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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
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projected-00307442-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Cricket%20Club | Marylebone Cricket Club | Controversies | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's Cricket Ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket retaining considerable global influence.
In 1788, the MCC took responsibility for the laws of cricket, issuing a r... | The club's members refused to allow female membership up until 1998, with club ballots on the change unable to achieve the two-thirds majority amongst the membership required for implementation. The move to change was spearheaded by Rachael Heyhoe Flint who applied as "R Flint" to slip into the male-only application sy... | [] | [
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"En... |
projected-00307442-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Cricket%20Club | Marylebone Cricket Club | Matches | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's Cricket Ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket retaining considerable global influence.
In 1788, the MCC took responsibility for the laws of cricket, issuing a r... | MCC men's and women's teams play domestic matches throughout the spring and summer against teams from universities, schools, the Armed Forces and invitational teams such as the Duchess of Rutland's XI. The men's team tour internationally four times per year, and the women's team tour every other year. | [] | [
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"En... |
projected-00307442-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Cricket%20Club | Marylebone Cricket Club | Coaching | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's Cricket Ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket retaining considerable global influence.
In 1788, the MCC took responsibility for the laws of cricket, issuing a r... | MCC has long had a deep involvement in coaching cricket. The club's head coach leads an extensive operation involving the running of an indoor-cricket school and a team of coaches in England and around the world. The club has traditionally produced a coaching manual, the MCC Cricket Coaching Book, a bible for cricket s... | [
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"En... |
projected-00307442-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Cricket%20Club | Marylebone Cricket Club | Club colours | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's Cricket Ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket retaining considerable global influence.
In 1788, the MCC took responsibility for the laws of cricket, issuing a r... | From the beginning of the 20th century, MCC organised the England cricket team and, outside Test matches, the touring England team officially played as "MCC" up to and including the 1976/77 tour of India. The England touring team wore the distinctive red and yellow stripes of the Marylebone Cricket Club as their colour... | [] | [
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"En... |
projected-00307442-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Cricket%20Club | Marylebone Cricket Club | Image | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's Cricket Ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket retaining considerable global influence.
In 1788, the MCC took responsibility for the laws of cricket, issuing a r... | Often viewed as too traditional (ie. "establishment"), the club continues its modernising mission before the public and media, partly because it remains a citadel for tradition in a fast-changing landscape and partly because it has made a concerted move towards image-improvement. "It would be overstating things to cla... | [] | [
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"En... |
projected-00307442-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Cricket%20Club | Marylebone Cricket Club | Legal status | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's Cricket Ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket retaining considerable global influence.
In 1788, the MCC took responsibility for the laws of cricket, issuing a r... | Before 2013 the MCC was a private members' club (meaning that it had the status of an unincorporated association); this status had several limitations. Since an unincorporated association is not a legal entity, it could not own property (such as Lord's Cricket Ground itself) in its own name. It could not sue anybody, o... | [] | [
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"En... |
projected-00307442-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Cricket%20Club | Marylebone Cricket Club | MCC Universities | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's Cricket Ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket retaining considerable global influence.
In 1788, the MCC took responsibility for the laws of cricket, issuing a r... | From 2005 the MCC funded six university cricket academies known as the MCC Universities (MCCUs), which had previously been funded (from 2000) by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB). (Prior to 2010 they were known as the University Centres of Cricketing Excellence, or UCCEs.) These were based at Cambridge, Cardiff... | [] | [
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"En... |
projected-00307442-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Cricket%20Club | Marylebone Cricket Club | Officers of the club | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's Cricket Ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket retaining considerable global influence.
In 1788, the MCC took responsibility for the laws of cricket, issuing a r... | Presidents serve a twelve-month term and cannot normally serve two terms in succession. Notable exceptions occurred during World War I and World War II. In 1914, Lord Hawke was appointed president and was asked to remain in the post till the end of the Great War. As a result, Hawke was MCC President for five years from... | [] | [
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"En... |
projected-00307442-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Cricket%20Club | Marylebone Cricket Club | Secretaries | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's Cricket Ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket retaining considerable global influence.
In 1788, the MCC took responsibility for the laws of cricket, issuing a r... | MCC first engaged a Club Secretary in 1822. The title was changed in 2000, during Roger Knight's tenure, to Secretary and Chief Executive. Holders of office have been:
Benjamin Aislabie (1822–1842)
Roger Kynaston (1842–1858)
Alfred Baillie (1858–1863)
Robert Allan Fitzgerald (1863–1876)
Henry Perkins (1876–1898)
... | [] | [
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"English cricket in the 19th century",
"En... |
projected-00307442-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone%20Cricket%20Club | Marylebone Cricket Club | Further reading | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's Cricket Ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket retaining considerable global influence.
In 1788, the MCC took responsibility for the laws of cricket, issuing a r... | Green, Stephen (2003), Lord's, Cathedral of Cricket The History Press Ltd.
Jonathan Rice, Presidents of MCC, Methuen Publishing, 2006. | [] | [
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"En... |
projected-00307443-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lieutenant%20governors%20of%20the%20North-West%20Territories | List of lieutenant governors of the North-West Territories | Introduction | This is a list of historical lieutenant-governors of North-West Territories, Canada. The position of Lieutenant-Governor lasted from the acquisition of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory in 1869 to the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lists of Canadian viceroys and governors",
"Lieutenant Governors of the Northwest Territories",
"Northwest Territories politics-related lists"
] | |
projected-00307443-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lieutenant%20governors%20of%20the%20North-West%20Territories | List of lieutenant governors of the North-West Territories | See also | This is a list of historical lieutenant-governors of North-West Territories, Canada. The position of Lieutenant-Governor lasted from the acquisition of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory in 1869 to the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905. | Commissioners of Northwest Territories
List of Northwest Territories premiers
List of Northwest Territories general elections | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Lists of Canadian viceroys and governors",
"Lieutenant Governors of the Northwest Territories",
"Northwest Territories politics-related lists"
] |
projected-00307443-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lieutenant%20governors%20of%20the%20North-West%20Territories | List of lieutenant governors of the North-West Territories | Notes | This is a list of historical lieutenant-governors of North-West Territories, Canada. The position of Lieutenant-Governor lasted from the acquisition of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory in 1869 to the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905. | aWas unable to enter the North-West Territories, but returned to Ottawa, and campaigned against Manitoba becoming a province. He was listed as leader of the provisional North-West Territories government until Adams G. Archibald took over on May 10, 1870.
