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Lane-Emden equation from astrophysics Alex Townsend, 6th May 2011 (Chebfun example ode/LaneEmden.m) This example is motivated by discussions with the astronomer Alfred Gautschy. The equation is also a demo in chebgui (in the IVP section). The well-known Lane-Emden equation models the mechanical structure of self-gravitating spheres. In astrophysics it plays an important role as it serves to model the structure of stars, ranging from white dwarfs to red giants. The equation is given by xu'' + 2u' + xu^n = 0, u'(0) = 0, u(0) = 1 where u is the solution (known as a polytrope) which models the density of the gas cloud. The variable x corresponds to the radial distance from the centre. The gas is assumed to be polytropic with index n, that is pressure = Cdensity^(1+1/n) where C is a constant. Integer polytropic index Below we compute the polytropes for index n=0:5 %Colour matrix to make the plot pretty. myColor = [0 0 0; 1 0 0; 1 1 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1; 1 0 1]; %n = Characteristic exponent for n = 0:5 % Assign the L-E operator on that domain. N = chebop(@(x,u) x.diff(u,2)+2.diff(u)+x.u.^n,[0,10]); % Left boundary conditions N.lbc = @(u) [u-1,diff(u)]; %Solve the bvp u = solvebvp(N,0); % Create plot of the solutions plot(u,'Linewidth',2,'Color',myColor(n+1,:)), hold on, axis([0 10 -1 1]), title('Solution of the Lane-Emden equation for n=0,1,2,3,4,5'), xlabel('x'), ylabel('u') Analytic solutions exist when n=0, 1 and 5. So we can check the numerical error in these cases. We just do n=5: Analytic solution from [3]: f = chebfun(@(x) (1+x.^2/3).^-.5,[0,10]); Compute the L2 error fprintf('The L2 error is: %1.3e\n', norm(f-u)); The L2 error is: 1.163e-14 Finding the polytropic radius Physically, the first root of the solution is of interest as it defines the outer boundary of the sphere where the gas cloud is polytropic. Since the magnitude of the radius is not known a priori, it can be introduced as an unknown function v; the independent variable can then be transformed as x -> x/v. We then use a perturbation trick by a small factor eps to stop Chebfun from using maps and exponents. As an example we choose the polytropic index to be n=1.5, appropriate to model the structure of a white dwarf. d = [0,1]; x = chebfun('x',d); N = chebop(d); n = 1.5; eps = 1e-8; N.op = @(x,u,v) x.diff(u,2) + 2diff(u) + x.v.^2.(u+eps).^n; N.lbc = @(u,v) [u-1,diff(u)]; N.rbc = @(u,v) u; % N.init = [1-x.^2,1]; N.init = [cos(pi/2x),pi]; uv = N\0; plot(uv,'Linewidth',2), hold on, axis([0 1 0 1.05*uv(1,2)]), title('Solution u and radius v'), legend('u','v') Thus the radius of the polytrope describing the structure of a white dwarf is v = uv(:,2); fprintf('Polytropic range for white dwarfs: [0,%1.4f)\n',v(1)); Polytropic range for white dwarfs: [0,3.6538) [1] Chandrasekhar, S. An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure. [2] Horedt, George Paul (1986) 'Seven-digit tables of Lane-Emden functions' [3] Wikipedia article: ''
We’re not all the smartest animals on the planet, but we are all smart enough for some tasks. This is because our brains are designed to work at a certain speed, to perform a certain task in a certain time, and to process information in a particular way. These abilities are referred to as intelligence. In the real world, intelligence is a skill, but in our minds, it is a trait. We all have certain attributes that allow us to learn and solve problems. For example, we all have a preference for reading a book, or a particular style of music. This ability is called “intelligent” in the sense that it requires the ability to learn. The ability to remember the name of a certain song, or the name on a particular cigarette pack, is a different skill. The same goes for the ability, and ability, to use our minds to solve problems, or to predict the future. It is the ability that allows us to think, and this ability can be the key to unlocking the mysteries of the universe. If you have the ability and the desire to be an intelligent life form, you may want to consider becoming one. This article is part of a series on intelligent life on Reddit. Read more about intelligence and learning. Intelligent life in science The vast majority of humans are not intelligent, and it is not clear why. It could be that intelligence is just a word we use to describe certain types of behavior, or that it may not be as useful as we thought. Some argue that it is just another kind of physical trait that is used in the search for intelligent life. Another theory is that intelligent life is a biological fact, but that is not always true. Scientists have also argued that we are only just beginning to understand why intelligence exists, and that we should think about the question of intelligence in a broader context. Some scientists believe that the universe is made up of hundreds of billions of tiny particles that are all acting in the same way. In other words, they believe that we have a basic understanding of the basic principles of the nature of the physical world. The laws of physics are so complex that we could not possibly comprehend them without understanding the laws of mathematics, and the way that these laws are made. For this reason, some scientists think that the laws and the laws are the result of the “hard” sciences like biology. They argue that we need to understand the nature and structure of the cosmos before we can understand the laws that govern it. The hard sciences also rely on mathematical concepts, which can be very difficult to grasp. The concept of an intelligent system is often used to justify the idea that intelligent things do not exist. This argument makes sense when the laws, structure, and structure-of-the-worlds theory is applied. However, this theory has been criticised by many scientists who argue that such theories are not well grounded in scientific evidence. What are the characteristics of intelligent life? Scientists do not understand the exact characteristics of intelligence, but some scientists have suggested that intelligence may be more like a combination of certain characteristics. For instance, intelligent life might have a brain that contains a lot of different types of information, or more complicated processes. This could lead to the existence of intelligent computers or smart robots. The brain of a superintelligence would also be a very complex system, but it is difficult to think of an intelligence that would not have a certain set of characteristics that make it similar to humans. The most important characteristics of a intelligent life are that it has a complex intelligence, that it can reason, and, most importantly, that there is an intelligence of some sort that can act in a way that is different from that of its nearest and dearest. There are also some theories that claim that intelligent beings could be extremely intelligent, or intelligent life that is capable of controlling and manipulating the physical universe. What do scientists think? Some scientists are sceptical of the idea of intelligent extraterrestrial life. Others believe that intelligent extraterrestrials have existed in the universe for a long time, but are now extinct. It has been suggested that intelligent aliens may have visited Earth before, but not to make use of technology. There is also a group of scientists that believe that there may be intelligent life beyond our solar system, which could have the capacity to create life in space. This hypothesis has been controversial, but there are still some scientists who believe that it might be possible. It seems that intelligent alien life is unlikely, but this is not because intelligent life itself is unlikely. Intelligent aliens have already been observed in the skies of space, and these observations suggest that intelligent space aliens are not rare, and are probably not the only type of intelligent beings. We have known about intelligent life for a while, but have not had a real sense of what it is that is intelligent. In fact, many scientists believe intelligent life has been found elsewhere in the galaxy. Theories of intelligent intelligence have been explored
1. Agriculture World For Afghan Farmers, Climate Change is Now Worse Than a War Ayushi Raina Ayushi Raina Distressed Afghan Farmers Drought have stalked the parched fields of Bala Murghab, a rural Afghan district where climate change is proving a more deadly opponent than the country's recent conflicts. A longer-term crisis was brewing as the world watched the Taliban launch a startling attack that resulted in the swift fall of the country's western-backed government. Herders have been forced to sell their livestock, farmers have been forced to quit their communities, and parents have been forced to sell their daughters into marriage at ever younger ages in desperate attempts to feed their families. "The last time I saw rain was last year, and it wasn't much," says Mullah Fateh, the head of Bala Murghab's Haji Rashid Khan village. In this corner of Badghis province, where 90 percent of the 600,000-strong population survives off livestock or fields, communities cling to life in tiny clusters of mud-brick homes among an endless ocean of undulating brown hills. "We sold sheep to buy food, and others perished of thirst," Fateh says. He had 300 sheep when the first of two recent droughts occurred in 2018, but now he just has 20 as the newest dry weather hits. More than 22 million Afghans would experience "acute food insecurity," according to UN agencies. This winter, the UN has issued a warning that the nation is facing one of the world's worst humanitarian disasters. Aid-dependent According to a research conducted by the environmental organization ‘Germanwatch’, Afghanistan has been impacted the sixth hardest blow by climate change, which is caused by greenhouse gas emissions such as CO2. According to World Bank data, an Afghan lifestyle emits 0.2 tons of CO2 per year, compared to 15 for the average American. One of the most catastrophic results, as expected, has been a decrease in rainfall in northern Afghanistan. "The crops are destroyed, and the animals have nothing." Six individuals have died of starvation in the last two years," the elder guy, Haji Jamal, claimed. "The jerry cans we've been using to collect water have worn out, and we can't afford to replace them." According to neighbour Lal Bibi, when desperation develops, women and children are alone and in danger." Although few locals are aware of climate change, a UN report warns that yearly droughts in several Afghan districts would "likely become the norm" by 2030. Foreign govt. have yet to acknowledge the Taliban, and the country's financial reserves, which are primarily held in the United States, have been stopped, as does the flow of aid. Regional Taliban government leaders stated that there is little they can do. "The Emirate does not have a lot of money. Our objectives are linked with the international community," revealed Abdul Hakim Haghyar of the Badghis Province Refugee Office. Some international NGOs continue to operate, and foreign countries have pledged humanitarian relief if it can be delivered to the people but Taliban remain sanctioned. Like this article? Hey! I am Ayushi Raina. Did you liked this article and have suggestions to improve this article? Mail me your suggestions and feedback. Share your comments Subscribe to our Newsletter. You choose the topics of your interest and we'll send you handpicked news and latest updates based on your choice. Subscribe Newsletters
Why do we work more and more and harder, why do we have to do it, although it does not translate into the improvement of the quality of our lives? Why do we work at all? Why is work have such a huge significance in the social system? Why is it just work that is to be the key thing in our life and constitute the foundation of our identity? Why hard work means something ethical, whereas laziness is to be condemned? By contesting capitalism, the left-wing social movements (especially workers’, feminist and environmental ones), took up a critical reflection over the category of labour, its social and economic meaning, but first of all they used a huge potential inherent for imagination – they created utopias. The struggle for workers’ rights, a shorter working day, social warranties or abolishing slavery – these were only a few goals of left-wing movements in the past. During her lecture Marta Trawińska will investigate the new goals, new rates and new political strategies of contemporary left-wing movements focusing on labour issues. What does the postulate of work refusal mean? What does the imagination of today’s social movements concentrate on? It is still boiling hot in the field of social theory and practice. Among others there is a fight for changing the definition of work going on, the biopolitical character of labour in capitalism is being exposed, the liberal vision of emancipation of women through including them into the labour force is being rejected and words of criticism are addressed to the ethics of work and productivism, which continue to be a regular element of both right- and left-wing narration. However, the crucial thing is that the left-wing social movements have never abandoned the labour of imagination and continue to see the sense in building utopias. After the lecture – film screening of “Workingman’s Death” Director: : Michael Glawogger, Germany/Austria, 2005, 122 min. The workingman is not there anymore. A worker remained – someone inferior, someone who failed. Someone, to whom work does not give his or her dignity, but only takes it away. Accustomed to comfortable lives, we increasingly often forget what a hard work a man can perform. The author of “Workingman’s Death” abandons his own commentaries and in refined images (photography by Wolfgang Thaler) records inhuman efforts of contemporary forgotten heroes. Unusual photos and music (by John Zorn) make “Workingman’s Death” a monumental work saturated with emotions. Today’s heroes are not accompanied by laudatory songs. They can only console themselves that any work, even beyond one’s strength, is better than no work. A group of Ukrainian men all day long expose their lives to danger in closed, illegal coal mines that can collapse any time. In Indonesia miners excavating sulphur breathe in hot and poisonous vapours over craters of active volcanoes. Their way down is an equally big risk. Blood, fire and terrible stench – a slaughterhouse in Nigeria is hell on earth. With almost bare hands Pakistanis tear away pieces of metal from old ships. Chinese steelworkers with fear perceive themselves as a vanishing species. Ukraine, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan and China – “Workingman’s Death” presents five portraits of hard physical work, less and less visible in the mechanised world of 21st century. (Film distributor’s materials).
Kidney Cyst: What Are Its Symptoms? Surely more than once you have heard about cysts in the kidneys. And it is that, in reality it is something really common among the population that does not imply excessive gravity. But still, it is worth knowing a little how they arise and what possible symptoms accompany their appearance. We will explain it to you below in more detail. What are simple kidney cysts or kidney stones? The kidneys perform several important functions for the balance of the body : they filter the blood, clean the body, control the salt in the body and remove the waste substances that we eliminate in the urine. They are two essential organs for existence, hence the importance of knowing what possible diseases are associated with it. Echo showing cysts in the kidneys. But let’s get to the central topic, what is really a cyst in a kidney? Well, a cyst is a closed bag or sac filled with air or fluid. Normally they are filled with a watery fluid, they are like “bumps” that emerge from the surface of the kidney itself or nephrons. As Mayo Clinic experts point out, there are two types of kidney cysts: • Simple kidney cysts : These usually appear in aging, and are usually benign (that is, not cancerous). • Complex kidney cysts : tests are needed to determine their severity, as they can lead to serious problems such as kidney failure. Who usually suffers from simple kidney cysts? First of all, we have to take the matter off too seriously. Cysts in the kidney are not synonymous with cancer or a complication that will take away our quality of life. A kidney cyst can be very common as we get older; Hence, it is very normal for them to appear after the age of 50. Older man in urological consultation. What causes the cyst in the kidney? The experts of the MSD Manual indicate that: In general, it is considered normal for cysts to appear over the years, because the kidneys and bladder undergo changes with age. For example, nephrons begin to filter waste material from the blood. If I have a kidney cyst, is it serious? Usually no, they are not serious. It is something associated with age and occurs very frequently. Hence, they are simply called “simple kidney cysts,” and they do not usually lead to cancerous tumors. They are almost always harmless. Now, they must be identified and controlled. If its walls are thick and irregular, then it may be associated with a type of cancer. But 70% of them are usually good and not serious at all. If there are a large number of these cysts in the kidney, they could cause kidney failure, and also polycystic kidney disease if it can be hereditary. What are the symptoms of a kidney cyst? A kidney cyst does not normally cause symptoms. Hence, the vast majority of people do not know they have it. However, if these cysts increase in size, the following symptoms may occur: • Fever. • Pain in the upper abdomen. • Mild, bothersome, and ongoing pain in the back or sides of the body. In these cases, it is probably best to see a doctor as soon as possible. How are simple kidney cysts treated? It is necessary to make a routine to consume water. Since cysts are usually not serious, they are not usually treated. But if a cyst puts a lot of pressure on the kidney, it will end up hindering its function, and then, there will be no other option but intervention. And how is this intervention? It can be of two types depending on where the cyst is located, and how large it is in question: • Puncture and drainage of the cyst, and then filled with alcohol. On rare occasions, the doctor reduces the size of the cyst by inserting a long, thin needle into the skin to pierce the wall of the kidney cyst. Then drain the fluid from the cyst. • Surgery: Usually performed laparoscopically, using thin instruments that are inserted through small holes in the abdomen. During surgery, the doctor drains the cyst and then cuts or burns it. It is done very quickly, and we will only be in the hospital for a few days. Can I prevent kidney cysts? They usually appear with age. But a basic way to always keep the kidneys in good condition is by maintaining a good quality of life. And you know how: • Drink natural fruit juices. • Drink enough water a day. • Avoid smoking, consuming alcoholic beverages. • Eat fresh fruit and vegetables, avoiding red meat. • Avoid salt, refined flours, sugar, and carbonated drinks. Taking care of the kidneys should be one of our priorities since we have to be aware of the importance of these organs for our health and quality of life. In addition, if any type of problem arises, the best thing to do is always go to the doctor to be able to treat it properly. Related Articles Leave a Reply Back to top button
Tremors: The Origin Is Not Always In Parkinson’s Disease It is very possible that on some occasion you have felt tremors in your hands, and instantly, you have been scared. ” Could it be Parkinson’s disease? Will I have a neurological problem? ” . People sometimes tend to think the worst, hence the first thing we should do in these cases is to calm down. According to Dr. José Matías Arbelo in an interview conducted by the Health Information Portal for Doctors and Healthcare workers, nothing will happen as long as it is not something recurrent that, in addition, hinders our daily mobility. The tremors of a hand, of the legs, or to feel how our necks tremble can have different origins. It may be due to simple fatigue, although on some occasions it could be a slightly more serious problem. However, we will tell you that these types of ailments are more common from the age of 65, and that it will always be our doctor who gives us an accurate diagnosis. Stay calm, see if the tremors are occasional or constant, and consult your doctor. This article will explain some of the possible causes. 1. I have tremors, why is it? What do we call tremor? A tremor is an agitation that occurs in some part of our body. It is in the hands and arms where it is usually most noticeable, although it can also occur in the legs, and even in the vocal cords (tremor in the voice). Is it something serious? A tremor is a symptom. That is, it is a sign that something is happening in our body, but it does not always have to be something dangerous, hence we invite you to learn about the most common causes. 1. Tiredness • Generalized tiredness, as well as muscle overloads, can make our limbs shake. Surely it has happened to you: carry something for a long time with your hands and, when you let go, you realize that you are shaking. It is nothing serious, it is just an overload of the muscles that sometimes suffer what is known as spasms. • Also note that sometimes when we don’t drink enough water during the day, or when we exercise, our cells also become dehydrated and spasms and tremors may appear. • People who are chronically tired may also experience tremors. 2. The essential tremor Essential tremor usually occurs in older people, starting at the age of 65. It has nothing to do with Parkinson’s disease, and its origin would be in a small alteration of the neurological circuits of the brain responsible for balance. In contrast, in Parkinson’s, the tremor is due to the basal ganglia, the cerebellum and the brain stem, according to the Mayo Clinic. Essential tremor appears especially after exertion. It affects the head and hands, and we will feel it after taking weight, dragging a chair, or making any sudden movement. On the contrary, in Parkinson’s disease the tremor also appears at rest. Essential tremor is not neurodegenerative, that is, it will not advance or take away our quality of life. It does well with adequate medication. 3. Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism • Hyperthyroidism originates from an overactive thyroid gland. It usually occurs with goiter and is more common in women between 30 and 50 years old. • Tremors can also be common in these cases, since hyperthyroidism is accompanied by general nervousness, restlessness, and agitation. This is stated in this study by the “Hermanos Ameijeiras” Clinical Surgical Hospital (Cuba). If you see, for example, how your hands are suddenly shaking, you should not worry too much if you have already been diagnosed with this disease. Consult with your doctor and follow their advice. 4. Stress and anxiety • Emotional stress, anxiety, generalized nervousness, are usually accompanied by a wide variety of symptoms. Tremors may be one of them, as suggested by this study by the Social Service of the University of Sonora (Mexico). • The origin is usually in the cortisol in the blood. It affects many of our basic functions, ranging from tachycardias to hypertension. The nervous system is affected and then there are tremors in the legs, hands, dry mouth, and we can even feel spasms in our muscles, such as nervous tics. 5. Parkinson’s disease So that you can distinguish your type of tremor, you can know in the following list the most common symptoms that usually characterize Parkinson’s disease. Now, as we have indicated, the moment you see that the tremors are continuous and that they hinder your mobility and being able to manipulate objects, go to the doctor. The most characteristic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are, according to this report by the Parkinson’s Foundation: • Tremor: It usually starts in the hand, and is more common while at rest. • Stiffness: Patients with Parkinson’s often show lack of muscle flexibility. • Bradykinesia: All movements are done very slowly, like mechanized “robots”. • Instability in posture : Short steps are always taken for fear of falling, agility is lost. • Urinary problems • Depression: Many people with Parkinson’s disease tend to have depression and emotional changes in its early stages. • Swallowing and chewing problems • Sleep problems These symptoms can vary from person to person and also depend on the phase in which the patient is. However, it never hurts to know the symptoms. So remember, a hand tremor is not always due to this disease. Consult with your doctor! Related Articles Leave a Reply Back to top button
Woody structural part of plant anatomy A branch or tree branch is a woody structural member connected to but not part of the central trunk of a tree. Large branches are known as boughs and small branches are known as twigs. The term "twig" often refers to a terminus, while "bough" refers only to branches coming directly from the trunk.
Breaking Down (a Part of) The Large Reptile Tree There are various tests one can administer to a tree. One of them is to permit one or more extra steps beyond the minimum to see where the weaknesses and strengths lay. The following four illustrations show the Archosauria and their ancestors from fully resolved (Fig. 1) to what happens when 1, 2 and 3 extra steps are permitted (Figs 2-4). segment of the large reptile tree. Figure 1. A fully resolved segment of the large reptile tree. 1265 steps. segment of the large reptile tree Figure 2. Adding one extra step produces lack of resolution at weaker nodes. Shortest tree plus two extra steps. Figure 3. Shortest tree plus two extra steps. More breakdown occurs and this is expected, but could be repaired with more characters specific to these clades. segment of the large reptile tree Figure 4. The shortest tree with three extra steps permitted. Here the loss of resolution equals or exceeds the retained resolution. No further testing was attempted. Strong clades defined by unique characters retain resolution. Partial specimens also help break down trees. Many of these are skull-only taxa or skull-less taxa. Some large clades are retained while closest kin lose resolution, as expected. More characters specific to certain clades would help them keep resolution. Note that the major clades retained their distinction from other major clades. Only more taxa can increase the possibilities for novel nestings by offering more possible nesting sites. More characters cannot provide more nesting opportunities. More characters can refine nestings within a limited range and/or they can strengthen established nestings by finding more synapomorphies (shared traits). Any other insights would be gratefully appreciated. 1 thought on “Breaking Down (a Part of) The Large Reptile Tree 1. This is a very interesting test. As I’ve said in relation to results by other authors, I think we need to start paying attention to how well supported each relationship is instead of just what the most parsimonious trees say. Normally I’d say that clades that break down in three steps or less (or even up to 5 steps) are quite likely to change given more data, but as you say, incomplete specimens help break down tests like this. We saw before that Phytodinosauria needed a lot more than 3 steps to break down for instance, so your highly unresolved tree is probably due to a fragmentary taxon like Pseudolagosuchus jumping around and not to weakness of dinosaurian subclades per se. The same phenomenon makes bootstrap tests on analyses with incomplete taxa useless. I disagree with your statement that more characters can’t provide different nesting opportunities though. New characters can potentially join taxa which are distantly related in the original tree, and this in turn can change other relationships. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
New pterosaur: Keresdrakon. Old cladogram. Kellner et al. 2019 bring us a new desert pterosaur, Keresdrakon (Fig. 1). The bone is exceptionally preserved, similar to red bed Gobi Desert specimens from the Late Cretaceous. The exact age of the strata is “controversial.” Kellner et al. nest their new specimen between Dsungaripteridae + Shenzhoupterus and Tapejaridae (omitting the unrelated Chaoyangopteridae + Azhdarchidae, see below). From the abstract: “Here we present a new tapejaromorph flying reptile from this site, Keresdrakon vilsoni gen. et sp. nov., which shows a unique blunt ridge on the dorsal surface of the posterior end of the dentary. Morphological and osteohistological features indicate that all recovered individuals represent late juveniles or sub-adults. This site shows the first direct evidence of sympatry in Pterosauria. The two distinct flying reptiles coexisted with a theropod dinosaur, providing a rare glimpse of a paleobiological community from a Cretaceous desert.” Sympatry: “Occupying the same or overlapping geographic areas.” I have used the term ‘coeval’ to represent taxa from a similar formation (location and strata). The same desert strata ‘cemetary of pterosaurs’ produced many partial specimens and several ontogenetic ages of the tapejarid, Caiuajara, which we looked at earlier here. Figure 1. The larger bits and pieces of Keresdrakon. The bone is like bone, clearly distinct from the matrix. Figure 1. The larger bits and pieces of Keresdrakon. The bone is like bone, clearly distinct from the desert matrix. Kellner et al. have excluded so many pterosaur taxa from their cladogram that it does not recover the four origins of pterodactyloid-grade pterosaurs known for the last 12 years (Peters 2007) and documented online in the large pterosaur tree (LPT, 239 taxa). Instead the authors follow the traditional, invalidated hypothesis that includes a monophyletic and awkward ‘Pterodactyloidea.’ that is only recovered by taxon exclusion. dsungaripterids, tapejarids and pteranodontids all arise from various germanodactylids, which arise from pterodactylids, which arise from a branch of tiny scaphognathids. Ornithocheirds + cycnorhamphids arise from other tiny scaphognathids. Ctenochasmatids arise from one branch of dorygnathids. Azhdarchids arise from yet another branch of dorygnathids. All had tiny transitional pterosaur ancestors. Sadly, this is completely lost on the Kellner team, who have chosen to omit pertinent taxa from their analyses. their topology is similar enough to the LPT. I have not yet entered Keresdrakon into the LRT. If the nesting differs from that of Kellner et al. (above), I will post that. Kellner AWA, Weinschuütz LC, Holgado B, Bantim RAM and Sayão JM 2019. A new toothless pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2019) 91(Suppl. 2): e20190768 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences). Peters D 2007. The origin and radiation of the Pterosauria. In D. Hone ed. Flugsaurier. The Wellnhofer pterosaur meeting, 2007, Munich, Germany. p. 27. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Acid Reflux GERD can eventually lead to more serious illnesses and must be examined by a doctor. A recent study suggests that nutritional options can be as effective as using proton pump inhibitors in the treatment of acid reflux. Acid reflux is when part of the acidic stomach flows into the esophagus in the throat, which takes the food out of the mouth. Despite the name, heartburn has nothing to do with the heart. Acid reflux occurs when the stomach contents in your esophagus increase. Find out what foods you should avoid to avoid reflux. These terms are often used synonymously, but in reality they have very different meanings. GERD is the disease or diagnosis defined as regular symptoms caused by the flow of stomach contents to the esophagus. In fact, there is reflux that cannot be acidic and can also be seen in GERD Severe chronic heartburn / GERD was associated with esophageal cancer. GERD is caused by the flow of stomach acid and bile into the esophagus. When the stomach contents come into contact with the esophagus, this can cause the classic symptoms of heartburn and belching. In addition, these liquids are toxic to the lining of the esophagus and can cause damage such as ulcers or even precancerous changes such as Barrett’s esophagus. Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery is the standard surgical treatment. It is a minimally invasive procedure that fixes your acid reflux by creating a new valve mechanism in the lower part of your esophagus. This can increase the risk of stomach acid getting into your esophagus. If you have acid reflux, you can develop a sour or bitter taste in the back of your head. It can also cause กรดไหลย้อน ยา food or fluids to be spilled from your stomach in your mouth. Acid reflux can cause an unpleasant burning sensation in the chest, which can move to the neck and throat. Talk to your doctor about how much and how often your baby should be fed. This is the most accurate way to detect returns and how often they occur. A thin, flexible tube goes through the nose into the esophagus. The tip rests directly above the sphincter of the esophagus for 24 hours to check the acidity in the esophagus and to detect returns. Treatment can be divided into widespread lifestyle changes, over-the-counter medications, and prescription drugs. GERD should be actively considered in medical assessments of these conditions, otherwise it can go unnoticed. We are increasingly finding that irritation and damage to the esophagus due to the continued presence of acid in addition to simple heartburn can cause a variety of symptoms. Experts recognize that the role of acid reflux has often been overlooked as a potential factor in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic cough, hoarseness and asthma-like symptoms. Gastroesophageal reflux is when stomach acid flows into the esophagus where it does not belong. Over time, this acid can cause damage, irritation, and symptoms. For example, mild cases can respond to treatment and therapy can be stopped after a short treatment. If you have inflammation of the esophagus or ulcers in the esophagus / stomach, you may need to continue treatment for a longer period of time and stay in maintenance therapy. If elderly patients with reflux esophagitis were observed for 3 years, 68% of them had to be treated for more than six months and 46% needed 3-year therapy to prevent esophagitis from recurring. Without therapy, 80-90% of patients fell behind within one year. Tags :
Stuart Burchill Explains The Advantages of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is now used in several fields such as medicine, industry, environment, and cosmetics. According to Stuart Burchill, certainly, it provides certain advantages but also has disadvantages. Nanotechnology makes it possible, for example, to treat certain diseases, but can also cause side effects. Discover some advantages and disadvantages of Nanotechnology. The Advantages of Nanotechnology In nanotechnology: advantages, we can cite a few essential points. Stuart Burchill nanotechnology Through its great revolution, we note that nanotechnology makes it possible to solve certain problems in several fields. • In the industrial sector, for example, nanotechnology is effective in the manufacture of tires, mobile devices and household appliances. • In medicine, nanotechnology, through nanoscience, makes it possible to target and destroy cancer cells. • In the environmental sector, nanotechnology products are used in remediation and decontamination actions. • We can also cite, in nanotechnology: advantages, effective results of nanotechnology in cosmetics. nanotechnology and nanoparticles What are the Environmental Risks of Nanoparticles? The diversity of data on the impact and on nanomaterials makes it impossible to draw conclusions on the environmental risks of certain nanomaterials. Most of the information available concerns the aquatic environment and almost no information exists on the dangers of nanoparticles in soils and sediments. Increasing attention is being paid to the potential adverse effects of transformation products that are formed after introducing a nanomaterial into the environment. Models that describe the release of nanoparticles, their distribution in the environment and the exposure of living organisms to them remain scarce, as do the data to validate these models. Progress is needed in the development of analytical tools and methods for determining and measuring nano-characteristics in complex media to obtain data on the presence of and exposure to nanomaterials. According to Burchill, an environmental risk assessment of metallic zinc particles highlighted that the difference between affect levels and exposure levels was relatively large, such that no risk to organisms in Community waters was ‘is still anticipated. However, a similar assessment for nanosilver particles does not exclude the occurrence of adverse environmental effects. Stuart Burchill tells all about the main knowledge gaps Progress must be made in the following four areas: • First, we seriously need data – i.e. specific data on nanomaterials and nanoparticles, but also information on the use of nanomaterials/particles in products and their release by these products. • Second, we need to improve our scientific knowledge of nano-toxicological behavior to move forward on the road to generalization and abstraction. • Third, we need to look not only at existing simple nanomaterials but also monitor and assess the development of new generations of nanomaterials. • Fourth, we need to look at aspects of risk governance and how to deal with the difference in pace between nanomaterial innovations and our scientific and regulatory capacity to assess uncertainties and risks, and ways to deal with those risks. and potential uncertainties. The government, society at large, the scientific community and businesses must work together to find ways to manage the innovative and fundamentally new development of materials and risks. This would strengthen the availability of data and mutual knowledge as Stuart suggests. Overall, Stuart Burchill concluded that the current legislative framework covers, to a large extent, the potential risks relating to nanomaterials. However, it may be necessary to revise the current legislation in light of remaining gaps and new information, in particular with regard to threshold values. Popular Articles
56 In both cases, individual cues were neither individually defined, nor individually measured. Since macro-level variables do not necessitate the careful and specific definition of each nonverbal cue, analyses can only take place at the macroscopic level. With the measurement of microscopic cues, both the individual cues and some combination of those cues can be analyzed. This level of measurement is essential to determine not only whether nonverbal behavior, as a whole, is utilized in the interview and related to performance, but also to determine which particular cues are the most relevant. For example, an interviewee's hand movement may not be related to performance, but the time they spend smiling is related to performance. These findings would have important implications for training interviewers. Interviewers could be taught which relevant cues to attend to and utilize when making interview judgments, rather than being taught to ignore all nonverbal cues and attend only to verbal content. These distinctions can only be determined by measuring and analyzing each cue separately. Even when nonverbal cues are measured individually, it is the combination of these cues which is of greatest interest. Knapp and Hall (1992) suggested that it is the combination of individual parts of the nonverbal behavioral system which provides the best understanding of the system's purpose. People do not only smile, or only move their hands. Rather, their behavior consists of multiple signals which
Part II XVI THE STORY OF NATIVE AND IMMIGRANT CROPS EVERY agricultural country has both native and immigrant crops. All lands and all climes have native plants unless the climate is too cold or dry. All inhabited parts of the earth have had plants introduced from other parts; some survived and some did not. This scattering of plants to new areas has vastly increased the number and variety of plant life to be found everywhere. There are limitations to the regions adapt- ed to any one plant-vegetable, shrub, vine, flower or tree. Some are adapted to a much wider range than others. It is interesting to note the crops grown in various countries and trace them to their origin: Citrus, mango, banana, yam, came from southeastern Asia. Cabbage, oat, millet, tung tree from east-cen- tral Asia. Rice, sorghum, sugarcane, egg- plant, cucumber, from southern Asia. Carrot, melon, certain grapes, onion, fig came from western Asia. [99]
• Nicole Easton What's the Difference Between Cement and Concrete? We get asked this question sometimes. A lot of people use the terms concrete and cement interchangeably. But they are not the same thing. In fact, cement is an ingredient of concrete. The earlier known forms of cement were made with limestone and ash, back as long ago as 12,000 years. The Gobekli temple site in Turkey is at least that many years old, and excavations have found that the builders were using a form of cement as a mortar and joiner. Our ancestors discovered that they could make cement by using a mix of crushed limestone, fire ashes or volcanic ash, clay, and iron. Lots of different types of material can go into cement, but limestone is a key ingredient because of the high calcium content. Many different forms of cement exist. In 1824 Portland cement was invented. This is the most commonly used modern form of cement, and it is produced through extremely high heat which breaks down limestone, shale, sand, and iron ore into a fine powdery cement. To make concrete, Portland cement is mixed with sand or gravel, and water. It’s the water that is key to the concrete process, as instead of simply hydrating the mix, it sets off a chemical reaction that cures it. As the concrete cures, it hardens. It can take days or even months before the curing process is complete and the concrete is at full strength. The chemical reaction that cures concrete actually gets quite hot in the process. If only sand is added to the cement and water, congratulations, you have made mortar or a form of grout. Concrete is made when sand, gravel, cement, and water are mixed together. Some new forms of concrete mix in lighter perlite or vermiculite to make a lightweight and insulating concrete. Other additives can create other specialized properties as well. Not all concrete is equal. The Romans used a form of concrete that included volcanic ashes and tuff (volcanic rock). Some of their buildings, like the Pantheon and the Colosseum are still standing. We still to this day cannot recreate their recipe for concrete. You may notice that some modern concrete structures are already cracking and breaking down. It turns out we are still figuring out the best ways to produce cement and mix concrete. The simplest way to explain the difference between concrete and cement is to say that cement is an ingredient in concrete. And it’s true. But given the variety of ways to make cement, and the variety of ways to mix concrete, the real answer is a little more complex. 41 views2 comments
Skip to Main Content Protecting Your Pet (And Your Family) From Ticks Protecting Your Pet (And Your Family) From Ticks Ticks are very dangerous to both people and pets because they are responsible for spreading many dangerous diseases. Here, our Fairfield, NJ vets share with you the signs of ticks you need to beware of, as well as how you can protect your pets and family from these external parasites. What are ticks? Ticks are a type of external parasite that feasts on the blood of humans and animals. They can't fly or jump, so they need to use a host (generally, wild animals are the ones responsible for bringing ticks into your yard) for transportation. When the ticks are on your property, your pets are usually the ones to bring them into your home. Are ticks dangerous? Ticks are dangerous to both pets and humans because they transmit a handful of serious diseases. People can get dangerous illnesses such as Lyme disease when the tick's saliva—which contains bacteria and germs—enters the bloodstream. What do Fairfield, NJ ticks look like? The black-legged tick (also called the deer tick) is one of the most commonly found species of tick in Fairfield, NJ and it's the species that is most responsible for spreading Lyme disease in our state. It's joined by the lone star tick, American dog tick, groundhog tick, and brown dog tick. The black-legged tick can be spotted in wooded, brushy areas and both males and females have flat, oval bodies. Female deer ticks' bodies are about 1/8" in size and orangish-brown (with a reddish-brown colored abdomen that becomes darker after feeding on a host), male deer ticks are roughly 1/16" and reddish-brown overall. They are longer than they are wide, and have sharply pointed, toothed mouthparts you can see clearly from above. Even though you can be exposed to ticks all year, they are most active during warmer months (April to September). How can I tell if my pet has ticks? You should always be checking your dog for ticks even if you were only out for a short walk through bush and grass. Remember to look deep within your companion's fur, behind and inside their ears, between their legs, around their neck, and between their toes. How can I prevent or get rid of ticks? There are many methods you can use to get rid of and prevent ticks on small pets and dogs. Your options include spot-on treatments, oral medications, tick collars, or shampoos that contain medicated ingredients to bathe your pet and kill ticks on contact. Talk to your vet who will be able to tell you the best options for you and your pet. To help keep ticks out of your yard, keep your lawn well-trimmed. This gives ticks less space to live and breed, reducing the chances of ticks being around. When tick season is at its peak, you might want to limit the amount of time your pet spends outside. If you believe your cat or dog has ticks contact our Fairfield, NJ vets today because they are highly experienced at diagnosing and treating a range of medical conditions. Welcoming New Patients All Creatures Great and Small Animal Hospital is now seeing new patients! Our Fairfield, NJ vets are trained to provide care for a wide range of companion animals including cats, dogs, birds, reptiles, rodents, and more. Contact our veterinary clinic today to schedule your pet's first appointment. Contact Us 973-227-7789 Contact
FAQ: What Is The Elbow Region In Anatomy? What part of the body is the elbow? The elbow is a complex joint formed by the meeting of three bones: the humerus, the radius, and the ulna. The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm, the radius runs along the thumb side of the forearm, and the ulna runs along the pinky side of the forearm. Is the elbow part of the forearm? The forearm is the area between the elbow joint and the wrist. Its two major bones are the radius and the ulna: Radius. What is the structure of the elbow joint? The elbow is a hinged joint made up of three bones, the humerus, ulna, and radius. The ends of the bones are covered with cartilage. Cartilage has a rubbery consistency that allows the joints to slide easily against one another and absorb shock. The bones are held together with ligaments that form the joint capsule. You might be interested: Often asked: What Is Keros Type 1 Anatomy Of The Olfactory Fossa? What is the strongest part of your body? The strongest muscle based on its weight is the masseter. With all muscles of the jaw working together it can close the teeth with a force as great as 55 pounds (25 kilograms) on the incisors or 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms) on the molars. The uterus sits in the lower pelvic region. What is the bone from shoulder to elbow? The humerus is the arm bone between your shoulder and your elbow. Is elbow part of forearm or upper arm? It can be divided into the upper arm, which extends from the shoulder to the elbow, the forearm which extends from the elbow to the hand, and the hand. Anatomically the shoulder girdle with bones and corresponding muscles is by definition a part of the arm. What’s the inner elbow called? The inner portion of the elbow is a bony prominence called the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Is the elbow posterior to the forearm? The brachioradialis, flexor of the elbow, is unusual in that it is located in the posterior compartment, but it is actually a muscle of flexor / anterior compartment of the forearm. The anconeus, assisting in extension of the elbow joint, is by some considered part of the posterior compartment of the arm. How many types of elbow are there? Elbow mainly available in two standard types 90° and 45°. However, it Can be cut to any other degree. Elbows are available in two radius types, Short radius (1D) and Long Radius (1.5D). You might be interested: Question: How To Study Animal Anatomy For Drawing? What are the two different joint types at the elbow? • The elbow: The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint with two articulations. The trochlea of the humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius. • The radioulnar joints: Two separate joints exist between the radius and the ulna. What is the English system of elbow? The word literally means “arm”, and survives in form of the modern English word ” elbow ” (arm-bend). Inch 18 Metre .45 What is your weakest body part? The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. The lower back is the weakest muscles and the one place most humans don’t train when exercising. If looking for weakest point to hit in a fight especially if opponent is bigger than you: The eyes, throat, nose, groin, instep. What is the weakest muscle in your body? The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes. Stapedius muscle. TA2 2103 FMA 49027 Anatomical terms of muscle What is the strongest part of the female body? The uterus is the strongest super hero in the body By weight, the uterus is the strongest muscle in your body. Leave a Reply
Energy Content Of A Food Sample 1163 Words5 Pages The purpose of this experiment is to measure the energy content of a food sample and to determine the efficiency of a calorimeter. 1. 100 ml distilled water 2. A test tube 3. 1 almond 4. Calorimeter 5. A paperclip 6. A small aluminum foil dish 7. A scale 8. A graduated cylinder 9. A flask 10. Tongs 11. Safety glasses. 12. Lighter Method: The first step was to push a single almond onto the end of a partially straightened paperclip. And then we set the scale to zero, place a weighing dish and the almond/paper clip on the scale to record the total mass (weight). Secondly, we measure out 100 ml of distilled water from the water bottle and pour it into the flask. Place the flask stopper with thermometer inserted into the neck of the flask. The place the neck of the flask through the hole in the calorimeter lid and rotate a quarter turn. Then we measure and record the initial temperature of the water. (We record it after leave the thermometer in the water for a while before reading the temperature.) Next, we position the weighing dish in front of the calorimeter and put on safety glasses to light the almond. After a while, when the almond catches fire, carefully position the paperclip with the burning almond on the weighing dish. The set up should be such that any ash or broken pieces of almond will fall onto the weighing dish. Then carefully slide the weighing dish with the burning almond into the calorimeter so that the More about Energy Content Of A Food Sample Get Access
The power of online reviews in decision-making 11 minutes to read Nadine Visser In our daily lives, we make decisions based on the experiences of others, often online. We may trust reviewers blindly on their expertise and knowledge on films and books. This is caused by the emergence of social media, which has resulted in people discussing with others around the world all kinds of topics, from politics to experiences in daily life. This urge to discuss issues online is visible in the availability of many websites that focus on reviewing different products and services. For example, the reviewing of places, like hotels or restaurants. Entertainment objects are also reviewed, including films and books. These reviews involve the sharing of one’s experience of a cultural object. On websites that focus on the sharing of reviews, like IMDb, the biggest film-rating website, users create the content for the website’s reviewing section. Visiting these (partly) user-generated websites is embedded in our daily lives. Whenever one is searching for a film to watch or one just has watched a film, one can retrieve information about the quality of the film by reading reviews. A decision to watch a film can be made or an opinion constructed after watching the film, based on the subjective experiences of others. But which reviews are seen as trustworthy? How do these platforms contribute to what users regard as experts and knowledge online? Experience as evidence First, it is important to clarify some things about the relation between experience and knowledge. Personal experience is one source of knowledge. Experience is socially constructed, and it depends on the context in which it occurs (Scott, 1991). Individual interpretations of a situation can therefore also differ from person to person. For instance, one person can find the film Mamma Mia! (2008) very cheerful and romantic, while someone else finds it too cliché. These experiences depend, among other things, on what your taste in films is, on your age, your knowledge about films, what films you have seen before, and so on. Every individual focuses on different things when rating a film. The reviews of Mamma Mia! on IMDb show a great variety in ratings. Two different users, for instance, both mention their love for ABBA but rate the film totally differently. These two reviews show how experience is always a matter of interpretation. One user focusses on the actors and how the audience responded to the film in the cinema, while the other focusses on the colours used, the singing and the plot. Entextualizing experiences Users contribute to the discourse with the entextualization of their experiences (Hanell & Salö, 2017). In other words, they put their experiences into words for others to understand them in the context of an online review. As Scott (1991) has argued, "writing is reproduction, transmission - the communication of knowledge gained through experience" (p. 776). Users of IMDb who look for reviews after they have watched a film, will be pointed in different directions regarding the quality of the film. However, when you have watched the film and think it is really good, you will probably agree with the good reviews. It works as a "self-fulfilling prophecy", where the outcome depends on the things you filter out of all the reviews. People tend to rely on shared norms, references, and understandings, and therefore, the reviews that one agrees with are seen as evidence that their opinion is correct. However, every experience is still an interpretation. As Todd VanderWerff, culture editor at, has said, "I feel like [movie rating websites] have created a sense that there’s an answer to whether a movie is good or bad when really that’s a very personal question" (Hickey, 2017). As experience is seen as evidence, anyone can become an expert on cultural knowledge by writing user reviews. Algorithms and the orders of visibility Other factors also contribute to one reviewer’s expertise compared to another's, such as the use of algorithms, which are embedded in every medium and thus everywhere in our society. Algorithms are now "a key logic governing the flows of information on which we depend" (Gillespie, 2014, p. 167). They have the "power to enable and assign meaningfulness and manage how information is perceived by users", a concept which Langlois (2013) called the "distribution of the sensible" (as cited in Gillespie, 2014, p. 167). Algorithms thus play an important part in our social lives. Reviewing websites also use algorithms in order to sort reviews. Companies thereby make, with the use of algorithms, decisions for the users, for instance, through recommendations. On the book reviewing website Goodreads, users will get recommendations based on the books they have clicked on before, or because they like a particular genre. The website’s database contains all kinds of data about the users’ behaviour on the site. The algorithms then decide what data is useful to use as input and what should be showed as relevant. Still, relevance is an interpretation of what is useful for the user to see and is always designed with certain ideas in mind regarding what is relevant. Relevance is decided based on other information, like follow-up clicks on the things recommended (Gillespie, 2014). The algorithms also decide what numerical rating a film receives. This can be the true average of all the ratings given, or the mean, or even only the average of “real” critics. IMDb offers an average on a scale of one to ten, where it does not matter if everyone gives a 7,5 or if the ratings are different but average to 7,5. However, they tweak this a bit with the use of algorithms that prevent certain groups from disproportionately influencing the vote (Reynolds, 2017). Rotten Tomatoes, another website for reviewing films, only uses reviews from critics to make up an average score. In addition, it weighs its rankings depending on how many reviews a film has (Reynolds, 2017). These differences in algorithms may make users prefer one platform over the other, although these algorithms can also change every day. Algorithms on these kinds of websites also decide the orders of visibility (Hanell & Salö, 2017). The reviews that are most engaged with or clicked on, will be listed on the first page. The placement of a review on the first page results in more visibility and will make it more likely for the first-page review to be seen as more credible than a review on the last page. The algorithms normalise this cultural knowledge logic as “right” (Gillespie, 2014). The platform makes these reviews suitable to be employed as knowledge (Hanell & Salö, 2017). However, the review’s placement is not related to its truthfulness, but only related to the amount of engagement and other aspects that the algorithms decide. On IMDb, every review can be rated by readers. A voting system also influences the order in which the reviews are placed on the website. So, readers can decide when a review is helpful or not by voting. When a review is found to be helpful, it gains more visibility for users than a review that only a few people found helpful. The algorithms are thus producing and certifying knowledge for users of the platform, in collaboration with humans. In addition, users can learn how to write a “helpful” review that receives a lot of positive feedback. As Gillespie (2014) explained, "we make ourselves already algorithmically recognisable in all sorts of ways" that are sometimes not even explicit (p. 184). When using a platform a lot, the requirements for users to like a review can be learned. For example, the length and depth of the review can be taken as an indication of it being "helpful". Or, users may adjust their review to the numerical rating of the film and write a review that fits this widely shared opinion. On Rotten Tomatoes, the orders of visibility are clear. Only four reviews are visible on every film page. On Rotten Tomatoes, this visibility depends on whether you are a “super reviewer” or not. According to the website, super reviewers are “users who’ve demonstrated consistent insight and whose reviews we feature prominently on film pages” (Rotten Tomatoes, n.d.). In other words, the website has some kind of system to decide who is featured and who is not. This shows that every review website has a political aspect to it, in the sense that there is always power involved regarding who decides which experience is worth relying on. 'Joker' highlighted reviews The power of the platform When one analyses this platform further, it seems that Rotten Tomatoes has all kinds of reviewers. They also distinguish Verified Reviewers, Super Reviewers, Critics and Top Critics. This way, they also draw a line between normal users and professional critics. Critics are podcasters, newspaper and magazine writers, bloggers, and YouTubers, according to the website (Rotten Tomatoes, n.d.). These so-called “critics” are not very different from normal users, as they all use their interpretation to say something subjective about a film. It is very possible that a critic knows more about cinematic features and cinema in general. With the platform legitimising their knowledge, these critics have more power over what is considered as legitimate knowledge compared to other users (Hanell & Salö, 2017). However, a film that is negatively criticised by "critics" a lot can still be a very good film to watch for different individuals. Every platform has different kinds of users and thus every platform is biased in a different way. The power of these websites goes even further, beyond the shape of the platform itself. Users also play a role in the kind of power the platform has. Every platform has different kinds of users and thus every platform is biased in a different way. For example, the users of IMDb are mostly men; "men often make up over 70 per cent of the voters for any film" (Reynolds, 2017, par. 21). This has consequences when searching for the rating of a film on IMDb because "men consistently rank masculine films higher than films that feature female leads or more traditionally female themes" (Reynolds, 2017, par. 24). The same applies to Rotten Tomatoes, which has a vast majority of male critics. Trusting reviews Then there is the notion of fake reviews. It is hard and very time-consuming to discover fake reviews as a user, even though they can of course influence what is seen as knowledge or evidence of, for example, the quality of a product. For instance, this happens on Amazon, where the seller can leave a review of his or her own product with a different name. This also counts for websites like IMDb, which is owned by Amazon, where a cast member of the reviewed film can write a very positive review in order to promote the film and to get more buys on Amazon. In addition, with online reviews, there is no evidence that the reviewer has even watched the film reviewed. Readers thus have to trust the reviewer to be honest, something that is always the case with user-generated content. Some websites, like Rotten Tomatoes, avoid this blind faith by letting their users give evidence. Rotten Tomatoes has, for instance, “Verified users” that upload their cinema ticket together with their review. This is still of course no guarantee that the review is based on honesty but images as evidence are seen as more credible than words. The cinema ticket can therefore be taken by the audience as visual evidence of the reviewer’s honesty. Shaping culture experts To conclude, the construction of experts on cultural knowledge online is influenced by various factors. It is determined both by the users itself and by the platform. Platforms can decide what is more and what is less visible to visitors using algorithms. This is because the platforms’ rating systems do not show a neutral selection; they show what they want visitors to see. When users know of the workings of the algorithms, they can manipulate them in order to gain more visibility. Users can then write reviews that will be liked and engaged with more, and thus become more visible on the platform. Algorithms are therefore not only shaped by their engineers, but also by their users. However, we can never really know the true procedures behind the algorithms unless they are openly explained. These unknown procedures can be tricky, because algorithms that make decisions for us can of course feature failures and mistakes. In addition, the readers of reviews still have their own opinions and can decide what counts for them as valid knowledge and what doesn't. This also depends on different social factors, like the environment you grew up in or the kind of friends you have. It is best to just watch or read what you want to, instead of making your decision based on others’ interpretation. Everyone can be an expert if it is about an interpretation, so why not trust yourself? However, even when you trust others’ reviews, the only thing that can go wrong is watching a film or buying a book you do not like. And how bad is that really? Gillespie, T. (2014). The relevance of algorithms. In Gillespie, Tarleton, Pablo J. Boczkowski & Kirsten A. Foot (eds.), Media technologies: Essays on communication, materiality and society (pp. 167-193). MIT Scholarship Online, 167-193. Hanell, L. & Salö, L. (2017). Nine months of entextualizations. Discourse and knowledge in an online discussion forum thread for expecting parents. In, Kerfoot, Caroline & Kenneth Hyltenstam (eds.), Entangled discourses. South-North orders of visibility. London: Routledge. Hickey, W. (2017, April 21). Be Suspicious Of Online Movie Ratings, Especially Fandango’s. Reynolds, M. (November 10, 2017). You should ignore film ratings on IMDb and Rotten Tomatoes. Rotten Tomatoes. (n.d.). FAQ. Retrieved from Scott, J. W. (1991). The evidence of experience. Critical Inquiry 17(4), 773-797.
How to Water Indoor Plants : House Plants Watering Tips How to Water Indoor Plants Learning how to water indoor plants starts with determining your plant’s watering needs. Indoor plants have different watering needs from those plants grown outside. Therefore, watering the indoor plants requires knowing the specific needs of your plant. It also requires watering them frequently and on schedule. How to Water Indoor Plants Image Credit: Blogmapper Furthermore, it is important that you plant them in containers that drain well and are appropriate for their size. Healthy plants will also require getting the right amount and type of water, although there are ways on how you can prevent overwatering the plants. Here are the steps on how to water indoor plants without making a mess. Determine Your Plant’s Watering Needs Not all houseplants have the same watering needs. Therefore, you need to educate yourself on the kind of plant that you are trying to grow. Never assume that all plants want one quart of water. All of your indoor plants have different watering needs so you need to determine this. There are some plants that would prefer a fairly dry soil. On the other hand, some plants would thrive only on moist soil. Others also want that the soil will dry out in between watering. Also Read: 11 Best Garden Tools that make Gardening Easy Let the Plant Determine When To Water How to Water Indoor Plants Image Credit: Youtube Watering indoor plants is easier if you set a routine. However, some plants may not be able to thrive when treated this way. So instead of watering after every two days, try to get a feel of how often your plant will need water. Consistently check the soil and determine how often it dries out and water the plant based on your observations. Indoor plants tend to have more dormant stage during the winter. Therefore, it is likely that they should not be watered as often during this season. As for the time of the day, morning tends to be a perfect time. This allows the plant enough time to dry out before the cooler temperature will come in the evening. Perform the Finger Test Watering Indoor Plants Image Credit: University of Maryland Extension Stick your fingers in the soil of the plant. Notice if the soil is already moist enough. If your finger cannot get into the soil since it’s dry, then it’s time to water. On the other hand, if the top inch is fairly moist, then it has enough water. When you reach an inch deep and your finger is dry, then the plant will need some watering. Again, this however will not apply for all plants. But most of the time, if the topsoil is dry, the plant needs water. You can also make use of a device called moisture meter. It will tell you if the plant requires water. You can purchase this device from any store that sells indoor plant watering devices. Keep a Close Watch on the Leaves Water Indoor Plants Image Credit: Gardenista Leaves are a good indication if your plant is under watered or overwatered. If the leaves seems to be hanging in a limp, then this means the plant needs more water. Moreover, if the leaves are turning brown and dry, then the plant also needs water. The same signs can also mean that the plant has been overwatered. Therefore, you should use this conjunction when checking the soil. If you have just watered the plant that day, give it time to absorb and use the water before you water again. Also Read: 21 Tropical House Plants that are easy to Grow Pay Attention to the Type of Water Watering Indoor Plants Image Credit: Easter Garden You might assume that the water in your faucet is fine. But you could be wrong in this. City water often has too much fluoride and chlorine that some plants cannot handle. Moreover, soft water may have so much salt, while tap water has so much alkaline. If you are using certain water for a while and it does not seem to keep your plants healthy, then you better switch. You can store container outside that can catch rainwater and this can benefit your plants. This is because plants love natural water, which comes from the rain. However, if you live in areas that have acid rain water, then this will not work. Melted snow is also a great option to naturally water your plants. Bottled water should be fine, but this might be too costly. When it comes to using city water, fill an open container and let the water to sit for a day. This is to allow chemicals to evaporate before you pour the water into your plants. Use Room Temperature Water How to Water Indoor Plants Image Credit: Signature Hardware After every watering, refill the watering container. Let it sit until the next time you water again. By watering indoor plants this way, the water will have time to warm up into a standard temperature. This is better than using water with the same temperature that it would be coming from the rainwater or tap. Most plants would prefer a trepid water instead of cold water. Pour Water Evenly Indoor Plant Watering Devices Image Credit: ProFlowers You would be better off providing your plants with less water since you can always add more as you go. When you end up overwatering plants, there will be a lot of work to do to fix it. So keep track of the amount of water that you pour so you will know how much is right for your plant. Some plants will also benefit from misting the leaves because watering will mainly affect its roots. Some of the leaves will actually not benefit from misting. The key is to get to know your plants well. Tips to Avoid Overwatering Indoor Plant Watering Devices Image Credit: Alicdn Overwatering is often the reason why plants die. Therefore, you should choose the right pots to grow your plants. One of the indoor plant watering devices that you should invest in are those pots that come with holes at the bottom. Pots with solid bottom can cause water to pool and the roots can get rotten when soaked for too long. If pots that do not have drainage holes are your only option, then consider placing a layer of stones at the bottom. The extra water can pool on the stones instead of getting into direct contact with the roots. The stone layer must also be an inch deep or more. It is also important that you choose the pot that’s appropriate for the size of the plants. Plants must be matched to the correct container so water will be evenly distributed. Plants grown in very small containers can get root bound, or that the roots will take up the entire space. On the other hand, growing plants in very big containers may not be able to hold water in the soil well and will therefore dry out easily. Indoor Plant Watering Devices Image Credit: Ikea Also Read: How To Grow Succulents Indoors Easily Placing a drainage pan under the pot is one of the best ways to water indoor plants without making a mess. Since your pots need to drain off excess water, you must keep the water from going into your floors indoor. You can purchase pots that already come with drainage pan. Or you can improvise by using a saucer or a plate. You can also cut a two-liter bottle if the pot is just small enough. But this is only for those who are not overly concerned of the appearance of the plant. Hopefully, these steps on how to water indoor plants could inspire you to grow your own household plant indoors. Remember that the life of your plant will depend on how well you care for it.
