oriental Seminary alumni",
"19th-century Indian lawyers"
] |
projected-23575050-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Zbik | Sebastian Zbik | Introduction | Sebastian Zbik (born 17 March 1982) is a German professional boxer and the former WBC middleweight Champion of the world. He resides in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1982 births",
"Living people",
"People from Neubrandenburg",
"World boxing champions",
"World middleweight boxing champions",
"World Boxing Council champions",
"Middleweight boxers",
"German male boxers",
"Sportspeople from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania"
] | |
projected-23575050-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Zbik | Sebastian Zbik | Professional career | Sebastian Zbik (born 17 March 1982) is a German professional boxer and the former WBC middleweight Champion of the world. He resides in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. | Zbik won the interim WBC middleweight title against Italian Domenico Spada on 11 July 2009. He was given the full title in January 2011 when the WBC promoted Sergio Martínez to Emeritus champion.
Zbik lost his newly awarded WBC Middleweight Championship against undefeated Mexican Julio César Chávez Jr. at Staples Center Los Angeles, California on 4 June 2011.
On 13 April 2012, Zbik went to Cologne, Germany, to face fellow German and current WBA Super World Middleweight Champion Felix Sturm in a German world title showdown. Sturm would go on to earn his 16th KO in his 37 wins with a 9th round TKO stoppage of Zbik. | [] | [
"Professional career"
] | [
"1982 births",
"Living people",
"People from Neubrandenburg",
"World boxing champions",
"World middleweight boxing champions",
"World Boxing Council champions",
"Middleweight boxers",
"German male boxers",
"Sportspeople from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania"
] |
projected-23575050-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Zbik | Sebastian Zbik | See also | Sebastian Zbik (born 17 March 1982) is a German professional boxer and the former WBC middleweight Champion of the world. He resides in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. | List of WBC world champions
List of middleweight boxing champions | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1982 births",
"Living people",
"People from Neubrandenburg",
"World boxing champions",
"World middleweight boxing champions",
"World Boxing Council champions",
"Middleweight boxers",
"German male boxers",
"Sportspeople from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania"
] |
projected-08555184-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Night%2C%20Little%20Ones%21 | Good Night, Little Ones! | Introduction | Good Night, Little Ones! () is a long-running Russian-language children's television program. Continuously broadcast since 1964 (premiered during the Soviet era), it airs on the Carousel channel.
The program's presenters have included Valentina Leontieva (in the 1960s and 1970s), Angelina Vovk, Tatyana Sudets and Tatyana Vedeneyeva (in the 1980s), Amayak Akopyan (in the 1996 and 2001). Current presenters () include Anna Mikhalkova (Nikita Mikhalkov's daughter), Oxana Fedorova, Nikolai Valuev and Mikhail Porechenkov. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Channel One Russia original programming",
"Russia-1 original programming",
"Soviet children's television series",
"Russian children's television series",
"Russian television shows featuring puppetry",
"1964 Soviet television series debuts",
"Soviet television series",
"1960s Soviet television series"... | |
projected-08555184-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Night%2C%20Little%20Ones%21 | Good Night, Little Ones! | Format | Good Night, Little Ones! () is a long-running Russian-language children's television program. Continuously broadcast since 1964 (premiered during the Soviet era), it airs on the Carousel channel.
The program's presenters have included Valentina Leontieva (in the 1960s and 1970s), Angelina Vovk, Tatyana Sudets and Tatyana Vedeneyeva (in the 1980s), Amayak Akopyan (in the 1996 and 2001). Current presenters () include Anna Mikhalkova (Nikita Mikhalkov's daughter), Oxana Fedorova, Nikolai Valuev and Mikhail Porechenkov. | The format has remained relatively constant over the decades. The presenter (a recognisable news reader, actor, or public figure) is joined on-set by one or two puppet characters. The most regularly appearing puppets are Khryusha (a piglet - introduced on February 10, 1970), Stepashka (a hare, introduced in 1970), Philya (a dog, introduced in 1968), Karkusha (a crow, introduced in 1982) and Mishutka (a bear, introduced in 2002). The presenter engages the puppets in a short conversation or helps them to perform a quick activity such as cleaning up the puppets' toys, or learning a moral.
After a minute or two the presenter introduces a short cartoon. The cartoon lasts about five minutes and was often taken from the Soyuzmultfilm stock. In early 2006, however, American Casper the Friendly Ghost cartoons were used on Fridays, and in 2007 and 2008, most nights featured an episode of Luntik, a cartoon produced by Melnitsa Animation Studio. If the cartoon is in another language it is dubbed into Russian, although the original language may still be audible.
After the cartoon the presenter and puppets return for a few seconds to say "Spokoinoi nochi, malyshi", or a variant thereof, and wave goodnight. The lullaby "Tired toys are sleeping" () opens and closes each segment, accompanied by elaborate clay animation. The lullaby itself was written by Arkady Ostrovsky and Zoya Petrova, while the animation was done by Aleksandr Tatarskiy in 1981.
In 1988, Fred Rogers had made a guest appearance on the show with Daniel Striped Tiger, as shown on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, during the weekly theme, "Nighttime". Tatiana Vedeneyeva, who was the presenter at the time, appeared on Rogers' show later in the week and brought Stepashka with her. Khryusha and other Russian puppet characters appear on the 1988 TV special Free to Be... a Family where they met the Muppets Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy and others. Khryusha and Stepashka would later make cameo appearances in the 1989 Disney special Mickey Goes to Moscow.
From September 11 to September 14, 2001 and from April 15 to May 30, 2014, the show wasn't aired.
The show celebrated its 50th anniversary on September 1, 2014. An anniversary concert was produced and screened on television.
In November 2018, Khryusha was the spokesperson for Russia at the 16th annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest in Minsk, Belarus along with a girl named Dina. Khryusha returned at the 2019 contest as the spokesperson. | [] | [
"Format"
] | [
"Channel One Russia original programming",
"Russia-1 original programming",
"Soviet children's television series",
"Russian children's television series",
"Russian television shows featuring puppetry",
"1964 Soviet television series debuts",
"Soviet television series",
"1960s Soviet television series"... |
projected-08555184-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Night%2C%20Little%20Ones%21 | Good Night, Little Ones! | See also | Good Night, Little Ones! () is a long-running Russian-language children's television program. Continuously broadcast since 1964 (premiered during the Soviet era), it airs on the Carousel channel.
