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Advancing Bandwith Capacity of Wireless Data Transfer for HF Electronics June 29, 2020 by Gary Elinoff Electronic components employing indium nitride hold out the promise of being able to operate at unprecedentedly high frequencies. Scientists at Linkoping University have developed a molecule that will facilitate the production of indium nitride. The new material will make it possible to extend the bandwidth available for wireless data transfer by opening access to ever higher transmission frequencies. Professor Pederson, professor of inorganic chemistry at the Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM) at Linkoping University, led the research, which was published in the journal Chemistry of Materials. The Key Property of Indium Nitride Indium Nitride is a semiconductor, and it is a candidate material for use in the fabrication of transistors. The fundamental property that drives the attractiveness of indium nitride, a substance consisting of nitrogen and the metal indium, is the ease at which electrons can move through the material. Henrik Pedersen described, "Since electrons move through indium nitride quite easily, it is possible to send electrons backward and forwards through the material at very high speeds, and create signals with extremely high frequencies. This means that indium nitride can be used in high-frequency electronics, where it can provide, for example, new frequencies for wireless data transfer." A thin layer of indium nitride on silicon carbide. A thin layer of indium nitride on silicon carbide. Image credited to Linkoping University The Difficulties Involved in Producing Thin Films of Indium Nitride Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), the method most often used to produce thin films of semiconductor materials, involves heating to temperatures in the range of 800 to 1,000ºC. The problem is that indium nitride breaks back down into indium and nitrogen at 600ºC. Atomic Layer Deposition Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a method that can be successfully employed to produce a thin layer of indium nitride. The process starts by introducing a gas containing indium into a vacuum chamber to react with the thin film's substrate. Next, a gas containing nitrogen is introduced to reacts with the surface, forming a monolayer of indium nitride. The process is repeated often, in a process known as epitaxial growth, until the proper depth of the thin film is built. This process can take place at 300℃, well below the breakdown range of 800 to 1,000ºC. Indium Triazenide The researchers developed indium triazenide, a new molecule for the ALD process. They also employed silicon carbide as the target substrate. As per Pedersen, "The molecule that we have produced, an indium triazenide, makes it possible to use indium nitride in electronic devices. We have shown that it is possible to produce indium nitride in a manner that ensures that it is sufficiently pure to be described as a true electronic material." An Unexpected Result During the ALD process, molecules are not allowed to be broken down or react during the gas phase. In the course of their investigations, when the researchers changed the coating process's temperature, they discovered that there were two temperatures at which the process was stable. Pedersen noted that "The indium triazenide breaks down into smaller fragments in the gas phase, which improves the ALD process. This is a paradigm shift within ALD – using molecules that are not fully stable in the gas phase. We show that we can obtain a better final result if we allow the new molecule to break down to a certain extent in the gas phase." Further Studies The group is now exploring similar types of triazenide molecules with metals other than indium. The results obtained when using them to produce molecules for ALD have been promising.
What the WHO learned about COVID-19 on its research mission to China OTTAWA — Renowned Canadian epidemiologist Dr. Bruce Aylward led a team of researchers into China earlier this month to study the novel coronavirus on behalf of the World Health Organization. Here’s what you need to know about their newly released discoveries: What are the symptoms? The novel coronavirus can cause a respiratory illness, called COVID-19, that can present very differently from person to person. Some show no symptoms at all, while others have developed severe pneumonia and even died. So far the disease has killed 2,800 people worldwide. The most common symptoms are fever and a dry cough. Less commonly, people with the disease showed signs of shortness of breath (less than 20 per cent of cases) or a sore throat (less than 14 per cent). Only five per cent of cases showed symptoms of nausea. Nasal congestion was even less common. How will it affect your kids? There are still many unanswered questions about how the virus affects children, including whether they are less susceptible or if they present with different or milder symptoms. Researchers did learn the attack rate in China appeared lower in people 18 and younger, representing only 2.4 per cent of the total number of cases. They also noted no one they interviewed could recall a situation when an adult was infected by a child. Usually, cases of the virus in children were discovered by testing the close contacts of infected adults. Only a very small percentage of people younger than 19 who contracted the disease developed a severe or critical case. Who is most at risk? Because there’s no known pre-existing immunity to the virus in humans, everyone is assumed to be susceptible. Most people who are infected will only get a mild or moderate case, which may or may not include a pneumonia, but in China about six per cent of cases were considered critical. The people at highest risk for severe disease and death are those over 60, and people with underlying health conditions like hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease and cancer. Health-care workers have also been impacted by the virus, especially in the central Chinese city of Wuhan, where the outbreak began. Most cases happened early on, before there was much experience with the disease. How is it transmitted? In China, transmission is largely happening in families. Community transmission has been very limited. The researchers found the virus is transmitted mainly through droplets from coughing or sneezing, though more study is needed about the potential for airborne transmission outside of hospitals. The virus has also been found in fecal matter. That’s not been driving transmission in China, the researchers said, but it’s role and significance for COVID-19 remains to be determined. During the 2003 SARS outbreak, the WHO says officials found the virus spread to residents of a Hong Kong apartment building called through faulty plumbing. What is the incubation period? People generally develop symptoms within five to six says of being infected, but researchers said it can range from one to 14 days. That is why the government has quarantined people returning from places with high concentrations of the virus for two weeks. Asymptomatic cases have been reported, but most went on to develop the disease after they were tested. Among patients who died, it took from two to eight weeks from the time their symptoms emerged. Laura Osman, The Canadian Press The Canadian PressThe Canadian Press Recent Stories Send us your news tips and videos!
Skip to content Related Articles Related Articles Improve Article Short trick to find number of states in DFA that accepts set of all binary numbers which are mod by n • Last Updated : 21 Sep, 2021 Geek Week Suppose we have a question : Que: Construct minimal state DFA that accepts set of all binary no. which is 2 mod 5(say) Ans: 5 states For solving these type of questions there is a traditional way of constructing the respective DFA for that problem. The problem in that traditional approach is that, it is time consuming and not all people can construct DFA perfectly in one go (which will lead to wrong answer). So, here is a trick for solving these type of questions in just few seconds. Follow the steps shows in the diagram below and after some practice it will be on your finger tips. 1. If n is odd, then minimum of states will be n. 2. if n is not even: • Check, if n is equal to the format 2^k (like 4 = 2^2, 8 = 2^3) , where k is any whole number. • if n= 2^k. then minimum no of states will be k+1. • But, if not n != 2^k • Check if n/2 is odd, then minimum states will be n/2+1. • If n/2 is even, then divide the no by 2 again and again till we get and odd digit , then add no of times the no was divided to get odd value [ ((n/2))/2….odd + m ]. The result of that sum will be the minimum no of states. EXAMPLE 1: 2 mod 5 where r=2,n=5 1. 5 is odd Therefore, ans is 5 states (n states) EXAMPLE 2: 4 mod 8 where r=4,n=8 1. 8 is even (so it can't be n states) 2. check n=2^k format Therefore, ans is 4 states(k+1 states) EXAMPLE 3: 10 mod 16 where r=10,n=16 1. 16 is even (so it can't be n states) 2. 16 != 2^k (so it can't be k+1 states) 3. n/2 is even (16/2=8, so it can't be n/2+1 states) 4. Divide n by 2 till we get odd no and keep a count on how many times we are dividing 16/2=8 , m=1 8/2=4 , m=2 4/2=2 , m=3 2/2=1 ,m=4 (odd found) Therefore answer is 5 states (odd + m states) My Personal Notes arrow_drop_up Recommended Articles Page :
Medical devices are no longer pieces of equipment that stand alone by themselves. They are networked devices in systems of care that require a different skill set to maintain and keep operational. The old days of biomed technicians fixing isolated mechanical devices are long gone. For those who manage or contract these services, it may be a critical time to examine how networked medical devices are changing clinical care and, therefore, to examine the approach to planning for medical devices and their maintenance. Biomedical engineering (BME), clinical engineering, and health technology management are a few of the possible names that commonly are used for this service, and the profusion of titles is indicative that the skill set for medical equipment maintenance and management has been upgraded. Senior hospital leadership must assure that it is getting the best medical equipment maintenance service for its inventory of medical devices. The medical device world has changed and hospitals have to keep pace to remain on the cutting edge. New rules and regs While hospital leaders may not be fully aware of the changing role of clinical engineering, the medical device industry has recognized the new challenges and is putting new rules and standards in place. Primary among these is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 80001 Application of Risk Management for IT-networks Incorporating Medical Devices, which currently is a voluntary standard that requires a systems approach to medical device and network management. IEC 80001 applies to wired or wireless networks that include at least one medical device. As medical devices are added to the network, network performance issues may become more challenging, and information technology (IT) and BME both need to be involved in planning capacity and resolving any issues. The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) classification and regulation of medical device data systems (MDDSs) came into effect last year and, unlike IEC 80001, the MDDS regulation is not voluntary. In simple terms, MDDSs transfer, store or display medical device data or convert medical device data formats within preset specifications, without controlling or altering the function or parameters of any connected device. The MDDS regulation states that if a hospital builds its own MDDSs (including systems that were built before the ruling and that are still in use), it must comply with the same types of regulatory rules to which medical device manufacturers are subject. This includes registering the hospital with the FDA, listing the MDDSs with the FDA, complying with the FDA's quality system regulations, and reporting MDDS-related problems to the FDA. How many of a hospital's doctors tinker with data electronically? And how many of their BME departments are ready to inform them of the issues? And, as most of the health care industry knows, the electronic medical record (EMR) will be meaningfully used at hospitals as IT departments and chief information officers continue to deploy systems and integrate them closely. As the idea of the entirely connected world — or the "Internet of things" — develops, the hospital environment will be no different; stand-alone medical devices will become extinct. As these devices are integrated, the ability to handle software upgrades in a networked environment requires new policies and procedures so that the network is not brought down when a device is repaired. As a point of fact, hospital BME departments should know the Internet Protocol addresses for already-attached medical devices. They should know the software version running on the system (it is also helpful for them to track the software versions for all the equipment on their inventory — even for devices not connected to the network — so that they can process updates and recalls). Neither question will be answered easily. The nonprofit ECRI Institute, Plymouth Meeting, Pa., recommends that all medical equipment maintenance programs be reevaluated to ensure that they can meet these new challenges. This applies to both in-house staff and contracted services, regardless of who maintains the device. The bottom line is that anyone has the capability to bring down the network. Imagining the now Physiologic monitors, anesthesia units and ventilators are not the only devices that transmit essential data. The patient admission process is evolving into one that routinely includes devices that transmit data automatically to the EMR. For example, vital sign monitors and scales may electronically transmit heart rate and weight to the EMR, alleviating the intake nurse from having to enter these and other information manually into the patient chart. Patient beds may be used to monitor weight gain, as water retention can signify heart failure. Infant incubators may transmit body temperature to an alarm-management system. What's even more interesting is that these devices now are so much better designed — whether or not they are transmitting data to the EMR — than devices acquired even seven years ago. However, many BME departments and other service providers still are using inspection and preventive maintenance policies that originated 20 or 30 years ago, when medical devices experienced many more electrical and mechanical failures. Additionally, when devices fail these days, they power down or cease operation, and usually do no harm to the patient. It is a rare event when preventive maintenance can be linked directly to the prevention of a failure. However, this should not be interpreted as a reason to abandon medical equipment preventive maintenance. For many years, the Joint Commission has allowed BME departments to lengthen the inspection and preventive maintenance (IPM) intervals established by the medical equipment manufacturers if they have sufficient evidence that longer intervals are safe. Unfortunately, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a memo to their inspectors on Dec. 2, 2011, that conflicts with the Joint Commission policy and severely limits the ability of BME departments to change the maintenance intervals or procedures for equipment critical to patient care and safety. (The document can be accessed at ECRI officials are discussing the impact of this change with the CMS and the Joint Commission as well as with biomedical engineers. Finding the time So, BME departments are using IPM policies developed years ago that result in minimal or no additional benefit to the hospital or patient while new needs require that they devote more time to support networked medical equipment. How do they find the time? Hospital support departments have to demonstrate their value and BME departments can do so by benchmarking their performance — firstly, internally over time and, secondly, against peer organizations. With data collected from IPM activities, each department should evaluate where it is having the greatest impact with its IPM activities and where it can cut time in order to devote more resources to support networked medical devices and carry out other value-added tasks like medical equipment planning for new construction projects. Why bother to routinely inspect infusion pump flow rates when a hospital's fleet of pumps has never experienced any variation in flow rates that are outside the permitted range? Instead of inspecting each pump annually, can the BME department analyze failure records and transition to an inspection of infusion pumps every two years or, perhaps, monitor a small sample of the pumps? ECRI Institute recently analyzed the maintenance of infusion pumps for a large hospital and found that staff could save almost half a full-time equivalent (FTE) employee's time by lengthening their IPM intervals. The time saved could be used for other activities. Now, if the same thing were done with electrical safety testing programs for video monitors and other electrical apparatus common to medical devices, soon the hospital would find one FTE or more to support new clinical engineering initiatives. If a BME department sees that it can save time by lengthening inspection intervals, it will need to delay the implementation of the new intervals until it gets clarification from CMS that changes to the intervals are permitted. Obviously, inventory management is essential, not only to find device groups in which IPM practices may be changed, but also to add the networked information to each device so safety is increased. Besides IPM frequencies, other good ways to benchmark health facility BME services may include these commonly used questions: • How does the BME department's performance this year compare with that of the last three years? • How does the department stack up against BME departments or contracted services in similarly sized hospitals in the area? A networked world BME departments have to change and change quickly if they haven't already started. Because medical devices now are networked, BME and IT must work collaboratively to ensure patient care. Facilities directors supervising BME departments will be expected to meet this challenge. As the skill sets change, job descriptions and training to maintain competencies also may need to change. Leaders with authority for BME may need to navigate service-level agreements with IT department leaders. One hospital is meeting this challenge by having its IT program and BME department formalize their operating procedures and relationships to include the following elements: • A formal BME/IT alliance committee that meets via webinar or teleconference at least quarterly and more frequently, if necessary. It comprises senior BME and IT leadership who work together to oversee the creation of policies and procedures and to enhance communication about implementation changes. • Shared staff ensure a strong communication loop and have written device network responsibilities. Basically, BME is responsible for the connectivity and hardware to connect medical devices to a network, while IT handles connectivity issues from the wall plate to the hospital networks for most devices. However, there are still a few gray-area devices and networks where responsibility may be unclear. • BME and IT have established degrees of separation to understand the role of the device and to determine maintenance responsibility. For instance, a "0" indicates that the device touches the patient and is the responsibility of the BME department. On the other extreme, a "3" indicates that the device or system is fairly removed from the patient and more of an operational tool than a clinical device, so IT would be responsible for maintenance. A "1" or a "2" device (e.g., blood gas analyzer) does not necessarily touch the patient, but it may measure the patient or it is vital to patient diagnosis (e.g., image print network). Devices that are either a "1" or a "2" have primary departmental responsibilities assigned that may cross both departments. This usually means that the responses of the help desk must be carefully coordinated to ensure that clinical staff is not bounced between departments. At another hospital, a new position was created — clinical systems engineer. This position is responsible for liaising with IT, liaising with regulatory bodies and developing a strategic medical device integration plan for the EMR. Every hospital may not be able to allocate the resources to such a position, but the freed time found through an IPM analysis may allow existing staff to assume some of these roles. Planning for change As the number of networked medical devices continues to expand, the BME's ability to repair a freezer or respiratory analyzer soon will be overshadowed by the need to ensure that information gets from the medical devices to the EMR. The sooner a health facility starts planning to provide value-added BME services that ensure this kind of medical device integration, the smoother will be the ultimate transition. Robert Maliff is a director for the Applied Solutions Group at ECRI Institute, Plymouth Meeting, Pa. He can be reached at Sidebar - Charting BME performance Nearly every environment of care committee gets information on preventive maintenance (PM) completion rates, which, generally by policy, must be greater than 95 percent for all biomedical equipment and 100 percent for critical equipment. However, after years of compliance with PM completion, what does a hospital actually know about the performance of its biomedical engineering (BME) service? Besides PM completion rates, other commonly used metrics include: • The number of people the department requires based on inventory, work orders, beds or adjusted patient discharges • The percentage of effort supporting project work such as wireless network management or medical equipment planning • The service-cost to acquisition-cost ratio • Productivity metrics for the equipment, including the average time to perform preventive maintenance, repair and the annual number of repairs Some BME department managers forcefully will point out that they are different. They will contend that their hospital has patients with higher acuities and their staff competencies are different and, therefore, any number comparing them with their colleagues is invalid. However, health care administrators have heard these arguments from their clinical staff and now their clinical staff's performance is benchmarked against national averages. The same thing is happening to BME department activities. Health facility professionals would be wise to start tracking the performance of their BME departments over a number of quarters. In addition, they should be proactive in learning how their department's performance compares with that of similar institutions. Sidebar - Infusion pump advances affect PM routines Just a few years ago, biomedical engineering departments had to perform preventive maintenance on each and every infusion pump, which included such tests as grounding resistance, flow accuracy, air-line detection and pressure tests — all of which are useful to ensure that the pump delivers a liquid medication at a prescribed rate. However, pumps now utilize a lot of software and no longer are just mechanical devices. Infusion technology now includes drug libraries with inherent limits on continuous and bolus dosing; log analysis software that monitors when clinicians triggered dose limits; and two-way wireless communication capability so that these logs and drug libraries can be transmitted wirelessly, without having to physically locate each pump. The complexity of how pumps are used has changed; so what is the role of a biomedical equipment technician (BMET) in properly operating and maintaining a pump? Certainly, the selection process is more complex because software capabilities and interfaces have to be assessed and maintained after implementation. BMETs can provide support for this process. Also, BMETs can support the implementation program and review software fees that are now costly aspects of pump life cycles. Health facilities professionals must ask themselves whether their hospital BMET competencies and span of control are up to this demanding task.
3 Back to School Icebreaker Games I love playing Ice Breaker Games at the beginning of the year. It is so fun to see my students starting to get to know each other and develop relationships that are going to last the rest of the year. However, when I was looking for Ice Breaker Games to play with my firsties many of the games were too complicated or involved too much writing. So, I developed a list of three Ice Breaker Games that are easy and fun for young students. As an added bonus they require very few materials! 1. Who is it? Supplies: a rag rolled up with a rubber band, chairs placed in a circle Have the students place their chairs in a circle. Have the students go around the circle and state their names for the class. Choose one student to be "it" and have that student stand in the center of the circle. Call out the name of a student in the class. The student who is "it" must try and tag the student whose name was called with the rag. The student who was called must call out the name of someone else in the class before they are tagged. If a student is tagged they become "it." 2. Wall to Wall This game is great for helping students to recognize the similarities they have with their classmates and to appreciate the differences that exist in their class. To play this game the teacher reads questions that have two possible answers. The teacher designates two different walls in the room to represent the answers. For example the right wall could be yes and the left wall could be no. The students move to stand by the wall that represents their answer to the question. Optional: after the students have moved to the wall that designates their answer have the students discuss their answer with a classmate who had the same answer. Before playing be sure to specify that students must not run while playing this game. Example questions: Do you like pizza? (yes or no) Do you ride the bus to school? (yes or no) Do you have siblings? (yes or no) 3. Bean Bag Toss Have the students sit in a circle. Start the game by tossing a bean bag or soft ball to one of the students. Ask the student a question about themselves (i.e. What is your favorite color?). After the student answers the question have them toss the bean bag to another student and ask a question of their own. Encourage the students to make sure that the bean bag is tossed to everyone in the circle before anyone gets a second turn. Praise students for thinking of original questions rather than just repeating one another student asked. What are your tips for building classroom community at the beginning of the year? Let me know in the comments below. Featured Posts Recent Posts
How to Work With the IP Address Some routers use this default range for home networks What to Know • To connect to a router, go to in the address bar of a web browser and enter the username and password. • Any computer can use if the local network supports addresses in this range. This article explains how the IP address is used, how to connect to a router with the IP address and problems related to it. Illustration of a wireless router and a computer with the IP between them Lifewire / Marina Li When the IP Address is Used This IP address is only needed to either block or access a device with this IP address assigned to it. For example, since some routers use as the default IP address, access the router through this address to make router changes. is a private IP address that can be assigned to any device on local networks configured to use this address range. Some home broadband routers, including Belkin and D-Link models, have their default IP address set to Routers that use a different default IP address can have their address changed to Administrators might choose if they find this address easier to remember than alternatives. However, even though isn't different from other addresses on home networks, others have proven much more popular, including and How to Connect to a Router When a router uses the IP address on a local network, any device within that network can access its console by opening the IP address much like any URL. Open a web browser and enter in the address bar. The page that opens at this address is the portal that accesses the router settings. You'll be asked for the username and password. You'll need the router's admin password, which is different from the password used to access the wireless network. The router default login credentials are included in the router documentation. The default login credentials for D-Link routers is usually admin or nothing at all. If you don't have a D-Link router, use a blank password or use admin since most routers are configured that way out of the box. Client Devices Can Use Any computer can use if the local network supports addresses in this range. For example, a subnet with a starting address of would assign addresses in the range to Client computers do not get better performance or improved security using the address and range than other private addresses. Use the ping utility to determine whether any device on the local network is actively using The router console also displays the list of addresses the router assigned through DHCP, some of which may belong to devices that are currently offline. is a private IPv4 network address, meaning that it cannot communicate directly with devices outside the network, such as websites. However, because is used behind a router, it works as the IP address for phones, tablets, desktops, printers, and other devices within a home or business network. Problems Related to Networks start addressing from, the very first number in this range. However, people can easily mistype or confuse,,, and The wrong IP address adversely affects static IP address assignment and DNS settings. To avoid IP address conflicts, this address must be assigned to only one device per private network. The address should not be assigned to a client if this IP address is given to the router. Similarly, administrators should avoid using as a static IP address when the address is within the router's DHCP address range. Was this page helpful?
What Is Barter What Is Barter Bartering is the act of trading or exchange of goods or services for another between individuals and businesses without using a medium of exchange such as money. A bartering economy differs from a monetary economy in a variety of ways. The primary difference is that goods or services are exchanged immediately and the exchange is reciprocal, meaning it’s a fair trade (banner system), with each party getting the thing they want or need in an even amount to what they are offering in exchange. The important thing to remember about bartering with other businesses is that the tax authorities in most counties (such as IRS) consider barter taxable. This means that you must keep a record of all barter transactions, including any expenses related to these transactions and the income from these transactions. Advertising bartering comes in all shapes and sizes. Some top-tier sites negotiate large-scale barter deals directly, effectively putting millions of unsold impressions to good use. Many small sites use banner exchanges to increase their reach. Ezines often swap sponsorships to boost subscriptions.
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top button Flag Notify Connect to us Site Registration Site Registration Why sun is Red color in the in evening? 0 votes posted Sep 3, 2018 by Inderpreet Singh Sidhu Share this question Facebook Share Button Twitter Share Button LinkedIn Share Button 1 Answer 0 votes The light radiation of higher wavelengths deviates the most. In visible range blue or violet colour has the shorter wavelength therefore it scatter most whereas red has the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum of the light so scatter the least. During sunrise and sunset, the rays have to travel a larger part of the atmosphere because they are very close to the horizon. Therefore, light other than red is mostly scattered away. Most of the red light, which is the least scattered, enters our eyes. Hence, the sun appears red. answer Sep 3, 2018 by Salil Agrawal
Partnership Opportunities Characterizing Pediatric Anesthesia Risks Understanding and reducing neurotoxicity after pediatric exposure to volatile anesthetics Technology Overview Anesthetics are invaluable clinical tools. However, some patients – including children with certain rare mitochondrial disorders – have an elevated risk of long-term neurological damage after exposure to volatile anesthetics. Children and babies must be given general anesthesia in emergency situations, so understanding what causes anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity and how to prevent it is critical to their medical care. Effects on metabolism Dr. Margaret Sedensky Dr. Margaret Sedensky Dr. Phil MorganDr. Phil Morgan Dr. Simon JohnsonDr. Simon Johnson Drs. Sedensky, Morgan, and Johnson found that anesthetics such as isoflurane, halothane, and sevoflurane alter metabolism. Within 15 minutes of exposure, neonatal mice show sustained depletion of blood ketone levels. Ketones are small molecules such as acetone that result from fatty acid oxidation. Ketones are important for normal brain function, particularly in infants and children. The team’s work demonstrates that mitochondrial defects increase sensitivity to volatile anesthetics and risks of permanent neurological damage. Children with mitochondrial diseases are reported to be susceptible to lasting effects from volatile anesthetic exposure, including cognitive and behavioral consequences. Ndufs4 knockout mice are the premier model for the human mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome. Ndufs4 knockout mice, which have a specific defect in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, are hypersensitive to volatile anesthetics. Even short exposure to extremely low doses of volatile anesthetics results in lasting damage in these mice. Involvement of rapamycin and mTOR In Ndufs4 knockout mice, Drs. Sedensky, Morgan, Johnson and colleagues found that rapamycin extends survival and attenuates disease progression. Rapamycin had, however, no impact on anesthesia sensitivity, demonstrating that the CNS lesions in this disease are mechanistically separable from the anesthesia sensitivity. Recent work by Drs. Johnson, Morgan, and Sedensky has identified PKA as a key mediator of some of the metabolic effects of anesthesia. Ongoing work is focused on defining the role of PKA and complex I function itself in the damage resulting from anesthesia exposure in mitochondrial disease patients. As Drs. Sedensky, Morgan, and Johnson study how volatile anesthetics affect metabolic flux and nutrient sensing, they are interested in finding ways to reduce the risks of anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity. Examples may include supplementation with ketones or screens to find other drugs that target the PKA pathway. Stage of Development • Pre-clinical in vivo Partnering Opportunities • Collaborative research opportunity • Sponsored research agreement • Consultation agreement 1. Hsieh VC, Niezgoda J, Sedensky MM, Hoppel CL, Morgan PG. Anesthetic hypersensitivity in a case-controlled series of patients with mitochondrial disease. Anesth Analg. 2021; in press. 2. Stokes J, Freed A, Bornstein R, Su KN, Snell J, Pan A…Morgan PG, Sedensky MM, et al. Mechanisms underlying neonate-specific metabolic effects of volatile anesthetics. Elife. 2021;13;10:e65400. 3. Woods CB, Spencer KA, Jung S, Worstman HM, Ramirez JM, Morgan PG, Sedensky MM. Mitochondrial Function and Anesthetic Sensitivity in the Mouse Spinal Cord. Anesthesiology 2021;134(6):901-914. 4. Johnson SC, Kayser EB, Bornstein R, Stokes J, Bitto A, Park KY, Pan A, Sun G, Raftery D, Kaeberlein M, Sedensky MM, Morgan PG. Regional metabolic signatures in the Ndufs4(KO) mouse brain 1 implicate defective glutamate/α-ketoglutarate metabolism in mitochondrial disease. Molec Gen Metab. 2020;130(2):118-132. 5. Stokes J, Freed A, Bornstein R, Su KN, Snell J, Pan A, Sun GX, Park KY, Jung S, Worstman H, Johnson BM, Morgan PG, Sedensky MM, Johnson SC. Mechanisms underlying neonate specific metabolic effects of volatile anesthetics. eLife. 2021; 0:e65400. 6. Johnson SC, Pan A, Sun GS, Freed A, Stokes JC, Bornstein R, Witkowski M, Li L, Ford JF, Howard CRA, Sedensky MM, Morgan PG. Relevance of experimental paradigms of anesthesia induced neurotoxicity in the mouse. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(3): e0213543. 7. Johnson SC, Pan A, Li L, Sedensky M, Morgan, P. Neurotoxicity of anesthetics: Mechanisms and meaning from mouse intervention studies. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2019;71:22-31. 8. Gentry K, Steele L, Sedensky M, Morgan P. Early developmental exposure to volatile anesthetics causes behavioral defects in Caenorhabditis elegans. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(1):185-189. Learn More
How to Size a UPS System and Battery Runtime An uninterruptible power supply is a product designed to provide protection from mains borne power problems and a source of backup power when the mains power supply fails. For most people, the two main questions when deciding on the right UPS solution for their application is what size UPS do I need and how long a runtime is required. Single Phase UPS Sizes Uninterruptible power supplies are available in three standard topologies. These are referred to as standby/off-line, line interactive and on-line. Each provides a different grade of power protection with standby/off-line being the lowest and on-line UPS mode the highest. Regardless of the type of UPS, the system will be sized in either VA or Watts. VA is referred to as the ‘Apparent Power’ and is calculated by multiplying the total Amps (A)required by the load(s) multiplied by the Voltage (V) that the load(s) are plugged into. Load 1 (Amps) + Load 2 (Amps) + Load 3 (Amps) etc = Total Load Amps The UK single phase power supply is 230Vac, 50Hz and for a 4Amp total load the VA would be: 230 × 3 = 690VA. It is always prudent to add 20% headroom for load growth and so this load for UPS sizing would be 690 × 1.2 = 828VA. Most UPS manufacturers will offer a range of UPS systems and for this load size, the nearest UPS would be a 1000VA (1kVA) system. The Apparent Power (VA) of a load is related to the Watts rating by a term referred to as the Power Factor (pF). Most UPS systems will be rated from 0.9 to 0.7 power factor and in this instance the Real Power (Watts) required by the load can be calculated by multiplying the VA by the power factor if known or adding up the Watts of the loads. The formula for calculating the Watts could be one of the following: Load 1 (Watts) + Load 2 (Watts) + Load 3 (Watts) etc = the total Load in Watts The total VA x Power Factor = the total Load in Watts i.e. 828 x 0.9 = 745Watts. The inverse is also true in that Watts / Power Factor = VA. Three Phase UPS Loads In the UK, the three phase mains power supply is 400Va 50Hz. The supply consists of three single phase supplies arranged at 120 electrical degrees apart. If we are looking at a three-phase load, then calculate the total VA or Watts per phase and then add these together. • Phase 1 Load 1 (Watts) + Load 2 (Watts) + Load 3 (Watts) etc = the total Load in Watts • Phase 2 Load 1 (Watts) + Load 2 (Watts) + Load 3 (Watts) etc = the total Load in Watts • Phase 3 Load 1 (Watts) + Load 2 (Watts) + Load 3 (Watts) etc = the total Load in Watts Then Phase 1 Load + Phase 2 Load + Phase 3 Load = the total Load in Watts Again, it is prudent to add 20% headroom for load growth. Three phase loads will require a 3phase UPS system and will be powered from a three phase mains power supply. The arrangement is often referred to as a 3/3 configuration. It is possible to have a 3/1 configuration where the supply to a single-phase load (1) is ‘spread’ across the three (3) phases of the mains power supply. UPS Battery Runtimes Once the total load has been calculated, the second question can be answered and that is ‘how long should the UPS provide backup power for’? An uninterruptible power supply is an energy storage device and the most common method for storing and delivering energy is a battery set. Some UPS systems for short duration runtimes (milliseconds) can be installed with supercapacitors as their energy storage component but the more traditional method is a battery. The most installed battery, whether it is an uninterruptible power solution, emergency lighting, generator starter motor or even a security alarm panel, is a lead acid battery. Lead-acid technology has been around since 1860 and was invented by Gaston Planté. The battery technology since then has evolved to the type of modern battery we have today but the principle operation is essentially the same, lead plates and an electrolyte. Today’s lead-acid batteries are valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) and maintenance free. Their typical design life is either 5 years or 10 years and you can expect a working life of 3-4 and 7-8 years respectively and in terms of complete charge/discharge cycles around 300-400. The batteries for a UPS system are sized in Ampere-hours (Ah) and arranged into a battery string or set of battery strings to provide a set Ah at the DC voltage required by the UPS inverter. There is a lot more engineering to this and to reduce the need for battery UPS manufacturers will publish their data to show the runtime available for their UPS system at a set load. For example, UPS manufacturer ‘A’ may state their 1kVA online UPS provides 7minutes at full load. Manufacturer ‘B’ may say 10minyes at 80% load. There is a bit of ‘specmanship’ and so it is useful to read the small print and find out if there are any caveats on the battery runtimes stated. However, what must be remembered is that a lead acid battery has a non-linear discharge curve. The lower the load the longer the battery will provide power for. If the UPS has been sized correctly, with the 20% headroom, then the expected battery backup time will be longer. Some line interactive and most online UPS systems can also be installed with extended runtime packs to increase backup times from minutes to several hours. How Much UPS Backup Time Do You Need? The electrical supply industry uses the term ‘power outage’ to describe the loss of mains power. The electricity generation and supply industry in the UK is overseen by OFGEM who apply severe financial penalties to industry players when there is a power outage longer than 3minutes. Unless there is a severe power failure like the one in the UK in August 2019, most power outages last minutes rather than hours. It is also common for power outages to occur several times within a short space of time i.e. multiple short duration interruptions caused by the failure of a local substation or electrical distribution infrastructure and its automated rectification or from an overhead electrical storm and nearby lighting strikes. More information: For short duration power outages (or power cuts), most UPS system batteries are sized in terms of minutes and to last from 10-30minutes. This provides sufficient time to allow the UPS to ride through the mains power supply interruption or initiate a locally installed UPS shutdown software package and gracefully power down the local network server loads. For larger loads, like server rooms and datacentres, the facility may also have a local standby power generator which can automatically start and be up to full power within 1-2minutes of being initiated. The 10-30minute period here provides a safety window in case the generator does not start straight away due to a starter motor battery problem, open circuit breaker (from a maintenance visit) or air in the fuel supply lines. The runtime for any UPS installation is therefore a function of the loads to be powered and the available energy sources, either battery or battery & local generator supply. Some sites also apply load shedding when the mains power supply fails. Critical loads remain powered but some essential and all non-essential loads are ‘dropped’. The reduced load on the UPS increase the runtime available from the stored energy. Lithium UPS Batteries Lithium batteries are revolutionising many aspects of modern life. Typical applications include mobile phones, tablets, and electric vehicles. Lithium batteries options are also available for some UPS types. Though they command a higher price than lead acid, there are advantages that can make their installation preferred for UPS installations. Lithium-ion batteries offer a higher energy density than lead acid leading to a smaller footprint. The batteries can also withstand higher ambient temperatures without degrading; lead acid batteries require a room ambient of 20-30⁰C as for every 1degree above 30⁰C, their design life halves. Lithium-ion batteries also cycle faster than lead acid and have a design life of 15years plus. Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred technology for local energy storage systems. These store off-peak energy from the local grid or on-site power generation (solar or wind turbines) for use as battery backup or to supply to the grid as part of a demand response and frequency stabilisation program. Lithium UPS systems can also provide both functions if the UPS has a bidirectional rectifier/converter section. The concept is like that of Vehicle-two-Grid (V2G) power generation and can be thought of as UPS-two-Grid (UPS2G) supply. Eaton describes this as their EnergyAware and UPS-as-a-Reserve (UPSaaR) technology. More information Sizing a UPS system is relatively straightforward whether it is for a single phase or three phase load and configuration. What is important is to identify all the critical, essential and non-essential loads and to identify those that have to be kept powered when there is a mains power supply interruption and for how long in order for the organisation to continue operations. Whilst most installations will be made with a lead acid battery set, there are alternative energy storage options including supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Standby power generators can also be used to increase the support time of the UPS and provide several hours or even days of runtime. Blog main image 1570341 1614335961 Related blog posts Prev Article Using Lead Acid v Lithium-ion Batteries in UPS Backup Solutions Blog box fixed 2112641 1632588001 When selecting a UPS system to protect your server room or other critical IT applications, how do you choose between a traditional lead acid battery for your UPS and the latest lithium-ion battery backup solutions? Whilst lithium-ion battery packs offer longer working lives, lead acid are the more cost effective and to a wider degree more environmentally friendly. The choice often comes down to cost, availability, and the application needs. Read more ... Next Article Calculating The Cost of Replacing a UPS Battery Set Blog box fixed 1183291 1607528581 Uninterruptible power supplies have several consumable parts of which the battery set is the costliest requiring replacement at least once or twice during its working life. What costs should you take into consideration when deciding whether to replace your UPS batteries or upgrade to a new UPS system? Read more ...