Reader’s guide As a starting point, this report draws on the same indicators and sources used in the How’s Life? 2020 report. This is feasible for some aspects of material well-being and economic capital in particular, as well as for data from the Gallup World Poll, used in the absence of harmonised official data sources for a limited number of indicators. However, for other outcomes, the report relies on a number of ad-hoc studies and new data collections that have emerged during the crisis. At the national level, these sources range from experimental time use studies (UK Office of National Statistics) to ‘crowdsourced’ mental health data (Statistics Canada), a Household Pulse Survey (United States Census Bureau), and the SOEP-Cov study in Germany. In other cases, existing data collections have been adapted – for example, Stats NZ introduced supplemental well-being questions in the Household Labour Force Survey in 2020, providing quarterly estimates of outcomes such as life satisfaction. At the international level, novel data collections include the Eurofound Living, Working and COVID-19 Study; the Imperial College London/YouGov COVID-19 Public Monitor; and the REpresentations, PErceptions and ATtitudes on COVID-19 (REPEAT) survey from Sciences Po. Within the OECD, existing data collections such as the Risks That Matter survey have been adapted to address COVID-19 relevant concerns. Several of the data sources used in the Evidence Scan build on existing survey vehicles and questionnaire items, but in some cases, the absence of comparable baseline data makes it difficult to provide an accurate account of pandemic impacts. The uneven and intersectional impacts of the pandemic across the population emphasise the need for large-sample representative studies that enable data to be disaggregated and cross tabulated with confidence – which is not always possible for smaller ad hoc studies. At the same time, the process of data collection has itself been heavily disrupted by the pandemic. For example, several data producers switched from face-to-face to other survey modes. The exceptional circumstances also mean that online-only methods and unconventional sampling strategies have occasionally been adopted (e.g. convenience sampling methods used for the Eurofound study). Post-hoc adjustments to survey weights are often applied to correct for the most easily addressed sources of bias, but these methods do not fully address the non-representativeness of the data when, for example, respondents are self-selecting. Due to the constraints of the available data, some OECD countries have better coverage than others, direct country comparisons are not always feasible, and good 2019 baseline data are often lacking. It is also not possible to apply the more rigorous data quality standards adopted in How’s Life? throughout this report. Instead, the chapters include brief boxes that describe key data sources, and results should be interpreted with these methodological details in mind. Throughout the first 15 months of the pandemic covered by this report, well-being outcomes have been a moving target. It is rarely safe to generalise results beyond the months in which data were collected, as both disease risk and pandemic restrictions shifted – and often in different cycles among different OECD countries. All figures in this report therefore specify the month and year of data collection, as appropriate. A variety of online dynamic dashboards can be consulted to obtain information about the pandemic context in each OECD country at different points in time during 2020 and 2021. For example, the OECD Coronavirus web pages, and the Our World in Data COVID-19 data explorer For most comparative data, fieldwork dates are broadly harmonised across countries. However, as discussed in Chapter 3, Box 3.4, the fieldwork dates for the Gallup World Poll vary across OECD countries, from February-March 2020, to November-December 2020. Gallup World Poll data are used in this report to illustrate two aspects of subjective well-being (life satisfaction and affect balance), as well as social network support, feelings of safety, and trust in government. Table 1 describes some key pandemic context variables in each OECD country both during the time of the Gallup World Poll fieldwork, and during the year to date by the end of the fieldwork period in 2020. Sample sizes were approximately 1000 people in all OECD countries except Iceland, where it was 501. Prior to 2020, data in the majority of OECD countries was already collected entirely via telephone interviewing. However, in 14 OECD countries (Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Lithuania, Latvia, Mexico, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Turkey) interviews previously conducted face-to-face in 2019 were switched to telephone-based in 2020, which may result in some mode effects. In this publication, all countries with data collection method switches are marked with † in figures. Some of the inequalities addressed in the inclusion chapters (5, 6 and 7) pertain to aspects of diversity for which data collection was already sparse before 2020. Context and country matter for how terms such as “race”, “ethnicity”, “migrant status” and “Indigenous identity” are understood - and with the exception of migrant status (when defined as people born abroad), there are no internationally comparable definitions for describing these very different aspects of diversity. Measurement approaches and regulations that underpin the collection of what is often considered sensitive data differ across OECD governments, with practices clustered in three broad categories (Figure 1). All OECD countries collect information on diversity proxies such as country of birth.1 A small majority (mostly Eastern European countries as well as the United Kingdom and Ireland) gather additional information on race and ethnicity. Finally, only a handful of countries in the Americas and Oceania collect data on Indigenous identity. By addressing these different aspects of diversity, this chapter does not imply that the situation, including the legal status, of different minority communities across the OECD is the same and that these can be directly compared. Rather, it aims to provide evidence on the well-being impacts such communities have faced during the pandemic and which can help devise locally appropriate policy solutions. The norms around appropriate terminology are evolving even in countries that are advanced in diversity data collection. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities recommended in March 2021 that the government stop using the term “BAME” (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) because it emphasises certain ethnic groups (Asian and Black) and excludes others (Mixed, Other and white ethnic minority groups) (Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities, 2021[4]). The government is currently considering its response to the Commission's recommendations. In Canada, the term “visible minority” is an official demographic category defined by the Canadian Employment Equity Act, and is used by Statistics Canada in their work. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour". The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese (Statistics Canada, 2015[5]). However, the question of appropriate terminology is currently being reviewed in Canada, in the context of a task force on modernizing the Employment Equity Act (Department of Finance Canada, 2021[6]). This report has generally used the terminology adopted by data producers at the time of writing, while recognising that the racial and ethnic categories used are socially constructed and situational rather than static (Balestra and Fleischer, 2018[7]).2 Assessing the extent to which COVID-19 has affected different racial and ethnic communities is challenging. Basic statistics on the number and characteristics of COVID-19 cases are registered by national health systems, based on administrative sources such as testing and hospitalisations. Not all OECD countries consistently record diversity information (or other key socio-economic variables) in case numbers, hospital records or on death certificates, or do not always transmit these data for the compilation of national health and mortality statistics. For example, information on ethnicity or migrant status on death certificates is not transferred to the federal level in Germany; is incompletely recorded in Scotland; and not at all in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. This implies that data from census records, death registrations and hospital statistics in the latter countries have to be linked to provide information about the impact of COVID-19 by ethnicity (OECD, 2020[8]; ONS, 2020[9]). Many states in the United States have been slow to implement this practice: in May 2020, 51% of cases and 88% of deaths had an identified race (though states have been working to identify the race of deaths previously recorded without) and by September 2020, only 65% of new cases included an identified race/ethnicity code (The COVID Tracking Project, 2020[10]; NPR, 2020[11]). A year on, 39% of all cumulative cases recorded by April 2021 lacked this information (CDC, 2021[12]). American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States and First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities in Canada, many of whom operate their own health systems, are also not officially required to report COVID-19 data. What is more, numbers of confirmed cases by ethnicity or origin are impacted by the ability of each country to reach the most vulnerable groups. For example, rates of testing among Veterans in the United States up to July 2020 have been found to be lower for Hispanic/Latino and Black communities compared to whites, for instance (Rentsch et al., 2020[13]). Hence, relative COVID-19 related risks among groups, especially those of younger ages less likely to show symptoms, are likely to be underestimated. Moreover, many population surveys, especially the non-official and experimental ones launched throughout 2020 to capture the pandemic’s psychosocial impact in real-time, often either do not contain questions on identity, or have such small sample sizes that any statements would be misleading. With these caveats in mind, and recognising that the situation is constantly evolving and varies between countries and communities, the available evidence nevertheless confirms that minority groups have disproportionally suffered from the pandemic along multiple well-being dimensions. LGBTI+ populations are still not well represented in official statistics. This has significant implications for our ability to measure discrimination and to design effective policies to improve outcomes for these populations. In 2019, 15 OECD countries included a question on sexual self-identification in their nationally representative surveys and 3 countries (Chile, Denmark, the US) had started collecting data on the transgender population (OECD, 2019[14]). While this trend is growing, a majority of OECD countries identify the LGBTI+ population in an indirect way through the sex of the respondent’s partner. The limits of this approach are clear as it only captures a subset of the LGBT population (Balestra and Fleischer, 2018[7]).3 The LGBTQ2+ acronym found in this report is specifically used by Statistics Canada in order to reflect the broad scope of gender and sexual identities that exist in society. Individuals are included in the LGBTQ2+ population on the basis of self-reported sexual orientation (lesbian, gay, bisexual, or another minority sexual identity such as asexual, pansexual or queer) or gender identity (transgender, including respondents with non-binary identities like genderqueer, gender fluid or agender). Age and education ranges considered in the inequalities sections throughout this report were selected according to the breakdowns that are readily available in aggregate statistics, and what it is possible to compile on an internationally comparable basis. • Specific age ranges for each indicator are reported in the respective figure or figure note. • The education ranges refer to the highest level of education completed, and correspond to ISCED levels 0-2 for “below upper secondary” level (i.e. less than primary, primary and lower secondary); 3-4 for “upper secondary” level (i.e. secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education); and 5-8 for “tertiary” level. For individual country-level mappings to the ISCED 2011 classifications, please see • Indicators sourced from the Gallup World Poll form an exception and correspond to completed elementary education or less (up to eight years of basic education), completed some secondary education up to three years tertiary education (nine to 15 years of education), and completed four years of education beyond “high school” and/or received a four-year college degree. These levels are described as “primary”, “secondary” and “tertiary” in the report. • In a small number of cases, data disaggregations lead to small effective sample sizes. Where this is the case, asterisks are used as described in the figure notes to signal small effective sample sizes. Data are not reported where fewer than 100 observations are available. ** denotes countries with between 100 and 300 observations per category; * denotes countries with between 301 and 500 observations per category. Where no asterisks are used, this indicates that more than 500 observations per category and per country are available. • In each figure, data labelled “OECD” are simple mean averages of the OECD countries displayed, unless otherwise indicated. Whenever data is available for less than all 38 OECD countries, the number of countries included in the calculation is specified in the figure (e.g. OECD 33). • A weighted OECD average has been chosen in instances where the OECD convention is to provide this type of average. Where used, this is specified in the figure notes along with details of the weighting methodology. For example, when data are population-weighted this is done according to the size of the population in different countries, as a proportion of the total OECD population. Similarly, when OECD total sums instead of averages are used, this is indicated as “OECD Total”. • Where trend lines are shown in the figures, the OECD averages refer to only those countries with data available for every consecutive year, since the OECD average needs to consider the same sample of countries in each year. As only countries with a complete time series and no gaps can be included, this can sometimes lead to different OECD averages for trend lines versus the latest and earliest available time points. • Each figure specifies the time period covered, and figure notes provide further details when data refer to different time periods for different countries. Countries are referred to by their ISO codes (Table 2). [7] Balestra, C. and L. Fleischer (2018), “Diversity statistics in the OECD: How do OECD countries collect data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity?”, OECD Statistics Working Papers, No. 2018/09, OECD Publishing, Paris, [12] CDC (2021), COVID-19 Hospitalization and Death by Race/Ethnicity, (accessed on 11 February 2021). [4] Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities (2021), Foreword, introduction, and full recommendations, (accessed on 17 June 2021). [6] Department of Finance Canada (2021), Budget 2021: A Recovery Plan for Jobs, Growth, and Resilience, Annex 4: Gender, Diversity, and Quality of Life Statement, (accessed on 17 June 2021). [3] Gallup (2021), Gallup World Poll, (accessed on 18 June 2021). [2] Hale, T. et al. (2021), “A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)”, Nature Human Behaviour, Vol. 5/4, pp. 529-538, [11] NPR (2020), As Pandemic Deaths Add Up, Racial Disparities Persist — And In Some Cases Worsen, (accessed on 9 February 2021). [8] OECD (2020), “What is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrants and their children?”, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), OECD Publishing, Paris, [14] OECD (2019), Society at a Glance 2019: OECD Social Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, [1] OECD (n.d.), COVID-19 Health Indicators (database), (accessed on 19 September 2021). [9] ONS (2020), Updating ethnic contrasts in deaths involving the coronavirus (COVID-19), England and Wales: deaths occurring 2 March to 28 July 2020, (accessed on 11 February 2021). [13] Rentsch, C. et al. (2020), “Patterns of COVID-19 testing and mortality by race and ethnicity among United States veterans: A nationwide cohort study”, PLOS Medicine, Vol. 17/9, [5] Statistics Canada (2015), Visible minority of person, (accessed on 17 June 2021). [10] The COVID Tracking Project (2020), The COVID Racial Data Tracker, (accessed on 9 February 2021). ← 1. In general, collecting migration-related information on the foreign-born population and their children is a crude method for capturing diversity. Although such data are relatively readily available and often considered as ‘objective’, their use as proxy for ethnicity or race is problematic. The country of birth of a person neither takes account of the diversity of the country of origin of the individual or the parents (e.g. ‘white’ people in the United Kingdom that were born in former British colonies) nor does it capture cultural affiliation, or the inherently self-perceived aspect of belonging to an ethnic group. This view is also reflected in the UN Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, which state that country of birth or citizenship as well as questions on religion and language should not be taken as providing proper ethnic data. ← 2. People may change how they identify themselves over time or they may identify themselves differently in different environments, which can be important for the interpretation of data and the dynamics of race and ethnicity. Metadata, Legal and Rights This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Extracts from publications may be subject to additional disclaimers, which are set out in the complete version of the publication, available at the link provided. © OECD 2021 The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the Terms and Conditions to be found at
Understanding Water Polo Water Polo is a competitive team sport played in the water between two teams. The game consists of 4 quarters, usually 8 minutes each, where both teams attempt to score goals by throwing the ball into their opponent's goal. The team with the most goals at the end of the game wins the match. If it’s a draw, they will proceed to a best of 5 penalty shootout. If it is still a draw, they will go to a sudden death shootout where 1 player from each team gets to shoot at goal and the player that misses or shot gets blocked loses the match for his/her team. Each team is made up of 6 field players and 1 goalkeeper. Players must attack and defend at both ends of the pool. Water Polo is typically played in a 1.8 meter deep pool. Players will play with a Water Polo ball while wearing a numbered and coloured cap to differentiate the teams, identify the player and protect their ears with the ear guards in the event of a direct impact from a Water Polo ball. There will be 2 goal posts floating on the water or attached to the side of the pool. Brief History Water Polo as a team sport began as a demonstration of strength and swimming skill late in the 19th century in England and Scotland. Men's Water Polo was among the first team sports introduced at the modern Olympic games in 1900. The longest running Water Polo competition is the annually held game between the English university teams of Oxford and Cambridge. The game has been played since 1891. The rules of Water Polo were originally developed in the late 19th century in Great Britain by William Wilson. The first games of 'aquatic football' were played at the Arlington in the late 1800s, with a ball constructed of India rubber. This "water rugby" came to be called "Water Polo" based on the English pronunciation of the Balti word for ball, pulu. Early play allowed brute strength, wrestling and holding opposing players underwater to get the ball. Players held underwater for lengthy periods usually surrendered possession. Men's Water Polo was the first team sport introduced at the 1900 Olympic Games. Women's Water Polo became an Olympic sport at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games after political protests from the Australian women's team. The most famous (infamous?) Water Polo game in history is without doubt the game between Hungary and the Soviet Union on the 1956 Summer Olympic Games in Melbourne. Just after the Hungarian delegation left for the Olympics, the Hungarian Revolution started. The Soviet Union occupied the country with 200.000 soldiers to suppress the uprising. Faith decided that the Hungarian and the Soviet teams played each other in the semi finals. What followed was the most brutal and bloodiest game in water polo history know as Blood in the Water match. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLoA5yLZ4l4 The Swedish referee had to call off the game in the final minute at a 4-0 score in favour of Hungary, because angry Hungarian supporters were about to join in with the fights in the pool after Russian player Valentin Prokopov punched Hungarian player Ervin Zador in the eye. The Russian team had to be escorted from the swimming pool by the police. Hungary eventually went on to win the gold medal, the Russian team won bronze. After the games, half the Hungarian delegation defected to the West. Every 2 to 4 years since 1973, a men's Water Polo World Championship is organized within the FINA World Aquatics Championships. Women's Water Polo was added in 1986. A second tournament series, the FINA Water Polo World Cup, has been held every other year since 1979. In 2002, FINA organised the sport's first international league, the FINA Water Polo World League. There is also a World Club Water Polo Challenge and also a European Water Polo Championship that is held every other year. Professional Water Polo is played in many Southern and Eastern European countries like Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Spain, etc. The LEN Euroleague tournament is played amongst the best teams in the world. Water polo is a contact sport, with little protective gear besides swimsuits and caps with ear protectors and thus injuries are common. Among the most frequent serious injuries are those affecting the head and shoulders. Those induced to the head are usually caused by elbows or the ball itself, while shoulder injuries are a result of grabbing or pushing while shooting or passing. Other injuries take place underwater, such as leg and groin injuries, as many things can not be seen from above the surface and not much padding is used to protect the players. Sunburn is a common minor injury in outdoor matches. The irritation of the sunburn can be restrictive because of the sheer amount of movement involved in the sport. Players will often neglect applying sunscreen as this will impair the player's ability to grip the ball and rapidly deteriorate the ball's physical grip due to the oily nature of sunscreen. Having large amounts of sunscreen on during an official match is banned by FINA and most other state/national governing bodies. Equipment needed to play Water Polo: Provided by Pacer Water Polo Academy Ball: The Water Polo ball is constructed of air-tight nylon and a waterproof coating to allow it to float on water. The cover is textured to give players additional grip. The size of the ball is different for men's, women's and junior games. Goals: 2 goal posts are needed to play Water Polo. They can either be put on the side of or attached to the pool, or floated in the pool. Caps: A Water Polo cap is used to protect the players' heads and ears, and to make them identifiable from afar. Home team field players wear numbered dark-colored caps; Visiting team field players wear numbered white caps. Both starting goalkeepers wear red caps, numbered "1" (substitute goalies' caps are numbered either "13" for FINA international play) Caps are fitted with ear protectors. Not Provided by Pacer Water Polo Academy Swimwear: Male Water Polo players wear Water Polo trunks which is tougher than the regular swimming trunks as it is able to withstand against all the pulling and twisting of the trunk that is unique to Water Polo as a sport. Purchase them at Pacer Merch! Female players must wear a one-piece swimsuit. Suit-grabbing fouls are common, so players often wear tight-fitting suits, and may wear a few layers at a time for additional security. Many swimwear labels (Turbo, TYR, Delfina) also sell specialized Water Polo suits that feature reinforced stitching and tougher fabric. Female Water Polo suits are generally one-piece outfits which do not have open backs, but zip securely up the back so as to not have straps that can be easily grabbed. Purchase them at Pacer Merch too! Mouthguard: Not mandatory, but is recommended. Useful Links (Highly Recommended) Referee Rule Book The rules of Water Polo cover the play, procedures, equipment and officiating of Water Polo. These rules are similar across the world, although slight variations to the rules do occur regionally, depending on the governing body. The main governing bodies of Water Polo include FINA, the international governing organization for the rules and the IOC rules which govern the rules at Olympic events. We Strongly recommend all players and parents read through the following rule guide. The following text is a general guide. For full & exact rules, please read the document as attached above. Positions usually consist of a center forward, a center back, two wing players and two drivers. Certain body types are more suited for particular positions (e.g. big, fat & strong players as centre forwards), and left-handed players are especially coveted on the right-hand side of the field, allowing teams to attack effectively from both sides. The offensive positions include: one center forward (also called a "center", located on or near the 2-meter line, roughly in the center of the goal), two wings (located on or near the 2-meter, just outside of the goal posts), two drivers (located on or near the 5-meter, roughly at the goal posts), and one "center back" (usually just behind the 5 meter line, roughly in the center of the goal), positioned farthest from the goal. The position in which a player is can give advantages based on a player's handedness, to improve a shooting or passing angle (e.g. the right wing is often left handed). The center sets up in front of the opposing team's goalie and the position is nearest to the goal which allows for explosive shots from close-range. When the offence takes possession of the ball, the strategy is to bring the ball down the field of play and to score a goal. Players can move the ball by throwing it to a teammate or swimming with the ball in front of them. If an attacker advances inside the 2-metre line without the ball or before the ball is passed to him/her when (s)he is inside the 2-metre area, (s)he is ruled offside and the ball is turned over to the other team. Defensive positions are often the same, but just switched from offence to defence. E.g. the centre forward, who is the centre of attack on offence, defends the opposing team's centre back when they are on offenseA defender may only hold, block or pull an opponent who is touching or holding the ball. On defence, the players work to regain possession of the ball and to prevent a goal in their own net. The defence attempts to knock away or steal the ball from the offense or to commit a foul in order to stop an offensive player from taking a goal shot. The defender attempts to stay between the attacker and the goal. The goalkeeper has the main role in blocking shots against the goal as well as guiding and informing their defense of imposing threats and gaps in the defense. The goalkeeper usually begins the offensive play by passing the ball across the pool to an attacker. The goalkeeper is given several privileges above those of the other players, but only within the five-meter area in front of their own goal: (1) The ability to punch the ball with a clenched fist & (2) The ability to touch the ball with two hands. The goalkeeper also has one limitation that other players do not have: he cannot cross the half-distance line. Also, if a goalkeeper pushes the ball under water, the action will not be punished with a turnover like with field players, but with a penalty shot. Even with good backup from the rest of the defenders, stopping attacks can prove very difficult if the goalkeeper remains in the middle of the goal. The goalkeeper stops using his or her hands to tread water once the opponent enters at about the 7 metre mark and starts to lift their upper body using the eggbeater technique to prepare to block the shot. Finally the goalkeeper tries to block the ball down, which is often hard for the longer reaches, but prevents an offensive rebound and second shot. As is the case with other defensive players, a goalkeeper who aggressively fouls an attacker in position to score can be charged with a penalty shot for the other team. The goalkeeper can also be ejected for twenty seconds if a major foul is committed. Lastly, inside the five metre line, the goalie can swing at the ball with a closed fist without being penalised. Minor Fouls When a minor foul is called, the referee indicates the foul with one short whistle blow and points one hand to the spot of the foul and the other hand in the direction of the attack of the team to whom the free throw has been awarded. The player will then have a "reasonable amount of time" (typically about three seconds; there is no FINA rule on this issue) to re-commence play by making a free pass to one of the other players. The defensive team cannot hinder the free throw until it has been taken. The player can shoot/attempt at goal after a foul outside the 5m line, but not when the foul was taken inside the 5m line. If the player attempts a goal when inside the 5m line without first taking the free throw, the goal is not counted and the defence takes possession of the ball. Major Fouls If a defender interferes with a free throw, holds or sinks an attacker who is not in possession or splashes water into the face of an opponent, the defensive player is excluded from the game for twenty seconds, known as an ejection. The attacking team typically positions 4 players on the 2 metre line, and 2 players on 5 metre line (4–2), passing the ball around until an open player attempts a shot. Other formations include a 3–3 (two lines of three attackers each). The five defending players try to pressure the attackers, block shots and prevent a goal being scored for the 20 seconds while they are a player down. The other defenders can only block the ball with one hand to help the goalkeeper. The defensive player is allowed to return into the court of play immediately if the offence scores, or if the defence recovers the ball before the twenty seconds expires. Each team is entitled to one time out per quarter by sounding the air horn when in possession of the ball and/or by showing a T shape with both hands to the referee/official table. If the air horn is sounded when the team is not in possession of the ball, a penalty shall be awarded. Players Guide Athlete Code of Conduct Learn the Water Polo rules thoroughly by reading the Fina Water Polo Rule Book. Treat everyone fairly regardless of gender, race, ability, body type, disability, age, nationality, color, sexual orientation, religion, political belief or economic status. Display high personal standards by demonstrating good sportsmanship at all times so as to project a favorable image of yourself & Pacer Water Polo Academy. Do not publicly criticise other athletes, coaches, parents or officials. Treat opponents and officials with respect when you win and even if you lose. Encourage your teammates to do the same. Remember to always shake hands firmly after a match. Never argue with the referee, just follow what was whistled. If you disagree, have your captain, coach or manager approach the technical officials after the match or competition. Control your temper. Do not verbally or physically abuse or take unfair advantage of your opponents or officials. Recognize & applaud all good plays by your team or the opposition. Cooperate with your coach, teammates and opponents. Without them there would be no game. Participate for your own enjoyment and benefit, not just to please parents and coaches. Report any medical problems immediately. Arrive at training 15 minutes before the officially stated timing to warm up. Ensure you are well-nourished, and prepared to participate to the best of your ability in all trainings and competitions. Do not use any unwelcome remarks, jokes, comments, innuendo, taunts, obscene gestures or condescending/patronizing behaviour intended to undermine self-esteem. No Sexist jokes, display of sexually offensive material, sexually degrading words used to describe a person, inquiries or comments about a person’s sex life, unwelcome sexual flirtations, advances, or propositions and persistent unwanted contact. All other Singapore Laws are applicable when in the compound. Strength & Conditioning Did you Know? In 1972, an Olympic Water Polo match between Hungary & Italy saw 8 Hungarian players ejected in just 38 seconds. The entire United States of America Water Polo team in the 1988 Summer Olympics suffered from exercise-induced asthma! Hungary won no less than 15 Olympic medals, of which 9 are Gold (1932, 1936, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1976, 2000, 2004 & 2008). They also won 3 Gold, 4 Silver & 1 Bronze medal in the World Championships. Hungary is a 12 time European Champion where they also won 5 Silver & 2 Bronze medals. Water Polo is the national game of Hungary and the country brought forth many legendary players. Dezso Gyarmati (according to the Hungarians "the greatest player ever"), Tamas Farago ("the Pele of water polo"), one-legged Oliver Halassy, who - in spite of his handicap - was European swimming champion in 1931. The Hungarian coach, Bela Komjadi, invented modern Water Polo & was a great part of Hungary successes. He passed away at the age of 41... playing in a Water Polo game. Parents Guide Code of Conduct First & foremost, remember your child plays Water Polo for their enjoyment & benefit, not yours. Do not scold or ridicule your child or any player for making a mistake that caused your team to lose a game, everyone makes mistakes & it will be a learning point. Learn the Water Polo rules thoroughly by reading the Fina Water Polo Rule Book if possible, do so with your child. Treat everyone fairly regardless of gender, race, ability, body type, disability, age, nationality, color, sexual orientation, religion, political belief or economic status. Support all players with positive comments as it motivates better performances. Applaud good performances and efforts from all players, teams, coaches regardless of the game’s outcome. Respect the decisions of officials and teach others to do the same. Do not publicly criticise other athletes, coaches, parents or officials. Control your temper. Do not physically or verbally abuse anyone. (No jeering, curse/swear words, offensive gestures, fighting, slapping, choking, biting, beating, kicking, pushing, throwing of objects, bickering, taunting, teasing, intimidating, bullying, harassing, humiliating, sexual acts, spreading false rumors via any medium). Let’s be the bigger person & not stoop to a lower level. Remember, your kids look to everyone in this safe environment as a role model. Ensure your child arrive at training 15 minutes before the officially stated timing to warm up. All other Singapore Laws are applicable when in the compound. Frequently used terms/phrases/terminology “Sack” - When a player is ejected from the play due to various reasons such as (1) excessive blocking (2) not allowing the attacker to make a pass after a foul has been called. Please refer to the Fina Water Polo Rule Book for more information on when an ejection is called. “Six Five” - When a player from one team has been ejected from the game, both teams will have to change the way they attack and defend. As such, players will shout "Six Five" and set up their offensive/defensive strategy. “Drop Center” - A pass that hits the water around the centre forward or is received by the centre forward in his/her hand. The centre forward will then attempt a shot at the goal. “Fall Back" - When the centre forward is too much for a centre back to handle, he/she may call for his/her teammates defending the perimeter players to "fall back" or move closer to the opponents centre forward so that he/she can help in the event that the ball drops into the centre. Your Child's Nutritional Needs Parents are advised & suggested to bring the following foods and drinks for their children so that they can stay fuelled, hydrated & nourished for training & aid recovery post-training/competitions. Parents can purchase a mixture of the following from supermarkets - Muesli Bars (preferably without unhealthy coatings), Shelf-Stable Bread, Assorted Plain Biscuits, Milk/Soy Milk (Fresh/UHT), Fresh Fruits, Dried Fruits, Nuts & Yoghurts. If the supermarket is too far away, feel free to purchase Assorted Pancakes with Peanuts in them, Buns, Homemade/Pre-packed Sandwiches from 7-11 and even Soy Milk, beancurd & Pancakes from Mr Bean. Why is it important that your child eat healthy? Your child needs a nutrient-packed diet to support his/her overall development & support energy demands for Water Polo. The Healthy Diet Pyramid translates nutrient requirements into actual food & is a useful tool to guide you & your family to healthier eating. 3 Goals for Good Nutrition 1. Maintain Balance. Your child should include the main food groups in his daily diet in the right proportions, consuming more food from the bottom of the pyramid & less from the top. 2. Variety in Choices. Ensure your child includes different food from the carbohydrates, protein & fruits & vegetables groups. 3. Eat in Moderation. Ensure that your child consumes food in the right amounts. Excessive consumption can lead to weight gain while insufficient intake can lead to nutrient deficiencies. Healthy Diet Pyramid Water Polo, Flippa Ball, Swimming Fats, Oils, Sugar & Salt when consumed in excess can lead to weight gain which will affect your child’s performance in Water Polo. Limit salt intake to influence your child’s preference for salty food, to help prevent hypertension in later years. Protein provides your child with the building blocks for his/her body to build & repair muscle tissue. It also supports your child’s growth & development. Protein comes from both animal & plant sources. Animal examples - dairy products (milk, yoghurts & cheese), lean meat (chicken, beef, lamb & pork), seafood (fish) & eggs. Plant examples - Soy products, beans, lentils, nuts & seeds. Fruits & Vegetables provide your child with fibre, vitamins, minerals & anti oxidants for overall good health, immunity & reduces risk of heart diseases & some cancers. Different fruit & vegetables are rich in different nutrients, so ensure that your child consumes a variety for maximum health benefits. Carbohydrates should form the bulk of your child’s diet as they are the main fuel for the brain & muscles. Eating enough nutritious carbohydrates like breads, rice, noodles, pasta & unsweetened cereals will help in concentration & sport performance. Direct School Admission (DSA) The following Pacer Water Polo Academy Players have successfully been admitted into the respective Secondary School / Junior College through the Water Polo DSA. We share their joy & wish them well in both their academic & Water Polo pursuit. Water Polo, Flippa Ball, Swimming
Impaired Driving What is Impaired driving? Impaired driving means operating a motor vehicle (such as cars, trucks, ATVs/ORVs, snowmobiles and boats/water vessels) while the ability to do so has been compromised to any degree by consuming alcohol, drugs or a combination of the two. It is illegal to drive impaired, even by prescription or over-the-counter drugs. If a driver is unsure of whether it is safe to drive while taking medication, he or she should speak to a doctor or pharmacist. The Effects of Drugs on Driving The Effects of Drugs on Driving Drug Class (street name) Signs of Impairment Effects on Driving Cannabis (weed, pot, ganja) • Dilated pupils, red eyes • Impaired coordination • Slow reflexes • Slower speeds • Weaving • Slow reaction time • Poor decision-making in rapidly-changing road conditions Opioids (heroin, oxy, fentanyl) • Droopy eyes • Pupils have little/no reaction to light • Sluggish movement • Drowsy/sleepy • Impaired coordination • Poor lane tracking • Slower speeds • Weaving • Slow reaction time Sedatives (downers, zanies, benzos) • Jerky eye movements • Impaired movement and balance • Drowsy/sleepy • Impaired coordination • Inattentive • Slower speeds • Weaving • Slow reaction time Stimulants (crack, coke, crystal) • Dilated pupils • Body shaking/agitated • Talkative/restless • Inability to concentrate • Poor impulse control • Speeding and risk-taking Drug effects on Driving Prone to agitation, inability to concentrate, reduced ability to divide attention, poor balance and coordination, increased speeding, increased risk-taking when driving. Poor motor coordination, slower driving, weaving and delayed reaction time when driving. Drivers who test positive for opioids are up to 8 times more likely to be involved in a traffic collision. Impaired coordination, sleepiness, inattentiveness, and slower reaction time when driving. Drivers who test positive for sedatives are 2-8 times more likely to be involved in a fatal traffic collision. Reduced ability to divide attention, distorted time and space management, poor lane tracking, weaving, slower speed, poor focus when driving. Drivers who test positive for cannabis are up to 5 times more likely to be involved in a traffic collision. Poly Substance Use The effects of any drug (including multiple drugs) vary from person to person. The effect depends on a range of factors that include a person’s: size, sex/gender, weight, overall health, tolerance and whether it is consumed in combination with other drugs. Drug combinations (called poly-drug use) may cause one of three reactions: additive, synergistic or antagonistic. • Additive Effects occur when drug combinations produce an effect that is like simple addition, such as the equation: 1 + 1 = 2. • Synergistic Effects occur when drug combinations produce an effect that is greater than the sum of the effects of the two drugs, such as the equation: 1 + 1 = 3. • Antagonistic Effects occur when a drug combination produces an effect that is less than the sum of the effects of the drugs acting alone, such as the equation: 1 + 1 = 1 or 1 + 1 = 0. These factors make it difficult to predict exactly, and in what way, mixing drugs may affect a person's ability to operate and drive a vehicle safely. Know the Law Drivers 21 years and under and/or drivers with G1, G2, M1 or M2 driver’s license are not permitted to have ANY amount of alcohol or drugs in their body while operating a motor vehicle. First-time offenders face: • 3-day immediate license suspension • 30-day license suspension, on conviction • $60-500 fine, upon conviction • $281 license reinstatement fee • $250 penalty Young and novice drivers with higher impairment levels still face all of the consequences of fully licensed drivers. For all the comprehensive impaired driving penalties and legislation, please visit Ministry of Transportation: Zero Tolerance Penalties for Young and Novice Drivers. Police can detect impairment in 3 ways: • Standardized Field Sobriety test (SFST) • Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) • Approve Drug Screening Equipment (ADSE) If police determine that a driver is impaired, the driver will face penalties immediately. He or she will also face additional consequences upon conviction in court. Insurers break down driving infractions typically into three types of categories: minor, major, and criminal. Regarding impaired driving: 1. Impaired driving is NOT a minor or a major conviction. It is a criminal conviction that will have extremely serious and long-lasting consequences to an insurance policy, insurance premiums, and personal finances. 2. If this is a first impaired conviction, the driver will be non-renewed by the existing insurance company. Depending on the severity of the impaired driving conviction, they will more than likely have their drivers’ license suspended for one year. This means that even after paying the higher insurance premiums, the driver will have to wait an entire year before they can operate a vehicle. Being unable to drive for one year can have significant consequences if the driver requires a vehicle for work/to run errands; or if their family members depend on them to operate a vehicle. 3. After paying for and completing the “Back on Track” program, and paying all reinstatement/administrative fees: the driver may qualify to get their driver’s license back after the 1-year suspension. Once a driver’s license is reinstated, it will be branded with an “Ignition Interlock Condition” (I) for a minimum period of 1 year from the date of reinstatement. If the driver chooses to drive while their driver’s license is branded with an (I), an Ignition Interlock Device will need to be installed in their vehicle (for a cost of roughly $1,500). The driver will be financially responsible for the installation, maintenance, and registration/monthly fees associated with installing and maintaining the Ignition Interlock Device on their vehicle. 4. Once the driver begins driving again, they will be subject to different insurance rating rules. They are now considered a high-risk driver and will need to be placed with a high-risk insurance carrier. They will more than likely de dropped down to a “0-star” rating, and their insurance premiums will increase substantially. The premiums could be upwards of $4000-$10,000+ annually depending on their age, type of vehicle, driving record and conviction history. Tips to Avoid Impaired Driving There are simple steps you can take to avoid driving while you're impaired by drugs or alcohol: • If you choose to use recreational drugs or feel impaired because of prescription medication, have a plan to get home safely: • Have a designated driver • Use public transit • Call a friend or family member for a ride • Call a taxi or rideshare, or • Stay overnight. • Drug-impaired driving caused by prescribed medications is still a criminal offense. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about side effects related to driving when using prescription medication. • Follow the recommended directions on the package of any prescription drugs or over-the-counter medicine, including allergy and cold medications. Remember that combining drugs and alcohol together can impair your ability to drive more than using either one alone. For Further Information Call the Injury Prevention & Substance Misuse Program: (807) 625-5900 or toll-free 1-888-294-6630 Last Updated: 20/12/2019
Specializations > Typology and Descriptive Linguistics Why do we use "have + past" participe? There is a topic which has much interest for me but I can't solve it. If we look some european languages, we can observe this curious coincidence. Spanish and romanic languages: Yo he comido (Subject + form of to have verb+ past participe) Yo he estado I have eaten (Subject + form of to have verb + past participe) I have been Ich habe gegessen (Subject + form of to have verb + past participe) Ich bin gewesen (Subject + form of to be verb + past participe) In the german language, we find the use of form of to be verb. However, Italian language use the same process ("mi sono alzato"). This phenomenon is natural in romanic languages, although in classic latin perfect verbal times was synthetic (amavit). Except the perfect passive verbal times (amatus est), which use the form of to be verb. Thanks to (re)inventation of new present perfect (classic present perfect was being used as close past), appeared the formula "habeo + past participe" in vulgar latin. Now, latin language in its imperialist context had this influence in english and german? Do you believe that the influence of scholasticism makes this change possible? We can't speak about a typical procces of indoeuropean languages, actually, latin and ancient greek have synthetic forms in perfect times. In addition to this, why do german and italian use the form of "to be" verb? (specially in intransitive verbs) Perhaps by heredity of the "amatus est" formula? Deponent verbs? This is a complex topic, but I do have some ideas about it. An important observation is the argument rules selected for by participles. Consider "singing man" vs "sung song". As it turns out, past participles select for absolutive arguments: objects/patients of transitives (leading to passives like "the song was sung"), and subjects of intransitives (leading to perfectives like "I am left"). The passives presumably developed out of stative resultatives ("the window is (currently in a state of being) broken"), and then grammaticalized as passives through that usage. The transitive/intrasitive split for HAVE vs BE auxiliaries for perfectives is still found today in several Indo-European languages, including German, French and Italian. It was also found up until around 200 years ago in English, and also in earlier Spanish as well. But then the auxiliary HAVE generalized to be used for all verbs, whether transitive or intransitive. Originally, perfectives with HAVE as an auxiliary came from a different source, namely transitive constructions with a sort of possessive sense of a stative description like "I have the window broken", parallel to "I saw the window broken". This word order apparently still exists in Irish English, for example. Notice that this usage still originally comes from the absolutive alignment of these participles, and the agent— an ergative argument— is introduced as an additional, external argument, only then associated with the verb/participle after grammaticalization when a new argument structure has come about. So the surprising pattern here is that of ergative-absolutive split in auxiliary selection, in contrast to typical nominative-accusative case marking in Indo-European. This is almost certainly also why the constructions have eventually shifted to use only HAVE for perfectives in English and Spanish, leaving BE for passive usage. (Now HAVE is nominative, while BE is accusative.) This may appear to be an unexpected analysis, but it also seems to fit. Interestingly, Basque has something very similar, although it is a language with substantial ergativity in general, unlike its Indo-European neighbors. Some have actually proposed that the participle+auxiliary constructions might be due to Basque influence, but there doesn't seem to be any compelling historical sociolinguistic argument for how that would have actually happened! Instead, it's probably just coincidence, although interesting nonetheless. There does seem to be some kind of complex drift and contact situation going on throughout Europe, but the exact details are still debated, such as why Germanic and Romance are so similar. Some other somewhat similar patterns are also found in Greek, Slavic, etc. For more about this, here is a presentation from a project on the topic a year or so ago: http://publish.illinois.edu/djross3/files/2017/09/Ergativity-in-Europe.pdf --- Quote from: Daniel on February 25, 2019, 01:08:26 AM ---Originally, perfectives with HAVE as an auxiliary came from a different source, namely transitive constructions with a sort of possessive sense of a stative description like "I have the window broken", parallel to "I saw the window broken". --- End quote --- In French, the gender and number of the past participle agree with those of an object pronoun (but not with those of an object noun): J'ai vu la fille. (I have seen the girl) Je l'ai vue. (I have seen her) J'ai acheté les livres. (I have bought the books) Je les ai achetés. (I have bought them) It is as if we are saying "I have her seen", "I have them bought". [0] Message Index Go to full version
Query: NC_002771:606491 Mycoplasma pulmonis UAB CTIP, complete genome Lineage: Mycoplasma pulmonis; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasmatales; Tenericutes; Bacteria General Information: Causes pneumonia-like disease in mice. This genus currently comprises more than 120 obligate parasitic species found in a wide spectrum of hosts, including humans, animals, insects and plants. The primary habitats of human and animal mycoplasmas are mucous membranes of the respiratory and urogenital tracts, eyes, mammary glands and the joints. Infection that proceeds through attachment of the bacteria to the host cell via specialized surface proteins, adhesins, and subsequent invasion, results in prolonged intracellular persistence that may cause lethality. Once detected in association with their eukaryotic host tissue, most mycoplasmas can be cultivated in the absence of a host if their extremely fastidious growth requirements are met. - hypothetical protein; - cds: hover for description BLASTP Alignment.txt Subject: NC_010544:227296 Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense, complete genome Lineage: Phytoplasma australiense; Phytoplasma; Acholeplasmataceae; Acholeplasmatales; Tenericutes; Bacteria General Information: Phytoplasmas inhabit phloem (food-conducting vascular tissue) sieve elements of plants where they cause a variety of diseases. Transmission between plants is via insects that feed on the phloem. Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense was identified in diseased Chardonnay grapevines from South Australia. Symptoms include a yellowing of the leaves and reduced leaf size, which leads to reduced plant size and lower yields.
[email protected] Compact High Efficiency Adsorption Heat Pump A schematic for a high-efficiency adsorption heat pump is shown in Figure 1. The condenser, throttle valve, and evaporator are equivalent to devices found in vapor compression cooling systems, but the mechanical compressor is replaced with an adsorption compressor, which uses high temperature heat and rejects intermediate temperature heat Design of novel geometries for microchannel heat sinks Sep 01, 2017 · The microchannel heat sink (MCHS) studied in this research is used for cooling high power diode lasers. The heat sink includes several microchannels in which coolant fluid is circulating. The MCHS is usually made of copper or silicon. Heat pumps IPIECA A heat pump is a device that can be used to boost the temperature of low grade heat (670°C) to higher levels (normally 20100°C), using a relatively small supply of high quality drive energy (electricity, fuel or waste heat). Heat pumps can also be used for cooling, in which case the heat is transferred from the application being cooled Igbt Heat Sink Lori Heat SinkIGBT heat sink can transfer the heat evenly from the substrate to the fin, which can effectively solve the heat dissipation problem of high heat flux, not only with high efficiency, but also with compact structure and no moving parts, which can truly realize maintenance-free. High Power IGBT Heat Sink With Friction Welding Technology. Microembossed copper microchannel heat sink for high Oct 23, 2019 · High cooling performance with the micro-heat sink proves that microembossing by tungsten die is an alternative process for microchannel heat sink fabrication with batch production and low cost. Taking advantages of simple fabrication process and reutilisation of tungsten die, the technology shows promising potentials in high-density Oil Coolers McMaster-Carr High-Capacity Heat Sinks for Oil For greater cooling capacity and higher flow rates than other heat sinks for oil, these have a large fan. Also known as oil coolers, they're commonly used to cool hydraulic fluid and lubricating oil in cylinders and compressors. Cooling capacity is based on an initial temperature difference of 50° F. US7028754B2 - High surface area heat sink - Google PatentsA heat sink is built including a three dimensional array of cylindrical openings for air to flow through instead of fins. By having a larger surface area than heat sinks with fins, this high surface area heat sink results in increased heat transfer to the surrounding air than a similarly sized heat sink with fins. Heat sinks including an array of cylindrical openings may be manufactured Ultra High Ratio Extrusion Heat Sinks Improve Cooling May 01, 2010 · Fig. 4. shows the cross-section of an ultra-high extrusion heat sink. Most of these high ratio shapes provide a higher level of cooling capability in a smaller volume of space than their predecessors. Such heat sinks are more efficient in their material usage and achieve lighter weight than traditional extruded heat sinks. folded fin heat sink- Aluminum/Al foil,plate/sheet Folded Fin Heat Sink SNS Cooling Technology Inc. Folded Fin heat sinks are a good solution when looking for a medium to high density fin structure that is short in height (<2"). Manufacturer and Thermal Design Experts of Heatsinks, Heatpipes, Folded Fin, Castings, Stamping, LED Heat sinks, CFD Capability, TS-16949 & ISO9001 Approved How to Select a Heat Sink Electronics Cooling • Thermal CircuitRequired Heat-Sink Thermal ResistanceHeat-Sink SelectionHeat Sink TypesThermal Performance GraphHeat Exchangers McMaster-CarrHeat Sinks for Oil Dozens of fins and coolant tubes quickly dissipate excess heat. High-Capacity Heat Sinks for Oil For nearly twice the flow and cooling capacity of other heat sinks for oil, these have a
The Camazotz Image by Nolife-Edi. Please do not use without permission Ancient Mayan legend speaks of Camazotz, the death bat, the god who smote the head from one of the hero twins in Xibalba, the underworld. During the heights of the Mayan civilization, around 700 A.D, one group of Mayan priests took that legend and made it a horrifying reality... after a fashion. Parent Clan: Gangrel Bloodline Disciplines: Animalism, Potence, Protean, Resilience Nicknames: Bats, Death Bats History and Culture The Camazotz are an artificially created vampire bloodline, originally shaped from the pre-Columbian Gangrel inhabitants of the Yucatan basin by a cabal of blood sorcerers that the modern bloodline refers to as the Nameless Priests. Over the centuries, the bloodline has destroyed every record of their creators that they can find, but oral tradition holds that the Nameless Priests were worshippers of the death god, Camazotz, who somehow learned to adapt the sacrificial rites of the Mayan religion into magical rituals of considerable power. The priests, rulers of a small but wealthy city-state that has long since been lost to the jungle, were brilliant researchers in a grisly way. Over the course of a couple of centuries, they managed to develop a powerful blood bathing ritual that would not only keep them ageless, but granted them greatly accelerated powers of healing and would even restore their bodies to life, provided that the remains were interred in the ritual blood baths within a few days of death. For all their age and power, however, they ruled a small state that was surrounded by larger and more powerful rivals. To survive and prosper, they needed a terror weapon to deter any would-be conquerors. They used their blood magic to capture and alter several Gangrel, endowing them with greatly increased strength and the ability to assume the very form of the bat god. To ensure the loyalty of such powerful and dangerous servants, they tried to make the Catazotz incapable of feeding from any vessel other than those that the priest who created them had ritually blessed - giving the vampires a stark choice between obedience and starvation. As an added fail-safe, their vitae was rendered infertile unless ritually "activated" by their priest, meaning that they could only Embrace with the priest's blessing. For several hundred years, the plan worked well. In 963 A.D, however, a succession of drought-induced crop-failures led the population of the city to revolt against their rulers. Two of the priests were killed, their bodies dismembered and scattered to prevent any possibility of resurrection, and their Camazotz bodyguards were forced to flee from the torches of the rebels and the light of the impending dawn. Gradually, the former bodyguards discovered that many of the previous restrictions on them had died with their erstwhile masters. They could feed from whomever they liked, and Embrace without a priest's blessing. Over the course of the next few years, they allied themselves with the mortal rebels, eventually staging a bloody revolution, killing the vast majority of the Nameless Priests and razing their temples. The priests, arrogantly secure in their belief that their Camazotz slaves would protect them, were horrified (in most cases, fairly briefly), to find them siding with the rebels. Only a few of them managed to escape the slaughter and flee the city. In the aftermath of the battle, however, it quickly became clear that those Camazotz who had slaughtered their own masters were still subject to all the limitations the priests had imposed on them. Those unfortunate vampires starved into torpor over the next few weeks, unable to feed. Only those Camazotz whose masters had been slain by mortal rebels were now free. The bloodline learned a bitter lesson; they could never free themselves, only be freed by others. The overthrow of its rulers ultimately accelerated the city's long-term decline, and the Camazotz gradually abandoned it over the course of the next couple of centuries, spreading out throughout South America. The few remaining Nameless Priests also scattered, pursuing their own individual schemes to seize power in other Mayan city-states, and slowly recruiting new acolytes. They didn't forget their traitorous servants, however. Eventually, they discovered that if a Camazotz were to drink from a human victim who had been ritually blessed in advance, then that Camazotz would be re-enslaved until the priest who had performed the blessing were dead. A subtle, slow motion shadow war erupted between the Camazotz and the Nameless Priests, which was still going on when the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the 16th century. Although they wiped out the native Mexican culture and much of the native Mexican population, the arrival of the Spaniards turned out to be something of a blessing for the Camazotz, albeit a mixed one. The conquistadors targeted the native religion relentlessly, and many of the priests were slaughtered in their pogrom. The survivors were forced to go deep underground, since the Spaniards had obliterated the sacrificial religion that had supplied victims to the blood baths for centuries. The Nameless Priests adapted to the new dominance of Christianity by involving themselves with wars, banditry, and in the modern era, organized crime - anything that would provide a steady flow of bodies that wouldn't be missed. The Camazotz, meanwhile, had proved surprisingly adaptable, carving out a variety of niches for themselves in mortal and Kindred society - as bodyguards, Councillors, scouts, messengers, and Ambassadors. In the closing decades of the twentieth century, they started to suborn the Mexican drug cartels, which brought them into contact - and inevitably, conflict - with the Nameless Priests. With the rising tide of purely mortal violence in Mexico providing a cover for their conflicts, violence between the two factions has escalated alarmingly in recent years. Weakness: The Camazotz were created as slaves, and a mechanism for enslaving them is imprinted in their vitae. The Nameless Priests designed a simple ritual blessing that involves painting the skin of a mortal with a glyph drawn in blood. If the Camazotz drinks from a vessel who has been subjected to that rite within the last 24 hours, he immediately becomes unable to feed from, or Embrace, any vessel who has not received the same ritual blessing from the same priest. The restriction ends if the priest is killed - but only if the killer desires the priest's death for his own reasons. If he is acting solely on behalf of the Camazotz - or if the Camazotz does the deed himself - then the binding will remain, and without the priest to bless his vessels, the Camazotz will quickly starve into torpor. Covenant: Many Camazotz elders belong to the Lancea Sanctum, a holdover from the days when they used the Christian Conquistadors as weapons against the Mayan and Aztec priesthoods. A few of the very oldest of the bloodline, survivors from the pre-Columbian era, belong to distinctively Mesoamerican sects of the Circle of the Crone. The younger Camazotz, particularly those involved with the South American drug cartels, tend to gravitate towards the Invictus. A coterie of three academically-minded ancillae joined the Ordo Dracul just over a century ago, hoping to find a way to remove or mitigate their bloodline weakness. A scant handful of Camazotz, all neonates of European origin, have thrown in their lot with the Carthians. About a third of the bloodline is Autarkis, focussing on their feud with the Nameless Priests rather than Kindred affairs. Appearance: The majority of the bloodline comes from South American stock. The eldest bear the elongated features characteristic of traditional Mayan facial mutilation. A plurality are of European descent, mostly from Mediterranean stock, including a few elders who remember the glory days of the Conquistadors. The Camazotz are a diverse line, however, and there are even a couple of blonde Norwegian neonates amongst their latest recruits. Their dress varies wildly according to their cultural and Covenant affiliation. The only common thread is that they tend to wear whatever looks impressive in the mortal subculture they're interacting with at the time. Haven: The Camazotz are, by and large, a wealthy bloodline, and their havens typically reflect that. They often favour penthouse suites in high tower blocks, or isolated fortresses deep in the South American jungles - locations that are relatively isolated and defensible, yet luxurious. Character Creation: Social Attributes and Skills are almost always primary, and Resources, Retainers and Influence are common backgrounds. The bloodline has brawlers, schemers and scholars in its ranks, so broad generalizations don't really apply beyond that. The bloodline prefers to recruit wealthy, charismatic individuals with a lot of social connections. Organization: The Camazotz are united by a common enemy and little else. They co-operate and share information where hunting down their creators is concerned, but otherwise tend to their own fiefs. Bloodline prestige comes from killing a priest and freeing any Camazotz who he has succeeded in enslaving. Concepts: Drug smuggler, scholar of pre-Conquest Mesoamerica, former Jesuit missionary, South American Trust-fund brat. Bloodline Devotions Image of the God (Potence 4, Protean 4) This grants the bloodline's signature power, the ability to assume the gigantic man/bat combat form System: The character expends three blood points to assume the man/bat form. The form grants Strength +3, Stamina +3, Size +2 and Health +3, along with the ability to fly at up to Speed 26 (c 35 mph), but deprives the vampire of the power of speech and causes an automatic fail on almost any non-Intimidation related Social roll.