The program's presenters have included Valentina Leontieva (in the 1960s and 1970s), Angelina Vovk, Tatyana Sudets and Tatyana Vedeneyeva (in the 1980s), Amayak Akopyan (in the 1996 and 2001). Current presenters () include Anna Mikhalkova (Nikita Mikhalkov's daughter), Oxana Fedorova, Nikolai Valuev and Mikhail Porechenkov. | Tushite svet, a satirical TV program from the early 2000s featuring Khryusha and Stepashka grown to adulthood | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Channel One Russia original programming",
"Russia-1 original programming",
"Soviet children's television series",
"Russian children's television series",
"Russian television shows featuring puppetry",
"1964 Soviet television series debuts",
"Soviet television series",
"1960s Soviet television series"... |
projected-08555213-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokrovska%20metro%20station | Pokrovska metro station | Introduction | Pokrovska () is a station on the Ukraine Dnipro Metro's Tsentralno–Zavodska Line. It is a sub-surface station, accessible by stairs and was opened on 29 December 1995 along with the rest of the system's first stations.
The station is located on the corner of the Yuria Kondratuka Street and the Velyka Diivska Street and in the Chervonyi Kamin and Pokrovsky (former Komunar) residential areas of Dnipro.
Until 24 November 2015, the station was named Komunarivska for the former name of Yuria Kondratuka Street - Komunarivska. The station was renamed in order to comply with decommunization law. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Dnipro Metro stations",
"Railway stations opened in 1995",
"1995 establishments in Ukraine"
] | |
projected-23575051-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%20Giro%20d%27Italia | 1922 Giro d'Italia | Introduction | The 1922 Giro d'Italia was the tenth edition of the Giro d'Italia, a Grand Tour organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 24 May in Milan with a stage that stretched to Padua, finishing back in Milan on 11 June after a stage and a total distance covered of . The race was won by the Italian rider Giovanni Brunero of the Legnano team. Second and third respectively were the Italian riders Bartolomeo Aymo and Giuseppe Enrici. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Giro d'Italia by year",
"1922 in road cycling",
"1922 in Italian sport",
"May 1922 sports events",
"June 1922 sports events"
] | |
projected-23575051-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%20Giro%20d%27Italia | 1922 Giro d'Italia | Participants | The 1922 Giro d'Italia was the tenth edition of the Giro d'Italia, a Grand Tour organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 24 May in Milan with a stage that stretched to Padua, finishing back in Milan on 11 June after a stage and a total distance covered of . The race was won by the Italian rider Giovanni Brunero of the Legnano team. Second and third respectively were the Italian riders Bartolomeo Aymo and Giuseppe Enrici. | Of the 75 riders that began the Giro d'Italia on 24 May, fifteen of them made it to the finish in Milan on 11 June. Riders were allowed to ride on their own or as a member of a team. There were four teams that competed in the race: Bianchi-Salga, Ganna-Dunlop, Legnano-Pirelli, and Maino-Bergougnan.
The peloton was almost completely composed of Italians. The field featured one former Giro d'Italia champion in the 1919 Giro d'Italia winner Costante Girardengo. Other notable Italian riders that started the race included Giovanni Brunero, Bartolomeo Aymo, and Gaetano Belloni. | [] | [
"Participants"
] | [
"Giro d'Italia by year",
"1922 in road cycling",
"1922 in Italian sport",
"May 1922 sports events",
"June 1922 sports events"
] |
projected-23575051-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%20Giro%20d%27Italia | 1922 Giro d'Italia | General classification | The 1922 Giro d'Italia was the tenth edition of the Giro d'Italia, a Grand Tour organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 24 May in Milan with a stage that stretched to Padua, finishing back in Milan on 11 June after a stage and a total distance covered of . The race was won by the Italian rider Giovanni Brunero of the Legnano team. Second and third respectively were the Italian riders Bartolomeo Aymo and Giuseppe Enrici. | There were fifteen cyclists who had completed all ten stages. For these cyclists, the times they had needed in each stage was added up for the general classification. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the winner. | [] | [
"Final standings",
"General classification"
] | [
"Giro d'Italia by year",
"1922 in road cycling",
"1922 in Italian sport",
"May 1922 sports events",
"June 1922 sports events"
] |
projected-23575051-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%20Giro%20d%27Italia | 1922 Giro d'Italia | Other classifications | The 1922 Giro d'Italia was the tenth edition of the Giro d'Italia, a Grand Tour organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 24 May in Milan with a stage that stretched to Padua, finishing back in Milan on 11 June after a stage and a total distance covered of . The race was won by the Italian rider Giovanni Brunero of the Legnano team. Second and third respectively were the Italian riders Bartolomeo Aymo and Giuseppe Enrici. | There were two other classifications contested at the race. A juniors classification was won Giuseppe Enrici and the isolati classification was won by Domenico Schierano. Each of these classifications were calculated like the general classification. | [] | [
"Final standings",
"Other classifications"
] | [
"Giro d'Italia by year",
"1922 in road cycling",
"1922 in Italian sport",
"May 1922 sports events",
"June 1922 sports events"
] |
projected-23575051-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%20Giro%20d%27Italia | 1922 Giro d'Italia | References | The 1922 Giro d'Italia was the tenth edition of the Giro d'Italia, a Grand Tour organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 24 May in Milan with a stage that stretched to Padua, finishing back in Milan on 11 June after a stage and a total distance covered of . The race was won by the Italian rider Giovanni Brunero of the Legnano team. Second and third respectively were the Italian riders Bartolomeo Aymo and Giuseppe Enrici. | Notes
Citations
1922
Giro d'Italia
Giro d'Italia
Giro d'Italia
Giro d'Italia | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Giro d'Italia by year",
"1922 in road cycling",
"1922 in Italian sport",
"May 1922 sports events",
"June 1922 sports events"
] |
projected-17332858-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Shadbolt | Nigel Shadbolt | Introduction | Sir Nigel Richard Shadbolt (born 9 April 1956) is Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, and Professorial Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford. He is Chairman of the Open Data Institute which he co-founded with Tim Berners-Lee. He is also a Visiting Professor in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. Shadbolt is an interdisciplinary researcher, policy expert and commentator. His research focuses on understanding how intelligent behaviour is embodied and emerges in humans, machines and, most recently, on the Web, and has made contributions to the fields of Psychology, Cognitive science, Computational neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer science and the emerging field of Web science. | [] | [
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... | |
projected-17332858-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Shadbolt | Nigel Shadbolt | Education | Sir Nigel Richard Shadbolt (born 9 April 1956) is Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, and Professorial Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford. He is Chairman of the Open Data Institute which he co-founded with Tim Berners-Lee. He is also a Visiting Professor in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. Shadbolt is an interdisciplinary researcher, policy expert and commentator. His research focuses on understanding how intelligent behaviour is embodied and emerges in humans, machines and, most recently, on the Web, and has made contributions to the fields of Psychology, Cognitive science, Computational neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer science and the emerging field of Web science. | Shadbolt was born in London but adopted and raised in the Derbyshire village of Ashford-in-the-Water, living a "bucolic existence" until he went to university. He went to Lady Manners School, then a grammar school. He obtained an undergraduate degree in philosophy and psychology at Newcastle University. His PhD degree was received from the Department of Artificial Intelligence at the University of Edinburgh. His thesis resulted in a framework for understanding how human dialogue is organised and was supervised by Barry Richards and Henry S. Thompson. | [] | [
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projected-17332858-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Shadbolt | Nigel Shadbolt | Research and career | Sir Nigel Richard Shadbolt (born 9 April 1956) is Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, and Professorial Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford. He is Chairman of the Open Data Institute which he co-founded with Tim Berners-Lee. He is also a Visiting Professor in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. Shadbolt is an interdisciplinary researcher, policy expert and commentator. His research focuses on understanding how intelligent behaviour is embodied and emerges in humans, machines and, most recently, on the Web, and has made contributions to the fields of Psychology, Cognitive science, Computational neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer science and the emerging field of Web science. | Shadbolt's research has been in Artificial Intelligence since the late 1970s working on a broad range of topics; from natural language understanding and robotics through to expert systems, computational neuroscience, memory through to the semantic web and linked data. He also writes on the wider implications of his research. One example is the book he co-authored with Kieron O'Hara that examines privacy and trust in the Digital Age – The Spy in the Coffee Machine. His most recent research is on the topic of social machines – understanding the emergent problem solving that arises from a combination of humans, computers and data at web scale. The SOCIAM project on social machines is funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).