Since the establishment of Saskatchewan and Alberta from the Ter... | [] | [
"Notes"
] | [
"Lists of Canadian viceroys and governors",
"Lieutenant Governors of the Northwest Territories",
"Northwest Territories politics-related lists"
] |
projected-00307443-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lieutenant%20governors%20of%20the%20North-West%20Territories | List of lieutenant governors of the North-West Territories | References | This is a list of historical lieutenant-governors of North-West Territories, Canada. The position of Lieutenant-Governor lasted from the acquisition of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory in 1869 to the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905. | North-West Territories
Lieutenant governors | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lists of Canadian viceroys and governors",
"Lieutenant Governors of the Northwest Territories",
"Northwest Territories politics-related lists"
] |
projected-00307447-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Landen | Battle of Landen | Introduction | The Battle of Landen, also known as Neerwinden, took place on 29 July 1693, during the Nine Years' War near Landen in modern Belgium. A French army under Marshal Luxembourg defeated an Allied force led by William III.
By 1693, all combatants were struggling with the financial and material costs of the conflict. Hopin... | [] | [
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"History of Flemish Brabant",
"Landen"
] | |
projected-00307447-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Landen | Battle of Landen | Background | The Battle of Landen, also known as Neerwinden, took place on 29 July 1693, during the Nine Years' War near Landen in modern Belgium. A French army under Marshal Luxembourg defeated an Allied force led by William III.
By 1693, all combatants were struggling with the financial and material costs of the conflict. Hopin... | Since the outbreak of the Nine Years' War, the French had generally had the better of operations in the Spanish Netherlands, capturing Namur in 1692 and winning a significant victory at Steenkerque in 1693. However, they had failed to achieve a decisive victory or split up the Grand Alliance, while attempts to restore ... | [] | [
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projected-00307447-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Landen | Battle of Landen | Prelude | The Battle of Landen, also known as Neerwinden, took place on 29 July 1693, during the Nine Years' War near Landen in modern Belgium. A French army under Marshal Luxembourg defeated an Allied force led by William III.
By 1693, all combatants were struggling with the financial and material costs of the conflict. Hopin... | Luxembourg increased his field force to 116,000 by stripping garrisons from towns throughout Maritime Flanders, including Dunkirk and Ypres. On 9 June, he embarked on a series of marches, simultaneously threatening Liège, Huy and Charleroi; the Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, Maximilian of Bavaria, insisted on cov... | [] | [
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"Battles in Flanders",
"History of Flemish Brabant",
"Landen"
] |
projected-00307447-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Landen | Battle of Landen | Battle | The Battle of Landen, also known as Neerwinden, took place on 29 July 1693, during the Nine Years' War near Landen in modern Belgium. A French army under Marshal Luxembourg defeated an Allied force led by William III.
By 1693, all combatants were struggling with the financial and material costs of the conflict. Hopin... | The French bombardment began at 8:00 am and an hour later, 28 battalions attacked along the line from Laar and Neerwinden; after fierce house to house fighting, they had captured Laar and the Allied troops in Neerwinden had been driven to the very edge of the village. Their right flank was close to collapse but the div... | [
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projected-00307447-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Landen | Battle of Landen | Aftermath | The Battle of Landen, also known as Neerwinden, took place on 29 July 1693, during the Nine Years' War near Landen in modern Belgium. A French army under Marshal Luxembourg defeated an Allied force led by William III.
By 1693, all combatants were struggling with the financial and material costs of the conflict. Hopin... | This was Luxembourg's last battle; he died in January 1695, depriving Louis of his best general. Landen might have been a crushing victory if the simultaneous attacks he ordered on the Allied left and centre had been made as planned. As it was, both sides suffered heavy casualties; the Allies lost around 12,000 killed ... | [
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projected-00307447-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Landen | Battle of Landen | Legacy | The Battle of Landen, also known as Neerwinden, took place on 29 July 1693, during the Nine Years' War near Landen in modern Belgium. A French army under Marshal Luxembourg defeated an Allied force led by William III.
By 1693, all combatants were struggling with the financial and material costs of the conflict. Hopin... | Laurence Sterne's famous 1759 picaresque novel Tristram Shandy contains various references to the Nine Years' War, mostly the 1695 Second Siege of Namur. However, Corporal Trim refers to the Battle of Landen as follows:
Your honour remembers with concern, said the corporal, the total rout and confusion of our camp and... | [] | [
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projected-00307447-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Landen | Battle of Landen | Sources | The Battle of Landen, also known as Neerwinden, took place on 29 July 1693, during the Nine Years' War near Landen in modern Belgium. A French army under Marshal Luxembourg defeated an Allied force led by William III.