How to cite an edited book How do you reference an edited book? For a chapter or article in an edited print book, include the word ‘In’ before the name of the editor/s as shown in the reference list example. Note that the editor’s initials are placed before the surname. In-text, cite the chapter or article author(s) and the year of publication. How do I cite an edited book in APA? 1. AUTHOR(S) OF CHAPTER. For chapters of edited books, put each author’s last name, then a comma, then the first initial of the first name, then any additional initials. … How do you find who edited a book? Editor names will display alongside the Editor/ Contributor field and the role of ‘editor’ will be noted alongside the editor name. Chapters from an edited book may have: Different authors some of which may be the editors. The authors name listed on the contents page or at the beginning of each chapter. How do you format a reference for a non edited book? Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Chapter.” Title of Book in italics. City, State of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Range. What is the difference between a book and an edited book? An authored book is written by one or more individuals, while an edited book may have material from many different authors; however, the book is put together for publication by an editor or group of editors. You might be interested: Readers ask: What is a keylogger? What is an edited book APA? An edited book is a book with chapters written by different authors. … (in case the chapter or entry has more than one page) and p. (in case there is only one page). This is different from other forms of using page numbers in APA style where the abbreviations pp. or p. are not used. How do I cite a quote from a book? Do you cite the editor if there is no author? What is a chapter in an edited collection? An edited volume or edited collection is a collection of scholarly or scientific chapters written by different authors. The chapters in an edited volume are original works (not republished works). Alternative terms for edited volume are contributed volume, edited collection and multiauthor volume. How do you reference a chapter in a book? Chapter in a book (print) 1. Author of the chapter/section. 2. Year of publication (in round brackets). 3. Title of chapter/section (in single quotation marks) ‘in’ plus author/editor of book. 4. Title of book (in italics). 5. Place of publication: publisher. 6. Page reference. You might be interested: Question: What is a namespace? What is the book editing process? Who can edit your book? In a traditional publishing house, in-house editors take on most of the work. Every manuscript goes through three rounds of revisions: an in-depth developmental edit, a copy edit or line edit, and a final proofread. This rigorous process turns out the polished books that you find in stores. How do you reference a website? Include information in the following order: 2. year (date created or last updated) 3. page title (in italics) 4. name of sponsor of site (if available) 6. URL or Internet address (pointed brackets). Leave a Reply
Carpal Tunnel Prevention for Piano Players By \| Updated Does playing the piano cause carpal tunnel syndrome? Yes, it can. The repetitive motions found in piano playing is a risk factor for carpal tunnel, especially if you are using improper technique. However, a focus on correct piano technique and body positioning, as well as some other easy steps, can go a long way to prevent carpal tunnel from playing piano. Playing the piano is quite a workout for your hands and wrist. Because of this, pianists run the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome, which is caused by median nerve compression. The median nerve supplies the front forearm, and when compressed it can lead to thumb and wrist pain, hand pain, and other symptoms that can be irritating or even debilitating. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common repetitive stress injury among people who use their wrists and hands frequently. For example, people who sit at a desk typing on the computer for a living are prone to developing carpal tunnel. Playing the piano uses the same muscles and motions, so pianists and people who play the piano regularly are also prone to developing carpal tunnel. You need to think about proper piano technique to prevent piano injuries, including carpal tunnel syndrome. In this post, we go over proper techniques that help with preventing carpal tunnel syndrome when playing piano. Your piano teacher should also be a great resource for helping you avoid incorrect technique that can lead to carpal tunnel. Keep Your Wrists Properly Aligned Hands playing the piano First, you need to be cognizant of your hand and wrist position when you are playing piano. Try to keep your wrists straight when you are playing. Even though this is something that was probably covered during your first piano lesson, it is easy to slip into bad habits when practicing. When you sit down at the piano, the first thing you should think about is your hand position. Awkward hand positions lead to bad technique. Think about this when you are warming up with your scales. If you keep your wrists in a neutral position that is level with your hand, you will keep your carpal tunnel open, preventing inflammation from developing in this part of your arm during piano playing. Align Your Hips, Shoulders, and Head Woman sitting in front of the piano with hands on piano keys To help prevent carpal tunnel, you need to remove as much stress as possible from your wrists during piano playing sessions. One way to do this is to align your entire body, developing good habits. For example, you should align your hips, shoulders, and head in a neutral position when you sit. As much as possible, think about drawing a straight line from your hips to the top of your head. If you do that, you will maintain proper posture that aligns the natural curve of your body. This will make it easier for you to keep your wrists level as well. If you do not keep the rest of your body aligned, you will start to slouch. You have probably been told that sitting up straight is important for playing the piano well. If you start to slouch, your arms and elbows will slouch as well. This will move your wrists out of the proper position, increasing your chances of developing carpal tunnel and the wrist pain that goes along with it. Play With Your Arm, Not Your Wrists Male hands playing piano It’s instinctive to play the piano with your wrists, since the wrist supports the hands. Even though this might be the easiest way to strike the keys, it is also the fastest way to develop carpal tunnel. Keep in mind that you need to remove stress from your wrists. One of the ways to do that is to play with your arms instead of your wrists. As you play the piano, think about using the weight of your arm to strike the keys. Try to move your arms up and down as you play the notes. Your fingers will do the work naturally, but you need to think about shifting the responsibility of piano playing from your wrist. If you spread the work out over the entirety of your arm instead of focusing it on your wrist, you can reduce your chances of developing carpal tunnel. Think About the Height of the Bench Old black grand piano with piano bench in front You should also consider the height of the bench. Particularly if other pianists have access to a piano, the bench may change in height from time to time. If the bench is not comfortable for you, take a few minutes to adjust it. A lot of piano benches have a knob you can turn to change the height with a flick of the wrist. If you adjust the bench height before piano playing sessions, you can reduce your chances of developing carpal tunnel syndrome and all the pain that comes with it. If your bench is not adjustable, you may want to consider adding a few blankets or towels underneath the bench to make it higher for you. If the bench is too high, then you may want to get a different bench entirely. If the bench is too high or too low, you will place added stress on your arms and wrists, making it easier for you to develop carpal tunnel syndrome from piano playing. Stretch Your Wrists Female hands doing hand stretches for carpal tunnel prevention It is also important for you to stretch your wrists regularly. That way, you can keep your carpal tunnel loose, reduce inflammation, break up lactic acid, and protect your valuable fingers. There are plenty of stretches you can do that can help with improving your motor skills and preventing carpal tunnel syndrome. Before and after you play the piano, you should do some warmup movements and stretching exercises for pianists. Always start by shaking out your fingers. This will get your tendons, ligaments, and muscles ready to make some music. This can also help you remove lactic acid after you are done practicing. Then, you may want to perform some other stretches. For example, you should start by pulling your fingers back toward you. Hold this stretch for 10 seconds, and then release. Then, bend your fingers in the opposite direction. Again, hold this stretch for 10 seconds, and then release. All you have to do is take a few minutes to stretch your wrists from time to time. This can go a long way toward reducing compression of the median nerve and helping you avoid carpal tunnel. Ice Your Hands and Wrist Woman applying cold compress on her wrist Finally, if you are experiencing pain or numbness you should consider icing your hand and wrist. Even though you do not have to do this every day, it is something that you should do regularly. If you play the piano for several hours a day, you may want to ice your hands and wrists several times a week. Ice is important because it reduces inflammation. Inflammation can lead to swelling of the carpal tunnel and compression of the median nerve, which can cause carpal tunnel syndrome. If you apply ice after you practice piano, you quench this inflammation, protecting your wrist from harm. Make sure you do not leave the ice in place too long – 15-20 minutes at a time is sufficient. It is also a good idea to wrap the ice pack in a towel. That way, you don’t have to worry about ice burning the surface of your skin. What Are the Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? Man holding his wrist suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome Even though you need to follow the tips above to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome, it is one of the most common piano injuries, so you also need to understand how to stop this condition if it develops. Similar to other medical conditions, the symptoms of carpal tunnel can vary markedly depending on the severity of the condition. Carpal Tunnel Piano Symptoms Fingers resting on piano keys There are several common carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms you should watch for. These include: • You may have numb hands and feel tingling in your fingers that progresses to wrist pain. This is typically one of the first symptoms of carpal tunnel. • You may notice electrical shocks that travel from your forearm down your wrist and into your hand. • The symptoms will probably get worse if you type on the computer or send a text message on your phone. • You may have a difficult time playing the piano due to pain and tingling in your hand and wrist. • You may even notice that your range of motion is markedly reduced. • You might have a difficult time grasping a cup, eating your food, or driving a car. Anything that causes you to flex your hand, wrists, and fingers is probably going to make the symptoms of carpal tunnel worse. If you are experiencing these symptoms, you need to see a doctor as quickly as possible. Even though there is a good chance they are caused by playing a piano, this is not necessarily guaranteed. For example, it could be a sign of nerve damage due to diabetes Early intervention is important. Therefore, you should always see a doctor to figure out where the symptoms are coming from. Once you have an accurate diagnosis, the doctor can discuss your treatment options with you. If you are developing carpal tunnel syndrome, physical therapy might be able to treat the symptoms. If you have a serious injury and the condition does not improve, surgery might be required. Frequently Asked Questions About Developing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome from Piano Playing Hands of man playing piano on white table There are a few common questions people have about carpal tunnel syndrome and playing the piano. These include: What do I need to do if I am feeling pain in my wrists when I am playing the piano? Even though you might be tempted to push through the pain, this is probably not the best idea. You could make the condition worse. You need to take a break if you are experiencing hand pain like your wrists and fingers hurting. What is the best way for me to get my wrists and fingers loose before I play the piano? Playing a few quick scales and arpeggios before practice sessions is important for getting your fingers ready to go. Make sure to really focus on proper technique while warming up. You should also take a few minutes to stretch your hands and wrists before you start playing, which will help prevent injury. Should I sleep with an ice pack or heating pack on my wrists? No, you should not do this. This is a good way to burn your hands, fingers, and wrists. You should only use ice and heat in short intervals, not for long periods over 15-20 minutes. How is carpal tunnel syndrome treated? If you have a mild case and seek treatment early, it’s entirely possible for pianists to avoid surgery when treating carpal tunnel. Treatment options include proper rest, wearing wrist supports like a splint or wrist brace on the injured wrist at night, and performing nerve gliding exercises that help with proper movement of the median nerve. Taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen to dull your pain, , and finally steroid injections to reduce inflammation are also forms of non-surgical treatment. If the pain does not subside from these methods, other forms of treatment involve outpatient surgery. Pianists who undergo surgery to correct their injured wrist may experience full recovery, but it can take a year or more. What are the most common piano injuries? Boy playing the piano with a bandage on his elbow Because playing piano music involves repetitive motions, pianists may be at risk for a range of injuries affecting the hand, thumb, wrist, upper arm, and even the back and shoulders. These include: • Tendonitis (swelling of the connective tissue in the hand, thumb, wrist, or elbow) • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (pain and numbness caused by pressure on the median nerve) • Tennis elbow (strain on the tendons in the elbow, causing pain and numbness) • Thoracic outlet syndrome (compression of the blood vessels near your collarbone) Practicing proper piano technique, warming up with dexterity exercises before practice sessions, and regularly engaging in stretching and other movements can help prevent these repetitive stress injuries. If you dedicate your practice toward developing good technique as posture, you’ll go a long way to keeping yourself healthy and pain free, so you can keep making music! Photo of author about the author Andy Kovacs
• Home • Do fashion designers know how do you draw? Do fashion designers know how do you draw? Asked: Deboshree Majumder, Date Created: • Which subject is best for fashion designing in class 11? There is no restriction as to which stream you should choose in class 11. You can take any stream of your interest science, arts and commerce. But as it is said, science is comparatively difficult. If you are sure about doing only fashion designing only then you can take arts so that you have less burden. • How do you write fashion trends? Pick for your domain 3. Sort your marketing strategy. ... 4. Fashion blogging and social media. ... 5. All you need to do. ... 6. I Knock Fashion Desk (Conclusion) • What are the different types of fashion designer? Types of Fashion Designers • Apparel Fashion Designers. ... • Haute Couture Fashion Designer. ... • Prêt-a-porter Fashion Designer. ... • Mass Market Fashion Designer. ... • Shoe Fashion Designers (Footwear Designers) ... • Fashion Accessory Designer. • What is a target audience in fashion? Simply put, your target audience is the specific group of customers you want to reach with your marketing strategy. Defining your target audience from the start is foundational for building a successful fashion business. • What are the four fashion seasons? 17 Related Question Answers Found: • Is it unethical to buy fast fashion clothing? But because they aren't built to last and quickly go out of style, these clothes are quickly discarded, piling up in landfills. In addition to environmental issues, fast fashion garments spark a lot of ethical concerns. They are often made in sweatshops where workers are employed for long hours in unsafe conditions. • Does fashion have a future? Like tech, fashion is forward-looking and cyclical. Estimated to be worth more than $3T by the end of the decade, according to CB Insights' Industry Analyst Consensus, the fashion sector is also one of the largest industries in the world. And today, fashion technology is growing at a faster pace than ever. • What is fashion moodboard? A fashion mood board (or inspiration board) is a collage of images and objects that highlights a specific visual style in physical or digital form. ... Fashion mood boards can include magazine clippings, photographs, color swatches, fabric swatches, texture samples, and more. • Who is the king and queen of fashion in Kpop? G-Dragon & Jessica crowned King and Queen of fashion by stylists #popularkoreanfashion \| Fashion, Korean fashion trends, Fashion idol. • What is a fashion merchandising portfolio? Most fashion merchandising portfolios are a blend of written and visual elements such as pictures of work, biographical text about relevant experiences, reasons behind fashion choices in accompanied pictures, and reflections on fashion and merchandising. • How do you attend Fashion Week? • What is Tokyo street fashion? Known for its diversity and boldness, Tokyo Street Fashion is about people expressing who they are through their clothing. Unlike the 'who wore it better? ' mentality of Western culture, Japanese street fashion embraces harmony and collaboration. Keep reading to learn more about the edgiest Japanese street trends! • What is theme board in fashion design? A fashion mood board is a collage. A visual summary of inspirational images, objects, material swatches, trims, or product examples that explain the concept and feeling of your brand, collection, or customer. It is basically a brain dump of whatever you are inspired by. • What are the questions asked in interview for fashion designer? How You Work • What are you looking for in a new position? • Why do you want to work in fashion? • What were some of your accomplishments at your last job? • What were some challenges and how did you overcome them at your last job? • What did you enjoy most about your last job? ... • What are your strengths? • What are your weaknesses? • Can you be a fashion buyer without a degree? Get a bachelor's degree A bachelor's degree can provide you with more opportunities, while a high school diploma, in some cases, can only get you an entry-level job. Large companies require fashion buyers to have a bachelor's degree because they prefer their employees to have knowledge in marketing. • What is fashion tailor? A tailor is the artisan who fits and measures a customer (think Savile Row) For a garment to be tailor-made is to be cut, it has to be constructed and made-to-measure for the individual. • Is fast fashion destroying our environment? • Why is there no copyright in fashion? It could mean the graphic designs that appear on clothing. It could mean a design imprinted into fabric. Copyright protection does not extend to colors. So if the fashion design you wish to protect is a signature color or a unique color scheme, copyright is not the avenue for you. • How does fashion Nova returns work? All returns are refunded via store credit in the form of a Fashion Nova E-Gift Card. Returns are processed within 5-7 business days after your item(s) are delivered to us. We do not provide prepaid return labels and you are responsible for covering shipping costs to return. • Does fashion designing come in arts? While Fashion may be art, it is also a business. Most famous fashion designers admit they needed to learn business skills to succeed. In order to further advance your career, you should consider a Master's degree in Business and Management. • Are there 52 fashion seasons? Nowadays, fast fashion brands produce about 52 “micro-seasons” a year—or one new “collection” a week. According to author Elizabeth Cline, this started when Zara shifted to bi-weekly deliveries of new merchandise back in the early aughts. • Where do fashion designers live? In this article RankMetroNo. of Total Fashion Designers 1New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA6,825 2Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA3,641 3Columbus, OH518 4Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin, TN282
(Some of the ways that) Depression & Anxiety Affect Your Body Johns Hopkins Depression & Anxiety Health Alert Contact Us www.johnshopkinshealthalerts.com \| Johns Hopkins Health Bookstore \| \| How Depression & Anxiety Affect Your Body Most people think of depression and anxiety as conditions of the mind, influencing one’s mood and outlook on life. But that’s only part of the story. For many people, the more common manifestations of depression are physical, not mental, and they can have long-term consequences as well. Headache. Chronic headaches, particularly tension headaches, occur frequently in people with depression and anxiety. Headaches are most likely caused by contracting the muscles of the scalp and neck, which is a common physical reaction when you’re under emotional stress. Diarrhea/constipation. Anxiety is often linked with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which can manifest as diarrhea or constipation. It’s possible that anxiety may make you more aware of spasms in your colon or that anxiety affects the immune system and may trigger symptoms of IBS. Nausea/vomiting. These may be considered symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders. One large study found that 41 percent of people who had major complaints of nausea in the past year were eventually diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, and 24 percent were diagnosed with depression. Osteoporosis. People with major depression may have lower bone mineral density, a measure of the strength of the bones, than those with no mood disorders. High blood pressure. Evidence suggests that chronic anxiety may lead to high blood pressure. Anxiety is likely to produce temporary spikes in blood pressure rather than persistent hypertension. Frequent spikes can damage your blood vessels, heart and kidneys and increase your risk of a stroke.
Page images combines in itself the expression of the copula and also of an ac. tivity. The various relations of the activity, are indicated by means of the other inflections of the verb. The voice indicates the direction of the activity as to or from the subject or the object; the tense the time of the activity; the personal inflections, the relations to the speaker, person addressed, or person or thing spoken of; the gender, these latter relations more specifically; and number, the repetition of the activity. The mood expresses no relation of the activity on the one hand; and the copula, on the other, has no other inflection through which its modifications can be expressed The proper and distinctive function of the mood, then, is to indicate the modifications of the copula. If this be received as settled, then we should expect that the words actually occurring in speech would correspond to the diverse forms of the copula or modes of the judgment. Farther, if this be true, then the normal use of the word is confined to such sentences as express a complete judgment, to what in other words, are called principal sentences. The occurrence of modal inflections of verbs in dependent clauses, must then be explained as derived from the proper functions of the mood; and such use of the mood must be regarded as an abnormal use. 2. The possible Kinds of Moods. If the mood is the proper expression of the copula, then the possible modes of the judgment will determine the possible moods in language. The modes of the judgment are all reducible to three classes, viz: those of existence and non-existence ; of possibility and impossibility; and of necessity and contingency. As the modes of necessity and contingency cannot always be distinguished from each other by a mere negative, there seems to be a ground furnished in the very nature of the case, for a distinction of moods in this last class, which does not exist in the two former. Hence there can be but four proper moods in language. If in any particular dialect more are in use, we should expect that two or more would be reducible to one class, or perhaps be specifically but not generically distinct. Modifications of the Copula. 3. The Moods in actual use. Before considering the various kinds of modal expression in actual use in speech, a preparatory remark or two seems to be needful in explanation. In the first place, the modal relation is a pure. ly intellectual relation. In this respect it differs from all the other inflections of the verb. All the others originally indicate relations in time or space, or in both. Assuming, what will probably be questioned by no one, that the verb originally expresses a sensi. ble activity, that is, motion in space, it may be easily shown, that voice, tense, number and the other inflections of the verb all denote relations of the activity or motion which lie in time or space. As such they are more easily reducible to forms of language. But the modifications of the judgment or the copula, as real, pos. sible, necessary or contingent, are in their own nature entirely independent of time and space. They have no direct relation to any thing outward. They are pure intellectual abstractions. Hence it is with some difficulty that they are introduced into lan. guage at all. In some early languages, we find but two moods, as in the Hebrew. Hence, too, the copula is easily omitted even in more fully developed languages; as “ Happy the man," instead of "Happy is the man." · Nulla salus bello.” Hence, moreover, a wide diversity in the forms and varieties of modal expression introduced into particular languages. Even when introduced in full, the modal inflection is, sometimes as in the Greek, indicated only by a vowel, the most slippery and unstable of letters, which itself easily vanishes away when euphony will allow, as in the conjugation of Greek verbs in -. In the next place, it should be remarked that the modifications of the copula are expressed in language in various ways, as by adverbs, by proper tense-forms, by periphrastic expressions, as by auxiliaries and inflections. We find in the Greek language the most philosophically complete and accurate modal system. For the expression of the real and its opposite we have the indicative ;-for that of the possible, the subjunctive, as ri noto; quid faciam? what can I do?- for that of the necessary, the imperative and for the contingent, the optative, as news av spolunv. The infinitive, as it expresses no copula, has no proper modal force. It is used in dependent clauses to express a mere conception of an activity. The subjunctive is so named from its more common use, as it occurs most frequently in dependent clauses, although that use [ocr errors][ocr errors] is, strictly, abnormal. The proper denomination of this mood is, the potential. The potential judgment, however, as compared with the real or indicative, needs but rarely to be expressed in speech. The different shades of possibility which it is necessary to express, have readily led to a periphrastic manner of expressing this form of the judgment. As the potential is closely allied with the future, a possible event being in its nature ever future, absolutely or relatively, we find that the form approaches to that of the future tense, as is still more strikingly the case in the Latin. We discover, moreover, in this view of the subjunctive, the explanation of the fact, that while the subjunctive is used in the first person in exhortation and incitation, in the second and third persons, the optative preferred in such cases. The optative is likewise so named from its more frequent use. Yet desire is but a species of the conditional. In the Sanscrit, a still more subordinate species of the conditional judgment, has a particular mood for its expression—the precative. The optative mood in Greek expresses various conditional judgments besides the strictly optative. As the potential is naturally allied to the future, so the conditional bears a close affinity to the past in time. Thus the optative in Greek takes the inflections of the historical tenses; and in other languages which have no proper conditional, the tenseforms denoting past time are used; as in Latin, "at fuerat melius, si te puer iste tenebat;" in English, “it would have been better," etc. The imperative, on the other hand, as expressing a necessary judgment, looks more to the future; and its inflections and uses indicate this. It affirms the connection between the subject and the activity of the verb as necessary. In the second person, such a judgment would generally convey a command. In the third person, it is used not only to communicate an order, but, also, to predict a future event with emphatic affirmation. It is likewise used in certain kinds of concession, as ούτως εχέτω, ως σύ λέγεις. This is much stronger than the indicative or the potential mood would express. It carries the will with the expression as the cause of the effect, which hence must necessarily follow. The Latin language has no peculiar form for the conditional. The subjunctive is used for the most part to express this as well as the potential form of the judgment. “Quid faciat ?” what can he do? “Facerem, si possem,” I would do it, if I could. The The Use of Moods in dependent Clauses. former is a potential, the latter, a conditional judgment. In mod. ern European languages, for the most part, these words are formed by auxiliaries. 4. The abnormal Use of Moods. If the theory we have proposed be correct, then, as before inti. mated, the use of moods in dependent clauses or in such sentences as make no assertion, must be regarded as abnormal and irregular. A dependent clause expresses no judgment but merely a conception. As the proper function of the verb is to express an activity, while the noun is the proper form for the designation of a being or substance, and as we may have a conception of an activity without affirming anything respecting it, it would be easy and natural, to employ the verb in its own proper form, even where there was no judgment but merely a conception of an activity to be expressed. The infinitive is the proper form for this espression of the activity of the verb, viewed merely as such or as a conception. It is, accordingly, in strict propriety to be regarded as the substantive form of the verb, as the participle is the proper form for the attribuitive use of the verb. But, it is obvious, that conceptions of activities may be characterized as to their mode as real, potential, necessary or contingent, as well as judgments. As neither the infinitive nor the participle of itself can express this modality of the conception, resort must be had in language either to periphrastic expressions, as to the use of particles or adverbial clauses, or to a borrowed use of forms originally appropriated to other purposes. Nothing could be more natural than to employ forms which properly denoted modes of judgment, in order to express analogous modes of conceptions. It is in this way, we conceive, that the verb with modal inflections, appears in dependent clauses. It appears in them with these in. flections only, as a substitute for the infinitive and participle, combined with such particles or adverbial clauses as might be necessary to express the modality of the conception. As being more brief and therefore possessing more energy, it would readily be used far more frequently than the infinitive or participle, in those languages in which the moods were expressed by mere inflections, or in which the participial forms were defective. Besides, as the representation of a concrete has ever more force in speech than that of a pure abstract, the proper modal forms which always imply a concrete are even preferred to the infinitive or parVOL. IV. No. 13. [ocr errors] ticiple which represent mere abstractions. “ The man who loves," every body feels to be more energetic than, “ The man loving." It should be remarked here, that sometimes two distinct assertions are contained in the same period. The illative, causal and some adversative conjunctions, thus, often connect phrases or clauses which are both assertive in their character, and of course admit the mood in its proper function. In all such cases, the mood has its proper significancy, and is used in accordance with the laws that regulate the use of it in all principal sentences. As some of these conjunctions in the Latin language sometimes show a relation between a conception and an assertion or another conception, as well as between proper assertions, the form of the mood will often determine whether the clause is assertive or not. In all strictly dependent clauses, then, that is, in such as contain no expressed judgment, the modal form of the verb indicates the modality of the conception as real, potential, necessary or contingent. We have thus the general principle for the use of the mood in such clauses. According as the conception of the activi- . ty expressed in the verb is regarded as real, potential, necessary or contingent, the verb in the given case takes the mood which would properly be employed to express a judgment of that particular character. In illustrating the application of this principle, it will be convenient to distinguish the various purposes for which the verb may be employed in dependent clauses. There are four very distinct purposes for which the verb is so employed; and these several uses of the verb may be denominated, respectively, the attributive, the substantive, the adverbial and the objective use. It is to be remarked, generally, that the Latin language, more than most others, inclines to regard mere conceptions as only possible and not as real. The use of the subjunctive in dependent clauses is thus to be regarded as the law in that language, and the use of the indicative the exception. Hence in the oratio obliqua and all similar cases, subordinate clauses depending on other dependent clauses, incline to appear in the subjunctive mood. For all such conceptions are removed farther from the field of reality. When the conception, if entertained by the speaker, might take the indicative, it takes the subjunctive when entertained or supposed to be entertained by others. Here is the explanation of such cases as the following: “mater irata est mihi, quia non redierim domum."-Plautus. As contrasted with the use of the Greek and English tongues, « PreviousContinue »
Frequent question: Why is stimulation important for a child? Why is stimulation important for child development? What is stimulation in early childhood? Simple activities such as playing, reading, and singing with children are core components of early childhood stimulation (ECS). ECS can improve young children’s ability to think, communicate, and connect with others [1][4]. However, many children are not getting enough stimulation during this critical time [1]. Is stimulation important for brain development? Why is it important to stimulate a baby brain? During the first year of life, your baby’s brain is growing so fast. Stimulation helps to engage them mentally, helps develop their senses, and is something that every baby needs. Stimulating your baby’s senses will enable them to reach developmental milestones faster, as well as aid in the development of motor skills. IT IS AMAZING: Can baby get constipated when starting solids? What is the importance of early stimulation? Benefits of early stimulation It encourages development and strengthens brain functions. It helps students mature and stimulates the physical, sensorial and social learning process. It awakens a child’s curiosity and observation skills. It can detect learning disorders. How does lack of stimulation affect child development? Failing to provide children with adequate sensory stimulation puts them at a high risk of developmental and cognitive delays. This is known to have been recorded in young babies who grew up in orphanages, as well as in preterm babies. One such sensory pathway is touch, which facilitates normal growth and development. How can I improve my child’s brain power? How To Increase Child Brain Power 1. Give your baby a good start before birth. … 2. Turn up the baby talk. … 3. Play games that involve hands. … 4. Be attentive. … 5. Foster an early passion for books. … 6. Choose toys that allow babies to explore and interact. … 7. Build trust by being attentive and focused. … 8. Make meals positive. At what age does a baby typically look chubby? Infant fatness peaks between 4 and 9 months of age at about 25 percent before it begins a long slow decline. This period of baby fat thinning leads to a stage in childhood when most humans have the lowest body fat percentage they will have in their lives, unless of course you’re one of the not-so-lucky ones.
Group B Streptococcus is a bacteria that is present in the vaginal or bowel flora in approximately 15% of women. Most women will not have any symptoms, however GBS can be significant for women in labour. GBS Risk factors: • Preterm labour • Maternal fever > 37.5 degrees • Ruptured membranes > 18 hours • Chorioamnionitis (infection in the amniotic fluid & membranes) • Previous newborn with GBS • GBS bacteriuria (UTI with GBS bacteria) • GBS positive in a previous pregnancy is linked with a greater rate of reoccurrence in the next pregnancy What happens if you are GBS positive in pregnancy? • If a woman carries GBS and it is untreated there is a 1-2% chance the baby will get a significant lung (pneumonia) or blood (septicaemia) infection with serious consequences to the baby’s health. • Most babies who come into contact with GBS will not suffer any ill health, but unfortunately, we cannot tell which babies will get sick and which will not. Women who are attempting a vaginal birth will normally be screened for GBS by having a low vaginal swab at around 36 weeks gestation. The result only takes 2 days to return. If the result is positive, then the mother will be given intravenous penicillin in labour or when the waters break. Another antibiotic (Clindamycin) will be used if the mother is allergic to penicillin. What happens if labour or the waters break prior to 36 weeks? • In these circumstances, a swab will be taken and antibiotics administered, as preterm labour has a higher association with GBS. What happens if my labour is so quick that antibiotics are not given at least an hour before delivery? • The baby will have swabs from the groin and umbilicus taken and its temperature/observations monitored for 48 hours. What about women who are having an elective Caesarean section? • Usually GBS swabbing is not necessary, as the baby does not come into contact with GBS during an elective Caesarean section. • On the rare chance of the waters breaking prior to the planned Caesarean section date then antibiotics may be given prior to the Caesarean section being performed.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Blue shift) Jump to navigation Jump to search In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light). The opposite change, a decrease in wavelength and simultaneous increase in frequency and energy, is known as a negative redshift, or blueshift. The terms derive from the colours red and blue which form the extremes of the visible light spectrum. In astronomy and cosmology, the three main causes of electromagnetic redshift are 1. The radiation travels between objects which are moving apart ("relativistic" redshift, an example of the relativistic Doppler effect) 2. The radiation travels towards an object in a weaker gravitational potential, i.e. towards an object in less strongly curved (flatter) spacetime (gravitational redshift) 3. The radiation travels through expanding space (cosmological redshift). The observation that all sufficiently distant light sources show redshift corresponding to their distance from Earth is known as Hubble's law. Relativistic, gravitational, and cosmological redshifts can be understood under the umbrella of frame transformation laws. Gravitational waves, which also travel at the speed of light, are subject to the same redshift phenomena. Examples of strong redshifting are a gamma ray perceived as an X-ray, or initially visible light perceived as radio waves. Subtler redshifts are seen in the spectroscopic observations of astronomical objects, and are used in terrestrial technologies such as Doppler radar and radar guns. Other physical processes exist that can lead to a shift in the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, including scattering and optical effects; however, the resulting changes are distinguishable from (astronomical) redshift and are not generally referred to as such (see section on physical optics and radiative transfer). The value of a redshift is often denoted by the letter z, corresponding to the fractional change in wavelength (positive for redshifts, negative for blueshifts), and by the wavelength ratio 1 + z (which is >1 for redshifts, <1 for blueshifts). The history of the subject began with the development in the 19th century of wave mechanics and the exploration of phenomena associated with the Doppler effect. The effect is named after Christian Doppler, who offered the first known physical explanation for the phenomenon in 1842.[1] The hypothesis was tested and confirmed for sound waves by the Dutch scientist Christophorus Buys Ballot in 1845.[2] Doppler correctly predicted that the phenomenon should apply to all waves, and in particular suggested that the varying colors of stars could be attributed to their motion with respect to the Earth.[3] Before this was verified, however, it was found that stellar colors were primarily due to a star's temperature, not motion. Only later was Doppler vindicated by verified redshift observations. The first Doppler redshift was described by French physicist Hippolyte Fizeau in 1848, who pointed to the shift in spectral lines seen in stars as being due to the Doppler effect. The effect is sometimes called the "Doppler–Fizeau effect". In 1868, British astronomer William Huggins was the first to determine the velocity of a star moving away from the Earth by this method.[4] In 1871, optical redshift was confirmed when the phenomenon was observed in Fraunhofer lines using solar rotation, about 0.1 Å in the red.[5] In 1887, Vogel and Scheiner discovered the annual Doppler effect, the yearly change in the Doppler shift of stars located near the ecliptic due to the orbital velocity of the Earth.[6] In 1901, Aristarkh Belopolsky verified optical redshift in the laboratory using a system of rotating mirrors.[7] The earliest occurrence of the term red-shift in print (in this hyphenated form) appears to be by American astronomer Walter S. Adams in 1908, in which he mentions "Two methods of investigating that nature of the nebular red-shift".[8] The word does not appear unhyphenated until about 1934 by Willem de Sitter, perhaps indicating that up to that point its German equivalent, Rotverschiebung, was more commonly used.[9] Beginning with observations in 1912, Vesto Slipher discovered that most spiral galaxies, then mostly thought to be spiral nebulae, had considerable redshifts. Slipher first reports on his measurement in the inaugural volume of the Lowell Observatory Bulletin.[10] Three years later, he wrote a review in the journal Popular Astronomy.[11] In it he states that "the early discovery that the great Andromeda spiral had the quite exceptional velocity of –300 km(/s) showed the means then available, capable of investigating not only the spectra of the spirals but their velocities as well."[12] Slipher reported the velocities for 15 spiral nebulae spread across the entire celestial sphere, all but three having observable "positive" (that is recessional) velocities. Subsequently, Edwin Hubble discovered an approximate relationship between the redshifts of such "nebulae" and the distances to them with the formulation of his eponymous Hubble's law.[13] These observations corroborated Alexander Friedmann's 1922 work, in which he derived the Friedmann–Lemaître equations.[14] They are today considered strong evidence for an expanding universe and the Big Bang theory.[15] Measurement, characterization, and interpretation[edit] High-redshift galaxy candidates in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2012[16] Calculation of redshift, Based on wavelength Based on frequency Redshift formulae[edit] Redshift and blueshift Redshift summary Redshift type Geometry Formula[20] Relativistic Doppler Minkowski space (flat spacetime) for small For motion completely in the transverse direction: for small Cosmological redshift FLRW spacetime (expanding Big Bang universe) Hubble's law: Gravitational redshift Any stationary spacetime For the Schwarzschild geometry: in terms of escape velocity: Doppler effect[edit] Doppler effect, yellow (~575 nm wavelength) ball appears greenish (blueshift to ~565 nm wavelength) approaching observer, turns orange (redshift to ~585 nm wavelength) as it passes, and returns to yellow when motion stops. To observe such a change in color, the object would have to be traveling at approximately 5,200 km/s, or about 75 times faster than the speed record for the fastest man-made space probe. (since ) For the special case that the light is moving at right angle (θ = 90°) to the direction of relative motion in the observer's frame,[23] the relativistic redshift is known as the transverse redshift, and a redshift: Expansion of space[edit] In the earlier part of the twentieth century, Slipher, Wirtz and others made the first measurements of the redshifts and blueshifts of galaxies beyond the Milky Way. They initially interpreted these redshifts and blueshifts as being due to random motions, but later Lemaître (1927) and Hubble (1929), using previous data, discovered a roughly linear correlation between the increasing redshifts of, and distances to, galaxies. Lemaître realized that these observations could be explained by a mechanism of producing redshifts seen in Friedmann's solutions to Einstein's equations of general relativity. The correlation between redshifts and distances is required by all such models that have a metric expansion of space.[15] As a result, the wavelength of photons propagating through the expanding space is stretched, creating the cosmological redshift. Mathematical derivation[edit] • ds is the spacetime interval • dt is the time interval • dr is the spatial interval • c is the speed of light • a is the time-dependent cosmic scale factor • k is the curvature per unit area. Using the following manipulation: we find that: For very small variations in time (over the period of one cycle of a light wave) the scale factor is essentially a constant (a = an today and a = at previously). This yields which can be rewritten as Using the definition of redshift provided above, the equation Using a model of the expansion of the universe, redshift can be related to the age of an observed object, the so-called cosmic time–redshift relation. Denote a density ratio as Ω0: with ρcrit the critical density demarcating a universe that eventually crunches from one that simply expands. This density is about three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter of space.[26] At large redshifts, 1 + z > Ω0−1, one finds: where H0 is the present-day Hubble constant, and z is the redshift.[27][28][29] Distinguishing between cosmological and local effects[edit] The redshifts of galaxies include both a component related to recessional velocity from expansion of the universe, and a component related to peculiar motion (Doppler shift).[34] The redshift due to expansion of the universe depends upon the recessional velocity in a fashion determined by the cosmological model chosen to describe the expansion of the universe, which is very different from how Doppler redshift depends upon local velocity.[35] Describing the cosmological expansion origin of redshift, cosmologist Edward Robert Harrison said, "Light leaves a galaxy, which is stationary in its local region of space, and is eventually received by observers who are stationary in their own local region of space. Between the galaxy and the observer, light travels through vast regions of expanding space. As a result, all wavelengths of the light are stretched by the expansion of space. It is as simple as that..."[36] Steven Weinberg clarified, "The increase of wavelength from emission to absorption of light does not depend on the rate of change of a(t) [here a(t) is the Robertson–Walker scale factor] at the times of emission or absorption, but on the increase of a(t) in the whole period from emission to absorption."[37] Popular literature often uses the expression "Doppler redshift" instead of "cosmological redshift" to describe the redshift of galaxies dominated by the expansion of spacetime, but the cosmological redshift is not found using the relativistic Doppler equation[38] which is instead characterized by special relativity; thus v > c is impossible while, in contrast, v > c is possible for cosmological redshifts because the space which separates the objects (for example, a quasar from the Earth) can expand faster than the speed of light.[39] More mathematically, the viewpoint that "distant galaxies are receding" and the viewpoint that "the space between galaxies is expanding" are related by changing coordinate systems. Expressing this precisely requires working with the mathematics of the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric.[40] If the universe were contracting instead of expanding, we would see distant galaxies blueshifted by an amount proportional to their distance instead of redshifted.[41] Gravitational redshift[edit] In the theory of general relativity, there is time dilation within a gravitational well. This is known as the gravitational redshift or Einstein Shift.[42] The theoretical derivation of this effect follows from the Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein equations which yields the following formula for redshift associated with a photon traveling in the gravitational field of an uncharged, nonrotating, spherically symmetric mass: The effect is very small but measurable on Earth using the Mössbauer effect and was first observed in the Pound–Rebka experiment.[44] However, it is significant near a black hole, and as an object approaches the event horizon the red shift becomes infinite. It is also the dominant cause of large angular-scale temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation (see Sachs–Wolfe effect).[45] Observations in astronomy[edit] Local observations[edit] In nearby objects (within our Milky Way galaxy) observed redshifts are almost always related to the line-of-sight velocities associated with the objects being observed. Observations of such redshifts and blueshifts have enabled astronomers to measure velocities and parametrize the masses of the orbiting stars in spectroscopic binaries, a method first employed in 1868 by British astronomer William Huggins.[4] Similarly, small redshifts and blueshifts detected in the spectroscopic measurements of individual stars are one way astronomers have been able to diagnose and measure the presence and characteristics of planetary systems around other stars and have even made very detailed differential measurements of redshifts during planetary transits to determine precise orbital parameters.[51] Finely detailed measurements of redshifts are used in helioseismology to determine the precise movements of the photosphere of the Sun.[52] Redshifts have also been used to make the first measurements of the rotation rates of planets,[53] velocities of interstellar clouds,[54] the rotation of galaxies,[19] and the dynamics of accretion onto neutron stars and black holes which exhibit both Doppler and gravitational redshifts.[55] Additionally, the temperatures of various emitting and absorbing objects can be obtained by measuring Doppler broadening—effectively redshifts and blueshifts over a single emission or absorption line.[56] By measuring the broadening and shifts of the 21-centimeter hydrogen line in different directions, astronomers have been able to measure the recessional velocities of interstellar gas, which in turn reveals the rotation curve of our Milky Way.[19] Similar measurements have been performed on other galaxies, such as Andromeda.[19] As a diagnostic tool, redshift measurements are one of the most important spectroscopic measurements made in astronomy. Extragalactic observations[edit] The most distant objects exhibit larger redshifts corresponding to the Hubble flow of the universe. The largest-observed redshift, corresponding to the greatest distance and furthest back in time, is that of the cosmic microwave background radiation; the numerical value of its redshift is about z = 1089 (z = 0 corresponds to present time), and it shows the state of the universe about 13.8 billion years ago,[57] and 379,000 years after the initial moments of the Big Bang.[58] Gravitational interactions of galaxies with each other and clusters cause a significant scatter in the normal plot of the Hubble diagram. The peculiar velocities associated with galaxies superimpose a rough trace of the mass of virialized objects in the universe. This effect leads to such phenomena as nearby galaxies (such as the Andromeda Galaxy) exhibiting blueshifts as we fall towards a common barycenter, and redshift maps of clusters showing a fingers of god effect due to the scatter of peculiar velocities in a roughly spherical distribution.[59] This added component gives cosmologists a chance to measure the masses of objects independent of the mass-to-light ratio (the ratio of a galaxy's mass in solar masses to its brightness in solar luminosities), an important tool for measuring dark matter.[60] The Hubble law's linear relationship between distance and redshift assumes that the rate of expansion of the universe is constant. However, when the universe was much younger, the expansion rate, and thus the Hubble "constant", was larger than it is today. For more distant galaxies, then, whose light has been travelling to us for much longer times, the approximation of constant expansion rate fails, and the Hubble law becomes a non-linear integral relationship and dependent on the history of the expansion rate since the emission of the light from the galaxy in question. Observations of the redshift-distance relationship can be used, then, to determine the expansion history of the universe and thus the matter and energy content. Highest redshifts[edit] Currently, the objects with the highest known redshifts are galaxies and the objects producing gamma ray bursts. The most reliable redshifts are from spectroscopic data, and the highest-confirmed spectroscopic redshift of a galaxy is that of GN-z11,[61] with a redshift of z = 11.1, corresponding to 400 million years after the Big Bang. The previous record was held by UDFy-38135539[62] at a redshift of z = 8.6, corresponding to 600 million years after the Big Bang. Slightly less reliable are Lyman-break redshifts, the highest of which is the lensed galaxy A1689-zD1 at a redshift z = 7.5[63][64] and the next highest being z = 7.0.[65] The most distant-observed gamma-ray burst with a spectroscopic redshift measurement was GRB 090423, which had a redshift of z = 8.2.[66] The most distant-known quasar, ULAS J1342+0928, is at z = 7.54.[67][68] The highest-known redshift radio galaxy (TGSS1530) is at a redshift z = 5.72[69] and the highest-known redshift molecular material is the detection of emission from the CO molecule from the quasar SDSS J1148+5251 at z = 6.42.[70] Extremely red objects (EROs) are astronomical sources of radiation that radiate energy in the red and near infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. These may be starburst galaxies that have a high redshift accompanied by reddening from intervening dust, or they could be highly redshifted elliptical galaxies with an older (and therefore redder) stellar population.[71] Objects that are even redder than EROs are termed hyper extremely red objects (HEROs).[72] The cosmic microwave background has a redshift of z = 1089, corresponding to an age of approximately 379,000 years after the Big Bang and a comoving distance of more than 46 billion light-years.[73] The yet-to-be-observed first light from the oldest Population III stars, not long after atoms first formed and the CMB ceased to be absorbed almost completely, may have redshifts in the range of 20 < z < 100.[74] Other high-redshift events predicted by physics but not presently observable are the cosmic neutrino background from about two seconds after the Big Bang (and a redshift in excess of z > 1010)[75] and the cosmic gravitational wave background emitted directly from inflation at a redshift in excess of z > 1025.[76] Redshift surveys[edit] Rendering of the 2dFGRS data The first redshift survey was the CfA Redshift Survey, started in 1977 with the initial data collection completed in 1982.[80] More recently, the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey determined the large-scale structure of one section of the universe, measuring redshifts for over 220,000 galaxies; data collection was completed in 2002, and the final data set was released 30 June 2003.[81] The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), is ongoing as of 2013 and aims to measure the redshifts of around 3 million objects.[82] SDSS has recorded redshifts for galaxies as high as 0.8, and has been involved in the detection of quasars beyond z = 6. The DEEP2 Redshift Survey uses the Keck telescopes with the new "DEIMOS" spectrograph; a follow-up to the pilot program DEEP1, DEEP2 is designed to measure faint galaxies with redshifts 0.7 and above, and it is therefore planned to provide a high-redshift complement to SDSS and 2dF.[83] Effects from physical optics or radiative transfer[edit] In interstellar astronomy, visible spectra can appear redder due to scattering processes in a phenomenon referred to as interstellar reddening[19]—similarly Rayleigh scattering causes the atmospheric reddening of the Sun seen in the sunrise or sunset and causes the rest of the sky to have a blue color. This phenomenon is distinct from redshifting because the spectroscopic lines are not shifted to other wavelengths in reddened objects and there is an additional dimming and distortion associated with the phenomenon due to photons being scattered in and out of the line of sight. The opposite of a redshift is a blueshift. A blueshift is any decrease in wavelength (increase in energy), with a corresponding increase in frequency, of an electromagnetic wave. In visible light, this shifts a color towards the blue end of the spectrum. Doppler blueshift[edit] Doppler redshift and blueshift Doppler blueshift is used in astronomy to determine relative motion: Gravitational blueshift[edit] Blue outliers[edit] There are faraway active galaxies that show a blueshift in their [O III] emission lines. One of the largest blueshifts is found in the narrow-line quasar, PG 1543+489, which has a relative velocity of -1150 km/s.[85] These types of galaxies are called "blue outliers".[85] Cosmological blueshift[edit] In a hypothetical universe undergoing a runaway Big Crunch contraction, a cosmological blueshift would be observed, with galaxies further away being increasingly blueshifted—the exact opposite of the actually observed cosmological redshift in the present expanding universe. See also[edit] 2. ^ Maulik, Dev (2005). "Doppler Sonography: A Brief History". In Maulik, Dev; Zalud, Ivica (eds.). Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics And Gynecology. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-23088-5. 14. ^ Friedman, A. A. (1922). "Über die Krümmung des Raumes". Zeitschrift für Physik. 10 (1): 377–386. Bibcode:1922ZPhy...10..377F. doi:10.1007/BF01332580. S2CID 125190902. English translation in Friedman, A. (1999). "On the Curvature of Space". General Relativity and Gravitation. 31 (12): 1991–2000. Bibcode:1999GReGr..31.1991F. doi:10.1023/A:1026751225741. S2CID 122950995.) 19. ^ a b c d e f g h i See Binney and Merrifeld (1998), Carroll and Ostlie (1996), Kutner (2003) for applications in astronomy. 21. ^ Ives, H.; Stilwell, G. (1938). "An Experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock". J. Opt. Soc. Am. 28 (7): 215–226. Bibcode:1938JOSA...28..215I. doi:10.1364/josa.28.000215. 24. ^ See "Photons, Relativity, Doppler shift Archived 2006-08-27 at the Wayback Machine " at the University of Queensland 26. ^ Steven Weinberg (1993). The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe (2nd ed.). Basic Books. p. 34. ISBN 9780-465-02437-7. 29. ^ Yu N Parijskij (2001). "The High Redshift Radio Universe". In Norma Sanchez (ed.). Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics. Springer. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-7923-6856-4. 36. ^ Harrison 2000, p. 315. 38. ^ Odenwald & Fienberg 1993 46. ^ When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber; et al. (2001). "Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves". Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. doi:10.1086/322460. S2CID 17237531. pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae 52. ^ Libbrecht, Keng (1988). "Solar and stellar seismology" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 47 (3–4): 275–301. Bibcode:1988SSRv...47..275L. doi:10.1007/BF00243557. S2CID 120897051. 59. ^ a b Peebles (1993). 67. ^ "Scientists observe supermassive black hole in infant universe". 68. ^ Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (January 2018). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. arXiv:1712.01860. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. S2CID 205263326. 69. ^ Saxena, A. (2018). "Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2733–2742. arXiv:1806.01191. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2733S. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1996. S2CID 118830412. 80. ^ See the official CfA website for more details. 82. ^ "SDSS-III". 84. ^ Kuhn, Karl F.; Theo Koupelis (2004). In Quest of the Universe. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 122–3. ISBN 978-0-7637-0810-8. 87. ^ R. J. Nemiroff (1993). "Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole". American Journal of Physics. 61 (7): 619–632. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003v1. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. doi:10.1119/1.17224. S2CID 16640860. External links[edit]
October 08, 2017 Blue Orchid (6) I've posted chapter 6 of "Blue Orchid." The author uses a curious idiom in this chapter: 「梨の礫」 (nashi no subute). Literally, "a pear's small stones." It means to get no response to an action, which I translated as "hitting a brick wall" (p. 247). In this case, nashi (梨) is an ateji (当て字), a written kanji assigned to a word based on how it is read aloud (the phoneme), not the meaning. Perhaps the most common ateji known around the world is sushi (寿司). Its kanji, meaning "longevity" and "political administration," have nothing to do with fish or even food. A little online research reveals that nashi should logically be written 「無し」 or "none, without any." Thus the expression literally means "no small stones." Throw small stones at a big problem and you'll get no response. As the result of a semantic substitution or a malapropism that caught on, the adverb nashi was replaced by a noun ("pear") that is its homonymic equivalent but whose literal meaning is nonsensical. To be sure, all languages, no less English, are plagued by such idioms and colloquial expressions. Off the top of my head (not the bottom or the side): "head over heels" (not "heels over head"?) "pull one's leg" "drunk as a skunk" "as all get out" And when you're done, be sure to put the cat back in the bag. Labels: , , ,
PHIL 1004 Introduction to Logical Thinking Credit Points 10 Legacy Code 101189 Coordinator Craig Mcgarty Opens in new window Description This unit introduces psychology students to the basic aspects of reasoning and argument, with particular emphasis on psychological and scientific thinking. It aims to help students develop the skills needed to understand and evaluate psychological research and the processes of scientific reasoning, and to present their own ideas and arguments effectively. Topics covered include: barriers to critical thinking; nonrational forms of persuasion; the structure of arguments; the concepts of knowledge, belief, truth, validity, soundness, values; linguistics sources of confusion; evaluating arguments; formal and informal fallacies in reasoning; deduction and induction in science; arguments related to enduring debates and worldviews in psychology. School Psychology Student Contribution Band HECS Band 4 10cp Check your HECS Band contribution amount via the Fees page. Level Undergraduate Level 1 subject Equivalent Subjects PHIL 1005 - Introduction to Logical Thinking Learning Outcomes 1. Describe the relationship between logical thinking and other forms of thinking (APAC Graduate Attribute 1); 2. Explain distinctions between facts, truth, assertions, beliefs, value judgments, etc. and the interdependence of theory and practice in psychology (APAC GA 3); 3. Identify the basic structural components of arguments (premises, conclusions, hidden premises) (APAC GA 3); 4. Describe the role of the basic forms of argument (deductive, inductive), and in scientific and psychological theory and research, hypothesis testing, explanation, etc. (APAC GA 3 and 4). 5. Criticize arguments in terms of: (i) the concepts of truth, validity, soundness, cogency; (ii) the concept of evidence; and (iii) common errors (formal and informal fallacies) (APAC GA 3); 6. Evaluate arguments which arise in the context of debates on the major enduring conceptual issues in psychology, and on the relationship between psychology, philosophy and science (APAC GA 3) Subject Content 1. Logical thinking and psychology 2. Ground rules for logical thinking 3. Logical thinking and language 4. Analysing arguments 5. Evaluating arguments 6. Conceptual issues in psychology; psychology, philosophy, logic and science 7. Evaluating psychological research Item Length Percent Threshold Individual/Group Task Portfolio Tutorial questions from weeks 3-7 (3,000 words) 50 N Individual Final Exam 2 hours 50 N Individual Teaching Periods
This is page 74 Printer: Opaque this Lecture 13 Probabilistic Complexity There are many instances of problems with eﬃcient randomized or probabilistic algorithms for which no good deterministic algorithms are known. In the next few lectures we take a complexity-theoretic look at probabilistic computation. We deﬁne a simple model of randomized computation, the probabilistic Turing machine, deﬁne some basic probabilistic complexity classes, and outline the relationship of these classes to conventional time and space classes. Our main result, which we prove next time, is that the class BPP of sets accepted by polynomial-time probabilistic algorithms with error probability bounded below 12 is contained in Σp2 ∩ Πp2 [112]. Many probabilistic algorithms have only a one-sided error; that is, if the input string is in the set, then the algorithm accepts with high probability; but if the string is not in the set, then the algorithm rejects always. The corresponding probabilistic complexity class is known as RP and is called random polynomial time. Discrete Probability Before we begin, let us recall some basic concepts from discrete probability theory. Law of Sum The law of sum says that if A is a collection of pairwise disjoint events, that is, if A ∩ B = ∅ for all A, B ∈ A, A = B, then the Probabilistic Complexity probability that at least one of the events in A occurs is the sum of the probabilities: Pr(A). Pr( A) = A∈A Expectation The expected value EX of a discrete random variable X is the weighted sum of its possible values, each weighted by the probability that X takes on that value: EX = n · Pr(X = n). n For example, consider the toss of a coin. Let 1, if the coin turns up heads X = 0, otherwise. Then EX = 12 if the coin is unbiased. This is the expected number of heads in one ﬂip. Any function f (X) of a discrete random variable X is a random variable with expectation Ef (X) = n n · Pr(f (X) = n) = m f (m) · Pr(X = m). It follows immediately from the deﬁnition that the expectation function E is linear. For example, if Xi are the random variables (13.1) associated with n coin ﬂips, then E(X1 + X2 + · · · + Xn ) = EX1 + EX2 + · · · + EXn , and this gives the expected number of heads in n ﬂips. The Xi need not be independent; in fact, they could all be the same ﬂip. Conditional Probability and Conditional Expectation The conditional probability Pr(A \| B) is the probability that event A occurs given that event B occurs. Formally, Pr(A \| B) = Pr(A ∩ B) . Pr(B) The conditional probability is undeﬁned if Pr(B) = 0. The conditional expectation E(X \| B) is the expected value of the random variable X given that event B occurs. Formally, n · Pr(X = n \| B). E(X \| B) = n If the event B is that another random variable Y takes on a particular value m, then we get a real-valued function E(X \| Y = m) of m. Composing Lecture 13 this function with the random variable Y itself, we get a new random variable, denoted E(X \| Y ), which is a function of the random variable Y . The random variable E(X \| Y ) takes on value n with probability Pr(Y = m), E(X\|Y =m)=n where the sum is over all m such that E(X \| Y = m) = n. The expected value of E(X \| Y ) is just EX: E(X \| Y = m) · Pr(Y = m) E(E(X \| Y )) = m m n n · Pr(X = n \| Y = m) · Pr(Y = m) Pr(X = n ∧ Y = m) n · Pr(X = n) (see [39, p. 223]). Independence and Pairwise Independence A set of events A are independent if for any subset B ⊆ A, Pr( B) = Pr(A). A∈B They are pairwise independent if for every A, B ∈ A, A = B, Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) · Pr(B). For example, the probability that two successive ﬂips of a fair coin both come up heads is 14 . Pairwise independent events need not be independent. Consider the following three events: • The ﬁrst ﬂip gives heads. • The second ﬂip gives heads. • Of the two ﬂips, one is heads and one is tails. The probability of each pair is 14 , but the three cannot happen simultaneously. If A and B are independent, then Pr(A \| B) = Pr(A). Probabilistic Complexity Inclusion–Exclusion Principle It follows from the law of sum that for any events A and B, disjoint or not, Pr(A ∪ B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) − Pr(A ∩ B). More generally, for any collection A of events, Pr( A) = Pr(A) − Pr( B) + Pr( B) − · · · ± Pr( A). B⊆A \| B \|=2 B⊆A \| B \|=3 This equation is often used to estimate the probability of a join of several events. The ﬁrst term alone gives an upper bound and the ﬁrst two terms give a lower bound: Pr( A) ≤ Pr(A) Pr( A) Pr(A) − Pr(A ∩ B). A,B∈A A =B Probabilistic Turing Machines Intuitively, we can think of a probabilistic Turing machine as an ordinary deterministic TM, except that at certain points in the computation it can ﬂip a fair coin and make a binary decision based on the outcome. The probability of acceptance is the probability that its computation path, directed by the outcomes of the coin tosses, leads to an accept state. Formally, we deﬁne a probabilistic Turing machine to be an ordinary deterministic TM with an extra semi-inﬁnite read-only tape containing a binary string called the random bits. The machine runs as an ordinary deterministic TM, consulting its random bits in a read-only fashion. We write M (x, y) for the outcome, either accept or reject, of the computation of M on input x with random bits y. We say that M is T (n) time bounded (respectively, S(n) space bounded) if for every input x of length n and every random bit string, it runs for at most T (n) steps (respectively, uses at most S(n) worktape cells). In this model, the probability of an event is measured with respect to the uniform distribution on the space of all sequences of random bits. This is the measure that would result if a fair coin were ﬂipped inﬁnitely many times with the ith random bit determined by the outcome of the ith coin ﬂip. In practice, we consider only time-bounded computations, in which case the machine can look at only ﬁnitely many random bits. This makes the Lecture 13 calculation of the probabilities of events easier. For example, if M is T (n) time bounded, then the probability that M accepts its input string x is \|{y ∈ {0, 1}k \| M (x, y) accepts}\| , 2k where k is any number exceeding T (\|x\|). The notation Pry (E) refers to the probability of event E with a bit string y chosen uniformly at random among all strings of length k. Randomness can be regarded as a computational resource, much like time and space. One can measure the number of random bits consulted in a computation. We show some examples of this in Lectures 18 to 20. The following are two basic complexity classes deﬁned for probabilistic Turing machines. Pry (M (x, y) accepts) Definition 13.1 A set A is in RP if there is a probabilistic Turing machine M with polynomial time bound nc such that • if x ∈ A, then Pry (M (x, y) accepts) ≥ 34 ; and • if x ∈ A, then Pry (M (x, y) accepts) = 0. The deﬁnition of BPP is the same, except we replace the second condition with: • if x ∈ A, then Pry (M (x, y) accepts) ≤ 14 . Equivalently, a set A is in BPP if there is a probabilistic Turing machine M with time bound nc such that for all inputs x, Pry (M (x, y) errs in deciding whether x ∈ A) 1 4. We have used 14 and 34 in the deﬁnition of RP and BPP , but actually any 12 − ε and 12 + ε will do. It matters only that the probabilities be bounded away from 12 by a positive constant ε independent of the input size. Also, as previously observed, the length of the random bit string is not important; any set of strings of suﬃcient length will do, as long as the machine has access to as many random bits as it needs. It is easy to see that P ⊆ RP ⊆ NP, RP ⊆ BPP , and BPP is closed under complement. We show next time that BPP ⊆ Σp2 ∩ Πp2 . Other classes such as RPSPACE and RNC can be deﬁned similarly. Probabilistic Tests with Polynomials Here is an example of a probabilistic test for which no equally eﬃcient deterministic test is known: determining whether a given multivariate polynomial p(x1 , . . . , xn ) of low degree with integer coeﬃcients is identically 0.
What you should know about Information Architecture- Week 6 (Part 2) Information architecture (IA) simply means structuring/organizing and presenting content to users in a way that’s relevant to their context and needs. IA can be broken down into: Content — the type of information and how relevant it is to the user, Context — Where, when, why and how a user engages with the content, and Users — The people the content was specifically created for. Users + Content + Context = Information Architecture. The arrangement of your content should be intentional and relatable to the user by taking into consideration their pre-existing beliefs and experiences. It should also be relevant by considering their environment and situations in which they engage with your content. Good IA does not prioritize aesthetics over usability. In fact, the usability of your design plays a huge role in what makes it a good design. A beautiful thing that doesn’t serve it’s purpose is pretty much useless. User Flows (UF) User flows are visual diagrams that show how a user experiences a system over time. It shows the paths they follow and steps they take to achieve a goal. User flows and information Architecture work hand in hand because when organizing your content you have to bear in mind the steps the user needs to take. Those “steps” is where user flows comes in. Types of flows include Task flows, user flows, wire flows and customer journey maps. User flows are necessary because; 1. They help us understand the processes, relationships and connections, complexities and boundaries within a product or system. 2. They help us communicate everything in point 1, the structure of the system, interactions and opportunities in the system and why design decisions were made. 3. They help us identify pain points, gaps, what can and can’t work. Interaction design (ID) This is the creation of a dialogue between a User, a product and Time. Interaction design and user flows also work hand in hand because flows show the touch-points that a user interacts with on a product. Those “touch-points” is the users interaction with the product. In summary, Information Architecture, User flows and Interaction design are all intertwined-one cannot exist without the other. The organization of relevant content for users (IA) involves arranging all the different touch points (ID) in a series of paths (UF) that allow users interact with the product easily and achieve their goals successfully. Methods of Information Architecture There are 4 different ways to structure or organize content on a product, so that users can interpret all the content easily. 1. Organization Systems: a method of grouping that helps users predict where they can find the specific information they need easily. Types of organizational systems include: • Hierarchal: presenting content in a way that the level of importance of each element is easily understood. Could be by color, size etc E.g in the image below there are different text sizes and shades. The bold texts indicate the main category of the various podcasts. People would most likely focus on the bold texts to help guide them through their search. • Sequential: Creating a step by step interactive process in order for users to achieve their goal. E.g all the fields must be filled before anyone can join the app. • Matrix: leaving it up to the users to organize the content the way they prefer. E.g The filter option on an e-commerce website, gives users the option to select what content they want displayed on their screen. Others include Alphabetical, Chronological, Topical and Audience schemes. 2. Labeling Systems: using a few words to represent a group of data so users don’t get confused. E.g there’s a diverse range of music that exists in the world today and genres help to simplify things a bit by grouping songs based on similarity in styles. In this context, Pop, Afro, R&B etc are all labels. 3. Navigation Systems: these are the ways and techniques through which users move through content. Types of navigation systems; • Global: this is found at the top of every page throughout a site and consists of links that allows users access the most important pages of a site. E.g the top part of the website that contains the logo, menu icon and other major aspects of the site. • Local: this is an extension of the global navigation and takes users closer to the content on they need site. E.g The page that pops up after clicking the menu icon on the global navigation. • Contextual: this is used to direct users to more specific pages, when the information can’t be categorized under the global or local navigation. E.g The pop up below that notifies users about the app being an alternative to the website. 4. Searching Systems: used to help users find specific data or tailor their search within a product that has a large amount of information that could be overwhelming to the users. E.g Search engines and filters. Supporting elements of Information Architecture. Two things that can help designers make organizing their content for users more effective are Content Strategy and UX Writing. Content Strategy Content is the most important part of any website or app. An online platform with colorful pages and no content is simply an empty space. Content includes: Information, texts, media, any function people are there to get. Content strategy is the art of bringing the right content to the right person at the right time, and in the right context. Right person + right content + right time + right context = Content Strategy. Content strategy + IA Content strategy plays a huge role when deciding on what IA method to use because the ultimate goal is to ensure you create and curate your content in a way that it attracts the right users, fits their situation, meets their needs, and achieves the business’ goals. Another noteworthy detail about content strategy is storytelling. Most interfaces are stories. Every page should be thoughtfully designed and curated in a way that a visitor would understand the message quickly and easily. Useful content strategy tips: • Before organizing your content, create scenarios and ask questions with regards to the users of environment, needs, mindset, expectations. • With regard to UI, be clear about your intention behind the UI and how it relates with the UX. • Make sure that intention is communicated in an authentic way. • Display your information in the best way by using texts, images and videos effectively. • Clearly define the action users need to take agreed going thorough your page story. Some UX Tools that can be used for Content Strategy: Personas, Empathy Mapping, Customer Journey mapping, Competitive Analysis. UX Writing UX writing is simply using words and language to help users achieve their goal. Words are as important as every other aspect of your design because just as humans use words to communicate with each other, softwares also use words to communicate with users. UX writing can affect users and the overall business of the product. General UX writing tips: • Be Clear, Concise and Human: Use a language that is simple, straight to the point and easily relatable. • Be helpful: Prevent any anxiety users might have using your product by anticipating their needs and possible questions at every stage. Help them answer those questions and guide them. • Start with the objective/benefit: when a sentence describes and objective and the action needed to achieve it, always start with the objective. • Reflect Brand Voice: This will help your users relate more to your brand and feel some form of humanity behind the brand. E.g Ope from Cowrywise • Use Numeral: when numbers are involved, use numerals instead of spelling it out. Numeral are easier to scan than words. Some important aspects of UX writing: Empty state Don’t leave any page empty. Empty states are a great opportunity to interact further with your users. Ways to fill up empty states: • Inform your users about something they can do within the product. • Inspire an action. This is a good way to motive users to complete a task or try something new. • Show your brand voice. This is a great opportunity to add some humor and show brand personality to make users connect with your brand more. This consists of the container, title, body text and buttons/actions. Confirm dialogs: Intended to prevent users from making a mistake, confirming their decision and seedling permission. Information dialogs: Usually a friendly heads up to inform users about complications, recommendations, invitations, promotions, and explanations about issues users might be unfamiliar with. Title: if the dialog requires a decision, then craft the title as a specific question that’s relevant to the situation. Body text: this should be concise, helpful, and easy to interpret providing only the necessary information the user needs. Button/Action: Makes sure the question and action use the same words to prevent any confusion. Use literal action verbs. Sometimes using words like “yes”, “no” or “ok” as actions can be confusing. For information dialogs, that don’t require any action, keep the words simple and as human as possible. Error Message • Be helpful: state what happened using clear and human language avoid technical terms. Tell your users how to fix it or what to do next. • Don’t accuse the user: sometimes the error is the users fault. But you don’t want to rub that in their face by making them seem silly. Craft your message in an empathetic way. • Read the room: the user might be frustrated at certain touch points an using a funny brand tone might annoy the user instead of easing their tension. Hi, I’m a UI/UX designer, an Architect, a Podcaster and all-round creative badass.
bay5 /beɪ/ I. verb [no obj.] 1. (of a dog, especially a large one) bark or howl loudly. the dogs bayed. a jackal baying at the moon. 2. (of a group of people) shout loudly, typically to demand something the crowd bayed for an encore. 3. [with obj.] ‹archaic› bay at a pack of wolves baying the moon. II. noun [in sing.] 1. the sound of baying. the bloodhounds’ heavy bay. III. phrases 1. at bay forced to face or confront one’s attackers or pursuers; cornered. he felt at bay, like a very dim minister facing a hostile House. 2. bay for blood demand punishment or retribution. the press is baying for blood. 3. bring someone/thing to bay trap or corner a person or animal being hunted or chased the Athenians were brought to bay between the streams. 4. hold (or keep) someone/thing at bay prevent someone or something from approaching or having an effect. drugs were keeping severe pain at bay. 5. stand at bay turn to face one’s pursuers she will be doomed to stand at bay. – origin Middle English (as a noun): from Old French ( a)bai (noun), ( a)baiier (verb) ‘to bark’, of imitative origin. Add Comment By Oxford Get in touch
Phase I - Hydrolysis Reactions Hydrolysis (Figure 11) - Hydrolysis reactions are common Phase I reactions in plants and involve herbicides possessing ester, amide or nitrile groups: Fig. 11: Hydrolysis Fig. 12: Ester hydrolysis • Ester Hydrolysis (Figure 12) - Ester hydrolysis or de-esterification is the conversion of an ester, using water, into a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. De-esterifications during Phase I reactions are usually catalyzed by esterases, although nonenzymatic conversion can occur at pH 6.0. The esterases involved are somewhat characterized, but relatively little is known about which ones modify xenobiotics. Many of these enzymes are non-specific and reside in cuticles and cell walls. Herbicides applied as esters are fairly lipophilic and mobile in the cuticle; however, de-esterification is required prior to entry of the herbicide (now an acid) into the phloem via ion trapping. De-esterification will also increase or maintain the concentration gradient because the ester is converted into an acid and therefore, the gradient is steeper for entry of additional ester. De-esterification can be viewed as a form of bioactivation because the herbicide will not be translocated as readily in the ester form. In some cases, the de-esterified form of the herbicide is more toxic as well (i.e. fenoxyprop is more toxic to grassy weeds than fenoxyprop-ethyl). • Amide Hydrolysis (Figure 13) - Amide hydrolysis is probably most important for the acylanilide group of herbicides. The major mechanism of selectivity for barnyardgrass control in rice using propanil, is that rice hydrolyzes propanil using the enzyme, acyl arylamidase. Barnyardgrass has about sixty-fold less acyl arylamidase in its tissue than rice does. Interestingly, some insecticides (carbamates and organic phosphates) act as synergists, by binding to the enzyme and inhibiting propanil hydrolysis resulting in more rice injury. Fig. 13: Amide hydrolysis • Benzoxazinone-Mediated Hydrolysis of Chloro-S-triazines (Figure 14) - In roots of atrazine-tolerant corn, the natural product, DIMBOA (Figure 15) with water, performs a nucleophilic substitution at the Cl in position 2 of the triazine ring. This non-enzymatic reaction replaces the Cl with an OH at the same position resulting in hydroxyl-atrazine, a Phase I product with much less toxicity and which is now predisposed to Phase II reactions of conjugation. Fig. 14: Benzoxazinone-mediated hydrolysis of chloro-S-triazines Fig. 15: DIMBOA • Hydrolysis of Cyano Groups (Figure 16) - The cyano group (C=N) of herbicides such as cyanazine and bromoxynil can be metabolized via hydrolysis as well. The nitrile group is hydrolyzed to an amide and then to a carboxylic acid. The gene for the bacterial enzyme, nitrilase (Figure 17), has been moved from Klebsiella to crop plants to provide bromoxynil tolerance (e.g. cotton). Fig. 16: Hydrolysis of cyano groups Fig. 17: Nitrilase Hydrolysis reactions require water. Which functional groups on pesticides are sensitive to hydrolysis reactions in plants? Answer: Molecules with carboxylic acid groups, ester groups, cyano groups, or amide groups are able to undergo hydrolysis.