In 1983, Shadbolt moved to the University of Nottingham and joined the Department of Psychology. From 2000 to 2015 he was Professor of Artificial Intelligence in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton.
From 2000 to 2007, he led and directed the Advanced Knowledge Technologies (AKT) Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration (IRC). It produced a broad range of Semantic Web research, including how diverse information could be harvested and integrated and how semantics could help computers systems recommend content.
In 2006 Shadbolt was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng). He is a Fellow of the British Computer Society (FBCS) and was its President in its 50th jubilee year. That same year, Nigel Shadbolt, Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall and Daniel Weitzner, founded the Web Science Research Initiative, to promote the discipline of Web Science and foster research collaboration between the University of Southampton and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
From 2007 to 2011 Shadbolt was Deputy Head of the School of Electronics and Computer Science (ECS) at the University of Southampton, from 2011 to 2014 he was Head of the Web and Internet Science Group, the first research group dedicated to the study of Web science and Internet science, within ECS, comprising 140 staff, researchers and PhD students.
His Semantic Web research led to the formation of Garlik, offering identity protection services. In 2008, Garlik was awarded Technology Pioneer status by the Davos World Economic Forum and won the UK BT Flagship IT Award. Experian acquired Garlik in November 2011.
In June 2009 he was appointed together with Tim Berners-Lee as Information Advisor to the UK Government. The two led a team to develop data.gov.uk, a single point of access for UK non-personal Governmental public data. In May 2010 he was appointed by the UK Coalition Government to the Public Sector Transparency Board responsible for setting open data standards across the public sector and developing the legal Right to Data.
In December 2012, Shadbolt and Tim Berners-Lee formally launched the Open Data Institute. The ODI focuses on incubating and nurturing new businesses wanting to harness open data, training and promoting standards. In 2013, Shadbolt and Tim Berners-Lee joined the board of advisors of tech startup State.com, creating a network of structured opinions on the semantic web. On 1 August 2015 he was appointed Principal of Jesus College, Oxford and a Professorial Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford. | [
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projected-17332858-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Shadbolt | Nigel Shadbolt | Appointments | Sir Nigel Richard Shadbolt (born 9 April 1956) is Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, and Professorial Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford. He is Chairman of the Open Data Institute which he co-founded with Tim Berners-Lee. He is also a Visiting Professor in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. Shadbolt is an interdisciplinary researcher, policy expert and commentator. His research focuses on understanding how intelligent behaviour is embodied and emerges in humans, machines and, most recently, on the Web, and has made contributions to the fields of Psychology, Cognitive science, Computational neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer science and the emerging field of Web science. | 2008–present: Director, Web Science Trust
2010–2015: Chair of Local Public Data Panel, Dept. of Communities and Local Government.
2011–2014: Chair of UK Midata programme, BIS, appointed by Minister of State
2012–2016: UK Health Sector Transparency Board, DHS.
2013–2015: UK Research Sector Transparency Board, appointed by Minister of State
2013–2015: UK Information Economy Council, BIS, appointed by Minister of State
2015–2016: Chair, Shadbolt Review of Computer Science Employability
2015–2016: UK French Data Task Force, appointed by Chancellor of Exchequer
2015–present: Member, HMG Digital Advisory Board. Appointed by Minister of State | [
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projected-17332858-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Shadbolt | Nigel Shadbolt | Awards and honours | Sir Nigel Richard Shadbolt (born 9 April 1956) is Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, and Professorial Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford. He is Chairman of the Open Data Institute which he co-founded with Tim Berners-Lee. He is also a Visiting Professor in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. Shadbolt is an interdisciplinary researcher, policy expert and commentator. His research focuses on understanding how intelligent behaviour is embodied and emerges in humans, machines and, most recently, on the Web, and has made contributions to the fields of Psychology, Cognitive science, Computational neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer science and the emerging field of Web science. | 2014: Appointed EPSRC RISE (Recognising Inspirational Scientists and Engineers) Fellow
2016: Elected first Jisc Fellow
2017: Elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
He was interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili on The Life Scientific on BBC Radio 4 in April 2015. In 2016, he delivered the Hinton Lecture of the Royal Academy of Engineering, entitled "Engineering the Future of Data". | [] | [
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projected-17332858-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Shadbolt | Nigel Shadbolt | Personal life | Sir Nigel Richard Shadbolt (born 9 April 1956) is Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, and Professorial Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford. He is Chairman of the Open Data Institute which he co-founded with Tim Berners-Lee. He is also a Visiting Professor in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. Shadbolt is an interdisciplinary researcher, policy expert and commentator. His research focuses on understanding how intelligent behaviour is embodied and emerges in humans, machines and, most recently, on the Web, and has made contributions to the fields of Psychology, Cognitive science, Computational neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer science and the emerging field of Web science. | Shadbolt is married to Bev Saunders, a designer, and has two children. | [] | [
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projected-17332858-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Shadbolt | Nigel Shadbolt | Bibliography | Sir Nigel Richard Shadbolt (born 9 April 1956) is Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, and Professorial Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford. He is Chairman of the Open Data Institute which he co-founded with Tim Berners-Lee. He is also a Visiting Professor in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. Shadbolt is an interdisciplinary researcher, policy expert and commentator. His research focuses on understanding how intelligent behaviour is embodied and emerges in humans, machines and, most recently, on the Web, and has made contributions to the fields of Psychology, Cognitive science, Computational neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer science and the emerging field of Web science. | Shadbolt, Nigel and Hampson, Roger (2018), The Digital Ape, Scribe Publications, London, UK | [] | [
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projected-17332858-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Shadbolt | Nigel Shadbolt | References | Sir Nigel Richard Shadbolt (born 9 April 1956) is Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, and Professorial Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford. He is Chairman of the Open Data Institute which he co-founded with Tim Berners-Lee. He is also a Visiting Professor in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. Shadbolt is an interdisciplinary researcher, policy expert and commentator. His research focuses on understanding how intelligent behaviour is embodied and emerges in humans, machines and, most recently, on the Web, and has made contributions to the fields of Psychology, Cognitive science, Computational neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer science and the emerging field of Web science. | Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:Scientists from London
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Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Category:English computer scientists
Category:Academics of the University of Nottingham
Category:Academics of the University of Southampton
Category:Fellows of the British Computer Society
Category:Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:Presidents of the British Computer Society