By 1693, all combatants were struggling with the financial and material costs of the conflict. Hopin... | Category:1693 in France
Category:Battles of the Nine Years' War
Category:Battles involving France
Category:Battles involving England
Category:Battles involving Spain
Category:Battles involving the Dutch Republic
Category:Conflicts in 1693
Category:Battles in Flanders
Battle
Battle | [] | [
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projected-00307452-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Independent%20Party | American Independent Party | Introduction | The American Independent Party (AIP) is a far-right political party in the United States that was established in 1967. The AIP is best known for its nomination of former Democratic Governor George Wallace of Alabama, who carried five states in the 1968 presidential election running on a segregationist "law and order" p... | [] | [
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"Far-right political parties in the United States",
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"Political parties in the United States"
] | |
projected-00307452-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Independent%20Party | American Independent Party | Wallace campaign and early history | The American Independent Party (AIP) is a far-right political party in the United States that was established in 1967. The AIP is best known for its nomination of former Democratic Governor George Wallace of Alabama, who carried five states in the 1968 presidential election running on a segregationist "law and order" p... | In 1967, the AIP was founded by Bill Shearer and his wife, Eileen Knowland Shearer. It nominated George C. Wallace (Democrat) as its presidential candidate and retired U.S. Air Force General Curtis E. LeMay as the vice-presidential candidate. Wallace ran on every state ballot in the election, though he did not represen... | [
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"Political parties established in 1967",
"Political parties in the United States"
] |
projected-00307452-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Independent%20Party | American Independent Party | After the 1976 split | The American Independent Party (AIP) is a far-right political party in the United States that was established in 1967. The AIP is best known for its nomination of former Democratic Governor George Wallace of Alabama, who carried five states in the 1968 presidential election running on a segregationist "law and order" p... | In 1976, the American Independent Party split into the more moderate American Party, which included more northern conservatives and Schmitz supporters, and the American Independent Party, which focused on the Deep South. Both parties have nominated candidates for the presidency and other offices. Neither the American P... | [] | [
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"After the 1976 split"
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projected-00307452-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Independent%20Party | American Independent Party | 2007 leadership dispute | The American Independent Party (AIP) is a far-right political party in the United States that was established in 1967. The AIP is best known for its nomination of former Democratic Governor George Wallace of Alabama, who carried five states in the 1968 presidential election running on a segregationist "law and order" p... | A split in the American Independent Party occurred during the 2008 presidential campaign, one faction recognizing Jim King as chairman of the AIP with the other recognizing Ed Noonan as chairman. Noonan's faction claims the old AIP main website while the King organization claims the AIP's blog. King's group met in Los ... | [] | [
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] |
projected-00307452-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Independent%20Party | American Independent Party | Presidential tickets | The American Independent Party (AIP) is a far-right political party in the United States that was established in 1967. The AIP is best known for its nomination of former Democratic Governor George Wallace of Alabama, who carried five states in the 1968 presidential election running on a segregationist "law and order" p... | Since the fracture of the American Independent Party between the King and Noonan factions, control of the State Party, and thus the ballot line, has been in the hands of the Noonan faction. Attempts to nominate Chuck Baldwin (the 2008 Constitution nominee) or Virgil Goode (the 2012 Constitution nominee) were unsuccessf... | [
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projected-00307452-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Independent%20Party | American Independent Party | Chairmen/Vice-Chairmen | The American Independent Party (AIP) is a far-right political party in the United States that was established in 1967. The AIP is best known for its nomination of former Democratic Governor George Wallace of Alabama, who carried five states in the 1968 presidential election running on a segregationist "law and order" p... | Bill Shearer: 1967–1999
Nathan Johnson: 1999–2002
Jim King/: 2002–2004
Nancy Spirkoff: 2004–2006
Edward C. Noonan/Mark Seidenberg: 2006–2008
Disputed: Jim King and Markham Robinson claim chairmanship: 2008–present | [] | [
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projected-00307452-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Independent%20Party | American Independent Party | Membership and accidental-membership phenomenon | The American Independent Party (AIP) is a far-right political party in the United States that was established in 1967. The AIP is best known for its nomination of former Democratic Governor George Wallace of Alabama, who carried five states in the 1968 presidential election running on a segregationist "law and order" p... | As of 2016, about 3% of California's 17.2 million voters are registered with the AIP, making the party the third-largest of California's political parties, although it is far behind the numbers registered with the Democrats (43%), Republicans (28%) and those stating "no party preference" (24%).
However, it has long be... | [] | [
"Membership and accidental-membership phenomenon"
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"1967 establishments in California",
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] |
projected-00307454-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | Introduction | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Romanian literature"
] | |
projected-00307454-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | History | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | The development of the Romanian literature took place in parallel with that of a rich Romanian folklore - lyric, epic, dramatic and didactic - which continued in modern times. The Romanian oral literature includes doine (lyric songs), balade (ballads), hore (dance songs), colinde (carols), basme (fairy tales), snoave (... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Romanian literature"
] |
projected-00307454-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | Beginnings | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | The earliest surviving document in Romanian is Neacșu's Letter written in 1521, to the jude ("judge and mayor") of Brașov, Hans Benkner.
Romanian culture was heavily influenced by the Eastern Orthodox Church, the official stance of the Romanian Church being that Orthodoxy was brought to the Romanian land by the Apostl... | [
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projected-00307454-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | Ottoman Decadence and Phanariotes | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | The 18th century in the Romanian lands was dominated by the Ottoman Empire, which decided not to allow Romanian rulers in Wallachia and Moldavia and ruled, instead, through Greek merchants of Istanbul, called phanariotes.