Protesters march against racism and police brutality on Broadway in Amityville, New York, on on July 5, 2020. (Getty Images) A year after protesters flooded American city streets decrying the murder of George Floyd by police, Republican state legislatures across the country have passed laws to restrict public demonstrations in the name of curbing violence. Many BIPOC activists are concerned how these new laws attempt to criminalize protests by framing them as riots. Advocates are challenging the laws through alternative organizing tactics, lawsuits, and ballot initiatives, but in the meantime, protesters face an even greater risk of abuse and violence for exercising their civil rights. “This wave of bills is just further increasing penalties and the discretion of the police to arrest protesters because they claim they are rioting,” said Nick Robinson, senior legal advisor at the International Center for Not-For-Profit Law (ICNL). The federal Anti-Riot Act passed in 1968 in the wake of 1967 clashes between police and Black protesters and the uprisings following Martin Luther King, Jr.’s assassination. Since then, states and cities adopted similar laws and ordinances to quell Black activism. In the last decade, governments have used riot charges to dissuade protests against Indigenous land theft, police brutality, and other issues faced by people of color. Arkansas, Florida, Iowa, Oklahoma, and Tennessee have now passed what proponents refer to as “anti-riot laws,” with similar laws currently pending in 15 states, according to ICNL. These laws create new and heightened sentences for individuals found guilty of participating in a riot. Robinson said anti-riot laws are broad and often interpreted inconsistently, creating a wide umbrella for police officers and prosecutors to arrest and charge people participating in protests they see as undesirable. “Property destruction is illegal, violence against others is illegal, conspiracy to commit violence, all those things are already illegal,” Robinson said. “The rioting laws create a liability for just being part of a crowd, both a collective liability and a second liability for ‘threatening behavior.’” Heightened stakes for protesters In the wake of protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), North Dakota and South Dakota became early adopters of enhanced penalties for “rioting” to disincentivize people from showing up to future pipeline protests. Many of those arrested and charged with rioting during the 2016-2017 pipeline protests were Indigenous activists and journalists. Although most of these charges ended up being dismissed or resolved through plea agreements or diversion programs, the number of arrests created a public perception that the DAPL protests were out of control. “I always found that so crazy,” said Joye Braun, a front-line community organizer with the Indigenous Environmental Network. “Because how can you have a riot in the middle of the prairie?” North Dakota, the site of most of the DAPL protests, enacted a law in 2017 that heightened the categorization of participating in a riot to a Class A misdemeanor. In 2019, North Dakota made it a Class C felony to disrupt “critical infrastructure,” specifically targeting protesters trying to interrupt pipeline construction. Pipeline protesters convicted under this law could face a punishment of five years imprisonment, a $10,000 fine or both. Braun said that North Dakota enacted these laws to disincentivize protesters coming from outside the state, who brought considerable attention to the DAPL demonstrations, from showing up in the future. According to a recent analysis from the Indigenous Environmental Network and Oil Change International, Indigenous-led protests have stalled greenhouse gas pollution equivalent to around one-fourth of total emissions from the U.S. and Canada. In the face of new laws, Braun said Indigenous activists have had to think outside the box to find ways of safely engaging in political action. Last summer, members of the Cheyenne River Grassroots Collective organized a powwow at a Keystone XL pipe yard to raise awareness about violence toward Indigenous people from extractive industries. When organizers were unable to get a permit for a street protest in Rapid City, they took over the sidewalks. One time, Braun said, activists held an action at a busy four-way intersection, entering each crosswalk when the pedestrian signal gave the walk symbol. Police have threatened to arrest demonstrators at some of these actions and have occasionally taken photos of license plates and water protectors, but they have mostly declined to make arrests during these kinds of events. “It goes to how things are perceived or how they could be perceived,” Braun said. “If something is perceived as a threat, it could be seen as a riot, but if they are having a powwow, they are having a powwow, not a riot.” Know the law and your rights Oregon has a long history of pro-anarchism, environmental, and trade protests in the state. And yet, Lauren Regan, the executive director of the Civil Liberties Defense Center in Eugene, Oregon, had rarely seen a riot charge before the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests. According to data from the Prosecution Project, Oregon had one of the highest numbers of arrests on felony riot charges during the 2020 racial justice protests, although most of these charges were dropped or reduced to misdemeanors. Regan said the uptick in arrests for rioting was unprecedented, and protest participants and CLDC staff did not predict that acts like vandalism would result in felony charges. CLDC defended many of the local activists who were charged, and in Eugene the overwhelming majority of protesters charged with felony riot ended up taking plea offers that resulted in low-level misdemeanor convictions or diversion agreements. While the new laws raise the risks for protesters, Regan believes that large-scale movement building is the best way to combat anti-protest legislation, and organizers need to learn how to operate in an increasingly restrictive environment. “Especially for organizers [who] are planning actions, making sure you know your rights and the actual wording of laws will help you know where the line is drawn between legal and illegal,” Regan said. “There are often ways to mitigate the threat of felony charges by simply understanding the words of the statute.” Using the courts Some activists have successfully challenged anti-riot laws in court. In 2019, a lawsuit from South Dakota organizers and the American Civil Liberties Union led to a judge blocking South Dakota’s new “riot boosting” law. The law aimed to crack down on activists interrupting construction of the Keystone XL pipeline by penalizing individuals and organizations who offered support for a protest police declared to be a riot. The NAACP of Florida, Dream Defenders, and other BIPOC organizations filed a lawsuit that successfully blocked Florida’s anti-riot law, which broadened the definition of a riot to a group of three or more people that intentionally put property or people in “imminent danger.” The language of the law ensured that violence did not need to actually occur for individuals to be arrested and made it possible for a large group to be charged with rioting in cases where only a few may have committed violence. “If this court does not enjoin the statute’s enforcement, the lawless actions of a few rogue individuals could effectively criminalize the protected speech of hundreds, if not thousands, of law-abiding Floridians,” Judge Mark Walker wrote in his 90-page decision, which declared the law “vague and overbroad.” While challenging these laws in court has been largely successful, some states are still pushing for restrictions. In 2020, South Dakota passed an anti-riot law with new wording to overcome the constitutional objections of the 2019 law. It allows the state to charge individuals with a felony for “incitement to riot” and opens the door for civil lawsuits against protesters. Meanwhile, Florida Gov. Rick DeSantis plans to appeal Walker’s decision. Direct democracy Activists in Oklahoma have tried to use direct democracy and lawsuits to combat a new law that would allow motorists who hit protesters to avoid liability “while fleeing from a riot.” The law passed a year after a pickup truck drove through a crowd of Black Lives Matter protesters on a Tulsa interstate, sending two of them to the hospital with injuries. The Tulsa County District Attorney’s Office declined to press charges against the driver, saying he and his family were “in a state of immediate fear for their safety.” The new law creates penalties for protesters found to be participating in a riot while “obstructing traffic.” “We talk about running over protesters, but if someone’s on the sidewalk with a stroller walking their kid and you’re trying to “escape from a riot,” you can run over that woman and her kid and still not have civil or criminal liabilities,” said Joshua Harris-Till, one of the lead organizers for the No On 816 campaign that aimed to create a veto referendum against the new law. Activists hoped to use the state’s veto referendum process to get Oklahoman voters to repeal the law but fell short of the number of signatures required to put the new legislation on the ballot. This was largely due to the introduction of a new form that made signature collection more difficult. Organizers also encountered some people who supported the law, saying protesters shouldn’t be in the streets and they should be able to run over protesters. One response organizers heard from supporters often was, “I’m just supposed to let protesters pull me out of my car and kill me?” Many others did not know about the 2020 incident on the Tulsa interstate or did not understand the new law. Harris-Till said that future advocacy efforts would definitely need to include an education campaign. Activists in Oklahoma are now looking into starting an initiative process. If they get enough signatures, they can create a referendum for a new law that overturns the existing one. In the meantime, the Oklahoma chapter of the NAACP is challenging the constitutionality of the law in court. “So many times we do protests and marches, but we don’t always translate that over to the political battles that we have to fight,” Harris-Till said. “You do the marches so that you can have a seat at the table, because once you get that seat at the table, you can talk to these policymakers and say hey, these are the changes that we want to see.” Sravya Tadepalli
Italian renaissance essay Factors That Led To Emergence In The Italian Renaissance Reformation more Related Essays. The Birth and Infancy of Christ in Italian Painting; Courtship and Betrothal in the Italian Renaissance; Paintings of Love and Marriage in the Italian Renaissance; Profane Love and Erotic Art in the Italian Renaissance; Weddings in the Italian Renaissance; Antonello da Messina (ca. 1430–1479) Art and Love in the Italian more The Italian Renaissance: Ancient Greece And Rome - 363 Italian Renaissance - 2213 Words \| Research Paper Example In the Italian renaissance, it was the father who had overall authority over his own family but there were rare circumstances where wealthy women played critical roles particularly in the Italian city states, this was evidenced by Isabella d’Este of Mantua. more Sample Essay on The Italian and Northern Renaissances Renaissance Essay. 920 Words \| 4 Pages. The Renaissance was an era of change in human thought. It was characterized by a new philosophy, which included the rise of humanism, individualism, and secularism. Writers and artists began to focus on the individual man and his potential. more Italian Vs Northern Renaissance Ap Euro Essay - 971 Words Italian renaissance Essays. 4 essay samples found. Italian and Northern Renaissance . The Italian and Northern Renaissance were both a reawakening of art and science after the middle ages. They both were focused on art, literature, science, and religion. Even though they were both focused on the same subjects, their styles are very different. more Renaissance Essays and College Papers \| Bla Bla Writing The Renaissance: A Persuasive Essay By: Valerie MacDougall The age of the Renaissance began in Florence, Italy and was known as the age of “rebirth”. It marked a transition from Medieval times to the Early Modern World and was a time of creativity. The Italian Renaissance produced some of the greatest artists, writers and thinkers that more Italian Renaissance Essays: Examples, Topics, Titles the arts in Italian Renaissance Essay 1647 Words \| 7 Pages. The Italian Renaissance was a very difficult time period in European history. The arts were flourishing, while the city-states in Italy fought bloody battles with each other and within themselves. Bribery and murder were not uncommon tools for men to use when they wanted power. more Renaissance Free Essay Sample - New York Essays The Last Supper more Architecture in Renaissance Italy \| Essay \| The A Comparative Study of Northern and Italian Renaissance s . 4 essay samples found . Historical People and Events . Joan of Arc Joan of Arc is a national heroine of France honored and respected by everyone. She was an illiterate peasant girl who rose to the ranks of leading French armies to victory against England until her capture when she was only 19 years old. She was more : Florence and Venice \| PROFESSAY . As the opening two phases of the grand cultural and intellectual rebirth (literal meaning of the French term Renaissance) of the late medieval period, the Italian Renaissance, or Quattrocentro (Italian for 1400s), and early northern renaissance sparked tremendous achievements in literature, art, architecture, and music that were inspired by creative interaction with rediscovered … more ≡Essays on Italian Renaissance. Free Examples of Research Baroque more Birth and Family in the Italian Renaissance \| Essay \| The Oct 14, 2020 · October 14, 2020 by Essay Writer. In the world art history, the period of 1400-1500 is referred to as “Renaissance” due to the certain style in painting, sculpture, and architecture, which was preceded by Medieval style and followed by Early Modern European style. However, while nearly everyone knows the features and essence of the Italian more Art During the Renaissance - 1282 Words \| Essay Example Renaissance Essay - 907 Words - StudyMode more Free s and Papers \| 123 Help Me The Italian Renaissance followed on the heels of the Middle Ages, and was spawned by the birth of the philosophy of humanism, which emphasized the importance of individual achievement in a wide range of fields. The early humanists, such as writer Francesco Petrarch, studied the works of the ancient Greeks and Romans for inspiration and ideology more Italian Renaissance Essay Example For Students - 500 words Renaissance - essay example for free Newyorkessays - database with more than 65000 college essays for studying 】 Examples of Italian Renaissance men who hold this idea would be Battista Guarino. Battista Guarino believed learning and training in virtue is the true meaning of humanist and that this property pursuits all of mankind (Doc. 2 more Effects Of The Renaissance Persuasive Essay \| Dec 14, 2004 · The Italian Renaissance, a time of artwork, a time of prosperity, a time of innovation. Following the Middle Ages or during the late 14th century, this age came to bring about a lot of changes throughout Europe but mainly originating from Italy. This was a time in where the core aspect of how we developed art, literature, and politics was more Renaissance Essay Topics - 2021 \| TopicsMill David more The Italian Renaissance Essay - 749 Words \| Bartleby Age of Enlightenment more City states in ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy Essay Italian Renaissance. florentine philosopher, awakened interest in rome and greek, scorned ignorance of dark ages, translated works into latin. Nice work! more ⋆ History Essay Examples Suggestions for essay topics to use when you're writing about Italian Renaissance (1330-1550). more Renaissance Essay \| Bartleby Mona Lisa more History of Renaissance Essay \| Literature Essay Samples Nov 05, 2020 · essays italian renaissance; amino pyrazole essay; dirtbike essays. english news papers names; 2 3 hydro furan essay; dream essay have i; essay on safety at home and school. Search Submit. November 5, 2020; An essay on the gettysburg address for de havilland essay. more Themes of Italian Renaissance Art Essay Example For Essays on Italian Renaissance. Essay examples Essay topics Art from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance view essay example Art History Italian Renaissance 5 Pages . The transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance reflects a time of great change in the way of life at the time. During the Middle Ages life was in constant turmoil and bleak. more
How to use React components in your React app By using React components, you can build an app that looks and works like a React app. This article will walk you through how to use react components in an app. In addition, you’ll learn how to build your own components. We’ll look at how to integrate React components with the rest of your app and how to define how the components work. Learn more react components can be found in the React docs. The react component library has been around for some time now, and it has been one of the most requested components for React developers. There are three main components that are part of react:react-router , react-routers , and react-app . react-routes is the component used to handle routing between different components. The react-route module provides the route handler that makes use of the react-props package. The first thing you need to do is import the react components from react-prelude into your app. We will also be using a little bit of boilerplate code in the app’s src folder.import {Component} from ‘react-pRELUDES’;import {Route} from “./app/routers”;import {AppComponent} theAppComponent = new AppComponent();import {route} from (“;route components”);import {props} from {proxies};import React from ‘ react ‘ ;import {Proxies,proxiedProxied} from <proxified component={proxys. Proxie}>;import * as props from ‘ ./app/proxIES ‘ ;app.set({props: props});You can read more about the components and their roles here: The app’s main component, theApp component, is a very basic component that simply provides some information. In our example, the App component will display some information and will be a component with a render() method. In the future, we’ll look into using components that provide other data, such as custom states, routing options, and other features. You can read the full code for theApp in this repository. The second thing you’ll need to import into your project is thereact component library. The app’s components use the react component API. The components have two methods:render() andupdate() that you can use to update the view or component. You’ll use update() to update all of the components state. The update() method can also be called from other methods that can call the component’s render() methods. In this example, we are using the render() to render the list of all products in the store. TheAppComponent.render() method is a bit more complicated, because theApp will have some state stored in the props of the app, and theProxysProxyingProxifiedProxier component will update its state to reflect the changes. TheProxIESProxiatedProxiter component will also update its props and the list will be updated.import React {Component,props,proxes} from `react-routing’;import App from `./app’;import Proxies from `../proxIONS’;import * from `app/items’;import ReactFromProxiableProxiers from ‘proxios’;import Redux from ‘ redux ‘ ; import Proxied from ‘ Redux ‘ ;ProxIE.prox.update({products: [proxials]});import Proxes from ‘ proxes ‘ ;const App = (state,proxiies) => ({items,proxdied}) => { // … render: function () { return ; }, render: (state) => } });Here’s an example of what this would look like:The props that you pass into the render method are called redux props and are passed to the props.props object when the component is rendered. They are passed the same way that you’d pass the props to any other component in the same file. A redux prop is just a simple object that can contain multiple properties. For example, in the previous example, I have three props:State: The state of the component. Proxiies: The props that define how to store the state of each item in the product list. Proxes: The prop that is used to determine which product should be displayed. You will probably also need to pass props to the component if you want to render multiple products at the same time. In your app, you would pass props through the props object to other components in the package. Here’s the render function we use in our app. The props passed into render() are the redux properties that are used to
How to Fix a ‘Failing’ House The title alone is not enough to describe the problem with this house. The owners of this house in Georgia are not a typical owner: They have been in the country illegally for a decade. The house has been the subject of several lawsuits, but no one knows what happened to it. In the past decade, they have lost all of their jobs, and they’ve been forced to move. Now they’ve got to find a way to repair it. The story of the house is not unique. Thousands of houses are collapsing every year, and while they are often made of wood or other materials, they are still vulnerable to collapse. Here are a few of the other ways that structures are being made obsolete in our world. Wood trusses The main component of wood trussing is the truss, which is the long end of a long wood branch. The branch can bend and twist, bending the timber at a rate of 60 to 100 pounds per square inch per year. In most buildings, the branches are made of reinforced concrete. These concrete truss truss are sometimes called truss beams, because they are made from reinforced concrete that has been twisted and bent by the force of the fall. Trusses are usually constructed of one or more steel beams, and usually have a steel core. The steel core, called a truss bar, is anchored by a strong steel anchor. The truss frame is usually made of a lightweight material called composite. The wood trunks that the trampolines attach to are usually made from the wood of a tree that has fallen. They are made to last at least a century, so they are typically made of durable materials that are very strong. Stairs, stairwells, and walkways The other main component in wood trussed structures is the walkway. A walkway is a small metal strip that is bolted to a wooden frame. The walkway may be a short, straight section of the walkways that leads up to a roof, or it may be curved down and to one side, like a stairway. Walking up and down stairs in wood is much more difficult than walking up and climbing over other structures in wood. Stairwells are built of wood that is held together with a thin, flexible material called the “stick.” The stick can be bent or twisted by the movement of the load on the wood, and this is what allows the stick to bend. Stands, stairs, and stairwell walkways are not only vulnerable to structural failure, they also contain water and sewage that have to be treated. Roof and wall panels Roof panels are made up of two types of wood: fir and spruce. Fir is hard and durable, and spruces are soft and lightweight. They typically are made out of fir, spruce, or other hard wood. The roof panel has a single panel of wood, called the roof panel, that is attached to the underside of a foundation wall. The panel may have a sloping roof surface, which allows the top of the roof to be raised or lowered. The top is usually built from a series of raised panels that are made by cutting a cross-section of the top piece of wood into two halves. In some houses, the panels are built on the outside of the home and attached to foundations. Some homes have a single roof panel on the inside of the building, which has an opening for drainage and water, while other houses have a roof panel in the center of the structure. Fence walls and fences When a building has a fence, it is often made from wood trams. A fence consists of a single piece of timber that is glued to the outside surface of a building. Fences are usually bolted to the roof or foundation. The fence can be built to an existing structure or constructed on top of a existing structure. Structures that are designed to withstand a fall The roof of this home has a foundation, so it is built from an existing foundation. This house is constructed from the exterior of a brick house, and it has a wooden floor. In many houses, a single, solid piece of lumber is used as a foundation for the roof. In other cases, the foundation is built on top or on top and around a wall. Structural collapse and fire protection Structural systems in homes often have a foundation made from concrete. This concrete slab is built with steel beams that are held together by a steel bar. The beams are usually strong enough to withstand the weight of a person’s head or body. This structure, called an exterior foundation wall, protects the home from a collapse. The structure can be a steel fence or a concrete foundation wall that is made of either wood or concrete. When a house collapses, the structure that holds it together must also collapse. This collapse requires the building to be inspected and repaired before the structure can fall down. For example,
How to Calculate 1/7 Minus 2/3 Are you looking to work out and calculate how to subtract 1/7 from 2/3? In this really simple guide, we'll teach you exactly what 1/7 - 2/3 is and walk you through the step-by-process of how to subtract one fraction from another. Want to quickly learn or show students how to calculate 1/7 minus 2/3? Play this very quick and fun video now! Let's set up 1/7 and 2/3 side by side so they are easier to see: 1 / 7 - 2 / 3 Our denominators are 7 and 3. What we need to do is find the lowest common denominator of the two numbers, which is 21 in this case. If we multiply the first denominator (7) by 3 we will get 21. If we we multiply the second denominator (3) by 7 we will also get 21. We also need to multiply the numerators above the line by the same amounts so that the fraction values are correct: 1 x 3 / 7 x 3 - 2 x 7 / 3 x 7 This is what 1/7 minus 2/3 looks like with the same denominator: 3 / 21 - 14 / 21 3 - 14 / 21 = -11 / 21 You're done! You now know exactly how to calculate 1/7 - 2/3. Hopefully you understood the process and can use the same techniques to add other fractions together. The complete answer is below (simplified to the lowest form): Convert 1/7 minus 2/3 to Decimal -11 / 21 = -0.5238 Cite, Link, or Reference This Page • "How to Calculate 1/7 minus 2/3". Accessed on December 4, 2021. • "How to Calculate 1/7 minus 2/3"., Accessed 4 December, 2021. • How to Calculate 1/7 minus 2/3. Retrieved from Preset List of Fraction Subtraction Examples
Alfa Laval - Heat exchanger design for refrigeration systems How to adopt heat exchanger design for refrigeration systems in the era of low Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants Global warming have been recognized as an issue for many decades. The united effort to phase out ozone-depleting substances is a global success story that has resulted in the progressive healing of the hole in the ozone layer. The refrigeration industry, amongst many others, has a responsibility to carry on with the transition to refrigerants with lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) and thereby reduce ozone depletion and protect the climate. With the increased focus on GWP, the world is moving rapidly towards phasing down hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants. More than 120 countries, including those in the APAC region such as Singapore, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand, are following suit in adopting refrigerants with lower GWP and ozone depletion potential. The refrigerant industry has also been gearing up to move towards natural refrigerants which include ammonia, carbon dioxide and propane. In the industry, we are all well aware of the shift towards refrigerants with lower GWP and ozone depletion potential. Likewise, there is a mandate for strong global action through sustainability focused legislation such as Kigali and F-Gas. Facing the challenges of new refrigerants However, with the adoption of natural and low GWP synthetic refrigerants come new challenges, such as increased flammability, reducing the total charge of the system and the requirements to manage hazardous refrigerants in the workspace. Back at the beginning of the 20th century, the CFC group of refrigerants such as R11, was popular. Over time, the use of CFCs was outlawed in most countries and replaced with HCFC (R22). However, ozone problems persisted. Hence, many European countries started phasing out these HCHC refrigerants as well, with Asia also moving towards gases with lower GWP. The problem with Hydrofluorocarbons Although HFCs are ozone-friendly substances, they may not be the perfect solution as they still have a high GWP. That means, the quest is on for the refrigeration industry to replace older refrigerants containing HFCs, namely R404, R410 or R134a with more environmentally-friendly refrigerants. Overview of traditional, high GWP refrigerants Today, the responsibility rests with refrigeration industry players for taking the next steps to reduce greenhouse gases and fossil fuel consumption. Gases with a higher GWP absorb more energy than gases with a lower GWP, thus contributing more to global warming. Among the most commonly known natural refrigerant gases are: 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2): Naturally occurring gas that can used as a refrigerant. However, downsides stem from the requirement for higher pressure ratings and the risk of getting a lower total coefficient of performance. 2. Hydrocarbons, propane (C₃H₈): This is most commonly used in Europe for small commercial refrigeration equipment such as domestic refrigerators. Propane has a major drawback in that it is highly flammable. 3. Ammonia: Beyond its economic advantages, ammonia is a natural refrigerant that is environmentally benign in the atmosphere. Ammonia refrigeration has made significant contributions to daily refrigeration operations. From an operational perspective, ammonia is generally seen as the most efficient and cost-effective refrigerants available, but it is toxic. 4. Synthetic artificial refrigerants (hydrofluorocarbons, HFO): Synthetic refrigerants are substances that do not occur naturally but have been developed for industrial purposes. Today, new synthetic artificial refrigerants are gaining much attention as commercial and industrial refrigerants, but there’s still a long way to go. These natural refrigerant gases have their own advantages, which can help refrigeration operations operate much more economically. However, the important topic here is how to optimize energy efficiency in the systems while reducing environmental impact. The advantage of transcritical systems for commercial refrigeration and cold storage duties Commercial refrigeration refers to the cold storage equipment used in commercial settings such as hypermarkets and larger scale supermarkets. Some natural refrigerants such as ammonia are toxic; while carbon dioxide requires extremely high pressures to operate, especially in transcritical systems. Today, a transcritical system would be much preferable as a substitution compared to a cascade refrigeration system as it works well with a multiple temperature range. This can be explained from the diagram below which shows that there are more heat recovery opportunities for higher gas temperatures. The system in turn reduces energy consumption while being energy efficient and with lower GWP. *A compressor rack includes different types of Brazed Heat Exchangers exposed to many different technical challenges such as extreme high pressure, high temperature gradient, temperature cycling (fatigue) From the schematic, a transcritical system works best with broad temperature ranges between medium (above 0° Celsius) and low (below -18° Celsius) which is very common for commercial refrigeration setups. One compressor rack can serve all of the required temperatures, including a medium temperature cabinet, low temperature freezer and multi-temperature cold storages. The schematic shows opportunities for better heat recovery, leading to an increase in energy efficiency for refrigeration systems. However, the challenges of operating at high pressure and risk of fatigue due to cycling operations are still unavoidable. Implications for heat exchanger components Heat exchanger materials are subjected to physical stress from pressure peaks and rapid temperature changes. This may eventually lead to problems that can cause equipment failure. Alfa Laval, supported by our extensive experience in thermal transfer technology, has studied these phenomenon in depth and successfully produced a resilient brazed plate heat exchanger with a long service life under high operating pressure conditions. As a result of this development, our AXP line, for example, has PED-approval for maximum pressures of 167 bar at 90°C and UL-approval for 2233 psi at 400°F. Moreover, the fatigue performance of AXP82 exceeds even the high standards of previous models. This is largely thanks to the application of new innovations such as an all-new channel plate design built with Alfa Laval’s unique PressureSecure technology. Alternatively, to reduce reliance on natural refrigerants, an ”indirect system” can be designed whereby a large chiller with a higher cooling capacity that can cool down brine is used. This is explained in the schematic below. Distribution of indirect system The schematic below shows an indirect system used in refrigeration where two chillers with medium and low temperatures respectively have their own setting points. Brazed plate heat exchangers would then work well as evaporators, due to their robustness, smaller space footprint and higher thermal efficiency. The chiller will then produce the cold brine and pump it to the cabinets, cold room and freezers. With the Alfa Laval brazed plate heat exchanger, thanks to DynaStatic technologies, the customer gets to fully tailor the placement, size and number of inlets to fit their specific application, ensuring an optimal refrigerant distribution system. Alfa Laval’s patented asymmetrical FlexFlow plate design, another one of our many unique innovations, enables improved thermal efficiency to optimise pressure drops and increased turbulence which helps reduce refrigerant volumes and raw materials. The result is higher efficiency with the flexibility to use low-GWP refrigerants. Advantage of indirect system • Large chillers are used to cool down brine (1) • Air coolers keeps the warehouse cold storage areas at medium or low temperature (2) • Cooling capacity is usually high • Ammonia and CO2 refrigerants are widely used • Brazed plate heat exchangers should are in parallel. Gasketed plate heat exchangers can be used as alternatives Relentless innovation to help industry with transition In conclusion, while natural refrigerants may be substances that are highly efficient for refrigeration operations and environmentally friendly, there are some technical challenges that need to be addressed and overcome. Alfa Laval is committed to REFuture, a future-proof investment for tomorrow’s refrigerants. As an innovative driver in the development of solutions for natural refrigerants, Alfa Laval leverages years of experience working with products that enable the use of new-generation and low-GWP refrigerants to help refrigeration operators and contractors meet sustainability goals and legislative requirements. > Learn more how plate heat exchanger works Webinar on-demand: Learn how to design your heat exchanger for new refrigerants The shift to low Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants is gaining momentum globally. Join this webinar to upskill yourself on the design requirements for GWP refrigerants - to build systems that are energy-efficient, durable and compliant, even under the highest pressure. ref-webinar-key-image 640x360 Accelerate sustainable solutions Accelerating sustainable solutions Imagine a more sustainable world
river, Scotland, United Kingdom Select Citation Style Thank you for your feedback External Websites Tummel, river and loch (lake), Scotland. The River Tummel rises on Rannoch Moor near the southern border of the Highland council area and drains via Loch Laidon through the heavily glaciated east-west valley containing the ribbon lakes (Lochs Rannoch and Tummel, in the Perth and Kinross council area) until it joins the River Tay just northwest of Pitlochry. The extensive Tummel-Garry Hydro-Electric Scheme, comprising 10 main power stations, is a major feature of the Tummel River basin. Loch Tummel is a popular scenic spot, as are the Falls of Tummel near the confluence of the Rivers Tummel and Garry. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen.
Why, oh why? Cats shed their hair according to the seasons. As the seasons change, so do your cat’s hormones, causing them to either shed their warm coat, or start growing one. Cats also shed dead hair to prevent it from irritating their skin. This is especially true in indoor cats, as they don’t really need a warm winter coat that will shed later on. Why so much? How much cats shed varies significantly among different breeds. Longhaired cats like Persians, Ragdolls and Maine Coons can cause your home to become riddled with cat hair tumbleweeds, but some shorthaired breeds like the Chartreux and the Russian Blue can shed a bunch, too! Other breeds like the Siamese and Bengal barely shed at all. Is all this shedding still normal Why so much Is all this shedding still normal? Probably, yes! Some cats shed so much that you will have to vacuum each and every day. However, if your cat has bald patches, irritated skin, or loses much more hair than usual, this may indicate an underlying health problem, such as an allergy, an unbalanced diet, stress, parasites or a different medical issue. If you notice any of these, please consult a veterinarian. Golden tips & tricks Golden tips & tricks Golden tip #1 Groom your cat regularly All the hair that you collect while grooming your cat, is hair that doesn’t end up floating around your house. Brush your cat up to twice a day, but make sure to use the correct high-quality tools. Shop the Catit Grooming Kits Golden tip #2 Serve your cat a balanced diet A balanced diet means that all vital ingredients are present in the correct amounts to keep your cat happy and healthy. High-quality cat food contains lots of meat protein, but should also have Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids as these are great for your cat’s skin! Golden tip #3 Hydration is key Cats that are dehydrated will get dry and flaky skin, which in turn causes mats and knots. Make sure your cat gets enough moisture by serving them wet food or – even better – providing them with a drinking fountain. Golden tip #4 On the road to a clean house We know it’s a pesky job, but vacuuming on a daily basis is still the most effective way to prevent cat hair tumbleweeds. Covering your sofa with a blanket that repels cat hair works miracles, and be sure to raid the stores for (reusable) lint rollers or brushes to keep your clothes clean.
Resilience - the art of coping Have you ever wondered why some people are more able to deal and cope with challenges and stresses than others? Some people are seemingly able to have a lot on their plate and don’t seem phased by it, while others feel overwhelmed and anxious. There’s lots of reasons for this, including personality type, the different ways we think about ourselves, and the world and the experiences we've had in life. One of the factors that influences how we cope and manage with stress and anxiety is 'resilience'. What is resilience? Resilience can be understood as being the way that we, as humans, deal with and respond to challenges as they happen in our lives. Psychologists often describe resilience as our ability to 'bounce back' when difficulties and challenges occur. Having resilience doesn’t mean that we won’t find things difficult or challenging, but it means that we’ve found helpful ways of responding. The great thing about resilience is that it is a skill that can be learnt and developed. Researchers have discovered some interesting findings about resilience over the years. Firstly, our levels of resilience directly relates to our emotional and mental well-being. The more resilient we are, the more able we can be to manage the stresses and challenges of life. Secondly, it’s been found that our levels of resilience can vary between situations and context. This means that there may be situations that I feel like I can cope with/in, such as with family and friends, but situations at work that I find difficult. Because of this, it's important to be aware of moments where I may be more or less able to cope, and make necessary allowances. Thirdly, researchers have found that the resilience level of an individual is a key factor and predictor as to whether counselling is successful. This makes sense, as often the counselling process involves talking about difficult and challenges thoughts, feelings, experiences, and memories. What can I do to develop my resilience? The first thing I would say is to do your own research. There’s lot of really accessible information online, so searching terms like 'resilience development' will give you lots of resources, strategies, and ideas. Also, a counsellor or psychologist will be able to help you with developing your resilience, and support you in trying different strategies that enable you to cope and respond to stresses. It is important to say, however, that just reading some articles on resilience and/or talking to a therapist about it, won’t automatically make you resilient. As resilience is a skill that needs to be learnt, it often takes time, effort, and energy to develop. I often tell people that resilience is like a muscle. In the same way that I develop and grow a physical muscle by repetition and working out, I can develop resilience by practising new skills on an ongoing basis. Be patient with yourself as you work to develop your resilience - it can take time and work to learn different ways of utilising resilience skills. With that in mind, here are some things to think about in relation to developing your resilience... 1. Focus on, and be aware of, your strengths Having confidence in our ability to cope with difficulties is key to us feeling like we can manage and cope. By focusing on, developing, and being aware of our strengths, we're increasing our self-confidence and inner resources that can be used when we are faced by challenging situations. 2. Develop your support structure Having people around us who we know are there to offer us emotional and practical support is really important. It’s also important for us to learn ways of effective communication, so that when things are hard, we’re able to express and share what we’re experiencing. 3. Problem solving Problem solving is a key element of our ability to cope with challenges and stress. Being able to come up with different and varied ways of dealing with situations as they occur helps give us a feeling of control, rather than feeling out of control. 4. Work on ways to manage your emotions We all have, experience, and deal with emotions - they’re a key part of being social and interpersonal beings. Emotions, however, can seem scary, and often overwhelming. If, when faced with difficult and challenging situations, I have unhelpful ways of managing my emotions, for example by avoiding them or overeating, I never truly process them. In conclusion, resilience is an important skill to learn. Having confidence in our abilities to cope with and bounce back from adversity is really important to our psychological and emotional well-being. The great thing with resilience being a skill is that it can be learned and developed. I’d recommend spending some time learning about some resilience strategies, and, if needed, see a therapist who can support you with this. The great thing about resilience and knowing we can develop it is that it means there’s hope - hope that we can have more control over the challenges we face rather than them feeling in control of us. Share this article with a friend Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN5 8PY Written by Dr Jamie Stephenson Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN5 8PY Dr Jamie Stephenson is a Counselling Psychologist and Senior Lecturer at the University of Lincoln where he teaches and researches about counselling theories and practice. He has a private practice in Lincoln where he offers psychotherapy working from an integrative approach. 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Kimia Biosciences Limited General Information: Gliclazide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It has been classified differently according to its drug properties in which based on its chemical structure, gliclazide is considered a first-generation sulfonylurea due to the structural presence of a sulfonamide group able to release a proton and the presence of one aromatic group.1 On the other hand, based on the pharmacological efficacy, gliclazide is considered a second-generation sulfonylurea which presents a higher potency and a shorter half-life.2,3 Gliclazide belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin secretagogues, which act by stimulating β cells of the pancreas to release insulin. Sulfonylureas increase both basal insulin secretion and meal-stimulated insulin release. Medications in this class differ in their dose, rate of absorption, duration of action, route of elimination, and binding site on their target pancreatic β cell receptor. Sulfonylureas also increase peripheral glucose utilization, decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis, and may increase the number and sensitivity of insulin receptors. Sulfonylureas are associated with weight gain, though less so than insulin. Due to their mechanism of action, sulfonylureas may cause hypoglycemia and require consistent food intake to decrease this risk. The risk of hypoglycemia is increased in elderly, debilitated, and malnourished individuals. Gliclazide has been shown to decrease fasting plasma glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (reflective of the last 8-10 weeks of glucose control). Gliclazide is extensively metabolized by the liver; its metabolites are excreted in both urine (60-70%) and feces (10-20%). Gliclazide falls under the Anti –Diabetic drugs category. Therapeutic Category: Anti–Diabetic drugs Molecular Formula: Molecular Weight: Molecular Structure: Mechanism of Action Gliclazide binds to the β cell sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1). This binding subsequently blocks the ATP sensitive potassium channels. The binding results in the closure of the channels and lead to a resulting decrease in potassium efflux leads to depolarization of the β cells. This opens voltage-dependent calcium channels in the β cell resulting in calmodulin activation, which in turn leads to exocytosis of insulin-containing secretory granules.
Thanksgiving: Your Food Guide to the US Holiday Thanksgiving is coming up quickly, but what’s going to be on your plate? Photo via Wikipedia The word thanksgiving was first used in the 1630s, approximately a decade after the first Thanksgiving. The compound word thanks (a noun) and the present participle of give is used to refer to the ‘public celebration acknowledging divine favours.’ Certain prayers can be referred to as ‘thanksgivings’, a concept which hopefully underlies the meaning of the holiday tradition, being thankful for the good things in our lives. The first ‘Thanksgiving’ meal and celebration was held by Plymouth Colony Pilgrims, who invited local Native tribes to share a meal and celebrate the hard year of toil culminating in that year’s harvest. They wanted to join together to ‘give thanks’ for the bountiful harvest that their ‘New Land’ had provided for them. What better way to celebrate than by throwing a huge party with a tonne of food? The first Thanksgiving was actually celebrated for 3 days and involved a variety of entertainment, hunting parties and all the food you could eat! Wampanoag tribes members are said to have brought 5 deer as gifts for the colonists and it’s clear that a huge feast was definitely in store. The first Thanksgiving had a different menu to the kind you would find today. We can assume venison (deer meat, probably used in a stew of some form) was eaten by all who attended, and records also mention the colonists hunting fowl for the feast. We can’t be sure that Turkey was served, but other birds like goose, swan, and pheasant would have been easily sourced and happily devoured by all at the celebration. These birds may have been seasoned with herbs, onions and nuts. GIF via Giphy Considering the feast was in celebration of the harvest, fruits and vegetables would have played an important role. In New England, where the Pilgrims landed, locally grown vegetables would have included things like carrots, spinach, cabbage, beans, onions, and corn. The corn might have been served as a sweetened mush for dessert, as that’s how it was typically served at that time. Sugar, though, was pretty much nonexistent- most of the sugar stores that the colonists brought with them from England, were completely used up by 1621- so molasses would have been used. Berries, too, were plentiful- even cranberries would have been eaten, though they wouldn’t have been made into a sauce like we might have today. It may not have crossed your mind, but fish and seafood would have been a large part of the feast as well, as it is plentiful in New England, and it would have definitely been a part of their diet as it would be easy to harvest and catch- mussels would have been especially easy to find, cook and eat. Venison and mussels- talk about surf and turf! Photo via Flickr Today, Thanksgiving, or Turkey-day as some call it, is a time to get family and friends around the dinner table and take a moment to think about what you’re ‘thankful’ for this year. It could also be debated that Thanksgiving is a time to gorge yourself on fattening food, get into political arguments with your family and ultimately end up in a tryptophan-induced coma for the rest of the afternoon. The two options depend on you and your family, though often times which ever option you end up getting is entirely out of your control. A typical Thanksgiving feast today consists of a giant roast turkey (or chicken if you’re really not into turkey), mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce, other vegetables like carrots, broccoli and cauliflower, gravy and the all important stuffing or dressing. For dessert, you’d often indulge in a big ol’ slice of pumpkin pie. You’ll notice similar elements to the original Thanksgiving (fowl, vegetables) but some of the bigger differences exist because that particular plant wasn’t indigenous to New England (the pumpkin and the potato hadn’t been introduced to New England by 1621). Quite a few Thanksgiving staples are regional. For example in the South, you will probably find a sweet potato pie on the menu along with collard greens and cornbread. You may also find something called the ‘Turducken’- a fowl Russian nesting doll, it has a duck inside a chicken inside a turkey. On the East coast you might find oyster stuffing, maple glazed carrots or even clam dip. All over the USA, you’ll find goodies like macaroni and cheese, and pecan pie. In the end If you’re scratching your head, thinking aren’t there other places that celebrate Thanksgiving? Well, Canada does, but it has it on the second Monday of October where American Thanksgiving is on the 4th Thursday in November. The two countries have similar menus for their feasts, with regional favourites like seafood on either coast, and maple glazing playing a particularly important role in the Canadian Thanksgiving. With both though, the idea of thinking on the good things and being thankful for them are the same. Maybe there are slightly less political arguments… though I make no promises of that. Now that Thanksgiving is around the corner: what will you be thankful to feast on?
Face Masks: Do I Need One? How Do They Work? Olive, green and red face masks stacked on top of each other Face masks are a helpful tool you can use to help prevent the spread of COVID-19. As offices slowly reopen or as employees start a new phase of socially distanced work, you may want to consider face masks as a way to slow the spread of COVID-19. But many employers have questions as to how to best implement mask protocols, and their benefits and drawbacks. Because the COVID-19 virus can be spread through respiratory droplets, you can become exposed to it through sneezes, coughs, or fluid transmitted through talking. Droplets can be inhaled by people standing nearby, or transmitted by touching infected surfaces and then moved by touching your hands to your face, eyes, or mouth. Avoiding exposure to the virus is the best way to prevent infection. Face masks or coverings can help lower transmission opportunities, especially in public areas. What’s the difference between surgical masks and non-surgical ones? Surgical/medical-grade masks include the N95 masks that are necessary for healthcare workers to protect themselves from viral transmission through droplets in the air. Non-surgical masks and face coverings are recommended for use by the general public in areas where social distancing may not be possible all of the time. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that cloth face coverings include the following specifications: • Fit snugly but comfortably against the side of the face • Be secured with ties or ear loops • Include multiple layers of fabric • Allow for breathing without restriction Is wearing a mask enough protection against COVID-19? A mask is only one way to slow transmission of the virus, not 100% prevention. You should still take care to perform regular cleaning and sanitization of surfaces at your business and encourage remote work and social distancing when possible. • Encourage everyone to frequently wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds • Use hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol when soap and water is not available • Provide tissues and no-touch trash cans for clean disposal • Clean high-touch surfaces regularly (desks, doorknobs, phones, keyboards, elevator buttons, etc.) with EPA-approved cleaning products • Follow guidelines for cleaning soft surfaces, public areas, and what to do if someone in your building becomes sick with COVID-19 How should masks be worn, kept and sanitized? Here are some recommended ways to care for, wear, and remove a mask. The CDC has several notes on use and care to keep in mind: • Masks should be routinely cleaned, using a washing machine, depending on frequency of use • Be careful not to touch the eyes, nose and mouth when removing your face covering and wash your hands immediately after taking it off Where are masks required? Some states, including New York, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Ohio, as well as large cities including Los Angeles and the Bay Area, have enacted rules requiring wearing masks in public spaces. Recently Jet Blue passed rules requiring all passengers to wear masks to slow the transmission of the virus and some military installations, including Vandenberg Air Force Base are now requiring masks to enter a public building. It also is a recommended way to “flatten the curve” and slow the spread of the virus, even if its not required by law where you live. Will non-surgical masks help me stay healthy? While non-surgical face masks and face coverings can help to slow transmission rates of viruses like COVID-19, they cannot prevent a wearer from getting sick. Instead, masks offer protection for others who might otherwise become infected through the transmission of tiny droplets. Can my employees use a homemade mask? Yes, if they follow guidelines on making a mask that is comfortable to breathe through, and that covers their nose and mouth. There are many patterns and instructions for sewing or making a mask out of fabric and other household items. If you have additional questions, review the CDC resources for businesses and employers on preventing spread of the Coronavirus COVID-19. Text Us
Skip to Content Climate change Natural Gas to Gasoline A firm claims to have a cheaper way to harness natural gas. August 15, 2008 A Texas company says that it has developed a cheaper and cleaner way to convert natural gas into gasoline and other liquid fuels, making it economical to tap natural-gas reserves that in the past have been too small or remote to develop. Fuel efficient: Synfuels has operated a demonstration facility in Texas since 2005. The company says that its gas-to-liquid technology is cost efficient enough to allow natural gas to be converted into gasoline. The company behind the technology, Dallas-based Synfuels International, says that the process uses fewer steps and is far more efficient than more established techniques based on the Fischer-Tropsch process. This process converts natural gas into syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide; a catalyst then causes the carbon and hydrogen to reconnect in new compounds, such as alcohols and fuels. Nazi Germany used the Fischer-Tropsch process to convert coal and coal-bed methane into diesel during World War II. A Synfuels gas-to-liquids (GTL) refinery goes through several steps to convert natural gas into gasoline but claims to do so with better overall efficiency. First, natural gas is broken down, or “cracked,” under high temperatures into acetylene, a simpler hydrocarbon. A separate liquid-phase step involving a proprietary catalyst then converts 98 percent of the acetylene into ethylene, a more complex hydrocarbon. This ethylene can then easily be converted into a number of fuel products, including high-octane gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. And the end product is free of sulfur. “We’re able to produce a barrel of gasoline for much cheaper than Fischer-Tropsch can,” says Kenneth Hall, coinventor of the process and former head of Texas A&M University’s department of chemical engineering. Hall says that a Fischer-Tropsch plant is lucky to produce a barrel of gasoline for $35 but that a much smaller Synfuels refinery could produce the same barrel for $25. Under current fuel prices, such a plant could pay for itself in as little as four years, the company says. Texas A&M University licensed its approach to Synfuels and partly owns the company, which has been operating a $50 million demonstration plant in Texas since 2005 and says that it is close to signing a deal for its first commercial refinery near Kuwait City. Synfuels president Tom Rolfe says that the company has developed some proprietary components and catalysts, but he adds that much of the approach is based on off-the-shelf technologies. He says that Synfuels’ main advantage is the efficiency by which it breaks down and reassembles hydrocarbon molecules. “Nobody has achieved as high a conversion rate of natural gas into acetylene as we have,” Rolfe says. Ali Mansoori, a professor of chemical engineering and physics at the University of Illinois at Chicago, says that the process seems far less complicated than those found in a Fischer-Tropsch plant. “The numbers reported for conversion efficiency and selectivity look quite promising,” he adds. But Synfuels isn’t alone in trying to make GTL more economical. Gas Reaction Technologies, a spinoff from the University of California, Santa Barbara, has developed a process that converts natural gas into bromine-based compounds that are later converted into liquid fuels. Deep Dive Climate change recyclable bottles recyclable bottles A French company is using enzymes to recycle one of the most common single-use plastics French startup Carbios just opened a demonstration plant—and hopes to expand the world’s menu of recycling options. USA, California, Solar Farm at Death Valley USA, California, Solar Farm at Death Valley The lurking threat to solar power’s growth The WHOOP 4.0 The WHOOP 4.0 Lithium-ion batteries just made a big leap in a tiny product Sila’s novel anode materials packed far more energy into a new Whoop fitness wearable. The company hopes to do the same soon for electric vehicles. Resident sits by the river fishing as coal fired power plant Resident sits by the river fishing as coal fired power plant How a new global carbon market could exaggerate climate progress The rules approved at the COP26 climate conference include major loopholes, and could spur the creation of questionable carbon credits in other markets. Stay connected Illustration by Rose WongIllustration by Rose Wong Get the latest updates from MIT Technology Review Thank you for submitting your email! Explore more newsletters It looks like something went wrong.
Your Guide To Doctors, Health Information, and Better Health! Your Health Magazine Logo Laura Gesicki-Wood, MD The Eyes Have It How To Keep Pollen From Making Your Eyes Itchy, Irritated, and Red Accredited Allergy Center of Springfield When physicians talk about seasonal allergies, they often refer to it as seasonal rhinitis, an inflammation of the nasal passages. But for many seasonal allergy fighters, pollen irritates their eyes as much as or more than it irritates their nose. These people have allergic conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the membrane on the back of the eyelids and front of the eyeballs. People with allergic conjunctivitis may be especially miserable in spring and early summer from grass pollen exposure. Ragweed pollen, which begins to spread later in the summer, is also quite irritating to the eyes. Even though people blink an average of 15,000 times a day, it is nearly impossible to avoid pollen exposure during the spring, summer and fall. National Jewish Medical and Research Center pediatrician Dan Atkins, MD, recommends several steps that you can take to reduce pollen's irritating effect on your eyes. Wash your hands. During high allergy season, pollen is everywhere. You get it on your hands opening a car door, running your hands through your hair, or touching other outdoor surfaces. If you rub your eyes with those pollencoated hands, they will only get more irritated, itchy, and red. Frequently washing your hands can reduce the amount of pollen that gets in your eyes. Use saline rinses or artificial tears. These can provide significant relief by removing or diluting the pollen grains in the eyes. Wear sunglasses. Sunglasses can reduce the amount of pollen that gets in the eyes by deflecting the wind carrying it toward you. Close the windows and use the air conditioner. This can reduce pollen floating in the air, both in the house and in the car. Apply cold compresses. A bag of frozen peas or a moist washcloth that has been placed briefly in the freezer can reduce both itching and swelling when put on the eyes. Take medications. Several medications can also help people whose eyes bear the brunt of their seasonal allergies. For people with mild symptoms, oral antihistamines can prevent irritation of both the eyes and the nose. For those with more severe allergic conjunctivitis, physicians can prescribe a number of medications that can be applied directly to the eyes. These include topical antihistamines, vasoconstrictors, mast-cell stabilizers, topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and topical corticosteroids. You should consult your doctor to learn what would work best for you. You should also remember to take these medications continuously throughout the pollen season, rather than intermittently. Most of them work best if taken before the allergen exposure, rather than after the eyes have already become irritated.
Αγγλική Γλώσσα (Γυμνάσιο) Κατεβάστε σε μορφή PDF 3 ώρες Young Indianas, R U ready to explore? 45 λεπτά Artful Thinking Φύλλα Εργασίας Activity 0: Warm up (10 minutes) Show the ppt about the British Museum and the Parthenon Marbles to connect students with their previous knowledge from their book and as a lead in activity for the following activities . Slide1-2 : View of the outside of the British Museum to identify it Slide 3-4: Portrait of Lord Elgin to identify him and discuss what he is famous for. Slide 5: Photos of reconstuction of the East and West Pediment . Photo of Marbles from the East Pediment in the British Museum. Identify where the marbles are taken from. Activity 1 : Group formation (5 minutes) Materials needed: On the 3 tables that had been ready for the students before they entered the classroom put a copy of an ancient Greek statuette, an Egyptian papyrus and an object reminding Roman times (e.g. an antique cuff bracelet). Ask the students to move next to the object they feel aesthetically or emotionally closer to, in order to form their groups according to their preferences or emotional reactions to the objects. Activity 2: (30 minutes) (20 minutes preparation – 10 minutes presentation) Materials needed: 3 PCs, internet connection, worksheets, envelopes. The worksheets had been placed in the envelopes on the desk of every team, according to the piece of art they have chosen and are waiting for the teams to open them. Let us not forget, they are secret missions. In the worksheets there are detailed instructions as to how they will navigate the site of the museum and learn to find their way in it as the info they are looking for. Team A, students who have chosen the papyrus, set off for Mission 2 exploring the exhibit “A party” and the theme of “Dress and Ornament in Ancient Egypt”. Team B, students who have chosen the statuette, set off for Mission 4 exploring the exhibit “A Caryatid” and the theme of “Dress and Ornament in Ancient Greece”. Team C, students who have chosen the item of jewelry, set off for Mission 6 exploring the exhibit “ The Juliana Bracelet” and the theme of “Dress and Ornament in Roman Britain”. Ask them to follow the instructions of the worksheet carefully, in order to find their way in the site of the Museum. Remind them to look at the exhibits closely and think about the questions asked in Part A of the worksheet where they are asked to emotionally respond and express their feelings through language . Remind them to take down notes. After all they are archaeologists and they must come to conclusions after their observation. Ask them to appoint a representative for the presentation of the team’s thoughts and feelings in class. warm up presentation Initiate discussion to connect to the following activity The Party Museum Exhibit for mission 2 Group A A Cariatid Museum Exhibit for mission 4 Group B The Juliana Bracelet Museum Exhibit for mission 6 Group C Δημιουργός Σεναρίου: ΑΘΗΝΑ ΧΑΡΑΛΑΜΠΙΔΟΥ (Εκπαιδευτικός)
Latest Space and Astronomy News And Articles Last update04:59:00 AM GMT Back News Most distant dwarf galaxy detected Most distant dwarf galaxy detected Scientists have long struggled to detect the dim dwarf galaxies that orbit our Milky Way. So it came as a surprise January 18 when a team of astronomers using Keck II telescope’s adaptive optics announced the discovery of a dwarf galaxy halfway across the universe. The new dwarf galaxy found by Simona Vegetti and colleagues from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge is a satellite elliptical galaxy almost 10 billion light-years from Earth. The team detected it by studying how the massive elliptical galaxy, called JVAS B1938+666, serves as a gravitational lens for light from an even more distant galaxy directly behind it. Like all supermassive elliptical galaxies, JVAS B1938+666’s gravity can deflect light passing by it. Often the light from a background galaxy gets deformed into an arc around the lens galaxy, and sometimes into what’s called an Einstein ring. In this case, the ring is formed mainly by two lensed images of the background galaxy. The size, shape, and brightness of the Einstein ring depends on the distribution of mass throughout the foreground lensing galaxy. Vegetti and her team obtained an extra-sharp near-infrared image of JVAS B1938+666 by using the 10-meter Keck II Telescope and its adaptive optics system, which corrects for the blurring effects of Earth’s atmosphere and provides stunningly sharp images. With these data, they neatly determined the mass distribution of JVAS B1938+666 as well as the shape and brightness of the background galaxy. The researchers used a sophisticated numerical technique to derive a model of the lens galaxy’s mass, as well as to map any excess lens mass that could not be accounted for by the galaxy. What they found was an excess mass near the Einstein ring that they attributed to the presence of a satellite, or “dwarf,” galaxy. Vegetti’s team also used a separate analytical model to test the detected excess mass. They found that a satellite galaxy is indeed required to explain the data. “This satellite galaxy is exciting because it was detected in the excess-mass map despite its low mass,” said Robert Schmidt from the Center for Astronomy at Heidelberg University, Germany. “A natural question to ask is whether the satellite galaxy can be observed directly rather than by its gravitational effect on the shape of a background object. With current instrumentation, the answer is no. The object is simply too distant to be imaged directly. But the message here is that it is possible to spot these elusive objects around distant lens galaxies without knowing where to look for them.” “The existence of this low-mass dark galaxy is just within the bounds we expect if the universe is composed of dark matter, which has a low temperature,” said Vegetti. “However, further dark satellites will need to be found to confirm this conclusion.”