» Exemplary Schedule for a STEM-School project week at the edge of space « A stratosphere flight is a very scalable project in terms of the duration and its content. Thus, the classroom on the edge of the universe can be easily adapted to suit students from the fifth up to thirteenth grade and beyond, like in vocational schools and universities. The following exemplary schedule will provide you with an overview, for a complete project week of 4 to 5 days. And it’s up to you, if you want to spread the project over the whole school year, or if you wish to concentrate it in one project week. Furthermore, different science courses can be fitted in this project, for example, the biology course develops an experiment, while the physicists worry about the perfect construction of the probe to face the extreme conditions of the stratosphere. The computer scientists will program the data logger to record the measurement data throughout the stratosphere. Datalogger evaluation 1: Introduction (Duration: 1 day) Key questions/tasksMethodology / Media • Our main goal is it, to send a weather balloon with a camera and sensors to the stratosphere. What do we need? • What challenges arise and what is the best way to solve them? • What types of risk may arise? • Which materials are suitable for the mission? • What are the requirements for the probe and how will it look like? Design your own probe on paper (probe, parachute, balloon, camera) • Which gas will we use for the weather balloon and why? • How does the weather balloon create the uplift? Groupwork: approx. 30 minutes. Show the simple math video (Archimedes Principle) • From which layers does the earth’s atmosphere consist? In what heights are these? (Comparison with the highest mountain in Germany, highest mountain in the world, the altitude of an Airbus A380, weather balloon, where does space begin?) • Show pictures from the stratosphere, then Think-Pair-Share: • (1) SuS note their thoughts on cards • (2) SuS talk about their findings, with a partner • (3) Every question/ problem areis collected and sorted on a board/pinboard • Presentation of the results including a Q&A session • Group work with the focus on: • (1) Construction of the probe • (2) Technology (camera, battery pack, GPS) • (3) Data Logger • (4) Experiment • (5) Marketing / Video • “Welt der Wunder” article (About Stratoflights) • Weather balloon registration via our tool (Please note, the real approval must be obtained 2 to 4 weeks before the launch) • Check the weather for your flight date • Predict your flight route with our tool • The marketing team can document every step with the camera and create a video for the final presentation 2: Project preparation (Duration: 1-2 days) Key questions/tasksMethodology / Media • Conception and construction of the probe • Test measurements of the data logger • How can the measured data be evaluated? (for example, in Excel, via Google Earth, or via Stratoflights tools) • GPS-Test: how does a satellite tracker work in practice? • What is the take-off weight of the probe? • What is the amount of helium which is needed for the ascent? • Students work in small groups on their respective work assignments, document their work progress and keep close contact with the other groups • Show the Stratoflights weather balloon tutorial • Provide building material and tools • Place an experiment or an object in front of the camera (for example, thermometer, the school mascot, sponsor logo, class photo) • Stratoslfights tools for measurement data evaluation • Instructions and tutorials from Stratoflights • Guides and tutorials from the Stratosflights advertising to promote your own school for a call to observe the stratosphere flight 3: Start of the weather balloon (Duration: 1 day) Key questions/tasksMethodology / Media • Completion and final control of the probe • Test of the complete equipment • Check the required amount of helium • Start of the weather balloon • Locate the weather balloon, plus the probe and recover them • Create a group (eg. WhatsApp) to keep everyone updated to the salvage • Update the flight forecast • Flight assistants fill the balloon with helium • Carpooling (if necessary after school with the parents for the salvage) 4: Evaluation of the measured data and presentation (Duration: 1-2 days) Key questions/tasksMethodology / Media • How was the salvage? • Which measurement data did we record? • How can we interpret the information? Why does the temperature drop as altitude increases, but does it eventually increase again and will it reach plus degrees again? • What effect has the ozone layer on the temperature profile and why? • Why is the air pressure decreasing during the ascent? Is there a proportional pattern or not? And if there is what is the answer to it? • Editing a video documentation • What did the learning experiences we make during this project? Are we satisfied with the results? • What worked well/ not so well during the group parts? What would you do differently the next time? • Documentation as a guideline for the next year • Sighting of the video recordings • Evaluation of the measured data in Excel • Evaluation of the measured data in the Stratoflight tool for Google Earth • Creation of posters/ PowerPoint presentations: • (1) Which different atmospheric layers exist? • (2) Why is helium providing an uplift? • (3) What equipment is needed for a mission to space? • (4) How does the location software work? (GPS tracker, flight route prediction) • (5) How should the probe be constructed? With which material? • (6) What are the general challenges and difficulties of this project? • (7) Why does the weather balloon burst in the stratosphere? • (8) What insights can we draw from the data logger’s data stream? Advantages of the project: • Extraordinary learning experience for students with an adventure character, to awaken curiosity and enthusiasm for science. • Interdisciplinary: Combination of different STEM subjects • Combination of theory and practice: • Clear objectives and tasks with a strong practical relevance • Usage of technically as well as organizationally and methodically skills • Teaching material is available from “Klett”, e.g. about weather and the greenhouse effect or the ozone hole • Support with various media products: graphics, worksheets, scientific reports, data sheets, computer research, and presentations • Connection to the curriculum can be generated • Marketing effect for your school and for the STEM subjects in general Depending on the level of knowledge of the class and the interests of the students, the topics dealt with can be adapted from project to project. The teaching suggestions are intended to provide an orientation on various STEM subjects that can be adapted to the curriculum and educational standards. The most beautiful aspect of such a stratosphere flight is that the project is very thrilling and an excellent learning platform for science subjects. Additionally, the project will encourage your students to demonstrate their skills and show them new learning opportunities. » These school already took advantage « If you are looking for exciting school project ideas, a stratosphere flight provides the ideal setting for a variety of experiments and learning objectives. Look at our gallery to find out, who has already taken the opportunity to take their classroom up to space.
Thicker Bags Don't Solve the Plastics Problem Public Domain. Pixabay "Bags for life," as they're called, do not get reused nearly as much as retailers would like to believe. "Get rid of single-use plastic bags" has been a rallying cry for many shoppers and retailers over the past year. There have been signs of progress, such as Waitrose's experimental refillable section and the spread of zero waste stores and reusable takeout food containers. But sometimes what appears to be progressive does more harm. Take, for example, the fact that many retailers now offer thicker, sturdier plastic bags at checkout. Their reasoning is that these "bags for life" are more likely to be reused by shoppers than the flimsy ones that tear as soon as too much weight or a sharp corner is put into them. Unfortunately it doesn't work that way. Shoppers who accept plastic bags are no more likely to bring them back if they're sturdy than if they're flimsy. The Guardian reports that the switch to these "bags for life" has actually resulted in greater plastics usage over the past year, despite retailers' promises to reduce it. Citing a report just published by the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Greenpeace: "In 2018, supermarkets put an estimated 903,000 tonnes of plastic packaging onto the market, an increase of 17,000 tonnes on the 2017 footprint. The surge is fuelled in part by a huge rise in the sale of 'bags for life' by 26 percent to 1.5bn, or 54 bags per household." These thicker bags require far more plastic to manufacture, which means that far more goes to waste when they're not reused (which is usually the case). It can't even be called a Band-Aid solution because it exacerbates the problem, rather than offers a realistic solution. As we've said time and again on TreeHugger, there has to be a cultural shift away from all this uni-directional packaging. We have to retrain ourselves to shop differently, to own a handful of reusable cloth bags that we remember to take with us and to bring our own containers for food. I don't think this is impossible; looking around me now at the grocery store I am frequently impressed by how many people have reusable bags. I'd say it's more common than not in my small Canadian town. But not all responsibility lies with the consumer. We should be actively encouraged and incentivized by retailers to bring our own bags and containers; after all, we're saving them money by providing the packaging. The report says, "This is an area ripe for major transformation, as currently almost all products are sold in one-way packaging... Supermarkets need to buck up and think bigger. They must change their stores to offer loose food dispensers, reusable packaging, and move away from throwaway packaging altogether."
Safety Measures to Prevent the Spread of Fires In today’s era, wildfires are becoming more. common than they ever have in the past. There are a number of reasons why this is happening but this is due, in large part, to climate change. As the global temperatures across the world start to rise, fires are only going to become more common. Wildfires have the potential to level entire towns in a matter of hours. This means that everyone has to do what they can to prevent the spread of fires. There are a few tips that everyone has to follow and the team from Nationwide Fire Watch Services is here to help. One of the first tips that everyone has to follow is that they need to make sure their utilities are properly maintained. For example, one of the most common causes of fires involves electrical equipment. There might be exposed wires or cabling that could cause someone’s home to catch fire. All it takes is a spark and this could be enough to light flammable equipment that might be in the area. For this reason, everyone has to make sure that the electrical system in their home has been maintained properly. This involves reaching out to trained professionals at least once per year to address potential problems. Next, it is also critical for everyone to keep matches and lighters out of the reach of children. Kids are curious and they might want to use matches and lighters just to see what happens. Think about the various items around the home that are flammable. This includes bedsheets, curtains, paper, and more. All it takes is one spark to light a home on fire. This could even lead to a loss of life. Avoid this tragedy by keeping matches and lighters out of the reach of kids. Finally, everyone has to make sure they practice proper safety protocols when they go camping. While there is nothing wrong with lighting a fire while camping, it has to be done safely. Everyone has to have a fire pit around which the fire cannot cross. This is usually demarcated by rocks or stones. On top of this, it is also important to ensure there is a bucket of water nearby. This ensures that there is something that can put out the fire emergently in case it needs to be extinguished quickly. Finally, always put out the fire before leaving the area for the evening. This can prevent a forest fire from starting. These are a few of the most important precautions that everyone has to take when they go camping. By making sure as many fires are prevented as possible, this can go a long way toward preventing property damage and fatalities. This is where fire prevention measures are important. Do everything possible to prevent the spread of fires.
Skip to main content Michigan Could Have a Sandhill Crane Season Michigan hunters could enjoy the "ribeye of the sky." Michigan Rep. James Lower has sponsored House Resolution 154. This bill was introduced Sept. 20 and the House adopted it Oct. 18. A resolution won't carry the same weight as law, but will rather try to encourage Michigan's Natural Resource Commission to list sandhill cranes as a game species. This will require approval from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service before a hunting season could be established. Sandhill cranes were once listed as an endangered species, but the population has since been a conservation success. The bird was almost extinct due to overhunting and habitat loss. Just last spring, 24,000 cranes were counted in Michigan, compared to only 27 pairs found in 1944. According to Mlive, some estimate the population having a growth rate of 10 percent over the last 10 years. As of this time in Michigan, you can kill cranes for crop damage. However, the state doesn't allow you to harvest the meat from the birds, which seems pretty wasteful. The Michigan Songbird Protection Coalition, the same organization that's mostly responsible for the ending of Michigan dove season, is against the idea. When they put an end to dove hunting, they stated that a hunt would make no difference in stopping crop damage. Personally, I'd be excited for a crane hunt in an attempt to manage the population. People often forget a portion of every hunting license purchase goes into conservation efforts for game species. Michigan Could Have a Sandhill Crane Season
How the Animal World Is Adapting to Climate Change In “Hurricane Lizards and Plastic Squid,” Thor Hanson looks at the evolutionary shifts already taking place as ecosystems and weather patterns change., Continue reading the main story Supported by Continue reading the main story The Fraught and Fascinating Biology of Climate Change By Thor Hanson When I left Canada for the United States in 1987, I had never seen or heard a red-bellied woodpecker, which at that time was a rare vagrant in southern Ontario. Today, they are firmly established here, and I have encountered several since returning to Canada in 2018. It’s no mystery why red-bellied woodpeckers are advancing northward. They’re responding to a warming planet. To which one might say: “Fine, good for them!” But in an interconnected world, where the fate of one species is inextricably linked to the fortune of another, rapid changes always carry consequences. At a time when the climate change discourse is focused mainly on its causes, its effects on weather and our so-far tepid efforts to address the problem, it’s good to see a book on how animals and plants are responding and faring amid the flux. Starving polar bears forced to swim as ice melts have become an evocative symbol of global warming. But as Thor Hanson reveals in “Hurricane Lizards and Plastic Squid,” there are subtler, less noticed dramas playing out. Thor HansonCredit…Kathleen Ballard Photography Take, for example, the so-called escalator to extinction, a phenomenon as sad as it is insidious. Temperature and moisture patterns change with elevation, as do the species who inhabit each terrain. On a heating planet, those animals and plants that have adapted to particular elevations are being forced to higher ground, until they reach the top and, having nowhere left to go, perish. Studies have documented this effect on birds, moths and tree seedlings, and it seems likely that other life forms, including mammals, reptiles and amphibians, are vulnerable to this upslope migration toward oblivion. With 25 percent to 85 percent of the world’s species now in the process of relocating, one wonders whether the hottest regions on earth will become barren lands, devoid of any life, like the “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico, which covers somewhere around 7,000 square miles. Despite the gravity of its subject, though, this is not a depressing book. An award-winning biologist and author whose earlier work has focused on bees, feathers, seeds and gorillas, Hanson is an affable guide and storyteller, with a knack for analogy, a sense of humor and the natural curiosity of a scientist. In a compact chemistry lesson using a jar of pickles and a lit match, he and his son, Noah, perform an experiment to demonstrate the power of carbon dioxide. On another occasion, he takes his hatchet to a dead pine in his yard to try to discover whether his tree is being attacked by destructive borer beetles. Elsewhere, Hanson outlines carbon dioxide’s omnipresence, its gradual subterranean conversion to fossil fuels (petroleum, coal, natural gas) and its much faster release into ecosystems when we burn it. In the oceans, acidification corrodes and weakens the protective shells of tiny mollusks vital to marine food ecosystems, and sparks sensory confusion for fishes that rely on water chemistry for finding mates, meals, homes and avoiding predators. When coral reefs decline, this reduces not just food, but cover for reef denizens. In this deteriorating world, it takes some evolutionary agility to prevent a species from losing its grip on life, sometimes literally. An experiment with anole lizards demonstrates rapid natural selection favoring feet and toes better able to hold onto twigs and branches during severe storms. The diminutive reptiles cling to a stick while being subjected to close-range blasts from a leaf blower. I don’t imagine the anoles appreciated being subjected to near-hurricane-force winds (never mind the noise!), but I was pleased to see that they were all returned to the wild reportedly unharmed. A green anole.Credit…Wolfgang Kaehler/LightRocket via Getty Images If improving your grip isn’t on your to-do list, perhaps changing your wardrobe is. In Finland, the once-rare brown tawny owl is now overtaking the more typical gray one, owing to declining snow cover. I was reminded of when, as a young child, my father explained to me how the pepper moths in London, which rely on camouflage to elude hungry birds, underwent a similar transformation from white to dark gray when the Industrial Revolution plastered buildings and trees with soot. One of the core lessons here is that our climate emergency affects not just individual species but, inevitably, interspecies relationships. Witness the effects of changing climate on the interdependence of plants and birds. Consider the “timing mismatches” that occur with flowering plants. Nectar-rich flowers are hitting their peak blooming phase a week or more before hummingbirds arrive. Insect activity is also affected, with flocks of hungry swallows missing an expected insect hatch. It is only by careful population monitoring that we are likely to notice these shifts, such are the creeping effects of climate change. Temperature, of course, isn’t the only climatic variable at play: Some trees are moving south and west in pursuit of drifting moisture. Blue jays and other seed-caching birds facilitate the migration by carrying and burying seeds over long distances, some of which inevitably go unretrieved when a jay forgets or dies. But how, Hanson wonders, does a plant outrun climate change when its prime seed distributor has gone? Joshua trees lost their most important long-distance seed disperser in the giant Shasta ground sloth, whose kind went instinct following the last ice age, probably because of human predation. Whereas the lumbering sloths could excrete Joshua seeds miles from where the fruits were eaten, today the Joshuas are left with pack rats and other small mammals, whose dispersal services amount to a measly six feet per year. (I’m hoping that history’s most prodigious seed disperser, humankind, is atoning for past misdemeanors.) Although there are plenty of species declines in these pages, there are also stories of flexibility and resilience. Nimble dovekies (a.k.a. “little auks”), small, plump arctic seabirds, are not only so far surviving, but also thriving, no longer having to fly as far to find their favored food — flourishing zooplankton made accessible by melting ice. There were occasions when I was hoping for information that didn’t materialize. It’s fascinating to learn that elderberries have a more bear-friendly nutritional profile than salmon, and that Alaskan grizzly bears will abandon the salmon run to feast on these berries, which are now fruiting earlier. But I’d like to know how they sense when the time is right. Can they smell the berries from a distance, or perhaps see a blush of purple appearing on bushes upslope? The grizzlies aren’t the only ones after salmon. The author declares a passion for fishing. In doing so, he joins a sizable cadre of self-described animal-loving writers who nevertheless pursue a pastime that causes fear, pain and suffering in their quarry. There is now robust science demonstrating pain and emotion in all kinds of fishes, salmon included. The dissonance here is not just ethical but ecological. As Hanson explains, the native cutthroat trout he seeks is threatened by hybridization with rainbow trout, with which these streams have been stocked to serve the recreational demands of anglers. Which brings us to Hanson’s inspirational closing argument, that individual action drives much-needed policy change, not vice versa. While nobody can do everything, there is much that each of us can do (and not do), “tangible things like how we drive, shop, eat, travel, protest, vote,” and even, he writes, “cut the grass.” Amen. Leave a Reply
WHY YOU NEED TO Stop Using Electronic Cigarettes and Look at Alternative Methods Most vaporizers are not completely safe. Many vaporizers contain nicotine, a harmful chemical that could be harmful to your health and the fitness of those around you. However, even though the vaporizer is Vape Pens not a cigarette, it still can have the same consequences. vaping health risks There are lots of reasons to take into account quitting smoking because of the dangers of nicotine. The most crucial of the laboring health threats is cancer. It’s true that cigarettes may cause cancer, but so does vaporizing them. Actually, the effects of long-term using tobacco on the lungs are not known. But studies have shown that smokers who vaporize their cigarettes face more serious problems than do individuals who smoke or don’t smoke at all. In accordance with FDA, electronic cigarettes contain nicotine, which is similar to the way nicotine exists in cigarettes. But given that they don’t contain nicotine, they aren’t as addictive. While it may take several tries for you to get hooked on this new sort of cigarette, when you do, viewers it can be very good for your body, especially for your brain development. The brain develops during the first year of life, so when vaporizing your cigarettes, it stimulates the human brain development. There are also birth defects within unborn children who were exposed to cigarette smoking. By using vaporizers, you get rid of some of the toxins that are present in cigarettes. These toxins can affect your unborn child through either the placenta or through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the infant in the mother’s womb. The damage done to the placenta could be corrected by using vaporizers, but the damage done to the unborn child cannot. If you are an expecting mother, you then must think about the health threats of e-cigarette vaping. Not only are you putting your child at risk, but you are risking the health of your entire family. You see, regular cigarettes of nicotine, and that is what kills people. E-cigarette vapors don’t have any nicotine, so there is no such thing as a nicotine addiction. Another of the proven smoking harm reduction methods is secondhand smoking. Studies show there are more reported deaths from secondhand smoking compared to those that are linked to smoking from cigarettes. However, there are still cases of accidental poisoning deaths from secondhand smoking, in order that number should be viewed very carefully. Additionally, there are more confirmed deaths from secondhand smoking than deaths from all other forms of smoking combined. So, while e-juice isn’t considered a substitute for regular cigarettes, it might be considered a safer alternative for someone that’s attempting to quit. There are no proven deaths directly because of vaporing, but there are some reports of individuals having lung irritation and coughing because they are inhaling secondhand smoke. As for the e-juice, it is considered just as bad if not worse than the cigarette smoke and still, a great deal of teens and younger adults enjoy the sensation of vaporizing rather than inhaling smoke. However, it should be noted there are some side effects to this, such as for example headaches and dizziness. So, we realize that there are significant benefits to quitting the regular cigarette smoking habit, and there are very minor risks to e-cigs, such as nicotine and cancer. Those are the only two risks connected with vaporizing instead of cigarette smoking. However, there are many others, including reduced cancer risk, and reduced blood pressure and increased circulation. So, the bottom line is that it is a far greater option in the end.
Where have all the birds gone? Where have all the birds gone? Why are there no birds in my garden this August? That’s a question we’ve heard on a daily basis from our customers this month, so we wanted to offer a few reasons as to why your garden may seem a little emptier than usual at the moment. With bouts of both heavy rain and extreme sunshine around the UK, it’s no surprise that some birds have decided to stay hidden this August. Extreme weather conditions can cause birds to take a more cautious approach to their day to day activities, with many opting to remain in the safety and shelter of trees in order to preserve their energy. With sporadic rain showers turning over the land, fields being harvested, and natural growth of summer fruits and grains, wild birds have lots of dining options over the summer months, some of which are more accessible and organic to them than the bird feeders in your garden. Goldfinch eating wild thistle Moulting is another reason that birds are choosing to stay hidden this time of year. Birds will moult for a few different reasons including; • Moulting young feathers to make way for adult plumage • Moulting summer feathers to make way for winter plumage • Moulting after breeding to regrow a healthier plumage for the following breeding season Birds can moult all year round, however, with most of those variables happening in the summer, you can see why August is a triple whammy for moulting birds. During this time, birds are vulnerable to predators and to the elements so, naturally, they choose to stay safe in their nests and other shelters. As you can imagine, losing their feathers can cause some problems with a birds ability to fly, which could explain why your hanging feeders are seeing less visitors in the summer. However, your garden birds will still be on the look out for food so you might want to keep an eye on the bushes and shrubbery, and invest in a ground feeder or some ground seed, or pellets to offer lower down in the garden and on the floor. With fledglings well and truly fledged by August, you may also find smaller groups of birds in your gardens. With the exception of Starlings, who naturally travel in large flocks, where you may have once seen a family of 8 Goldfinches, you may find only 2 or 4 once fledgling season is over. Fledglings wont necessarily follow their parents to their regular dining spots so whilst you may eventually see your regulars back, the younger generation may look to find their own source of food. With breeding season out of the way, male birds are less inclined to go on a hunt for a mate. This means they may be operating at a slower pace, no longer frantically zipping around after females. This also explains why some of our customers have been disappointed to notice their garden is audibly quieter. With no need to find a mate, you’re less likely to hear bird song at this time of year.