Thus, Greek culture influenced the developments of Romanian literature. For example, one of the g... | [] | [
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"Romanian literature"
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projected-00307454-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | National awakening | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | As the revolutionary ideas of nationalism spread in Europe, they were also used by the Romanians, who desired their own national state, but were living under foreign rule. Many Romanian writers of the time were also part of the national movement and participated in the revolutions of 1821 and 1848. The Origin of the Ro... | [
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projected-00307454-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | Interbellum literature | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | After achieving national unity in 1918, Romanian literature entered what can be called a golden age, characterized by the development of the Romanian novel. Traditional society and recent political events influenced works such as Liviu Rebreanu's Răscoala ("The Uprising"), which, published in 1932, was inspired by the ... | [
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projected-00307454-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | Communist Era | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | Marin Preda is often considered the most important post-World War II Romanian novelist. His novel, Moromeții ("The Moromete Family"), describes the life and difficulties of an ordinary peasant family in pre-war Romania and later during the advent of Communism in Romania. His most important book remains Cel mai iubit d... | [
"Marin_Preda.jpg"
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projected-00307454-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | Contemporary literature | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | Some Romanian contemporary writers:
Gabriela Adameșteanu
Radu Aldulescu
Nicolae Breban
Mircea Cărtărescu
Traian T. Coșovei
Gheorghe Crăciun
Radu Pavel Gheo
Claudiu Komartin
Norman Manea
Herta Müller (2009 Nobel Laureate)
Mircea Nedelciu
Ioana Pârvulescu
Dora Pavel
Dumitru Radu Popescu
... | [
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projected-00307454-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | Chronology: 19th century-present day | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | 1812 Țiganiada Ioan Budai-Deleanu (epic poem)
1847 Povestea vorbii Anton Pann (narrative poem)
1850 Cântarea României Alecu Russo (epic poetry)
1857 Alexandru Lăpușneanul Costache Negruzzi (historical novel)
1861-1863, posthoumously Rom... | [] | [
"Chronology: 19th century-present day"
] | [
"Romanian literature"
] |
projected-00307454-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | Translations of Romanian literature | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | "Testament - Anthology of Modern Romanian Verse - Bilingual Edition - English/Romanian" (Daniel Ioniță, with Eva Foster and Daniel Reynaud; Editura Minerva 2012 - ). This presents a comprehensive selection of Romanian poetry from 1850 to the present (post 2010) covering 56 poets and over 75 poems. It includes classics ... | [] | [
"Chronology: 19th century-present day",
"Translations of Romanian literature"
] | [
"Romanian literature"
] |
projected-00307454-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | See also | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | List of Romanian novelists
List of Romanian writers | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Romanian literature"
] |
projected-00307454-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20literature | Romanian literature | References | Romanian literature () is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. | George Călinescu, Istoria literaturii române de la origini până în prezent ("The History of the Romanian Literature from its origins until present day"), 1941
Nicolae Iorga, Istoria literaturii românești ("The History of the Romanian Literature"), 1929
Alex Ștefănescu, Istoria literaturii române contemporane, 1941-20... | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Romanian literature"
] |
projected-00307455-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya | Avaya | Introduction | Avaya Holdings Corp., often shortened to Avaya (), is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Durham, North Carolina, that provides cloud communications and workstream collaboration services. The company's platform includes unified communications (UCaaS), contact center other services. The company... | [] | [
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"Network... | |
projected-00307455-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya | Avaya | History | Avaya Holdings Corp., often shortened to Avaya (), is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Durham, North Carolina, that provides cloud communications and workstream collaboration services. The company's platform includes unified communications (UCaaS), contact center other services. The company... | In 1995, Lucent Technologies was spun off from AT&T, and Lucent subsequently spun off units of its own in an attempt to restructure its struggling operations.[7]
Avaya was then spun off from Lucent as its own company in 2000 (Lucent merged with Alcatel SA in 2006, becoming Alcatel-Lucent, which was purchased in turn b... | [] | [
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projected-00307455-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya | Avaya | Management | Avaya Holdings Corp., often shortened to Avaya (), is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Durham, North Carolina, that provides cloud communications and workstream collaboration services. The company's platform includes unified communications (UCaaS), contact center other services. The company... | President & CEO - Alan Masarek
CFO - Kieran McGrath
Chief Revenue Officer - Stephen Spears
Chief Administrative Officer & General Counsel - Shefali Shah
Senior Vice President, Engineering - Todd Zerbe | [] | [
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projected-00307455-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya | Avaya | Acquisitions and partnerships | Avaya Holdings Corp., often shortened to Avaya (), is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Durham, North Carolina, that provides cloud communications and workstream collaboration services. The company's platform includes unified communications (UCaaS), contact center other services. The company... | Since 2001, Avaya has sold and acquired several companies. Through Nortel's bankruptcy proceedings, assets related to their Enterprise Voice and Data business units were auctioned. Avaya placed a $900 million bid, and was announced as the winner of the assets on September 14, 2009. In 1985, Performance Engineering Corp... | [] | [
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projected-00307455-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya | Avaya | Locations and customers | Avaya Holdings Corp., often shortened to Avaya (), is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Durham, North Carolina, that provides cloud communications and workstream collaboration services. The company's platform includes unified communications (UCaaS), contact center other services. The company... | Avaya's headquarters are located at 2605 Meridien Parkway, Durham, North Carolina. In 2020, the company had a presence in approximately 190 countries.
The company claims that its cloud services are utilized by over 90% of the Fortune 100 organizations.