Tips For People Who Are Just Learning To Cook Do not cook all of the meat immediately after you season it. Cook a small amount in a patty first. You have felt regret when you threw away a moldy orange or lemon. Do you wonder if it would be better to just cut the rotten part and eat the rest? You can’t save a piece of fruit that has any mold on it. Mold grows inward to places that you can’t even see and it can make you sick so throw moldy fruit in the garbage. FACTS! Spices should be kept somewhere cool and dark. Spices will last longer when they are not exposed to warm temperatures and moist air. Do you enjoy flavoring your food with the flavors of fresh basil? Place your basil into a glass container. Fill the glass with water till the stems can absorb it. Keep on your counter so it’ll be fresh for weeks! The basil will grow roots if you occasionally change out the water regularly. You should also trim the basil once in a while so that it keeps growing. This type of seasoning can be used with various foods other than meat. Try using it to season roasted pumpkin seeds sprinkled with the seasoning for a tasty snack or mix it in your scrambled eggs. Everyone will ask you used for your secret ingredient! FACTS! Try adding oil to foods from the sides of a pot or pan in able to jump-start the heating process. This will enhance the flavors of the food when you’re done cooking. Do you know how long to leave your meat should be grilled? Use a meat thermometer (a digital one is more accurate) so that you can ensure the inside is cooked correctly. If the recipe has called for water, you could easily use chicken broth, juice, or juice when suitable. If your favorite recipes call for milk, try using buttermilk, yogurt or sour cream. Using liquid substitutions in your cooking can add nutritional content to certain dishes and give a standby dish a new flavor. Always get the freshest garlic for it. A good rule of thumb for garlic: Fresher means sweeter.Fresh garlic usually has a firm skin and lacks bruises. FACTS! You can make a lot of preparations when you are cooking to make it easy and fast. Look at your recipe and decide which steps you can do in advance without worry of food spoilage.
korean english Home > About > Introduction Most people agree that the last hundred years was the century of physics. Physics research changed and affected our everyday lives in the most significant way. What makes physics so unique in comparison with other disciplines is its ground seeking attitude in explaining natural phenomena. Faced by interesting observations that require understanding, physicists keep asking 'why' until the most fundamental answers are found. Once basic understanding of the underlying mechanism is achieved, the obtained knowledge naturally spills over into other scientific disciplines and engineering applications, affecting billions of lives on earth. In the Department of Physics of SKKU, our education philosophy is not to simply pour physics knowledge into students' mind, but rather to grow critical curiosity in them. Only the critical mind with curiosity-driven motivation can turn students into creative future leaders, not only in academia, but also in industry and other area. To attain our education goals, the physics department has established long-term development plan to recruit world-class professors, expand research facilities, and to improve education services. We are also putting more and more focus on the international exchange programs in education and research to enhance visibility of the department. Physics research in SKKU is well-known to be very strong and cover broad spectrum of cutting-edge research topics. The main research areas include particle and nuclear physics, statistical and condensed-matter physics, nano- and bio-physics, and physical acoustics.
Waste: Where It Goes and Why It’s Sorted “Waste” is first and foremost an action, not a verb, according to Richard Hsu, USF’s sustainability coordinator. “Landfill waste does not get sorted. Anytime you toss compostable or recyclable material into a landfill bin, you are wasting a recoverable resource,” he said. “Waste is only waste if you waste it.” Hsu oversees waste management on campus in collaboration with the city of San Francisco’s municipal waste management system, Recology. He explained that to meet San Francisco’s “zero-waste” policy, USF has to meet a diversion rate of 90 percent, meaning 90 percent of the waste the school generates is composted or recycled. A huge part of this process of eliminating waste is the preliminary effort done by students when they sort their trash into the bins provided by the school. Paul Cook is a junior environmental science major and an “Eco Educator” – a student who helps people sort their waste in the cafeteria. He said, “This is currently one of the large focuses of the Eco Educator position. The fight is making people care.” After going into the compost, recycling or trash bins at school, USF’s waste is not necessarily “sorted.” For compost, truck loads of organics waste is taken from bins on campus to Recology’s transfer station, where it is routinely inspected. If a load is more than 10 percent contaminated, meaning more than 10 percent is not compostable, it is considered to be in poor condition and sent to a landfill. If it passes, it is taken to a composting facility to naturally decompose. According to Hsu, this process takes about six to eight weeks, and the compost is “cured to create an end product that gets blended with other soil amendments to create a variety of soil blends that are sold to local farms, vineyards and gardens.” One example of matter that is commonly missorted is the different types of plastics. While “hard plastics” are recyclable, “soft plastics” are not. However, Hsu explained that the “hard” plastic utensils used in the cafeteria are indeed compostable. The utensils are labelled “BPI certified compostable” and should not be thrown in the trash or recycling bins. This kind of bioplastic, he explained, does not decompose in time to meet Recology’s 45-day cycle, so there are often chunks in the end result. “Disposable utensils are not ideal, and it’s almost always better to stick to reusable silverware,” Hsu said. Cook added that with recyclable plastic, the quality of the material decreases with every use. “So while a plastic bottle may have another life as a plastic bag, it will be unusable for another cycle due to the low quality that it would create,” he said. “Composting and recycling remove sheer mass from landfills, but nothing is better than simply reducing ones individual consumption.” San Francisco’s compost is taken to various compost facilities in other parts of the state, including Jepson Prairie Organics in Vacaville, according to Hsu. Those facilities are where metal, large plastics and glass are “screened” out before they are aerated and turned into soil that is sold to local farmers. At Jepson Prairie Organics, the emissions from the compost pile (which are mostly methane) are captured and turned into energy that powers nearby homes. Recycling is sorted at the Recycle Centers in the city, where machines and people divide it into 16 different items. The groups of items are packaged and shipped to manufacturers around the world to be made into new products, Hsu said. As for trash, landfill matter is “compacted” on campus, picked up by Recology, then taken to a holding pit where it is compressed by bulldozers. After this, it is taken to Hay Road Landfill in Vacaville – without any sorting, according to Hsu. Cook said, “While the amount of time it takes for compost to break down depends on various factors such as amount, content, surface area and oxygen saturation, most organic matter only takes a few weeks to break down [at composting facilities] in comparison to the tens of thousands of years it would take to decompose in a sealed landfill.” 2 thoughts on “Waste: Where It Goes and Why It’s Sorted 1. Hello Mardy, I am a student at SUNY-ESF College of Environmental Science and Forestry. I wanted to know where did you find this information “At Jepson Prairie Organics, the emissions from the compost pile (which are mostly methane) are captured and turned into energy that powers nearby homes”. I am currently writing about the San Francisco Mandatory Composting Ordinance and I would love to research more about that biogas resource from the compost pile. Was this an interview with Jepson Prairie Organics ?or from the SFenvironment website?. Thank you Mardy 2. Where can I find out more Jepson Praire Organics is doing methane sequestration. I can’t find it anywhere else, howeve this information would be very appreciated so I can cite it in my college paper. Thank you Leave a Reply
The Sahara (, ; ar, الصحراء الكبرى, ', 'the Greatest Desert') is a desert on the African continent. With an area of , it is the largest hot desert in the world and the third largest desert overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and the Arctic. The name "Sahara" is derived from the Arabic word for "desert" in the feminine irregular form, the singular ' ( ), plural ' ( ), ''ṣaḥār'' (صَحَار), ''ṣaḥrāwāt'' (صَحْارَاوَات), ''ṣaḥāriy'' (صَحَارِي). The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains. To the south, it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands, semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan (region), Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert. For several hundred thousand years, the Sahara has alternated between desert and savanna grassland in a 20,000 year cycle caused by the precession of the Earth's Axial_tilt#Earth, axis as it rotates around the Sun, which changes the location of the North African Monsoon. The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 CE). The Sahara covers large parts of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia. It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa. If all areas with a mean annual precipitation of less than 250 mm were included, the Sahara would be . It is one of three distinct physiographic provinces of the Physiographic regions of the world#Compendium table of the worlds physiographic regions, African massive physiographic division. The Sahara is mainly rocky hamada (stone plateaus); erg (landform), ergs (sand seas – large areas covered with sand dunes) form only a minor part, but many of the sand dunes are over high. Aeolian processes, Wind or rare rainfall shape the desert features: sand dunes, dune fields, sand seas, stone plateaus, gravel plains (''reg''), wadi, dry valleys (''wadi''), dry lakes (''oued''), and Salt pan (geology), salt flats (''shatt'' or ''chott''). Unusual landforms include the Richat Structure in Mauritania. Several deeply dissected mountains, many volcanic, rise from the desert, including the Aïr Mountains, Ahaggar Mountains, Saharan Atlas, Tibesti Mountains, Adrar des Iforas, and the Red Sea Hills. The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi, a shield volcano in the Tibesti range of northern Chad. The central Sahara is hyperarid, with sparse vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis, where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid region, there are many subdivisions of the great desert: Tanezrouft, the Ténéré, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These extremely arid areas often receive no rain for years. To the north, the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya, but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb, the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub eco-regions of northern Africa, all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters. According to the botanical criteria of Frank White (botanist), Frank White and geographer Robert Capot-Rey, the northern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the northern limit of date palm cultivation and the southern limit of the range of esparto, a Poaceae, grass typical of the Mediterranean climate portion of the Maghreb and Iberia. The northern limit also corresponds to the Isotherm (contour line), isohyet of annual precipitation. To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of ''Cornulaca monacantha'' (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern limit of ''Cenchrus biflorus'', a Poaceae, grass typical of the Sahel. According to climatic criteria, the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the isohyet of annual precipitation (this is a long-term average, since Precipitation (meteorology), precipitation varies annually). Important cities located in the Sahara include Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania; Tamanrasset, Ouargla, Béchar, Hassi Messaoud, Ghardaïa, and El Oued in Algeria; Timbuktu in Mali; Agadez in Niger; Ghat, Libya, Ghat in Libya; and Faya-Largeau in Chad. The sky is usually clear above the desert, and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert has more than 3,600 hours of bright sunshine per year (over 82% of daylight hours), and a wide area in the eastern part has over 4,000 hours of bright sunshine per year (over 91% of daylight hours). The highest values are very close to the theoretical maximum value. A value of 4300 hours (98%) of the time would be recorded in Upper Egypt (Aswan, Luxor) and in the Nubian Desert (Wadi Halfa). The annual average Sunlight, direct solar irradiation is around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year) in the Great Desert. The Sahara has a huge potential for solar energy production. The high position of the Sun, the extremely low relative humidity, and the lack of vegetation and rainfall make the Great Desert the hottest large region in the world, and the hottest place on Earth during summer in some spots. The average high temperature exceeds during the hottest month nearly everywhere in the desert except at very high altitudes. The world's highest officially recorded average daily high temperature was in a remote desert town in the Algerian Desert called Bou Bernous, at an elevation of above sea level, and only Death Valley, California rivals it. Other hot spots in Algeria such as Adrar, Algeria, Adrar, Timimoun, In Salah, Ouallene, Aoulef, Reggane with an elevation between above sea level get slightly lower summer average highs, around during the hottest months of the year. Salah, well known in Algeria for its extreme heat, has average high temperatures of , , and in June, July, August and September respectively. There are even hotter spots in the Sahara, but they are located in extremely remote areas, especially in the Azalai, lying in northern Mali. The major part of the desert experiences around three to five months when the average high strictly exceeds ; while in the southern central part of the desert, there are up to six or seven months when the average high temperature strictly exceeds . Some examples of this are Bilma, Niger and Faya-Largeau, Chad. The annual average daily temperature exceeds everywhere and can approach in the hottest regions year-round. However, most of the desert has a value in excess of . Sand and ground temperatures are even more extreme. During daytime, the sand temperature is extremely high: it can easily reach or more. A sand temperature of 83.5 °C (182.3 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of have been recorded in the Adrar Plateau, Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 °C (167 °F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad. Due to lack of cloud cover and very low humidity, the desert usually has high diurnal temperature variations between days and nights. However, it is a myth that the nights are especially cold after extremely hot days in the Sahara. On average, nighttime temperatures tend to be cooler than in the daytime. The smallest variations are found along the coastal regions due to high humidity and are often even lower than a difference, while the largest variations are found in inland desert areas where the humidity is the lowest, mainly in the southern Sahara. Still, it is true that winter nights can be cold, as it can drop to the freezing point and even below, especially in high-elevation areas. The frequency of subfreezing winter nights in the Sahara is strongly influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), with warmer winter temperatures during negative NAO events and cooler winters with more frosts when the NAO is positive. This is because the weaker clockwise flow around the eastern side of the subtropical anticyclone during negative NAO winters, although too dry to produce more than negligible precipitation, does reduce the flow of dry, cold air from higher latitudes of Eurasia into the Sahara significantly. The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea along the polar front, although very attenuated by the rain shadow effects of the mountains and the annual average rainfall ranges from to . For example, Biskra, Algeria, and Ouarzazate, Morocco, are found in this zone. The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from to . For example, Timbuktu, Mali and Agadez, Niger are found in this zone. The vast central hyper-arid core of the desert is virtually never affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances and permanently remains under the influence of the strongest anticyclonic weather regime, and the annual average rainfall can drop to less than . In fact, most of the Sahara receives less than . Of the of desert land in the Sahara, an area of about (about 31% of the total area) receives an annual average rainfall amount of or less, while some (about 17% of the total area) receives an average of or less. The annual average rainfall is virtually zero over a wide area of some in the eastern Sahara comprising deserts of: Libya, Egypt and Sudan (Tazirbu, Kufra, Dakhla Oasis, Dakhla, Kharga, Farafra, Siwa Oasis, Siwa, Asyut, Sohag, Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel temples, Abu Simbel, Wadi Halfa) where the long-term mean approximates per year. Rainfall is very unreliable and erratic in the Sahara as it may vary considerably year by year. In full contrast to the negligible annual rainfall amounts, the annual rates of potential evaporation are extraordinarily high, roughly ranging from per year to more than per year in the whole desert. Nowhere else on Earth has air been found as dry and evaporative as in the Sahara region. However, at least two instances of snowfall have been recorded in Sahara, in February 1979 and December 2016, both in the town of Ain Sefra. Desertification and prehistoric climate One theory for the formation of the Sahara is that the monsoon in Northern Africa was weakened because of glaciation during the Quaternary period, starting two or three million years ago. Another theory is that the monsoon was weakened when the ancient Tethys Ocean, Tethys Sea dried up during the Tortonian period around 7 million years. The climate of the Sahara has undergone enormous variations between wet and dry over the last few hundred thousand years, believed to be caused by long-term changes in the North African climate cycle that alters the path of the North African Monsoon – usually southward. The cycle is caused by a 41000-year cycle in which the tilt of the earth changes between 22° and 24.5°. At present (2000 ACE), we are in a dry period, but it is expected that the Sahara will become green again in 15000 years (17000 ACE). When the North African monsoon is at its strongest annual precipitation and subsequent vegetation in the Sahara region increase, resulting in conditions commonly referred to as the "green Sahara". For a relatively weak North African monsoon, the opposite is true, with decreased annual precipitation and less vegetation resulting in a phase of the Sahara climate cycle known as the "desert Sahara". The idea that changes in insolation (solar heating) caused by long-term changes in the Earth's orbit are a controlling factor for the long-term variations in the strength of monsoon patterns across the globe was first suggested by Rudolf Spitaler in the late nineteenth century, The hypothesis was later formally proposed and tested by the meteorologist John Kutzbach in 1981. Kutzbach's ideas about the impacts of insolation on global monsoonal patterns have become widely accepted today as the underlying driver of long-term monsoonal cycles. Kutzbach never formally named his hypothesis and as such it is referred to here as the "North African climate cycles#Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis, Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis" as suggested by Ruddiman in 2001. During the last glacial period, the Sahara was much larger than it is today, extending south beyond its current boundaries. The end of the glacial period brought more rain to the Sahara, from about 8000 BCE to 6000 BCE, perhaps because of low pressure areas over the collapsing ice sheets to the north. Once the ice sheets were gone, the northern Sahara dried out. In the southern Sahara, the drying trend was initially counteracted by the monsoon, which brought rain further north than it does today. By around 4200 BCE, however, the monsoon retreated south to approximately where it is today,Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks. leading to the gradual desertification of the Sahara. The Sahara is now as dry as it was about 13,000 years ago. Lake Chad is the remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad, which existed during the African humid period. At its largest extent, sometime before 5000 BC, Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan paleolakes, and is estimated to have covered an area of 350,000 km2. The Sahara pump theory describes this cycle. During periods of a wet or "Green Sahara", the Sahara becomes a savanna grassland and various flora and fauna become more common. Following inter-pluvial arid periods, the Sahara area then reverts to desert conditions and the flora and fauna are forced to retreat northwards to the Atlas Mountains, southwards into West Africa, or eastwards into the Nile Valley. This separates populations of some of the species in areas with different climates, forcing them to adaptation, adapt, possibly giving rise to allopatric speciation. It is also proposed that humans accelerated the drying out period from 6,000 to 2,500 BCE by pastoralists overgrazing available grassland. Evidence for cycles The growth of speleothems (which requires rainwater) was detected in Hol-Zakh, Ashalim, Even-Sid, Ma'ale-ha-Meyshar, Ktora Cracks, Nagev Tzavoa Cave, and elsewhere, and has allowed tracking of prehistoric rainfall. The Red Sea coastal route was extremely arid before 140 and after 115 kya (thousands of years ago). Slightly wetter conditions appear at 90–87 kya, but it still was just one tenth the rainfall around 125 kya. In the southern Negev Desert speleothems did not grow between 185 and 140 kya (Marine isotope stage, MIS 6), 110–90 (MIS 5.4–5.2), nor after 85 kya nor during most of the interglacial period (MIS 5.1), the glacial period and Holocene. This suggests that the southern Negev was arid-to-hyper-arid in these periods. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the Sahara desert was more extensive than it is now with the extent of the tropical forests being greatly reduced, and the lower temperatures reduced the strength of the Hadley Cell. This is a climate cell which causes rising tropical air of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) to bring rain to the tropics, while dry descending air, at about 20th parallel north, 20 degrees north, flows back to the equator and brings desert conditions to this region. It is associated with high rates of wind-blown mineral dust, and these dust levels are found as expected in marine cores from the north tropical Atlantic. But around 12,500 BCE the amount of dust in the cores in the Bølling Oscillation, Bølling/Allerød Oscillation, Allerød phase suddenly plummets and shows a period of much wetter conditions in the Sahara, indicating a Dansgaard-Oeschger event, Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) event (a sudden warming followed by a slower cooling of the climate). The moister Saharan conditions had begun about 12,500 BCE, with the extension of the ITCZ northward in the northern hemisphere summer, bringing moist wet conditions and a savanna climate to the Sahara, which (apart from a short dry spell associated with the Younger Dryas) peaked during the Holocene thermal maximum climatic phase at 4000 BCE when mid-latitude temperatures seem to have been between 2 and 3 degrees warmer than in the recent past. Analysis of Nile River deposited sediments in the delta also shows this period had a higher proportion of sediments coming from the Blue Nile, suggesting higher rainfall also in the Ethiopian Highlands. This was caused principally by a stronger monsoonal circulation throughout the sub-tropical regions, affecting India, Arabia and the Sahara. Lake Victoria only recently became the source of the White Nile and dried out almost completely around 15 kya. The sudden subsequent movement of the ITCZ southwards with a Heinrich event (a sudden cooling followed by a slower warming), linked to changes with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle, led to a rapid drying out of the Saharan and Arabian regions, which quickly became desert. This is linked to a marked decline in the scale of the Nile floods between 2700 and 2100 BCE. The Sahara comprises several distinct ecoregions. With their variations in temperature, rainfall, elevation, and soil, these regions harbor distinct communities of plants and animals. The Atlantic coastal desert is a narrow strip along the Atlantic coast where fog generated offshore by the cool Canary Current provides sufficient moisture to sustain a variety of lichens, succulent plant, succulents, and shrubs. It covers an area of in the south of Morocco and Mauritania. The North Saharan steppe and woodlands is along the northern desert, next to the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregions of the northern Maghreb and Cyrenaica. Winter rains sustain shrublands and dry woodlands that form a transition between the Mediterranean climate regions to the north and the hyper-arid Sahara proper to the south. It covers in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. The Sahara Desert (ecoregion), Sahara Desert ecoregion covers the hyper-arid central portion of the Sahara where rainfall is minimal and sporadic. Vegetation is rare, and this ecoregion consists mostly of sand dunes (''erg, chech, raoui''), stone plateaus (''hamadas''), gravel plains (''reg''), dry valleys (''wadis''), and salt flats. It covers of: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Sudan. The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan. In the West Saharan montane xeric woodlands, several volcanic highlands provide a cooler, moister environment that supports Saharo-Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands. The ecoregion covers , mostly in the Tassili n'Ajjer of Algeria, with smaller enclaves in the Aïr of Niger, the Dhar Adrar of Mauritania, and the Adrar des Iforas of Mali and Algeria. The Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands ecoregion consists of the Tibesti and Jebel Uweinat highlands. Higher and more regular rainfall and cooler temperatures support woodlands and shrublands of date palm, acacias, Myrtus, myrtle, oleander, tamarix, and several rare and endemic plants. The ecoregion covers in the Tibesti of Chad and Libya, and Jebel Uweinat on the border of Egypt, Libya, and Sudan. The Saharan halophytics is an area of seasonally flooded saline depressions which is home to halophytic (salt-adapted) plant communities. The Saharan halophytics cover including: the Qattara Depression, Qattara and Siwa Depression, Siwa depressions in northern Egypt, the Tunisian salt lakes of central Tunisia, Chott Melghir in Algeria, and smaller areas of Algeria, Mauritania, and the southern part of Morocco. The Tanezrouft is one of the Sahara's most arid regions, with no vegetation and very little life. A barren, flat gravel plain, it extends south of Reggane in Algeria towards the Adrar des Ifoghas highlands in northern Mali. Flora and fauna The flora of the Sahara is highly diversified based on the bio-geographical characteristics of this vast desert. Floristics, Floristically, the Sahara has three zones based on the amount of rainfall received – the Northern (Mediterranean), Central and Southern Zones. There are two transitional zones – the Mediterranean-Sahara transition and the Sahel transition zone. The Saharan flora comprises around 2800 species of vascular plants. Approximately a quarter of these are endemism, endemic. About half of these species are common to the flora of the Arabian deserts. The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods, by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture, and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapotranspiration. Plant leaves may dry out totally and then recover. Several species of fox live in the Sahara including: the fennec fox, pale fox and Rüppell's fox. The addax, a large white antelope, can go nearly a year in the desert without drinking. The dorcas gazelle is a north African gazelle that can also go for a long time without water. Other notable gazelles include the rhim gazelle and dama gazelle. The Saharan cheetah (northwest African cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs, which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October, seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. They are unusually pale. The other cheetah subspecies (northeast African cheetah) lives in Chad, Sudan and the eastern region of Niger. However, it is currently extinct in the wild in Egypt and Libya. There are approximately 2000 mature individuals left in the wild. Other animals include the monitor lizards, hyrax, Cerastes (genus), sand vipers, and small populations of African wild dog, in perhaps only 14 countries and red-necked ostrich. Other animals exist in the Sahara (birds in particular) such as African silverbill and black-faced firefinch, among others. There are also small desert crocodiles in Mauritania and the Ennedi Plateau of Chad. The deathstalker scorpion can be long. Its venom contains large amounts of agitoxin and scyllatoxin and is very dangerous; however, a sting from this scorpion rarely kills a healthy adult. The Saharan silver ant is unique in that due to the extreme high temperatures of their habitat, and the threat of predators, the ants are active outside their nest for only about ten minutes per day. Dromedary camels and goats are the domesticated animals most commonly found in the Sahara. Because of its qualities of endurance and speed, the dromedary is the favourite animal used by nomads. Human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and Soil salinity, salinization. Researchers from Hacettepe University (Yücekutlu, N. et al., 2011) have reported that Saharan soil may have bio-available iron and also some essential macro and micro nutrient elements suitable for use as fertilizer for growing wheat. People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago,Discover Magazine 17 June 2006. survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including ''Afrovenator'', ''Jobaria'' and ''Ouranosaurus'', have also been found here. The modern Sahara, though, is not lush in vegetation, except in the Nile Valley, at a few oasis, oases, and in the northern highlands, where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow. It was long believed that the region had been this way since about 1600 BCE, after shifts in the axial tilt, Earth's axis increased temperatures and decreased precipitation, which led to the abrupt desertification of North Africa about 5,400 years ago. The Kiffian culture is a prehistoric industry, or domain, that existed between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago in the Sahara, during the Neolithic Subpluvial. Human remains from this culture were found in 2000 at a site known as Gobero, located in Niger in the Ténéré, Ténéré Desert. The site is known as the largest and earliest grave of Stone Age people in the Sahara desert. The Kiffians were skilled Hunter-gatherer, hunters. Bones of many large savannah animals that were discovered in the same area suggest that they lived on the shores of a lake that was present during the Holocene Wet Phase, a period when the Sahara was verdant and wet. The Kiffian people were tall, standing over six feet in height. Craniometric analysis indicates that this early Holocene population was closely related to the Late Pleistocene Iberomaurusians and early Holocene Capsian culture, Capsians of the Maghreb, as well as mid-Holocene Mechta-Afalou, Mechta groups. Traces of the Kiffian culture do not exist after 8,000 years ago, as the Sahara went through a dry period for the next thousand years. After this time, the Tenerian culture colonized the area. Gobero was discovered in 2000 during an archaeological expedition led by Paul Sereno, which sought dinosaur remains. Two distinct prehistoric cultures were discovered at the site: the early Holocene Kiffian culture, and the middle Holocene Tenerian culture. The Kiffians were a prehistoric people who preceded the Tenerians and vanished approximately 8000 years ago, when the desert became very dry. The desiccation lasted until around 4600 BCE, when the earliest artefacts associated with the Tenerians have been dated to. Some 200 skeletons have been discovered at Gobero. The Tenerians were considerably shorter in height and less robust than the earlier Kiffians. Craniometric analysis also indicates that they were osteologically distinct. The Kiffian skulls are akin to those of the Late Pleistocene Iberomaurusians, early Holocene Capsian culture, Capsians, and mid-Holocene Mechta-Afalou, Mechta groups, whereas the Tenerian crania are more like those of Mediterranean groups. Graves show that the Tenerians observed spiritual traditions, as they were buried with artifacts such as jewelry made of hippo tusks and clay pots. The most interesting find is a triple burial, dated to 5300 years ago, of an adult female and two children, estimated through their teeth as being five and eight years old, hugging each other. Pollen residue indicates they were buried on a bed of flowers. The three are assumed to have died within 24 hours of each other, but as their skeletons hold no apparent trauma (they did not die violently) and they have been buried so elaborately – unlikely if they had died of a plague – the cause of their deaths is a mystery. Tashwinat Mummy Uan Muhuggiag appears to have been inhabited from at least the 6th millennium BCE to about 2700 BCE, although not necessarily continuously. The most noteworthy find at Uan Muhuggiag is the well-preserved mummy of a young boy of approximately years old. The child was in a fetal position, then embalmed, then placed in a sack made of antelope skin, which was insulated by a layer of leaves. The boy's organs were removed, as evidenced by incisions in his stomach and thorax, and an organic preservative was inserted to stop his body from decomposing. An ostrich eggshell necklace was also found around his neck. Radiocarbon dating determined the age of the mummy to be approximately 5600 years old, which makes it about 1000 years older than the earliest previously recorded mummy in ancient Egypt. In 1958–59, an archaeological expedition led by Antonio Ascenzi conducted anthropological, radiological, histological and chemical analyses on the Uan Muhuggiag mummy. The specimen was determined to be that of a 30-month old child of uncertain sex, who possessed Negroid features. A long incision on the specimen's abdominal wall also indicated that the body had been initially mummified by evisceration and later underwent natural desiccation. One other individual, an adult, was found at Uan Muhuggiag, buried in a crouched position. However, the body showed no evidence of evisceration or any other method of preservation. The body was estimated to date from about 7500 BP. (Fayum B, about 6000–5000 BCE?) Digital Egypt Burial items included pottery, jewelry, farming and hunting equipment, and assorted foods including dried meat and fruit. Burial in desert environments appears to enhance Egyptian preservation rites, and the dead were buried facing due west.Predynastic (5,500–3,100 BCE), Tour Egypt. By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases that dot the landscape. Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods, the only major exception being the Nile Valley. The Nile, however, was impassable at several Cataracts of the Nile, cataracts, making trade and contact by boat difficult. The people of Phoenicia, who flourished from 1200 to 800 BCE, created a confederation of kingdoms across the entire Sahara to Egypt. They generally settled along the Mediterranean coast, as well as the Sahara, among the people of ancient Libya, who were the ancestors of people who speak Berber languages in North Africa and the Sahara today, including the Tuareg people, Tuareg of the central Sahara. The Phoenician alphabet seems to have been adopted by the ancient Libyans of north Africa, and Tifinagh is still used today by Berber-speaking Tuareg camel herders of the central Sahara. Sometime between 633 BCE and 530 BCE, Hanno the Navigator either established or reinforced Phoenician colonies in Western Sahara, but all ancient remains have vanished with virtually no trace. By 500 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthage, Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east; it remained outside the control of these states. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were of constant concern to those living on the edge of the desert. Urban civilization An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (who were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and the Ancient Rome, Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with them, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes' capital of Garama. Archaeology, Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes' territory. The Garamantes' civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains. Between the first century BC and the fourth century AD, several Romans in Sub-Saharan Africa, Roman expeditions into the Sahara were conducted by groups of military and commercial units of Roman Empire, Romans. The Berber people occupied (and still occupy with Arabs) much of the Sahara. The Garamantes Berbers built a prosperous empire in the heart of the desert. The Tuareg nomads continue to inhabit and move across wide Sahara surfaces to the present day. Islamic and Arabic expansion Ottoman Turkish era In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Ottoman Algeria, Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley, the east Mediterranean and North Africa. The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods. Traders exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices, gold and silk from the East, manufactured goods from Europe, and the slave and gold traffic from Africa. Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced. The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans. European colonialism European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. July Monarchy, France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from French Algeria and eastwards from French Senegal, Senegal into the upper Niger River, Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu (1893), Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881). By the beginning of the 20th century, the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means, such as airplanes, rather than across the desert. The French took advantage of long-standing animosity between the Chaamba Arabs and the Tuareg. The newly raised ''Méhariste'' Méhariste, camel corps were originally recruited mainly from the Chaamba nomadic tribe. In 1902, the French penetrated Hoggar Mountains and defeated Kel Ahaggar, Ahaggar Tuareg in the battle of Tit, Tamanrasset, Tit. The French Colonial Empire was the dominant presence in the Sahara. It established regular air links from Toulouse (HQ of famed Aéropostale (aviation), Aéropostale), to Oran and over the Hoggar to Timbuktu and West to Bamako and Dakar, as well as trans-Sahara bus services run by La Compagnie Transsaharienne (est. 1927). A remarkable film shot by famous aviator Captain René Wauthier documents the first crossing by a large truck convoy from Algiers to Tchad, across the Sahara. Egypt, under Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali and his successors, conquered Nubia in 1820–22, founded Khartoum in 1823, and conquered Darfur in 1874. Egypt, including the Sudan, became a British protectorate in 1882. Egypt and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Britain lost control of the Sudan from 1882 to 1898 as a result of the Mahdist War. After its capture by British troops in 1898, the Sudan became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium (international law), condominium. Restoration (Spain), Spain captured present-day Western Sahara after 1874, although Rio del Oro remained largely under Sahrawi people, Sahrawi influence. In 1912, Kingdom of Italy, Italy captured parts of what was to be named Ottoman Libya, Libya from the Ottomans. To promote the Roman Catholic religion in the desert, Pope Pius IX appointed a delegate Apostolic of the Sahara and the Sudan in 1868; later in the 19th century his jurisdiction was reorganized into the Vicariate Apostolic of Sahara. Breakup of the empires and afterwards Egypt became independent of Britain in 1936, although the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 allowed Britain to keep troops in Egypt and to maintain the British-Egyptian condominium in the Sudan. British military forces were withdrawn in 1954. Most of the Saharan states achieved independence after World War II: Libya in 1951; Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia in 1956; Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger in 1960; and Algeria in 1962. Spain withdrew from Western Sahara in 1975, and it was partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco. Mauritania withdrew in 1979; Morocco continues to hold the territory. In the post–World War II era, several mining, mines and communities have developed to utilize the desert's natural resources. These include large deposits of petroleum, oil and natural gas in Algeria and Libya, and large deposits of phosphates in Morocco and Western Sahara. A number of Trans-African Highway network, Trans-African highways have been proposed across the Sahara, including the Cairo–Dakar Highway along the Atlantic coast, the Trans-Sahara Highway from Algiers on the Mediterranean to Kano in Nigeria, the Tripoli – Cape Town Highway from Tripoli in Libya to N'Djamena in Chad, and the Cairo – Cape Town Highway which follows the Nile. Each of these highways is partially complete, with significant gaps and unpaved sections. People, culture, and languages The people of the Sahara are of various origins. Among them the Amazigh including the Tuareg people, Tuareg, various Arabized Amaziɣ groups such as the Hassaniya-speaking Sahrawis, whose populations include the Znaga, a tribe whose name is a remnant of the pre-historic Zenaga language. Other major groups of people include the: Toubou, Nubians, Zaghawa people, Zaghawa, Kanuri people, Kanuri, Hausa people, Hausa, Songhai people, Songhai, Beja people, Beja, and Fula people, Fula/Fulani (french: Peul; ff, Fulɓe). Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara. Arabic, Berber and its variants now regrouped under the term Amazigh (which includes the Guanche language spoken by the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands) and Beja languages are part of the Afro-Asiatic or Hamito-Semitic family. Unlike neighboring West Africa and the central governments of the states that comprise the Sahara, the French language bears little relevance to inter-personal discourse and commerce within the region, its people retaining staunch ethnic and political affiliations with Tuareg and Berbers, Berber leaders and culture. The legacy of the French French North Africa, colonial era administration is primarily manifested in the territorial reorganization enacted by the French Third Republic, Third and French Fourth Republic, Fourth republics, which engendered artificial political divisions within a hitherto isolated and porous region. Diplomacy with local clients was conducted primarily in Arabic, which was the traditional language of bureaucratic affairs. Mediation of disputes and inter-agency communication was served by interpreters contracted by the French government, who, according to Keenan, "documented a space of intercultural mediation," contributing much to preserving the indigenous cultural identities in the region.Jeremy Keenan, ed. (2013). ''The Sahara: Past, Present and Future''. Routledge, See also * Arid Lands Information Network * List of deserts * List of deserts by area * Neolithic Subpluvial * Sahara Conservation Fund * Sahara Sea * Saharan explorers Trans-Saharan slave trade * Republished with a new preface Columbia University Press, 1990. * * * * * * External links About Sahara subsurface hydrology and planned usage of the aquifers] {{Authority control Sahara, Articles containing video clips Deserts and xeric shrublands Deserts of Africa Geography of North Africa Geography of the Arab League Palearctic realm Physiographic provinces
“Closing the loop”: Types and Examples of Changes The purpose of assessment is to identify strengths and weaknesses in our practices, and to implement changes to improve the program. This critical step in assessment is often referred to as “closing the loop”. After collecting and analyzing assessment data, decisions need to be made collectively to determine whether/what changes will be made. If the data suggest that the outcome is met, the plan for the subsequent year could either be to continue monitoring the outcome to ensure consistency in quality, or to celebrate and move on to another set of outcome(s). Again, all SLOs need to be assessed in a multi-year assessment cycle (determined by the department/program), but not all SLOs need to be assessed at once. If the data suggest that the outcome is not met, changes or improvement actions should be planned for the subsequent year. Keep in mind that the implemented changes need to be monitored as well to see if they actually lead to improvement. One recommended way of doing so is to follow the same assessment plan as used previously (i.e. prior to changes), and compare the results to see if there is any difference. Within a multi-year assessment cycle, SLO should continue to be assessed and improved until “the loop is closed” (i.e. the outcome is met). Here are some common types and examples of changes that assessment results lead to (adapted from Allen 2011): Types of Change Examples Curriculum Change prerequisites or GE requirements; Add required courses; Replace existing courses with new ones; Change course sequence; Add internships, labs and other hands-on learning opportunities Faculty Support Provide targeted professional development opportunities; Increase number of TAs or peer mentors; Add specialized support to faculty (Library, Academic Technology, etc.); Increase support to promote dialogues and community among faculty Pedagogy Change course assignments; Add more active-learning components to course design; Change textbooks; Increase opportunities for formative feedback and peer-assisted learning Student Support Increase tutors; Add more online resources; Improve advising to make sure students take the right courses; Provide resources to encourage community building among students and between students and faculty Resources Change the course management system; Improve or expand lab spaces; Provide resources to support student independent research Assessment Plan Refine SLO statements; Change methods and/or measures; Change where (e.g. courses) the data are collected; Collect additional data; Improve data reporting and dissemination mechanisms
Energy Drinks, Are they Good for Me? Experts are now concerned about the risks that may come with consuming energy drinks There was a recent study in the American Heart Journal find the research here, found that energy drinks containing caffeine can change the electrical activity of the heart and increase blood pressure Your heart beats about 80 times in a minute and these beats are controlled by electric currents that make sure that your heart beats in sync These changes are mild, however, but if you take certain medications and have a kind of heart condition that you may not be aware of, you can throw your heart beat out of sync which may be fatal. Drugs are usually passed through rigorous tests to ensure that they are safe for consumption. These products do not go through the same rigorous tests but can be quite as harmful According to the American Society of Pediatrics, Children should not consume energy drinks at all What does it contain? The average energy drink contains caffeine, sugars, vitamins, stimulants like taurine, guarana, and L-carnitine Currently, there is not much that research has been able to show about these products and how they might interact to be harmful, but there is still research that is ongoing Who should not take them? • Pregnant women • Children under the age of 18 • People who do not take caffeine on a regular basis • People who are taking certain medications As they could be dangerous to these groups of people seeing as they might contain high amounts of caffeine and these other stimulants in amounts that are not found in normal meals in the normal day to day life of these people Here are some effects of energy drinks They can make your blood thicker According to a research done in 2010, it was found that energy drinks can acutely increase the gathering of platelets in the blood and also reduce the function of the inner lining of your blood vessels, these are risk factors for a stroke or even a heart attack and there has been anecdotal evidence linking energy drinks to sudden heart attacks There was the case of a 28-year-old racer who died after taking up to eight cans of energy drinks, it was found that his heart vessels were completely locked up, the only thing they could find in his blood was the high levels of caffeine and taurine which are contained in these energy drinks During exercise, your blood vessels have to enlarge to supply more blood, if they become smaller, they could lead to a heart attack. They can increase your heart rate You can always feel your heart rate increase after taking an energy drink, if you have a medical condition, you may be placing yourself at risk of danger, increase your blood pressure and increase your stress levels which are detrimental in the long run There have been cases of people who have gone into sudden cardiac death after taken more than one energy drink, after looking closely and trying to find out how they died, the only thing they could find was very high amounts of caffeine and taurine after their blood was analyzed They can affect your brain If you take caffeine in excess of 200mg, you can have what is called caffeine intoxication The symptoms can be muscle twitches, restlessness, periods when you do not feel tired, anxiety, stomach upset or problems Some energy drinks contain as much as 200mg of caffeine per serving or can and these can be harmful to you depending on your reaction to caffeine Adults should not have more than one energy drink per day, even the US Military has banned its troops from taking too many energy drinks because it can lead to sleep problems and extreme fatigue afterwards Adolescents who take these drinks have been shown to have raised blood pressure So before you pick that drink, please ensure that your heart has been checked by a doctor, Also, if you must take, take with discretion. NOt more than one drink and children not at all. 3 Responses 1. Hey Aproko Doctor. I love Monster Energy drink,I don’t take it a lot,but I want to know,if I were to take that once day,Wont it still affect me with time?. Leave a Reply Get The Latest Updates Subscribe To Our Weekly Newsletter No spam, notifications only about new products, updates.
Nicotine - The niggling addiction Why are people addicted to smoking? Smoking, whether recreational or habitual or compulsive, is extremely difficult to completely get rid of. The mental or the emotional dependence on a substance is referred to as addiction. It is marked by the repeated, compulsive seeking or use of a substance despite its harmful effects and related consequences. Nicotine is the known addictive substance in tobacco and it’s thought to be as addictive as heroin or cocaine. The two main cause of the habit: 1) Nicotine toxicity 2) Stress A smoker’s brain seeks the ‘right’ amount of nicotine toxicity to function normally. As the nicotine starts reacting with the brain, smokers unconsciously increase the amount of tobacco they use. This raises the amount of nicotine in their blood, and thus more tobacco is needed to get the same effect. This is called tolerance. Over time, a smoker reaches a certain nicotine level and then will need to keep up the usage to keep the level of nicotine within a comfortable range. So, when a brain is suddenly deprived of nicotine, simple bodily processes like digestion and sleep get disturbed pushing the smokers to crave for a smoke. How does this happen? Most addictive substances cause the brain to release hormones that elicit a feeling of pleasure. Addiction occurs when an individual has abused a substance or substances to the point that the brain loses the capacity to naturally generate pleasure hormones, leaving the individual to rely on one or more substances to achieve a feeling of normalcy. The Ayurveda states that nothing about an addicted brain is normal. Āyurvedic theory states that all humans naturally experience kama – “Desire for pleasure” and that this longing and the wish to avoid pain are basic survival instincts. However, unrestrained attachment to pleasure and keenness to avoid pain can lead to diseases. What happens when we smoke? Burning cigarettes is said to result in at least 69 chemicals that have been identified as carcinogens. Research confirms that the “Tar” present in cigarettes increases the risk of diseases. This tar contains many carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to DNA and can cause many genetic mutations. Nicotine present in smoke causes physical and psychological dependency. It alters the balance of chemicals in a smoker’s body such as dopamine and noradrenaline and therby has an effect on the person’s moods and concentration levels. How do we resist smoking In Ayurveda the conceptual theory of the five sheaths form the foundation for treatment of addiction. The theoretical understanding of the five sheaths provides a map of how to access body (annamaya kosha), breath (pranamaya kosha), mind (manomaya kosha), intelligence (vijnamaya kosha) and consciousness (anandamaya kosha). By cultivating awareness and sensory connection to the physical body, an activity is ignited in the root chakra and circulates a feeling of safety and stability through the mind. This in turn sets the stage for cellular repair to heal the body. Restoration of the breath i.e. recovery of full inhale and full exhale through gentle breathing exercises creates a state of equilibrium in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, generating an overall feeling of regulation in the mind and body. Herbal methods to stop smoking 1) Place a few drops of brahmi ghee on the cigarette. On lighting, the ghee’s smoke will be overpowering and will cut down your desire to smoke. 2) Herbal Tea: A tea made of equal proportions of jatamamsi, chamomile and brahmi can eliminate stress. 3) Dried pieces of pineapple mixed with half teaspoon of honey can bring down the desire to smoke. 4) Herbal mix: Remove one-third of the tobacco from the cigarettes and replace it with a mixture of brahmi, jatamamsi and rose petal powder. When the urge for smoking kicks in, light the cigarette and stop when you reach the tobacco. This practice will slowly diminish your desire to smoke. What does Ayurahar’s Smoke Shield Provide: Our pill is a perfect blend of 100% natural Curcumin enhanced with Piperine. Curcumin, the most active ingredient, is a strong antioxidant and has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal properties. send us a message Get Your First Consultation Free
Frequent question: How do you treat security risks? How do you manage security risks? To manage security risk more effectively, security leaders must: 1. Reduce risk exposure. 2. Assess, plan, design and implement an overall risk-management and compliance process. 3. Be vigilant about new and evolving threats, and upgrade security systems to counteract and prevent them. How do you assess and treat security risks? The 4 steps of a successful security risk assessment model 1. Identification. Determine all critical assets of the technology infrastructure. … 2. Assessment. Administer an approach to assess the identified security risks for critical assets. … 3. Mitigation. … 4. Prevention. How do you treat risks? 1. Identify the Best Treatments 1. Avoid the risk. 2. Eliminate the risk. 3. Reduce the likelihood of occurrence. 4. Reduce the consequences. 5. Share or transfer the risk (e.g., contracts, buying insurance) 6. Implement a combination of options. 7. Discontinue the activity that presents the risk. 8. Accept the risk by informed decision. What is a risk in security? In cybersecurity, risk is the potential for loss, damage or destruction of assets or data. Threat is a negative event, such as the exploit of a vulnerability. And a vulnerability is a weakness that exposes you to threats, and therefore increases the likelihood of a negative event. THIS IS IMPORTANT: You asked: Does the system of checks and balances protect citizens how? What is the biggest security threat to an organization? 1) Phishing Attacks How do you calculate security risk? What are the 4 ways to manage risk? What are the 5 methods used to manage treat risks? • Step 1: Identify the Risk. … • Step 2: Analyze the risk. … • Step 3: Evaluate or Rank the Risk. … • Step 4: Treat the Risk. … • Step 5: Monitor and Review the risk. How do you evaluate risks? Evaluating a risk means making a decision about its severity and ways to manage it. For example, you may decide the likelihood of a fire is ‘unlikely’ (a score of 2) but the consequences are ‘severe’ (a score of 4).
Do babies have receding hairlines? Receding hairline in newborn is also quite common. … Generally, most newborns are likely to have two crops of hair in their first 12 months. In some cases, the fist growth fails to keep growing before the second appears. As a result they’re going bald, sometimes even this has occurred before birth. Why does my baby have a receding hairline? Thanks to the umbilical cord, the same hormones that were pulsing through your body during pregnancy and giving you that supermodel head of hair were pulsing through your baby’s, too. But after birth, those hormones drop, triggering hair loss in your baby — and even yourself. Are you born with a receding hairline? Yes. You can certainly have a receding hairline and not go bald. There are even several simple lifestyle changes which are recommended as a treatment for a receding hairline as we’ve seen above. Male pattern baldness, though, is generally an inherited condition which you can’t really reverse. Do kids have receding hairlines? Receding Hairlines in Children and Teenagers One relatively rare cause is pediatric alopecia areata, which affects up to one in 1,000 children. Androgenetic alopecia, which is either caused by genetics or triggered by hormonal changes, is another cause of a receding hairline that affects teenagers, usually males. THIS IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: Is too much oxygen bad for babies? What causes baby to have lots of hair? Will I go bald if my dad is? Hair loss is hereditary, but it’s probably not your dad’s fault. … Men inherit the baldness gene from the X chromosome that they get from their mother. Female baldness is genetically inherited from either the mother’s or father’s side of the family. Is it normal to have a receding hairline at 15? Can you fix a receding hairline? Can you have a receding hairline at 14? Mom's sun
Skip to main content Showing posts from September, 2021 Top Uses of R Programming In The Real World R is one of the most commonly used programming languages in the modern world for data exploration and analysis. It gives students a range of job opportunities. That is why, in order to attain their objectives, many students choose R as their programming language of choice. However, the great majority of them are baffled by R programming's practical applications. So, today, we'll go through the top Uses of R in depth. What Is R Programming Language? Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman created R in 1993, and it is an open-source programming language. It's a programming language with a variety of mathematical analytical approaches. It's easy to understand and utilize. R is extremely extensible and offers a large range of statistical and graph methods (linear and nonlinear modeling, standard statistical tests, clustering, time-series analysis, classification, and so on). In terms of popularity, the R programming language is the obvious winner and best option for statistics. Step-By-Step Guidance On How To Write a Comparison Essay We can't help but notice parts of our environment as we go about our everyday lives. A new automobile, a new fashion trend, or perhaps some new experiences might be on the horizon. You're going to compare two Mexican restaurants if you think about one and then go to another. As a result, when your professors assign you homework to compare two instances in a case study, it may look normal. At the collegiate level, though, something happens: our natural capacity to compare is lost. You could be unsure How To Write a Comparison Essay . Many students experience this issue on a regular basis. We've put up a step-by-step guide to help you make the ideal paper. Here are some tips on how to make an outline, what to include, and, most importantly, how to do it. So read on to discover how to produce a masterful comparison essay. What Is Comparison Essay? A comparison essay (also known as a Compare and Contrast essay) is a common writing assignment in high school and college classes Get The Top Academic Writing Service help From Our Experts Working on assignment preparation is undoubtedly a difficult endeavor. However, given your task accounts for more than 60% of your academic achievements, it is critical that you complete it as instructed. We can help you if you don't have the necessary knowledge on how to approach your assignments. When it comes to offering Academic Writing Services , we have a great reputation in the industry. We realize how challenging it may be for a student to deal with schoolwork. So, all you have to do is contact our specialists and provide them with all of the information about your academic writing assignment. Our professionals check over everything and make sure the job is done correctly. Why Hire Academic Writing Services? It is difficult for students all over the world to work on various sorts of academic writing assignments if they have no prior experience. They must overcome several challenges in order to finish the work in the most efficient manner possible. If the work is not done Javascript vs HTML: Every Difference That You’re Looking For Do you want to know how Javascript vs HTML compares to each other? You've come to the right place if you answered yes. One of the most common worries among computer science students is the distinction between Javascript and HTML. Today, you will learn about the major differences and in-depth comparisons between Javascript vs HTML in this blog. So, before we go any further, let's have a look at each of these concepts in more detail. Overview of Javascript? Javascript is a high-level scripting language that was created by Brendan Eich at Netscape in 1995 for use on the client-side of the web browser. It's a website-enhancing technology that manipulates the content of web pages to make them more interactive. It is a multi-paradigm programming language built on the ideas of object-oriented programming. It is used to generate interactive effects within a web browser without interacting with the browser's server-side. Because of its name, it's sometimes mistaken with J Better Ways For How To Learn Javascript in 2021 You'll learn How To Learn Javascript in this blog. Let's get this party started. Many pupils struggle to learn javascript. JavaScript is a programming language that may be used on both the client and the server. It's text-based and uses HTML and CSS to enhance code functionality and add interactive elements. To put it another way, JS may provide vitality to otherwise drab and lifeless web pages. Because JS is an interpretative language, no compilation is required. JavaScript files with the extension should be kept separate. JS is used in huge projects with a lot of interactive maps, live news updates, form validations, and landing page creation. Advantages Of JavaScript The way people think about browsers is changing thanks to JavaScript. It teaches you how to create complex websites and how to digitize your whole company process! Some of the benefits of JavaScript are as follows:- High performance: Because it can be used straight away in the browser, JS is lightweight Python vs Matlab: The Essential Differences You Should Know Do you want to know how Python compares to Matlab? Do you want to know which of Python and Matlab is the best? If that's the case, you've come to the correct spot. Python vs Matlab is a common source of debate among statistics students. Let's start with a quick rundown of each of these words before we get into further detail. Overview of Python Python is a high-level programming language that is open-source and may be used for a variety of tasks. Guido van Rossum published it in 1991 and improved it. Python utilizes the object-oriented programming (OOP) paradigm to assist developers in producing accurate and logical code for both small and big projects. The Python programming language is widely used. It was created primarily to emphasize the readability of code. It supports OOP, procedural programming, and functional programming, among other programming paradigms. It allowed you to work faster and more efficiently integrate systems. Overview of Matlab Matlab stands for How To Start a Conclusion Paragraph That Has a Long-Term Impact Even if you have a clear idea of what you want the conclusion paragraph to say, do you know how to begin it correctly?" Not only are you scratching your head, but you're also not alone in not knowing how to start a conclusion paragraph ? In order to rectify this and create a captivating summary, what should you do? We're here to help you with that. If you're nearing the end of your essay and feeling the strain, don't panic! Just knowing how to begin a conclusion paragraph right now will leave a lasting impact on your reader. What Is The Purpose Of A Conclusion? It's vital to understand why your conclusion is so important before learning how to start a conclusion paragraph. Essentially, your conclusion paragraph is the part of your essay where you demonstrate to your reader that you've completed what you said you'd do at the beginning (in your introduction). To put it another way, you're giving your reader the knowledge they need to develop their o
In some variations of the organic reduction by DIBAL-H, I've seen hexane used, as in this equation from this website; organic reduction by DIBAL-H I've looked it up, but I haven't seen any explanation for why hexane's used there. It's also seen in the action of DIBAL-H on alkyl nitriles to give aldehydes with ammonia. Can anyone help me with why it's used in both cases? • 4 $\begingroup$ It violently reacts with water and is soluble in hydrocarbons like hexane. Hexane is just a solvent here $\endgroup$ Apr 27 at 5:07 • $\begingroup$ @SafdarFaisal: that works for the first case, thanks. For the alkyl nitrile reaction, apparently there's this idea of an acid being formed instead if you don't use hexane first or something. Can you elaborate how that works? It wasn't very clear where I got it from. $\endgroup$ – harry Apr 27 at 5:17 • 2 $\begingroup$ Hydrolysis of alkyl nitriles lead to formation of acids, hexane prevents that side reaction from happening since there is no water to hydrolyse $\endgroup$ Apr 27 at 5:22 • $\begingroup$ You should give a reference for your second case. $\endgroup$ Apr 27 at 5:22 • 1 $\begingroup$ Also, reduction by DIBAL-H is not a type of Rosenmund reduction. $\endgroup$ Apr 27 at 5:34 Unlike other reducing metal hydrides (e.g., $\ce{NaBH4}$ and $\ce{LiAlH4}$), diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H) is a liquid at room temperature and dissolve in many hydrocarbons such as toluene and hexanes, which also have very low freezing points. For example, hydrocarbons toluene and hexanes both have freezing points around $\pu{-95 ^\circ C}$. Thus, they are good solvents for reaction involving reduction by DIBAL-H at low temperatures such as the example given in the question ($\pu{-70 ^\circ C}$). As shown in the equation, the low reaction temperatures help stop the reduction at aldehyde level. At room temperature with excess DIBAL-H, the reduction may continue further to give corresponding alcohols or even corresponding alkanes. DIBAL-H reduces alkyl or aryl nitriles to their corresponding imines at low temperatures and resultant imines converted to corresponding aldehydes upon acid work-up. The same principle mentioned above apply here as well. Here, at high temperatures, imines reduced further to give corresponding amines. Note: To see the mechanism of the reduction, see here. Your Answer
What is PNG animation? What is the difference between animated GIF and animated PNG? GIFs were initially created for short image animations, but now are more commonly used as silent looping videos. Animated PNG was designed for much the same purpose, but allows for 24-bit images and 8-bit transparency . What exactly is APNG? What does PNG interlacing mean? Interlacing (also known as interleaving) is a method of encoding a bitmap image such that a person who has partially received it sees a degraded copy of the entire image. … PNG uses the Adam7 algorithm, which interlaces in both the vertical and horizontal direction. Which is better PNG or GIF? GIF is also a lossless image format that uses LZW compression algorithm. … Given that PNG is now supported across all major devices and that PNG compression is about 5–25% better than GIF compression, GIF images are now mainly used only if the image contains animations. What do you call a moving PNG? THIS IS INTERESTING: You asked: What color is orange in RGB? What is SVG vs PNG? Does PNG support transparency? Transparency. The GIF and PNG formats also both support transparency. If you need any level of transparency in your image, you must use either a GIF or a PNG. … If we save the image as a GIF, we can use a transparent background color. What are the disadvantages of using PNG? The disadvantages of the PNG format include: • Doesn’t support embedding EXIF metadata used by most digital cameras. What is PNG commonly used for? PNG (Portable Network Graphic) The artist's world
Raven intelligence is an IQ test that measures the intelligence of ravens. Ravens are an ancient species of birds that have lived in North America since the 1700s. They’re also considered to be a very intelligent species. This test measures intelligence in the ravens, which is a bird that can fly and is known for its intelligence. They use their ravens as a tool to communicate and hunt prey. The Raven IQ test is the most popular test in the US. The IQ test measures a number of intelligence measures, such as visual and auditory recognition, abstract reasoning, abstract problem solving, problem-solving ability, and general reasoning. This IQ test was developed in the 1950s by the University of Chicago, and the Raven Society. Raven intelligence tests have been tested on thousands of raven individuals and have been used to evaluate human intelligence in different settings. Raven IQ tests are available in English and in Spanish. Here’s how the Raven IQ IQ test works: Raven is a genus of birds, with a few different species living in North and Central America. In North America, the raven is a species of large birds that live in forests, lakes, and other habitats. There are about 50 species of raven, and most of the species are found in North American. The birds have long been studied and used for social and mate-related behaviors, but it’s the Raven test that has been the most widely used to study intelligence. Raven tests measure cognitive skills, or skills in reading, speaking, and writing. The test consists of four sections: Raven, Raven: A test of Raven’s ability to solve problems. Raven: a test of learning and memory. Raven : a test for Raven’s capacity to think abstractly. Raven, the test, is designed to measure Raven’s cognitive skills. Raven is often used as a test in school, as a way to measure a student’s intellectual ability. Raven test measures Raven’s abilities to learn new information, solve problems, and think abstractedly. It’s also known as Raven’s Quiz, a word play for Raven. Here are the cognitive tests that are used to measure intelligence in ravens: Raven: The Raven test is a test that involves reading a written letter to a raven. Raven Reading Test: The test is designed for adults. The raven is presented with a blank page, a piece of paper, or a letter that is either labeled “Raven” or “Raptor.” The raven must read the letter to the letter “R”. The raven answers each letter on a scale of 0-100. Raven Test: This test is used in elementary and middle school students. The students must guess which letter it is. Raven Quiz: This is the Raven Quizz. It is a quiz that uses a number from 1 to 10 to measure cognitive abilities. Raven Ability: The ability to use reasoning skills to solve puzzles and problems. This ability is typically measured by asking students to think about a problem and determine whether or not they can solve it. Raven Solver: The skill of working through a problem by using logical reasoning. Raven Readiness Test: A reading test used in college and university classrooms. The tests is designed so that students can be tested on how they can read a particular piece of text and figure out which letter the raven read. Raven Memory Test: Test that is used to assess Raven’s memory. The goal is to write down a set of letters and then remember which letter each letter is on the Raven. Raven Thinking Test: One of the Raven tests that is also used for Raven reading test. The student must solve a puzzle using a number that is 1 to 100. Raven Visual Test: Another Raven test. It measures Ravens visual and visual processing abilities. The ability is measured using the number of words that are drawn from the Raven’s vocabulary. Raven Spelling Test: It measures the ability to memorize words. Raven Learning Test: An online Raven test with multiple versions. It also is used for the Raven Reading test. Raven Performance: A Raven test where the student answers questions that are labeled with words that appear on a Raven test or a Raven Quidditch game. Raven Achievement: This Raven test measure Ravens social and emotional intelligence. This is an average of Raven tests. Raven Scoring: A score that is based on the score of a test on Raven test which measures Raven skills. The average score of Raven test scores is 9-10, and it’s an average score for Raven tests across the US according to the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Here is the IQ test used by the Raven Intelligence Association. RavenIQ test is available in both English and Spanish. The score range is from 70-100 on RavenIQ, but you can take a Raven IQ exam in both languages and score at any point from 70 to 140. Here, you can find the IQ tests on Amazon. Here you can learn more about how the IQ IQ tests work. Here comes the IQ quiz, a quiz in which
Display Accessibility Tools Accessibility Tools Highlight Links Change Contrast Increase Text Size Increase Letter Spacing Dyslexia Friendly Font Increase Cursor Size Share this story Mariah Meek and collaborators obtain grant to develop fish species ID tool Researchers from MSU, Texas A&M-Corpus Christi, and St. Anselm College received a $749,255 grant from the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) newest and most unique structure, the Convergence Accelerator, to begin Phase 1 development of a user-friendly, fish species identification tool. The app will significantly reduce illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing. Next year, the team will be up for an additional two years and $5 million in funding. Mariah Meek, lead investigator on the grant, said, “Our project combines the CRISPR-Cas13a Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing system, or SHERLOCK, and artificial intelligence capabilities to develop low-cost, rapid field-deployable species identification tools. During Phase I of this project, we will develop SHERLOCK assays paired with an artificial intelligence smartphone app for species identification between three pairs: Carolina vs Scalloped Hammerhead, Atlantic salmon vs the Pacific salmonids, and bigeye vs yellowfin tuna.” In the past 30 years, sustainable harvest of global fish stocks has plummeted from 90 percent to 66 percent, according to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Regulation, monitoring and enforcement of sustainable harvest is difficult and hinges on the ability to correctly identify species that, on the surface, look extremely similar. Some species are almost impossible to distinguish based on their appearance, such as the two species of sharks, while at other times customs officials may only have a fin to go on. Meek believes SHERLOCK will give fishers, fisheries managers, agency biologists, customs officials and seafood venders the power to become their own piscatorial gumshoes. By snapping a picture with their phone and wiping the fish in question with a swab, the tools will enable them to correctly identify which fish is which. “This app will improve seafood traceability by enabling verification of species at each level of the supply chain, as well as improve monitoring of conservation status and enforcement of protective regulations,” Mariah said. The app will be the latest genomics tool helping to improve humans’ ability to conserve biodiversity under development in the Meek Lab. Dave Portnoy, associate professor, and Chris Hollenbeck, assistant professor, both from Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi’s Marine Genomics Lab, as well as Shannon O’Leary, assistant professor from St. Anselm College, are co-PIs on the project. Nihar Mahapatra, associate professor in MSU’s Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the College of Engineering, is co-PI on the project and the lead for the computational and artificial intelligence aspects of the project. Nihar Mahapatra said, “Though more than 90% of seafood consumed in the U.S. is imported, less than 1 percent of those imports are inspected for compliance with existing regulations due to large volume, limited resources and time constraints.” “Our goal is that these tools will also help smaller, sustainable fisheries as it will provide a path for verifying the labeling and sustainability of their products and may allow them to sell their products at a higher price point and gain access to retailers with sustainability commitments,” Mariah added. Nadya Mamoozadeh, senior personnel on the grant and MSU postdoc, is a key researcher helping to design the SHERLOCK assays and to bring people into the project that can provide valuable perspectives on how the tools they design can be as user-friendly as possible. “The SHERLOCK and AI technologies leveraged in this project provide a really great example of recent technological advances that can be applied in a new way to combat long-standing challenges to sustainable fisheries management,” Nadya said. “Our main goal is for the tools we develop in this project to better equip diverse end users for protecting our oceans.” As the number of people in the world who eat fish increases while sustainable harvesting decreases, the speed with which the team’s app goes live will be key to preventing the illegal harvest of millions of fish and helping the seafood-eating public avoid purchasing unregulated and overfished species. Mariah said, “The simplicity of the genomic test kits and smartphone app integration will make information on fisheries practices and seafood supply chains accessible to the general public, equipping consumers to make informed decisions about seafood consumption. These public education efforts will be furthered by collaborations with prominent U.S. aquariums for educational outreach in dedicated exhibitions.”