How Reflexology Helps Your Body How Reflexology Helps Your Body Reflexology is a healing process derived from ancient Chinese principles. It is based on the concept that your feet have all the nerve endings of the body where all the organs and systems are connected. By applying pressure on certain points of your feet: pain, illnesses, stress and anxiety can be relieved and cured. How Does Reflexology Work? The therapists who perform reflexology are known as reflexologists. It based on the Chinese principle that every living thing has “qi” pronounced as chee, which literally means ‘vital energy’. The qi flows in each person and is responsible for the normal blood circulation and proper working of the body organs and systems. However, stress, anxiety and sleeping disorders all diminish qi within the body causing many other illnesses and problems. The purpose of reflexology is to apply pressure on the soles of the feet and ankles to improve blood circulation, provide relief from pain and cause a normal flow of qi in the body to keep it healthy and free from diseases. They have created a map of the whole human body and marked areas of the organs on particular areas of the feet and press on those areas for specific disease treatment. They believe that touch can cause their vital energy to flow in the other person’s body and cause a healing process. Does It Actually Cure Diseases? If you look at it scientifically, then it does not help to cure diseases. However, through years of research and practical examples, people have claimed that they were stress-free, less depressed and it improved life in general. Researchers have also found out that the nerve endings majorly respond to outside factors thus the pressure building and massage may help to trigger the nerve ending/ This can lead to a calming sensation that affects the central nervous system leading to a relaxation effect in the whole body. Massage does help to improve blood circulation and the calming touch helps to relieve foot pain which naturally causes endorphins to be released in the body and the body responds by being stress-free. Overall reflexology is safe for every person, has no side effects, improves mood swings and quality of life, if not diseases. How Does It Help The Body? Reflexology is known to help the body in many ways, but there is no actual scientific backup for the theory. Research says that it helps to relieve pain, stress, mood swings, and other diseases but it may be due to the massage only which improves blood circulation. However, after practical examples and actual experiences and receiving treatment for 2 to 3 months, people have reported that it has helped to deal with the listed below illnesses: • Improves mood swings • Lessens pain • Lessens depression and stress • Generates an overall happy feeling • Help cures cold and flu • Helps with many bacterial infections • Helps reduce back pain • Cures migraine • Reduces the stress caused by cancer and chemotherapy • Clears up sinus problems • Cures indigestion • Improves fertility in the body • Reduces menstrual pain and cramps • Cures imbalance of hormones • Improves PMS symptoms • Improves blood circulation • Improves the immune system • Helps fight cancer • Helps cure arthritis pain • Stimulates the nervous system • Improves urinary tract infections • Cures sleep disorders • Helps to speed up the recovery mechanism after an illness Improve the mental state and promote a general feeling of well-being and a relaxed state of mind thus: improving the quality of life in general. In general, feet bear the majority, in fact, all of the burden of the whole body. Your feet are your standing mechanism that holds your whole body along with all the organs and systems working inside. You walk, climb, jump, sit and do daily activities and chores using your feet. They go through the most wear and tear and you don’t even realize it. Hence, reflexology helps to heal and calm your feet and also gives you a feeling of relaxation through the massaging of your pressure points. This also helps to reduce tiredness and triggers your brain towards relaxation, which in turn transforms the signal to your whole body. Thus, blood circulation increases, hormones are activated, you become stress-free and relaxed and also have a good and peaceful sleep. When this happens, your body ultimately gets the energy and flow to heal other diseases and activates itself to fight. Reflexology also helps in the detoxification process where all the toxins and bad elements are excreted out from the body. Whether science claims it or not, reflexology has improved the lives of millions of people over thousands of years and given them relief from all sorts of pains, illnesses, induced healing, and helped deal with anxiety and depression. Add Comment And get exclusive discounts & offers! Your Email: Salon Location:
Lee Daniels’ “The Butler” reviewed by Kayla Schorr (’14) In the typical Civil Rights Movement film, the characters portray the sheer agony that colored people encountered throughout their long fight for freedom. Characters often express extreme radicalism and violence to stand up for their beliefs in this type of film. However, The Butler directed by Lee Daniels took a unique approach. In the beginning of the movie, we see Cecil Gaines (Michael Rainey, Jr.) as a young child growing up on a cotton farm. Though slavery was illegal in 1917, colored people were still treated with profound scorn and injustice. We see white landowners inflict horrendous acts upon employees, such as murder and rape, which gives the audience a realistic description of the life colored people lived during that time. After the death of his father, Cecil becomes promoted as a house butler. He learns politeness and refinement, traits very different from those of his boss. Because of the prejudice forced upon Cecil, he decides to escape his childhood sorrow and move on to a more pleasant lifestyle. Like any other teenage boy would, Cecil (now age 15 and played by Aml Ameen) resorts to criminal acts in order to survive. Cecil soon seeks employment as a bartender and butler in local restaurants, which lasts him throughout the remainder of his teenage years onto adulthood. Cecil (now an adult and played by Forest Whitaker) soon marries Gloria (Oprah Winfrey) and has two kids, Louis and Charlie. Cecil’s main goal is to raise his children with proper values and supply them with the desirable lifestyle that he was denied. After several years of waiting on various homeowners or businessmen, Cecil is offered a butler position at the White House during the Eisenhower administration. Cecil is forced to grapple with keeping the goings on at the White House in confidence, while witnessing his race recklessly protest for equality. Though Cecil is thankful to fill such an honorable position, he questions his disservice to his race by accepting lower pay than white employees and his inability to help his people by sharing the President’s intent. The Butler successfully illustrated the many events during the Civil Rights Movement. The portrayal of the Freedom Riders, Ku Klux Klan, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and the fight for integration were depicted so clearly, inducing the audience to warrant profound emotional reactions. The material was the perfect balance between raw and flowery, making the further information regarding the plot line utterly addicting. Movies that highlight countless historical events can sometimes seem like a cinematic portrayal of a textbook, yet The Butler triumphantly represented American history with creativity and glory.
According to the Canadian Criminal Code, what are the four ways in which a robbery may be committed? Robbery is stealing from a person using violence or threats of violence. The Canadian Criminal Code outlines 4 ways a Robbery may be committed: ∙ Stealing while using violence or threats of violence to take or extort the property ∙ Stealing and, either immediately before or after taking the property, either wounding, striking, beating or otherwise using violence against the person ∙ Assaulting any person with the intent to steal ∙ Stealing from a person while being armed with a weapon or an imitation of a weapon.
What states do the coast of india lie in? Bryon Harber asked a question: What states do the coast of india lie in? Asked By: Bryon Harber Date created: Sat, Mar 20, 2021 7:26 AM Those who are looking for an answer to the question «What states do the coast of india lie in?» often ask the following questions: ⭐️ What state of india on the coramandel coast? Tamil Nadu ⭐️ How many states comprise india? There are 28 states and 7 union territories. ⭐️ Port city on the northeastern coast of india? 1 other answer japan usa mexico china russia Your Answer We've handpicked 21 related questions for you, similar to «What states do the coast of india lie in?» so you can surely find the answer! What is the total number of states in india? • India consists of 28 states and 8 union territories, including the National Capital Territory of Delhi. In August 2019, the Indian Parliament passed a resolution to divide the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories, Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) and Ladakh, which came into action on 31 October 2019. Read more 28 states of india and their specialty? bihar bihar - rice Read more Are there states or provinces in india? • India: India is home to twenty-five states and seven union territories. Indonesia: 13,500-island Indonesia has twenty-four provinces, two special regions, and a special capital city district ( Jakarta Raya). Italy: Italy is simply divided, into twenty individual regions. Read more China touches how many states of india? indian states sharing border with bhutan india map five Indian states The entire Sino-Indian border (including the western LAC, the tiny undisputed segment in the middle and the McMahon Line in the east) is 4.056 km long and crosses five Indian states/territories: Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Read more Do states have much power in india? • In a holding together federation (like India), the country decides to divide its powers among a central authority as well as its constituent states. In a holding together federation the central government has more power than the state government and the states have unequal power. Some states have special powers. Read more Does india have 28 or 29 states? • Before Aug. 5, 2019, India had 29 states and seven Union Territories (UTs). The country now has only 28 states since Jammu and Kashmir has been converted. The country now has nine UTs with Jammu and Kashmir as one new entrant and Ladakh as the other. Read more How many congress ruled states in india? 10 STATES THAT'S ARE Assam Delhi Maharashtra Manipur Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Haryana Goa Rajasthan Mizoram Read more How many nda ruled states in india? Read more How many states are located in india? which state is recently added in india Read more How many states have congress in india? • Presently, the Congress remains in power in just four states: Punjab, Karnataka, Meghalaya and Mizoram. However, this figure could be altered as the fate of Congress hangs in the balance in Meghalaya, where NPP has given a stiff competition to the grand old party. Read more How many states in india are bicameral? Complete answer: Only 7 Indian states have a bicameral state legislature. These are Karnataka, Bihar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. Read more How many states in india have coastlines? There are 9 political subdivisions have coastlines (7 states and 2 union territories). Read more How many states of india touches coastline? 10 states Read more In 2009 how many states in india? i think 29 states in india. plz tell me anybody i m wrong or right wrong Read more List of specialty of states in india? Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat and Goa are some of the speciality states in India. Read more Which states are moderately populated in india? Read more Which states have oil fields in india? Assam , Gujarat and Rajasthan , which together account for more than 96 per cent of oil from onshore fields, and from the aged offshore Mumbai High Field . India holds 4,728,790,000 barrels of proven oil reserves as of 2016, ranking 24th in the world. Read more Which states of india does it snow? • In which states of India does it snow? Gulmarg, Jammu, and Kashmir – The Rosy Picture Bringing you much closer to nature, this place is perfect to experience snow sports. It has skiing, snowboarding, and different Gandola rides. In addition to this, the sheer splendour of Gulmarg during winter makes it one of the best snowfall places in India. Read more What is the major city located on the west coast of india? Bombay (Mumbai), India's largest city, has a metropolitan area population of more than 15 million. Situated on the west coast, it has the tempo of a large Western city with its many business offices and skyscrapers. Bombay is the nation's major port and commercial center as well as a key industrial center. Read more What are the indipendent states created out of british india? indian princely states british india map In February 1947, the British decided to evacuate the country, and on 15 August 1947 it was partitioned into two independent states: India, with a Hindu majority, and Pakistan, with a Muslim majority. Read more Are there any ports on the west coast of india? • On the west coast, there are the ports of Mumbai, Kandla, Mangalore, JNPT, Mormugao, and Cochin. The ones on the east coast are the ports at Chennai, Tuticorin, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Kolkata, and Ennore. The last one, Ennore is a registered public company with the government owning a 68% stake. Read more
Non-contact sensors detect or measure a physical property without making direct contact with the target, the object that is being monitored or measured. They are used to measure physical properties such as thickness, proximity, displacement, or distance. To obtain readings, non-contact displacement sensors emit a form of energy and may use capacitance, fiber optic, or laser triangulation technologies. By contrast, contact sensors must touch the target and often rely upon mechanical movement. Non-Contact Sensors vs. Contact Sensors Non-contact sensors are faster, especially for applications with high sampling rates, and won’t dampen the motion of a target. They can also measure more points simultaneously and without putting pressure on the object that is being measured. By contrast, contact sensors are slower because they must touch and then traverse the entire object. Yet, contact sensors are recommended for environments with low levels of cleanliness and when exterior features are not visible. Capacitance Sensors Capacitance sensors are non-contact devices that measure capacitance, the ratio of the change in an electric charge to the corresponding change in its electrical potential (i.e., voltage). They provide high-resolution measurements with a high level of accuracy and are not affected by magnetic fields, temperature, humidity, nuclear radiation, or pressure. Capacitance sensors are the best choice for semiconductor wafer measurement and are also used in many industrial applications. Fiber Optic Sensors Fiber optic sensors use fiber optic cables and photoelectric sensor technologies and can accommodate a wide range of target and shapes. These non-contact sensors provide a sensitive, linear output with a large measurement range and standoff distance. Their probes are immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and are suitable for metallic, composite, plastic, glass, or ceramic materials. Fiber optic sensors are the best choice for measuring high-frequency vibrations because of the non-electrical nature of these signals. Laser Triangulation Sensors Laser triangulation sensors contain a solid-state laser light source and a CMOS linear detector. A laser beam is projected onto the target being measured and a portion of the beam is reflected through focusing optics onto the detector. These non-contact sensors have a high frequency response that makes them ideal for measuring moving targets in high-speed applications. Compared to capacitance or fiber optic sensors, laser triangulation sensors have larger standoffs to support locating them further away from the target. Find Non-Contact Sensors MTI Instruments of Albany, New York (USA) makes non-contact sensors and supplies capacitance, fiber optic, and laser triangulation technologies for industries that require measurements with a high degree precision, accuracy, and resolution. To discuss your measurement application, or to request information about our solutions, contact us.
You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser and improve your visit to our site. Skip Navigation Books: How It Began Jesus in the Talmud By Peter Schafer (Princeton University Press, 210 pp., When The Passion of the Christ elicited such great public controversy a few years ago, it raised once again the old question of how Jews and Judaism are portrayed in classical Christian sources, first and foremost in the New Testament. And it raised the new question as to how accurately Mel Gibson's film represented that portrayal. From at least a cursory reading of the New Testament accounts of Jesus's relations with his fellow Jews and with Judaism, the image one retains seems to be largely a negative one (although we are now aware that the picture of Jews and Judaism in the Qur'an is far more negative, and far more dangerous). And in the minds of many people, certainly in the minds of many Jews, Gibson's film made a bad image even worse. Gibson, whether he knew it or not, drew upon a long history of Christian anti-Judaism in developing his own picture of how badly the Jews treated Jesus, even adding some points not found in the New Testament. Those Christians who are earnest in their desire to have a new and more positive relationship with Jews and with Judaism were embarrassed by Gibson's film and sought to dismiss it, while trying to show more positive Christian precedents for a better Christian-Jewish dispensation. This effort of getting Christians to examine Christian antiJudaism candidly and critically has been, to a certain extent, the result of the goading of Jewish scholars of Christianity, such as Marcel Simon and Jules Isaac, whose works laid out the evidence of Christian anti- Judaism. It results also from the influence of great Christian scholars such as Edward Flannery and Malcolm Hay, who, after World War II and its devastation of European Jewry, began to respond to this challenge with scholarly acumen. This response requires not least that pro-Jewish Christian scholars learn more about Judaism than anti-Jewish Christian scholars in the past knew (or wanted to know), if they are to develop a new and better Christian picture of Judaism as it really is. Both Christian and Jewish texts have had to be re-examined with the greatest care, so that this rethinking not become an apologetic whitewash of embarrassing traditions rather than an honest, and often painful, re-assessment of them. This process of re-examination and reconstruction has been salutary for both Jews and Christians--for Jews because it has led to a great decrease in Christian contempt for them and for Judaism (and not only from scholars of religion), and for Christians because it has better enabled them to avoid the temptation of modern anti-Semitism, which often turns out to be as anti- Christian as it is anti-Jewish. For this reason, the new rigor and the new candor have great political significance. This process of rereading the texts of one's own tradition that talk about a close neighbor, an other, demands the very best scholarship. Peter Schafer is certainly one of the most prominent and most formidable Christian scholars engaged in the new enterprise of looking at Judaism in relation to Christianity. He may well be the most distinguished non-Jewish scholar of classical Jewish sources in the world today. Which is to say, he may be the individual most qualified to deal with a very delicate question that inevitably arises out of the inquiry into what Christians say about Jews and Judaism in their classical sources: what do Jews say about Christians and Christianity in their classical sources? The question becomes more focused when it is directed to what the Jewish sources say about Jesus. What Jews have said about Jesus tells us how they were thinking about the Christians they encountered, since Jesus is always the central personality in the story that Christians tell about themselves. To think about Christians without talking about Jesus is like thinking about Jews without talking about the Torah. You cannot understand the one without the other. And since the story that Christians tell about themselves is still being told, how Jews have regarded that Christian story in the past will have great influence on the way Jews see that Christian story in the present. That is why Schafer's fine new book should be of interest to a wide audience, and not only to specialists in the field of the historical interaction of Judaism and Christianity in late antiquity (who will be right to devour it). For one of the book's accomplishments is to suggest that this vexed subject is not at all arcane. Schafer's book tells a fascinating story. We need to appreciate how subtle that story is before we can properly ponder its larger implications for the new Jewish-Christian discussion, implications that are more than academic. What Schafer calls "the Talmud" is the whole corpus of rabbinic literature that was written between the first and the seventh centuries of the Christian Era. Some of that vast literature was written in the land of Israel (then called "Palestine")--first under pagan Roman rule, then under Christian rule after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the fourth century--and is known as the Palestinian Talmud. Even more of that vast literature was written in Babylonia, then part of the Persian Empire. When most Jews say "the Talmud," they mean the Babylonian Talmud, called the Bavli. There were far fewer Christians in Babylonia than there were in Palestine, and those Christians did not pose the political threat to the Jews that the Christians in Palestine did, and so all scholars interested in Jewish views of Christians and Christianity have regarded the Babylonian treatments of the subject to be historically worthless. They have preferred to concentrate their efforts on discussions and allusions in the Palestinian sources. Those sources alone seem to be talking about a real historical phenomenon, which, when we decode it, tells us much about how the Jews saw the Christian community in Palestine, with whom they had real conflicts. But what does this say about Jesus himself? Since the appearance in 1906 of Albert Schweitzer's extraordinary work The Quest of the Historical Jesus, most scholars have not looked for evidence of the Jesus "who really was." All we know about that Jesus is what his disciples and their disciples have told us in the New Testament. There are no reliable competing accounts. These treatments of Jesus's birth, career, and death (let alone his reported resurrection) were hardly written to be historical descriptions, even of the type written in antiquity by historians such as Thucydides or Tacitus. Instead they are believers' impressions, which tell us more about the way the things they portray have affected their viewers than about the things themselves. The narratives of the Gospels were not recorded or redacted impartially. These treatments of Jesus are not meant to be accurate, in the empirical or mimetic sense, though of course they are meant to be true. Assuming that Jewish authors who lived at least a century after Jesus's death did not have the personal contact with Jesus that the authors of the Gospels did, we may imagine that when they speak of Jesus, they are really talking about the community that sees Jesus to be its founder and still-present guide. But if the Palestinian Jews who had no acquaintance with Jesus are only really talking about the community that came after him, how much more so are the Babylonian Jews in their own sources: they did not even know a threatening Christian community, not to mention Jesus himself. In fact, who are these Babylonian Jewish sources talking about when they do speak of Jesus? We might say that whereas the Palestinian sources are speaking about a lively ghost, the Babylonian sources seem to be talking about a pure phantom. But this is precisely the view, predominant among scholars, that Peter Schafer wishes to overturn. Schafer builds his argument about Jesus in the Babylonian Talmud on a largely overlooked fact: that "whereas the Palestinian rabbis' (few) statements reveal a relative closeness to the emerging Christian sect ... the Bavli's attention is focused on the person of Jesus." But how can what the Talmud says about Jesus be of any significance if the Babylonian rabbis were even further removed from the historical Jesus than the Palestinian rabbis before them? Schafer's answer is that the Babylonian rabbinical texts are dealing not with the historical Jesus, but with the character of Jesus as it was presented in the New Testament, especially in the Gospel of John, which seems to present the most anti-Jewish Jesus of the four Gospels. These treatments are what Schafer calls "a literary answer to a literary text." Whereas the Palestinian anti-Christian texts are responding to a threatening social reality, the Babylonian texts are talking about the basic document (the New Testament) of a Christian community that is no longer a threat to the Jews of Babylonia, the Babylonian Christians being as much (if not more) of a marginalized minority as the Jews. Thus, in Schafer's view, Babylonian Jewish statements about Jesus could be more direct than the Palestinian statements, and they could be nastier. Schafer shows all this with dazzling erudition and critical insight. He also shows how these Babylonian sources condemned and ridiculed the New Testament accounts of Jesus's birth, powers, and supposed innocence at his trial. Since the local Christians in Babylonia were as far removed from the historical Jesus as the local Jews, having only the Jesus of the New Testament, the Jewish criticism of Jesus in Babylonia could attack Christians at their most vulnerable point. In the end, the political power of Christians over Jews made a huge difference in the ways Jews could conduct their anti-Christian polemic. The most vivid example of the anti-Christian polemic of the Babylonian Talmud can be seen in its treatment of the virgin birth of Jesus as presented in the New Testament. The intent of Christians in claiming that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary was to emphasize that Jesus's father was God himself--that the earthly Jesus, and not just the heavenly Christ (the second person of the Trinity, who has no mother), was truly the son of God. Mary's virginity was important so that no one might entertain the notion that her fiance, Joseph, really fathered her child Jesus. In contrast to this official Christian version of the circumstances of Jesus's conception and birth, the Babylonian Talmud presents, in Schafer's words, "a highly ambitious and devastating counternarrative to the infant story of the New Testament." In the rabbinical text that Schafer selects to illustrate this point, it is stated that "his mother was Miriam [Mary].... This is as they say about her in Pumbeditha: This one turned away from (was unfaithful to) her husband." This being assumed, the Talmud identifies Mary's lover and Jesus's real father to be a man named Pandera--clearly a Roman name. In this account (which had an enormous impact upon some medieval Jewish polemical writings), Mary's lover and Jesus's true father is not only not his mother's lawful husband, he is also a gentile--indeed, a hated Roman. From this Schafer infers that "if the Bavli takes it for granted that [Jesus's] mother was an adulteress, then the logical conclusion follows that he was a mamzer, a bastard or illegitimate child." In this view, Jesus is as far from being the son of God and a pure virgin as is possible in Jewish imagination. It is no wonder that this text is "only preserved in the uncensored manuscripts and printed editions of the Bavli." Those were the versions of the Talmud published at times and in places where Christians had great political power over Jews and were using it harshly against them. It is thus easy to see why the Jews would want to emend such an inflammatory text, in the interests of security and self-preservation--and why the Christians would make the Jews emend such a text so that their Jewish underlings would be unable to use it to buttress their anti-Christianity. No doubt, many pro-Jewish Christians and many pro-Christian Jews today would like to forget that such a text ever existed in its original form. But why did the Babylonian Jews go to the trouble of denying the veracity of a text that mattered only to a small Christian community that had no power over Jews (no power of the sort that Palestinian Christians came to enjoy once Christians became members of the official religion of the Roman Empire)? Schafer gives two answers to this question. Unlike his analysis of the literary evidence, where he has some important data at his disposal, the causal explanation involves much more speculation on his part. Yet Schafer is not a hasty or arrogant historian; he says only what he believes the evidence entitles him to say. Would that more historians were as modest. Schafer's first answer to the question is psychological and political; more precisely, it concerns the influence of the political environment upon psychological motivation. In his view, the Jews of Babylonia could say about Christianity, in the person of Jesus, what their Palestinian brethren could not say because of the dangers involved. Schafer calls the Babylonian declaration "a proud and selfconfident message," one quite different from the "defense mechanisms" that the Palestinian rabbis had to employ in their political prudence. It was a "proud proclamation" of "a new and self-confident Diaspora community." Schafer's second answer to this question is more concretely political. Here he notes that in the Persian Empire, both Judaism and Christianity were minority religions--islands of monotheism in a sea of Zoroastrian dualism (which affirmed a good god in conflict with a bad god, as opposed to the one good God affirmed by Judaism and Christianity). The two monotheistic religions were highly suspect in the eyes of the polytheistic Zoroastrian Persian or Sasanian rulers. Indeed, older polemics of Roman pagans against Jews and Christians castigated them both for their monotheism. From these political facts, Schafer speculates that the anti-Christian polemics of the Jews might be part of "a very vivid and fierce conflict between two competing 'religions' under the suspicious eye of the Sasanian authorities." Yet the Christians, however weak they were in the Persian Empire, no doubt had contacts with, and loyalties to, their far more numerous and more powerful brethren in the Roman Empire, and so it is plausible to suggest that the Persian authorities would have regarded Christians to be more of a political threat than their religious rivals, the Jews. Schafer thinks that Babylonian Jewish putdowns of Jesus might have been a way of diverting official Persian suspicion away from themselves and their religion toward Christians and their religion. In other words, the anti-Christianity of the Bavli was a way for the Babylonian Jews to curry favor with their Persian overlords by castigating a "negative other." And here Schafer ends his fascinating book. Peter Schafer's historical research and textual interpretation have implications, obviously, beyond the academy. This is a subject that profoundly affects Christian and Jewish self-understandings and mutual understandings. I can see three possible ramifications of Schafer's extraordinary scholarship in the context of the current Jewish-Christian relationship today. First, at the most troubling level, Schafer's work might encourage those Jews who would be happy to learn that there were times when Jews were able to "get even" with their Christian enemies: a kind of schadenfreude. In this way Schafer's work might hinder the emergence of a more positive Jewish-Christian relationship. (Not that he is guided by such an anxiety in his scholarship, of course.) Such people could use his work to encourage Jews to speak similarly again, now that Christians are much weaker than they have been in the past. But it is naive to think that self-respecting Christians will simply sit back and not answer their Jewish critics in kind, which would easily revive all the old animosity against Jews and Judaism. Taken this way, Schafer's work could also encourage Christian "hard-liners" to insist again that an animosity to Christians and Christianity is ubiquitous in Judaism and endemic to it, and that it cannot be overcome by the Jews. Why should Christians be any better when speaking of Jews and Judaism than Jews have been when speaking of Christians and Christianity? Second, Schafer's work might embarrass those Jews who like to dwell on the tradition of Christian anti-Judaism in all its ugly rhetoric, and imply that the Jews have largely kept themselves above any such ugliness. For Schafer demonstrates just the opposite. One might even speculate that had Jews gained the same kind of political power over Christians that Christians gained over Jews, Jews might well have translated their polemical rhetoric against Christianity (which, after all, posed a tremendous threat to the legitimacy of Judaism) into the political persecution of Christians, much the same way that Christians translated their polemical rhetoric against Judaism into the political persecution of Jews. Victimization does not confer sainthood. The Jews lacked the opportunity, but perhaps not the motive or the will, to practice the type of intolerance that they experienced at the hands of the Christians. Lastly, Schafer's very original scholarship in the area of Jewish-Christian relations might have the effect of ending at last the "guilt trip" that some Jews have laid on Christians, according to which theological contempt and religious intolerance is a uniquely Christian problem. (It is worth noting, of course, that in our own day militant Islam makes Christian anti-Judaism a less important threat to Jews.) Jews of this mind also want a positive relationship with Christians. Yet the fact is that, at least on the level of ideas, Jews and Christians have a similar problem with the notions about each other that emerge from their respective traditions. So at a time when both religions lack the power to hurt each other politically, there remains only the arena of ideas in which to build a new and better relationship or to destroy it. For this reason, this arena should be cultivated, and protected, and allowed to grow freely and honestly. Whatever Peter Schafer's extrascholarly intentions, his great scholarship now provides Jews and Christians interested in developing a new and better relationship with a way to work through many of the hateful things that we have said about each other in the past, but without pretending that this bad past was not as bad as it really was or that it can simply be forgotten. Reading Jesus in the Talmud in this way might well provide Western readers who live by either the Talmud or the New Testament, and who want to live in peace and maybe even trust with their closest historical-philosophical neighbors, with a great intellectual challenge. The sources that Schafer adduces are virulent and dangerous, but his analysis of them leaves one unexpectedly full of hope. By David Novak