Avaya enterprise customers include: Apple, AT&T, Dell, CVS Health... | [] | [
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projected-00307455-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya | Avaya | Patents | Avaya Holdings Corp., often shortened to Avaya (), is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Durham, North Carolina, that provides cloud communications and workstream collaboration services. The company's platform includes unified communications (UCaaS), contact center other services. The company... | Avaya has over 4,400 patents and patents pending. In January 2021, the company disclosed it had received its 600th patent for Contact Center technologies, which was granted for AI in "chatbot socialization." | [] | [
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projected-00307455-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya | Avaya | Controversy | Avaya Holdings Corp., often shortened to Avaya (), is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Durham, North Carolina, that provides cloud communications and workstream collaboration services. The company's platform includes unified communications (UCaaS), contact center other services. The company... | During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Avaya refused to join the international community and withdraw from the Russian market. Research from Yale University updated on April 28, 2022, identifying how companies were reacting to Russia's invasion identified Avaya as one of the "Companies that are scaling back some ... | [] | [
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projected-00307461-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECSC | ECSC | Introduction | ECSC may stand for:
European Coal and Steel Community, a forerunner of the European Union
Eastern Colleges Science Conference, an undergraduate research conference in the northeastern United States
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, a Caribbean court system established under the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
E... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-00307462-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhif | Mudhif | Introduction | A Mudhif ( al-muḍīf) is a traditional reed house made by the Madan people (also known as Marsh Arabs) in the swamps of southern Iraq. In the traditional Madan way of living, houses are constructed from reeds harvested from the marshes where they live. A mudhif is a large ceremonial house, paid for and maintained by a... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"House types",
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"Vernacular architecture",
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projected-00307462-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhif | Mudhif | Description | A Mudhif ( al-muḍīf) is a traditional reed house made by the Madan people (also known as Marsh Arabs) in the swamps of southern Iraq. In the traditional Madan way of living, houses are constructed from reeds harvested from the marshes where they live. A mudhif is a large ceremonial house, paid for and maintained by a... | Mudhif structures have been one of the traditional types of structures, built by the Arabs of the marshlands in southern Iraq for at least 5,000 years. A carved elevation of a typical mudhif, dating to around 3,300 BCE was discovered at Uruk, and is now in the British Museum.
A mudhif is a special type of sarifa; a s... | [
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projected-00307462-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhif | Mudhif | Construction | A Mudhif ( al-muḍīf) is a traditional reed house made by the Madan people (also known as Marsh Arabs) in the swamps of southern Iraq. In the traditional Madan way of living, houses are constructed from reeds harvested from the marshes where they live. A mudhif is a large ceremonial house, paid for and maintained by a... | In the construction of a mudhif, reeds are bundled and woven into thick columns; larger and thicker reeds are bent across and tied to form parabolic arches which make up the building's spine. These arches are strengthened by the pre-stressing of the columns, as they are initially inserted into the soil at opposing angl... | [] | [
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projected-00307462-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhif | Mudhif | Use | A Mudhif ( al-muḍīf) is a traditional reed house made by the Madan people (also known as Marsh Arabs) in the swamps of southern Iraq. In the traditional Madan way of living, houses are constructed from reeds harvested from the marshes where they live. A mudhif is a large ceremonial house, paid for and maintained by a... | A mudhif is used as a guest house or for ceremonial occasions, and may not be used for any other purpose. When a guest enters a mudhif, he or she will be welcomed by the village sheik, escorted to their proper place and offered refreshments such as highly sweetened coffee in a ritualised ceremony. | [
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projected-00307462-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhif | Mudhif | Recent developments | A Mudhif ( al-muḍīf) is a traditional reed house made by the Madan people (also known as Marsh Arabs) in the swamps of southern Iraq. In the traditional Madan way of living, houses are constructed from reeds harvested from the marshes where they live. A mudhif is a large ceremonial house, paid for and maintained by a... | In the 1980s, some half a million Arabs lived in the marshes. However, from around 1993, Saddam Hussein began to drain the marshes in an attempt to destroy the life and culture of the southern Arabs. Following Hussein's defeat in 2003, Arab communities began to dig up the dykes, re-flooding the marshes and resuming the... | [] | [
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] | [
"House types",
"Architecture of Iraq",
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projected-00307462-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhif | Mudhif | See also | A Mudhif ( al-muḍīf) is a traditional reed house made by the Madan people (also known as Marsh Arabs) in the swamps of southern Iraq. In the traditional Madan way of living, houses are constructed from reeds harvested from the marshes where they live. A mudhif is a large ceremonial house, paid for and maintained by a... | Culture of Iraq
Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes
Iraqi art
Vernacular architecture | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"House types",
"Architecture of Iraq",
"Marsh Arabs",
"Vernacular architecture",
"Arab inventions"
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projected-00307465-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20Community | Andean Community | Introduction | The Andean Community (, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarter... | [] | [
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"International organizations based in the Americas",
"Intergovernmental organizatio... | |
projected-00307465-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20Community | Andean Community | Membership | The Andean Community (, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarter... | The original Andean Pact was founded in 1969 by Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. In 1973 the pact gained its sixth member, Venezuela. In 1976 however, its membership was again reduced to five when Chile withdrew. Venezuela announced its withdrawal in 2006, reducing the Andean Community to four member states... | [
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"International organizations based in the Americas",
"Intergovernmental organizatio... |
projected-00307465-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20Community | Andean Community | Relationship with other organizations | The Andean Community (, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarter... | The Andean Community and Mercosur comprise the two main trading blocs of South America. In 1999, these organizations began negotiating a merger with a view to creating a "South American Free Trade Area" (SAFTA). On December 8, 2004, the Andean Community (CAN) signed a cooperation agreement with Mercosur and they publis... | [
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projected-00307465-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20Community | Andean Community | History | The Andean Community (, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarter... | The groundwork for the Community was established in 1969 in the Cartagena Agreement
In 1973 Venezuela joins Andean Pact
In 1976, Augusto Pinochet withdrew Chile from the Andean Pact claiming economic incompatibilities
In 1979, the treaty creating the Court of Justice was signed, and the Andean Parliament which in prin... | [
"HQ_of_Comunidad_Andina,_Lima.jpg"
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"International organizations based in the Americas",
"Intergovernmental organizatio... |
projected-00307465-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20Community | Andean Community | Organization | The Andean Community (, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarter... | Andean Presidential Council
Andean Foreign Relations Ministers Council (Lima, Peru)
Commission (Lima, Peru)
Headquarters (Lima, Peru)
Andean Court of Justice (Quito, Ecuador)
Andean Parliament (Bogotá, Colombia)
Latin American Reserve Fund (Bogotá, Colombia and Lima, Peru)
Simón Bolívar Andean University (Sucre... | [] | [
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"International organizations based in the Americas",
"Intergovernmental organizatio... |
projected-00307465-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20Community | Andean Community | Secretaries-General | The Andean Community (, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarter... | Sebastián Alegrett (Venezuela) 1997–2002
Guillermo Fernández de Soto (Colombia) 2002–2004
Edward Allan Wagner Tizón (Peru) 2004–2006
Alfredo Fuentes Hernández (Colombia), interim 2006–2007
Freddy Ehlers (Ecuador), 2007–2010
Adalid Contreras Baspineiro (Bolivia), interim 2010–2011, 2011–2013
Pablo Guzmán Laugier (... | [] | [
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"International organizations based in the Americas",
"Intergovernmental organizatio... |
projected-00307465-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20Community | Andean Community | Free flow of people | The Andean Community (, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarter... | Since January 1, 2005, the citizens of the member countries can enter the other Andean Community member states without the requirement of a visa. Travellers should present the authorities their national ID cards.