Text Similarities : Estimate the degree of similarity between two texts Note to the reader: Python code is shared at the end We always need to compute the similarity in meaning between texts. • Search engines need to model the relevance of a document to a query, beyond the overlap in words between the two. For instance, question-and-answer sites such as Quora or Stackoverflow need to determine whether a question has already been asked before. • In legal matters, text similarity task allow to mitigate risks on a new contract, based on…
Mars is now a cold and extremely arid desert that is constantly bombarded with deadly solar radiation. It has a very thin atmosphere (it’s really thin, it is practically almost a vacuum) and no liquid water. But that was not always the case. Billions of years ago, Mars had liquid water on its surface. It had oceans, lakes, and rivers. So, how Mars died? How did it lose its atmosphere and water and become the extremely cold, arid desert we know now? Here’s a short video by BBC Earth Lab explaining the death of Mars. How Mars died, despite having an atmosphere and liquid water on its surface billions of years ago? “The Death of Mars” is a video by BBC Earth Lab, from the series The Planets (2019). How Mars died Our Sun’s outer corona burns at a scorching 1 million °C (more than 1.8 million °F) and releases a barrage of charged particles that travel around 250-750 kilometers per second (155-465 miles per second). These charged particles are called solar wind. Solar wind would strip away our atmosphere if Earth didn’t have a magnetosphere (see notes 1), created by our planet’s strong magnetic field. When those dangerous charged particles begin to get close to Earth, they get diverted around Earth by interactions with that magnetic field. During big space weather storms, which are ultimately caused by activity on the Sun, ions – electrically charged atoms or molecules – can be pushed deep into Earth’s magnetosphere in a series of impulsive events. These particles carry electromagnetic currents that circle around the planet and can even dramatically distort Earth’s magnetic field. That protection keeps solar wind and other ionizing radiation off of the Earth’s surface. All the life on Earth (see: 8 Things that make Life on Earth Possible) is safe inside the “shell” of this magnetic protection. Solar winds strip atmospheres of planets with a weak or non-existent magnetosphere. The Earth’s magnetosphere creates a protective bubble against solar wind around the atmosphere and prevents it from being stripped away by the charged particles of solar wind. We can even see this protective bubble on work in form of auroras. Polar Lights or Auroras are natural light displays predominantly seen in the high latitude (both Arctic and Antarctic) regions. If an aurora occurs in the Northern hemisphere, it is called “Aurora borealis” or “Northern lights”. If it is in the southern hemisphere, it is called “Aurora australis” or the “Southern lights”. Both northern and southern lights are produced when the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind that the trajectories of charged particles (predominantly in the form of electrons and protons) in both solar wind and magnetospheric plasma, precipitate them into the upper atmosphere (thermosphere/exosphere) due to Earth’s magnetic field, where their energy is lost. The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emit light of varying color and complexity. An aurora is a stunning display of the Earth’s magnetic field in action. How Earth’s magnetic field created? Scientists know that today the Earth’s magnetic field is powered by the solidification of the planet’s liquid iron core. The cooling and crystallization of the core stir up the surrounding liquid iron, creating powerful electric currents that generate a magnetic field stretching far out into space. This magnetic field is known as the geodynamo (see notes 2). Mars’ magnetic field Just like Earth, Mars once had a molten metallic molten core generating a magnetic field around the red planet. This magnetic field was protecting its atmosphere and the seas below. We know that because the oldest rocks on Mars show strong evidence of a once-powerful magnetic field. But, that dynamo generating Mars’ protective magnetic field has stopped billions of years ago. Younger rocks on the red planet (younger than 3 billion years old) show no evidence of a magnetic field. Half a billion years after it formed, Mars’ magnetic field died out. Without that shield, Mars’ atmosphere, including all the atmospheric components that make water (hydrogen and oxygen) started to be stripped away by the solar wind. Billions of years later, today, Mars has a very thin atmosphere: the atmospheric pressure on the Martian surface averages 600 pascals (0.087 psi; 6.0 mbar), about only 0.6% of Earth’s mean sea level pressure of 101.3 kilopascals (14.69 psi; 1.013 bar). Why did Mars lose its magnetic field? The answer to why did Mars lose its magnetic field lies at the beginning of its story. 4.6 billion years ago, when the solar system’s planets were forming from the dust clouds circling the Sun, early differences between the Earth and Mars set the young planets on very different paths. Mars formed further from the Sun., where there’s less rocky material to build a rocky planet. It’s actually the farthest rocky planet in our solar system to the Sun. So, Mars is much smaller than Earth. It has a radius of 3,389.5 km (2,106 miles), while the Earth’s radius is 6,371 km (3,959 miles). Its mass is only %10.7 of Earth. If a planet gets this small, and if it’s so far away from the Sun, it just freezes. So, Mars’s molten liquid iron core just frozen out. With it, the dynamo generating its magnetic field died. That’s how Mars died. How Mars died - Valles Marineris Hemisphere Enhanced How Mars died? Mars may once have been more hospitable to life than it is now. Scientists think the magnetosphere of Mars collapsed around 3.7 billion years ago, and it eventually lost its atmosphere. Now, Mars has a very thin atmosphere: the atmospheric pressure on the Martian surface averages 600 pascals (0.087 psi; 6.0 mbar), about only 0.6% of Earth’s mean sea level pressure of 101.3 kilopascals (14.69 psi; 1.013 bar). Photo: NASA Will Earth die someday how Mars died? The good news for us is that the magnetic field here on Earth shows no sign of ceasing anytime soon. The dynamo in the core may do things like flip and reverse, swapping north-and-south magnetic poles, but we should continue to stay protected from the solar wind far into the foreseeable future – for at least a few billion years. 1. A magnetosphere is a region around a planet created by the planet’s magnetic field. 2. In fact, multiple lines of evidence have shown that the Earth’s magnetic field existed at least 3.5 billion years ago. However, the planet’s core is thought to have started solidifying just 1 billion years ago, meaning that the magnetic field must have been driven by some other mechanism prior to 1 billion years ago. Noww scientists are trying to pin down exactly when the Earth’s magnetic field formed. Determining exactly when it started could help scientists figure out what generated it to begin with. M. Özgür Nevres Leave a comment
Anatomy and Reproduction of Corn Most corn plants have a single stem, called a stalk, which grows vertically upward from the ground (Figure 2a). The height of the stalk depends both on the variety of the corn and the environment in which a corn plant is grown. As the stalk grows, leaves emerge. A typical corn plant grown by a farmer in the central United States will have a stalk that is 7 to 10 feet tall and has 16 to 22 leaves. The lower part of each leaf wraps around the stalk and is attached to the stalk at a juncture called a node. Typically the lowest four nodes are below ground. Roots develop from each of these nodes. Sometimes, roots develop from the first aboveground node, and these are known as brace roots (Figure 2b). Some varieties of corn in certain environments produce secondary stalks, known as tillers, which grow outward from near the base of the main stalk. Fig. 2a: The primary parts of a mature corn plant. (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2005) Fig. 2b: The primary parts of mature corn roots. (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2005) Every corn plant has both male and female parts. The male part, which is known as the tassel, emerges from the top of the plant after all the leaves have emerged. The tassel usually consists of several branches, along which many small male flowers are situated. Each male flower releases a large number of pollen grains, each of which contains the male sex cell. The female floral organ is called an ear. The ear develops at the tip of a shank, which is a small, stalk-like structure that grows out from a leaf node located approximately midway between the ground and the tassel (Figure 3). Occasionally, a plant will produce an ear at several consecutive nodes, but the one that is located uppermost on the stalk becomes the largest ear. The immature ear consists of a cob, eggs that develop into kernels after pollination, and silks. The cob is a cylindrical structure upon which kernel development occurs. The kernels are arranged on the cob in pairs of rows. From each egg, a hair-like structure called a silk grows and eventually emerges from the tip of the husk, which is a group of leaves attached to the shank that encloses the entire ear. Pollination occurs when pollen falls on the exposed silks. Following pollination, a male sex cell grows down each silk to a single egg and fertilization (the union of the male and female sex cells) occurs. The fertilized egg develops into a kernel and inside each kernel is a single embryo (a new plant). A vigorous corn plant may have 500 to 1000 kernels on a single ear. Fig. 3: An ear of corn with shank and husk. (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2005)
The first thing to know about moisture protection is that the enemy is everywhere. The air around you contains water. All it takes is changes in temperature for that moisture to condensate and become a threat to your products. When your products are loaded in a container, the moisture is already there. Although everything may look fine at the time of loading, circumstances will change over the course of the transportation. Hopefully, we can shed some light on how moisture damage occurs and the alternatives available to avoid it. #1 Temperature and relative humidity The relative humidity measures the amount of humidity in the air, compared to the highest possible humidity, what the air can “hold”. For example, 100% Relative Humidity (RH) means that the air is totally saturated, therefore the air cannot hold more water vapor. The higher the relative humidity, the higher the risk for container rain that can damage your products. However, the triggering factor is the temperature. Temperature affects the relative humidity because the highest possible humidity, what the air can “hold”, depends on the temperature. A sudden fall in temperature can lead to condensation. And during a shipment, temperature varies with latitude, colder when approaching the Poles, but also during day and night, when temperatures drop. Temperature is a key factor in the appearance of container rain. But it’s also a factor out of your control, unless you opt for using refrigerated containers for your shipments. It’s an expensive solution commonly used only for temperature-sensitive goods such as fresh food or pharmaceuticals. #2 Adding moisture during loading and container breathing. It’s common to accidentally add moisture to the container during loading. This is often because of wet or humid packaging around the products or the boxes that they’re placed in, or commodities that release moisture (like cocoa beans). Sometimes the reason for the packaging or boxes is to protect the products from moisture damage, while it actually increases the threat. Another factor that affects the moisture threat is the fact that no container is airtight. Even a container in great condition will have air and moisture moving in and out of it. #3 Let it dry out. Sometimes there isn’t enough time from washing a container to loading it with products. In that case, the container may contain a lot of extra water. This means trouble. It’s important to keep an extra eye out for water on the container floor. Also, if there is wood inside the container, such as pallets and dunnage, it needs to be dry. Otherwise, there is so much unnecessary water in the container that the risk is high that it will cause trouble. The best way to protect your goods from moisture. There are many ways to approach the moisture damage issue. We believe very firmly that the best way is to attack the root of the problem: The moisture itself. Therefore, we use highly efficient calcium chloride desiccants that we dimension to your needs. We monitor how our solution protects your goods through the tracking of your shipments. This way we can tailor a solution that gives you just the protection you need. This article was written by the Absortech Group appearing in the January 2021 Moisture Magazine. For further insights check out the Absortech Group Moisture Magazine. Protection Experts Australia is the exclusive distributor of Absortech products throughout Australia. Pro-Ex offer a range of shipping desiccants to keep your cargo free from moisture damage. Contact us today.
What is a spotted draft horse? The Spotted Draft horse is the result of breeding certain draft breeds with other acceptable lighter bodied breeds to obtain the pinto coloring in a horse with the look of a draft. One of the first recorded Spotted Draft horses is believed to have been a Drum horse in the court of Queen Elizabeth 1. How long do spotted draft horses live? Caring for draft horses is far less rigorous than tending riding horses. The hardy working animals, which typically remain productive for 15 to 20 years of their 25- to 30-year life span, will certainly cotton to a classic horse barn with stalls, but they don’t demand it. What is a draft horse What is it used for? Draft horses are large, heavy breeds of horses characterized by tall stature (>16 hands), heavy muscular build, and large body size (>1400 lb). Common breeds include Percheron, Belgian, Shire, and Clydesdale, and they are often used in pulling, plowing, and farm labor. Can a horse carry 300 pounds? Q: Can a horse carry a 300 pound person? horses can carry a 300 pound rider, but your balance is also important. If you don’t have a good balance then it’ll be very difficult for even the largest horses to comfortably carry the weight. How many acres do you need for a draft horse? A rule of thumb that works for ANY herbivorous livestock is 1 animal unit per acre for sustainability the entire growing season. 1 animal unit is considered 1,000 lbs. Thus, a 2,000 lb draft would be 2 a.u.’s, thereby requiring 2 acres. Again, that is a general rule for simply turning a horse out to pasture. IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: When should I call the vet for a horse?
There should have been three “earths” in the solar system, but now there is only one left. Why did the other two disappear? The earth is the most special of the many stars in the universe. It is known that there is life in the stars and breeds countless lives. Before human beings, there were five mass extinctions on the earth. We can’t know the real reasons for these species’ extinctions. It’s very gratifying that human beings eventually became the masters of the earth. After the improvement of science and technology, human beings began to explore the entire solar system intensely, eager to find alien civilizations besides human beings. The moon, Mars and other stars have been studied, but so far no trace of life has been found. If we push the time to 4 billion years ago, the earth is not the only one special in the solar system. We should have three earths. We thought that all of them could evolve into life, and only the earth itself is left. This is puzzling. Then what are the other two “earths”? They are Venus and Mars. After years of exploration, human beings have learned a lot about these stars and sent countless probes to them. It can be determined that the environment of these two stars is very bad and far from the earth. There should have been three “earths” in the solar system, but now there is only one left. Why did the other two disappear? There is not a lot of oxygen in these two stars. For all creatures, oxygen is an indispensable resource. Once they enter the anoxic environment, any creature will suffocate and die. Until it is certain that Mars and Venus have oxygen, it is difficult for them to survive. According to the calculation of solar radiation power, Venus and Mars have been running in the habitable zone, receiving a lot of solar radiation to keep the surface in balance. From the various signs of these two planets, it can be inferred that there is a large amount of liquid water inside them, and there is likely to be a huge ocean. Venus, in particular, was a warm and humid planet before its early days. Originally, it had a good chance to evolve life. However, such a good condition does not last long. It is too close to the sun. As the temperature of the sun rises, Venus will become hotter and the liquid water will evaporate. As time goes by, water resources will become increasingly scarce. What’s more, there are frequent volcanic activities on Venus, releasing a lot of carbon dioxide, which will cause serious greenhouse effect and cause a serious disaster Out of control, even if there has been life, it will go extinct because of the great changes in the environment. Once upon a time, many people pinned all their hopes on Mars, which was supposed to be a habitable planet because it was found to be full of water resources. In 3.9 billion years, a dwarf planet with a diameter of about 2000 km collided with the north pole of Mars, which changed the face of Mars. While the magnetic field weakened, the liquid water evaporated and soon became barren. In addition, there was no atmosphere on Mars, which completely restricted the survival of life. Compared with Venus and Mars, the earth is the luckiest. In the past decades, the earth’s environment has been stable. Although there have been many species migrations, many creatures are still tenaciously living in the earth, because the earth has a very suitable environment for life to multiply here. We should thank the earth for everything. In the foreseeable future, the earth will be the only home that can survive. What do you think of this? You can leave a message for interaction. Related Articles Leave a Reply Back to top button
Schroth Greece Ave.. Ιασωνίδου 59 & Amazon 37, Greek 167 77 Copyright 2017 Made by Sitematters Observing a normal spine from the side will see that there are two gentle curves with inwardly, in the neck and waist area while an opposite curl in the back area. The bosses in the neck and waist area called lordotika while the camber of Kyphotic back. There are several reasons why a person may develop a hump Kyphotic larger than normal . The most common causes are muscle weakness, poor attitude , disease and osteoporosis Scheurmann. Disease Scheurmann Scheuermann's disease is among the most common sources of pain in the back young people, with pain most likely to follow either exercise or long periods of inactivity. What happens is that there is a disorder that causes lots of vertebrae grow at different rates during the child's development. This disorder causes the generation of wedge vertebra changing the pitch of the overlying and underlying vertebrae . These changes have resulted in excessive Kyphotic camber in the back area. The Scheuermann disease starts before puberty. It is not known what causes the abnormal growth of the vertebrae, but there are theories that the bone may be injured at some time or there may be a hereditary factor. The condition associated with skeletal growth and curvature usually is not increased after the completion of growth. Estimated that 1 until 8% people develop the disease. The disease mostly occurs in the back, but it is possible to develop lumbar. When the disease is in the lumbar spine, The distortion is usually not so obvious, but lumbar distortion often causes greater pain, more limitation of motion and increased likelihood of a continuation of the situation in adulthood. If the disease is not treated early then problems in adulthood is quite possible with predominant symptom pain. Symptoms of the disease Symptoms mainly appear in ages 10 with 15 wherein the spine develops very rapidly. The symptoms are usually pain in the back area that becomes worse with new activity, feeling tired especially when the child is sitting long hours at school, At the point where the shoulder skin is large it may be red from contact with the chair back, There may be a small spasm and difficulty in movement. It is rare that the disease can cause serious damage to internal organs or spinal cord but if grown in large size may push the lungs which will lead to breathing problems. Evaluation of kyphosis Physical examination usually consists of observation upright contemplated muscle strength and mobility of the spine. Also asked the child to make leaning forward To comment on this post Like to lie on your back to see if kyphosis disappears, which will lead us to the conclusion that it is probably kyphotic posture and not for Scheuermann's disease. The size of kyphosis measured in degrees is considered normal anything between 20 and 40 Mires. Evaluation is completed with the analysis of X-ray or other imaging methods. Usually an angle greater than 45 Our degrees leads to the conclusion that it is the Scheuermann's disease, or if you observe three or more vertebrae have a wedge shape and angle between the above 5 degrees. 20% with 30% of people have Scheuermann's disease simultaneously and some form of scoliosis. Treatment is usually conservative and involves special physiotherapeutic exercises, correction of posture, mobilization and potentially torso brace. The shank guardians have proved effective even in kyphosis to 75 °. kyphotic posture When we stand upright our muscles must work to resist compressive forces exert gravity on us. If they do not have the strength to do so tend to "wallow" in our spine curves which increase and Kyphotic and the camber lordotiko. Often this bad attitude respect and promotion of the shoulders in front view as the head forward. Usually a targeted exercise program is enough to correct our attitude. Kyphosis caused by osteoporosis Due to a decrease in bone density degenerative changes and automatically fractures occur in the vertebrae. Addressing concerns that exercise will help to maintain the correct posture of the patient and balance exercises that will reduce the likelihood of falling and a possible fracture in the spine. Start typing and press Enter to search
You asked: What are bilingual schools in Spain? How many schools in Spain are bilingual? What is the meaning of bilingual school? Are there free English schools in Spain? Is schooling free in Spain? The Spanish education system is compulsory and free for all children aged between 6 and 16 years and is supported by the national government together with the governments of each of the country’s 17 autonomous communities. Are schools in Spain good? Spain is an excellent educational destination due to the variety of high-quality educational options on offer. From an academic and educational perspective, the Best Schools in Spain hold a much higher than average position in the OECD’s annual PISA for Schools ranking. AMAZING: Are there ZIP codes in Spain? Why is Spanish taught in schools? Hispanics are the largest minority in the United States, with the majority of them being Spanish speakers. By learning Spanish, you’ll be better able to communicate with Spanish speakers. Latin American countries are our most important trading partners. Being able to speak Spanish greatly enhances your resume. What are the cons of a bilingual education? Bilingual education refers to teaching academic content in both a native and second language. 4 Cons of Bilingual Education • Programs Are Inconsistent Over Time. … • Target-Language Content Can Cause Learning Challenges. … • Its Effectiveness Is Unclear for Grades K-3. … • Programs Suffer From a Lack of Qualified Staff. Is bilingual education Good or bad? Why is bilingual education controversial? Why is bilingual education so controversial? The primary reason it has become so controversial is that many believe that those who live in the U.S. should be completely “Americanized,” meaning that instruction should be only in English.
Alexander the Great was Aristotle's Greatest Achievement Golems are real Aristotle is remembered as one of the greatest philosophers in all history. A polymath, it appears like he knew everything there is to know about everything. Perhaps the choicest quote in that article to demonstrate just how admired he is, is the following: Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars as “The First Teacher”, and among medieval Christians like Thomas Aquinas as simply “The Philosopher”, while the poet Dante called him “the master of those who know". Also notably, instead of a list of persons influenced, the Influenced section in the sidebar says: Virtually all subsequent Western philosophy, especially Aristotelianism e. g. Averroes, Aquinas. Also pre-Enlightenment science (see List of writers influenced by Aristotle) He is mainly remembered for his writings, that is, his dead letters, which is a sign of the logomanic illness that has festered in the West since Plato, and which has by now reached the point of utmost dissolution. But that is, perhaps, a story for another day. Alexander the Great, meanwhile, is remembered for his own towering accomplishments, such as literally being undefeated in battle, and creating an empire that “stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River”: Much can be said of Alexander’s achievements, but Wikipedia provides quite the pith summary: He is often ranked among the most influential people in human history. The Creation of a Golem The Golem is a mythical Jewish creature, a being created from clay or mud by “those close to divinity”. In some stories, words are inscribed on the Golem to control it, notably in one case: The golem could then be deactivated by removing the aleph (א) in emét, thus changing the inscription from “truth” to “death” (mét מת, meaning “dead”). I say “notably”, because I like this divine truth, of “truth” being the opposite of “death” (where this leaves the atheists is left as a silly exercise for the reader). Anecdotally, I also recall seeing the Golem depicted as being fed a parchment with the relevant inscription, though I can’t quite find where I saw that. Like all myths, the myth of the Golem points to the truth analogically. More intelligibly, Golems are real: they are us. We are born into a cultural context, where stories and notions are implanted deep into our subconscious from our earliest childhood, these stories forming the basis of what we think is ordinary, of what we call common sense. But some men meet with a grander fate: they fall into the hands of a man “close to divinity”, who kneads them like clay, and if successful, creates something superhuman. This was the fate of Alexander the Great, the wonderful clockwork golden boy of Aristotle. How is such a feat as the making of Alexander the Great accomplished? There are no formulas for this. From Wikipedia, we get: Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest, and Aristotle’s own attitude towards Persia was unabashedly ethnocentric. In one famous example, he counsels Alexander to be “a leader to the Greeks and a despot to the barbarians, to look after the former as after friends and relatives, and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants”. I might give an arm for a copy of the Iliad annotated by Aristotle. At any rate, how does such an education create an Alexander? Turns out there is a crucial piece missing in these accounts: the unwritten doctrines: Plutarch describes Alexander as a brilliant student in his Parallel Lives; so high-performing that he is introduced to the acroamatic (“for hearing only”) and to the esoteric doctrines (“belonging to an inner circle”) - originally referred to the secret teachings of Greek philosophers-. Those two doctrines are the core of the Aristotelian philosophy and the highest knowledge precepts at that time. The secret of how to summon Alexander appears lost, just as the secret of how to summon Aristotle in turn, and Plato and so on. A chain of transmission was broken, apparently by Aristotle, who was the end of the Socrates-Plato-Aristotle transmission (did that chain really begin in Socrates?). Perhaps because he was mistaken in making Alexander into a conqueror: he should have made him a philosopher. Alexander himself said: I’d rather distinguish myself for my knowledge than for my fighting skills Sounds like he should have been a Brahmin and not a Kshatriya. Shaman, not warrior-king. But it was not a waste, as we ultimately get him as a lodestar of human competence, as evidence that there can be such a thing as human superintelligence. Perhaps he is even a better exemplar of this than say, Von Neumann. Alexander the Great acquitted himself in the kiln of the battlefield, unlike Neumann, who had the luxury of taking his time. Could Neumann have replicated the Alexandrian conquests, in his shoes? Ah, but this is starting to sound a bit like some fascist tract. I do not admire war. Perhaps in the time of Alexander, conquest was the only way that reaching the “ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea” could have possibly been achieved, but we fortunately do not live in such brutal times. Regardless, this mysterious knowledge that birthed a Dragon must be retrieved. We are certainly in a time where there are plenty of Gordian Knots to unravel. There is an X-Wing buried in the swamp of our unconscious, and it must be dredged up. I already retrieved mine. Can you retrieve yours? If you want help with that, then like, share, and subscribe!
Having an eating disorder is a serious problem for several reasons. The first and most obvious is that we can not avoid food. A person with a problem with alcohol, drugs or gambling, for example, may try to get away from these factors in order to lead a normal life. A person who suffers for food must learn to rethink their relationship with her. Another reason is that an eating disorder is a more complex pathology than meets the eye: although starting with the problem of food and weight, there are usually more complicated emotional problems behind . Lack of self-esteem, feelings of guilt, feelings of lack of control, histories of abuse … All these things and many others may be hidden after an eating disorder. The eating disorders are divided mainly into three, although then there are other variants of each of them related for example with the intake of alcohol, such as ebriorexia ; the hours of eating, such as the nocturnal dinning syndrome; or its relationship with sports, such as sports anorexia . 1. Anorexia nervosa The anorexia is a disorder in which people voluntarily lose more weight than is considered healthy for their age and height. It is an unhealthy concern for the weight and the figure that leads those who suffer to stop eating absolutely or almost absolutely, exercising excessively and obsessively and using other methods such as diuretics or laxatives. Causes of anorexia It is not known exactly what can trigger an anorexic disorder, but there seem to be many factors involved, some of biological origin such as genetics or hormones, and other social factors such as the public and collective celebration of excessively thin physical models. Some risk factors for anorexia are an excessive concern for weight and figure, having suffered eating disorders in childhood, having low self-esteem or a negative image of oneself, an obsessive perfectionism and an excessive fixation by the rules. The women are more likely to develop anorexia than men, although the gap is narrowing. The years of preadolescence, adolescence and youth are the years with the highest risk to develop anorexia. Symptoms of anorexia It is important to detect an anorexia process as soon as possible , and for that, the people around the patient are essential since the patient will probably refuse to see the problem or try to hide it . Some behaviors can give the alarm signal, for example, an exacerbated fear of weight gain even being below the recommended weight, refusing to stay at the recommended weight or focus only on losing weight as a way to be well without recognizing the risks of lose too much weight As for food, you have to be alert when someone refuses to eat or usually throws up after doing so. Another habitual behavior is to cut the food into small piecesand move it around the plate without eating it; refuse to eat with other people ; exercising obsessively even when they are injured or too busy; take diuretic pills, laxative medications or appetite suppressants. Other symptoms of anorexia, usually in more advanced stages of the disease, include dry skin and cracked lips, slow or confused thinking along with memory problems, extreme sensitivity to cold, depression, muscle loss. Possible complications of anorexia With the passage of time, anorexia can lead to serious complications. Among them is malnutrition due to lack of a complete diet, the weakening of the immune system and therefore an increased risk of infection, dehydration, weakening of bones and teeth, heart problems due to lack of potassium, seizures due to lack of sodium or thyroid problems. The biggest challenge in the treatment of anorexia is convincing people who suffer from it that they have an illness . Often the search for treatment is made only when the pathology is already very advanced. The treatment usually has two parts: one of them is focused on the patient regaining a normal weight , and another to treat the psychological backgroundof the disease. Often a hospitalization period is necessary , but treatment will continue later, sometimes for months or years. 2. Bulimia nervosa Bulimia is another type of eating disorder in which the patient suffers from short periods of excessive food intake , called binge eating, followed by other periods in which a purging is usually carried out in the form of vomiting or taking laxative medications. Bulimia and anorexia can be suffered at the same time. The fear of gaining weight also plays a role in this disease, and it is what causes purge periods. Causes of bulimia As with anorexia, it is not easy to pinpoint a single cause behind bulimia. Behind the feeding problems there are often complex factors related to genetics, biology, the influence of the environment and other psychological factors such as low self-esteem, negative feelings, episodes of abuse, etc. In bulimia, there is a lack of control over one’s actions , which manifests itself in the moment of binge eating. This often leads to self-rejection , guilt and the need to purge afterwards, which usually brings a sense of relief . Symptoms of bulimia Again, the observation of the environment is often what serves to detect a bulimic disorder, so it is important to know the symptoms to be alert. However, sometimes this is more difficult than in the case of anorexia because bulimic people are often at their recommended weight, although often they do not feel this way, so that it may be less evident from the outside. The binging is an obvious symptom but often done secretly, so they are not easy to observe. Episodes of vomiting after meals can be a warning signal. Other external signs may be the purchase of large quantities of food , usually unhealthy or high in calories, which disappear quickly or the usual consumption of laxative, diuretic or vomiting medications. Possible complications With the passage of time, bulimia can lead to serious complications. The habit and frequency of vomiting, for example, can cause serious damage to the esophagus, decay and deterioration of the teeth and inflammation of the throat. Vomiting combined with laxative products can end up leading to intestinal damage , constipation, dehydration, heart problems due to low levels of potassium and damage to the pancreas, among others. Treatment of bulimia Again, the most important and sometimes most difficult step in the treatment of bulimia is the detection of the disease, something patients often try to hide at all costs. Unlike anorexia, bulimia often does not require hospital admission unless other factors such as anorexia, some of the complications mentioned above, or severe depression concur. The treatment again has a basically psychological weight , although often drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are also used. 3. Unbridled appetite disorder It is one of the most common but of the least known. People who suffer from it regularly ingest unusually large amounts of food, which we call binge eating. In those periods, the person who suffers loses control of their diet and is not able to stop eating. Causes of rampant appetite disorder Again, the causes are several and complex : from genetic factors to changes in the chemistry of the brain through emotional problems, depression or anxiety or eating an unhealthy diet with nutritional deficiencies or skipping some meals. There is often a previous obsession with food, for example, in a very strict diet, so that food is identified with emotional relief, an escape route or a form of self-punishment. Eating disorders and psychological treatment Often we tend to despise mental illnesses as if they were less important and healing was a matter of mere will of the patient. This way of thinking not only does not solve the problem, but adds to the suffering of patients a social stigma. As if to cure everything necessary was to desire it and if they do not heal it is because they do not have sufficient willpower. Eating disorders fall into this category, and require both physical and psychological treatment . Making them eat is not enough. You have to help them to realize what is behind these problems and how they can solve it . Many times they are problems of self-esteem, family situation or abusive partner, traumatic experiences or lack of control in their life. Therapy is an indispensable part of the treatment to understand and correct the hidden causes of the disease. But it is not the only thing. Often it can be helpful to participate in support groups with other people who have gone through or are going through the same, as well as the support of the environment, family and friends, who understand without judging and help the patient to recover. It is also important to know that all these disorders can cause relapses over time. As with addictions, eating disorders rarely disappear completely and people who suffer from them must make the effort to eat normally throughout their lives. That’s why relapses are common, but they should not be taken as a weakness or with desperation, but as another stage in recovery.
Planning is a very important aspect of all business projects and everyone's day-to-day activities, whether it is related to your personal planning, ordinary office tasks, or more global goals. Many of the best companies such as Apple, IBM, and Microsoft use Agile planning, but implementing Agile can be a daunting task. But don’t worry! In this guide, you will learn all the core concepts of Agile project planning, so you can implement it for any of your goals. Plus, get free access to the Agile project templates and Agile project plan examples. Let’s get started! What does Agile actually mean? Agile is a planning approach that estimates work with independent work units called sprints or iterations. One to three week intervals are called sprints in which a team concentrates on a limited load of work items as well as OKRs and strives to complete them. Agile is a way of thinking with its own system of values, using various workflow management frameworks. A framework is a set of basic elements and rules on which you build your process. Agile is a type of philosophy which consists of four crucial values and 12 principles. It contains a number of attitudes that are followed, and they often enough have an influence on your behavior. The major distinction between Agile and conventional (commonly known as waterfall) planning is that the former is iterative and adaptable. The second is a heavy, step-by-step planning procedure. An Agile project planning approach doesn’t imply formalization of employee functions, hierarchy within the team, or reporting documentation. The flexibility that this method offers is also in the fact that the team closely interacts with the environment and the customers. Thus, the final form of the project product can evolve a lot and may significantly differ from the initial idea. If we look at the statistics which suggest that 71% of organizations worldwide choose Agile methodologies for their business planning, logically it seems to be a proven method that really helps to get through the work process successfully. These are the key features of a good Agile plan: • The objective is from the perspective of a client • Frequent deliveries • Data range rather than date estimations • Concentrate on the job not the worker • Plans of two kinds • Data-driven approach Now let’s mention some Agile project plan examples. Scrum, eXtreme Programming (XP), Feature Driven Development (FDD), Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM), Adaptive Software Development (ASD), Crystal, and Lean Software Development (LSD) are some of the more prominent and well-known examples. Teams usually tend to choose one or two approaches at a time. 4 golden values of Agile planning Whether you decide to use Kanban boards or Gantt charts as a specific project method, it’s important to understand the essential concepts that build the whole Agile model. You can implement those four values in various ways using each Agile methodology, but they all rely on them for the creation, delivery of high quality, and functional software. Agile values Agile values Value 1: "People and interaction matter more than the processes and tools." People often interpret this value as: "People are important, but tools are not important." This is not what it is about. Both people and tools are important. But what matters here is how people interact with each other. For example, in the classic approach of working in companies, the focus is, oftentimes, more on the process and the end result rather than the individuals and their behavior. But in Agile, the opposite is true: it is more important to develop the team potential and learn to work together as a collective mechanism. As a result, employees work in teams, being responsible for the result not alone, but together. This leads to a fair conclusion: During the Agile planning process, instead of counting on the performance details to push the path forward, you should encourage effective communication between team members. Value 2: "A working software weighs more than comprehensive documentation." The fact is that Agile also has documentation and contracts, but these components are in the background. What is more important is the final product that the client will receive and use. A great analogy to describe this situation is this: A company orders employees to write a ton of documentation, spend time on approval, and start developing a product, but in the end the product turns out to be useless. The reason behind this is because it took too much time to resolve those documentary issues, and there was no strength, interest, or opportunity to put energy into testing the product and getting enough feedback from the client. The bottom line: A working product always takes precedence over formal documentation. Agile places a high priority on documentation, but it places a higher value on working programming. Value 3: "Cooperation with the customer is more important than negotiating the terms of the contract." A lot of people tend to brush this principle off, even though it complements the very first one — the importance of human interaction. In the classical approach, the IT department and the business department work separately. The customer comes up with the topic and passes it to the developers, and six months later comes back and asks for the result. But nothing that could satisfy their concern has been done during this period. The customer is furious, and they bring up the terms of the contract and the date of the project delivery; it doesn’t matter to them why the development department struggled with the task. In this case, the matter may be dismissed. But it wasn't the team that set the date. In other words, the interaction was not established at its greatest potential. The mission failed. Contract discussions often are there for when the client and the product manager focus on the product's details early in the process, with limited scope of adjustments along the way. Cooperation is manifested in the fact that the attitude is changing; everyone speaks on equal terms. There is no place for hierarchy. That’s why an Agile project management plan matters so much. It doesn’t bind you to strict rules and allows task executors to constantly check with the clients and enrich the product with new ideas and modifications. Value 4: "Being open-minded and ready for change is more important than following the initial plan." This principle is often misinterpreted as: "Whatever happens is change." This notion is very easy to manipulate. Let's say the product owner realized that something important was missing and everything was lost. He urgently addresses the team and states, "We have outplayed everything, we will do it like this." The team is at a loss: "We didn't agree to that," and the owner shrugs his shoulders and argues: "Well, sorry, we have to be flexible." But this principle is not at all about such chaos during the work process. The team gathers customer opinions once a week and determines what they should alter to improve the product. Afterwards, they work toward approaching the product's owner with these desires. Work on improving the situation begins. When a team realizes, "Yes, we did the wrong thing, but we are here to think critically. Let's alter our behavior model and correct what needs to be corrected," they are ready to change. You need to understand that the implementation and understanding of any philosophy, in our case Agile planning, takes a lot of time. When looking for new employees, be sure to tell them in detail how you work towards your product goal, so that they are fully aware and accepting of the method. Step-by-step Agile planning process explained Did you know that Agile initiatives offer a 90% quicker time to market than traditional project management programs? Well, here is a step-by-step approach to learn how an Agile project management plan appears in practice: Step-by-step Agile planning process Step-by-step Agile planning process 1. Vision of the task The demands of your consumers are important to you. What do they need? What do they look forward to? What are the problems they are seeking to resolve? Agile project managers start to think of the end user. This might involve market research or consumer interviews. Simply put, you must decide how you determine whether it is successful. Functional software is there to facilitate and manage the whole process, so that you can simply update and share iterations and transfer jobs to and from your product backlog. Teams can utilize Geoffrey Moore's "The Elevator Pitch" template from Crossing The Chasm. The template is a quick and easy method to focus your vision. This is how the template looks: For (target audience) Who (dissatisfaction with the available alternatives) The (name of the product) is a (category of the product) That (key benefit, compelling reason to buy) In contrast to (the alternative of the product) Our product (how it is more efficient than its alternatives) 2. Gather the proper team Once you have an idea of what the problem is, gathering a team of people who have the abilities and expertise to tackle the issue will be the second step. This may require external consultants from other departments to be brought in. And sometimes, you might have to develop the abilities of your current team members. 3. Brainstorming process The team may start creating concepts immediately. All ideas should be taken into account at this point. Throughout an Agile planning process, you should foster innovations. 4. Create a base If you have developed a possible answer, put a basic prototype together. It will just take a few days. Recall that creativity and flexibility support Agile project management. Agile release planning determines how much of the project you will deliver to the client in a certain period of time. Share this prototype with others and write down all the comments from them. Assemble another prototype that best suits your needs if you receive mostly negative feedback. One of the main strengths of this technique is that you are informed about your design’s missed points at the early stage. You won't risk working on a concept for months just to find it isn't right for your client. 5. Decide the limitations of the project Decide on the scope of the project based on comments. Depending on how your prototype was accepted, you may need to modify or delete features. Create a live document that outlines the scope of the project. It should be updated as the project advances. 6. Plan important roadmap milestones The next stage is defining the milestones to be reached during the product development. You will nonetheless have to select which components are used to make the product and when each deadline should be met. You must not just consider the characteristics of a product, but the wider objectives on which it is built. For example, does your customer aim to gain new clients, increase visibility, or increase interaction on social media? Make sure your recommended development plan matches the overall objectives of the project. 7. Schedule sprints A sprint is a brief one- to four-week development cycle. Try to keep all sprints the same duration to ensure a consistent rate of progress. Determine a list of all your team's duties while preparing a sprint and settle on reasonable goals. 8. Check in regularly Daily stand-ups enable you to quickly detect issues. A stand-up meeting takes around 15 minutes and asks all team members to account for their progress. Each member of the team should be able to tell you what they worked on yesterday. Whether they have addressed problems or concerns with everyone else, you are responsible as project manager for keeping the team on schedule and working with them to address problems. 9. Review a sprint You must sit down and review your team at the conclusion of each sprint. What did they do well? What can the next sprint teach us? Retrospectives are vital, but daily status reports are also critical for evaluating the project's health. 10. Plan the following sprint Continue the sprint system to complete the project. Stay open and always respond to input from customers and end users. Try to always achieve perfection and never scrimp on conception. Effective Agile project administration depends on strong human connection, not only on technical skills. Select an efficient means of communication and ensure that all members of the team are committed to utilizing it. 11. Release You may produce and release a product that your customer and end users adore. The Agile project strategy does not stop there, though — if consumers discover issues, you may need to make more changes. You will improve communication within and beyond your team with each project. You may find it difficult to adapt at first with the quick speed of Agile project management, but you'll begin to wonder how you utilized older techniques. Agile project templates to use Try this straightforward two-month iteration template for Agile planning purposes if you're searching for a ready-to-use Agile project template: Agile planning with the help of a team management tool A team management tool improves Agile planning by allowing you to design the release's user stories, arrange them into sprints, assign them to team members, and follow progress in real time from anywhere. Here are a few more examples of how you can use Agile: Project plan for Agile software development The Software Development Project Plan is kept in an Excel file and contains information on each task's start and finish dates, priority, owner, and status, as well as comments. The assignments are divided into five sprints, each with its own set of features. The code is written in the code writing phase based on the features' description from the previous phase. The written code must satisfy an elementary quality barrier, and this step establishes that level and ensures that the code meets it. The purpose of user testing is to provide input to the development team. This input will be used to plan out the necessary changes and additional features. Agile website development project plan The website plan is kept in an Excel file that contains information about each task's start and end dates, priority, owner, progress, and comments as well. The assignments are divided into five sprints, each with its own set of features. The site mock-up is the initial task, and it shows potential users how the site will look after it is finished. The infrastructure phase entails configuring the site on the company's/clients' servers, establishing the site's domain, and performing all operations related to the site's platform. Agile website development template Agile website development template The Agile method values are a great opportunity for companies to pursue their goals. Realizing how the Agile planning process works can take your business game to a whole new level. This proven technique supports trust, transparency, teamwork, and cooperation with customers. If you follow Agile ideals and principles carefully during the software development process, they will undoubtedly have a beneficial influence on the product and, ultimately, the whole business. Are you looking for a means to correctly implement the Agile planning technique? Tracklify is a great example of an Agile planning tool that combines a task tracker app with a convenient Kanban board. We provide an intuitive user interface and powerful features that help you move your projects and business forward at a super fast speed. The best part? You can use a basic version of our software for free or go with a more advanced pro version. Sign up right now to markedly improve your planning strategy!
The Sepilok Orangutan Sanctuary – The Ultimate Primate Experience About Sepilok Orangutan Sanctuary Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre is based in the Malaysian Sabah District of North Borneo. It was created to protect and offer home for orphaned orangutans in 1964. The rehabilitation is 43 sq km of protected land at the edge of Kabili Sepilok Forest Reserve. At least 60-80 orangutans are living freely in the rehabilitation center. When Sabah gained its independence as a state in Malaysia in 1963, a Game Branch was founded by the Forest Department for the conservation of animals in the area. Subsequently, 43 sq km of protected land at the edge of Kabili Sepilok Forest Reserve was turned into a rehabilitation site for orangutans. Additionally, a center to take care of apes was built. Today, besides, the orangutans in the forest reserve, there are 25 young orphaned orangutans in the nurseries. The sanctuary rescues and provides medical care to several of orphaned orangutans as well as other wildlife species. Other animals who have received medical care from the sanctuary include; Sumatran rhinos, gibbons, sun bears, and elephants. Recently, the animals in rehabilitation have their diet supplemented by bananas and milk. This is to intentionally bore the apes and encourage them to find food for themselves. The Wildlife Department considers Sepilok an imperative tool in educating locals and visitors. However, the wardens are careful to see that there is no interference with the apes during the visits. The visitors are restricted to the walkways and are also not allowed to touch the apes. One of the challenges that orphaned orangutans face is the fact that in the wild they stay with their mothers to learn basic skills until there are six years old. With no one to teach them, they may feel lost. To cover this, the sanctuary uses a buddy system to replace the mother’s place. A younger ape is paired with an older orangutan to continue learning. The creation reserve reduces the effects of deforestation on orangutans and the young orangutans escape the “pet trade.” Babies are always caught during forest clearance or captured by mean hunters who slaughter the older orangutans to get the baby. The Malaysian Government is working hard to protect the animals and have set heavy fines, and long jail sentences on anyone caught practicing the illegal trade. Youngsters kept in captivity suffer which may lead to them becoming cruel or feeling neglected. Some orangutans raised as pets may not be returned to the wild. However, Sepilok takes the responsibility to rehabilitate them in a long and expensive process which may take several years. Why Orangutans in Borneo Need Help Over the past 60 years, the figure for orangutans in Borneo has reduced by 50%. As a result, they have been named as one of the most endangered species. The leading cause of the reducing number is deforestation activities that have significantly affected the habitats of the creatures. Up to 80% of the Borneo’s rainforest has been destroyed to create space for agricultural activities especially palm oil plantations. The first preparation step is burning the land; some orangutans have ended up being victims of the fires. This makes the rescuing job of the orangutans difficult because the forests do not have enough for food resources to live and reproduce in the wild. Orangutans Conservation Orangutans need conservation to see they continue to reproduce. Here are some ways you can promote the conservation of the Orangutans; Visit the Sanctuary Respectfully The money raised through the visits in the sanctuary is used in funding the medical and feeding programs of the orangutans. They are also used to rehabilitate orangutans and take them back to the forest to multiply their population. By visiting and learning respectfully, you support the work of the sanctuary as you have fun. Adopt an Orangutan You can apply for adoption of one of the orangutans online or at the center. When you go through with the process, you receive a certificate of adoption and a DVD of the orangutan you are sponsoring. The DVD can be a wonderful gift to your kids and friends who love animals. All the funds you contribute will help in providing for the orangutans in the sanctuary. Stop Using Palm Oil Well, this may sound mean, but palm oil plantations are the leading factors of the death of orangutans. Decreasing the demand for palm oil could significantly save many lives of the orangutans family. The awareness can force the oil palm manufacturers to be careful with the lives of the apes, as well as encourage innovation or harmless alternatives. Spread the word Once you have supported the sanctuary and had fun, share your experiences with your friends and family. You can also share some of your photos in social media which may lead to more visits at the sanctuary. Visiting Sepilok Orangutan Sanctuary Sepilok is one and a half hour away from Sandakan. You can use the public bus, taxi or organize a tour guide to Sepilok. However, if you have enough time and resources, it’s advisable to stay near the jungle resorts near the sanctuary. You get a bonus to see some apes from the pool. Borneo Sepilok Orangutan Sanctuary Fee Entrance costs to the Sepilok Orangutan Sanctuary cost 30 MYR and 10 MYR for a camera. Note that besides the camera, you cannot go in the sanctuary with anything including water. However, there are free lockers to store your luggage so no worry. Fortunately, the tickets last for a whole day so you can see two feedings in one day. The feeding happens at 10 am and 3 pm and takes 30 to 50 minutes. The sanctuary opens an hour before each feeding for visitors to walk through the jungles, visit the platform and secure a place on the viewing platform. Although the feeding time attracts many orangutans, sometimes especially during the fruit season only a few show up since they got enough food in the forest. Also, stay alert because only two or four will feed at the same time. However, waiting and watching the trees begin to shake, the ropes vibrating and finally, the orangutans are one of the most wonderful things you will ever see in your life. Accommodation near Sepilok Orangutan Sanctuary Multiple accommodations could suit you near Sepilok Orangutan Sanctuary. This is based on preference, size, and cost. A good example of a cost-effective hotel is Sepilok Jungle Resort that is pocket-friendly and has a pool which could serve you well in humid days. The hotel rooms range from basic fan rooms to modern air-conditioned rooms. The best part is all the rooms offer a buffet breakfast by the lake; there is no better place of having breakfast. Sepilok Nature Resort would be your best choice if you were looking for something fancy. It has a great restaurant/café serving which offers both Western and local food at affordable prices. Their staff is very friendly, and their décor is on another level of beauty. Check out more accommodations. Having Fun with a Good Course There is nothing that feels great than a chance to have fun and be a humanitarian at the same time. This is exactly what the Sepilok Orangutan Sanctuary gives you a chance to do. You get to see the most beautiful and intelligent apes as you contribute to their protection. Observing the orangutans is one of those memorable experiences that you do not want to miss. Leave a Reply
What is the main Book of Hinduism ? out of the huge number of books in Hinduism, which book to follow is a question for many Many people wonder why Hinduism has so many sacred books? And which really is the main book of Hinduism? There seems to be a lot of confusion around Hindu scriptures and below is a humble attempt to throw some light on some of the primary Hindu scriptures. Sanatan Dharma is a pluralistic religion & allows people to express fondness for God in their own way. Thus, there is huge literature available on Hinduism, encompassing thousands of books. However, the primary & authoritative text of Hinduism is only The Vedas, the ‘Shruti’. All other literature is considered ‘Smriti’ and consists of commentary, explanation, deeper philosophy on the teachings of the Vedas. Now the question is what is ‘Shruti’ and what is ‘Smriti’? Shruti literally means in Sanskrit “What Is Heard”. Shruti is the knowledge directly from God & was heard by the sages directly through divine universal vibrations. It is the revelation, unquestionable truth, eternal. It is the first level of knowledge transition from divine Smriti ion the other hand is “that which has been remembered” supplementary and may change over time. It is authoritative only to the extent that it conforms to the bedrock of Shruti. Apart from The Vedas, the core of the Hindu religion is Vedic literature which primarily includes the following texts: 1. Samhitas – literally “collections,” in this case of hymns and mantras. They form the Veda. 2. Brahmanas – manuals of ritual & prayer for the guiding priests. They (Brahmanas) explain the Samhitas. They also contain early versions of some stories. 3. Aranyakas – literally “forest books” for hermits and saints. They are philosophical treatises. 4. Upanishads – books of philosophy, also called “Vedanta,” the end of Vedas.. Upnashidas are the Vedic teachings passed on by Gurus to their Shishyas. 5. Vedangas, which expound the sciences required to understand and apply the Vedas. 6. Upavedas that deal with the four traditional arts and sciences. There are many sacred (authentic only) books but the core philosophy revolves around the divine Vedas you could say . . ? ? by Chenna Keshav • 2
Adding and subtracting terms Learning objectives Recap of past learning Simplifying like terms Collecting like terms Making it more tricky Biggest hint on the planet Another example Challenging example Final words Subscribe please Adding and subtracting terms Algebra (Year 8) Year 8 I love teaching algebra. Building on the previous lessons in this series, I look at adding and subtracting terms. Looking at whether you can add apples and bananas together is a great springboard into teaching like terms. It really helps when we then move onto apple-bananas and banana-apples! Don't even get me started with square apples adding to square bananas! Using my own unique style to teach the algebra, here is this video with lots of worked examples to make anyone a boss of this topic. Published: Oct. 6, 2021 Length: 14 mins and 24 seconds Lesson notes Exam resources There are currently no associated exam questions for this topic. Video tags maffsguru good maths videos for middle school good maths videos good maths videos for high school good maths website good maths teacher maffs guru darren smyth maths tutorials year 8 maths grade 8 math adding and subtracting like terms adding like terms subtracting like terms what are like terms how to add like terms how to subtract like terms how many like terms are there how do you add apples and bananas
Package diffutils GNU collection of diff utilities cmp can show the characters that differ between the two files. The diff3 command shows the differences between three files. Diff3 can be used when two people have made independent changes to a common original; diff3 can produce a merged file that contains both sets of changes and warnings about conflicts. The sdiff command can be used to merge two files interactively. Install diffutils if you need to compare text files. Version: 3.8 General Commands cmp compare two files byte by byte diff compare files line by line diff3 compare three files line by line sdiff side-by-side merge of file differences
How we discovered the northernmost island on Earth september 2, 2021 • Af In July 2021 I participated on the scientific, climate-oriented Swiss-Danish Leister Expedition Around North Greenland 2021. Then, on July 27 five of us incidentally discovered what turned out to be the northernmost island on Earth. We landed in a helicopter in perfect weather a few kilometers north of the very uppermost tip of Greenland. Our expedition leader Henrik Lassen, a former Siriuspartrol member, collects samples from the new island. In the background Greenland’s coastline a mountainranges. (Photo: Christiane Leister) Here is coverage from CBC in Canada, including a radio-interview: Some of us took a short ceremonial swim to celebrate the special occassion – the air temperature was well beyound zero, the sun was up and shining. (Photo: Morten Rasch). Our discovery eventually created a significant amount of media attention. Reuters, the BBC, Associated press and others from around the world published their own versions of the story; using amongst others some of the video footage done by Swiss Artist Julian Charrière, who was also part of the team. Reuters published this piece, where some of Julian’s video is embedded: I wrote about the discovery in Weekendavisen in Denmark, you can read my piece in English here on, in Sermitisiaq in Greenland and on in the Faroe Islands. What happended? Why is the island suddenly there? What happened to the other islands previously discovered in these waters? And what will be the name of the new island? You can also read my piece from ArcticToday elsewhere on my website.