Category:Principals of Jesus College, Oxford
Category:Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Category:Semantic Web people
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society | [] | [
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projected-17332896-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momoyama-minamiguchi%20Station | Momoyama-minamiguchi Station | Introduction | is a train station located in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Railway stations in Japan opened in 1913",
"Railway stations in Kyoto"
] | |
projected-17332896-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momoyama-minamiguchi%20Station | Momoyama-minamiguchi Station | Lines | is a train station located in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. | Keihan Electric Railway
Uji Line | [] | [
"Lines"
] | [
"Railway stations in Japan opened in 1913",
"Railway stations in Kyoto"
] |
projected-17332896-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momoyama-minamiguchi%20Station | Momoyama-minamiguchi Station | History | is a train station located in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. | The station opened on June 1, 1913, simultaneously with the opening of the Uji Line. The station name was changed from in 1949. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Railway stations in Japan opened in 1913",
"Railway stations in Kyoto"
] |
projected-17332896-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momoyama-minamiguchi%20Station | Momoyama-minamiguchi Station | References | is a train station located in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. | Category:Railway stations in Japan opened in 1913
Category:Railway stations in Kyoto | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Railway stations in Japan opened in 1913",
"Railway stations in Kyoto"
] |
projected-17332959-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Tomkins | James Tomkins | Introduction | James Tomkins may refer to:
James Tomkins (MP) (c. 1569–1636), English MP for Leominster
James Tomkins (rower) (born 1965), Australian rower
James Tomkins (footballer) (born 1989), English footballer | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-17332959-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Tomkins | James Tomkins | See also | James Tomkins may refer to:
James Tomkins (MP) (c. 1569–1636), English MP for Leominster
James Tomkins (rower) (born 1965), Australian rower
James Tomkins (footballer) (born 1989), English footballer | James Tompkins (disambiguation) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-23575061-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyantonde | Lyantonde | Introduction | Lyantonde is a town in the southern part of the Central Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative, and commercial center of Lyantonde District. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Populated places in Central Region, Uganda",
"Cities in the Great Rift Valley",
"Lyantonde District"
] | |
projected-23575061-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyantonde | Lyantonde | Location | Lyantonde is a town in the southern part of the Central Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative, and commercial center of Lyantonde District. | Lyantonde is approximately , by road, west of Masaka, the nearest large city, on the all-weather Masaka–Mbarara Road. This is approximately , by road, south-west of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. The coordinates of the town are 0°24'25.0"S, 31°09'27.0"E (Latitude:-0.406944; Longitude:31.157500). Lyantonde Town sits at an average elevation of above mean sea level. | [] | [
"Location"
] | [
"Populated places in Central Region, Uganda",
"Cities in the Great Rift Valley",
"Lyantonde District"
] |
projected-23575061-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyantonde | Lyantonde | Population | Lyantonde is a town in the southern part of the Central Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative, and commercial center of Lyantonde District. | In 2002, the national population census estimated the population of the town to be 7,500. In 2010, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the population at 8,700. In 2011, UBOS estimated the mid-year population at 8,900. During the national census and household survey of 27 and 28 August 2014, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), enumerated the population of Lyantonde Town at 13,586 people.
In 2015 UBOS estimated the population of the town at 14,100. In 2020, the population agency estimated the mid-year of Lyantonde Town at 16,300. Of these, 8,500 (52.1 percent) were female and 7,800 (47.9 percent) were male. UBOS calculated the growth rate of the town between 2015 until 2020 to average 2.9 percent annually. | [] | [
"Population"
] | [
"Populated places in Central Region, Uganda",
"Cities in the Great Rift Valley",
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] |
projected-23575061-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyantonde | Lyantonde | Overview | Lyantonde is a town in the southern part of the Central Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative, and commercial center of Lyantonde District. | The town lies along the Masaka-Mbarara Road which connects to Kampala, Uganda's capital to the east and Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda to the southwest. Lyantonde serves as a stop-over for long-distance truck drivers plying this route. Although prostitution is illegal in Uganda, prostitutes are readily available in Lyantonde town. | [] | [
"Overview"
] | [
"Populated places in Central Region, Uganda",
"Cities in the Great Rift Valley",
"Lyantonde District"
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projected-23575061-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyantonde | Lyantonde | Points of interest | Lyantonde is a town in the southern part of the Central Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative, and commercial center of Lyantonde District. | The following points of interest lie within the town limits or near the town edges: (a) The headquarters of Lyantonde District Administration (b)
Lyantonde General Hospital, a 100-bed public hospital administered by the Uganda Ministry of Health (c) Offices of Lyantonde Town Council (d) Lyantonde central market (e) Masaka-Mbarara Road, which passes through the middle of town in a general east/west direction (f) Salaama Vocational Education Centre (SVEC). | [] | [
"Points of interest"
] | [
"Populated places in Central Region, Uganda",
"Cities in the Great Rift Valley",
"Lyantonde District"
] |
projected-23575061-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyantonde | Lyantonde | See also | Lyantonde is a town in the southern part of the Central Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative, and commercial center of Lyantonde District. | List of cities and towns in Uganda | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Populated places in Central Region, Uganda",
"Cities in the Great Rift Valley",
"Lyantonde District"
] |
projected-17332967-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowata%20Station | Kowata Station | Introduction | is a train station located in Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, on the Keihan Electric Railway Uji Line. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture"
] | |
projected-17332967-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowata%20Station | Kowata Station | Layout | is a train station located in Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, on the Keihan Electric Railway Uji Line. | The station has two side platforms. | [] | [
"Layout"
] | [
"Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture"
] |
projected-17332967-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowata%20Station | Kowata Station | Surroundings | is a train station located in Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, on the Keihan Electric Railway Uji Line. | Panasonic Electronic Devices Co., Ltd. (Capacitor Business Unit)
Kohata Shrine
Kyoto Animation Studio 2
Kohata Station on the JR West Nara Line | [] | [
"Surroundings"
] | [
"Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture"
] |
projected-17332967-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowata%20Station | Kowata Station | Adjacent stations | is a train station located in Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, on the Keihan Electric Railway Uji Line. | Category:Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture | [] | [
"Adjacent stations"
] | [
"Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture"
] |
projected-08555215-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopanishad | Allopanishad | Introduction | Allah Upanishad, or Allopanishad, is a book of uncertain origin written during Muslim rule in India during 16th to 17th century in the time of Mughal Emperor Akbar's reign.