Visitors to Venezuela will have to present their passports; they will then receive the Andean Migration Ca... | [] | [
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"International organizations based in the Americas",
"Intergovernmental organizatio... |
projected-00307465-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20Community | Andean Community | Andean passport | The Andean Community (, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarter... | The Andean passport was created in June 2001 pursuant to Decisión 504. This stipulates the issuing of a passport based on a standard model which contains harmonised features of nomenclature and security. The passport is effective in Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela and Bolivia (Bolivia since early 2006). | [] | [
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"Intergovernmental organizatio... |
projected-00307465-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20Community | Andean Community | See also | The Andean Community (, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarter... | Central American Common Market
Customs Union
Free Trade Area of the Americas
Mercosur
Trade bloc
Union of South American Nations
Rules of Origin
Market access
Free-trade area
Tariffs | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Andean Community",
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"Economic policy in South America",
"Economy of South America",
"International organizations based in the Americas",
"Intergovernmental organizatio... |
projected-00307467-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealVideo | RealVideo | Introduction | RealVideo, or also spelled as Real Video is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and was at version 10. RealVideo is supported on many platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and several mobil... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Video codecs",
"RealNetworks"
] | |
projected-00307467-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealVideo | RealVideo | Technology | RealVideo, or also spelled as Real Video is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and was at version 10. RealVideo is supported on many platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and several mobil... | The first version of RealVideo was announced in 1997 and was based on the H.263 format. At the time, RealNetworks issued a press release saying they had licensed Iterated Systems' ClearVideo technology and were including it as the RealVideo Fractal Codec. However, support for ClearVideo quietly disappeared in the next ... | [] | [
"Technology"
] | [
"Video codecs",
"RealNetworks"
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projected-00307467-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealVideo | RealVideo | RealVideo Players | RealVideo, or also spelled as Real Video is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and was at version 10. RealVideo is supported on many platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and several mobil... | The official player for RealVideo is RealNetworks RealPlayer SP, currently at version 15, and is available for various platforms including Windows, Macintosh, and Linux. Several other players exist, including MPlayer and Media Player Classic. Many of these rely on the dynamically linked libraries (DLLs) from the offic... | [] | [
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projected-00307467-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealVideo | RealVideo | Video compression formats and codecs versions | RealVideo, or also spelled as Real Video is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and was at version 10. RealVideo is supported on many platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and several mobil... | RealVideo files are compressed using several different video compression formats. Each video compression format is identified by a four character code. Below is a list of the video compression formats and the version in which each was introduced: | [] | [
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projected-00307467-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealVideo | RealVideo | RV10 | RealVideo, or also spelled as Real Video is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and was at version 10. RealVideo is supported on many platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and several mobil... | , : RealVideo 1.0, based on H.263 (included with RealPlayer 5) | [] | [
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projected-00307467-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealVideo | RealVideo | RV20 | RealVideo, or also spelled as Real Video is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and was at version 10. RealVideo is supported on many platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and several mobil... | : RealVideo G2 and RealVideo G2+SVT, also based on h.263 (included with RealPlayer 6). SVT (Scalable Video Technology) is a feature that allows for decoding at a lower framerate (frame-skipping) on low-end machines. | [] | [
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projected-00307467-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealVideo | RealVideo | RV30 | RealVideo, or also spelled as Real Video is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and was at version 10. RealVideo is supported on many platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and several mobil... | : RealVideo 8, suspected to based largely on an early draft of H.264 (included with RealPlayer 8) | [] | [
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projected-00307467-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealVideo | RealVideo | RV40 | RealVideo, or also spelled as Real Video is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and was at version 10. RealVideo is supported on many platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and several mobil... | : RealVideo 9, suspected to be based on H.264 (included with RealPlayer 9)
: RealVideo 10, aka RV9 EHQ (included with RealPlayer 10). This refers to an improved encoder for the RV9 format that is fully backwards compatible with RV9 players – the format and decoder did not change, only the encoder did. As a result, it ... | [] | [
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projected-00307467-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealVideo | RealVideo | RV60 | RealVideo, or also spelled as Real Video is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and was at version 10. RealVideo is supported on many platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and several mobil... | : RealMedia HD (RealVideo 11), suspected to be based on HEVC (included with RealPlayer 18). In April 2018, RealNetworks posted test results of encoder speed and compression efficiency. Their tests compared RealMedia HD to HEVC, H.264 and VP9 encoders. Results claimed RealMedia HD provided higher compression than HEVC a... | [] | [
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projected-00307467-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealVideo | RealVideo | See also | RealVideo, or also spelled as Real Video is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and was at version 10. RealVideo is supported on many platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and several mobil... | RealAudio
RealNetworks
Video coding format
Comparison of video codecs | [] | [
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projected-00307469-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Introduction | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | [] | [
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projected-00307469-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Characteristics | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | When the Roman Empire became Christian (after having extended eastwards) with its new capital at Constantinople, its architecture became more sensuous and ambitious. This new style with exotic domes and richer mosaics would come to be known as "Byzantine" before it traveled west to Ravenna and Venice and as far north a... | [
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projected-00307469-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Columns | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | Byzantine columns are quite varied, mostly developing from the classical Corinthian, but tending to have an even surface level, with the ornamentation undercut with drills. The block of stone was left rough as it came from the quarry, and the sculptor evolved new designs to his own fancy, so that one rarely meets with... | [] | [
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projected-00307469-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Overview of extant monuments | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | Early Byzantine architecture drew upon earlier elements of Greco-Roman architecture. Stylistic drift, technological advancement, and political and territorial changes meant that a distinct style gradually resulted in the Greek cross plan in church architecture.