Ethics in Banking Essay Example Banks are financial institutions the main function of which can be generalized to the creation of wealth. The performance of any banking institution in the world is measured by their capacity to maximize the financial base. It means that banks are evaluated on how they set their monetary policies to maximize financial assets in the given periods of time. The banking industry is the most important industry in controlling every aspect of the world economy. The reason is that governments, non-governmental organizations, as well as the general population, entirely rely on banks for any financial operation. Banks simply control the world. Therefore, the question of ethics in the banking industry is essential to analyze their great responsibility. The essay seeks to examine ethics in banking in relation to the government. It is especially focused on the takeover of banking by the government. The paper also points out the consequences when banks do not follow the ethical code of conduct. Banking ethics simply refer to ethical or moral principles that a certain bank may choose to follow. These ethics guide a bank during its operations. In banking ethics, there is no one universal code of ethics that has been set. Thus, banks have the right to set up their own ethical conducts. It is then their task to try and appeal to customers, partners, as well as investors. Banks go through the verification of partners and investors to determine their ethical standing. Thus, investors venture into banks with ethics on mind. Ethical banking seeks to establish an ethical bank. Ethical bank is the one where investors should not run a business not taking bank’s ethics into account. It also means that a bank seeks not to compromise its ethical policies and standings. It does not accept any investment that is against ethics. Ethical banking promotes investment opportunities that encourage social and environmental enterprises. Ethical Banking and the Government The banking industry is faced with several ethical questions in its operations. There are also different consequences as far as these policies are concerned. There are a lot of economic, social, and environmental issues arising in this century. It means that the banking industry has to make a lot of ethical decisions, especially as far as government control is concerned. The financial crisis that occurred between 2008 and 2011 was caused by the banking sector. The reason is that it is a section of the economy that is responsible for controlling all financial investments in it. Governments all over the world were left collecting the pieces of a broken economic structure (Labaton Sucharow LLP, 2012). It raises great concern for ethical principles that governments should stick. Independence in the banking industry was responsible for this crisis because governments could lend and borrow money without any limitation from state banks. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the banking industry in detail as far as ethics are concerned. Much work has to be done to estimate ethics in banking for its effectiveness. Get our professional academic help online 24/7. Citizens of different countries have been left discussing on whether governments should apply monetary policies fully to control baking institutions across the globe after the financial crisis of 2008. However, there are many implications and factors to consider before one is to come to a proper conclusion. The survey that was carried out in the United States of America on whether governments should control their operations proves that employees have a different point of view on the problem. About 20 percent of employees in the banking industry feel that they would break the law if they can access insider trading that would make them millionaires. About 25 percent of all employees have experienced misconduct in the past and have not reported on it. The most astonishing statistics in the survey show that 40 percent of the interviewed employees said that to make it, the banking industry required illegal and unethical conduct. It specifically shows how those employed in the banking sector feel about ethical banking. The statistics can still be applied today, but it was rather strong in the years prior to the financial crisis. Thus, the issue of ethical banking is critical (Wehinger, 2013). The scandals that have occurred in the banking sector in the past have further questioned the ability of the banking industry to stick to the ethical code. Such scandals include a serious scandal when several traders from banks across the world colluded to manipulate banking rates. These interbank lending rates determine what millions of people in different countries pay for their mortgages. They also determine profits that people receive from their savings in individual banks. Such a scandal plays a major role in creating a low level of confidence in the banking sector as unethical one. It also questions the role of the government in these matters. For such a scandal to happen, the supervision and regulation of an individual government must have been poor or even unavailable. The presence of scandals in these reputable financial organizations shows that the financial sector has performed cynical and even destructive actions. Too many of these actions actually threaten the lives of citizens across the globe. The reason is that banks are responsible for the control of resources to individual citizens and even the government. It may lead to the misallocation of funds and resources, financial crises, as well as negative or low returns and interests of pension funds. The public has shown cynicism and anger towards the banking industry in the previous decades. Especially, it happens after the misappropriation of funds such as poor investment of pension funds to obtain negative returns. Different economic researchers have accused the banking industry of disregarding the clients’ interests and even denigrating them. Different clients have also noted that banks advised people to invest in products and stocks, of which other companies were trying to get rid. The reason is that the partners themselves and stakeholders undertake investment projects that have potential profits. Therefore, the code of ethics for banks in terms of putting their clients ahead of organizational gain is actually a hoax. It does not mean that banks should not be profit-making investments. However, they should not make money at the expense of their clients. The main objectives of banks are to assist clients in savings, investments, and lending. Therefore, they must make their profits from service charges and interest rates (Bryfonski, 2010). Rather than targeting the client’s savings, they should develop ways to assist the client in making financial decisions to invest savings in profitable ventures. Therefore, the concept of an ethical bank has not become a reality. Our Samples Free Essay Examples are here. Government intervention has taken place in the banking industry. In every economy, there are banks and other financial institutions that are privately owned as well as a central bank or a reserve bank is controlled by the government. The government bank or the reserve bank acts as a controller of interests and the flow of currency in the economy. For example, in the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank controls the lending rates of commercial banks. It determines the interest rates that commercial banks charge to their customers. Governments also control the flow of currency from commercial banks to the public. The aim of it is to control inflation as well as the value of currency. Government control is also available in specific banking institutions. The government sets specific laws for commercial banks, which they have to follow. The government is not engaged in the control of other banking operations. Thus, the banking industry is independent in terms of its dealing with clients. It is evident in the lack of uniformity in the industry. Different banks have different lending rates, mortgage interest rates, as well as the terms of service (Groarke, 1998). The lack of total control of the banking industry raises the question of public welfare. The public’s trust in the banking industry has been lost after the financial crisis. That is why banks have attempted to make several changes to gain it back. For example, several banks have tried to reduce their exposure to risks through deleveraging of assets, coming up with effective risk models, and reducing shadow banking activities. Banks are now focused on gaining back their home markets rather than competing with each other in the global market. In some countries, the government has intervened to create two separate banking entities, dividing into investment banking and retail banking. It has put retail banks away from the risks faced by investment banks. Thus, retail banks are now safely back, offering savings, credits, and other financial services. On the other hand, investment banks have focused only on offering investment advices instead of financial services. However, economists and bankers who support universal banking do not agree on this form of banking control (Reynolds & Newell, 2011). They say that the fact that the government has separated these two activities does not necessarily mean better management in the banking sector. They believe that the solution lies not in government control but better risk modeling and financial signals. There are also different ways in which governments have decided to control banking operations. Several governments, especially in free trade areas, such as Europe, have joined to set new laws in banking. The main objective of these laws is to increase liquidity and capital requirements for commercial banks. Governments coordinate these requirements in an international setting. The laws are set to adopt more binding and tougher capital regulations in order to improve the risk management of these banks. Earlier on, before the financial crisis, the public saw the banking sector as a too big enterprise to fail. It was not the case of the financial crisis of 2008. Now, government efforts aim at reducing this threat. The laws are intended to make stakeholders in the banking industry realize that banking is an investment like no other and requires particular attention. The laws encourage individual banks to evaluate their ethical code of conduct to create a universal banking sector (Wehinger, 2013). banner info Other individuals in the banking industry have undertaken different programs to regulate banks. The main form of bank control is the limit of banks to home markets. It is done to prevent penetration from international markets. However, this form of control is not effective as banks are not free to invest in other regions. These regions could have scarce liquidity. Therefore, in this case, investment in other countries would be a flow of healthy capital. It is not an effective action in the banking industry that is struggling to recover after the financial crisis. The freedom of banks to invest in foreign markets has provided them a chance to stabilize due to the flow of healthy capital. Control weakens the banking system further. Government control in this case is safe, but it does not give the opportunity for investors to venture into new markets and take risks (Bryfonski, 2010). Total control of the banking industry is not quite effective. The government should not struggle to overtake private commercial banks and undertake banking operations itself. The main essence of private banking in the global market is to undertake investments. The meaning of investment is a venture that involves risks. Banks are enterprises that can venture into any investment freely because they have available capital to invest at the right time. The only reason why partners decide to start a bank is to get into investment activities at any time in any region. There are no investments without risks. Banks are themselves a risky investment. Most citizens feel that investment banks attempt to find enough capital and the right risk models for the global market. Banks give the public a chance to invest in the global market. The government is supposed to act as a welfare agent for its citizens. In banking, the government aims at ensuring that it protects the public from exploitation by banks. Therefore, it means that the government cannot encourage risky investments. If a client were to lose his/her money in an investment, the government as a welfare agent and the bank should cover the risks. It simply implies that the government cannot protect the public and advise them to risk their funds at the same time. Instead of fully control banks, the government should engage in a healthy bank regulation. It means that governments have to set a universal ethical code of conduct to guide all banks. Afterwards, governments should observe banks more closely to ensure that they adhere to the code of conduct. After all, the public is involved in risky investments in banking of own free will. The role of the government is to ensure that banks are not responsible for causing another financial crisis (Bryfonski, 2010). The government should employ the best economic analysts to give advice to commercial banks and the whistleblowers of illegal and unethical conduct at the same time. Thus, the government must act only as a regulatory body to maintain control on standards in banks. It will prevent the notion too big to fall that exists in the banking industry. This notion holds that the financial sector, especially commercial banks, has too much control over the international economy. As a result, it cannot fail without adverse effects on the economy. Therefore, the government always supports commercial banks on the brink of their collapse. The government acts as a bailout for these banks to avoid bankruptcy. Analysts believe that it would prevent the failure of the system. The government should have different regulatory measures to control the banking industry in order to prevent a repeat of the financial crisis, as well as the protection of public exploitation by bankers. banner info The first method of control that has failed in the past is the minimum requirement. It is a method of regulation when the government requires commercial banks to maintain a minimum capital ratio. It is done to ensure that banks do not over-borrow or lend more money than they can maintain. At the beginning of the global economic recession, commercial banks held little money in their reserves. Somehow, banks in the US found a leeway to determine the one responsible for their supervision and regulation. The main aim of the minimum requirements is to promote the objectives of the regulatory body. In this case, the federal government should control the minimum requirement in order to control the exposure of certain sectors of commercial banks to risks. It acts as a protective measure. It ensures that commercial banks can maintain their capital ratios even in times of economic downfall. In this case, the government should not intervene to bail out collapsing banks. This method of regulation has failed for commercial banks in the country. For this reason, the government had to control some of the smaller banks, which had not maintained their capital requirements during the financial crisis (Wehinger, 2013). Large banks were controlling most after giving loans to the smaller ones. The government had to get money from the public reserve to bail out the banks. In regulation, the government should make sure that it will not happen in the future. They should engage in better regulatory and supervisory methods to ensure that every bank maintains its capital ratio requirements. The government also acts as a supervisory body. This method of regulation has failed in the past. The government issues a bank license to commercial banks so that they could carry out banking operations. The government also goes ahead and supervises the activities of a bank. When applying for a bank license, applicants present their ethical guidelines. Moreover, there are other requirements that banks should fulfill before procuring the license. The government as a regulatory body ensures that the requirements are met in different ways. They include giving directions on the right action, obtaining undertakings from commercial banks, revoking the banking license, and imposing penalties. The government has failed to supervise commercial banks effectively. It has led to non-compliance with the requirements. Banks have also found a leeway in going against the supervisory body. It has resulted in activities against their ethical code of conduct. The government ends up assisting banks with problems that could be easily avoided. Thus, the government should not seek how to control banks but rather supervise their operations effectively. This way, banks will adhere to their requirements, thus operating effectively (Reynolds & Newell, 2011). The Federal Reserve Bank requires that each bank reports and discloses its annual financial information. This information and other details should also be available from the bank any time the Federal Reserve Bank requires it. Before the financial crisis of 2008, the government did not audit commercial banks. It trusted that their financial information was correct. It gave banks a chance to doctor their books of accounting. Later, the Federal Reserve Bank found out that banks were in different financial positions that they actually reported. It was a great risk for depositors and creditors who assessed wrong information in determining the level of risks when making investment decisions (Groarke, 1998). It means that banks could have a chance to go against a key ethical requirement, market discipline. Market discipline ensures that there is control over prices as well as lending rates in the market. Without market discipline, market prices are distorted. The market also lacks financial health. Besides, the government cannot use information on market prices to indicate the real financial health of commercial banks. In the process of regulation, regulatory bodies have made amends to secure commercial banks. The persistence of major financial scandals clearly shows that commercial bank regulation has a long way to go. The government has to develop new approaches aimed at bringing back trust in the banking industry. Commercial banks should also apply general logic in their operations. Most commercial banks do not adhere to their ethical code as far as compensation and pay are concerned. The government has made interventions in the industry to improve the economic situation that favor commercial banks. However, compensation and pay for bankers does not help make banking a better industry. Most people feel that bankers are unfairly rewarded rather than punished. The banking industry does not impose the right penalties for those in the industry (Reynolds & Newell, 2011). The perfect example is a manager receiving huge bonuses in good times as well as bad times. Managers can reap maximum rewards in times of credit crunches that is unfair for the financial sector. It shows that the banking industry is ready to absorb any economic gains easily. However, they run back to the government in times of economic downfall to bail them out. The government has bailed out banks from the financial crisis. Among these banks, there are managers and directors who reaped millions from the crisis. In this case, governments should leave banks to collapse rather than bail them out. The reason is that investors in banks have given their management the chance to take advantage of their investments. Commercial banks should also regulate their operations to avoid running back to the government after their collapse (Groarke, 1998). The fact that regulators have focused on making banks more efficient and transparent shows that the financial sector can improve. However, the government has paid little attention to the improvement of the sector for maximum benefits to the society in general. Banking has failed to fulfill its social function. The government has only focused on the financial part of banking with financial models and investment advices. Nevertheless, ethical banking involves the society and the bank’s environment. Banks should base their evaluation on real outcomes in the society. These include safety, access, performance, fairness, trust, and accountability. It will ensure financial health as well as social welfare. Every commercial bank will struggle to understand the market not only in terms of the economy but also as a society. Policymakers and regulators should realize that failure in the market at the level of institutions affects the society as a whole. The question is not whether the government controls banks fully or not. Rather, it is what the government is doing to improve the market at the institutional level, which will translate down to ordinary financial users (Reynolds & Newell, 2011). The notion that banks are too big financial sectors to fall is particularly selective. Only three decades ago, the global economy did not depend on banking. Banking played a minor role in it. Financial institutions were not in the list of major industries in different economies. However, it has changed drastically with changes in investments. Today, every economy in the world fully depends on the health of its banking sector. Overreliance on the financial markets poses the question of whether banks should be listed as basic utilities, such as electricity or water. The response to this question is in the trust that people are ready to give to financial markets. It is vital for the systems, which depend on trust, to work. The public heavily relies on banks to take care of financial savings. Their importance cannot be overestimated. Therefore, it is the role of the government to come up with regulatory measures to ensure that the banking sector is healthy. It does not imply that the government has to take over banking entirely. Rather, it means that the government should give banks freedom to invest and, at the same time, regulate their operations to avoid collapse (Groarke, 1998). Regulators should support collapsing banks only when banks really require it. It means that the carelessness of managers and investors is not a reason for bailing out. The government must also provide investment advice to the public. Economic experts have recently come up with principles to guarantee that the government can protect the public from commercial banks. It will ensure that commercial banks run as independent entities and fully assist the society. These principles will also improve disclosure, transparency, as well as responsibility, as far as ethical conduct is concerned with providing financial services. Moreover, they will make certain that the public is not a victim of misconduct of bankers. The principles aim to restore trust that is not achievable unless investors and customers feel secure about the banking sector. It is now the role of the government and banking authorities to adopt and follow the principles. This way, the global economy will stay ahead in matters of development to prevent any other crisis. The point that the government should completely absorb commercial banks will not assist in providing financial health. It will discourage risky investment and healthy competition in the market. Discount applied successfully
What does 20/20 vision really mean? To get a good grasp on this concept, we need to look at where the term comes from, what it measures, and what types of things your vision can be measured for overall. Let?s uncover this term and learn more about your vision. And remember, if you need to see an optometrist to get your vision tested, make an appointment with PineCone Vision Center today! Origins Of 20/20 Vision Eye Chart by Clker-Free-Vector-Images The term ?20/20? and other fractions measuring visual acuity are called Snellen fractions, named after Herman Snellen, a Dutch ophthalmologist who worked as a professor and director of eye disease research. While other vision acuity testing charts had existed before (since 1835), Snellen standardized the chart to what you see today in 1862, with the large ?E? at the top, and progressively smaller letters down the chart in a uniform fashion. Even the font used was custom designed by Snellen. The big ?E? at the top of the chart corresponds to 20/200 visual acuity, meaning if this is the only letter you can read, you can see things at only 20 feet away which normal people could see from as far as 200 feet away. If this is the only letter you can read, you are considered legally blind. On most Snellen charts, the smallest letters correspond to 20/10 visual acuity, which means your vision is twice as sharp as that of a person with 20/20 vision. Types Of Vision Measurement Visual acuity (20/20, 20/10, etc.) isn?t the only way to measure your eyesight. Visual acuity only indicates the sharpness or clarity of your vision at a distance. Other vision skills it?s important to measure include peripheral or side vision, eye coordination, depth perception, focusing ability, color vision, contrasting vision and more. An inability to bring objects nearby into focus can be caused by hyperopia (farsightedness) or presbyopia (loss of focusing ability). The opposite condition of being unable to focus on faraway objects may be caused by myopia (nearsightedness). comprehensive eye exam by an optometrist at PineCone Vision Center can diagnose what is affecting your ability to see well. In most cases we can prescribe glasses, contact lenses or a vision therapy program which will help improve your vision. If the reduced vision is due to an eye disease, you may be prescribed ocular medication or another treatment. Font Resize
What Public Health Can Do to Make COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution More Equitable PHX Perspectives \| January 29th, 2021 The COVID-19 pandemic is highly characterized by the health disparities it perpetuates among our most vulnerable populations. Hospitalization rates for COVID-19 are roughly 5-times higher for Native Americans, Alaska natives, and African Americans, and 4 times higher for Latinx, compared with non-Hispanic whites. Morbidity rates among African Americans are more than 3-times higher and mortality rates are 6-times higher in predominantly black communities compared to predominantly white communities. Although the pandemic disproportionally affects ethnic and racial minorities, these groups are also less likely to take a vaccine even if it is available to them. As public health advocates, we have an important role to educate our communities and a duty to strive for an equitable access to the vaccine. The COVID-19 vaccines, which are up to 95% effective, have the potential to save hundreds of thousands of lives in the U.S. and millions more across the world. While producing enough vaccines and distributing them efficiently and equitably is extremely important, it is of paramount importance to ensure as many people as possible take them. Yet, as the history of vaccines shows, that is not always simple. There are several reasons why people may decide not to take a vaccine. These reasons can range from a small percent of anti-vaxxers, to those who are hesitant to take the vaccine due to its record-breaking development and approval times, or those who believe they are not in a high-risk group and believe they do not need it. However, for ethnic and minority groups the history of past scientific and medical misconducts leads to a distrust of the medical establishment. For African Americans of a certain age the Tuskegee study, an infamous syphilis experiment, still looms on their minds. In order to track the disease’s full progression, researchers withheld penicillin even though it became the standard treatment 15 years into the experiment. As a result, many men died or experienced other severe health problems due to their untreated syphilis, including blindness and insanity. Coupled with other individual experiences with healthcare, this can lead to a mistrust in the medical establishment that can translate to a lower uptake in vaccines. More recently, years of punitive immigration policies from the previous administration might make Latinx immigrants, especially the 11 million undocumented immigrants, skeptical about taking a vaccine. Over the past four years, they faced everything from raids by immigration enforcement authorities to a Public Charge rule that threatens future citizenship for using public benefits. The mere existence of these policies has caused some immigrants, including the millions of frontline food and service workers who must work in person and have contact with others, to abstain from any sort of health care for fear of deportation. Unless racial and ethnic minorities are vaccinated, the pandemic will linger. An appropriate and equitable COVID-19 response needs to acknowledge the challenges and reasons why minorities are less likely to vaccinate and to alleviate these challenges. It is important to build trust among these groups through health education and health equity initiatives. As public health advocates, it is our responsibility to educate communities on the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines. This should come from a place of cultural humility, acknowledging the reasons why people might be hesitant to take a vaccine, but without automatically assuming resistance to vaccines. Provide accurate information about vaccines and make it easily accessible. Furthermore, confirming that the educational resources are in the appropriate languages, at the appropriate literary level, and sharing them through the appropriate communication channels can help to reach your target community more effectively. Disparities can also be due to inappropriate or ineffective outreach. Beyond an educational campaign, we must facilitate vaccine administration to disenfranchised communities. This can be achieved through mobile vaccination sites in neighborhoods they might not reach otherwise, and by collaborating with community health centers, schools, and local employers with good presence in these areas to encourage community members to vaccinate. A “silver lining” of the raging pandemic is that it could help pave the road towards a more equitable world. COVID-19 has taught us that the collective health of our communities is determined by the health of all the people that comprise it. The racial and political injustices that threatened the health of our communities of color are the same that now threaten our collective health. Addressing health disparities now can lead to a new kind of “herd immunity,” whereby resistance to the spread of disease is achieved when a high proportion of individuals— across all racial, ethnic, and social class groups—are protected from negative social determinants of health. Leave a Reply
Corns and callouses 16 June, 2021 by Progno Health Medical Team \| No comments yet Corns and callouses Corns and callouses are thick dead cells that develop either over or under the skin. They are usually a result of the body's defense system to protect itself from excessive and repetitive friction from shoes, slippers, socks, or any other external factor. They may also develop due to an Improper walking motion. However, most are caused by Ill-fitting or hIgh4ee1ed shoes which put pressure on the toes. You may have corn or callous If you have. a thick, rough area of skin, hardened, raised bump with tenderness or pain under your skin. Corns are smaller than rAousft and have a hard center surrounded by Inflamed, skit. Callouses. rarely painful. They usually develop on the soles of your tees, especially under the heels, on the palms, or on the knees. If a corn or callus becomes very painful or Inflamed consult the doctor immediately. Tips to treat and prevent corns and callouses. 1. Always wash your feet and moisturize them before going to bed to kill bacteria growth and keep fungal infections at bay. 2. If there is a thick, rough area on your skin, applying castor oil to soften it. 3. Soak your hands or feet in warm water daily to soften corns and callouses, which make it easier to remove the thickened skin. 4. Avoid wearing tight footwear and keep your nails short as they attract dirt and bacteria, thereby leading to fungal infections in the feet. 5. Make sure your shoes fit properly and comfortably. Consider wearing pads to protect sensitive areas from rubbing. 6. Avoid overuse of high heels or any shoes that put pressure on the balls of the feet. 7. Consult a doctor if the corns or calluses are painful, especially if you have a chronic condition such as diabetes. 8. If you have diabetes consult the doctor before sell-treating because even a minor injury to the foot can lead to an infected open sore (ulcer). 9. You can buy corn caps to protect the area where corn or callous has developed. But be careful while using over-the-counter (non-prescription) liquid corn removers or corn caps. These contain salicylic acid, which can irritate healthy skin and lead to infection, especially in people with diabetes. Sign in to leave a comment
In Georgian mythology, Amirani is a hero, the son of the goddess Dali and a mortal hunter. According to the Svan version, the hunter’s wife learned about her husband’s affair with Dali and killed her by cutting her hair while she was asleep. At Dali’s death, the hunter extracted from her womb a boy whom he called Amirani. The child had marks of his semi-divine origins with symbols of the Sun and the Moon on his shoulder-blades and a golden tooth. Georgian myths describe the rise of the titan Amirani, who fights devis (ogres), challenges the gods, kidnaps Kamar (the daughter of gods), and teaches metallurgy to humans. In punishment, the gods (in some versions, Jesus Christ) chain Amirani to a cliff (or an iron pole) in the Caucasus Mountains, where the titan continues to defy the gods and struggles to break the chains; an eagle ravages his liver every day, but it heals at night. Amirani’s loyal dog, meantime, licks the chain to thin it out, but every year, on Thursday or in some versions the day before Christmas, the gods send smiths to repair it. In some versions, every seven years the cave where Amirani is chained can be seen in the Caucasus. Scholars agree that this folk epic about Amirani must have been formed in the third millennium BCE and later went through numerous transformation, the most important of them being morphing pagan and Christian elements after the spread of Christianity. The myth could have been assimilated by the Greek colonists or travelers and embodied in the corpus of the famous Greek myth of Prometheus. In the Georgian literature and culture, Amirani is often used as a symbol of the Georgian nation, its ordeals and struggle for survival. There was and there was not (of God’s best may it be!), there was an old hunter, named Sulkalmakhi. He lived in a forest with his wife Darejan and his two little sons, Badri and Usupi. His eldest son Tsamtsumi lived in a distant country. One evening, on his way home, after a weary day of hunting, he came to a high cliff. As it was late, he spent the night in a cave near this cliff. At dawn he heard a scream that came from the top of the cliff. After much difficulty, he reached the top. And there, in a cave, he beheld Dali, the Goddess of the wood (hunt). She lay writhing on the ground. The Goddess on seeing him begged him to take a knife and cut open her womb and take from it the baby that was there. She told him that a stranger had come to her while she was sleeping, and had cut off her long golden hair, and had remained with her that night-“If it be a boy, name him Amirani. Take him, and bring him up and love him as thine own.” The hunter did as she told him. He cut open her womb with his knife and took out the infant. It was a boy who” had a golden tooth in his mouth. The hunter took the infant home to his wife, who soon loved him even more than her own sons, so that he was called “Darejani’s son”. Amirani grew as much in a day as other children grow in a year. Soon the hunter and his wife died, leaving the children to look after themselves. As for Amirani Astounding was the quantity of wine he drank and food he ate. For dinner he a bull devoured; for supper more than three he ate. Now Badri was as gentle and as lovely as a virgin maid. A crystal tower did Usup seem, so strong and graceful was he made. But like a dark and lowering cloud was Amirani, ever grave. Once Amirani and his brothers went ahunting far from home. O’er many mountains did they wander, over plains where devils roam. They passed the Algetisni mountain, heeding neither heat nor cold, When sudden from its lofty summit sprang a deer with horns of gold. Upon this strange and distant mount they saw a crystal castle fair. They walked around the lofty tower, but could not find an entrance there, Then Amirani struck the wall on which the sun its light did pour; And there the castle oped its mouth, and lo! before them stood a door. A warrior dead upon the floor, and near his head a steed they spied; At his right side a giant sword sent flashing lustre far and wide. His shield reached heavens high, and tore the lining of the spacious sky; And in one corner of the room in heaps did gold and silver lie. With loosened hair his mother knelt, and for her child she loudly cried. His wife whose tears o’erflowed the seas sat weeping at her husband’s side. The dead man held a letter in his hand, which he had written before his death. Amirani, stooped down, took it and read aloud… “I beg of ye, to list to me. Usup’s brother’s son am I. All trembled at my strength and might; the foe from me in fear did fly Yet while the devi Baqbaqi is alive, no peace have I, So, whoe’er slays that monstrous giant to him my flashing shield give I; Whoever brings the tidings glad to him my peerless sword give I; Whoe’er my parents buries well to him my wealth and land give I; Whoever finds my sister’s fate to him my hoard of gold give I; Whoever buries me to him my wife and faithful steed give I.” On hearing this the brothers were greatly troubled, for it was then that they learned of the brother whom they had never seen or known of. Amirani was the first to speak. “Why do we stand here doing nothing. Let us go and seek the devi Baqbaqi. But wait, let us take away the lady, the steed and all this gold and silver before we go.” But the brothers said: “O Amirani of the sun, desire not that what is not thine. Else thy good name be spat upon for robbing a dead man’s riches fine.” They buried the dead and locked the castle. Then they set out to find the devi. Soon they met the devi Baqbaqi who had heard of Tsamtsumi’s death, and was coming to eat him. But Amirani rushed upon the devi with his sword on high. “No Christian wilt thou touch,” he cried, “thou monster vile, I dare thee try!” Then Amirani and the giant to all the world their strength disclosed. Their cries like thunder echoed far as both in deadly struggle closed. The devi felt his strength give way and down he fell upon the plain. His arm was cleft, he howled aloud as on the ground he rolled in pain. “Darejani’s son,” he cried, “O kill me not, I beg of thee! And I shall tell thee of a maid who lives beyond a magic sea. So fair is she that ev’n the sun has never seen the like before. Her dress is made of wondrous silks and gold that sunbeams o’er it pour. But one must pass great seas and mounts to reach Qamari’s native strand. I’ll give to thee a cunning slave to help thee find that distant land.” Amirani wished to let the devi go free, but his brothers said: “Kill him, otherwise thouwilt regret it.” The devi had three heads. Amirani, listening to his brothers’ words, cut off Baqbaqi’s heads. But before he had cut off the third the devi said: “One thing I ask of thee before I die. Do not kill the three worms that will crawl out of my heads.” Amirani cut off the third head. From Baqbaqi’s heads three worms crawled out. Usupi told Amirani to kill them at once, but Amirani laughed and said: “The devi could not do me any harm, so can three tiny worms do anything to me?” Then he turned to the guide Baqbaqi had given them and told him to lead the way to Qamari, a maid such as the sun had never seen the like of. Thus they went over hill and vale, without a rest, without delay, Hoping to reach the destined place at close of every weary day. They followed e’er the wary guide, and thus went on an endless way. But soon the brothers understood the guide was leading them astray! Then Amirani shouted loud: “Thou wretch, I’ll make thee howl in woe. Mislead us not or else I’ll strike thee flat upon the ground below.” The guide soon led them to a plain where they beheld in dread dismay Baqbaqi’s worms to dragons three had grown and there before them lay! One worm was red, the other black, the third was white; and all the three Sang: “Amirani do we seek,” as they came prancing o’er the lea. “Come, brothers mine, and let us kill the dragons!” Amirani cried. “Thou didst not kill the worms; so fight alone the dragons,” they replied. Then Amirani clutched the sword that like the wrath of heaven flashed: “Help me in my distress, my sword!” and towards the dragons three he dashed. A dreadful struggle took place. Amirani killed the white dragon. Then he killed the red one. The black dragon rushed forward belching fire and smoke. Amirani was so exhausted and weak that the monster swallowed him, and off it went to its mother, the sea. Usupi and Badri were greatly distressed. They resolved to kill the dragon. Usupi drew his bow and lo! the dragon’s tail was severed off. The monster wished to wind itself about a tree and crush its prey. But it strove in vain and could only flap the stump of its tail on the ground. The dragon groaned: “O mother, help! my entrails burn and render me wild!” “None but the son of Darejan can ever harm thee, dearest child.” “He who is in me has a tooth of gold.” the dragon writhing sighed. “Woe to thy mother and to thee, for that is Darejani’s child!” In the meantime Amirani had taken out a sharp knife which he had in his boot. He cut through the dragon’s belly, and came out. Once again the three brothers set out in search of Qamari. They went on and on beyond the sky, across the earth, through forests, across the plains, over the mountains, through storm and battle and through fire and blood. At last they came to a large castle where nine devis lived together with their wives and children. It was impossible to count the number of their sons and daughters and grandchildren. Then Amirani rushed within and killed the devis at one blow. Blood flowed and overflowed the house; the world gleamed in a crimson glow. The blood rose up and filled the tower, and Amirani felt the dread Of being drowned within the sea of blood that now had reached his head! But suddenly his eyes beheld a struggling devi floating nigh; He caught and threw it at the door, which opened wide, and with a cry The blood rolled up, and like a ball of thunder left the castle high. The brothers came into the tower and found a mount of devis dead. They cleared the house and washed the floor which devis’ blood had stained with red. And thereafter the brothers three a life of peace and comfort led. Thus Amirani and his brothers lived happily together for some time. But, as time passed, Amirani grew sad. The thought of Qamari, the maiden unseen even by the sun, was ever in his mind. He grew restless. So one day he turned to Badri… “Give me thy steed Snow-white,” he said, “’twill lead me safe o’er land and sea; We’ll fly along the tempest’s breast, and bring Qamari back with me.” Badri gave him his steed Snow-white. Amirani together with his brothers went forth to find Qamari. Soon they came to a great sea. Amirani, leaving Usupi and Badri on the shore plunged into the sea. Snow-white cut through the waves and Amirani in the twinkling of an eye found himself on the opposite shore, where Qamari lived. Qamari’s parents lived amidst the suns and stars in heavens high; Above the world their castle fine hung swinging in the azure sky. Then Amirani spurred his horse, and like an arrow made it fly; And with his sword he cut the chain that tied the castle to the sky. The castle fell, and Amirani to the window rode and cried: “Qamari, come, and be my wife, in happiness with me abide.” Qamari was tidying up the house when she heard Amirani call. “Thou must wait,” she replied, “I must wash these dishes before I go with thee.” Amirani tied his horse and went in. The beautiful maiden asked him to help her. He placed each dainty dish upon a shelf. But one little dish would not stand upright. He tried and tried and tried in vain, he tried with all his might and zeal; And then impatiently he threw it down and crushed it with his heel. Then piece with piece, and dish with dish, began to speak in deafening cry; And all the dishes upwards flew to Qamari’s father in the sky. Qamari told Amirani to make haste for — “If my father finds us here, to escape his anger will be late.” So Amirani and Qamari rode away in great haste… The whirling winds in fury blew; the rain like torrents flowed from high. But Amirani wondered much to see the sun shine in the sky. “The wind,” explained Qamari, “is the dust blown up by the rushing feet of my father’s men. The rain is the tears shed by my mother who is weeping for me. But Amirani, quick, lest we be overtaken.” “My Qamari,” answered Amirani, “why this haste? Fear them not. No tiny forest bird am I caught by a falcon when on high; No rabbit caught by dogs am I; no little leaf wind-tossed am I. My brothers two and I will cut the heads of all the coming foe, And all thy father’s men I’ll lay stone dead before thee with one blow. So let them come! Let thousands come! I’ll meet them with my dagger bright. However great their number be, however great their strength and might.” Amirani and Qamari soon reached the shore where Usupi and Badri were waiting. They looked back and saw the sea covered with ships sent by Qamari’s father. The ships were full of devis and Kajis. Usupi mounted the steed Snow-white and plunged into the sea. He fell upon the Kajis and devis and killed half their number. But he was wounded and fell dead. Now Badri rushed at the enemy, and hewed and hacked them down. But he also fell wounded and died. Amirani shot an arrow, but before following it cried: “Far better than a shameful life is gloried death within a grave!” Now Amirani forward rushed and made