English Proverbs English proverbs are well-known phrases or sentences that express wise thoughts. English proverbs either give advice or say something that is normally thought to be true. For example: Advice=> "Don't put all of your eggs in one basket." (Don't risk everything on one project.) eggs in a basket Truth=> "A man's home is his castle." (People feel most comfortable and in control in their own homes.) English proverbs are often written in a figurative way, similar to metaphors and idioms. This means that you cannot read them word for word. They don't mean exactly what they say. For example: "When the cat's away, the mice will play" is an English proverb. It does not mean exactly what it says. It doesn't really refer to cats and mice. It really refers to the idea that when a person of authority is gone, those under his rule will take advantage of that and enjoy their freedom. For example: parents and children; teacher and students; boss and employees Jump to: Synonyms for "proverb" There are several synonyms for the word "proverb." Although these words are often used in the same way, there are slight differences in their definitions. (All of these examples can also be considered proverbs.) Synonyms for "proverb": • saying: A saying is a popular expression. "Let sleeping dogs lie" (Leave things alone if it might cause more trouble.) • adage: An adage is a well-known saying that has been used for a long time. Adages are often written as metaphors. "The early bird catches the worm" (Success comes to people who are prepared.) • epigram: An epigram is a short, witty statement that is often written in verse. Epigrams sometimes contain irony. "It is better to light a candle than curse the darkness" (It is better to fix a problem than complain about it.) • maxim: A maxim is a rule about how people should behave. "All good things come to those who wait" (If you are patient, good things will happen.) man looking at watch Proverbs and cliches Many English proverbs have been in use for centuries and are still very common. Other proverbs are more modern. Some proverbs have been used too much and have become clichés. This means that they have been overused and have become annoying or boring. Some have even lost their original meanings. Examples of proverbs that have become clichés: • "Actions speak louder than words" (You are judged more by what you do than what you say. Your actions are proof to the things you say.) • "Great minds think alike" (This phrase is used to emphasize a coincidence when two people say or think the same thing at the same time.) • "Curiosity killed the cat" (It's not good to be too curious. It can lead to trouble.) List of common English proverbs The following is a list of some common English proverbs. The proverbs are divided into categories according to their topics. Bad news: • "Bad news travels fast" (People talk more about bad news than good news.) woman telling a secret • "Dead men tell no tales" (If someone is dead, he or she cannot give evidence against others.) • "Death keeps no calendar" (Any person can die at any time.) • "The wage of sin is death" (We die because we sin.) • "You can't take it with you when you die" (Physical items are not important. We can't keep physical items when we die.) • "There's no place like home" (People feel most comfortable when they are at home and with family.) • "Blood is thicker than water" (You have a stronger bond with your family than with friends.) father and son • "The straw the broke the camel's back" (The final thing that causes complete failure. When many bad things are piling up and one small thing finally causes complete failure.) • "To err is human, to forgive is divine" (It is normal for people to make mistakes. It is important to forgive people for their mistakes.) man begging for forgiveness • "If it isn't broke, don't fix it" (Don't try to change something that is already working just fine.) • "Out of sight, out of mind" (We don't think about or worry about things or people that we can't see.) • "Silence is golden" (You learn more by listening and watching than talking.) • "Variety is the spice of life" (Life is boring when things are always the same. Change makes life interesting.) • "You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink" (You can show or tell people how to do things, but you can't make them do it.) • "You can't have your cake and eat it too" (You can't have everything you want.) • "Beggars can't be choosers" (If you depend on the generosity of others, you can't be picky about what you get.) • "Cleanliness is next to godliness" (It is important to be clean and keep things neat and tidy. This expression compares cleanliness to being godly.) man taking a shower • "An apple a day keeps the doctor away" (Regular healthy habits prevent major illnesses.) (It is good to get plenty of sleep. Go to bed early and get up in the morning.) • "Don't judge a book by its cover" (Don't judge things or people on their outward appearance.) • "All that glitters is not gold" (Just because something looks attractive on the outside, doesn't mean it is good.) • "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder" (Different people recognize beauty in different ways.) • "Beauty is only skin deep" (What you see on the outside is just physical beauty. It does not tell us how someone is inside.) • "Good things come in small packages" (The size of a gift or a person does not determine what's inside.) • "The grass is always greener on the other side" (It is easy to think other people have better things or something will be better somewhere else.) • "What you see is what you get" (There is nothing hidden.) • "Don't judge a man until you've walked in his shoes" (Don't judge people until you have been in their situation and truly know what they have experienced.) • "The way to a man's heart is through his stomach" (Men love women who can cook well.) • "Absence makes the heart grow fonder" (The lack of something increases the desire for it. If someone you love is away from you, it will increase your desire for that person.) • "Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned" (A woman who is rejected in love is very angry and dangerous.) • "Love is blind" When someone is in love, they don't notice bad things about the other person.) • "Easy come, easy go" (If you get something easily, you can lose it easily. This usually refers to money.) • "No such thing as a free lunch" (Nothing in life is free. We must pay for everything we get.) • "Money doesn't grow on trees" (It is not easy to get money, so use it wisely.) • "Money is the root of all evil" (Evil things happen when people desire money too much.) • "Money talks" (Money gives people power.) • "A fool and his money are soon parted" (Unwise people spend their money too quickly and become poor.) man looking in his wallet • "A watched pot never boils" (If you are eager for something to happen, it will seem to take longer.) • "Don't count your chickens before they hatch" (Don’t make plans based on something that has not happened yet.) • "Don't put the cart before the horse" (Be patient. Don't do thing in the wrong order.) • "First things first" (Do things in a logical order.) • "Patience is a virtue" (Patience is a good quality.) • "Learn to walk before you run" (Be patient. Take the time to learn things right.) • "Better safe than sorry" (It is better to be careful in a dangerous situation than to get hurt.) • "Better a live coward than a dead hero" (It is sometimes better to not get involved in something and be called a coward than to become involved and be hurt.) • "If you play with fire, you might get burned" (If you mess with something that is dangerous, you might get hurt.) • "Pride comes before a fall" (If you become too confident and arrogant, you are sure to suffer disappointment.) Relationships (general): • "If you can't beat them, join them" (If you cannot win against someone, it may be easier to join together with them to be stronger.) • "Birds of a feather flock together" (People who are alike tend to stick together.) • "A chain is only as strong as its weakest link" (If one member of a group is weak, then the whole group is weak.) • "The best things in life are free" (The best things in life are love, friendship, and family. We don't have to pay for those things.) • "Don't bite the hand that feeds you" (Don't hurt the person or people who take care of you.) • "Familiarity breeds contempt" (We begin to hate those we are closest to. This can also refer to objects.) • "It's a man's world" (The world seems to revolve around men, and it is difficult for women to become successful in a man's world.) • "One good turn deserves another" (If someone does something nice for you, you should do something nice in return.) • "United we stand, divided we fall" (We will be more successful if we work together.) man and woman • "Revenge is a dish best served cold" (Do not try to get revenge immediately after someone hurts you.) • "Two wrongs do not make a right" (If someone does something bad to you, you should not try to get revenge. It does not make it better.) • "Fortune favors the bold" (Successful people usually have to take risks.) (Keep trying until you are successful.) • "One swallow does not a summer make" (One success does not guarantee a second success.) • "Opportunity only knocks once" or "Opportunity rarely knocks twice" (You should take an opportunity when it comes to you. It may not come again.) • "Strike while the iron is hot" (When you have a chance to do something, don't wait. Take an opportunity when it comes to you.) • "The early bird catches the worm" (Success comes to people who are prepared.) (Successful people do not quit when things become difficult.) woman working Thinking positive: • "The darkest hour is always before the dawn" (When things seem the worst, good things are sure to happen.) • "Where there's a will, there's a way" (If you are strong-minded, you will find a way to achieve things.) • "Make a mountain out of a molehill" (Don't get upset over something small.) • "This too shall pass" (Bad times won't last forever.) • "It is what it is" (You can't change what has already happened.) • "God works in mysterious ways" (God has a plan for people. He has a reason for everything that happens.) • "When one door shuts, another opens" or "When God closes a door, He opens a window" (A failure is always followed by a new opportunity. Be positive and look for the good things in life even when something bad happens.) open window • "Facts are stubborn things" (You can't avoid the truth.) • "Honesty is the best policy" (It is best to be truthful. Lies will get you nowhere.) • "Truth is stranger than fiction" (Amazing things happen and sometimes real life is more difficult to believe than a made-up story.) • "Truth needs no colors" (Truth is fact and speaks for itself. You don't need to do anything to make it sound better.) • "Nothing hurts like the truth" (The truth can hurt.) • "No pain, no gain" (It takes hard work to achieve things.) • "Practice makes perfect" (It takes lots of practice to become good at something.) • "Too many cooks spoil the broth" (It is difficult to complete tasks when many people are involved in the work.) • "Two heads are better than one" (Two people can usually solve problems faster than one person.) • "Rome wasn't built in a day" (It takes time and hard work to accomplish something big.) Roman building This was an overview of English proverbs. Now that you understand, it is time to practice! Get our ESL Books. Join our mailing list now and get a special bonus: First 2 chapters of the English Short Stories Book and Workbook. Are you a teacher or a student?
The general shape of the Nelson Decanter came about in the second half of the 18th Century, developed by a British admiral, by the name of Rodney. He introduced one at the victory celebration on board his flagship following the famous Moonlight battle and the battle of the saints in 1780 and 1782. The decanter had a very broad base, up to 12 inches in diameter, to ensure stability when at sea. The Rodney test is when the shortest distance from the outer edge of the pouring lip to the edge of the base, be equal to or greater than the outer circumference of the pouring lip. Pusser's British Navy Rum Admiral Lord Nelson Ship's Decanter 1980s - , 100cl
Raw Food - What’s the Evidence World Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress Proceedings, 2017 Charlotte R. Bjørnvad, DVM, PhD, DECVCN Raw food or raw meat-based diets are defined as “diets based on uncooked ingredients derived from domesticated or wild-caught food animal species and that are fed to dogs or cats living in home environment”.1 Ingredients in raw food for pets include skeletal muscle, internal organs, and bones from mammals, fish, poultry as well as unpasteurized milk and uncooked eggs.1 Raw food feeding has become increasingly popular among pet owners. Especially BARF (originally an abbreviation of Bones and Raw Food but often by supporters translated to Biologically Appropriate Raw Food) feeding has gained increasing interest. BARF is often based on raw meatbased products that are not necessarily nutritionally balanced, but are fed on a rotational schedule, thereby claiming to cover all nutritional needs of the consumer over time. Marketing are often based on claims that these diets are more natural diets for carnivores and have superior nutritional and health benefits for the animal. Despite these claims being unproven, they often appeal to well-intending pet owners wanting to feed their animal an optimal diet for health and longevity. In the following some of these claims will be discussed based on the currently available evidence: Pet dogs and cats should be fed what their nondomesticated ancestors or relatives eat because they are metabolically adapted for this diet. Both species are indeed carnivorous and the cat, as an obligate carnivore, depends on animal-derived nutrients. However, the non-domesticated relatives have a very different life compared with our pets. A recent study investigating differences in the genome of dogs and wolves, found that several of the identified dissimilarities related directly to genes involved in starch digestion and fat metabolism. This indicates that pet dogs have changed metabolically to a more omnivore carnivore compared with their wild relatives.2 Diets that may be suitable to support the wild relatives with a relatively short lifespan and more intensive reproductive activity may not be optimal for supporting longevity and health in pet animals. Commercial extruded and canned diets are unhealthy because of the processing as well as inclusion of by-products and chemically synthesized additives and preservatives. Pet food recalls during the past years may have further spurred suspicions for these diets being harmful. During manufacture of pet food, processing such as extrusion of dry food or heating can affect the nutritional quality in different ways depending on degree and time of heating as well as moisture content. Beneficial effects of this processing include increased plant protein and starch digestibility, destruction of anti-nutritional factors, increased amount of soluble fibre, and reduced lipid oxidation. Whereas Maillard reactions, that are heat induced cross-bindings between proteins and sugars and often increase product palatability, may to some extent reduce the nutritional value and protein quality, and heat-labile vitamins (primarily B vitamins and β-carotene) may, to a varying extent, be lost.3-5 However, because these are known effects of processing, manufactures are able to supplement specific nutrients following extrusion to still secure that the diet is complete and balanced. Inclusion of by-products are generally a globally sustainable and healthy choice compared with using products appropriate for human consumption, they contain natural vitamins and nutrients that complement the diet and decreases the need for additives. Raw food contains natural enzymes essential for optimal digestion and intestinal function. Enzyme supplementation is generally not necessary to enable dogs and cats to digest their food and enzymes in food will, to a large degree, be denatured in the acidic environment of the stomach. However, a few studies have shown that the digestibility of crude protein in raw diets may be superior to dry food. Whether this difference is due to food related enzymes in the raw food or processing related decreased digestibility of protein in the dry food is not certain, but one study found no differences in nutrient digestibility when the raw meat was cooked before feeding, which could indicate the latter. Furthermore, it is unknown whether this increased digestibility is of clinical relevance.1 The intestinal microbiota is important for optimal health. In humans, high protein diets have been associated with increased risk of colonic cancer and production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), such as butyrate seems to have a protective effect. Cats fed extruded chickenbased diets had an intestinal microbiota favouring lactobacillus and bifidobacterium compared with cats fed raw whole chicken, but the clinical consequence of differences in the feline intestinal microbiota is still unknown.6 Raw food diets naturally cover the pet’s nutrient needs and are safe. Comparing nutrient content in 95 bone and raw food rations for adult dogs with recommended allowances, 60% had one or more nutritional imbalances. These imbalances included low calcium and vitamin D content, low iodine, copper, zink, and/or vitamin A content and some included excess calcium.7 Further there are published case reports on malnutrition and growth disturbances in puppies fed BARF diets8 as well as development of nutritional thyrotoxicosis following consumption of all-meat commercial dog food containing remnants of thyroid tissue9. Raw food feeding significantly increases the risk of the pet harbouring zoonotic infectious agents such as Salmonella sp. and Campylobacter jejuni.1,10 Often pets are asymptomatic carriers but there are reports on fatal salmonellosis in cats related to infected raw food and there are indications that human clinical salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are sometimes linked to pets and feeding them contaminated food. Raw food feeding is primarily marketed through claims that are still unproven. It is possible to feed a balanced diet to the pet based on raw food, but often diets based on homemade receipts are nutritionally unbalanced. Furthermore, feeding raw meat increases the risk of pathogenic bacterial contamination and there is currently no evidence supporting the superiority of feeding the meat raw compared with cooking or frying it before serving. 1. Freeman LM, Chandler ML, Hamper BA, Weeth LP. Current knowledge about the risks and benefits of raw meat-based diets for dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;11:1549–1558. 2. Axelsson E, Ratnakumar A, Arendt M-L, Maqbool K, Webster MT, Perloski M, Liberg O, Arnemo JM, Hedhammar Ä, Lindblad-Toh K. The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet. Nature. 2013;495:360–364. 3. Singh S, Gamlath S, Wakeling L. Nutritional aspects of food extrusion: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2007;42:916–929. 4. Hendriks WH, Emmens MM, Trass B, Pluske JR. Heat processing changes the protein quality of canned cat foods as measured by a rat bioassay. J Anim Sci. 1999;77:669–676. 5. Tran QD, Hendriks WH, van der Poel AFB. Effects of extrusion processing on nutrients in dry pet food. J Sci Food Agri. 2008;88:1487–1493. 6. Kerr KR, Dowd SE, Swanson KS. Faecal microbiota of domestic cats fed raw whole chicken v. an extruded chicken-based diet. J Nutr Sci. 2014;3:e22. 7. Dillitzer N, Becker N, Kienzle E. Intake of minerals, trace elements and vitamins in bone and raw food rations in adult dogs. Br J Nutr. 2011;106:S53–S56. 8. Mack JK, Kienzle E. Inadequate nutrient supply in “BARP” feeding plans for a litter of Bernese Mountain Dog-puppies. A case report. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2016;44:341–347. 9. Broome MR, Peterson ME, Kemppainen RJ, Parker VJ, Richter KP. Exogenous thyrotoxicosis in dogs attributable to consumption of all-meat commercial dog food or treats containing excessive thyroid hormone: 14 cases (2008–2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;246:105–111. 10. Shlesinger DP, Joffe DJ. Raw food diets in companion animals: A critical review. Can Vet J. 2011;52:50–54. Speaker Information Charlotte R. Bjornvad, DVM, PhD, DECVCN Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
Site icon YCNews The second round of vote in the “Battlefield State” senatorial election in the United States will determine the fate of the new government. The second round of vote in the "Battlefield State" senatorial election in the United States will determine the fate of the new government. US government officials BREAKINGNEWS the news that the White House is still promoting herd immunity technology. (Source: Getty Images) At 1 p.m. ET on the 6th, the two houses of the United States Congress will hold a joint meeting to count and certify the electoral votes for the 2020 presidential election. On the 5th, Georgia, the “battlefield state” of the 2020 U.S. election, held a second round of voting in the Senate election. The result of this runoff will determine who is the majority party in the Senate, which will have a significant impact on the functioning of the new U.S. government. As was the case when the presidential election was voted, the result of the Georgia Senate election was unpredictable due to the serious differences. The U.S. Senate is composed of two senators from each of the 50 states. At present, the Democratic Party has 48 seats and the Republican Party has 50 seats. Georgia is currently vacant due to a majority of votes from no candidate in the general election, and two Senate seats must be decided in the second round. In the first round of election, one candidate from each party led. This time, the Republican Party only needs to retain one seat to have 51 seats in the new Senate, thus maintaining the majority position. And the Democrats need to win two seats to be “even” with the Republican Party. Vice President-elect Kamala Harris, who will take office on January 20, will hold a decisive vote as the president of the Senate, and the Democratic Party will become the least advantageous majority party in American history. In addition to legislative matters, the U.S. Senate is also responsible for approving treaties concluded by the federal government and the appointment of important executive and judicial positions nominated by the president. If the Republican Party continues to maintain its Senate majority status, it will have the opportunity to block most of the agenda of the new government and its key cabinet and judicial nominations. Conversely, if the Democrats take back the Senate, they will be able to control both the Senate and the White House. Calling Georgia to modify the election situation, Trump may be charged with criminal charges In addition to the Senate runoff, Georgia recently became the focus because of a phone call exposed to President Trump. In the recorded call, Trump applied both soft and hard to the Georgia Secretary of State, urging him to modify the result of Biden’s victory in the state, but the other party refused. On the 5th, James Clyburn, the majority whip of the U.S. House of Representatives, said that Trump’s telephone pressure was suspected to be unconstitutional, and once confirmed, Trump would probably be charged criminally. He hoped that the investigation on this matter could continue. The United States will certify the election results. Trump pressures Pence. On the 6th Eastern time, U.S. Vice President Pence will preside over the joint meeting of the two houses of Congress. Representatives of both houses will open sealed certificates containing electoral votes in each state, read the election results aloud, and pass the inventory and certification to end the 2020 presidential election. Trump, who still refuses to admit defeat, pressured Pence on social media on the 5th, saying that Pence “right to refuse fraudulently elected voters”. However, the U.S. media believes that if Pence does so, it will violate the U.S. Constitution and is doomed to be rejected by both the Senate and the House of Representatives. The leader of “Proud Boy” who supported Trump was arrested. Trump supporters plan to rally in Washington on the evening of the 5th and the 6th all day. Sources said that Trump will address supporters at the rally outside the White House on the 6th. Acting Washington Police Chief Conte warned on the 4th that those who provoked violent conflict will be arrested. On the 4th, Washington police arrested Tario, the leader of the far-right group Pride Boys, which supports Trump. Police found that he was carrying two large-capacity magazines. Prior to his arrest, Tario said on social media that there would be “record” “proud boys” members arriving in Washington, and they would “hidden their identities” and spread them in the heart of Washington as “small groups of people”. Exit mobile version
They are generally found at the starting point of your excursions. They are the connecting link between the world of the rainforest and the "civilized" world and are generally settled in the border zones. They include whites, blacks, half-castes and "transcultural" Indians. They usually do not represent a great cultural interest. Very often, people live in these areas because they cannot do otherwise while dreaming of emigrating towards the large cities. They feel forsaken and abandoned by the central authorities. Alcoholism is the bane of these communities. It is among them that you will hear the most horrifying stories about the rainforest, which will make you feel like taking the first airplane, bus or boat to return home. Some people, of course, have a good empirical knowledge of the rainforest but it is quite intertwined with beliefs and superstitions. People usually live from fishing, mining and State aids. AVOID, if you can, mining villages, the "garimpeiros" and other adventurers can be rather poor companions… Furthermore, these zones are unhealthy and full of malaria, dengue fever or even cholera cases… It is generally agreed that American Indians originated from Asia and arrived in America through the Straits of Behring. You just have to look at them to be convinced of the truth of this theory: slant eyes, straight hair, and small size…. However there are notable differences among tribes: in the South of Venezuela, Caribbeans, stocky and muscular (a Ye'Kwana Indian can carry on his back a 90kg out-board motor for 10 km with an uprise of 200 meters…I have seen them) live side by side (peacefully now but such was not always the case) with Yanomami Indians, slender and short like Pygmies…
Monthly Archives: February 2018 Part 2 – “Unified Field”… Throwing 1. Throwing 2. Fielding 3. Batting 4. Running For each of the preceding “field-designations” there can be listed specific categories about which certain techniques for applying skills are incorporated relative to the “position” at which the particular-player is performing his primary function. When a casual spectator wanders onto, or near, a “sandlot” field or park, and witnesses the action of a group of “ball-players” throwing a baseball, he doesn’t usually think too intensely on the proficiency level of those “throwers” of the ball. But an astute aficionado of the game of Baseball would surely recognize even the mechanical facilitation of a good throwing arm from a poor one, and the relative impact it would have at the fielding position of the thrower. Each of the nine defensive positions on the baseball field has its own criterion for a range of competency to determine the proficiency of throwing effectiveness by those aspiring to maximum fielding prowess. A player must be capable of throwing at least at the “minimum” range of competency, in order to marginally succeed at his given position. But what determines “full-competency” in throwing a baseball? Beyond strength and natural ability, “mechanics” is the most crucial aspect for all the “field-designations” within the singular Field of Baseball (It is mechanical correctness that determines maximum proficiency for throwing [including Pitching], batting, fielding, as well as running – to attain one’s own best level). Mechanical understanding of how one’s body can be manipulated to exact the maximum force necessary to control the “throwing, batting, and fielding of the baseball with optimum efficiency and power should be foremost in the mind of any player desiring to achieve his own best effort. And, there are aspects of running that take into account the mechanical advantage that understanding, and application foster for those who would improve speed and agility. For the purpose of initiating discussion on implementation of a “rationale” for coaching and building a successful baseball team, let’s begin with the mechanical correctness in throwing a baseball. Throwing a Baseball: If the shoulder is not locked into a position of stability, to launch the (bent) arm and that (5-ounce) ball forward at the precise time, the strain of having transported the spherical object from the point of origin to destination could have a deleterious effect on the accompanying extremities. The weight of a 5-ounce object doesn’t seem like it should have any major effect on the throwing apparatus of a strong, well-conditioned athlete. But if you think about the strain one feels in his shoulders, while merely extending the arms outwardly, away from the body, and sustaining that position for a period of time, you could see how any additional weight would accentuate the strain. Even more stress would be added, if you realize the extra force exerted on “those joints,” by the weight of the moving arm and ball. “The farther the ball moves away from the body, as the arm is preparing to throw it, the heavier the weight will be to the strain of the shoulder (and elbow).” As the ball is being prepared for its launch from the thrower’s hand it should remain as close as possible to the “Body-Proper,” while the arm is “whipping” itself into the forward thrusting position. (Nolan Ryan and Tanaka are the best exponents of this “principle” as pitchers. Ichiro Suzuki is the best example as an outfielder. Raphael Furcal and Derek Jeter as infielders! And Yadier Molina, from the catching position!) On the Major League level of play, very few “Big-Leaguers” throw with flagrantly improper mechanics. Those who do, suffer the consequences, and the ill-effects are usually seen in Pitchers (but not exclusively), because of tendencies to improperly apply pressure to the ball in order for it to deviate from the customary “straight-line.” Outfielders and First – base men, whose primary focus is batting, sometimes relax their attentions to fielding and throwing technique. Throwing skills have been refined to a high level by the time a player makes it to the Major League, so the manager or coach doesn’t usually need to monitor any player’s throwing mechanics, unless a pitcher is finding himself in need, or if a catcher, outfielder, or infielder is frequently on the “D.L.” with a “bad arm.” Therefore, at any other level of baseball, from sandlot to minor professional leagues, a manager or coach needs to constantly monitor the throwing apparatus of the players he is trying to develop. No young (or old) player can advance to the highest level if he cannot throw effectively. In fact, Hall-of-Famer, and two-time National League MVP, Joe Morgan , would never have even advanced to the “Big-Leagues” if he hadn’t made a considerably conscious effort to improve his “throwing” in the “Minors.” The “Coach” at the lower levels (Sand-lots High School, and College) who aspires to lead a high-quality team must institute, establish, and reinforce a teaching/learning framework for individual development that includes a motivational apparatus for self-learning and graduated improvement. He can initiate this self-motivating course of action by first orienting his “students” in what Aristotle referred to in his Nichomachian Ethics. Aristotle pointed out, that, “in order to begin a study of anything that would lead to the highest understanding and demonstration of its universal verity, one must behold an example of a closest facsimile to the ideal estate, study its admirable characteristics, and extrapolate from its obvious functional proficiency a common entity by which a generic standard could be discerned, duplicated, and possibly expanded upon. Excellence in any field of human endeavor is achievable to anyone willing to devote a ‘heart and soul’ effort toward mastering the definable concomitants to successful enterprise.” Is throwing a baseball composed of a generic component to which all prospective players could and should strictly adhere in order to properly promote the development of the correct mechanics? The most productive “throwers” of the ball, from each outfield and infield position, are they whose technique is almost identical in their respective positions (at least in the “Big-Leagues”). A coach who would portend to all his “students” that they are legitimate prospects with “Big-League” potential is more likely to get their full attention and cooperation to and with his deployment of a sound system of fundamental skill development than would a coach whose motivating proficiency will leave some without hope and willingness to aspire to any high level. Too many players at the High School and College levels “Know” that they have “no chance” of becoming a “Big-Leaguer,” so why are they even on the team? Most often it is because they have always been “pretty-good,” but either never had a “good-coach” to correct their “mechanical deficiencies,” or they were too stubborn to listen to that “good-coach.” Consequently, some coaches of mediocre teams have “stock-piles” of unmotivated students whose lack-luster performances are due to the fact that they cannot put their hearts and souls into what seem like nothing more than “High-School-Harry” heroics with merely a varsity letter for which to look forward. In College the only difference is that some of the recruited High School “Blue-chippers” who turned down modest “Bonus-Money” from professional organizations are again the ones blatantly catered to with “pompous” disregard for fringe players who languish in virtual obscurity, left with only the “fallen scraps” from their masters’ table. Once in a while a “gutsy” individual is able to take advantage of limited opportunities and builds his own “resume” of consistent, team-oriented success until he proves to be “no-fluke,” and subsequently rises above the “crème of the crop” and provides a legacy to himself. But he probably would have had to do it himself. The Best of coaches is he who does not “Cater” to “any one,” but rather to the collective sense of team-oriented “individual” development for all. In most (if not all) High School Programs, there is not found a single individual who looks the part of “Big-League” player when he is playing catch to warm-up before practice or game. Before each inning, while fielding ground balls from the first base-man, hardly ever is the infielder simulating the movement and throws of the professional ball-player. All because he doesn’t have a clear picture of a “Big-leaguer” in his mind! That “amateur” doesn’t see or feel himself as a “Pro”! Why? Because he hasn’t reinforced his skills in the practice of simulating the actions of his “idol”- his “Hero”! Each aspiring “student-of-the-game” must become an astute observer of Aristotle’s admonition: “one must behold an example of a closest facsimile to the ideal estate, study its admirable characteristics, and extrapolate from its obvious functional proficiency a common entity by which a generic standard could be discerned, duplicated, and possibly expanded upon. Excellence in any field of human endeavor is achievable to anyone willing to devote ‘a heart and soul’ effort toward mastering the definable concomitants to successful enterprise.” A requirement for all prospective “super-stars” of the “Game” should be to sit-and-watch at least parts of two “big-league” games a week. “The-Coach” can easily tell who would be the dedicated players on his team! Some prospective players that I have encountered never watch baseball games, on T.V. or at the ball-park, yet they want me to help them become “good” ball-players! What or who is their “reference point”? The “good” coach excites all of his players with the prospect of each becoming a star-performer. Their individual drive and determination to be the best they can be, and their innate capacity to develop, along incremental lines of progress, those skills necessary to emulate the “greatest” of players at each his own position, challenges themselves to methodically and arduously simulate every action of that “big-leaguer.” And he and his partner will warm-up at practice, before a game, and in-between-innings in similar fashion. Eventually, the positive “germinating” effect will “kick-in” and he, like a “body-builder” faithfully following his daily-regimented routine, will one day recognize a noticeably enhanced characteristic-attribution. The ultimate goal in the mind of the “great” Coach would be to establish a realistic sense of “Sameness,” the spiritual essence of which proves the “Truth of Harmony’s Perfect Oneness.” In Spirit we are all the same; the differences in form would be insignificant because they conceal the sameness of content that is found in everyone’s mind. But, in what would be considered the “present sense” of things, certain individuals seem advanced beyond their teammates, therefore putting themselves in the more noticeable positions of prominence in regard to garnering the more “prestigious” assignments in the field (as well as batting). Those players currently mired in the mediocre stages of development, if faithful (as a “mustard-seed”) to the course of action that soundly promotes a genuine enhancement of technique, will soon supersede their present ineptness with graduating states of comprehensible prowess. Infinite Patience of an Absolute Faith will produce the “immediate effect” of what Einstein would have wanted to realize in his own goal for his “unified field theory.” But his “short-sighted-finite perception-in-matter” couldn’t establish the “insightful” true perception that reveals what the “miracle” displays by means of “mindful-fore-giveness.” You must envision for yourself all the attributes of a “big-league” player, even though those traits are not yet evident to “outside” observation. You might arduously, but hopefully, put forth a “heart and soul” effort to fulfill the destiny of your inner reality with “perfect-practice.” Then, you cannot help but raise yourself to new and greater heights of glory. There is no end to what the mind can imagine. Even Einstein exclaimed, “Imagination is more powerful than Knowledge,” for he knew there was a major difference between the “dream” and one who lives his dream. So, put your mind to “Good-use” and see your true potential, and realize its fulfillment. Don’t be merely a “forgetful hearer,” but a “doer” of the Principle – “law of liberty.” The student who has the dedication and yearning to be the best he can be will gain respect for his uncommon “work-ethic,” but he will not be congratulated, acclaimed, and rewarded unless he “proves his worth.” The Coach can be his “way-shower” and gently guide him along the “Path to Stardom,” but cannot do the work for him. The coach cannot always tell him every little thing to do. After his initial indoctrination into the “Art and Science” of “Perfect Practice,” it is up to the student to take the initiative to strengthen and perfect his “enterprise” with tirelessness and consistency as well as his own creative ingenuity. The coach may provide venues for promoting individual growth and development, but since there is no limit to what one’s mind can imagine, the student is invited to think “outside the box” and supersede even his Hero’s or his Coach’s expectations. It is widely accepted, from the “Big-Leagues” to “Sandlots,” that on the Infield the Third Base-men and Short-stops (I wonder how they got that name?) have to have the stronger arms because of the longer distance they most often throw the ball. Second Base-men and First Base-men don’t usually have to make as long a throw. But, obviously, it is to a Team’s best interest to have good – arms at all infield positions because of the few (and sometimes critical) times when a strong throw could mean the difference in a “safe” or “out,” win or loss. In the Outfield, the Center-fielder and Right-fielder usually have more long throws than the left fielder. But the best possible outfield would be comprised of equal arm-strength for the same obvious reasons as well as to be able to inter-change positions at any time. All mental facility and “character” being equal, the “Unified Field Theory-Experience” as applied to Baseball Throwing would essentially mean that all players in all 9 defensive positions would have the “same” ultimate power and accuracy in their throws. No matter what their respective sizes are, maximum efficiency is based primarily on equal understanding and application of the principle of the “infallibly scientific art” of correct throwing mechanics. Coming Soon: Fielding – Outfield Play A “Unified Field” Experience for Successfully Coaching Baseball A “Unified Field” Experience for Successfully Coaching Baseball John F. Paciorek In Physics, a unified field theory is a type of “field” (an imagined “ideal”) that would allow all that are usually thought of as separate fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written or applied in terms of a single field and to ultimate into a “unified-equal- experience.” There is currently neither an accepted unified field theory nor its ultimate practical counterpart, and thus it remains an open line of research. The term “unified field” theory was coined by Einstein, who attempted to unify the Theory of General Relativity with Electromagnetism which in turn would proceed to the incorporation of four seemingly distinct forces into One: “strong interaction, weak interaction, electromagnetic interaction, and gravitational interaction,” and eventually provide a practical application. A more “spiritualized” slant would not be dissimilar to the relationship of Adhesion, Cohesion, and the Law of Attraction and their practical application to enhanced needs. The ultimate metaphysical example is “Atonement” or the underlying, substantive unity of all things animate and inanimate, seen and unseen, of and from which casual worldly perception falls short of discernment. Physical Science would denote that “the whole is equal to the sum of its parts.” But the essence of metaphysically inspired thought would more than imply that “the Whole (Oneness) is greater than the sum of individual parts.”From a “material-basis” it is impossible to form a cogent, unified theory from which to incorporate a singular harmonious effect because it appears that innumerable causes are influencing each other in contradictory ways to effect conflicting purposes. Most notable in our “common” sense of universal acceptance is the stoic indifference to a seemingly inherent Competitive nature whose only glory comes from someone winning while another loses – in Athletics as well as in War, and oft-times in common Human relationships! If it were up to Rumi, a 13th Century Persian Mystic-Poet, “there can be no winner unless everyone wins.” Rumi implies that, in all of life’s “competitive” encounters, there is a viable alternative to the traditional conclusion that someone wins while another loses. His conclusion was that no one really wins unless everyone wins. A Course in Miracles would enhance that idea with, “No-one goes to Heaven alone – everyone goes together.” Enhanced even farther through Abraham – Hicks and the Law of Attraction, “Everyone’s ‘inner-being’ is Now and Always already in the non-competitive environment of Heaven’s Vortex, but most are unaware of it.” So, it would behoove everyone in our present “relative” state of existence to provide for the winning environment from and in which each and all can experience the inherent fairness acceptable to the all-encompassing Game of Life. On a Universal level, all the components that make up the Whole physical world are the constituents in varying degrees of evolution, and are derived from a Source completely “non-physical,” but none-the-less whose essence projects and extends Its Intent for Infinite expansion into perpetuity. And in modest micro-cosmic order, the body of that which is identified as man is a singular “unit” of function, but composed of trillions of individual cells whose harmonious vibrational unity and cohabitation affects the optimal functionality of the entire organism. And what is it that determines the common frequency of vibrational communication within the cellular network to assure the Organism of perfect health and functionality but a seemingly “remote” and intangible Source from whose infallible intelligence can best direct and control the operation of life with inexhaustible and impeccable precision. All the seemingly conflicting forces predicate their individual successes on separate and independent interests. Is there any “single” entity, whose ultimate and universal pursuit of “excellence,” could/would incorporate all the separate and distinct facets of “Being” into a legitimate and recognizable configuration of “sameness,” and ameliorate all sense of contradiction and conflict? Only the unadulterated essence of “Spirit” and Its own universal application of “goodness” has the inherent capacity for lawful exercise of Truth in a world seeking solutions of/with/for peace. The Universal Law of Attraction is that accommodating Force by which “That which is like unto itself is drawn,” and is the means by which Einstein could/would have fulfilled his “dream” of a “Unified Field” theory: “that imagined ideal that would allow all that are usually thought of as separate fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written or applied in terms of a single-field” and to ultimate into a “unified-equal-experience,” the maximum result of which revealing the unification of an otherwise seemingly unequal distribution of Primary attributions. (As the foot is casually thought of as an inferior organ to the head, what and how would the body be without it? On a more collective note, what and where would a team be without a second-baseman or right-fielder?) In the seemingly unified “Field” of Baseball there are a multitude of “field-oriented” designations that comprise the scope of the ultimate baseball experience. These designations are aspects integral to the development of an individual baseball player as well as defining the quality of the team on which each player performs. The designations for which all prospects to baseball success must apply themselves are the following: 1. Throwing 2. Fielding 3. Batting 4. Running Coming Soon: Throwing a Baseball.
Feldspars () are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust. In mineralogy, silica (silicon dioxide) SiO2 is usually cons ... mineral In geology Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, ''gē'' ("earth") and -λoγία, ''-logia'', ("study of", "discourse")) is an Earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rock (geology), rocks of which it is composed, and the proces ... s that make up about 41% of the Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. About 29% of Earth's surface is land consisting of continent A continent is one of several large landmasses. Generally identified by con ... continental crust 350px, The thickness of Crust (geology)#Earth's crust, Earth's crust (km) Continental crust is the layer of Igneous rock, igneous, Sedimentary rock, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms the geological continents and the areas of shallo ... by weight. Feldspars lize from magma 300px, Lava flow on Hawaii (island), Hawaii. Lava is the extrusive equivalent of magma. Magma (from Ancient Greek μάγμα (''mágma'') meaning "thick unguent") is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are form ... sedimentary rock Sedimentary rocks are types of Rock (geology), rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic matter, organic particles at the Earth's surface, followed by Cementation (geology), cementation. Sedimentation is the coll ... This group of minerals consists of s, silicate minerals in which silicon ions are linked by shared oxygen ions to form a three-dimensional network. Compositions of major elements in common feldspars can be expressed in terms of three endmembers: * potassium feldspar (K-spar) endmember Oxygen, OFeldspar What is Feldspar? Industrial Minerals Association. Retrieved on July 18, 2007. * albite endmember Sodium, NaAlSiO * anorthite endmember Calcium, CaAlSiO Solid solutions between K-feldspar and albite are called alkali feldspar. Solid solutions between albite and anorthite are called plagioclase, or, more properly, plagioclase feldspar. Only limited solid solution occurs between K-feldspar and anorthite, and in the two other solid solutions, immiscibility occurs at temperatures common in the crust of the Earth. Albite is considered both a plagioclase and alkali feldspar. The ratio of alkali feldspar to plagioclase feldspar, together with the proportion of quartz, is the basis for the QAPF classification of igneous rock. Calcium-rich plagioclase is the first feldspar to crystallize from a cooling magma, but the plagioclase becomes increasingly sodium-rich as crystallization continues. This defines the continuous Bowen's reaction series. K-feldspar is the final feldspar to crystallize from the magma. Alkali feldspars Alkali feldspars are grouped into two types: those containing potassium in combination with sodium, aluminium, or silicon; and those where potassium is replaced by barium. The first of these include: * orthoclase (monoclinic)"The Mineral Orthoclase" * sanidine (monoclinic)"Sanidine Feldspar" * microcline (triclinic)"Microcline Feldspar" * anorthoclase (triclinic) Potassium and sodium feldspars are not perfectly Miscibility, miscible in the melt at low temperatures, therefore intermediate compositions of the alkali feldspars occur only in higher temperature environments. Sanidine is stable at the highest temperatures, and microcline at the lowest. Perthite is a typical texture in alkali feldspar, due to exsolution of contrasting alkali feldspar compositions during cooling of an intermediate composition. The perthitic textures in the alkali feldspars of many granites can be seen with the naked eye. Microperthitic textures in crystals are visible using a light microscope, whereas cryptoperthitic textures can be seen only with an electron microscope. Barium feldspars Barium feldspars are also considered alkali feldspars. Barium feldspars form as the result of the substitution of barium for potassium in the mineral structure. The barium feldspars are monoclinic and include the following: * celsian * hyalophane Plagioclase feldspars The plagioclase feldspars are triclinic. The plagioclase series follows (with percent anorthite in parentheses): * albite (0 to 10) * oligoclase (10 to 30) * andesine (30 to 50) * labradorite (50 to 70) * bytownite (70 to 90) * anorthite (90 to 100) Intermediate compositions of plagioclase feldspar also may Exsolution, exsolve to two feldspars of contrasting composition during cooling, but diffusion is much slower than in alkali feldspar, and the resulting two-feldspar intergrowths typically are too fine-grained to be visible with optical microscopes. The immiscibility gaps in the plagioclase solid solutions are complex compared to the gap in the alkali feldspars. The play of colors visible in some feldspar of labradorite composition is due to very fine-grained exsolution Lamellar structure, lamellae known as Bøggild intergrowth. The specific gravity in the plagioclase series increases from albite (2.62) to anorthite (2.72–2.75). The structure of a feldspar crystal is based on aluminosilicate tetrahedra. Each tetrahedron consists of an aluminium or silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions. Each oxygen ion, in turn, is shared by a neighbouring tetrahedron to form a three-dimensional network. The structure can be visualized as long chains of aluminosilicate tetrahedra, sometimes described as crankshaft chains because their shape is kinked. Each crankshaft chain links to neighbouring crankshaft chains to form a three-dimensional network of fused four-member rings. The structure is open enough for cations (typically sodium, potassium, or calcium) to fit into the structure and provide charge balance. File:Anorthite crankshaft.png, Diagram showing part of a crankshaft chain of feldspar File:Anorthite c.png, Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the c axis File:Anorthite a.png, Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the a axis File:Anorthite b.png, Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the b axis The name ''feldspar'' derives from the German language, German ''Feldspat'', a compound of the words ''Feld'' ("field") and ''Spat'' ("flake"). ''Spat'' had long been used as the word for "a Rock (geology), rock easily cleaved into flakes"; ''Feldspat'' was introduced in the 18th century as a more specific term, referring perhaps to its common occurrence in rocks found in fields (Urban Brückmann, 1783) or to its occurrence as "fields" within granite and other minerals (René-Just Haüy, 1804). The change from ''Spat'' to ''-spar'' was influenced by the English word Spar (mineralogy), ''spar'', meaning a non-opaque mineral with good cleavage. ''Feldspathic'' refers to materials that contain feldspar. The alternate spelling, ''felspar'', has fallen out of use. The term 'felsic', meaning light coloured minerals such as quartz and feldspars, is an acronymic word derived from ''fel''dspar and ''si''lica, unrelated to the redundant spelling 'felspar'. Weathering, Chemical weathering of feldspars happens by hydrolysis and produces Clay mineral, clay minerals, including illite, smectite, and kaolinite. Hydrolysis of feldspars begins with the feldspar dissolving in water, which happens best in acidic or basic solutions and less well in neutral ones. The speed at which feldspars are weathered is controlled by how quickly they are dissolved. Dissolved feldspar reacts with H+ or OH ions and precipitates clays. The reaction also produces new Ion, ions in solution, with the variety of ion controlled by the type of feldspar reacting. The abundance of feldspars in the Earth's Crust (geology), crust means that clays are very abundant weathering products. About 40% of Mineral, minerals in Sedimentary rock, sedimentary rocks are clays, and clays are the dominant minerals in the most common sedimentary rocks, Mudrock, mudrocks. They are also an important component of Soil, soils. Feldspar that has been replaced by clay looks chalky compared to more crystalline and glassy unweathered feldspar grains. Feldspars, especially plagioclase feldspars, are not very stable at the earth's surface due to their high formation temperature. This lack of stability is why feldspars are easily weathered to clays. Because of this tendency to weather easily, feldspars are usually not prevalent in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks that contain large amounts of feldspar indicate that the sediment did not undergo much chemical weathering before being buried. This means it was probably Sediment transport, transported a short distance in cold and/or dry conditions that didn't promote weathering, and that it was quickly buried by other sediment. Sandstones with large amounts of feldspar are called Arkose, arkoses. Production and uses About 20 million tonnes of feldspar were produced in 2010, mostly by three countries: Italy (4.7 Mt), Turkey (4.5 Mt), and China (2 Mt). Feldspar is a common raw material used in glassmaking, ceramics, and to some extent as a filler and extender in paint, plastics, and rubber. In glassmaking, alumina from feldspar improves product hardness, durability, and resistance to chemical corrosion. In ceramics, the alkalis in feldspar (calcium oxide, potassium oxide, and sodium oxide) act as a flux, lowering the melting temperature of a mixture. Fluxes melt at an early stage in the Pottery firing, firing process, forming a glassy matrix that bonds the other components of the system together. In the US, about 66% of feldspar is consumed in glassmaking, including glass containers and glass fibre. Ceramics (including electrical insulators, sanitary ware, pottery, tableware, and tile) and other uses, such as fillers, accounted for the remainder.Apodaca, Lori E Feldspar and nepheline syenite USGS 2008 Minerals Yearbook Bon Ami, which had a mine near Little Switzerland, North Carolina, used feldspar as an abrasive in its cleaners. The Little Switzerland Business Association says the McKinney Mine was the largest feldspar mine in the world, and North Carolina was the largest producer. Feldspar had been discarded in the process of mining mica until William Dibbell sent a premium quality product to the Ohio company Golding and Sons around 1910. In earth sciences and archaeology, feldspars are used for potassium-argon dating, argon-argon dating, and luminescence dating. In October 2012, the Mars Curiosity rover analysed a rock that turned out to have a high feldspar content.Nasa's Curiosity rover finds 'unusual rock' (12 October 2012) BBC News. File:Feldspar-Group-170604.jpg, Specimen of rare plumbian (lead-rich) feldspar File:Beryl-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-288077.jpg, Perched on crystallized, white feldspar is an upright 4 cm Aquamarine (gemstone), aquamarine crystal File:Feldspar-Group-Moonstone-36971.jpg, Feldspar and moonstone, from Sonora, Mexico File:Schorl-Feldspar-Group-49985.jpg, Schorl crystal on a cluster of euhedral feldspar crystals File:PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg, First X-ray crystallography#Mineralogy and metallurgy, X-ray view of Martian soil—feldspar, pyroxenes, olivine revealed (Curiosity rover at "Rocknest (Mars), Rocknest", October 17, 2012). File:Lunar Ferroan Anorthosite (60025).jpg, Moon, Lunar ferrous anorthosite #60025 ( plagioclase feldspar). Collected by Apollo 16 from the Geology of the Moon#Highlands and craters, Lunar Highlands near Descartes (crater), Descartes Crater. This sample is currently on display at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. See also * * Rainbow lattice sunstone Further reading Bonewitz, Ronald Louis (2005). ''Rock and Gem''. New York: DK Publishing. . External links * {{Authority control Feldspar, Tectosilicates Triclinic minerals Monoclinic minerals Industrial minerals
CSS clamp() and writing a custom function using Sass So you may or may not have heard of the clamp function in CSS. The clamp function is used to “clamp” down 2 values, as the name suggests. The function takes in 3 parameters, which are the min, preferred, and max values. font-size: clamp(min, preferred, max); The clamp function is particularly useful for responsive web design, where you need your content to scale according to the window size. The min parameter represents the smallest size that you want your content to be, and conversely, the max parameter represents the largest size your content should be. The preferred parameter is a bit more tricky. Instead of being a static, unchanging value such as min and max, the preferred value represents the current size of your content. In order for it to represent your current size, it needs to have a unit that is changing based on the viewport. So these are units like vw, vh, and %. Most commonly used are the vw and % units, which scale with the viewport width. To better understand this, let’s look at an example: font-size: clamp(16px, 2vw, 32px); The above function basically sets the min font-size to 16px and the max font-size to 16px. The 2vw represents 2% of the entire window width. The clamp function will ensure that the font-size is 2% of the window with, whatever that may be, and never dips below 16px or overflows 32px. A part that is confusing for many people is what should I set the preferred value to? It’s not entirely intuitive to set my font-size to 2vw. A problem is that view widths are not very consistent. Depending on the size of your device, a view width can be 19.2px if you’re on a 1920x1080 device, or it could be greater if viewing on a 2440x1440 device. Luckily, there is a solution so that you’re not just guessing what to put as the preferred value. Luckily, there is a solution. What you’re looking for is basically a way to scale your size linearly. To do this, I’m going to refer to another article written by Pedro Rodriguez at CSS-Tricks. The solution that the article uses takes into account not only the minimum and maximum content size, but also the minimum and maximum window width. By incorporating both min and max window widths, you are able to create a formula to scale your content linearly. Fortunately, the formula is not very complicated. Pedro has simplified the formula for us, as it’s simply : slope = (maxFontSize - minFontSize) / (maxWidth - minWidth) yAxisIntersection = -minWidth * slope + minFontSizepreferredValue = yAxisIntersection[rem] + (slope * 100)[vw] So there we go, we can now create our linearly scaling clamp function. But now if we want to use it, we’d have to manually enter our numbers and calculate it. This can be quite tedious, but fortunately, with the power of Sass functions, we create a custom clamp function quite easily. First make sure you have Sass installed in your project. Then we’re going to create a Sass function with the 4 values in the formula as parameters. Then it’s really as simple as defining the slope, y-axis, and preferredValue from the formula as variables. Use #{$var_name} syntax in Sass calc functions Note that we divide minViewWidth and maxViewWidth by 16, which is because the formula is calculated using rem, which are 16px by default. Now you can use the function in place of the regular clamp() function. CS Student at UMass Boston who enjoys learning and sharing their knowledge in an easier to understand way.