Swami Dayananda Saraswati's book Satyarth Prakash (The Light of Truth) argues that the Allopanishad is not part of the Upanishad canon and it does not even appear in the Atharvaveda. The famous Muktikā canon, which was given by Rama to Hanuman as the list of authentic 108 Upanishads does not contain Allopanishad. Most scholars view that the book has been written during the Mughal era (possibly during Akbar's reign). Allopanishad describes Akbar as a messenger or prophet of God. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Hinduism and Islam",
"Upanishads"
] | |
projected-08555215-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopanishad | Allopanishad | Full text | Allah Upanishad, or Allopanishad, is a book of uncertain origin written during Muslim rule in India during 16th to 17th century in the time of Mughal Emperor Akbar's reign.
Swami Dayananda Saraswati's book Satyarth Prakash (The Light of Truth) argues that the Allopanishad is not part of the Upanishad canon and it does not even appear in the Atharvaveda. The famous Muktikā canon, which was given by Rama to Hanuman as the list of authentic 108 Upanishads does not contain Allopanishad. Most scholars view that the book has been written during the Mughal era (possibly during Akbar's reign). Allopanishad describes Akbar as a messenger or prophet of God. | 1) "I take refuge in our Allah [La, to perish, and alla, eternal] who protects Mitra [sun] and Varuna [the god of water]."
2) "There is but one God [Illelle]; the king, Varuna, again takes refuge (in him)."
3) "Everything is God; sun and stars."
4) "Everything is God; Varuna, the sun, the illuminator."
5) "The Great Breath, the Lord, is the Sacrificer. The Lord is the Sacrificer."
6) "Allah is the first and best, the highest; Omnipresent; Highest of all Gods."
7) "He is only One; ever remaining."
8) "By sacrifice is Allah to be propitiated."
9) "Allah is sun, moon and all stars."
10) "Allah is (the God) of Rishis and all other deities, and of Indra, the first Maya [primordial matter] and the ether."
11) "Allah is in the earth and in heaven and in multifarious forms."
12) "Everything is Allah. Everything is Allah and everything is He."
13) "Om is Allah. Everything is He. By nature eternal. Atharvan [the Rishi] bows down to such."
14) "Give us water, cattle, siddhis, and things that live in water, and Phut [a mantra]."
15) "The slayer of enemies. Hum, Hrim. Nothing but Allah; nothing but Allah. Thus ends the Allopanishad." | [] | [
"Full text"
] | [
"Hinduism and Islam",
"Upanishads"
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projected-08555215-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopanishad | Allopanishad | Views on authorship and authenticity | Allah Upanishad, or Allopanishad, is a book of uncertain origin written during Muslim rule in India during 16th to 17th century in the time of Mughal Emperor Akbar's reign.
Swami Dayananda Saraswati's book Satyarth Prakash (The Light of Truth) argues that the Allopanishad is not part of the Upanishad canon and it does not even appear in the Atharvaveda. The famous Muktikā canon, which was given by Rama to Hanuman as the list of authentic 108 Upanishads does not contain Allopanishad. Most scholars view that the book has been written during the Mughal era (possibly during Akbar's reign). Allopanishad describes Akbar as a messenger or prophet of God. | In an issue of The Theosophist, R. Ananthakrishna Sastri wrote that the work was written by "Pandits for monetary rewards" during the time of Muslim rule in India. He further remarked that the work was "not in the style of ordinary Upanishads" and its words "appear to sound more like Arabic". Bhattacharya and Sarkar categorize Allopanishad as an "Islamic Work" and write that it was written by a Hindu courtier of Akbar, as an "apocryphal chapter of the Atharvaveda". Charles Eliot suggested that the work may have been written in connection with the Din-i-Ilahi movement, and wrote that the work "can hardly be described as other than a forgery". Swami Vivekananda wrote that Allopanishad was evidently of a much later date and that he was told that it was written in the reign of Akbar to bring Hindus and Muslims together. Sadasivan writes that it was written by Brahmins for Akbar when he was experimenting with a new religion. Debendranath Tagore wrote in his autobiography that Allopanishad was composed in the days of Akbar with the objective of converting Hindus into Muslims. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote that the Allopanishad was "the shameless production of some brahmin sycophant of Muslim rulers of India." Abraham Eraly states that the book was symbolic of the various cross-cultural pollination between Hindu and Muslim cultures during the time of the Mughals and was meant to bring the two communities together. | [] | [
"Views on authorship and authenticity"
] | [
"Hinduism and Islam",
"Upanishads"
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projected-08555215-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopanishad | Allopanishad | See also | Allah Upanishad, or Allopanishad, is a book of uncertain origin written during Muslim rule in India during 16th to 17th century in the time of Mughal Emperor Akbar's reign.
Swami Dayananda Saraswati's book Satyarth Prakash (The Light of Truth) argues that the Allopanishad is not part of the Upanishad canon and it does not even appear in the Atharvaveda. The famous Muktikā canon, which was given by Rama to Hanuman as the list of authentic 108 Upanishads does not contain Allopanishad. Most scholars view that the book has been written during the Mughal era (possibly during Akbar's reign). Allopanishad describes Akbar as a messenger or prophet of God. | Din-i-Ilahi
Upanishads | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Hinduism and Islam",
"Upanishads"
] |
projected-08555215-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopanishad | Allopanishad | References | Allah Upanishad, or Allopanishad, is a book of uncertain origin written during Muslim rule in India during 16th to 17th century in the time of Mughal Emperor Akbar's reign.
Swami Dayananda Saraswati's book Satyarth Prakash (The Light of Truth) argues that the Allopanishad is not part of the Upanishad canon and it does not even appear in the Atharvaveda. The famous Muktikā canon, which was given by Rama to Hanuman as the list of authentic 108 Upanishads does not contain Allopanishad. Most scholars view that the book has been written during the Mughal era (possibly during Akbar's reign). Allopanishad describes Akbar as a messenger or prophet of God. | Category:Hinduism and Islam
Category:Upanishads | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Hinduism and Islam",
"Upanishads"
] |
projected-23575087-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beware%20of%20the%20Dog%20%28short%20story%29 | Beware of the Dog (short story) | Introduction | "Beware of the Dog" is a 1944 World War II story by Roald Dahl which was originally published in Harper's Magazine and later appeared in his Over to You collection. Its basic plot was adapted into the 1965 movie 36 Hours, starring James Garner and Rod Taylor, and the TV movie Breaking Point in 1989. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1944 short stories",
"Prisoners of war in popular culture",
"Short stories adapted into films",
"Short stories by Roald Dahl",
"Works originally published in Harper's Magazine",
"World War II short stories"
] | |
projected-23575087-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beware%20of%20the%20Dog%20%28short%20story%29 | Beware of the Dog (short story) | Story | "Beware of the Dog" is a 1944 World War II story by Roald Dahl which was originally published in Harper's Magazine and later appeared in his Over to You collection. Its basic plot was adapted into the 1965 movie 36 Hours, starring James Garner and Rod Taylor, and the TV movie Breaking Point in 1989. | RAF pilot Peter Williamson sustains a serious injury (the loss of a leg from a cannon shell) while flying a mission over German-controlled Vichy France. He bails out of his plane and later awakes to find himself in a hospital bed in Brighton, on the English coast. As he recovers, strange things keep happening, such as hearing the sound of German warplanes through the window when none would have been nearby. The nurse also mentions that the hospital water is very hard, when Williamson knows the water in Brighton is famous for being soft.