the foe before him fall; But there was one whom none could kill, the strongest, mightiest of them all. The lord of the devis and Kajis was Qamari’s father, who was wroth to see all his army slain. He rushed in fury and anger at Amirani. Fire lighted up the sky as sword met sword. They struggled a long time, but neither could strike the other. Qamari saw with a sinking heart that Amirani was about to fall. She knew that it was impossible to kill the lord of the devis and Kajis. She called to Amirani: “Thou fightest not as warriors should,” and tears flowed from her anxious eye. “Strike lower down to bring him down! Thy sword thou wieldest up too high.” “A house that’s shattered at the base will fall, however large or high.” Her father on hearing her words cried: “Cursed be the hussy! Hear her words! How to her father she is blind. Like leaves do husbands thrive, but can she another father find? Why did thy mother care for thee. It would have been better if she had brought forth a dog instead, for it would have been more faithful and true to her.” “I never sucked my mother’s breast, nor ever heard a lullaby; None cared if I lived on or died, alone, abandoned I would cry.” When Amirani heard the words he swung his mighty sword around, And in one lightning stroke his foe, deprived of life, fell on the ground. Amirani, victorious and happy hurried back to Qamari. But on the way he met a woman. She said to him: “Where goest thou? Why this haste? For thy beloved thou hast slain her father and his men. But who is grateful to thee for the deed? If thou wert a man thou wouldst unsheathe thy steel, and find thy brothers.” Amirani suddenly remembered Usupi’s words, “For thy lady love thy brothers are willing to die.” Amirani forgot Qamari. His only thought and desire was to find Usupi and Badri. He said to himself, “If I find my brothers alive, I will rejoice and be happy with them, but if they are dead, I will dig a grave, and lay myself beside them.” On the fields covered with the bodies of the devis and Kajis vultures and beasts of prey were feasting and revelling. After a long search Amirani found the dead bodies of his brothers. “O brothers mine,” he wailed aloud, “Hear how I mourn for you and cry. Have pity! be not wroth with me; to ye I come; with ye I die.” He tried to plunge into his heart his dagger, but in vain the strife; He knew not that if he had cut his little finger with a knife, Then he would bleed to death and thus, with gladness, leave this woeful life. But Amirani knew this not, so down he sat and grieving said: “Unworthy am I ev’n of death.” And on the ground his dagger laid. But one dead Kaji sudden sat, and to the other Kajis said: “O Kajis, listen to me now and know of what the world is made. You hear how Amirani weeps and grieves because he cannot die; If he cuts off his finger then the blood will flow and he will die.” On saying this the Kaji lay down again. All was as still as before. Amirani, who had heard the words of the dead Kaji, took his dagger and cut his little finger off. The blood flowed out and he lay down beside his brothers. “Qamari,” he whispered weakly, “give up thy life for me, and die with me. Prefer me dead to even the glory of a living lion.”Amirani breathed his last. Qamari with loud wailings ran up to him. With loosened hair, she mourns her mate; her tears with seas and oceans blend. In pity leaves from trees drop down, and to her wailings rustlings lend. At that moment there jumped out a little mouse. It began to lick Amirani’s blood but Qamari in rage took off her shoe and throwing it at the mouse killed it. At this the mother of the mouse came out and to Qamari said: “Thou wanton, for thy love and sake thy mate and all thy kin are dead. Thou canst do naught for all thy dead, while I can bring my child to life.” When both the mice had disappeared within their holes beneath the ground, Qamari rose with beating heart, and soon that very herb she found. Qamari applied it to Amirani, and he was restored to life. When he saw Qamari he said: “What a long time I have slept!” But Qamari said: “Thy sleep would indeed have been a long one but for the mouse.” She told him what had happened. Then she applied the herb to Usupi and Badri. They both came back to life. Then all the four, Qamari, Amirani, Usupi and Badri went home rejoicing. O happy they, three brothers true, for whom the golden sunbeams glow; Their wives none dare to carry off, none dare to face their deadly blow; None dare to break within their homes, nor to their lives bring grief and woe. Thus they lived happily. Amirani was always in search of new adventures. He killed many giants and dragons. And the wonder of his deeds spread throughout the world. For fear of him no bird flew under heaven, no ant crawled on earth. And soon there were but three devis, three wild boars, and three oak trees left standing in the world. Many times had Amirani offended God but had always been forgiven, nevertheless — Amirani, who had nowhere met his match, became so confident of himself, that he desired to try his strength with his Godfather, Jesus Christ. So once when Jesus Christ stood before him he expressed his desire to wrestle with Him. Jesus Christ said that it was a sin to fight with one’s Godfather. But Amirani would not be persuaded and wishing to test. His strength challenged his Godfather to wrestle with him. “Very well, have thy wish.” said Christ. He waved a large stick above His head, and driving it deep into the ground, told Amirani to pull it pout. Amirani pulled, and with one hand drew the stick out. Then his Godfather drove another stick into the ground. Again did Amirani draw it out. “Art Thou playing with me?” he asked angrily. “Try to draw this one out,” said Jesus Christ. And saying this He swung His stick and fixed it firmly in the ground. The stick took root which grew so long that soon about the world it wound. Amirani could not pull the stick from the ground. Then Jesus Christ cursed Amirani. Upon the highest peak of the Caucasus He stuck a huge iron pole, and bound Amirani to it with a chain. He left a black-eared dog with Amirani, for the dog had killed many deer loved by God. A vulture had given it birth, so that it had wings. Every day a raven brought to them a loaf of bread and a glass of wine. Amirani and the dog pulled ceaselessly at the chain the whole year long; The pole was almost out when lo! a bird would perch upon its top. Amirani knew that the bird was sent by God, and wishing to kill it, he flung a large iron hammer at it. The bird flew away in time to avoid the hammer. The hammer strikes the iron pole which sinks into the ground again. And every year do Amirani and the dog pull at the chain. The chain thus strained at soon wears out and when about to break in twain, The blacksmiths of the world come there and quickly make it whole again. And Amirani’s dagger lies beside him on the ground below; But rust hath eaten up its blade; no more doth it with lustre glow. “God forbid!” every Georgian prays, that Amirani ever break the chain and become free “He will first kill all the blacksmiths, and then dare defy even God.” Let woe be far, and joy be near; chaff be there, and flour be here; God’s blessings on the minstrel old, and all who list with eager ear! And up a mount I push a cart; then down the hill it rolling flies. We’ll live in joy and die in peace, and then we’ll dwell in Paradise. Leave a Reply Back to top button
Panther Chameleon Care Sheet Panther Chameleon Scientific Facts Common Name:Panther Chameleon Scientific Name:Furcifer pardalis Life Span:5 to 7 years Mass:Male: 140 to 180 gramsFemale: 60 to 100 grams Length: Male: 12 to 18 inchesFemale: 10 to 14 inches Size:35 to 50 cm Habitat:Forest floor, the foliage of tropical forests Country of Origin:Madagascar Physical Description Image Source Panther chameleons are celebrated for the variety of their colors and their unique behavior. When you look at their skin, males appear to have more vibrant colors compared to the females. Depending on their mood or visual stimulation, males may display colors that indicate a relaxed or excited state. Their color can inform a rival male that he is willing to defend his turf and inform a potential partner that he wants to court her. Matured female panther chameleons are colored in softer hues like peach, rose, and violet. Panther chameleons can appear in varying shades of blue, green, or black while bearing bright patches of yellow, pink, orange, and red. Now, for anatomy, their five toes are fused together to two groups of two and three, appearing like a tong. Their eyes are conical in shape and can rotate quite freely. Each of their eyes can focus on two different things at the same time. They have two small nostrils above their mouth with white mucus around their nose. Panther chameleons also look like moderately long and flexible tail that the chameleon can curl according to their needs. Male panther chameleons are also even more recognizable for bearing small ridges that protrude from their head. Life Span With proper care, panther chameleons usually live up to 5 years. But in some cases, in captivity, some specimens have been found to live up to 7 years. Usually, males can outlive females. Image Source Panther chameleons can be seen in a variety of colors and sizes, and most of these variations are related to the localities where they have naturally developed. Usually, these color variations are referred to as locales. They are named using these terms, followed by the word “chameleon.” This is the current list of updated panther chameleon locales: 1. Ambanja 2. Ambato 3. Ambilobe 4. Ambodirafia 5. Ampiskiana 6. Andapa 7. Ankaramy 8. Ankify 9. Joffreville 10. Maroantsetra 11. Masoala 12. Nosy Ankarea 13. Nosy Be 14. Nosy Boraha 15. Nosy Faly 16. Nosy Mitsio 17. Nosy Radama 18. Reunion 19. Sambava 20. Tamatave Image Source If you seek to care for your own panther chameleon, they are commonly available from reputable breeders and can be found in most local reptile shops, reptile shows, or some internet marketplaces. The most common locale variants are Ambilobes and Nosy Be. Depending on their color, size, and other characteristics, panther chameleons vary in price. Image result for panther chameleon cage Image Source Panther chameleons should never be kept in glass terrariums. They need to be well-ventilated, so you should place them on a mesh enclosure. Refine metal or fiberglass mesh is not recommended for chameleon cages. Your best option would be PVC coated hardware cloth. Having enough vertical space is essential for the chameleon to have space to climb. The recommended size for an enclosure is 24 by 36 inches or as big as 36 by 48 inches. If you can, invest in a taller and larger one for the panther chameleon because they enjoy climbing high up off the ground. An outdoor cage can also be used when the weather is warm enough, as long as you can prevent overheating to occur. You should provide your panther chameleon’s cage with several plants that are of no harm to them, as well as some barks, logs, and branches. Chameleon enclosures can also benefit from an installation of some Ficus trees, but it requires some caution as the sap can be irritating. You can also try using hibiscus, pothos, and dracaena. Make sure that you will provide a great selection of branches, a set with different diameters should be provided. To prevent any form of growth of bacteria or mold, you must make sure that your enclosure is always as clean as it can be. To better protect the cage, it is best to line the bottom with newspaper or paper towels. If you are allowing live plants in the cage, use a plain paper substrate under your potted plants for more effortless cleaning. Do not use wood chips and other forms of substrates because it might be ingested and cause blockages to the panther chameleon. Lighting and Temperature Image result for panther chameleon lighting Image Source Panther chameleons enjoy basking under heated temperatures, so you should make sure that the warmth is at the optimum status. They need an ultraviolet (UVA/UVB) light source, so you should invest in the right light bulb. A UVB light set up is one that is usually most recommended by people, which is a strip light, having a 5.0 Reptisun lamp inside. Utilize this type of set up aside from just using some conventional basking bulb, because these lights do not emit any form of UVB. If your chameleon’s living space is big enough for the heat to disperse, use a mercury vapor bulb instead. It is an excellent source of both UVB rays and heat. The best temperature gradient would be around 75 and 90 degrees, with a basking spot at 95 degrees. At night, the minimum temperature should not go lower than 15 degrees. Heating works best when an incandescent light in a reflector or a ceramic heat element is used. Either of these should be placed outside of the cage to prevent burning your chameleon. Image result for panther chameleons humidity cage Image Source Panther chameleons thrive in high humidity locations. It is best to target a 60 to 80 percent level of humidity. You can accomplish this by misting the plants regularly. Having a misting system is recommended. Panther chameleons also tend to stray away from drinking in water bowls. What they enjoy is licking the leaves of some plants to gain their water content. By having a misting system, you can give the chameleon an alternate water source. A great option would be to position the drip system in a way that allows water to cascade over the plants inside the enclosure. Another excellent investment would be a hygrometer. Panther chameleons are insectivores, so you should be ready to feed them a variety of insects. The most fundamental part of their diet is crickets, but you can also feed them silkworms, flies, locusts, roaches, butter worms, grasshoppers, mealworms, wax worms, and super worms. But, you should be very cautious in feeding them insects caught in the wild, because there might be possible exposure to a pesticide. Also, avoid feeding them fireflies. The insects that you should feed panther chameleons must be gut-loaded, meaning fed with fresh vegetables, vitamins, and minerals, before they are eaten by the chameleons. Besides, you can also introduce your chameleon to eating plant matter, including mustard greens, turnip greens, collard greens, and pods of the sugar snap pea. If you notice some uneaten insects or the chameleon gaining a lot of weight, you can adjust the volume of food you give to them or how often you feed them. Remember not to leave any form of prey for too long because the insects might attack your chameleon. For the best health of your chameleon, gut loads the insects well and dust the insects with a calcium and vitamin D3 supplement two to three times a week. Eating Habits Image result for panther chameleons eating Image Source The recommended time to feed panther chameleons is shortly after their cage lights are turned on. Avoid feeding them during the night. Panther chameleons need the activity and the heat in the daytime to digest their food. If you see food that is not consumed during the day, remove it before nightfall. The general rule of thumb is that the length of the insect should not exceed the width of the panther chameleon’s head. They are known for eating some gigantic insects for their size. But the possibility of them choking is very realistic, especially while they are still young. Baby panther chameleons under 3 months old should be fed with fruit flies and pinhead crickets. Young ones commonly feed on ¼ inch to ½ inch crickets. You can also offer them small worms. The best is to provide 10 to 15 of these daily. For adult panther chameleons, offer them treats. It is standard for panther chameleons to sidestep a newly introduced insect at first. They might not identify it as food, and it will take some time before they take the first bite. But once they do, they usually go crazy for the new treat. At this age, they are mostly eating full-size crickets. You should feed your panther chameleon daily until they are fully matured at 18 months old. An adult panther chameleon should be offered 6 to 8 crickets daily. You may also do a feeding of 12 crickets every other day. Water and Drinking Habits In the wild, panther chameleons typically drink from water drops on leaves after rainfall or from heavy dew. In captivity, owners should try to replicate these situations. But, there can be mistakes like giving too much or too little. Panther chameleons love to drink, and it is because they need it. Therefore, this is one of the essential things to consider while adopting one. You can instill a dripping water system inside the cage so that the chameleon can take in full drops, whenever it wants. Sleeping Habits Image result for panther chameleons sleeping Image Source Like most species, the sleep that a panther chameleon should get depends on many factors like age, time of year, how much food it has eaten, and how much energy is lost. On average, panther chameleons sleep around 12 hours a day. They tend to start sleeping as long as the lights are off and often assume their sleeping position 30 minutes before the lights are turned off. The best way to regulate your chameleon’s sleeping patterns is to buy yourself a few digital timers and set it your UVB light and basking heating light. Sometimes, panther chameleons sleep with one eye open a little bit. But, usually, you will be able to see that they are asleep as they sink their eye turrets a little and close the center part of their eye so it will look like a slit. The best way to see if a panther chameleon is sleeping is when they display their beautiful colors. Sometimes, the colors get so bright that they are almost white. Chameleons in captivity can also establish their own daily routines. They sleep the way they want and choose their favorite areas to get their rest. These chameleons stick to these chosen locations until they observe something changing in their homes. A little movement of a tree or having them in a room where they feel like its crowded can change a lot of things. These lizards prefer to dwell on trees and are diurnal; meaning they are active during the day. They hunt from branches of plants to big bushes so that they can find their prey. Most of the time, they enjoy being alone in the territory that they consider their home. They only spend time with their partners during the mating season. Panther chameleons can be very territorial so it would be best to house them separately. Handling them can be very stressful, so remember that they are the type of pets that do not like handling, so you just appreciate them by staring at them as much as you want. Like most other chameleon species, the panther chameleon can be extremely territorial. If you house two males in one enclosure, they change their color and attack each other. This is how they attract female partners when left in the wild. When the two males come face to face, they become aggressive. Aside from changing their colors, they inflate their bodies to appear larger than they really are. The contest usually ends at this period with the loser backing up and leaving. It also changes its color to a dark or drab shade. But, if the battle doesn’t end, it would lead to a physical fight. Some care experts argue that, in captivity, two genders would never leave together peacefully. The female will end up starving to death when she is living with a male. However, you can place two females safely together. Babies and young chameleons can also live together as long as they are within the same age. Development and Reproduction or Breeding Image Source When the male panther chameleon reaches 8 months old of age, they measure around 10 to 12 inches long and get ready for mating. Their female counterparts can also mate when they reach 8 months old, but it is best to start when they are at least a year old. Generally, males are ready to breed right away. The females, however, must be prepared before they start mating. Unreceptive females turn black, hiss, gape, and can also attack and bite advancing males. If the female is interested, they change their colors from brown, white, and khaki to beautiful salmon pink. When you see a female consistently displaying her salmon pink color, you may introduce her inside the male’s enclosure. When he is displaying his best colors, the male will begin advancing toward the female chameleon. If still proven receptive, the female remains pink in color, and she accepts the advantage. As copulation commences, it can take several hours before they are finished. Owners can keep them together for several mating sessions until they see the female rejecting the male. There is no need to watch over them the entire time. But, you must check on them when they are too aggressive, and the female must be removed in the cage immediately when it happens. Caring for Eggs Image Source Then, the gestation will take about 20 to 30 days. Around 15 days after mating, the female will stop eating until she begins laying eggs. She will roam around her cage, start digging a tunnel, then, lays her eggs. The laying area should at least be 10 inches deep with enough soil that is moist enough to hold a tube. Using a 5-gallon bucket or a small rubber tub will work just fine. Take note that during this stage, it would be best not to watch the female dig or lay. Watching over females can lead to them being scared, abandoning their laying hole, and risk dying due to not being able to put the eggs. When she is finished, take her out and return her to the cage. Give her extra water and food that is rich in calcium. After the female is returned to her cage, carefully dig up the eggs, and keep them the same way you have found them. When you find a clutch of eggs, you will normally see a count of around 10 to 40 eggs. To keep them safe, place the eggs in a sealed container with damp vermiculite. Place the container in a cool, dark closet and leave the eggs alone for eight to twelve months. Do not open the cases to circulate air but drill two to three 1/16 inch holes into the top. Caring for Baby Panther Chameleons Image result for panther chameleons baby Image Source When it comes to hatchlings, make sure you are well-equipped with valuable knowledge to better care for your pet. Give the chameleon enough room to grow but not too much space. If the area is too large, they may lose track of their food and have a difficult time catching their prey. While they are still a baby, keep them in a screened cage about 16” by 16” by 29”. As a baby, your chameleon will need a basking area, close to the top of its cage with temperatures between 85 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit and a lower temperature near the bottom of its cage at 75 degrees Fahrenheit. A 75 Watt bulb should be able to provide the heating needs of the baby panther chameleon. Plants are also essential for living space. Give your baby something to climb that will also help control the humidity. It will provide your baby chameleon some cover when he feels like getting away from it all. Live plants are ideal choices for his home. Vines are also welcome, as well as grape wood branches, sandblasted bamboo roots, and Manzanita branches. Common Health Problems and Preventing Illnesses Panther chameleons are susceptible to a whole lot of health problems. Here is a shortlist of some illnesses chameleon owners should look out for. Although it is not really a disease, it can lead to severe sicknesses like gout and kidney failure. It is the most common condition that chameleons get and it is the most common cause of death. This is caused by inadequate water supply, so sound misting systems and an adequate amount of water are more than enough to help your pet prevent this. Metabolic Bone Disease This disease is caused by insufficient exposure to UVB light. A lack of calcium and imbalanced nutrition in panther chameleons can also be a considerable cause. This condition is usually seen as a slow process, so watch out for these signs: rubbery jaws, clumsiness, and bowed legs. Eventually, you will see the chameleon having trouble with climbing, appetite loss, and difficulty in projecting its tongue to eat. To help your pet, load them with vitamins and calcium, enough water, and adequate UVB light. Thermal Burns This condition occurs when the heat lamp is kept inside the enclosure. It also happens when the warmth is too close to the top of the cage. Chameleons do not have a suitable sensation that allows them to escape from extreme heat. Because of this, they are more susceptible to burns. Symptoms are exhibited by gray and black blisters, necrotic tissue on the skin, infection, lethargy, and closing one or both eyes. For prevention, place the heat bulb far enough that it does not get in contact with the mesh. If the burns have already occurred, you should consult a vet to help your pet. Egg Retention Also known as egg binding, this condition occurs when a female cannot produce mature eggs during reproduction. It can commonly be caused by anatomical defects, dehydration, large malformed eggs, improper temperature, poor condition of the mother, and lack of a suitable nesting site. Watch out for inactivity, depression, and lethargy from your pregnant panther chameleon. The intervention of a vet is necessary for illnesses like this because your chameleon will be given an oxytocin shot to help her lay some eggs. Also known as chameleon mouth disease, this disease affects the tongue, palate, esophagus, and the oral cavity of a chameleon. It happens when there is an untreated infection spreading to the jaw bone. It can be caused by poor animal husbandry, poor nutrition, and bacterial infection. A gum line stained with a brownish-yellow matter which surrounds the periphery of the gums and teeth is an early symptom if this one, so you should check on that. When you see this health concern, go straight to the vet for a shot of antibiotics. You may also be given an antibacterial solution that you have to apply to the affected area until your pet chameleon gets better. Respiratory Infections If your pet chameleon gets exposed in an enclosure where it is too cold, too dry, too wet, or too low, it may contract a respiratory disease. Symptoms of this disease include loss of appetite, gaping, lethargy, and labored breathing. You can prevent your pet from contracting this illness so that you can make sure your pet won’t get sick. Antibiotics are used for this kind of treatment. If you give your chameleon too many vitamins, it may develop edema. A significant sign of this disease is excessive swelling in the throat, neck, and chest. To avoid sickness, do not be tempted to feed your pet on food that is gut loaded with too many vitamins. Parasitic Infections As a chameleon owner, you would never want it to have some parasites. If you feed them insects from the wild or if you have some hygienic issues, they might contract this. Watch out for weakness in your pet and things like dehydration, weight loss, diarrhea, smelly feces, and a swollen belly. The best bet is to leave the diagnosis and treatment of this to veterinarians. Fun Facts about Panther Chameleon Image result for colorful panther chameleon Image Source 1. In 1829, a French naturalist named Georges Cuvier was credited to have been the first to describe the Panther Chameleon. 2. The panther chameleon is a kind of chameleon that was known to have originated from the northern and eastern areas of Madagascar. Up until now, they are believed to live in the country. 3. The panther chameleon gets its name from a Latin word, “pardalis.” This means “spotted like a panther” or “leopard.” 4. In terms of taxonomy, the panther chameleon is part of Reptilia, under Class, Squamata, under Order, and Iguana, under Suborder. Basically, this means that they are reptiles with scales in the same family as iguanas. 5. According to the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in 1999, the limit of taking out panther chameleons from their homes in Madagascar is limited to 2,000 individuals per year. This move will assure that their number will not drastically decrease in their natural habitat. 6. In terms of their population status, the panther chameleon belongs to the section of the least concern. Meaning, there are no signs of them facing extinction any time soon. According to its governing bodies, panther chameleons have benefited from breeding attempts in captivity and their peaceful existence, with freedom of breeding, in their natural habitats. 7. The generic name of the Panther Chameleon is Furcifer. This word is taken from “Furci,” which means “forked” in Latin. The said quality describes the figure of the panther chameleon’s feet. Its feet are comprised of five toes that are stuck together to make two sets. These two sets, where one has three and the other two, make each foot look like a fork. 8. The panther chameleon also has an elongated tail. This is nature’s way to provide the chameleon with an extra limb that allows it to climb trees and other high located plants without chances of falling or losing balance. 9. Similar to other subspecies in their family, they have heads that can extend into their casque. The casque is a bone structure surrounded by muscle and fat located on the chameleon’s back. This can be identifiable once they reach eight months old. 10. Additionally, chameleons do not have natural intuitive ways to defend themselves. In dealing with predators and prey, they do not have toxins, poison, or venom. Unfortunately, they are also not quick enough to run and escape threatening creatures. They are also not equipped to induce a fatal bite. Danger to Humans Image result for panther chameleon angry Image Source Panther chameleons are not really dangerous. They can be aggressive and hiss at humans, but this just serves as a warning to avoid getting bitten by them. They are definitely not poisonous. Generally, chameleons are peaceful reptiles, but like everybody else, they can get cranky, too. Chameleons have a pretty weak defense mechanism against predators, their best option is to try and blend in with their surroundings. This is the reason for their coloration and jerky movements to mimic leaves. The only real other option they have is to make them bigger, a defense mechanism applied by many animals in nature. When they feel threatened a chameleon will puff themselves up, gaping open their mouths and hiss. This can be kind of intimidating if you’re not used to it, more so when you’re near them because you instinctively feel the chameleon is going to strike you, but this doesn’t mean they’re dangerous. Where to Get Panther Chameleons Panther chameleons are usually available in pet stores, specifically, pet reptile stores. Be careful to transact only with reputable breeders and pet stores. This will ensure that you will get a healthy one. You can seek advice from a veterinarian that specializes in exotic breeds’ medicine. Some reptile magazines and experts can also recommend several pet stores and breeders. Take note only to purchase a captive-bred chameleon. Compared to wild-caught chameleons, those raised in captivity are healthier, less stressed, and free from parasitic concerns. Additionally, it is illegal to transport and capture wild chameleons. FAQ Section Are panther chameleons dangerous? Not really. Panther chameleons are quite solitary animals. Forced handling or unwanted handling can cause hissing and biting. A chameleon’s bite is painful, however, not toxic or harmful to humans. When do panther chameleons change colors? They display various colors depending on how they are feeling. Even when at rest, a panther chameleon can show some vibrant colors. Also, when males are in the presence of females, they will display their bright breeding colors. They also change their colors when sleeping. Do panther chameleons smell? No, chameleons do not smell. They are relatively clean reptiles, as long as you keep your enclosure clean, you will not have any problems with odors. What temperature do panther chameleons need? Matured panther chameleons require a basking spot of around 100 degrees Fahrenheit with the ambient temperature between 75 to 85 degrees; younger panther chameleons should have a low temperature of 75 degrees and a basking area of 85 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Do panther chameleons die quickly? On average, chameleons can live up to 7 years. Some can even live longer. They can die quickly without proper care and guidance. Are panther chameleons nice? Panther chameleons generally prefer being alone and not enjoy much handling. However, many experts testify that panther chameleons have great temperaments and some tolerate handling and recognize their owners. How do panther chameleons sleep? Most chameleons sleep while clutching a branch in the same area in which they feed. But most panther chameleons establish their own routine and sleep where they are comfortable in their living space. When does a panther chameleon get their colors? Panther chameleons develop their full coloration at 18 months old. But, you will notice them displaying beautiful colors starting at six months. At ten months, they will be fully colored, but their brightest colors come at 18 months. Can panther chameleons be housed together? No. Panther chameleons are very territorial. Even one male and one female should not be housed together because it gives them stress. Is it okay to use a glass terrarium? In general, it is better to avoid glass enclosures. You will need a mesh-enclosed cage for your panther chameleon. Proper ventilation is a necessity for panther chameleons. Do chameleons scream or make noise? No, chameleons do not make noise. Occasionally, they might give off a hissing sound. When the community talks about “screaming,” they mean their bright and vibrant colors, and not their ability to scream. Can you handle panther chameleons? Panther chameleons are not like domestic pets and dogs. Handling them can be a little pointless. You can take care of your chameleon in different ways. Basically, try not to characterize your chameleons with human feelings, since you cannot be entirely aware of what is inside its head. What does a panther chameleon eat? Crickets would be the most popular choice. But, panther chameleons also eat other insects, worms, bugs, grasshoppers, dried flies, and roaches. What is gut loading? Gut loading means that you feed your insects nutritious foods before feeding them to your chameleon. It also involves dusting the insects with calcium throughout the week. How does a panther chameleon drink? Panther chameleons do not like to drink from standing water sources, and they actually pee and poop on standing water. They prefer to drink water droplets, so you should have a misting system for that. Sungazer Care Sheet Northern Water Snake Northern Water Snake Care Sheet
Why do we cook lobsters alive and do they feel pain? seafood on bowl Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Share on pinterest Share on whatsapp Table of Contents We know that Lobsters are usually cooked alive. But, why do we cook lobsters alive? Do lobsters feel pain when we cook them alive? How do we know if lobsters are feeling pain? Are there any ethical issues? In this article on lobsters, we try to answer these questions about cooking lobsters. If you are new, you might want to subscribe to sciencetidings.com mailing list. why do we cook lobsters alive? DO lobsters feel pain? Lobsters contain harmful bacteria Lobsters and certain species of shellfish contain harmful vibrio bacteria in their tissues. After the death of lobster or shellfish, these bacteria start to divide and grow rapidly feeding on the decaying tissues. Their growth is so rapid that their number increases within the first few hours after the death of lobster. These bacteria then release certain substances which might cause food poisoning when consumed. Why do we cook lobsters alive? As we know, these harmful bacteria release toxins that might not get completely destroyed by cooking. In order to prevent this, we cook the lobster alive. By cooking the lobster alive, we are trying to minimise the release of toxins and by doing so we are actually reducing the chances of food poisoning. This is great for us! But what about the lobster? Do lobsters feel pain when we cook them alive? Can lobsters perceive pain like we do? Do lobsters perceive pain? We can actually order lobsters alive on amazon in certain countries. Many people actually boil them alive to reduce the chances of food poisoning. But is it ethical to do so? Can they perceive pain? It has been argued that lobsters do not possess a true brain like we do and so can’t feel pain. It is fair to say that they are not self-aware in the same way that we are, but they do react to tissue damage both physically and hormonally. They are capable of detecting pain on some level. We release a certain hormone called cortisol when our body is under stress. Lobsters release exactly the same hormone cortisol that we humans produce. But, there is one more sign to look at. Lobsters have a special reflex called escape reflex. They twitch their tail when they sense that they are in some sort of danger or distress. When we cook lobsters alive, they do twitch their tail. This means they are perceiving pain or stress on some level. What can we do to reduce their pain? Researchers at the University of Maine found that putting the lobster on ice for 15 minutes before dropping it into boiling water produced the shortest tail-twitching interval (20 seconds). This means that probably suffering is least if we cook lobster this way. But there is a counter-argument. placing the lobster in cold water that is then slowly brought to the boil does not anesthetize the animal and appears to extend its suffering. What are the current issues? More scientific research needs to be done on crustaceans to say something for sure. There is an organization called crustacean compassion, that lobbies for the humane treatment of crustaceans. They are pushing governments in various countries especially the United Kingdom to include crustaceans in various animal welfare acts and thus preventing them to be cooked alive. This is how Lobsters are sold live on Amazon: Gift cards: Live lobsters on Amazon UK: If you have enjoyed reading this article on why do we cook lobsters alive, you might want to subscribe to our mailing list: Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Share on whatsapp Share on pinterest Leave a Reply Stay in the loop
Get Help Sign In Frequently asked questions How does DNA origami work? DNA origami relies on sequence-specific self-assembly to form 3D nanostructures from a scaffold DNA and a set of unique staple strand oligonucleotides. For a brief introduction to the technology, please visit For an overview of the technology, please see Custom DNA & RNA
Lessons in System Math Engineering math is an interesting branch of mathematics concerned with approaches and mathematical calculations generally utilized in market and system. https://aaalgebra.com/the-importance-of-data-rooms In addition, it includes this sort of branches since applied statistics, computer algebra, real math concepts, construction calculating and the math of dynamics and style. The subject areas include optimization, differential calculus, differential geometrical methods, and application engineering. Lessons in engineering math give the of different issues such as algebra, trigonometry, calculus, and different calculus techniques which includes integral calculus, geometry, quadratic equations, and theorems upon different geradlinig equations and tangent series. Some of the matters covered happen to be construction appraisal, industrial theory, and software engineering. Areas of expertise in these subjects could also be acquired by enrolling into specified graduate applications offered by several schools and universities. The key emphasis of these courses should be to give you a thorough understanding about the topic included so that you can conduct the functions in the provided framework without trouble and consistency. If you are planning to pursue a qualification in this discipline, then the training and matters should be picked carefully, looking at your future job goals, and also the course-specific programs. Courses in engineering degree possess various math courses just like finite and integral calculus, algebra, angles, quadratic equations, real mathematics, and program engineering. Different choices for choosing the right subject could be chosen depending with your interests and career ideas. The subjects involve calculus, synthetic calculus, gear calculus, marketing, real examination, optimization theory, partial gear equations, geometric algebra, functional analysis, increased methods, machine learning, statistical analysis, marketing techniques, physical computation, serious data research, real search engine optimization, stochastic functions, real functions, discrete Fourier transform, emblematic processing, programming language disciplines, and much more. It will be a good idea to contact the accès office of this college or university where you are interested in applying to get the requirements and data regarding the programs and matters for design degree.