Buildings increased in geometric complexity, brick and pl... | [
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projected-00307469-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Early architecture | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | Prime examples of early Byzantine architecture date from the Emperor Justinian I's reign and survive in Ravenna and Istanbul, as well as in Sofia (the Church of St Sophia). One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian's architects invented a complex system providing for... | [
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projected-00307469-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Comnenian and Paleologan periods | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | In Istanbul and Asia Minor the architecture of the Komnenian period is almost non-existent, with the notable exceptions of the Elmali Kilise and other rock sanctuaries of Cappadocia, and of the Churches of the Pantokrator and of the Theotokos Kyriotissa in Istanbul. Most examples of this architectural style and many of... | [] | [
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projected-00307469-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Structural evolution | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | As early as the building of Constantine's churches in Palestine there were two chief types of plan in use: the basilican, or axial, type, represented by the basilica at the Holy Sepulchre, and the circular, or central, type, represented by the great octagonal church once at Antioch.
Those of the latter type we must s... | [
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projected-00307469-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | In the West | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | Ultimately, Byzantine architecture in the West gave way to Carolingian, Romanesque, and Gothic architecture. But a great part of current Italy used to belong to the Byzantine Empire before that. Great examples of Byzantine architecture are still visible in Ravenna (for example Basilica di San Vitale which architecture... | [] | [
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projected-00307469-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | In the East | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | As for the East, Byzantine architectural tradition exerted a profound influence on early Islamic architecture, particularly Umayyad architecture. During the Umayyad Caliphate era (661-750), as far as the Byzantine impact on early Islamic architecture is concerned, the Byzantine arts formed a fundamental source to the n... | [
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projected-00307469-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Post-Byzantine architecture in Eastern Orthodox countries | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | In Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia, Romania, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Russia and other Orthodox countries the Byzantine architecture persisted even longer, from the 16th up to the 18th centuries, giving birth to local post-Byzantine schools of architecture.
in Medieval Bulgaria: The Preslav and Tarnovo architectu... | [
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projected-00307469-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Neo-Byzantine architecture | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | Neo-Byzantine architecture was followed in the wake of the 19th-century Gothic revival, resulting in such jewels as Westminster Cathedral in London, and in Bristol from about 1850 to 1880 a related style known as Bristol Byzantine was popular for industrial buildings which combined elements of the Byzantine style with ... | [] | [
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projected-00307469-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Hagia Irene | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | One of the less famous Byzantine churches is Hagia Irene. This church served as a model church for the more famous church, Hagia Sophia. Construction on the church began in the 4th century. This was the first church that was built in Constantinople, but due to its location, it was severely damaged by earthquakes and th... | [
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projected-00307469-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Construction | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | Hagia Irene is composed mainly of three materials: stone, brick, and mortar. Bricks 70 cm x 35 cm x 5 cm were used, and these bricks were glued together using mortar approximately 5 cm thick. The building materials chosen for the construction of the church had to be lightweight, durable, and strong. Volcanic materials ... | [] | [
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"11th-century architecture",
"12th-century architecture",
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projected-00307469-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | History of Hagia Irene | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | Throughout history Hagia Irene has undergone several changes. There were multiple repairs due to the Nika riots and earthquakes. When the Ottomans took over Hagia Irene they repurposed it and made a few changes, but none as drastic as what was done to Hagia Sophia. Today, Hagia Irene is still standing and open to visit... | [] | [
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projected-00307469-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Hagia Sophia | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | The most famous example of Byzantine architecture is the Hagia Sophia, and it has been described as "holding a unique position in the Christian world", and as an architectural and cultural icon of Byzantine and Eastern Orthodox civilization. The Hagia Sophia held the title of largest church in the world until the Ottom... | [] | [
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projected-00307469-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Construction of Hagia Sophia | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | The construction is a combination of longitudinal and central structures. This church was a part of a larger complex of buildings created by Emperor Justinian. This style influenced the construction of several other buildings, such as St. Peter's Basilica. Hagia Sophia should have been built to withstand earthquakes, b... | [
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projected-00307469-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | History of Hagia Sophia | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | The original construction of Hagia Sophia was possibly ordered by Constantine, but ultimately carried out by his son Constantius II in 360. Constantine's building of churches, specifically the Hagia Sophia, was considered an incredibly significant component in his shift of the centralization of power from Rome in the w... | [] | [
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projected-00307469-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | See also | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | Architectural style
Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School
Architecture of Kievan Rus'
Byzantine art
Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture
History of Roman and Byzantine domes
Medieval architecture
Neo-Byzantine architecture
Ottoman architecture
Russian-Byzantine architecture
Sasanian architecture
Ar... | [] | [
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"11th-century architecture",
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projected-00307469-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%20architecture | Byzantine architecture | Further reading | Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard... | Bogdanovic, Jelena. "The Framing of Sacred Space: The Canopy and the Byzantine Church", New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. .
Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan, Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 (first published 1896). . Cf. Part Two, Chapter 11.
Mang... | [] | [
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projected-00307473-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Gouraud%20%28computer%20scientist%29 | Henri Gouraud (computer scientist) | Introduction | Henri Gouraud (born 1944) is a French computer scientist. He is the inventor of Gouraud shading used in computer graphics. He is the great-nephew of general Henri Gouraud.
During 1964–1967, he studied at École Centrale Paris. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Utah College of Engineering in 1971, working wit... | [] | [
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projected-00307473-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Gouraud%20%28computer%20scientist%29 | Henri Gouraud (computer scientist) | Original publications | Henri Gouraud (born 1944) is a French computer scientist. He is the inventor of Gouraud shading used in computer graphics. He is the great-nephew of general Henri Gouraud.
During 1964–1967, he studied at École Centrale Paris. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Utah College of Engineering in 1971, working wit... | H. Gouraud, "Continuous shading of curved surfaces," IEEE Transactions on Computers, C-20(6):623–629, 1971.
H. Gouraud, Computer Display of Curved Surfaces, Doctoral Thesis, University of Utah, United States, 1971.
H. Gouraud, Continuous shading of curved surfaces. In Rosalee Wolfe (editor), Seminal Graphics: Pioneer... | [] | [
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projected-00307473-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Gouraud%20%28computer%20scientist%29 | Henri Gouraud (computer scientist) | References | Henri Gouraud (born 1944) is a French computer scientist. He is the inventor of Gouraud shading used in computer graphics. He is the great-nephew of general Henri Gouraud.
During 1964–1967, he studied at École Centrale Paris. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Utah College of Engineering in 1971, working wit... | Category:1944 births
Category:École Centrale Paris alumni
Category:Computer graphics professionals
Category:Computer graphics researchers
Category:French computer scientists
Category:Living people
Category:University of Utah alumni | [] | [
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projected-00307481-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Bern | Dan Bern | Introduction | Dan Bern (also known as Bernstein; born July 27, 1959) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, novelist and painter. His music has been compared to that of Bob Dylan, Woody Guthrie, Bruce Springsteen, Phil Ochs and Elvis Costello.
He is a prolific composer, having written over one thousand songs. He wrote the no... | [] | [
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"Cooking Vinyl artists",
"Indepe... | |
projected-00307481-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Bern | Dan Bern | Themes | Dan Bern (also known as Bernstein; born July 27, 1959) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, novelist and painter. His music has been compared to that of Bob Dylan, Woody Guthrie, Bruce Springsteen, Phil Ochs and Elvis Costello.
He is a prolific composer, having written over one thousand songs. He wrote the no... | Bern's song "Talkin' Woody, Bob, Bruce, and Dan Blues," from the album Smartie Mine, offers a joking take on this influence, presented in the style of a Guthrie or Dylan talking blues song, and containing a spoof of a Springsteen song as well. When asked about the similarity between himself and Dylan, he once quipped,... | [
"Dan Bern at Hopmonk Tavern in Novato California.jpg",
"Marquee at Hopmonk Tavern in Novato California.jpg"
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"Fast Folk artists",
"Cooking Vinyl artists",
"Indepe... |
projected-00307481-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Bern | Dan Bern | Life | Dan Bern (also known as Bernstein; born July 27, 1959) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, novelist and painter. His music has been compared to that of Bob Dylan, Woody Guthrie, Bruce Springsteen, Phil Ochs and Elvis Costello.
He is a prolific composer, having written over one thousand songs. He wrote the no... | Bern learned to play cello at age six, and the guitar at 14 or 16, after he heard his first Bob Dylan songs.
After college, he played seven open mics a week in Chicago and started to be invited to Chicago folk clubs such as The Earl of Old Town, Holstein's and The No Exit.
In 1991, he lived in Hollywood, taught tenn... | [] | [
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"Fast Folk artists",
"Cooking Vinyl artists",
"Indepe... |
projected-00307481-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Bern | Dan Bern | Studio albums | Dan Bern (also known as Bernstein; born July 27, 1959) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, novelist and painter. His music has been compared to that of Bob Dylan, Woody Guthrie, Bruce Springsteen, Phil Ochs and Elvis Costello.
He is a prolific composer, having written over one thousand songs. He wrote the no... | Dog Boy Van (EP; 1996)
Dan Bern (1997)
Fifty Eggs (1998)
Smartie Mine (double album; 1998)
New American Language (2001)
World Cup (EP; 2002)
The Swastika EP (EP; 2002)
Fleeting Days (2003)
My Country II (EP; 2004)
Anthems (EP; 2004)
Breathe Easy (EP; 2006)
Breathe (2006)
Moving Home (2008)
Two Feet Tall (2... | [] | [
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"Jewish American artists",
"American folk singers",
"American male singer-songwriters",
"Jewish American songwriters",
"Fast Folk artists",
"Cooking Vinyl artists",
"Indepe... |
projected-00307481-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Bern | Dan Bern | Albums available on iTunes and eMusic | Dan Bern (also known as Bernstein; born July 27, 1959) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, novelist and painter. His music has been compared to that of Bob Dylan, Woody Guthrie, Bruce Springsteen, Phil Ochs and Elvis Costello.
He is a prolific composer, having written over one thousand songs. He wrote the no... | Divine and Conquer (1994; released 2007)
The Burbank Tapes (1998; released in 2007)
Macaroni Cola (2000–2001; released in 2007)
Songs of Fall (2014) | [] | [
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"Cooking Vinyl artists",
"Indepe... |