Suspicious and frightened, Williamson drags himself to the window and sees a wooden sign, "GARDE AU CHIEN" (French for “Beware of the Dog”). He now knows that he is actually in Vichy France, and that the English caregivers are Germans in disguise. When they send in a fake RAF commander to convince him to divulge his squadron's location, he stares him straight in the eye and says nothing more than "My name is Peter Williamson. My rank is Squadron Leader and my number is nine, seven, two, four, five, seven." | [] | [
"Story"
] | [
"1944 short stories",
"Prisoners of war in popular culture",
"Short stories adapted into films",
"Short stories by Roald Dahl",
"Works originally published in Harper's Magazine",
"World War II short stories"
] |
projected-23575087-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beware%20of%20the%20Dog%20%28short%20story%29 | Beware of the Dog (short story) | References | "Beware of the Dog" is a 1944 World War II story by Roald Dahl which was originally published in Harper's Magazine and later appeared in his Over to You collection. Its basic plot was adapted into the 1965 movie 36 Hours, starring James Garner and Rod Taylor, and the TV movie Breaking Point in 1989. | Category:1944 short stories
Category:Prisoners of war in popular culture
Category:Short stories adapted into films
Category:Short stories by Roald Dahl
Category:Works originally published in Harper's Magazine
Category:World War II short stories | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1944 short stories",
"Prisoners of war in popular culture",
"Short stories adapted into films",
"Short stories by Roald Dahl",
"Works originally published in Harper's Magazine",
"World War II short stories"
] |
projected-08555220-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical%20council | Pontifical council | Introduction | A pontifical council is a mid-sized department or dicastery of the Roman Curia, the central organization responsible for assisting the pope in the governance and oversight of Catholic Church. Such a council has a cardinal or archbishop as its president and is restricted in its activities in comparison with the larger parts of the Curia. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Pontifical councils"
] | |
projected-08555220-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical%20council | Pontifical council | List of pontifical councils | A pontifical council is a mid-sized department or dicastery of the Roman Curia, the central organization responsible for assisting the pope in the governance and oversight of Catholic Church. Such a council has a cardinal or archbishop as its president and is restricted in its activities in comparison with the larger parts of the Curia. | The formerpontifical councils are:
Pontifical Council for Culture (20 May 1982)
Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue (19 May 1964, renamed 28 June 1988)
Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts (5 September 1917, renamed 28 June 1988)
Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (5 June 1960, renamed 28 June 1988)
Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization (28 June 2010)
Pontifical Council Cor Unum, established 15 July 1971
Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, established 6 January 1967, renamed 28 June 1988
Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers, established 11 February 1985
Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants, established 28 June 1988
Pope Francis has undertaken a reorganization of the Roman Curia that has eliminated several councils by incorporating their activities into parts of the curia with broader responsibilities.On 29 June 2016, the Pontifical Council for Social Communications, which was created on 30 January 1948, were assumed by the Secretariat for Communications. On 1 September 2016, the Pontifical Council for the Family, established 9 May 1981, and the Pontifical Council for the Laity, established 6 January 1967, were assumed by the Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life. On 1 January 2017, these four pontifical councils were assumed by the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development.
Since Praedicate evangelium entered into force (5 June 2022), there are no more active pontifical councils. | [] | [
"List of pontifical councils"
] | [
"Pontifical councils"
] |
projected-08555221-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%20Hill%20Regional%20High%20School | Shepherd Hill Regional High School | Introduction | Shepherd Hill Regional High School is located in Dudley, Massachusetts, United States. It is a regional high school covering the towns of Dudley and Charlton. The school is part of the Dudley-Charlton Regional School District. The principal is Darren.C Elwell. Shepherd Hill has over 1200 students. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Schools in Worcester County, Massachusetts",
"Educational institutions established in 1973",
"Public high schools in Massachusetts",
"Buildings and structures in Dudley, Massachusetts"
] | |
projected-08555221-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%20Hill%20Regional%20High%20School | Shepherd Hill Regional High School | History | Shepherd Hill Regional High School is located in Dudley, Massachusetts, United States. It is a regional high school covering the towns of Dudley and Charlton. The school is part of the Dudley-Charlton Regional School District. The principal is Darren.C Elwell. Shepherd Hill has over 1200 students. | Shepherd Hill was established in 1973. The school formerly included grades 712, but in 2000 Dudley and Charlton opened separate middle schools and the school is now restricted to grades 912. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Schools in Worcester County, Massachusetts",
"Educational institutions established in 1973",
"Public high schools in Massachusetts",
"Buildings and structures in Dudley, Massachusetts"
] |
projected-08555221-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%20Hill%20Regional%20High%20School | Shepherd Hill Regional High School | Awards | Shepherd Hill Regional High School is located in Dudley, Massachusetts, United States. It is a regional high school covering the towns of Dudley and Charlton. The school is part of the Dudley-Charlton Regional School District. The principal is Darren.C Elwell. Shepherd Hill has over 1200 students. | On January 18, 1999 the school was selected by U.S. News & World Report as one of ninety-six 'Outstanding American high schools' and the school was congratulated in the Senate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. | [] | [
"Awards"
] | [
"Schools in Worcester County, Massachusetts",
"Educational institutions established in 1973",
"Public high schools in Massachusetts",
"Buildings and structures in Dudley, Massachusetts"
] |
projected-08555221-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%20Hill%20Regional%20High%20School | Shepherd Hill Regional High School | Performing arts | Shepherd Hill Regional High School is located in Dudley, Massachusetts, United States. It is a regional high school covering the towns of Dudley and Charlton. The school is part of the Dudley-Charlton Regional School District. The principal is Darren.C Elwell. Shepherd Hill has over 1200 students. | Shepherd Hill has two competitive show choirs: the mixed-gender "Fantasy", the all-female "Illusion", and the all-male "Testostertones". The school is recognized as one of the first to have a show choir in New England, having established the group in 1984. The program also hosts an annual competition the first weekend in February. | [] | [
"Performing arts"
] | [
"Schools in Worcester County, Massachusetts",
"Educational institutions established in 1973",
"Public high schools in Massachusetts",
"Buildings and structures in Dudley, Massachusetts"
] |
projected-08555221-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%20Hill%20Regional%20High%20School | Shepherd Hill Regional High School | Notable alumni | Shepherd Hill Regional High School is located in Dudley, Massachusetts, United States. It is a regional high school covering the towns of Dudley and Charlton. The school is part of the Dudley-Charlton Regional School District. The principal is Darren.C Elwell. Shepherd Hill has over 1200 students. | Sean McKeon, NFL player
Chris Lindstrom, NFL Player | [] | [
"Notable alumni"
] | [
"Schools in Worcester County, Massachusetts",
"Educational institutions established in 1973",
"Public high schools in Massachusetts",
"Buildings and structures in Dudley, Massachusetts"
] |
projected-08555235-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press%20Council | Press Council | Introduction | Press Council may refer to:
International Press Telecommunications Council, a consortium of the world's major news agencies and news industry vendors
Australian Press Council
Danish Press Council, a Danish independent public tribunal press council under the Ministry of Justice
Myanmar Press Council
New Zealand Press Council, an industry body that oversees complaints against print media
Ontario Press Council
Press Council of India, a statutory body in India that governs the conduct of the print and broadcast media
Press Council (UK), a British voluntary press organisation that was succeeded by the Press Complaints Commission in 1990
Swedish Press Council | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-56567604-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20St.%20Martin%2C%20Borschemich | Church of St. Martin, Borschemich | Introduction | The Church of St. Martin () was a Roman Catholic church in the village of , Erkelenz in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. It was built between 1906 and 1907 in the Gothic Revival style to designs of the architect . It took over the role from a medieval church which was located nearby, which was demolished upon completion of the new building.