Epidemiology of Diet and Cancer Risk1 Epidemiology of Diet and Cancer Risk1 Walter C. Willett Edward Giovannucci Following cardiovascular disease, cancer is the second leading cause of death in most affluent countries. It also contributes significantly to mortality rates among adults in developing countries (1, 2). In the United States, about one in three persons will be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime and about 60% of those diagnosed will die of cancer (3). Because rates of cardiovascular death have been declining rapidly and overall cancer mortality has not substantially changed, cancer will likely become the most important cause of death in the United States (2, 4). Although overall cancer rates among adults vary only modestly around the world, the types of cancers are dramatically different (1, 2). In most affluent countries, cancers of the lung, colon, breast, and prostate contribute most to incidence and mortality. In poorer regions and the Far East, cancers of the stomach, liver, oral cavity, esophagus, and uterine cervix are most important. However, cancer incidence rates are very dynamic; many areas of the world are experiencing a transition from the cancer incidence patterns of poorer to those of affluent areas (1). Rates of breast and colon cancer have been increasing in almost all countries. Although genetics play an important role in the development of cancer, inherited mutations cannot account for the dramatic differences in cancer rates seen around the world. Populations that move from countries with low rates of specific cancers to areas with high rates, or the reverse, almost invariably achieve the rates characteristic of the new homeland (5, 6, 7). The time required to attain the new rate can vary, however, from several decades in the case of colon cancer, to about three generations for breast cancer (7, 8, 9, 10). The dramatic changes in cancer rates within a country provide further evidence for the importance of noninherited factors. For example, in Japan rates of colon cancer mortality increased about 2.5-fold between 1950 and 1985 (11). The dramatic variations in cancer rates around the world and changes over time imply that these malignancies are potentially avoidable if we were able to identify and then avoid the causal factors. For a few cancers, the primary causes are well known, such as smoking in the case of lung cancer; but for most others, the etiologic factors are less well established. However, strong reasons exist to suspect that dietary and nutritional factors may account for many of these variations in cancer rates. First, a role of diet has been suggested by observations that national rates of specific cancers are strongly correlated with aspects of diet such as per capita consumption of fat (12). Also, numerous studies in animals, including a series of detailed experiments conducted during the 1930s (13), clearly demonstrated that dietary manipulations could influence tumorigenesis dramatically. A multitude of steps in the pathogenesis of cancer have been identified in which dietary factors could plausibly act either to increase or decrease the probability that the clinical cancer will develop. For example, carcinogens in food that can directly damage DNA are discussed elsewhere in this volume, and other dietary factors may block the endogenous synthesis of carcinogens or induce enzymes involved in the activation or deactivation of exogenous carcinogenic substances (14). Oxidative damage to DNA is likely to be an important cause of mutations and potentially can be enhanced by some dietary factors, such as polyunsaturated fats and iron, or reduced by dietary antioxidants or nutrients that are cofactors for antioxidant enzymes, such as selenium or copper (15). Inadequate intake of dietary factors needed for DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation, such as folic acid, also could influence the risk of mutation or gene expression. The rate of cell division influences whether DNA lesions are replicated and is thus likely to influence the probability of cancer developing (15). Thus, energy balance and growth rates, which can be influenced by a variety of essential nutrients, could affect cancer rates. Dietary factors can influence endogenous hormone levels, including estrogens and various growth factors, which can influence cell cycling, and thus potentially cancer incidence. Estrogenic substances found in some plant foods also can interact with estrogen receptors, and thus could either mimic or block the effects of endogenous estrogens (14). Many other aspects of diet can alter cell proliferation or differentiation either by direct hormonal effects, such as by vitamins A or D, or indirectly by influencing inflammatory or irritative processes, such as specific fatty acids that are precursors of prostaglandins or that inhibit their synthesis. Many other examples can be given by which dietary factors could plausibly influence the development of cancer (14, 15). The strong suggestions from international comparisons, animal studies, and mechanistic investigations that various aspects of diet may importantly influence risk of cancer raises two critical sets of questions: Which dietary factors are actually important determinants of human cancer? What is the nature of the dose-response relationships? The nature of the dose-response relationships is particularly important because a substance could be carcinogenic to humans, but there could be no important risk within the range of intakes actually consumed by humans. Alternatively, another factor could be critical for protection against cancer, but all persons in a population already may be consuming sufficient amounts to receive the maximal benefit. In either case, no potential exists for reduction in cancer rates by altering current intakes. The important factors to identify are those for which at least some part of the population is either consuming a toxic level or is not eating a sufficient amount for optimal health. Because cancer is a multistage process, the temporal relationship also is critical to identify. Various epidemiologic approaches can be used to investigate diet and human cancer relationships (Table 86.1). Relationships between diet and nutrition and cancer incidence in epidemiologic studies can be evaluated by collecting data on dietary intake, using biochemical indicators of dietary factors, or measuring body size and composition. Food frequency questionnaires have been used to assess diet in most epidemiologic studies because they provide information on usual diet over an extended period of time and are sufficiently adequate to be used in large populations. Food frequency questionnaires have been shown to be sufficiently valid to detect important diet-disease relationships in comparisons with more detailed assessments of diet and biochemical indicators (16). Biochemical indicators of diet can be useful in some situations, but for many dietary factors of interest, such as total fat, fiber, and sodium, no useful indicators exist. DNA specimens have been collected from participants in many studies and allow the examination of gene-diet interactions. Until recently, most information on diet and cancer has been obtained from case-control studies. However, many large prospective cohort studies of diet and cancer in various countries are now ongoing and are generating data that are transforming our understanding of nutrition and cancer. Because the number of studies is now becoming large, systematic reviews and metaanalyses that summarize the findings statistically are becoming increasingly important. However, these summaries are limited by the possibility of selective publication of positive results, the difficulty of combining data on diet, which can be expressed in many different ways, and variations in the control of covariates. Analyses that combine the primary data from the original studies, often called pooled analyses, overcome most of these limitations and are a more reliable way to summarize that data, but such analyses are laborious and not always available. Prospective Cohort Cancer rates in populations having different diets are compared by assessing average intake of specific nutrients and determining cancer incidence or mortality. Earlier diets reported by patients with a particular type of cancer are compared with diets reported by matched controls without cancer. Incidence of cancer is compared in people whose diets and other potentially relevant factors are determined before follow-up begins. Incidence of cancer in two groups randomized to specific interventions or to no interventions is compared. Diet is but one of many variables that distinguish populations. Even crude data on average nutrient intake is difficult to gather. These studies are probably best used to generate hypothesis. Selection bias may occur if controls do not accurately represent the population from which cases arose. Recall bias can result when patients differ systematically from controls in ability to recall diets. Memory of dietary habits can be faulty among patients and controls.* In rapidly fatal cancers, researchers must often rely on recall of proxy respondents such as spouses. Selection bias and recall bias should not occur, but thousands or even tens of thousands of people must be enrolled and their health be monitored for many years before statistical power can be achieved. Adherence to substantial dietary changes is difficult for many people. Participants cannot be easily blinded to their status. Optimal dosages (e.g. of supplemental nutrients) and dose-response relationships can be difficult to ascertain. Duration of intervention required is generally unknown but may be decades. * Measurements of vitamins in blood are sometimes substituted for dietary recall questionnaires in case-control and cohort studies. However, this strategy is not universally applicable because levels in blood do not always accurately reflect intake. For example, β-carotene blood levels are a good index of dietary intake whereas retinol levels in blood are only weakly related to intake. Blood levels must be interpreted with caution in case-control studies because cancer can change the level of a vitamin in the plasma. Epidemiologic investigations should be viewed as complementary to animal studies, in vitro investigations, and metabolic studies of diet in relation to intermediate end points, such as hormone levels. Although conditions can be controlled to a much greater degree in laboratory studies than in free-living human populations, the relevance of findings to humans always will be uncertain, particularly in regard to dose-response and temporal relationships. Ultimately, our knowledge is best based on a synthesis of epidemiologic, metabolic, animal, and mechanistic studies. Diet is a complex composite of various nutrients and nonnutritive food constituents, and many types of human cancer exist, each with its own pathogenetic mechanisms. Thus, the combinations of specific dietary factors and cancers are almost limitless. This brief overview focuses primarily on the major cancers of affluent populations and aspects of diet for which strong hypotheses and substantial epidemiologic data exist. Several aspects of diet for which hypothesized preventive roles exist are discussed in further detail in the chapter on chemoprevention. Energy Balance, Growth Rates, and Body Size Studies by Tannenbaum and colleagues (13, 17) during the first half of the twentieth century indicated that energy restriction could reduce the development of mammary tumors in animals profoundly. This finding has been consistently replicated in a wide variety of mammary tumor models and for a wide variety of other tumors (18, 19, 20, 21, 22). For example, restriction in energy intake by approximately 30% can reduce mammary tumors by as much as 90% (23). The possibility that this relationship, which is the most consistent and strongest effect of diet in animal studies, also may apply to humans received relatively little attention until recently. In evaluating the effect of energy restriction on cancer rates in humans, it may be tempting to examine the association between energy intake and incidence of cancer. However, such an approach is likely to be completely misleading because in free-living populations, variation in energy intake is determined largely by energy expenditure in the form of physical activity (24). Thus, for example, energy intake is inversely associated with risk of coronary heart disease owing to the protective effect of exercise against this disease (16). The most sensitive indicators of the balance between energy intake and expenditure are growth rates and body size, which can be measured well in epidemiologic investigations, although they also reflect genetic and other nonnutritional factors. Thus, adult height can provide an indirect indicator of pre-adult nutrition, and adult weight gain and obesity reflect positive energy balance later in life. In populations that were traditionally short, such as the Japanese, rapid gains in height during the last several decades (25) have corresponded with increases in breast and colon cancer rates. Further support for an important role of growth rates comes from epidemiologic studies of age at menarche. An early menarche is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer. The difference in the late age of menarche in China—until recently approximately 17 years (26), compared with 12 and 13 years of age in the United States (27)—contributes importantly to differences in breast cancer rates between these populations. Body mass index, height, and weight have been consistently strong determinants or correlates of age at menstruation (28, 29, 30), but the composition of diet appears to have little if any effect. Collectively, these studies provide strong evidence, consistent with animal experiments, that rapid growth rates before puberty play an important role in determining future risk of breast and probably other cancers. Whether the epidemiologic findings result from only restriction of energy intake in relation to requirements for maximal growth, or whether the limitation of other nutrients, such as essential amino acids, may also play a role cannot be determined from available data. A positive energy balance during adult life and the resultant accumulation of body fat also contributes significantly to several human cancers. The best-established relationships are with cancers of the colon, kidney, pancreas, esophagus (adenocarcinoma), endometrium, and gall bladder (31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38). The relation between body fatness and breast cancer is more complex. Before menopause, women with greater body fat have reduced risk of breast cancer (39, 40), and after menopause a positive but weak association with adiposity is seen. These findings may be the result of anovulatory menstrual cycles in fatter women before menopause (41), which should reduce risk, and the synthesis of endogenous estrogen by adipose tissue in postmenopausal women (42), which is presumed to increase the risk of breast cancer. A complex association between body fat and prostate cancer also may exist (43). In animal models, reduction in insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I) mediates at least part of the effect of energy reduction (44). Insulin is known to be a powerful modulator of bioavailable IGF-I (45). In human studies, increasing evidence exists that high circulating levels of IGF-I and insulin are associated with an increased risk of some cancers that occur in affluent populations, particularly colon cancer (45, 46). In the Physicians’ Health Study of male physicians (47), there was 2.5-fold increased risk of colorectal cancer with increasing levels of plasma C-peptide (a marker of insulin secretion) when extreme quintiles (highest versus lowest) were compared. Increasing waist-to-hip ratio is also associated with an increased risk of colon cancer, independently of body mass index (48). In fact, indirect evidence (49) suggests that factors related to energy balance and dietary patterns that stimulate insulin and IGF-I secretion throughout the life span could account largely for the approximately one third of cancers in affluent countries that are believed to be influenced by nutrition (50). Dietary Fat and Macronutrients In the landmark 1982 National Academy of Sciences review of diet (51), reduction in fat intake to 30% of calories was the primary recommendation. This objective has been echoed in subsequent dietary recommendations as well (52, 53). Two lines of evidence stimulated this interest in dietary fat as a cause of cancer. In the first half of the twentieth century, studies by Tannenbaum and colleagues (13, 17) indicated that diets high in fat could promote tumor growth in animal models. A vast literature on dietary fat and cancer in animals has accumulated subsequently (reviewed elsewhere) (22, 51, 54, 55, 56). However, although dietary fat has an effect on tumor incidence in most models (57, 58), the influence of fat has not been definitely established to be independent of the effect of energy intake (22, 23, 54, 55, 59). Second, a possible relation of dietary fat intake to cancer incidence also has been hypothesized because the large international differences in rates of cancers of the breast, colon, prostate, and endometrium are strongly correlated with apparent per capita animal fat consumption (12, 60, 61, 62). Fat and Breast Cancer Although a major rationale for the dietary fat hypothesis has been the international correlation between fat consumption and national breast cancer mortality (12), a study of 65 Chinese counties (63), in which per capita fat intake varied from 6% to 25% of energy, showed only a weak positive association between fat intake and breast cancer mortality. Notably, five counties consumed approximately 25% of energy from fat yet experienced rates of breast cancer far below those of US women with similar fat intake (64), thus providing strong evidence that factors other than fat intake account for the large international differences. Breast cancer incidence rates increased substantially in the United States during the twentieth century, as have the estimates of per capita fat consumption, based on food disappearance data. However, surveys based on reports of individual intake, rather than food disappearance, indicate that consumption of energy from fat, either as absolute intake or as a percentage of energy, actually has declined in the last half of the twentieth century (65, 66), a time during which breast cancer incidence has increased (67). Many case-control studies have been conducted to investigate the dietary fat effect on breast cancer. In one large study (68), animal fat and total fat intake were not associated with breast cancer. The results from 12 smaller case-control studies were summarized in a metaanalysis by Howe et al (69), which included 4312 cases and 5978 controls. The pooled relative risk (RR) was 1.35 (p < .0001) for a 100-g increase in daily total fat intake, although the risk was somewhat stronger for postmenopausal women (RR = 1.48; p < .001). This magnitude of association, however, potentially could be compatible with biases resulting from recall of diet or selection of controls (70). A substantial body of data from cohort studies is now available to assess the relation between dietary fat intake and breast cancer in developed countries. In a pooled analysis of prospective studies that included 4980 incident cases of breast cancer (71), no overall association was seen for overall fat intake over the range of less than 20% to greater than 45% of energy from fat. A similar lack of association was seen among postmenopausal women only and for specific types of fat. Only among the small number of women consuming less than 15% of energy from fat was a significant association seen; breast cancer risk was elevated twofold in this group. The lack of any suggestion of an increase in risk with higher total fat intake was confirmed in an update of the pooled analysis with 7329 incident cases (72, 73) and a more recent large prospective study from Europe with 7119 cases (74). In a large cohort of older American women (3501 cases), a weak and marginally significant positive association was seen with total fat (for highest versus lowest quintile RR 1.11 [95% confidence interval = 1.00 to 1.24]) (75). In the Nurses’ Health Study, analyses have been conducted with 14 years of follow-up (2956 cases) (73)— 20 years for postmenopausal women (76)—and with up to six assessments of fat intake, which improves the measurement of long-term intake. No indication of an increased risk associated with high fat intake was found. These studies included mostly postmenopausal women. A study conducted among 90,655 premenopausal women 26 to 46 years of age at baseline found a statistically significant positive association between animal fat, mainly from red meat and high fat dairy sources, and risk of premenopausal breast cancer (77). In the same population, intakes of red meat and total fat (which were not possible to distinguish) during adolescence were associated with greater risk of premenopausal breast cancer (78). Overall, the prospective studies provide strong evidence against any major association between intake of total fat during midlife and breast cancer incidence. The suggestion that intake of animal fat or red meat during adolescence or premenopausal years may increase risk in premenopausal women requires confirmation. It is possible that diet later in life may have little influence on postmenopausal breast cancer, whereas diet earlier in life may impact premenopausal breast cancer. The effect of early life diet on postmenopausal breast cancer also needs to be examined. The effect of reducing fat intake on risk of breast cancer has been assessed in two large randomized trials. In the Women’s Health Initiative trial, 48,000 women were randomized to a low-fat diet that tended to be higher in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains than their usual intake (79). After an average of about 7 years, a nonsignificant 9% lower risk of breast cancer was seen in the intervention group (80). However, no differences in plasma concentrations of triglycerides or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol between the groups were seen at any time in the trial. This provides clear evidence that there was little difference in fat intake, because a true difference in fat intake does affect these lipid fractions (81). Even the small and nonsignificant reduction in breast cancer incidence could have been due to the modest difference in weights between groups that is compatible with a nonspecific effect of diet counseling. In the second trial, conducted in Canada among women with higher risk of breast cancer determined by mammograms, a nonsignificant 19% higher risk of breast cancer was seen among those randomized to a low-fat diet (82). In this study, the expected changes in plasma HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were seen, confirming that the hypothesis of fat reduction was actually tested. Although total fat intake has been unrelated to breast cancer risk in prospective epidemiologic studies, and the results of two randomized trials have not supported a benefit of reducing fat intake in midlife or later, some evidence suggests that the type of fat may be important. In animal mammary tumor models, the tumor-promoting effect of fat intake has been observed primarily for polyunsaturated fats when fed in the presence of diets containing approximately 45% of energy from fat (83, 84). However, in prospective studies, polyunsaturated fat generally has not been associated with higher risk of breast cancer within the much lower range seen in human diets (72, 73). The relatively low rates of breast cancer in southern European countries have suggested that the use of olive oil as the primary fat may reduce risk of breast cancer. In case-control studies in Spain and Greece, women who used more olive oil had lower risks of breast cancer (85, 86). Furthermore, olive oil has been shown to be protective relative to other sources of fats in some animal studies (54). More evidence should emerge from prospective studies being conducted in southern Europe. Fat and Colon Cancer In comparisons among countries, rates of colon cancer are strongly correlated with national per capita disappearance of animal fat and meat, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.8% and 0.9% (12, 62). Based on these epidemiologic investigations and animal studies, a hypothesis has developed that dietary fat increases excretion of bile acids, which can be converted to carcinogens or promoters (87). However, evidence from many studies that higher body weight increases risk and higher levels of physical activity reduce risk of colon cancer indicates that at least part of the high rates in affluent countries previously attributed to fat intake may result from sedentary lifestyle and excess energy intakes. With some exceptions (88, 89, 90, 91), case-control studies generally have shown an association between risk of colon cancer and intake of fat (92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99) or red meat (100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105). However, in many of these studies, a positive association between total energy intake and risk of colon cancer also has been observed (92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99). A metaanalysis by Howe et al (106) of 13 case-control studies found a significant association between total energy and colon cancer, but saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat were not associated with colon cancer independently of total energy. The relation between diet and colon cancer has been examined in several large prospective studies. These have not confirmed the positive association with total energy intake in case-control studies (107, 108, 109, 110, 111), suggesting that the case-control studies were distorted by reporting bias. Most of the studies did not support an association between fat intake and colon cancer risk independent of energy intake. One exception was the Nurses’ Health Study, which showed about a twofold higher risk of colon cancer among women in the highest compared with those in the lowest quintile of animal fat intake (107). However, in a multivariate analysis of these data, which included red meat and animal fat intakes in the same model, red meat intake remained significantly predictive of risk of colon cancer, whereas the association with animal fat was eliminated. A metaanalysis of 13 prospective cohort studies found no appreciable association between total, animal, or plant fat intake and risk of colorectal cancer (112). In a randomized trial of a low-fat dietary pattern, no effect on colorectal cancer incidence was observed (113). Fat and Prostate Cancer Associations between fat intake and prostate cancer risk have been seen in many case-control studies (114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124) but sometimes only in subgroups. In a large case-control study among various ethnic groups within the United States (125), consistent associations with prostate cancer risk were seen for saturated fat but not with other types of fat. Some of these studies found stronger associations for fat intake and risk of advanced or fatal disease than for total prostate cancer (121, 125, 126). The association between fat intake and prostate cancer risk has been assessed in several cohort studies. In a cohort of 8000 Japanese men living in Hawaii, no association was seen between intake of total or unsaturated fat (127). However, diet was assessed with a single 24-hour recall in this study so the lack of association may not be informative. In a study of 14,000 Seventh-Day Adventist men living in California, a positive association between the percentage of calories from animal fat and prostate cancer risk was seen, but this was not statistically significant (128). In the Health Professionals Follow-up Study of 51,000 men, a positive association was seen with intake of red meat, total fat, and animal fat, which was largely limited to aggressive prostate cancers (129). No association was seen with vegetable fats. In another cohort from Hawaii, increased risks of prostate cancer were seen with consumption of beef and animal fat (130). Two small studies of men with prostate cancer suggest that high intake of saturated fat at the time of diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of biochemical failure (131) and prostate cancer-specific death (132). The stronger findings for advanced disease and progression, if confirmed, suggest that dietary fat may influence late stages of carcinogenesis. However, the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, a large European cohort study, did not find any association between total, saturated, or monounsaturated fat intake and advancedstage prostate cancer (133). A somewhat puzzling observation has been that intake or blood levels of α-linolenic, a fatty acid comprising only about 1% of total energy intake, has been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (especially advanced cancers) in two prospective studies (129, 134) and five case-control studies in diverse populations: Uruguay (135), Spain (136), Norway (137), China (138), and the United States (139). However, other studies have not supported this (140, 141, 142, 143, 144). Whether or not this association is causal needs to be determined, especially because this fatty acid is beneficial in regard to cardiovascular disease (145, 146). Although further data are desirable, the evidence from international correlations, case-control, and cohort studies is reasonably consistent in support of an association between consumption of fat-containing animal products and prostate cancer incidence, particularly with advanced prostate cancer. 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Wire Harness Manufacturing Process \| 5 Steps Wire harness manufacturing process results \| wire harness examples Purpose of Wire Harnesses Wire harness, which is also known as wiring harness, is used to cover certain types of electronic wiring. These protective layers guard against wear and tear, from the environment and other factors that may damage the wires. Understanding the wire harness manufacturing process will help you in your endeavor to find the right wire harness manufacturer. Wire harnesses also make wires easier to transport because wires are more organized with wire harnesses. Custom wire harnesses are a go-to solution for wire protection and management because every situation is unique. Different jobs require different setups, resulting in a wide variety of specific harness design needs. Specifics for a project would include things like the number of wires or the size of the wire. In the following list, we’ll be breaking down the different factors, and how they may affect your project. 4 Steps of the Wire Harness Manufacturing Process The wire harness manufacturing process can be as simple or complex as the request is. Initial Designing When you know what you are getting the wire harness for, the design will be started to find what is necessary to fit each part. During the design process, engineers will determine the right components to use, along with any other specifications. The goal with your design is to maximize efficiency, functionality, along with being reliable for the product and experience with it. Create a Prototype Creating a prototype allows you and the engineer to test out the product, hands-on. With the newfound information from testing the prototype, adjustments can be made and this step can repeat itself with a new prototype or you can progress into production. After designing and creating the prototype, now it is time to start the production process. The wire harness manufacturing process uses a combination of manufacturing machines along with a significant amount of manual work. From the complexity of some steps within the wire harness manufacturing process, that is where the manual labor aspect comes into play. The production process usually includes stripping wires and then cutting them to the appropriate length, this is usually done with an automated process. The stripped wires are then attached to terminals, modules, or connector housings. When connecting terminals onto wires, you will need to crimp the terminals. During the manual process, fabric tape will need to be applied to secure any wire strands. Now that the product is created, it is time to test it. Testing means going through the processes of ensuring safety, with standard safety tests. Once all testing is completed and successful, the product is ready to pack up and send to the customer. Some of the tests performed are hipot testing and resistance testing. Issues to Look Out For When you do the necessary due diligence on the wire harness manufacturer that you choose, mistakes should be rare. However, you should keep an eye out for possible production issues. Look out for wires attached to the wrong piece of hardware or a missing connector. The crimps should be checked since an improper crimp could cause a short circuit or open circuit with the attached product. A simple issue is a poor layout for a wire harness, if the wire harness is too large or too small could indicate wire trimming issues from the wire harness manufacturing process. How Wire Harness Manufacturing Process Affects You When looking for one or many wire harnesses, understanding the process helps you understand what you need to know. Leaving the wire harness manufacturer with as much important information to understand the project will decrease the room for error. Getting a prototype and using that to solve any issues is an important step.
Could plants do photosynthesis at moonlight? Related to this and this but not exactly same; could plants do photosynthesis at moonlight or more dim-intensity light? Of course they can and do, except in total darkness (spectroscopically, only bands in the far red and in the blue spectra matter - blanking these affects 'total darkness'). In photosynhesis a photon is adsorbed by Photosystem II to break down water into oxygen and protons in solution. Another photon must be adsorbed by Photosystem ! to power the enzymatic machinery that make NADPH and ATP that power the Calvin cycle. We know the sun powers photosynthesis effectively. The sun produces somewhat less than 100,000 lux (lumen per square meter). Moonlight is one one millionth of this or about 0.1 lux. One lux is something like 10^15 photons per second (per square meter); so moonlight provides something approaching 10^14 photons per second to drive photosynthesis. The spectrum of moonlight is not markedly different from that of sunlight. So, moonlight provides an ample number of photons per second per square meter to power photosynthesis. The trouble, though, is that the rate of photosynthesis is low compared to the rate of metabolism in the rest of the plant. So, in effect, the plant gives off carbon dioxide by night and oxygen by day even though both gasses are being emitted all the time. EDIT (per request) some references: 1. Photosynthesis 2. Respiration 3. Moonlight lux versus sunlight 4. Photons per second in a lumen Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. Green Tree Leaves The plant leaves are green because that color is the part of sunlight reflected by a pigment in the leaves called chlorophyll. Photograph courtesy of Shutterstock Most life on Earth depends on photosynthesis.The process is carried out by plants, algae, and some types of bacteria, which capture energy from sunlight to produce oxygen (O2) and chemical energy stored in glucose (a sugar). Herbivores then obtain this energy by eating plants, and carnivores obtain it by eating herbivores. The process During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil. Within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons. This transforms the water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose. The plant then releases the oxygen back into the air, and stores energy within the glucose molecules. Inside the plant cell are small organelles called chloroplasts, which store the energy of sunlight. Within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast is a light-absorbing pigment called chlorophyll, which is responsible for giving the plant its green color. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs energy from blue- and red-light waves, and reflects green-light waves, making the plant appear green. Light-dependent reactions vs. light-independent reactions While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide. Not all forms of photosynthesis are created equal, however. There are different types of photosynthesis, including C3 photosynthesis and C4 photosynthesis. C3 photosynthesis is used by the majority of plants. It involves producing a three-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglyceric acid during the Calvin Cycle, which goes on to become glucose. C4 photosynthesis, on the other hand, produces a four-carbon intermediate compound, which splits into carbon dioxide and a three-carbon compound during the Calvin Cycle. A benefit of C4 photosynthesis is that by producing higher levels of carbon, it allows plants to thrive in environments without much light or water. How Does Temperature Affect Photosynthesis? Temperature affects photosynthesis by allowing plants to photosynthesize (i.e., build up) and respire (i.e., break down) when there is optimum daytime temperature. It also enables plants to curtail the rate of respiration at a cooler night. With high temperatures, respiration increases and the products of photosynthesis are used faster than they are produced. The rate of the chemical reactions during photosynthesis increases with temperature. However, temperatures above 40 C causes the process to slow down. This occurs because the enzymes involved in photosynthesis are sensitive to temperature. Additionally, low temperatures cause plants to grow poorly. It slows down photosynthesis, thus resulting in slower growth and lower yields. Enzymes are easily affected by temperature. When it is too cold, they move around much slower, thus unable to allow for a reaction to occur. When it is too hot, the rate of reaction increases. Heat energy leads to more collisions between the substrate and the enzyme. Different plants require different optimal temperatures to grow well. Plants that grow in colder climates grow best at low temperatures. For a certain number of days, buds of plants need to get exposed to chilling hours, which is below a critical temperature, to resume growth during spring. When dormant, they can withstand even lower temperatures. After the rest period, they become more vulnerable to weather conditions, especially cold temperatures. Plant Leaf Structure A plant's leaves are designed to retain water. That water then combines with carbon dioxide and light to form glucose to feed the plant. To help the plant retain water, leaves have a cuticle, a wax-like protective coating that prevents water from evaporating. Leaves also have tiny pores that allow the leaf to take in carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is vital to the photosynthesis process the plant needs to form glucose and expel oxygen. These leaf pores, called stomata, are found on the underside of the leaf. Once the leaf inhales carbon dioxide, the CO2 moves to the leaf's mesophyll cells. This is where photosynthesis takes place and glucose is formed. Every living organism needs energy to grow and reproduce. Humans and animals eat foods with carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to produce the energy they need to survive. But plants do not eat. They make their own energy source in the form of energy-rich carbohydrates (sugars) through a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-mediated process that converts light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, plant cells use light energy (such as light emitted from the sun), water (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) as reactants to produce sugar molecules (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) (Figure 1): Figure 1. During photosynthesis, plants convert water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and light into oxygen (O2) and sugars like glucose (C6H12O6). Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts within the plant's cells. The chloroplasts contain special pigments that react to light. Chlorophyll is one of the pigments that can absorb light in the blue and red spectrum from the visible light spectrum. Chlorophyll does not absorb light in the green spectrum of light but reflects it instead. This is why leaves with chlorophyll usually appear green. During the first part of photosynthesis&mdashthe light-dependent reaction&mdashchlorophyll and other pigments harness the light energy to produce NADPH and ATP, which are two types of energy-carrier molecules. At the same time, water is split into oxygen (O2) and protons (H + ). The next stage is light-independent and is often referred to as the dark reaction. In this step, the two energy-carrier molecules, NADPH and ATP, are utilized in a series of chemical reactions called the Calvin cycle. In the Calvin cycle, the plants take carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and use it to ultimately make sugars such as glucose or sucrose. These sugars can be stored for later use by the plant as an energy source to fuel its metabolism and growth. Photosynthesis is responsible for replenishing Earth's atmosphere with oxygen that we breathe. Thus, it is not only crucial for plants, but also for all organisms that rely on oxygen for their survival. Many factors affect how quickly plants are able to conduct photosynthesis. Without enough light or water, for example, a plant cannot photosynthesize very quickly. Similarly, the concentration of carbon dioxide&mdashanother reactant in photosynthesis&mdashaffects how fast photosynthesis can occur. Temperature also plays a significant role, as photosynthesis is an enzyme-mediated reaction. This is because at high temperatures, enzymes can get damaged and thus become inactivated. Other factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis are the light intensity, the amount of chlorophyll and other color pigments in a plant, and the color of light. Similar to any other chemical reaction, the rate of photosynthesis can be determined by either measuring the decrease of its reactants or the increase of its products. You could, for example, measure the production of oxygen or the consumption of carbon dioxide over time. Without the use of extensive laboratory equipment, the rate of photosynthesis can be determined indirectly by conducting a floating leaf disk assay to measure the rate of oxygen production (Figure 2). In the floating leaf disk assay, 10 or more leaf disk samples are punched out of a leaf. In the next step, a vacuum is used to replace the air pockets within the leaf structure with a baking soda (bicarbonate) solution. The baking soda provides the carbon dioxide that the leaf needs for photosynthesis. The leaf disks are then sunk in the baking soda solution and exposed to light. As the plant leaf photosynthesizes, oxygen is produced that accumulates as oxygen gas bubbles on the outside of the leaf disk. The attached oxygen gas changes the buoyancy of the leaf disk and once enough oxygen has been produced, the leaf disk will rise to the surface of the baking soda solution. The time until the leaf disk rises to the top of the solution is a measure of how much oxygen has been produced and thus a proxy for the rate of photosynthesis. Figure 2. Leaf disk assay picture. In this project, 10 disks are placed in the baking soda solution at the same time. A good way to collect data is to count the number of floating disks at the end of a fixed time interval for example, after every minute until all disks are floating. The time required for 50% of the leaves to float represents the Effective Time (ET50). ET50 can be determined by graphing the number of disks floating over time, as shown in Figure 3. An ET50 of 11.5 minutes, for example, as shown in Figure 3, would mean that after 11.5 minutes, 50% of the leaves (5 out of the 10) floated on top of the baking soda solution. In the context of oxygen production, you could also say that an ET50 value of 11.5 minutes means that it took 11.5 minutes to produce enough oxygen to make 50% of the leaf disks float. The x-axis shows time in minutes. The y-axis shows the number of floating leaf disks. After 7 minutes the first leaf disk floats, after 11 minutes 4 leaf disks float, at 12 minutes 7 leaf disks float, at 13 minutes 8 leaf disks float, and after 14 minutes all 10 leaf disks float. A red line indicates at what time 50% (5) leaf disks float (at about 11.5 minutes). This time is labeled Effective Time ET50. Figure 3. Example results for the floating leaf disk assay. The graph shows the time on the x-axis and the number of floating leaves on the y-axis. The Effective Time (ET50) represents the time required for 50% of the leaves to float. By extrapolating from the graph, the 50% floating point in this graph is about 11.5 min. Reaction rates are usually expressed as the concentration of reactant consumed or the concentration of product formed per unit of time. As mentioned above, we can use the ET50 as a proxy for how much oxygen has been produced to make half of the leaf disks float. This means that the ET50 value is proportional to the inverse of the rate of oxygen production, or proportional to the inverse of the rate of photosynthesis. The reciprocal of ET50 or 1/ET50, can thus be used as a simple measure of the rate of photosynthesis. An example can make this concept clear. If a glass of soda has 1,000 bubbles, and half of the bubbles (500 bubbles) pop in 5 min when the soda is at room temperature, the rate at which the bubbles pop is 500/5 min or 100/min at room temperature. Imagine you repeat the experiment, but with a glass of the same soda at refrigerator temperature and find that half of the bubbles (or 500 bubbles) pop in 10 min. The rate at refrigerator temperature is 500 bubbles in 10 min or 50 bubbles/minute. It is hard to count bubbles in soda, but if you only know that half of the bubbles pop in 5 min (room temperature) or 10 minutes (refrigerator temperature), you can use the reciprocal of these time measurements as indicators for the rate at which the bubbles pop. 1/ET50 is 1/(5 min) or 0.2/min at room temperature, and 1/(1 min) or 0.1/min at refrigerator temperature. Do you notice that the indicator for the rate at room temperature is still double the indicator for the rate at refrigerator temperature? That is why 1/ET50 is a good indicator of the rate of photosynthesis. In this project, you will determine the Effective Time (ET50) under different environmental conditions to find out which variables affect the rate of photosynthesis. For example, you could change the light source, the brightness of the light, the color of the light, the temperature, the type of plant, or the color of the plant leaves. Photosystem I The light absorption processes associated with photosynthesis take place in large protein complexes known as photosystems. The one known as Photosystem I contains a chlorophyll dimer with an absorption peak at 700 nm known as P700. Photosystem I makes use of an antenna complex to collect light energy for the second stage of non-cyclic electron transport. It collects energetic electrons from the first stage process which is powered through Photosystem II and uses the light energy to further boost the energy of the electrons toward accomplishing the final goal of providing energy in the form of reduced coenzymes to the Calvin cycle. The above sketch depicts the setting of Photosystem I in the electron transport process which provides energy resources for the Calvin cycle. Photosystem I is the light energy complex for the cyclic electron transport process used in some photosynthetic prokaryotes. The protein complex that constitutes Photosystem I contains eleven polypeptides, six of which are coded in the nucleus and five are coded in the chloroplast. The core of Photosystem I contains about 40 molecules of chlorophyll a, several molecules of beta carotene, lipids, four manganese, one iron, several calcium, several chlorine, two molecules of plastoquinone, and two molecules of pheophytin, a colorless form of chlorophyll a .(Moore, et al.) Surprising Research Reveals Photosynthesis Could Be As Old as Life Itself The finding also challenges expectations for how life might have evolved on other planets. The evolution of photosynthesis that produces oxygen is thought to be the key factor in the eventual emergence of complex life. This was thought to take several billion years to evolve, but if in fact the earliest life could do it, then other planets may have evolved complex life much earlier than previously thought. “Now, we know that Photosystem II shows patterns of evolution that are usually only attributed to the oldest known enzymes, which were crucial for life itself to evolve.” — Dr. Tanai Cardona The research team, led by scientists from Imperial College London, traced the evolution of key proteins needed for photosynthesis back to possibly the origin of bacterial life on Earth. Their results are published and freely accessible in BBA – Bioenergetics. Lead researcher Dr. Tanai Cardona, from the Department of Life Sciences at Imperial, said: “We had previously shown that the biological system for performing oxygen-production, known as Photosystem II, was extremely old, but until now we hadn’t been able to place it on the timeline of life’s history. Early oxygen production Photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into energy, can come in two forms: one that produces oxygen, and one that doesn’t. The oxygen-producing form is usually assumed to have evolved later, particularly with the emergence of cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, around 2.5 billion years ago. While some research has suggested pockets of oxygen-producing (oxygenic) photosynthesis may have been around before this, it was still considered to be an innovation that took at least a couple of billion years to evolve on Earth. The new research finds that enzymes capable of performing the key process in oxygenic photosynthesis – splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen – could actually have been present in some of the earliest bacteria. The earliest evidence for life on Earth is over 3.4 billion years old and some studies have suggested that the earliest life could well be older than 4.0 billion years old. Colonies of cyanobacteria under the microscope. Like the evolution of the eye, the first version of oxygenic photosynthesis may have been very simple and inefficient as the earliest eyes sensed only light, the earliest photosynthesis may have been very inefficient and slow. On Earth, it took more than a billion years for bacteria to perfect the process leading to the evolution of cyanobacteria, and two billion years more for animals and plants to conquer the land. However, that oxygen production was present at all so early on means in other environments, such as on other planets, the transition to complex life could have taken much less time. Measuring molecular clocks The team made their discovery by tracing the ‘molecular clock’ of key photosynthesis proteins responsible for splitting water. This method estimates the rate of evolution of proteins by looking at the time between known evolutionary moments, such as the emergence of different groups of cyanobacteria or land plants, which carry a version of these proteins today. The calculated rate of evolution is then extended back in time, to see when the proteins first evolved. “We could develop photosystems that could carry out complex new green and sustainable chemical reactions entirely powered by light.” — Dr. Tanai Cardona They compared the evolution rate of these photosynthesis proteins to that of other key proteins in the evolution of life, including those that form energy storage molecules in the body and those that translate DNA sequences into RNA, which is thought to have originated before the ancestor of all cellular life on Earth. They also compared the rate to events known to have occurred more recently, when life was already varied and cyanobacteria had appeared. The photosynthesis proteins showed nearly identical patterns of evolution to the oldest enzymes, stretching far back in time, suggesting they evolved in a similar way. First author of the study Thomas Oliver, from the Department of Life Sciences at Imperial, said: “We used a technique called Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction to predict the protein sequences of ancestral photosynthetic proteins. “These sequences give us information about how the ancestral Photosystem II would have worked and we were able to show that many of the key components required for oxygen evolution in Photosystem II can be traced to the earliest stages in the evolution of the enzyme.” Directing evolution Knowing how these key photosynthesis proteins evolve is not only relevant for the search for life on other planets, but could also help researchers find strategies to use photosynthesis in new ways through synthetic biology. Dr. Cardona, who is leading such a project as part of his UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship, said: “Now we have a good sense of how photosynthesis proteins evolve, adapting to a changing world, we can use ‘directed evolution’ to learn how to change them to produce new kinds of chemistry. What Are Examples of Homeostasis in Plants? Homeostasis in plants includes the regulation of carbon dioxide and water levels necessary to perform photosynthesis. Homeostasis in plants also allows plants cells to store the proper amount of water in their cells to help keep them from wilting and dying during times of drought. Homeostasis is any biological process performed by an organism that perpetually regulates and maintains their internal systems and is triggered by external stimuli that require the organism to adapt and alter their internal processes to function properly under the new internal or environmental circumstances. All living organisms require some type of homeostasis to maintain life. Plants are typically dependent on photosynthesis to produce energy to maintain their biological processes. Photosynthesis is a chemical process performed by plants in which sunlight is converted into energy. Homeostasis is essential during this process and is performed by cells known as stomata, which are commonly found on the outer surface of plants. Stomata open to allow sunlight and carbon dioxide to enter the cell, while releasing oxygen produced by photosynthesis. Plant cells lose a portion of their water content while the stomata are open, leaving the plant susceptible to dehydration. Special guard cells surrounding the stomata react to chemical changes in their physiology and may inflate to allow water and gas exchange from the stomata to the environment, or deflate to protect the stomata and prevent excess water loss. CO2 carbon dioxide + 2H2A electron donor + photons light energy → [CH2O] carbohydrate + 2A oxidized donor + H2O water CO2 carbon dioxide + 2H2O water + photons light energy → [CH2O] carbohydrate + O2 oxygen + H2O water CO2 carbon dioxide + H2O water + photons light energy → [CH2O] carbohydrate + O2 oxygen Other processes substitute other compounds (such as arsenite) for water in the electron-supply role for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate: [15] The equation for this reaction is: CO2 carbon dioxide + (AsO 3− 3 ) arsenite + photons light energy → (AsO 3− 4 ) arsenate + CO carbon monoxide (used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions) [16] 1. outer membrane 2. intermembrane space 4. stroma (aqueous fluid) 5. thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid) 6. thylakoid membrane 7. granum (stack of thylakoids) 8. thylakoid (lamella) 9. starch 10. ribosome 11. plastidial DNA 12. plastoglobule (drop of lipids) Z scheme Water photolysis Calvin cycle Carbon concentrating mechanisms On land 2 concentration in the leaves under these conditions. [28] 2 fixation and, thus, the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf. [29] C4 plants can produce more sugar than C3 plants in conditions of high light and temperature. Many important crop plants are C4 plants, including maize, sorghum, sugarcane, and millet. Plants that do not use PEP-carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C3 plants because the primary carboxylation reaction, catalyzed by RuBisCO, produces the three-carbon 3-phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin-Benson cycle. Over 90% of plants use C3 carbon fixation, compared to 3% that use C4 carbon fixation [30] however, the evolution of C4 in over 60 plant lineages makes it a striking example of convergent evolution. [28] 2 at night, when their stomata are open. CAM plants store the CO Calcium oxalate accumulating plants, such as Amaranthus hybridus and Colobanthus quitensis, showed a variation of photosynthesis where calcium oxalate crystals function as dynamic carbon pools, supplying carbon dioxide (CO2) to photosynthetic cells when stomata are partially or totally closed. This process was named Alarm photosynthesis. Under stress conditions (e.g. water deficit) oxalate released from calcium oxalate crystals is converted to CO2 by an oxalate oxidase enzyme and the produced CO2 can support the Calvin cycle reactions. Reactive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the byproduct of oxalate oxidase reaction, can be neutralized by catalase. Alarm photosynthesis represents an unknown photosynthetic variation to be added to the already known C4 and CAM pathways. However, alarm photosynthesis, in contrast to these pathways, operates as a biochemical pump that collects carbon from the organ interior (or from the soil) and not from the atmosphere. [32] [33] In water Cyanobacteria possess carboxysomes, which increase the concentration of CO 3 ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes. [34] Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate CO 2 around RuBisCO. [35] Stage Description Time scale 4 Carbon fixation and export of stable products millisecond to second Plants usually convert light into chemical energy with a photosynthetic efficiency of 3–6%. [36] [37] Absorbed light that is unconverted is dissipated primarily as heat, with a small fraction (1–2%) [38] re-emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence at longer (redder) wavelengths. This fact allows measurement of the light reaction of photosynthesis by using chlorophyll fluorometers. [38] Actual plants' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted, light intensity, temperature and proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and can vary from 0.1% to 8%. [39] By comparison, solar panels convert light into electric energy at an efficiency of approximately 6–20% for mass-produced panels, and above 40% in laboratory devices. Scientists are studying photosynthesis in hopes of developing plants with yield increases. [37] The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured but the relationship between the two can be complex. [40] For example, the ATP and NADPH energy molecules, created by the light reaction, can be used for carbon fixation or for photorespiration in C3 plants. [40] Electrons may also flow to other electron sinks. [41] [42] [43] For this reason, it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions. [44] [45] [46] Chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II can measure the light reaction, and Infrared gas analyzers can measure the dark reaction. [47] It is also possible to investigate both at the same time using an integrated chlorophyll fluorometer and gas exchange system, or by using two separate systems together. [48] Infrared gas analyzers and some moisture sensors are sensitive enough to measure the photosynthetic assimilation of CO2, and of ΔH2O using reliable methods [49] CO2 is commonly measured in μmols/(m 2 /s), parts per million or volume per million and H2O is commonly measured in mmol/(m 2 /s) or in mbars. [49] By measuring CO2 assimilation, ΔH2O, leaf temperature, barometric pressure, leaf area, and photosynthetically active radiation or PAR, it becomes possible to estimate, "A" or carbon assimilation, "E" or transpiration, "gs" or stomatal conductance, and Ci or intracellular CO2. [49] However, it is more common to used chlorophyll fluorescence for plant stress measurement, where appropriate, because the most commonly used measuring parameters FV/FM and Y(II) or F/FM' can be made in a few seconds, allowing the measurement of larger plant populations. [46] Gas exchange systems that offer control of CO2 levels, above and below ambient, allow the common practice of measurement of A/Ci curves, at different CO2 levels, to characterize a plant's photosynthetic response. [49] Integrated chlorophyll fluorometer – gas exchange systems allow a more precise measure of photosynthetic response and mechanisms. [47] [48] While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci, or substomatal CO2 levels, the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of CC to replace Ci. [48] [50] The estimation of CO2 at the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast, or CC, becomes possible with the measurement of mesophyll conductance or gm using an integrated system. [47] [48] [51] Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf. But analysis of chlorophyll-fluorescence, P700- and P515-absorbance and gas exchange measurements reveal detailed information about e.g. the photosystems, quantum efficiency and the CO2 assimilation rates. With some instruments, even wavelength-dependency of the photosynthetic efficiency can be analyzed. [52] Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old. [57] [58] More recent studies, reported in March 2018, also suggest that photosynthesis may have begun about 3.4 billion years ago. [59] [60] 2 ) in the photosynthetic reaction center. Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae. These are most common in corals, sponges and sea anemones. It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes. [61] In addition, a few marine mollusks Elysia viridis and Elysia chlorotica also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies (see Kleptoplasty). This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time. [62] [63] Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs, so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. [64] Photosynthetic eukaryotic lineages Symbiotic and kleptoplastic organisms excluded: • The glaucophytes and the red and green algae—clade Archaeplastida (unicellular and multicellular) • The cryptophytes—clade Cryptista (unicellular) • The haptophytes—clade Haptista (unicellular) • The dinoflagellates and chromerids in the superphylum Myzozoa—clade Alveolata (unicellular) • The ochrophytes—clade Heterokonta (unicellular and multicellular) • The chlorarachniophytes and three species of Paulinella in the phylum Cercozoa—clade Rhizaria (unicellular) • The euglenids—clade Excavata (unicellular) Except for the euglenids, which is found within the Excavata, all of them belong to the Diaphoretickes. Archaeplastida and the photosynthetic Paulinella got their plastids— which are surrounded by two membranes, through primary endosymbiosis in two separate events by engulfing a cyanobacterium. The plastids in all the other groups have either a red or green algal origin, and are referred to as the "red lineages" and the "green lineages". In dinoflaggelates and euglenids the plastids are surrounded by three membranes, and in the remaining lines by four. A nucleomorph, remnants of the original algal nucleus located between the inner and outer membranes of the plastid, is present in the cryptophytes (from a red algae) and chlorarachniophytes (from a green algae). [69] Some dinoflaggelates which have lost their photosyntethic ability have later regained it again through new endosymbiotic events with different algae. While able to perform photosynthesis, many of these eukaryotic groups are mixotrophs and practice heterotrophy to various degrees. Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis In 1779, Jan Ingenhousz repeated Priestley's experiments. He discovered that it was the influence of sunlight on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours. [74] [75] In 1950, first experimental evidence for the existence of photophosphorylation in vivo was presented by Otto Kandler using intact Chlorella cells and interpreting his findings as light-dependent ATP formation. [79] In 1954, Daniel I. Arnon et al. discovered photophosphorylation in vitro in isolated chloroplasts with the help of P 32 . [80] [81] Louis N.M. Duysens and Jan Amesz discovered that chlorophyll a will absorb one light, oxidize cytochrome f, chlorophyll a (and other pigments) will absorb another light but will reduce this same oxidized cytochrome, stating the two light reactions are in series. Development of the concept C3 : C4 photosynthesis research Later in 1958–1963 at Cornell University, field grown maize was reported to have much greater leaf photosynthetic rates of 40 μmol CO2·m −2 ·s −1 and was not saturated at near full sunlight. [86] [87] This higher rate in maize was almost double those observed in other species such as wheat and soybean, indicating that large differences in photosynthesis exist among higher plants. At the University of Arizona, detailed gas exchange research on more than 15 species of monocot and dicot uncovered for the first time that differences in leaf anatomy are crucial factors in differentiating photosynthetic capacities among species. [88] [89] In tropical grasses, including maize, sorghum, sugarcane, Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus, leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38−40 μmol CO2·m −2 ·s −1 , and the leaves have two types of green cells, i. e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells. This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane. [90] Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light. [91] The research at Arizona was designated Citation Classic by the ISI 1986. [89] These species was later termed C4 plants as the first stable compound of CO2 fixation in light has 4 carbon as malate and aspartate. [92] [93] [94] Other species that lack Kranz anatomy were termed C3 type such as cotton and sunflower, as the first stable carbon compound is the 3-carbon PGA. At 1000 ppm CO2 in measuring air, both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 μmol CO2·m −2 ·s −1 indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants. 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Series B, Biological Sciences. 358 (1429): 245–253. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1186. PMC1693113 . PMID12594932. 40 ms 3.3% 40 ms 3.3% recursiveClone 40 ms 3.3% [others] 360 ms 30.0% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> Biology - Plants and photosynthesis Happens inside chloroplasts, which are mostly found in leaf cells. Epidermis is thin and transparent - to allow more light to reach the palisade cells. Thin cuticle made of wax - to protect the leaf from infection and prevent water loss without blocking out light. Palisade cell layer at top of leaf - to absorb more light and increase the rate of photosynthesis. Spongy layer - air spaces allow carbon dioxide to diffuse through the leaf. The stomata control gas exchange in the leaf. Each stomata can be opened or closed, depending on how turgid its guard cells are. In the light, the guard cells absorb water by osmosis, become turgid and the stoma opens. In the dark, the guard cells lose water, become flaccid and the stoma closes. Thin - gases only have to travel a short distance to reach the cells where they're needed. Air spaces inside the leaf - lets gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen move easily between cells. Also increases the surface area for gas exchange. The limiting factor depends of the environmental conditions. At low temperatures, the rate of photosynthesis is low because fewer molecular collisions occur per unit time between enzymes and substrates. As you increase the temperature the number of molecular collisions increase per unit time . The net (overall) effect depends on the time of day and the light intensity. Photosynthesis doesn't occur at night. When there is no photosynthesis, there is a net release of carbon dioxide and a net uptake of oxygen. If there is enough light during the day, then: Most transpiration happens at the leaves. This evaporation creates a slight shortage of water in the leaf, and so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessels. If wind speed around a leaf is low, the water vapour just surrounds the leaf and doesn't move away. This means there's a high concentration of water particles outside the leaf as well as inside it, so diffusion doesn't happen as quickly. Hold the leaf in forceps and plunge it into the boiling water for 5 seconds. This will kill the cells, stop all chemical reactions and make the leaf permeable to alcohol and iodine solution later on. Put the leaf at the bottom of a test-tube and cover it with ethanol. Place the test-tube in the hot water and leave it for 5 minutes. The alcohol will boil and dissolve out the chlorophyll in the leaf. Your leaf should be white or very pale green. Fill the test-tube with cold water and the leaf will should float to the top. Use forceps to spread the leaf flat in a petri dish. Use a dropping pipette cover the leaf with iodine solution for one minute. Take the leaf to the sink and holding it on the petri dish, wash away the iodine solution with some cold water. This shows the importance of chlorophyll in photosynthesis. The gas syringe should be empty to start with. Sodium hydrogen-carbonate may be added to the water to make sure the plant has enough carbon dioxide. A source of white light is placed at a specific distance from the pond-weed. The pond-weed is left to photosynthesise for a set amount of time. As it photosynthesises, the oxygen released will collect in the empty capillary tube. At the end of the experiment, the syringe is used to draw the gas bubble in the tube alongside a ruler and the length of the gas bubble is measured. This is proportional to the volume of oxygen produced. The experiment is repeated again with the light source placed at different distances from the pond-weed. The control variables are things like temperature, amount of time the pond-weed has been left to photosynthesis and the amount of carbon dioxide. Cut a shoot underwater to prevent air from entering the xylem. Cut it at a slant to increase the surface area available for water uptake. Assemble the potometer in water and insert the shoot underwater, so no air can enter. Remove the apparatus from the water but keep the end of the capillary tube submerged in a beaker of water. Check the apparatus is watertight and airtight. Dry the leaves, allow time for the shoot to adjust and shut the tap. Remove the end of the capillary tube from the beaker of water until one air bubble has formed, then but the end of the tube back into the water. Record the starting position of the air bubble. Start a stopwatch and record the distance moved by the bubble per unit time. Watch the video: στο φως του φεγγαριού 16 21 02 2010 by www isobitis com (December 2021).
Best answer: What are the tools of forensic science? What are the 3 most important tools that a forensic scientist should have? But the most common tools in a forensic lab are: • Laboratory Microscopes. • Portable/ Laboratory Fume Extractor. • GC System. • Mass Spectrometers. What tools are used to analyze evidence? What tools does a forensic engineer use? Coming Soon: Case study examples of types of machinery and equipment breakdown that we have analysed in our forensic engineering practice: Ammonia-based evaporator in a cold storage warehouse. Forensic Engineering – Machinery and Equipment Breakdown. Electric utility boilers Pumps Switches and relays Generator rotors Metal-clad switchgear Fin-tube heat exchangers Fans Motors What is in a forensic kit? Bodily fluid collection kit (sterile swabs, distilled water, — optional presumptive tests, and sterile packaging that allows the swabs to air dry). Camera (plus memory cards, back up battery, remote flash, tripod and remote cord). Evidence seals/tape. Flashlight(s) with extra batteries. THIS IS IMPORTANT: Quick Answer: What is a forensic unit used for? What is forensic laboratory kit? Forensic lab equipment is used to detect, collect and process samples and evidence from crime scenes, suspects and victims. What are the 10 areas of forensic science? What are the 10 areas of forensic science? • Trace Evidence Analysis. • Forensic Toxicology. • Forensic Psychology. • Forensic Podiatry. • Forensic Pathology. • Forensic Optometry. • Forensic Odontology. • Forensic Linguistics. How are tool and tool mark evidence primarily collected? Terms in this set (25) A tool mark is any impression, scratch, or abrasion made when contact occurs between a tool and an object. … When tools are found, they are collected and packaged together in containers or boxes and then taken to a laboratory for analysis. What tools are used to collect fingerprints? Microscope slide (or other smooth, flat object) Fingerprint powder or any fine powder (such as talcum powder, cornstarch, or cocoa powder) Fingerprint brush (or any small brush with very soft bristles) Clear tape. What tools do forensic Serologists use? Tools Serologists use These tools are part of a kit that includes swabs to collect DNA, sterelized cloths, smear slides, protective eyewear and gloves to prevent crime scene contamination. What is the most important tool of a forensic investigator that a CSI can use? What is one of the most important tools of the forensic investigator? To observe, interpret and report observations clearly. Where do detectives look for leads in an investigation? They interview witnesses and talk to the crime scene investigators about the evidence.
In a democracy that values widespread participation in the political system, the voting process should be easy and accessible to every eligible citizen. But in the United States, not every state lives up to that ideal. With this year’s Election Day just around the corner, some states have taken steps to ensure that as many voters as possible have access to the ballot box, while others have thrown up countless roadblocks. For example, 21 states allow people to register to vote up until the last minute, up to and including on Election Day itself. But elsewhere, many would-be voters have missed the registration deadline and will be turned away. Some of the states with the highest voter turnout have adopted some form of automatic voter registration (AVR), which essentially makes the process effortless. AVR requires voters to opt out, rather than opt in. The system has been proven to clean up voter rolls, save money, and dramatically improve registration rates. But even with more states adopting the AVR system, the fight to make the voting process more inclusive hasn’t been easy. In recent years, states in the South have closed nearly 1,200 polling locations. But limiting voter access isn’t a strictly southern practice. Currently, at least 35 states enforce, or have plans to enforce, voter identification requirements. While some states accept multiple forms of ID at the polls, others have put forth more restrictive policies, prompting accusations of voter suppression and discrimination. Research has found that voter turnout is usually directly dependent upon access. In other words, the more convenient it is to vote, the more likely people are to cast a ballot. Below is a list of the states where it’s hardest to vote, and easiest. States have been ranked based on registration deadlines, implementation of AVR, state voter ID laws, access to polling stations, and previous voter turnout rates. The top five hardest states to vote A four-year study that evaluated voting laws in the U.S. and assessed the difficulty of voting in each state ranked Mississippi at the bottom of the list. Researchers found the southern state has the most restrictive voter registration policies, including not permitting early voting and requiring people to register no later than 30 days before an election. Although voters are permitted to vote absentee, they are required to have a valid reason. The state also doesn’t permit online voter registration. Although election officials in Virginia do allow online voter registration, they do not permit no-excuse absentee voting or early voting. While the state’s registration deadline isn’t as strict as Mississippi’s, the cutoff is 22 days before general and primary elections. Virginia does have voter ID laws, but multiple forms of identification are accepted (drivers license, state-issued Virginia ID, passport, employer ID, or even a student ID). For convicted felons, voting rights can be restored after they complete their sentence and parole with individual permission from the governor or another authority, and recent Democratic governors have restored rights to more than 173,000 people. Even though election officials in Tennessee permit no-excuse absentee voting, online registration, and early voting, the state has a reputation of carrying out some shady election practices. According to Pew’s Election Performance Index, Tennessee has one of the lowest voter registration rates in the United States, ranked 40th out of all 50 states and Washington, DC. Despite efforts by voting rights groups to make it easier to vote, state Republicans drafted and passed a law that would place strict new regulations on groups that hold voter registration drives. Fortunately, in September, a federal judge halted the implementation of that law. However, if the block is eventually lifted, there is a chance that other states would model similar laws after Tennessee’s. While Indiana isn’t the hardest state in which to vote, election officials have put several obstacles in place to make the ballot box less accessible. Voters in Indiana are allowed to register online and cast an early ballot. However, no-excuse absentee voting by mail is prohibited. Indiana also requires a government-issued ID in order to cast a ballot. Although most states keep polls open past 7 p.m., Indiana is one of only three states with polls that close at 6 p.m. Convicted felons in the state have their voting rights restored immediately after they serve their time. Texas has one of the strictest voter ID laws in the nation. For years, the state has faced legal challenges by voting rights groups, who say the law was intentionally created to discriminate against voters of color. Voters do not have access to online registration and the registration deadline is 28 days before each election. While the state does permit early voting, voters cannot vote absentee without a valid excuse. A recent study by the Leadership Council Education Fund found that Texas leads the nation in polling station closures. Since 2013, the state has closed approximately 750 locations. The electronic voting machines in Texas have also been criticized, as some voters who used the Hart eSlate machines to cast straight tickets in the 2018 midterm elections say the machines changed their votes. The top five easiest states to vote Oregon was named the easiest state to vote in 2016 by researchers at Northern Illinois University, Jacksonville University, and China’s Wuhan University. In 2015, it became the first state in the nation to adopt AVR. The system uses information from the DMV to identify eligible voters. In the first six months of its implementation, the program automatically added more than 206,000 people to its voter rolls. In the November 2016 election, more than 100,000 people who were automatically registered through the new system cast a ballot. Fourteen percent of Oregonians who were automatically registered to vote that year were people of color. That number is just below the percentage of the state’s minority population. In addition, the overall voter turnout that year was increased from 43 percent to 60 percent. In May, Colorado lawmakers passed a bill to expand the state’s AVR system through the DMV. In order to cast a ballot, voters are allowed to show a valid ID or use their social security number in order to confirm their identity. By law, the state must have a specific number of polling stations available in each county during an election cycle. Election officials in Colorado are also taking steps to secure votes. In September, it became the first state to nation to stop counting votes by barcode. The effort is intended to shift toward reliance on the human eye over machines, which can be subject to hacking or technical difficulties. California has been taking steps for years to modernize its voting system. The progressive state permits online voter registration, pre-registration for high school students, a DMV voter registration system, no-excuse absentee voting, and early voting for more than four weeks. California’s governor also just signed a new law to allow people to register to vote at any polling place on election day. At the polls, voters aren’t required to show ID before casting a ballot. Convicted felons also have their voting rights restored after their prison and parole time is completed. But even with numerous laws already in place to make it easier for people to vote, some counties are still working to eliminate additional obstacles. The Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors, for example, recently proposed some new changes to counter voter suppression, including automatic voter registration and moving California’s primary elections to March. Multiple counties have also adopted the Voter’s Choice Act, an optional law that helps to modernize elections by introducing new strategies to help voters cast ballots. Despite false claims that California’s relaxed voting policies makes it easy for undocumented immigrants to cast ballots, there is no evidence of widespread voter fraud taking place in the state. Non-citizens are not eligible to vote in federal elections, but some cities like San Francisco allow undocumented immigrants to vote in local school board elections. North Dakota Like other states on the list, North Dakota allows no-excuse absentee voting and early voting. What makes the state unique, however, is the fact that it has no formal registration requirements. But even though North Dakota gives its residents plenty of opportunities to cast a ballot, the state has failed to pass voting laws that take indigenous people into consideration. In order to assign accurate precincts, election administrators require voters to show an ID with a street address — P.O. boxes aren’t accepted. Although the law seems neutral on its face, it disproportionately affects Native Americans who live on reservations and don’t have traditional addresses. Some rural states like Utah only require those who register to describe their address when registering to vote, but North Dakota hasn’t caught up. In 2018, the Supreme Court shot down an effort to block enforcement of the state’s voter ID law despite outcry from Native communities, and the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals ultimately ruled the law constitutional. In response, voting rights groups are taking action to ensure indigenous people are assigned addresses that adhere to the state’s guidelines. Election officials in Iowa allow online voter registration, no-excuse absentee voting, and early voting. Although the state did implement a voting reform law in 2017, a judge recently struck down some portions for being unconstitutional. When the law was originally signed, it adopted an absentee ballot verification process, required voters to present a form of identification at the polls, and allowed county auditors to throw out ballots that didn’t appear to match the signature on their voting record. Unfortunately, those convicted of a felony in Iowa never regain the right to vote. Adopting systems and techniques to make voting more convenient is the most cost effective, time-saving way to preserve our democracy. Until more states prioritize voter accessibility and make the process easier for every eligible citizen, voter suppression and discrimination will persist. Carolyn Copeland Carolyn Copeland is the News Editor at Prism. Her written work can be found in the Washington Post, HuffPost, San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco Examiner, Palo Alto Weekly, Daily Kos, Popsugar, The...
Home Business How to do accounting for small businesses How to do accounting for small businesses - Advertisement - Accounting may seem like a tedious aspect of running a small business but it is essential for monitoring income and expenses, as well as assessing the current state of the business. Besides keeping you up to date about business’ past and present financial results, accounting also helps with invoicing and cash management. Having detailed information about the financial situation, business owners can make more informed short-term and long-term decisions about further business development. While accounting is a fairly massive topic, for small businesses it often boils down to three main aspects: bookkeeping, financial reporting, and filing tax returns. But before accounting, it is necessary to create conditions for a basic accounting cycle. How to set up an accounting system? When you start your business, you need to open a bank account for the company, where your business finances are separate from your personal funds. This will allow you to make accounting more accurate and avoid confusion between personal and business-related transactions. Then choose the accounting method of recording income and expenses. Basically, there are two methods of accounting for financial transactions — accrual and cash-basis. The accrual method means that you record income and expenses on the day of the transaction, regardless of whether they were paid. In the case of a cash-basis method, income and expenses are recognized on the date they are paid and received. While the cash method is easier for small businesses because it does not require tracking of accounts payable and receivable, the accrual method provides opportunities for more accurate asset recognition, measurement, and management. Besides, you need to decide who will keep the accounting and where. Sometimes small business owners record transactions on their own and manually. But as the business grows, the business owner will have to pay more attention to strategic issues, so it is worth considering hiring a professional accountant and keeping records in specialized accounting software. How to do bookkeeping? The bookkeeping process begins with the analysis of financial transactions and their definition. For this, source documents are prepared. They serve as the basis for recording transactions. Transactions are recorded in the so-called general journal using the double-entry bookkeeping system (debit and credit). The transactions in the journal are listed in chronological order, indicating the amount, date, and explanation of the transaction. ALSO READ Madalin Stunt Cars 2 Then the operations from the general journal are added to the ledger. It is a collection of classified accounts that displays changes based on previous transactions and balances for each account. Depending on the nature of the transaction, the amount on this account may increase or decrease. For example, let’s say we received payment from a customer for our services to a bank account, and then purchased materials. The first operation says that the amount in our bank account should increase (debit), and the second — decrease (credit). Based on various transactions and their amount, the accountant indicates the current state of the account and its change over a certain period. Creating financial reports and paying taxes Checking the status of various accounts and their changes allows you to create a trial balance. It is used to check that the total amount of debits is equal to credits. If the amounts are not equal, then the trial balance contains errors. In this case, it is necessary to double-check that all transactions and their amounts have been taken into account and are correct. Once errors are discovered, the trial balance can be corrected using adjusting entries. Remember that sometimes errors can exist even when debits match credits. For example, if you made a double posting or did not take into account the transactions/entries. Also, some adjusting entries may be made at the end of the reporting period, such as asset depreciation or revaluation. After making adjusting entries and checking that the debit corresponds to the credit, you can proceed to generate financial statements. Financial statements can include an income statement, statement of cash flows, statement of changes in equity that are the final products of accounting. Based on financial statements, a business can determine the amount of taxes required to pay, as well as how successful the reporting period was. Working with other currencies and crypto If you have a small business, this does not mean that your business will operate only locally. For example, an online business is often faced with payments in other currencies but records transactions in its national/reporting currency. In addition, cryptocurrencies are gaining more and more popularity for international transactions and investments. So if cryptocurrency appears on your business balance, then it must also be taken into account in a relevant way. ALSO READ Celebrate Defense Day to the fullest with LAAM’s Defense Day Sale Foreign currency transactions are initially recorded in the reporting currency by converting foreign currency using the exchange rate at the transaction date. In many countries, the central bank rate is used as the exchange rate standard. When working with foreign currency, you also need to take into account the exchange rate difference that may arise in the case of debts and other transactions. ALSO READ How to Give your Walls a Creative Makeover with Custom Logo Wall Decals? The situation with accounting for crypto is much more complicated. IFRS, International Financial Reporting Standards, still does not have a single generally accepted accounting system for various types of digital assets. Cryptocurrency accounting may differ depending on the regulator’s position, laws, and business model. Existing guidelines in the IFRS indicate that cryptocurrencies may be defined as currency, cash equivalent, financial asset, inventory, property, and intangible asset. Therefore, before recording operations with cryptocurrencies in your country, you need to consult with an expert. However, most companies classify cryptocurrencies as intangible assets. It means they most often use the reevaluation method when accounting for cryptocurrencies. The intangible asset is reevaluated at the end of the reporting period, and then it is defined as the company’s profit or loss. Like with foreign currency transactions, companies record the crypto price at the transaction date. Some companies, especially in the United States, do not log their gains until they sell the asset if its price rises. But if the price drops, then they register a loss in any case. For instance, Microstrategy and Square use this principle. Another important aspect of accounting for cryptocurrencies is the price source. There is no price standard or central bank that regulates prices in the crypto world, so businesses need to determine it on their own. As a guideline, you can use services that use the average estimated price or volume-weighted average. Also, you can use prices on a cryptocurrency exchange such as CEX.IO. This option may be even more convenient if you convert cryptocurrency on the same exchange. One way or another, when choosing a price source, it is recommended to use it for all further operations with cryptocurrency. - Advertisement - Christopher Stern Must Read

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