How To Research Your Lunch Pick a meal— breakfast, lunch or dinner, made at home or eaten at a restaurant—and trace the origin and journey of each of the ingredients of that meal as far back as you can possibly go. If you had a sandwich, for example, you would want to research where the filling originated (not just the store, vendor, or distributor, but where the meat or cheese or peanut and fruit was processed, harvested, raised, and grown and how it made its way from the farm to the processor to the packager to the store). And you also need to find out where the flour for the bread was grown and where it was milled, sorted, packaged, shipped and sold. The same should be done for condiments, whole fruits, drinks, side salads, chips of whatever sort, dessert, and anything else consumed at the meal. You are embarking on a reverse scavenger hunt: your meal was your prize and you must trace back all the steps of how that lunch came to be on your plate. The goal is to get a real sense of how many people are involved in the creation of your meal, who those people are, where they are located, and how much activity is required for a single meal of your choosing. You will become a food forensics expert. Here is another way of thinking about it: if the food you ate had e-Coli or listeria or salmonella, you would want to know exactly the trail it took to get to you so that all the different places of possible contamination would be known and could be scoured and sanitized. Not knowing the point of contamination would be a huge expense for a company that would need to pay for sanitizing every possible route a product could have traveled. This assignment asks you to become a food forensics expert for one specific meal you consumed. Your meal must have at least three different components, one of which must be a composite food item (that is, made up of two or more parts, like a sandwich or spaghetti with sauce). You will then write a complete narrative of the origin of the meal you chose. the trucking company, the distributor, the processing plant and the farm where your ingredients began their journey. And you will find that some companies are more helpful than others. (Trader Joe’s is notoriously secretive about where they get their products and who manufactures food sold under a Trader Joe’s label; pick foods that you can actually trace.) As you do your research, remember always to remain courteous, professional, and open-minded; you will no doubt encounter customer service people (by email and by phone) who will be somewhat suspicious of your motives in finding the origin of your food. Other companies consider the names of their suppliers to be proprietary information. Be mindful of your task and explain the assignment to them; you can consider this exercise a way of practicing your own skills in public and personal relations. It is up to you to get the information you need; if you are stymied by one particular company or source, think of other ways to get the information you need or switch meals. Order your custom answer
Salts Worldwide If you’re in the market for a pure source of protein, it’s probably time to pay attention to the food industry. The protein found in meats, fish, eggs, and nuts, as well as dairy products, is considered a complete source of protein by the National Academy of Sciences. The Food and Drug Administration does not distinguish between protein sources. The average person needs about two grams of protein per pound of body weight per day. If you are an athlete or in good health, you probably get enough protein in your diet to meet your protein needs. But you probably aren’t getting enough of the other nutrients necessary to help maintain a healthy body. A diet high in protein is not always a good diet, because it is hard on the kidneys, liver, and other organs. If you are on a low-fat vegetarian diet or if you’re an athlete, then you may want to consider supplementing your diet with a protein supplement. You can get your protein from supplements, but the best source of protein is from a complete source of protein. Here’s how to find that source. Protein supplements come in the form of powder, tablets, bars, drinks, or even in a pill. Some powders or bars have added supplements, such as amino acids, to increase the amount of protein you get. There are a variety of amino acid powders. Some of them are made of whey protein isolate. This is a form of whey protein that is pure, but it’s not as pure as if you were to make it yourself. Protein bars are often high in carbohydrates, which is a bad thing for athletes and vegetarians. Protein powder bars, on the other hand, are natural and don’t have carbohydrates. Protein powder bars are sometimes made with milk or soy protein isolate. They may also contain some added supplements. The protein powder you can find in a supplement will be made from whey protein isolate. This protein has been processed to make it easier to absorb. Whey protein powder may not be as pure as the pure source. It’s important to note that protein powder should not be used in place of a protein isolate. to increase the amount of protein you get. Protein powder bars, if they are not naturally sweetened, can contain a variety of chemicals that can be harmful to the body. Many of them have been found to contain artificial flavors, colors, sweeteners, or stabilizers. If you are an athlete or a person on a vegetarian diet who needs to take protein to increase their protein intake, consider an alternative to protein powder. There are other sources of protein. Protein can be gotten from beans, nuts, and soy. Soy protein is especially good for those who don’t eat a lot of animal protein and don’t need to take in a lot of sugar. The best source of protein is the meat and fish that you eat. If you eat too much red meat, then you should take in more soy protein. The key is to choose high-quality protein to ensure that you get all of the protein you need. When you can get all of the complete protein you need, the best part about eating meat is that the nutrients are all in one food. The protein that you get in one food, as opposed to having to eat separate foods, helps to improve your body. To get the best nutritional value out of eating a diet with more protein, you should get all the protein you need from your foods, not just a part of them. It’s just one factor in a complete balanced diet that you need to take into account.
From Medieval Europe Jump to: navigation, search A Lord/Lady is a person who was granted this title of nobility by a Vassal to provide aid and services to the Vassal and the Kingdom. Lords and Ladies may be people who belong to the Vassal's household, helping to strengthen his position and develop the regions in his domain or be given the title as an award for their efforts. [edit] Requirements To become a Lord, you don't need to meet any in game requirements ((such as age, certain attributes like Charisma, etc)). Any vassal can appoint up to 2 Lords/Ladies. The title can also be customized to reflect a regional or roleplay equivalent. The crown icon seen above can also be altered, making it harder for others to recognize the rank. This role is mainly for Role Playing purposes. [edit] Duties kingdoms can decide for themselves wether and which duties or privileges they want to give with the title. For reference, those may include among others: • military duties • award for exemplary loyalty, efforts for the kingdom's benefit, etc. • administrative duties • come with a salary • exemption from certain laws Personal tools
LAKSHAY ARORA — November 12, 2020 Beginner Data Engineering Hadoop Technique • Understand the meaning of partitioning and bucketing in the Hive in detail. • We will see, how to create partitions and buckets in the Hive You might have seen an encyclopedia in your school or college library. It is a set of books that will give you information about almost anything. Do you know what is the best thing about the encyclopedia? Partitioning vs Bucketing Yes, you guessed it correctly. The words are arranged alphabetically. For example, you have a word in mind “Pyramids”. You will directly go and pick up the book with the title “P”. You don’t have to search that in other books. Can you imagine how tough would the task be to search for a single book if they were stored without any order? Here storing the words alphabetically represents indexing, but using a different location for the words that start from the same character is known as bucketing. Similar kinds of storage techniques like partitioning and bucketing are there in Apache Hive so that we can get faster results for the search queries. In this article, we will see what is partitioning and bucketing, and when to use which one? Table of Contents 1. What is Partitioning? 2. When to use Partitioning? 3. What is Bucketing? 4. When to use Bucketing? What is Partitioning? Apache Hive allows us to organize the table into multiple partitions where we can group the same kind of data together. It is used for distributing the load horizontally. Let’s understand it with an example: Suppose we have to create a table in the hive which contains the product details for a fashion e-commerce company. It has the following columns: Now, the first filter that most of the customer uses is Gender then they select categories like Shirt, its size, and color. Let’s see how to create the partitions for this example. CREATE TABLE products ( product_id string, brand string, size string, discount float, price float ) PARTITIONED BY (gender string, category string, color string); Now, the hive will store the data in the directory structure like: Partitioning the data gives us performance benefits and also helps us in organizing the data. Now, let’s see when to use the partitioning in the hive. When to use Partitioning? • When the column with a high search query has low cardinality. For example, if you create a partition by the country name then a maximum of 195 partitions will be made and these number of directories are manageable by the hive. • On the other hand, do not create partitions on the columns with very high cardinality. For example- product IDs, timestamp, and price because will create millions of directories which will be impossible for the hive to manage. • It is effective when the data volume in each partition is not very high. For example, if you have the airline data and you want to calculate the total number of flights in a day. In that case, the result will take more time to calculate over the partition “Dubai” as it has one of the busiest airports in the world whereas for the country like “Albania” will return results quicker. What is Bucketing? In the above example, we know that we cannot create a partition over the column price because its data type is float and there is an infinite number of unique prices are possible. Hive will have to generate a separate directory for each of the unique prices and it would be very difficult for the hive to manage these. Instead of this, we can manually define the number of buckets we want for such columns. In bucketing, the partitions can be subdivided into buckets based on the hash function of a column. It gives extra structure to the data which can be used for more efficient queries. CREATE TABLE products ( product_id string, brand string, size string, discount float, price float ) PARTITIONED BY (gender string, category string, color string) Now, only 50 buckets will be created no matter how many unique values are there in the price column. For example, in the first bucket, all the products with a price [ 0 – 500 ] will go, and in the next bucket products with a price [ 500 – 200 ] and so on. When to use Bucketing? • We cannot do partitioning on a column with very high cardinality. Too many partitions will result in multiple Hadoop files which will increase the load on the same node as it has to carry the metadata of each of the partitions. • If some map-side joins are involved in your queries, then bucketed tables are a good option. Map side join is a process where two tables are joins using the map function only without any reduced function. I would recommed you to go through this article for more understanding about map-side joins: Map Side Joins in Hive End Notes In this article, we have seen what is partitioning and bucketing, how to create them, and are pros and cons of them. I would highly recommend you go through the following resources to learn more about Apache Hive: If you have any questions related to this article do let me know in the comments section below. About the Author Ideas have always excited me. The fact that we could dream of something and bring it to reality fascinates me. Computer Science provides me a window to do exactly that. I love programming and use it to solve problems and a beginner in the field of Data Science. Our Top Authors Download Analytics Vidhya App for the Latest blog/Article
• Mohamed Abdulkahar Key Points from the 2021 G7 Summit in Cornwall: Vaccines, Climate Change and China The 2021 G7 meeting took place from June 11th to June 13th in Cornwall, UK, specifically at the Carbis Bay Hotel. In addition to permanent G7 members, three other nations were invited. These were India, South Korea, and Australia. In this cheat sheet, we will explain what the G7 is, its significance, and what their agenda for this year was. Key points from 2021 G7 summit in Cornwall The G7 G7 stands for “Group of Seven”, and is made up of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the UK, the US, and Japan. In 1998, the G7 became the G8 when Russia joined, but was then excluded in 2014 because of its invasion of Crimea. The G7 conducts annual meetings to discuss important global matters that relate to global economic governance, international security, and energy policy. In 1975, six of the seven nations (excluding Canada) formed the G6 as a means for noncommunist nations to discuss important economic matters that were created by the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). One year later, Canada joined to form the G7. The EU became a “non-numerated” member in 1981 and has been represented by the president of the European Council ever since. The G7 is significant due to its important role in influencing global “trends” and acts as a global leader and important player regarding urgent matters. Every year, an agenda is set to be discussed. Therefore, the point of these annual summits is to make agreements on issues that require a powerful effect on global decision making. So, what was this year’s theme? G7 2021 summit in Cornwall Key agreements The key points discussed at this year’s summit were vaccine distributions, climate change, and China. All nations agreed to distribute a total of 1 billion doses to the world’s poorest countries over the course of next year, with the US overseeing half of the doses. The UK pledged to distribute 100 million doses. To efficiently combat future pandemics, summit members agreed to share data and intelligence, ensure the availability of vaccines, run diagnostic tests within the first 100 days of the pandemic, and employ effective treatments. The UK and US highlighted a possible future alliance between the UK’s UKHSA and the US’s CDC. Regarding climate change, members of the summit agreed to stop direct government support of energy powered by coal. In addition, they agreed to make a commitment towards conserving 30 percent of their countries’ land and marine areas by 2030. Finally, they restated their commitment to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. G7 members discussed China's growing global dominance. The main issues brought up by the summit were China’s “ethnic cleansing campaigns” against Uyghur Muslims, urging China to help with the investigation regarding the origin of Covid-19, and China’s unfair economic and trade policies. G7 specifically named the Belt and Road Initiative, accusing China of using the initiative as a way to hold nations involved for “ransom”. G7 2021 summit in cornwall A final note The theme of the summit was about global cooperation to overcome the Covid-19 pandemic through joint efforts in vaccine distribution. In addition, the summit also focused on the importance of finding concrete solutions that could help reduce the effects of global warming. Finally, the growing fear of China’s possible global economic dominance was addressed, thinking that China’s economic plans such as the Belt and Road Initiative are merely debt traps China would potentially use as a weapon against nations involved. For more resources on international news, head to our dedicated Foreign Affairs section. 24 views0 comments Related Posts See All
Parabens \|\| #FormulaFriday Hello everyone! I know I didn’t post my #FormulaFriday last week, but now I’ll try and make it up to you! This week’s post is about a ‘bad’ ingredient. Until now, we’ve talked about all the nice and peachy ingredients you’d want to have in your skincare, but let’s see what parabens are about! What is it? Product ingredient labels typically list more than one paraben in a product, and parabens are often used in combination with other types of preservatives to better protect against a broad range of microorganisms. They are usually found in products such as shampoos, mascara, foundations and body lotions. Some other labels The most common parabens found in cosmetics are methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, ethylparaben, but there are also isobutylparaben, isopropylparaben, and other ingredients ending in –paraben. What they do? Parabens are most common in personal care products that contain significant amounts of water such as shampoos, conditioners, lotions and facial and shower cleansers and scrubs, because they discourage the growth of microbes. While some recommend concentration limits for single (up to 0.4%) and total paraben concentrations (up to 0.8%) in a single product, these recommendations do not account for exposure to parabens from several products by a single individual. Any product that contains water is susceptible to being spoiled by the growth of fungi or bacteria, which could cause problems such as mold, discoloration, malodor or breakdown of the product. Parabens are not water soluble and thy can penetrate the skin. As a result, repeated application of a product or multiple products containing parabens could mean almost continuous exposure. Are parabens harmful? As we learned already, parabens can actually penetrate the skin. That means they can actually enter our body. However, parabens have been safely used for almost 100 years as preservatives in the food, drug and personal care and cosmetic industries. They are derived from para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) that occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables, such as cucumbers, cherries, carrots, blueberries, and onions. PHBA is also naturally formed in our bodies by the breakdown of some amino acids. The parabens used in cosmetics are identical to those found in nature and our bodies quickly change them into natural PHBA and eliminate them. Even though some scientific research says that parabens aren’t harmful at all, some links have been found between parabens and endocrine disruption, cancer, developmental and reproductive toxicity Do parabens cause breast cancer? We don’t know yet, but some researchers feel there may be reason for concern. Parabens contains estroge, which is connected to breast cancer. However, the fact that parabens were found in tumors isn’t proof that they were actually the cause. Alternative to parabens It’s actually quite a challenge to formulate products without parabens’ preservative qualities. Parabens are actually what replaced formaldehyde many decades ago as a preservative, which was much more harmful than parabens are. Some of the natural ingredients that can replace parabens are oregano, thyme, rosemary, goldenseal root, grapefruit seed extract or lavender oil. Another way to avoid parabens is to use oil-based organic products that don’t contain water (which calls for a preservative). Organic acids have anti-microbial properties, but they are limited. They are only able to kill fungi, not bacteria. Sodium benzoate is another alternative, but keep in mind that when used together with low concentrations of vitamin C, it forms benzene, a known carcinogen. So, obviously it’s not a better option than parabens! Also, not effective against bacteria. Yeast and fungi only. Lots of essentials oils, such as clove, thyme, and tea tree, have great antimicrobioal properties. They can easily kill bacteria and fungi when used on their own. However, they work well only in certain types of formulas, and at high concentrations that can cause irritations. Preservative-free? Well, if you’re willing to keep it in the fridge, and throw it out after 2 weeks to 1 month max, you’re good to go, for the most part. But you are very likely to throw out a lot of unused product. If you decide not to get rid of it, you risk getting a very bad rash, infection or worse. Basically, there is not really one good enough alternative to parabens. It has to be a combination of several ingredients, but be very careful about which ingredients go together and which don’t. My thoughts To be completely honest, I’m not really entirely sure what I think about this. While I was researching this topic, I found so many conflicting data. I definitely don’t want to have too much parabens in my products, but it seems like it’s pretty much impossible to avoid. I do love natural cosmetics, but that way I am bound to throw half-full container of product, which is such a waste of money! I am happy that the cosmetic industry is trying to find alternatives, and I certainly hope they do find one soon. But if I can’t find a paraben-free product, or it’s way more expensive, I’ll stick to those that do contain them for now. And that’s it for today’s post! Which ingredient would you like to see in some of the upcoming posts? Do you avoid parabens in your skincare? See all of my previous #FormulaFriday posts. Thank you for reading! See you soon x Follow me on Bloglovin \| Instagram \| Facebook \| Twitter \| Pinterest
Fads In Food To View. Food is any product eaten to supply nourishment to an organism. Typically, food is of animal, plant or fungis origin, and also typically has nutrients, consisting of healthy proteins, fats, carbs, vitamins, or mineral ions. When used or eaten, food breaks down into parts that are then metabolized by the body to produce power. Energy comes from the food’s chemical constituents, along with oxygen, as well as is taken right into the body with blood, urine or cells. Food is additionally a source of energy for our bodies, which is saved in fat cells for later usage. Fats, both animal as well as plant, are the main resources of nutritional fat. Animal fats tend to be greater in triglycerides as well as cholesterol, whereas plant fats are higher in polyunsaturated fats as well as linoleic acids. Animal foods tend to have a higher absorption rate than plant foods, owing to the big quantities of healthy protein in meat as well as fowl. Plant foods have higher absorption prices than do animal foods, although the difference is minimized if protein is not added. Oils, specifically the virgin oil that is stemmed from particular oils, often tends to have reduced absorption prices than other kinds of fat. read more Meat as well as chicken items typically contain a variety of fats. The most generally seen fats in animal foods consist of those that originate from pork as well as beef, as well as from duck as well as goose. Butter is made from cow’s milk and may consist of some casein or whey. Soya is removed from soybeans and other legumes, and also has a low-protein and also low-fat web content. Additionally, fish oils, olive oils, nuts (such as peanuts), veggies (such as spinach), and also fruits (such as oranges and grapes) all have a range of fats and oils that can be digested. Vegetables and also fruits, on the other hand, have a very reduced absorption rate for nutrients. Vegetables and fruits are abundant in vitamin A, along with beta carotene. Beta carotene is a powerful source of vitamin A for enhancing the body immune system. However, many people don’t like to eat carrots or spinach, because they have a solid taste and cause gas. Including a few carrots or spinach to a dish can enhance the taste, without influencing its absorption rate. Pet protein sources have plenty of fat and typically have a low absorption rate. Milk is a good example, as it has a really high absorption price and also has many nutrients that are nutritious on their own. Eggs are one more example, as they likewise have a high absorption rate. However, eggs include lipids and also other compounds that might prevent absorption of various other nutrients in food, including vitamin D. If you choose to eat eggs, select the ones that are reduced in cholesterol and do not have too many unhealthy fats. If you appreciate cheeses, make sure they’re fat cost-free and consist of little or no sugar. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in fish and nuts. Various other foods with unsaturated fats include sunflower oil and also avocados. Various other types of fats as well as oils contain trans fatty acids, which are located in margarine and other fried foods. Foods that contain trans fatty acids consist of cookies, potato chips, fried hen as well as nuts. learn more Carbs are the most typical resource of nutritional fiber. They are quickly digested and utilized as power. Many foods that are abundant in nutritional fibre are rich in anti-oxidants, which can safeguard the body from dangerous toxic substances. Some foods contain intricate carbohydrates, which supply several advantages. Examples of complicated carbohydrates are oats, oat bran, vegetables (beans), and entire grains. The advantages of these carbs consist of enhancing food digestion, decreasing cholesterol degrees as well as enhancing the body immune system. Lots of foods have just a few calories, yet when they are incorporated with included fats and/or carbohydrates, they can turn into fats that are hard to digest. As an example, when you blend polished sugar with a peanut butter sandwich, the sugar becomes part of the sandwich, as opposed to being hidden away as an ingredient on the sandwich. These sort of foods can cause weight gain. For that reason, a healthy diet regimen needs to include a balance of great carbs (i.e., all of the food groups, however including vegetables and raw veggies), fruits, protein, unsaturated fatty acids, fiber, and vitamins. Your medical professional can assist you to map out your personalized nutritional strategy. Food is any kind of compound absorbed right into the body to offer nutrients to a person. Food is normally of pet, plant or fungis beginning, and also consists of necessary nutrients, like healthy proteins, vitamins, fats, carbs, or minerals. It is taken in by the human remaining in the form of food or beverage. We get most of our nutrition from food consumed daily. Food has a number of important features in the body, helping with development and upkeep of health and wellness and well-being. The significant function of food is to satisfy the fundamental needs of the body and keep health. Food aids the body in taking in nutrients as well as building cells and also tissues. It is the primary source of power for the majority of living things. Our brain gets a lot of its power from food. Thus, it ends up being crucial that the diet contains big amounts of carbohydrates. The primary objective of the contemporary diet regimen is to eat foods that fulfill particular requirements. For example, a diet plan low in carbohydrates gives less calories to the body, as well as more of them are exchanged energy that is used for movement, and later saved as fat. Diets that contain large amounts of fibre are useful for weight loss. They give the body with long-term power levels, preventing the beginning of weight gain. The main source of fiber in the diet is the legume, for example, peas, beans, and lentils, which are abundant in healthy proteins, carbs, and other important nutrients. more info Man-made food components are utilized to enhance the volume of food. These include fabricated flavours, colours, salt, sugar, as well as a lot more. Artificial additive are commonly used in the food sector, although that they considerably reduce the nutritional value of the food. A huge proportion of preservative originates from animal products. These are mostly made from hormonal agents, prescription antibiotics, synthetic vitamins, and also pesticides. Leave a Reply
My watch list Treatment Planning In radiotherapy, Treatment Planning is the process in which a team consisting of radiation oncologists, medical radiation physicists and dosimetrists plan the appropriate external beam radiotherapy treatment technique for a patient with cancer. Typically, medical imaging (i.e., computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography) are used to form a virtual patient for a computer-aided design procedure. Treatment simulations are used to plan the geometric and radiological aspects of the therapy using radiation transport simulations and optimization. This process involves selecting the appropriate beam type (electron or photon), energy (e.g. 6MV, 12MeV) and arrangements. The more formal optimization process is typically referred to as forward planning and inverse planning in reference to intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).[1] Today, treatment planning is almost entirely computer based using patient computed tomography (CT) data sets. 1. ^ Galvin, JM; Ezzel, G & Eisbrauch, A et al. (2004), " ", Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 58 (5): 1616–34. • Hendee W., Ibbott G. and Hendee E. (2005). Radiation Therapy Physics. Wiley-Liss Publ. ISBN 0-471-39493-9. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Treatment_Planning". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
A common argument against electronic cigarettes is the lack of long-term studies done on them - especially compared to federally approved products such as nicotine patches. After much time, a long term study on vaping has been published. A five year study, focusing on the severity of COPD symptoms of smokers who transitioned to electronic cigarettes was released. Overall, they found improvements in severe COPD episodes and lung function in patients that were willing to stick with vaping, and that the improvements did not decline over time. There was also a lot of other information included in the study that was worth noting. Dual users were dropped from respiratory data. This was not always done in older studies, perhaps due to misunderstanding of vapes, but newer studies group them differently as they tend to have different behaviors and risks. It is noteworthy if a study that started five years ago grouped them differently. Originally, there were 20 users in the electronic cigarette test group. By the end of the five year period, four users were dropped from the data - they either relapsed into using cigarettes or they quit vaping. At first glance, this seems like an amazing success rate - at the minimum, 80% of their subjects quit cigarettes for five years. However, while the number is high enough to warrant further investigation, it is not a reliable statistic as to whether or not vaping helps users quit cigarettes. In a study where you want to study the effects of long-term vaping, it would be sensible to choose subjects that will continue vaping throughout your test period. Choosing a subject that is likely to quit vaping in two years is not helpful when you want to see how vaping for five years will affect them. So as a general measurement of how much electronic cigarettes contributed to quitting cigarettes, this is not a reliable number at all. Lastly, they noted that the devices and nicotine changes over time. The study took place from September 2013–October 2019. Juul and the emergence of nicotine salts began in 2015. It’s a long term study, yes, but the vaping industry moves so fast it no longer even addresses the main concerns of anti-vapers anymore.