The church was deconsecrated in 2014, and it was demolished in February 2016 as part of the destruction of the entire village of Borschemich in order to make way for the Garzweiler surface mine. A was built as its replacement in Neu-Borschemich between 2013 and 2015. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Gothic Revival church buildings in Germany",
"Destroyed churches in Germany",
"Roman Catholic churches in North Rhine-Westphalia",
"Buildings and structures in Heinsberg (district)",
"Heritage sites in North Rhine-Westphalia",
"Roman Catholic churches completed in 1907",
"1907 establishments in Germany... | |
projected-56567604-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20St.%20Martin%2C%20Borschemich | Church of St. Martin, Borschemich | History | The Church of St. Martin () was a Roman Catholic church in the village of , Erkelenz in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. It was built between 1906 and 1907 in the Gothic Revival style to designs of the architect . It took over the role from a medieval church which was located nearby, which was demolished upon completion of the new building.
The church was deconsecrated in 2014, and it was demolished in February 2016 as part of the destruction of the entire village of Borschemich in order to make way for the Garzweiler surface mine. A was built as its replacement in Neu-Borschemich between 2013 and 2015. | The Church of St. Martin was built between 1906 and 1907 according to designs of the architect and under the direction of the contractor Max Sauer. It was blessed on 27 October 1907 by dean Hermann Josef Kamp from Erkelenz, on behalf of the Archbishop of Cologne, Anton Hubert Fischer. The church was consecrated in honour of Saint Martin of Tours on 9 October 1915 by the auxiliary bishop .
The building took over the role of an earlier church, which was originally built in the 12th century, and was rebuilt in 1451 and renamed, extended and reconstructed in 1784. By the 19th century, the old church was insufficient, and it was demolished after the completion of the new church building
The church was built out of brick, and it had a single aisle with three bays in the nave, behind which was a triumphal arch and a choir. It had arched groin vaults. The three-storey bell tower was high, and it stood at the southern corner of the church. The building had a capacity of 150 people seated and 100 standing.
The church suffered some damage in 1945 during World War II, but it was repaired in 1950. A comprehensive renovation of both the exterior and interior was undertaken in 1982. | [
"Sank̠t martinus̠ borschemich̠ erkelenz̠ 1.jpg"
] | [
"History"
] | [
"Gothic Revival church buildings in Germany",
"Destroyed churches in Germany",
"Roman Catholic churches in North Rhine-Westphalia",
"Buildings and structures in Heinsberg (district)",
"Heritage sites in North Rhine-Westphalia",
"Roman Catholic churches completed in 1907",
"1907 establishments in Germany... |
projected-56567604-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20St.%20Martin%2C%20Borschemich | Church of St. Martin, Borschemich | Deconsecration and demolition | The Church of St. Martin () was a Roman Catholic church in the village of , Erkelenz in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. It was built between 1906 and 1907 in the Gothic Revival style to designs of the architect . It took over the role from a medieval church which was located nearby, which was demolished upon completion of the new building.
The church was deconsecrated in 2014, and it was demolished in February 2016 as part of the destruction of the entire village of Borschemich in order to make way for the Garzweiler surface mine. A was built as its replacement in Neu-Borschemich between 2013 and 2015. | The village of Borschemich was on the planned route for the extension of the Garzweiler surface mine, a large lignite mine operated by the company RWE. The entire village was therefore demolished in the 2010s, with the company building a new settlement known as Neu-Borschemich as its replacement. RWE purchased the Church of St. Martin in 2013, and it was deconsecrated on 23 November 2014. The village's other major landmark, the , was demolished in 2015. Demolition of the church began at 10:00 am on 15 February 2016. The sacristy was demolished first, followed by the sanctuary. The tower was demolished a few days later. | [
"St. Martin, Borschemich.jpg",
"Borschemich (neu), Martinuskapelle, Totalansicht.JPG"
] | [
"History",
"Deconsecration and demolition"
] | [
"Gothic Revival church buildings in Germany",
"Destroyed churches in Germany",
"Roman Catholic churches in North Rhine-Westphalia",
"Buildings and structures in Heinsberg (district)",
"Heritage sites in North Rhine-Westphalia",
"Roman Catholic churches completed in 1907",
"1907 establishments in Germany... |
projected-56567604-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20St.%20Martin%2C%20Borschemich | Church of St. Martin, Borschemich | See also | The Church of St. Martin () was a Roman Catholic church in the village of , Erkelenz in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. It was built between 1906 and 1907 in the Gothic Revival style to designs of the architect . It took over the role from a medieval church which was located nearby, which was demolished upon completion of the new building.
The church was deconsecrated in 2014, and it was demolished in February 2016 as part of the destruction of the entire village of Borschemich in order to make way for the Garzweiler surface mine. A was built as its replacement in Neu-Borschemich between 2013 and 2015. | Church of St. Lambertus, Immerath | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Gothic Revival church buildings in Germany",
"Destroyed churches in Germany",
"Roman Catholic churches in North Rhine-Westphalia",
"Buildings and structures in Heinsberg (district)",
"Heritage sites in North Rhine-Westphalia",
"Roman Catholic churches completed in 1907",
"1907 establishments in Germany... |
projected-08555240-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan%20Highway%20764 | Saskatchewan Highway 764 | Introduction | Highway 764 is a highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 219 to Highway 397 / Highway 763 near Allan. Highway 764 is about 83 km (52 mi.) long.
Highway 764 heads eastward from Highway 219 as the Hanley Grid. Access roads to the town of Hanley are about 26 km from Highway 219, and Highway 764 intersects Highway 11 2 km later. At Range Road 3013, Highway 764 shifts northward over the Allan Hills, and through the community of Allan Hills. Highway 764 ends at a three-way junction of Highways 397, 763, and 764. All three highways end at this intersection. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Saskatchewan provincial highways"
] | |
projected-08555240-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan%20Highway%20764 | Saskatchewan Highway 764 | See also | Highway 764 is a highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 219 to Highway 397 / Highway 763 near Allan. Highway 764 is about 83 km (52 mi.) long.
Highway 764 heads eastward from Highway 219 as the Hanley Grid. Access roads to the town of Hanley are about 26 km from Highway 219, and Highway 764 intersects Highway 11 2 km later. At Range Road 3013, Highway 764 shifts northward over the Allan Hills, and through the community of Allan Hills. Highway 764 ends at a three-way junction of Highways 397, 763, and 764. All three highways end at this intersection. | Roads in Saskatchewan
Transportation in Saskatchewan | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Saskatchewan provincial highways"
] |
projected-08555240-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan%20Highway%20764 | Saskatchewan Highway 764 | References | Highway 764 is a highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 219 to Highway 397 / Highway 763 near Allan. Highway 764 is about 83 km (52 mi.) long.
Highway 764 heads eastward from Highway 219 as the Hanley Grid. Access roads to the town of Hanley are about 26 km from Highway 219, and Highway 764 intersects Highway 11 2 km later. At Range Road 3013, Highway 764 shifts northward over the Allan Hills, and through the community of Allan Hills. Highway 764 ends at a three-way junction of Highways 397, 763, and 764. All three highways end at this intersection. | 764 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Saskatchewan provincial highways"
] |
projected-08555246-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20McCloud | Michael McCloud | Introduction | Michael McCloud (born 1947) is the stage name of Michael Snyder, an American folk singer and songwriter who regularly performs at the Schooner Wharf Bar in Key West, Florida.
His album Ain't Life Grand features the lead guitar playing of the late "Doctor" George Turner.
He gained national attention after filing a formal complaint for copyright infringement against country music star Toby Keith in 2006. McCloud claimed that Keith's 2003 hit song "I Love This Bar" was copied largely from McCloud's work, "Tourist Town Bar."
In 2009, McCloud released volumes 1 and 2 of his CD, Live As I Can Be. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Living people",
"1947 births",
"American folk singers"
] | |
projected-08555246-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20McCloud | Michael McCloud | References | Michael McCloud (born 1947) is the stage name of Michael Snyder, an American folk singer and songwriter who regularly performs at the Schooner Wharf Bar in Key West, Florida.
His album Ain't Life Grand features the lead guitar playing of the late "Doctor" George Turner.
He gained national attention after filing a formal complaint for copyright infringement against country music star Toby Keith in 2006. McCloud claimed that Keith's 2003 hit song "I Love This Bar" was copied largely from McCloud's work, "Tourist Town Bar."
In 2009, McCloud released volumes 1 and 2 of his CD, Live As I Can Be. | Category:Living people
Category:1947 births
Category:American folk singers | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Living people",
"1947 births",
"American folk singers"
] |
projected-44498838-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%20football%20rivalry | Iran–Iraq football rivalry | Introduction | The Iran and Iraq national football teams are sporting rivals since 1962.
According to The Malay Mail, "Emotions are always high when Iran and Iraq meet on the football pitch".
The most recent match between the two teams was in World Cup qualifier on 27 January 2022 hosted in Iran, where Iran won the game by 0–1. | [
"IRN-IRQ 20190116 Asian Cup 22.jpg"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"International association football rivalries",
"Iran national football team rivalries",
"Iraq national football team",
"Iran–Iraq relations",
"1962 establishments in Asia",
"Politics and sports"
] | |
projected-44498838-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%20football%20rivalry | Iran–Iraq football rivalry | Origins | The Iran and Iraq national football teams are sporting rivals since 1962.
According to The Malay Mail, "Emotions are always high when Iran and Iraq meet on the football pitch".
The most recent match between the two teams was in World Cup qualifier on 27 January 2022 hosted in Iran, where Iran won the game by 0–1. | The rivalry is not such a football-inspired ill-feeling between the two, but more of geography, religion and history.
Iran and Iraq are neighbouring countries, sharing a long history. In contemporary era, especially during the reign of Saddam Hussein, the two countries had bad relations and fought the Iran–Iraq War for 8 years.
In 2001, for the first time in decades, an Iran-Iraq match was not held at a neutral venue.
In recent years, Iranian intervention in Iraq has taken a grip among Iraqis as Iran has funded and supported numerous militants inside Iraq and interfered politically. This led to the heated 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers the second phase where a large number of Iraqi protestors were seen celebrating victory over Iran in a 2–1 match. | [] | [
"Origins"
] | [
"International association football rivalries",
"Iran national football team rivalries",
"Iraq national football team",
"Iran–Iraq relations",
"1962 establishments in Asia",
"Politics and sports"
] |
projected-44498838-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%20football%20rivalry | Iran–Iraq football rivalry | Major tournament matches | The Iran and Iraq national football teams are sporting rivals since 1962.
According to The Malay Mail, "Emotions are always high when Iran and Iraq meet on the football pitch".
The most recent match between the two teams was in World Cup qualifier on 27 January 2022 hosted in Iran, where Iran won the game by 0–1. | 1972 AFC Asian Cup
1976 AFC Asian Cup
1994 FIFA World Cup qualification
1996 AFC Asian Cup
2000 AFC Asian Cup
2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
2011 AFC Asian Cup
2015 AFC Asian Cup
2019 AFC Asian Cup
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification | [] | [
"Major tournament matches"
] | [
"International association football rivalries",
"Iran national football team rivalries",
"Iraq national football team",
"Iran–Iraq relations",
"1962 establishments in Asia",
"Politics and sports"
] |
projected-44498838-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%20football%20rivalry | Iran–Iraq football rivalry | Matches | The Iran and Iraq national football teams are sporting rivals since 1962.
According to The Malay Mail, "Emotions are always high when Iran and Iraq meet on the football pitch".
The most recent match between the two teams was in World Cup qualifier on 27 January 2022 hosted in Iran, where Iran won the game by 0–1. | Source: | [] | [
"Matches"
] | [
"International association football rivalries",
"Iran national football team rivalries",
"Iraq national football team",
"Iran–Iraq relations",
"1962 establishments in Asia",
"Politics and sports"
] |