Related Records Coin Typology of Alopekonnesos * Topography and History Alopekonnesos is located on the western side of the Thracian Chersonese in the middle of the modern-day Suvla Bay. 1 The only other city on the west coast of the peninsula to mint coins nearby was Kardia. The location of Alopekonnesos made it one of the ports for grain exports from the Chersonese to the Thracian mainland. The city was founded by Athenians or, according to other sources, by Aeolians 2 and is considered the mother city of Ainos; however, the date of its foundation is debated. 3 According to Stephanus of Byzantium, the origin of the fox in the city name can be traced back to a founding oracle to settle where young foxes could be discovered. 4 The name of the city is also reflected in the coin imagery, which uses a fox (Greek ἀλώπηξ) partly as its main image and partly as a symbol in the sense of a parasemon. The city is named in the Attic tribute lists of the 5th century BC, and there are archaeological finds dating to this period. 1. Localization in the north of Suvla Bay or south of the bay on a cape, which is called Küçük Kemikli Burnu today. 2. Skyl. 67; Skymn. 705; Dem. XXIII 166. XVIII 92; Strab. VII 333 fr. 52; Steph. Byz. Liv. XXXI 16; Mela II 27. 3. Isaac 1986, 161 and 190: second half of the 7th century or first half of the 6th century BC. 4. Head, Historia Nummorum (1887) 223, without mentioning the exact text passage in Stephanus. Minting System and Typology Alopekonnesos emitted few bronze coins in the period between 400–250 BC. The obverses of these emissions always depict a head in profile (a youthful Dionysus or maenad, Athena, Apollo, or ‘Persephone’). The reverses during the first minting period portray a kantharos with various mintmarks, including the fox. Later, the fox appears as the main image on the reverse, 1 as does a bunch of grapes. 2 U. Yarkin, who has pieced together the coinage of Alopekonnesos, differentiates the types in three chronological groups, which are followed here: 400–300, 300–250, and 250–200 BC. Once all of the bronze emissions of the Chersonese have been processed, a revision of this division may be possible since all locales on the peninsula emitted small imprints for only short amounts of time in the Classical and Hellenistic periods. These may have been temporally parallel and may have also been coordinated in their nominal systems, especially if one assumes that the silver emissions with lion motifs served as the collective coinage on the peninsula (see the Thracian Chersonese). During the entire minting period of Alopekonnesos, two nominal levels can be distinguished by their diameter: a larger denomination with a diameter between 18–21 mm and a smaller denomination measuring 12–15 mm. The smaller group weighs between 1–4 g, while the weight fluctuates more in the larger diameter group and ranges between 5–11 g. This classification is disturbed by the fact that, in 3 , the boundary between these two levels appears to be fluid with respect to the previously known copies. 4 U. Yarkin's first period shows Dionysus or a maenad’s head as its obverse motif, and possibly Apollo towards the end. 5 The classification of this head from Group 1 is inconsistent in the literature; there are hardly any differences between these heads, so the interpretation remains unclear. However, it can be assumed that the same figure, either a maenad or a youthful Dionysus, is shown. As a reverse motif, Group 1 shows the kantharos with different mintmarks, for which we have formed subtypes on the basis of what they portray and their distribution in the image field. A common feature of Group 1 is the abbreviation of the city name, AΛΩ, on the reverse. In the second phase various heads appear on the obverse, whose identification can usually be secured based on the adornments worn in their hair (a laurel wreath for Apollo, a garland of grain for Demeter/Persephone or Dionysus); only Athena can be clearly identified by a helmet. In addition to the kantharos, the fox and the grape are the main motif on the reverse. The city name on the reverse in the second group is written out as ΑΛΩΠΕΚΟΝ or ΑΛΩΠΕΚΟΝΝΗΣΙΩΝ. 6 The separations of two types into Group 3 by Yarkin is based on stylistic elements, and also possibly on the circumstances in which all three associated coins were found near ancient Alopekonnesos. Both coin types and legends can be found in the previous two groups. The types of the bronze emissions of Alopekonnesos refer mainly to Dionysus. These include the head of Dionysus in profile, the kantharos, and a bunch of grapes (represented in each of the 13 types as the main motive or mintmark). Furthermore, the motif of the fox on the city name refers back to the founding oracle (three types as main motif, seven as a mintmark), and a connection to Athens is possibly evoked by the four types featuring Athena’s head. 7 Many coins were found in the direct vicinity of Alopekonnesos. 8 However, due to the small amount of known coins, it was not possible to find suitable images for all types in the database. Our type catalogue represents the state of research from August 2019 and does not take into consideration any coin types that have become known later. Further information, especially about new types, is always welcome. 1. CN_Type396; CN_Type392; CN_Type391; CN_Type400; CN_Type1979. 2. CN_Type397. 3. CN_Type1992. 4. In Hoover 2017 divided into three nominal levels: Denomination B (19-22 mm; 4.79-10.46 g), Denomination C (15-18 mm, 1.55-6.05 g), Denomination D (14-15 mm, 1.55-3.21 g); both weight and diameter blur between Denominations C and D, so merging them into a nominal as suggested here would be possible. 5. Yarkin 1978, 5, lists two copies under Nos. 52 and 53. No. 53 is described by Mionnet Suppl. II (1822) 522 No. 3 as Bacchus with ivy wreath. 6. The separation of two other types to his group 3 is not revealed. 7. Isaac 1986, 190 sees in the reduction of tribute payments after 446 BC an indication that Attic clerics were settled. 8. In the Aegean Mesembria, there were nine coins of Alopekonnesos. A Berlin coin comes from a find from Pergamum. Another coin came to light in the Geto-Dacian Zimnicea. • Chitescu 1972 = M. Chiṭescu, O monedă a oraşului Alopeconnesos (chersonesul tracic) descoperită la Zimnicea, Studii şi cerceetari de istorie veche 23 Nr.2, 1972, 299–306. • Hoover 2017 = O. D. Hoover, Handbook of Coins of Macedon and Its Neighbors. Part II: Thrace, Skythia, and Taurike, Sixth to First Centuries BC, The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series 3 (Lancaster/London 2017), S. 45–48. • Isaac 1986 = B. Isaac, The Greek Settlements in Thrace until the Macedonian Conquest (Leiden 1986), S.189–191. • Schönert-Geiss 1999 = E. Schönert-Geiss, Bibliographie zur antiken Numismatik Thrakiens und Mösiens (Berlin 1999), S. 1403–1409. • Yarkin 1978 = U. Yarkin, The Coinage of Alopeconnesus in Thracian Chersonesus, Numismatic Chronicle 18 Nr. 138, 1978, 1–6 mit Taf. 1.
Adverb Clauses Adverb Clauses • I'll go to bed soon. • I'll go to bed in an hour. • I'll go to bed when I've finished my book – adverb clause W.B: How? 1. He went to the store because he needed some eggs. 2. She makes dinner after she gets home. 3. After she gets home, she makes dinner. 4. John goes to the bank if he needs money. 5. If he needs money, John goes to the bank. 6. They are moving to California because they like the weather there. Adverb Clause A clause is a group of words, with a subject and a verb, having a meaning. An adverb-clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a verb of its own and does the work of an adverb. Adverb Clauses are subordinate clauses. • Examples: I walked today. The word ‘today’ is modifying the word walked. (When did I walk?) Today is an adverb. I walked before the sun went down. (When did I walk?) Before the sun went down (dependent adverb clause) VERB: went All the words perform the function of an adverb. Adverb clauses cannot stand alone. Adverb clauses don’t express a complete idea. Adverb clauses: until I fall asleep. (does not give you all the information you need to know. You’re left wondering What until I fall asleep?) whenever my teacher yells. after I walk the dog. Adverb clauses need to be hooked with independent clauses in order to express a complete thought. I listen to music until I fall asleep. (I listen to music can stand all by itself) Whenever my teacher yells, I know she’s having a bad day. I will take out the trash after I walk the dog. 1. I read because I love stories. I read because I love Stories. My mom smiled when I made dinner. Independent clause subordinate clause • Subordinate conjunctions: – After, although, as,...
As energy and fuel costs rise, more employers are considering a 10-hour, four-day work week to replace the traditional 8-hour, five-day model. In both cases, there are 40 hours of weekly work. This article reviews key safety and health considerations if employees work a cost-saving10-hour, four-day schedule. One of your first concerns: employees might become more fatigued, leading to symptoms such as sleepiness, irritability and depression. Actually, there is limited data to suggest a 10-hour work shift greatly increases the number of injuries. An extra couple of hours at daily work appear to be an insufficient time for many employees to become overly fatigued. An example of this rationale can be found in the Department of Transportation’s “hours of service” rule. Commercial motor vehicle operators that carry passengers are limited to 10 hours of driving time before rest or off-duty time is mandated (if cargo is hauled, 11 hours is the maximum driving time). But be aware that studies show working at least 12 hours a day increased injury rates by 37 percent. Injury rates also increase when employees work more than 40 hours a week. Body burden Most agents that may place an accumulated burden on the body (e.g. chemicals, noise, radiation, light, heat and cold, and ergonomic) have exposure limits based on the traditional 8-hour, 5-day, 50-week work year. This is the concept of the 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) exposure commonly used by safety and health pros. When work periods are greater than the traditional time, exposure limits must be adjusted. A major exception is the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Level (REL). The REL is based on a 10-hour TWA. Lead and noise are the only OSHA standards that directly address adjustment in permissible exposure limit (PEL) or action level for work beyond eight hours a day. Table I summarizes adjustment requirements for a 10-hour work shift. The values shown are based on the following calculations: Lead PEL = 400/hours worked in the day. Noise Action Level (AL) = 90 + 16.61 log 50/12.5 x number of hours worked. As a reminder, the 8-hour PEL for lead is 50 ug/m3 and the 8-hour AL for noise is 85 dBA. For a 10-hour work shift, OSHA will address chemical substances found in Subpart Z in the following manner: 1) Use exposure measurement for worst continuous 8-hour period; or 2) using multiple samples, determine exposure for worst 8 hours within the 10-hour period. With the exception of the exposures above, OSHA has not established a formal position in regard to other hazards that extend beyond 8 hours. Threshold limit values (TLVs) TLVs® established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists also are based on the traditional work period of an 8-hour day, 5 days a week, 50 weeks a year. For work schedules different than this, ACGIH® advises that TLVs be interpreted and applied by a person trained in industrial hygiene. An IH may adjust the TLV, using various models, based on factors such as biological half-life and health impact of the agent. A Canadian model found athttp://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/T-22.pdfhas been recommended by the ACGIH for adjusting TLVs for chemical substances. The model defaults to permissible exposure limits by regulation in Quebec, Canada, but they match up fairly well to current TLVs. Table II shows this model’s adjustment categories. Noise TLV Be aware that the OSHA PEL for noise is based on a 5-decibel (dB) exchange rate, whereas the TLV for noise is based on a 3-dB exchange rate. There is a slight difference in calculations between the two limits. A 10-hour TLV for noise equates to 84 dBA, while an 8-hour TLV for noise is 85 dBA. Note in Table I that by regulation OSHA does not adjust its PEL for noise; it remains at 90 dBA. Aside from the regulation, a 10-hour PEL for noise (5-dB exchange rate) is calculated at 88.4 dBA. Other adjustments For all other adjustments, consult a trained IH. To learn more about adjusting exposure limits, visithttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/workschedules/.
mardi 28 janvier 2020 author photo Before applying the diet, you want to know the number of calories the body needs consistent with weight, fat, and age, so as to settle on the diet that's appropriate for the body. When following a diet, it's important to think about some important things that help in choosing an acceptable diet. The weight should be measured first to ascertain what proportion of extra fat should be eliminated, also as other considerations like age, gender, and health status. It is through some signs that tell you that the diet is true for you otherwise you got to change it. 1- Not losing weight If an appropriate diet is followed and adhered to, the result is often observed after the primary week has passed. The weight also will start to decrease significantly with a regular diet for a couple of months. But once you follow a diet that's more in calories than the body needs, otherwise you eat foods that don't help within the burning process, no result will follow from dieting, or a little percentage of weight and fat are going to be lost. 2- Weak body Feeling tired and exhausted all the time, even with eating, could also be thanks to your body needing important nutrients that it lacks. As dieting doesn't mean depriving the body, but the varied elements must be addressed in appropriate quantities. And the improper dieting will cause a weak body, the tendency to laziness and lethargy, feeling headache and extreme stress. 3- Bad breath When the body doesn't have enough glucose to urge energy, it burns stored fats instead, leading to an accumulation of acids called "ketones", and these ketones cause an unpleasant odor within the mouth, like a nail enamel remover. People on a low-carb diet are more likely to develop bad breath. 4- Hair loss Iron is employed to supply red blood cells that help store and carry oxygen within the blood. And if you suffer from iron deficiency, the hair may start to fall out. Eating foods rich in iron are important during the diet, like spinach, broccoli, lentils, red beans, and meat. 5- Digestion disorders Eating healthy, integrated food will help improve the functions of the gastrointestinal system and metabolism, and thus burn fat. As for following an unhealthy diet, the share of some elements will increase, and therefore the body will lack other important elements, which can affect the digestion process. Constipation, gases and abdominal cramps can occur once you continue this wrong dieting. 6- Feeling of constant hunger When following a healthy diet, it'll help curb appetite and not feel hungry sometimes once you aren't eating. As for the incorrect dieting or calories but the body needs, it'll cause you to feel hungry even after eating. 7 - an excessive amount of disease There are many foods that the body must fight diseases, like fruits, vegetables, protein, and healthy fats. And once you stop eating these different foods, your system doesn't function well, which increases your chances of developing various diseases. 8- Feeling of discomfort from the accursed A healthy diet may be a way of life, and it shouldn't be limited to a selected time, so you ought to feel satisfied and happy while following it, but if you are feeling annoyed and upset, this suggests that you simply follow a diet that doesn't suit you. But this doesn't mean eating unhealthy foods, because the right way of life depends on proper nutrition, with the likelihood of eating a number of favorite foods within the free meal. 9 - Difficult to use it Dieting should be appropriate to the encompassing conditions, whether work or available foods, health status, and others. If the precise diet is difficult to implement, and there are obstacles to its implementation, there'll be no feasible result from its followers. This post have 0 komentar Next article Next Post Previous article Previous Post
Heroin Addiction: How & Why Heroin Is Abused One of the most important drug facts to know about heroin is that it is an opioid, which means it has many of the same effects on the brain as prescription painkillers. In fact, some people turn to heroin after their doctors stop providing them with legitimate prescriptions. While this makes heroin an opioid of last resort, that doesn’t make the opioid substance abuse problem any less severe. While many people turn to heroin out of desperation, they can come to prefer it over prescription drugs like Vicodin or Percocet, because it’s a much cheaper opioid. The low cost of heroin and the easy accessibility of the street drug can help a heroin user feed his or her substance abuse problem. Heroin is an extremely addictive drug, compelling users to use the drug in larger doses with continued use. Over time, the user must use the drug more frequently as well, because even larger doses will wear off more quickly. This speeds up the substance abuse cycle until the user either experiences an overdose or seeks treatment. Why Do People Abuse Heroin? As an opioid, heroin is extremely efficient in alleviating pain. People suffering from severe injuries, and those who experience chronic pain from illness, can turn to the drug as a means of relieving pain. While this may be what draws them to the drug, their substance abuse problems start when they discover the euphoric side effects heroin produces. As the drug is administered, the individual begins to feel drowsy and relaxed. It often provides a deeper sleep that may be uncommon for the individual. Heroin use can also alleviate the symptoms of some mental illnesses, such as depression and anxiety. These unintended effects may become more important to the user than managing his or her pain, though the individual may still cite pain as the primary reason for taking the drug. While each type of opioid may have slightly different effects on the brain and pain management, hydrocodone and oxycodone most closely resembles heroin in terms of its effects and characteristics. Often, patients will use these prescription drugs even though they can cost up to triple the cost of street grade heroin. Eventually, doctors realize that a substance abuse problem is forming, so they discontinue writing prescriptions for the individual. The next step for the individual is to turn to illegal or illicit means of obtaining opioids, which is when they first try heroin. Ultimately, the individual ends up addicted to heroin out of a physical need for the drug. The brain and body have become so accustomed to the drug that a sudden depriving of the drug can cause a shock to the person’s biological systems. Side effects and withdrawal symptoms are often very severe, creating health risks to the individual. Even if the user doesn’t succumb to a devastating relapse, the withdrawal symptoms may become life-threatening. How is Heroin Abused? If you’re unfamiliar with heroin use, you may wonder why it can’t be swallowed like other opioid drugs. It can be swallowed, but that’s not the preferred method for taking the drug. When heroin is swallowed, some of the drug is digested and passed through the system before it can have the intended effect. Since this results in the individual experiencing a minimized effect, it’s considered a waste of money. While other methods of administering the drug are more dangerous, they do provide a much more intense effect. Injecting heroin is the most widely used method because the injection delivers the drug directly into the bloodstream. From there, the blood carries the heroin directly to the brain. Snorting or smoking the drug are additional methods of use, as they are also effective ways of getting the substance to the brain quickly. What Does Heroin Do to the Body? If you think you may know someone with an opioid abuse problem and you’re concerned that they may have turned to heroin, it’s important to know how to identify this type of problem. There are a few telltale signs that you should watch for in trying to understand your loved one’s problem. For instance, you may see track marks on the individual’s arms, where the drug has been repeatedly injected. They may also experience frequent and unexplained nose bleeds or weight loss. The heroin user may also exhibit personality changes. Mood swings are especially common as a result of the highs and lows brought on by use of the drug. The individual will also seem more secretive, since he or she will be trying to hide or cover up their using.. Often, people turn to crime as a means of paying for their heroin . For the same reasons, the individual can become more dishonest, even when dealing with trusted loved ones. You might also find paraphernalia associated with heroin use, such as tin foil, spoons, and syringes. There are instances in which an individual is aware that he or she has a heroin substance abuse problem. They may even try to quit using the drug on their own. In addition to severe withdrawal symptoms, intense cravings may compel them to start using again. You might spot someone attempting to quit heroin use as they experience the following withdrawal symptoms: • Muscle aches • Nausea and vomiting • Diarrhea • Sweating • Shaking • Nervousness or agitation • Depression A relapse is especially dangerous, since it often results in increased use of the drug. Using too much heroin within a shorter time span often results in a life-threatening drug overdose. An overdose can be identified by some common symptoms, such as falling unconscious. The individual will also have a weak pulse and their breathing may be shallow or irregular. An overdose is a medical emergency and, if you suspect one, calling 9-1-1 immediately is imperative. The individual can be saved, if naloxone and CPR are administered within a short amount of time. As with any emergency medical condition, time plays an important factor in recovery. If you or someone close to you is struggling with heroin addiction or abuse, contact St John’s Recovery Place at your earliest convenience. Their admissions counselors can answer your questions and tell you what to expect from a treatment plan. Although quitting heroin use is a challenge, help from the professional and caring staff at St John’s Recovery Place can maximize the chances for a successful recovery. Experience Real Recovery. Get Your Free Insurance Verification Now.
Skip to main content What is net metering and how can it save you money? Energy storage in Maryland explained March 24, 2021 at 7:00 AM Switching to solar offers a host of benefits for homeowners and business owners: a smaller carbon footprint, less dependence on the grid, and more. However, the most important advantage is that it allows people to secure massive overall savings on their energy bills. This is all thanks to a simple concept: net metering. Net metering is a type of energy storage program between solar customers and their local utility providers. We’re exploring how energy storage in Maryland works, and how net metering can save you money. Net metering 101 In basic terms, net metering is a system of energy storage here in Maryland. Every day, your solar panels generate energy from the sun’s light, even when you’re not actively using your electricity. This means that you may end up with an excess amount of stored energy. Most solar energy systems installed in the United States are still tied to the electric grid, unless your home is completely off the grid. So, when your solar panels generate more energy than your household consumes, the excess power is sent back to the power grid at your local utility company. When net metering is in place, the utility company is required to purchase the excess power that your solar panels have generated. Here’s how it typically works: • Solar energy production ramps up during the middle of the day, which is also when energy consumption is usually the lowest. • At the end of the month, most solar households will have generated more energy than they consumed. • The excess energy is exported to the local power grid. • The utility company pays for the power by adding a credit to the homeowner’s monthly bill. • These credits can then be used to offset electricity usage in the future. How exactly does net metering put more money in your pocket? Many people are taking advantage of solar energy storage in Maryland. Here are some of the ways that net metering can save you money: Slashes your electricity bills If your solar panels are appropriately sized based on your household’s power usage, you can essentially eliminate your monthly electricity costs (with the exception of fixed costs from your utility provider). This is because any net metering credits that you rack up will cancel out future grid usage. As long as you have enough energy stored, then you can say goodbye to a good chunk of your energy bills. Eliminates the need for costly battery storage Another benefit of net metering is that you can essentially use the grid as a battery. Without energy storage through the grid, you have to install a separate battery in order to store excess power. This can cost upward of a thousand dollars. Participating in net metering completely eliminates the cost and hassle of installing a battery. Maryland utility companies purchase excess power at the full retail price As mentioned above, the sunniest states aren’t necessarily the best for saving money through solar. The state’s net metering policies are also a major factor. Maryland has one of the most favorable net metering policies available and offers full-retail compensation for excess power. Take advantage of energy storage in Maryland with solar Solaris Solar Solutions is a leading provider of solar panel installation in Maryland. There’s never been a better time to go solar. Get started today by scheduling a free consultation with our solar experts.
Cover of Genetic Crossroads by Elise K. Burton Genetic Crossroads The Middle East and the Science of Human Heredity Elise K. Burton January 2021 400 pages. from $30.00 Hardcover ISBN: 9781503611917 Paperback ISBN: 9781503614567 Ebook ISBN: 9781503614574 Request Review/Desk/Examination Copy Excerpts and More The Middle East plays a major role in the history of genetic science. Early in the twentieth century, technological breakthroughs in human genetics coincided with the birth of modern Middle Eastern nation-states, who proclaimed that the region's ancient history—as a cradle of civilizations and crossroads of humankind—was preserved in the bones and blood of their citizens. Using letters and publications from the 1920s to the present, Elise K. Burton follows the field expeditions and hospital surveys that scrutinized the bodies of tribal nomads and religious minorities. These studies, geneticists claim, not only detect the living descendants of biblical civilizations but also reveal the deeper past of human evolution. Genetic Crossroads is an unprecedented history of human genetics in the Middle East, from its roots in colonial anthropology and medicine to recent genome sequencing projects. It illuminates how scientists from Turkey to Yemen, Egypt to Iran, transformed genetic data into territorial claims and national origin myths. Burton shows why such nationalist appropriations of genetics are not local or temporary aberrations, but rather the enduring foundations of international scientific interest in Middle Eastern populations to this day. About the author Elise K. Burton is Assistant Professor at the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto. "Genetic Crossroads is a shining example of how to write multi-scalar, multi-sited, and multi-lingual histories of science. Few scholars are able to balance the contradictory pulls of the global and the local; Elise Burton shows how they can be effectively braided together without sacrificing critique, complexity, or context." —Projit Bihari Mukharji, University of Pennsylvania "Deeply researched and powerfully written, Genetic Crossroads is one of the most original books I have read in a decade. Burton's unique history of Middle Eastern genetics is a fascinating study of genetic nationalism and the global hierarchies of such scientific inquiry, and a must-read for historians of all fields." —Eve M Troutt Powell, University of Pennsylvania "Drawing on sources in four Middle Eastern languages and from underused Western archives, Elise Burton explains why the Middle East was so pivotal for global genetics. Exemplifying how to integrate area studies and global history, Genetic Crossroads is a true tour de force."
What are the fermentation tricks for baking bread? Fermentation has long been an important basis for bread making, and it can determine the final quality of the bread. In fact, bread fermentation is a complex process that can involve various aspects of physics, chemistry and biology, but these points are not difficult to understand. Generations of bakers have researched and concluded that there are many factors that affect dough fermentation, such as the type and amount of yeast, the amount of salt and sugar added, the temperature of the dough, the ambient temperature, the humidity, the fermentation time and so on. This article focuses on the various factors that affect the fermentation of dough, as well as some methods and techniques for fermenting dough in home baking. • Yeast Factor When we use different types of yeast to make bread, we will find that the rate of fermentation of the bread will vary somewhat. In modern baking, bread can be made with either commercial yeast or natural leavening varieties. Commercial yeast is further divided into fresh and dry yeast. In our daily use, fresh yeast is replaced with dry yeast in a ratio of 2.5:1 by weight. As fresh yeast is only shallowly dormant in the refrigerated state, it will activate quickly when it meets water and melts, which means it will ferment faster when added to the dough. Dried yeast is fresh yeast that has been dried and compressed into pellets, a small part of which has died, while most of it goes into a deeply dormant state and will only slowly awaken when it has fully absorbed water and has the right temperature, so fermentation is a little slower. If you want to increase the speed of fermentation of dry yeast, it is more effective to dissolve it in warm water not exceeding 40 ℃ before adding it to the dough. Natural yeast contains yeast obtained from nature and even after our culture, its fermentation activity is still not as strong as commercial yeast grown by professional manufacturers. If all natural yeast is used to ferment a loaf of bread, it must be fed several times to make it more active before it can be used. Alternatively, you can use some of the natural yeast to improve the flavour of the bread and add a small amount of commercial yeast to increase the swelling and create a bread with good flavour and texture. When considering the amount of yeast to add to a bread recipe, it is important to keep the amount of yeast as low as possible and to extend the fermentation time of the dough as much as possible to ensure that the bread has a better flavour. There are actually some other advantages of a long fermentation time, which I will describe below. • Physical Parameters As regular bakers know, there are two important physical indicators of the fermenting environment, they are temperature and humidity. The warmer air moves upwards and the colder air sinks. So when fermenting the dough, you have to be aware that in natural conditions the temperature is not evenly distributed in the space. In a fermentation oven, on the other hand, because it has an air circulation system, it allows the temperature and humidity to be distributed a little more evenly. Circulation system for fermenters Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air and is usually expressed as relative humidity in everyday life. At the right temperature, where water is present, it will evaporate to form water vapour. At room temperature, the relative humidity of the air is generally in the range of 40% to 80%. The humidity of the environment affects the degree of wetness and dryness of the dough surface. It is only when the humidity of the air is high that a crust does not form on the surface of the dough, which affects the expansion of the dough. Higher temperature water vapour, when encountering a colder dough surface, will liquefy to form small droplets, which can properly hydrate the dough surface and compensate for the loss of moisture due to evaporation from the dough surface. Assuming that the dough is moved from a cooler temperature to a warmer fermentation environment, the dough will start to warm up from the outside first and then the inside of the dough will slowly warm up through heat transfer, in the same way that water will slowly start to freeze from the surface when you put a bowl of water in the fridge. Since rising (or cooling) the dough is a slow process, if you want the dough to reach fermentation temperature more quickly, the best way to do this is to get the dough temperature close to fermentation temperature, which is why it is important to control the dough temperature, which affects all subsequent fermentation times. You can obviously feel that it takes longer to ferment bread in winter than in summer, and one of the factors is that both the dough temperature and the ambient temperature are lower. The appropriate fermentation temperature and humidity varies from one bread type to another and from one fermentation stage to another. The temperature at which yeast is active is around 4℃ to 40 ℃, which means that the dough will ferment within this range, it is just a matter of how long it takes. At around 40 ℃, yeast activity is at its peak. Below 15 ℃, the yeast will ferment more slowly And below 4 ℃, the yeast will be dormant. In short, a low fermentation temperature will increase the fermentation time, a high temperature will decrease it. So is the higher the fermentation temperature the better? The answer is no, for two reasons- 1. A long fermentation at low temperatures releases the full flavour of the wheat. The amylase enzyme in the flour breaks down the starch into small molecular sugars which are directly perceived by our palate. However, the enzymes are slow to work and need sufficient time to do their job. 2. Low temperature fermenting makes it easier to grasp the critical point of dough fermentation. We always want to ferment bread just right, so that it expands fully but doesn’t over-ferment and produce too much sourness. At high temperatures this just right time period is short, whereas a refrigerated fermentation can remain the perfect point for a longer period of time, meaning that you can move on to the next stage of production within this perfect time period without compromising the quality of the bread. • Fermentation Time When fermenting the dough, depending on the stage of fermentation (e.g. leavening, initial fermentation, intermediate fermentation, final fermentation, etc.) you can use a refrigerated (5 ℃) fermentation, a room temperature (25 ℃) fermentation, or you can use a fermentation oven (or oven) set at a higher temperature (28 to 38 ℃) to ferment the dough. According to Peter Reinhardt in The Apprentice Baker, for every 9.5 ℃ decrease in temperature (about 10 ℃ for ease of calculation), the time it takes to ferment the dough to the same volume becomes twice as long. For example, if a dough takes 1 hour to finish fermenting at 25 ℃, it will take 12=2 hours at 15 ℃ and 12*2=4 hours at 5 ℃. As mentioned before, the heat transfer from the outside of the dough to the inside is slow, so this calculation is not very precise and you will end up having to make slight adjustments to suit the situation. After a few practice sessions, you will certainly be able to draw up a rule that suits your environment. Not only can you use this method for fermenting medium-sized doughs, but you can also try this combination of combinations when doing the regular initial fermentation (commonly known as primary fermentation) and the final fermentation (commonly known as secondary fermentation). Needless to say, mastering this conversion will allow you to be more flexible with your bread making time. • Fermentation Methods and Tricks Fermentation ovens Fermentation ovens are specialist equipment for fermenting food. Their main advantages include accurate temperature and humidity control, large capacity and ease of use, but they also have some disadvantages: they require space and cost extra. It’s much better than an oven, both in terms of space and insulation. Simply set the temperature, humidity and time and wait for the fermentation to complete. With a stable environment, the same recipe and the right temperature for the dough, the fermentation time does not change much from one production to the next. This makes it much easier for beginners to get to grips with the fermentation level. Fermentation ovens on the market are mainly divided into domestic and commercial types, of which there are simple and professional types that can be collapsed for domestic use, and commercial types that can be refrigerated or frozen, with a capacity of 8.8 to 44 gal. The principle of the fermentation box is very simple. To raise the temperature inside the box, it is only necessary to use a heat pipe like an oven, while the humidity is generated by heating the water into steam, and then the fan allows the steam to circulate inside the box, so that the humidity of the internal environment can be evenly distributed. Although the temperature and humidity control of the fermenter is relatively accurate, there will still be small deviations (within 5° of the temperature and within 10% of the humidity). Therefore you need to measure the temperature difference and humidity difference when using the oven for the first time, just as you would with an oven. Depending on the temperature difference, you can adjust the temperature setting appropriately so that the actual temperature matches the fermentation requirements. Humidity does not affect dough fermentation as significantly as temperature, but it is equally important to ensure that the humidity in the oven is appropriate. Oven fermentation Ovens are becoming more and more specialised, and with businesses doing everything they can to promote them, fermentation is now a standard feature in ovens. Unfortunately, the fermentation function in ovens is not professional and is certainly not satisfying for bakeries or bread lovers, but for the average home baking user it can meet the needs. When using the fermentation function of a regular oven, the temperature control is generally less accurate and the humidity control is not. The reason for the inaccurate temperature control is that the oven itself has a wide heating range, from 30 ℃ to 250 ℃, and such a wide range of temperature control naturally results in a loss of accuracy, much like using a scale to weigh yeast. A low oven fermentation temperature is fine, but a high one (above 40 ℃) can easily cause the yeast to lose its activity. Some high-end home ovens have better fermentation features than entry-level ovens. They use imported sensors with more accurate temperature control, and they also provide humidity (forget about controlling humidity). There are currently two main options for creating humidity in ovens To fill the matching water catch tray with water, which is heated at the bottom of the oven to produce a small amount of steam to raise the humidity inside the oven。 An oven with a spray function, which comes with a water tank, so as long as you make sure there is water in the tank, you can spray the water mist into the oven to increase the humidity during fermentation. If your oven is not precise enough to control the temperature and you cannot create humidity, it is best to turn off the oven and use only its sealed space to put in a bowl of hot water to provide temperature and humidity. At this point the oven is the equivalent of a sealed container with an insulating effect, and the temperature and weight of the hot water put in determines the temperature and humidity inside the oven. The higher the temperature of the water the more water vapour is produced, thus increasing the humidity inside the oven, and the higher temperature of the water vapour also warms up the interior of the oven. Put in hot water followed by a thermometer, this will allow you to monitor the temperature and humidity inside the oven. If the oven temperature is too high, open the oven door promptly to allow the temperature inside the oven to drop And when the temperature is too low, turn on the oven’s fermentation function briefly or replace the hot water. Alternatively, humidity can be controlled by opening and closing the oven door and adjusting the water temperature. This can be a little tricky, but in the absence of equipment support, it is possible to control the degree of fermentation of the dough more accurately. Another thing to keep in mind when fermenting in the oven is to avoid getting the dough too close to the heaters or hot water, as this can easily lead to the dough getting too hot in close proximity, the dough fermenting significantly faster in that area than in others, or the yeast losing its activity. Other Containers You can also use other closed containers for fermentation if you don’t want to take up the time of the oven. In everyday life, tools that can be used as fermentation spaces are steamers, storage boxes, thermal covers, foam boxes, etc. Essentially, using these tools to ferment dough is the same as putting hot water in the oven to ferment it, it just acts as an airtight environment that keeps the heat and moisture in. The steamer is probably the most common household cooking utensil and is almost always needed for making Chinese pasta. In the early days when there were no fermentation ovens, people used steamers to ferment steamed buns with excellent results. Compared to other tools, the steamer has the obvious advantage that there is no need to replace the hot water. You only need to heat the bottom of the pot several times and briefly to keep the water temperature within a certain range to achieve a constant temperature. Of course, be careful not to overheat the water, otherwise the dough inside will steam instead of ferment! The downside is that it has a limited capacity – small loaves can be accommodated, while large baking trays are basically impossible to fit. It is not very convenient to put a thermometer inside the steamer, the best way to feel the temperature is by touching the bottom of the pan with your hand, as long as it is slightly above hand temperature. Fermenting in a storage box, insulated cover or foam box is basically the same – put in a basin of hot water to provide temperature and humidity. Their advantage is that they are large and cheap, but their disadvantage is that the hot water needs to be replaced. In terms of insulation, the foam box is the best, the hood the second best and the storage box the worst. Again, it is important to avoid the yeast losing its activity due to the high temperature, and to change the hot water in time according to the insulation of the container. • Summary Fermentation is the process of allowing food to fully cook. For dough fermentation, it is a process in which yeast, by drawing nutrients from the dough, produces carbon dioxide and alcohol, allowing the dough to expand and produce flavour. During this process, factors such as yeast, recipe, temperature and time all affect the final degree of fermentation of the dough. It’s important to learn to observe the state of fermentation of the dough, such as how it springs back when pressed by the fingers, the change in volume of the dough, the smell of the dough, etc., rather than rigidly applying the fermentation time to a recipe. Novice bakers often do not have sufficient experience in making bread, which makes them even more dependent on accurate recipes, the right dough temperature and a controlled environment to ensure a stable dough fermentation. Relying on specialised equipment, such as thermometers, air conditioners and fermentation boxes, can provide you with reliable quantitative indicators to make the most of the pleasure of making. Bread making is therefore not just a craft, it is a science, and knowing the principles behind it will allow you to use it with ease. Timexing hopes this post will help you Share More people Timexing needs your upvotes! Leave a Reply
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the creation of the United Nations and documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Genocide Convention, the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, and their Additional Protocols, as well as concepts such as responsibility to protect (R2P), have transformed international law and the basis for how states must conduct international relations. Yet, as David Rieff, who has covered several wars and humanitarian emergencies, remarks in his book A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis, the "murderous twentieth century remained just as murderous". In fact, the twenty-first century remains no stranger to humanitarian emergencies: from man-made and natural disasters to wars and revolutions, millions of lives remain at risk. Today, world politics is testing many of these laws and humanitarian relief work in unforeseen ways. At the same time, the Internet and mobile technologies have provided a means to improve data collection and humanitarian response, which provides the United Nations with an opportunity to play a more dynamic role in how it coordinates and responds to humanitarian emergencies. At present, the world community has limited options for responding to humanitarian crises. General Assembly resolution 46/182 formed guiding principles for the international community's response to humanitarian disasters and was central to the establishment of the Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC) and the development of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). IASC includes major humanitarian actors from both within and outside the United Nations, and is aimed at facilitating inter-agency analysis and decision making in response to humanitarian emergencies. One way IASC strives to improve coordination is through the humanitarian "cluster" system established in 2005. Clusters are groupings of United Nations agencies, non-governmental organizations, and other international organizations concentrating on a specific sector during a humanitarian crisis. There are 11 clusters: protection, camp coordination and management, water sanitation and hygiene, health, emergency shelter, nutrition, emergency telecommunications, logistics, early recovery, education, and agriculture. Each cluster, led by a designated agency, coordinates with the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the United Nations agency accountable for the overall coordination under ERC. Most data is designed to flow through the clusters that process and analyze it, and is used to periodically brief decision makers. However, as many experts have noted, these humanitarian clusters lack the resources to coordinate with OCHA and they tend to manage information in a way that makes it difficult to share. For instance, clusters often choose systems that lock data in tools and formats that cannot be easily shared. Satchit Balsari, a fellow at the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, an interfaculty initiative which is dedicated to advancing research, practice, and policy in humanitarian assistance, points out that another concern with this system is that not everyone who is working in the field is clued in to the clusters, such as volunteers or those in remote areas. Balsari, who worked in Haiti following the 2010 earthquake, noted that "they often forget to involve stakeholders". He added that for the first couple of months, Haitians were conspicuously absent from these cluster meetings because locals were not allowed into the United Nations compound where meetings were being held. "So decisions were being taken without those who were most affected", he said. According to the March 2011 report by the United Nations Foundation, OCHA, the Vodafone Foundation, and the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, the cluster system proved inadequate in Haiti when the volume, tempo, and diversity of the inflowing information increased. The publication Disaster Relief 2.0: The Future of Information Sharing in Humanitarian Emergencies looked at how new technologies were being applied to early warning systems for crises and humanitarian responses and how they could become powerful tools in humanitarian relief work. For instance, the crisis mapping response to Haiti's earthquake in 2010 showed how mobile technologies, geospatial data, and citizen-based reporting could influence humanitarian action and disaster response. Today, several online mapping organizations with a humanitarian focus, such as OpenStreetMap, Crisis Mappers, Sahana, and Ushahidi, are employed during critical emergencies around the world. Following the earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan in 2011, crowdsource mapping came in handy for local relief workers as they set priorities for aid delivery of food, shelter, and sanitation services. According to The New York Times, web-based community mapping was also used in Libya to track where the fighting was taking place and the movement of refugees who were fleeing the conflict. The report further noted that "new voices are opening the possibility of closer interactions with communities affected by disasters". It acknowledged that "new partners are offering faster, more effective means of analyzing an ever-increasing volume and velocity of data", and that the challenge ahead will be "to create an effective interface between these resources, and create an ecosystem where each actor understands its role". In this regard, veteran humanitarian organizations such as the United Nations have a particularly significant role to play. According to Patrick Meier, co-founder of the International Network of Crisis Mappers, it is imperative to consolidate key partnerships between formal humanitarian organizations and informal volunteer networks. He urges participation in joint crisis response simulations to ensure "appropriate and robust but flexible mechanisms in 2012". A big challenge for the United Nations and its agencies is that they still have major difficulties in providing relief on neutral or balanced terms. In many cases, the Government or a powerful non-state actor denies them access to vulnerable communities. In 2009, towards the end of the civil war in Sri Lanka, the Government denied United Nations aid agencies and humanitarian workers access to camps for internally displaced persons and to civilians trapped in the ongoing conflict between the military and the terrorist group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Also in 2009, al-Shabaab, a terrorist militant group controlling most of southern Somalia, banned several international aid groups from the region, resulting in widespread famine. As noted in the book United Nations and Changing World Politics: "In many ways international humanitarian law seems to have been formulated to deal with a different world -- one populated by governments and regular armies whose interests were often served by respecting the laws of war." Sovereignty is also often a big sticking point. General Assembly resolution 46/182 reiterates that "the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national unity of states must be fully respected in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations", which makes it difficult to operate in situations where the affected country denies access. To address the challenge of the international community's responsibility to act in the face of grave human rights violations while respecting the sovereignty of states, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty was established in 2000. The Commission formulated the concept of responsibility to protect (R2P), which states that the international community must protect the population of a state if its own Government fails to do so. It also allows for the use of military force if peaceful measures prove inadequate. Co-chairs of the Commission, Gareth Evans of the International Crisis Group and Algerian diplomat Mohamed Sahnoun, wrote in Foreign Affairs: "If the international community is to respond to this challenge, the whole debate must be turned on its head. The issue must be reframed not as an argument about the 'right to intervene' but about the 'responsibility to protect'." The R2P doctrine was finally incorporated in a United Nations outcome document in 2005, and was hailed by international affairs specialists as a new dawn for peace and security. Since then, the R2P principle has been applied in Kenya, following the post-election violence in 2008, and more notably in Libya in 2011, following former leader Muammar al-Qaddafi's brutal crackdown on its people during the revolt against his regime. While R2P advocates welcomed the NATO-led military intervention, others questioned the hypocrisy of intervening in one country, while the regimes of neighbouring countries used violence and intimidation to suppress mass uprisings, notably in Syria and Bahrain. Moreover, it's far from clear if the humanitarian military intervention in Libya would be able to guarantee a better and peaceful future for its people. Experts like Micah Zenko at the Council on Foreign Relations argue that "mismanagement and overreach" in Libya has made future intervention on the grounds of R2P uncertain. Although NATO claimed to be an impartial actor in the conflict, he says, "Its actions -- allowing the rebel forces to smuggle weapons into the country and fly aircraft in the no-fly zone and coordinating its air strikes with their military operations, for instance -- proved otherwise". While coercive military intervention in the future will prove difficult to achieve, a military component of some kind has become increasingly necessary in most humanitarian crises. Adam Levine, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine at Brown University who worked on providing emergency aid in Libya says, "You can't have healthcare without security". According to Levine, humanitarian aid in Libya would have been difficult to provide without the security cover provided by the presence of NATO. As the need for a securit y presence for humanitarian relief work grows, the role of United Nat ions peacekeepers expands as they are considered more neutral than the military of any one country. However, peacekeepers hardly enjoy an unblemished reputation: they have been accused of sex crimes such as rape and sexual exploitation in many countries, including Haiti, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Somalia and t he Democratic Republic of the Congo. Therefore, the human rights risks accompanying the behaviour of security forces from any particular country also apply to peacekeepers from many different countries. The United Nations must investigate thoroughly all allegations, prosecute those alleged to have committed crimes, and hold accountable the countries from which those peacekeepers found guilty came. To the extent that humanitarian aid must take place under the security of the gun, the United Nations will also have to consider other issues in order to improve its response. Levine says there needs to be better coordination between security providers and aid workers so that areas can be secured for humanitarian aid delivery. There will have to be better mutual understanding of cultures and systems between humanitarian aid workers and troops, so as to develop mutual respect. To do this, it would be useful to put in place an ongoing programme of strategic and operational discussions at all levels. Except in situations where humanitarian workers have no access to vulnerable areas or populations, the military should not normally engage in providing aid. Provision of aid by the military undermines neutrality, and is hardly the most effective way of providing humanitarian assistance. Some experts have also recommended reducing the number of non-governmental organizations in humanitarian emergencies to only those that abide by a certain set of standards, such as the Red Cross Code of Conduct. Greater emphasis on the same set of standards for all organizations working in emergencies will help in streamlining aid. This process must start now, says Levine, because once a humanitarian emergency occurs "it's almost too late in some ways".
Solar eclipse 2017 iowa When was the last solar eclipse in Iowa? Eclipses and Transits Visible in Iowa Center Eclipse Visibility From Iowa Center Visibility Worldwide Jun 10, 2021 Partial Solar Eclipse Annular Solar Eclipse Much of Europe, Much of Asia, North/West Africa, Much of North America, Atlantic, Arctic Where was the 2017 solar eclipse visible? What eclipse happened in 2017? The solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 , dubbed the “Great American Eclipse” by the media, was a total solar eclipse visible within a band that spanned the contiguous United States from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. Can solar eclipse happen 2020? Solar Eclipse (Surya Grahan) 2020 : Today’s total Solar Eclipse will not be visible in India . Know all about the last Surya Grahan of the of the year and find out how you can watch it. Today is the last Solar Eclipse or Surya Grahan of 2020 . This will be a total Solar Eclipse . What is the shortest solar eclipse? According to US National Weather Service, the Shortest Total Solar Eclipse occurred on September 22nd, 1968 – 40 seconds. The Longest Total Solar Eclipse occurred on June 20, 1955 – 7 minutes and 8 seconds. Originally Answered: How long was the shortest recorded solar eclipse , and when did it occur? You might be interested: File a weekly claim iowa What is the longest solar eclipse? 7 minutes, 32 seconds Can everyone see a total solar eclipse? But not everyone experiences every solar eclipse . Getting a chance to see a total solar eclipse is rare. The moon’s shadow on Earth isn’t very big, so only a small portion of places on Earth will see it. You have to be on the sunny side of the planet when it happens. Will it be dark during solar eclipse? During a solar eclipse , the moon casts a shadow onto Earth. It is only visible from a small area on Earth and the sky becomes very dark as if it were night. The second is a partial solar eclipse which happens when the sun , moon and Earth are not exactly lined up. Where on earth can you see a solar eclipse? How many times has there been a solar eclipse? Solar eclipses are fairly numerous, about 2 to 4 per year, but the area on the ground covered by totality is only about 50 miles wide. In any given location on Earth, a total eclipse happens only once every hundred years or so, though for selected locations they can occur as little as a few years apart. What are the dangers of looking at a solar eclipse? You might be interested: Iowa state university population What limits the number of eclipses per year? What factor limits the number of eclipses per year? The moon passes between the earth and the sun . The moon passes through the earth’s shadow. The sun passes through the moon’s shadow. How can I see a solar eclipse at home? Set Rules for Your Viewing Party Do not look directly at the sun. Do not use homemade filters or ordinary sunglasses, even very dark sunglasses. Use special-purpose solar filters, such as eclipse glasses or handheld solar viewers, to view the eclipse . Read and follow filter instructions and supervise children. Should solar eclipses see? NO damage or risk to the eye is involved when looking at the total solar eclipse , even with optical aids, such as binoculars. BUT the bright disk, no matter how small or partial crescent, will cause damage, and optical aids must not be used unless special filters are used and informed supervision is on hand. How many lunar eclipses will there be in 2020? 4 lunar eclipses Leave a Reply
Personal development goals are designed to facilitate the desired changes or improvement in one’s life. Like any other goals, it is important that you continually aspire for change within one’s self while also aiming to achieve whatever it is you need to accomplish. However, it will require time, discipline, and effort on your part in order to realize your personal development goals. Setting Personal Goals Properly setting your personal development goals require a lot of discipline. Since it can be compared to making a personal commitment, it is easy to be negligent and fail to fulfill that promise to yourself. Your goals can be as simple as waking up early for work, or as complex as earning a promotion. Hence, you have to create a mindset that will enable you to understand the importance of your goal and what you need to achieve it. Here are some questions you can ask yourself for better understanding of your personal goals: -Will the achievement of this goal affect my life? -What do I need to achieve it? -Is there anything that can block my progress? -What knowledge or information will help further my goals? Improve Your Mental Attitudes Most grown ups today no longer believe in dreams or setting goals. They like to believe that ambitions or dreams are only for kids who do not have a clear grasp of how the “real world” functions. Once exposed to the harsh realities of life, most people are reduced merely to settling down and having a job to pay for your sustenance. Hence, it is important that you remove these conditioned attitudes or perceptions. Instead of focusing on the negatives, create a positive stamp into your goals. When you possess a negative attitude towards your goal, it is useless. Once you have gotten rid of all these negative emotional patterns, it is easy to focus on working towards your goal. Furthermore, it relieves yourself from the stress that you often encounter in your day-to-day lives. Staying positive will help your progress in your personal development goals since it creates a healthier condition of mind and body. After all, your attitudes and mental state affect your actions. So, when you have a healthier state of mind, you can be more productive in whatever you aspire to achieve. Steps To Succeeding In Your Goals Your mind is a very powerful tool. With a right mindset, you are able to accomplish whatever it is you have envisioned for yourself. Here are steps that will bring you closer to the desired outcome: 1. Constantly think of the outcome. This is only to be able to keep your focus on what your goal is. However, you should not focus on it too much to a point that you fail to consider the steps you need to take to get to where you want to be. Instead, it will only serve as your motivation. 2. Make the goal yours. When you believe in your goal, you will be able to disregard all the negative thoughts that hinder your success. As you do this, keep going forward until you have realized the goal. 3. Develop abilities. There are two factors involved in your quest for personal development goals: the goal and yourself. While keeping your focus on the goal, never forget about the more essential factor, which is yourself. As you continue to motivate yourself towards the desired outcome, work on improving your ability since it is the main tool that will ensure success. Learn to recognize the essential factors when accomplishing personal development goals because this will serve as blueprint to your success. Hi, my name is Larry Rivera. I am a successful Internet Network Marketer. Are you in a network marketing company? Are you making money? If you keep doing what you are doing you will keep getting what you are getting. Wanna change that? The best support in the industry. Success University Review Article Source
The benefits of the vegetarian diet For years, vegetarians were considered to be extreme and overly strict. In recent years, many people have realised that the vegetarian diet, when followed properly, is the best way to achieve good health and a balanced diet. In the following article, we present some of the benefits of the vegetarian diet The health benefits of the vegetarian diet The first apparent benefit of not eating animal products is that of maintaining good health. This good health is the combination of several aspects and impacts that the vegetarian diet has on the body. Indeed, when you are a vegetarian, you will no longer have problems with obesity. Most of the time, a person who is overweight and starts a vegetarian diet will lose weight after a few months, and this gradually. Vegetarians also have cholesterol levels that are always within the normal range. It is not enough to be a vegetarian, you have to pay attention to your diet. When the basics of vegetarianism are respected, with a balance of foods that can balance potential deficiencies, cardiovascular problems are not close at hand. One study even showed that vegetarians live longer than non-vegetarians. The benefits of a vegetarian diet for your well-being Vegetarianism not only has health benefits, but also benefits your appearance and well-being. When you are a vegetarian, your skin is always healthy. Your skin and even your hair have a special texture. It should also be noted that vegetarians are more energetic. This is because not eating plant foods means that the body does not have to waste time processing these foods, so digestion is easier and energy is well stored for more useful work. When you are a vegetarian, your breath is healthy and your body odour is refined. It is important to know that all these advantages and benefits are found in people who follow the vegetarian diet and are careful about deficiencies. You might like it too
Apr 24, 2019 · Log into the web GUI of Root AP and configure the settings on the Port Forwarding / Virtual server / NAT serverscreens as shown below. PPTP VPN: From the Port Forwarding screen, set Local Port to 1723 and Protocol to TCP for PPTP tunnel, and then set Port Range to 47 and Protocol to Other for GRE tunnel. Port Forwarding is a kind of special configuration on the router, which allows to redirect external requests (from the Internet) to computers or other devices on the local network. In fact it is a way to specify which local computer to send data and connection requests that arrive at a specific port on the router. Forwarding ports is NOT inherently dangerous in itself and YES the safety is dependant on the service at the target port. But safety also depends on how good is your router's firewall and how well it is protected, both internally and externally. For remote access, both SSH and VPN works as good as each other. Windows 10 has built-in support for port forwarding but it’s not exposed in the Settings interface. Port forwarding allows you to access network resources as if they’re hosted on your local To set up port forwarding, follow these steps: 1. Click on File / Connect and select the SSH SSH is an acronym for the Secure Shell protocol. A communications protocol used to encrypt network traffic between a client and a server. session A session is a set of options that are assigned to a connection to a remote machine. Aug 26, 2014 · Port forwarding, also called tunneling, is essentially the process of intercepting traffic bound for a certain IP/port combination and redirecting it to a different IP and/or port. So now for the big question: Is port forwarding safe? If the port was open before, it is no less safe to enable port forwarding than it was to simply have the open port. In general, your network may always be at risk, so make sure that you have up-to-date antivirus and antimalware programs in place. Keep your router settings secure with a Setting up a port forward in your router sounds scary at first and a lot of people want to know if it's safe or not. It's a difficult question to answer, but in short: If you are forwarding a port to a game console like Xbox or Playstation then it's absolutely 100% safe. If you are forwarding a port to a consumer device like a camera or a DVR then the only risk is people accessing that device, but the risk is very low as long as you've setup a password on the device. Port forwarding is when your router allows outside machines to initiate connections to a machine on your network. It doesn't allow any special access to the router internals, just a connection to your inside machine. The security issue here is not your router, but your machine. Before, it was invisible to the Internet, and therefore somewhat safe. Remote port forwarding. This form of port forwarding enables applications on the server side of a Secure Shell (SSH) connection to access services residing on the SSH's client side. In addition to SSH, there are proprietary tunnelling schemes that utilize remote port forwarding for the same general purpose. Apr 11, 2020 · Port forwarding is a technique that is used to allow external devices access to computers services on private networks. It does this by mapping an external port to an internal IP address and port. Most online gaming Applications will require you to configure port forwarding on your home router. Nov 08, 2019 · With the port forwarding feature, you can route network traffic from outside your network to access a specific device in your secure network and vice versa. Once you specify the port numbers, Norton Core router forwards the network traffic on the specific port to a specific device. Step 3: Next, locate the port forwarding settings. Typically this will be under Advanced and then Port Forwarding or Virtual Server. Step 4: On the Port Forwarding page enter in a name for your device like, “Camera”. Then enter the port you are forwarding in the port field. Port Forwarding Port forwarding or port mapping allows remote computers to connect to a specific computer or service on a private network. This allows you to run a web server, game server or a service of your choosing from behind a router. So I have read a lot about port forwarding lately (and understand the risks in an open port), but I want to run a Minecraft server with my cousin (who lives states away). I came up with the idea of forwarding the port to a second router to prevent my family from being exposed while the port was open.
Leading Museums, Museum Leaders Why we still collect butterflies Butterflies in Melbourne Museum. Photo: Meredith Foley. Andrew Warren, Florida Museum of Natural History, Why we still collect butterflies, The Conversation, 11 June 2015 Who doesn’t love butterflies? While most people won’t think twice about destroying a wasp nest on the side of the house, spraying a swarm of ants in the driveway, or zapping pesky flies at an outdoor barbecue, few would intentionally kill a butterfly. Perhaps because of their beautiful colors and intricate patterns, or the grace of their flight, butterflies tend to get a lot more love than other types of insects. As a caretaker of one of the world’s largest collections of preserved butterflies and moths, and as a very active field researcher, I spend a lot of time explaining why we still need to collect specimens. All these cases of dead butterflies contribute greatly to our understanding of their still-living brothers and sisters. Collections are vitally important – not only for documenting biodiversity, but also for conservation. Documenting what’s out there Museums are storehouses for information generated by everyone who studies the natural world. Natural history collections constitute the single largest source of information on Earth’s biological diversity. Most of what we know about what lives where and when is derived from museum collections, accumulated over the past two-and-a-half centuries. Read more
How does NMR provide the data & how does it become a metabolic profile? At lifespin, the digitization of biological material takes place in two steps: In the first step, the sample is measured using a high-resolution NMR spectrometer. This takes less (!) than a minute. In this short time, the signals of all (!) molecules in the sample are recorded and this over a range of six orders of magnitude. This means that the lowest concentrated metabolites are still detected, even if their concentration is 1 million times weaker than that of the highest concentrated metabolites. In the second step, the spectrum measured in step one (=the sum of all signals from all metabolites) is resolved using proprietary AI algorithms. All metabolites present are identified and quantified by the software. Currently, lifespin can detect and quantify more than 1000 different metabolites.
Spotting the signs of poor mental wellbeing in students in secondary schools Spotting the Signs of Poor Mental Wellbeing Trying to spot when a young person is struggling with their mental wellbeing unless they verbalise it is one of the toughest parts of working in inclusion in a busy secondary school. The reason why? All of the tell-tale signs can be linked to puberty and natural developments. For example, all of the below are potential signs of poor mental wellbeing – 1. Poor concentration 2. Distracted 3. Worrying more 4. Loss of interest 5. Low mood 6. Overwhelmed 7. Weight gain/loss 8. Struggling to regulate emotions (i.e., teary, angry). 9. Tired and sleepy (a great book to read is ‘Why We Sleep’ by Matthew Walker) – adolescents’ circadian rhythm is shifted forwards compared to ours and therefore asking them to get up at c.7.30am is like asking us adults to get up at c.4.30am! 10. Avoiding activities previously enjoyed 11. irritability and short temper None of the above would be out of the norm for a teenager. Hence, spotting and then acting upon concerns can be difficult. However, there are some steps which schools can take by utilising mentor/tutor time. How can Mentor/tutor time be used to support young people's mental health and wellbeing? Empower mentors/tutors/form teachers In some schools’ mentor/tutor time is an add on, not valued by staff or students. If anything, the time is wasted and viewed with derision. However, if properly utilised it can become a powerful tool to support positive mental health and wellbeing. Firstly, mentor time can be used to assess individual students/cohort’s mental wellbeing. This can be done via paid tools, such as Thrive or PASS, or developed in school. A simple questionnaire can help get a gauge of mood within a class, year group or cohort. Through this, you can then break it down further and begin to see a picture of what occurs over time. Have a student’s scores dipped from one term to the next? Has their attendance dropped? Has poor behaviour increased? Has attainment dropped? Schools are often data rich and time poor. However, build in an opportunity for pastoral teams to identify issues and it will have a significant impact, not just on the student but also the school (better attendance, better attainment, better results).* Provide Time In order to avoid tutor time being wasted time, some schools absolutely fill them. Try and create some capacity for tutors to get to know their students. This could be via a quiz, a check in after a weekend, a get to know you mentor board competition and so on. The better the tutor knows the student, the more likely they will be to identify issues before they arise. Provide Training Train tutors in what to look out for but make it year group focused. What should they be watching out for in Y7 is very different to Y11. Understand what your local context and issues are – is county lines an issue? Is child sexual exploitation? Is substance misuse a problem? Don’t hide this from your tutors – empower them. Strategic Calendar Developing a strategic tutor time calendar is vital to supporting positive mental wellbeing. Look, for example, when Love Island is going to be broadcast, as figures suggest there is an increase in eating related disorders when it is on. It may be that you proactively address this issue in mentor time or give tutors the heads up about it in advance so they can monitor students. Share Key Information Often schools can be wary of telling staff key information about students. Staff, in particular tutors, should be empowered with information. This can be done via internal communication systems, such as CPOMS. Alternatively, meet with them one on one at the end or start of the day. Build a Team Try and create tutor briefings, where staff can come together and share ideas but also where they can raise their concerns about a student. Avoid packing this meeting with ‘things’ – try and make it focused but also allow time for staff to catch you and discuss key students. Build a Structure All too often structures in schools are not utilised, mainly because staff are not empowered. If a student is showing signs of poor mental wellbeing, it does not immediately have to be picked up by the inclusion team. Instead, empower the mentor to support them. They will probably know them best, see them everyday and are the ideal person to do daily check ins. If we do not do this then the inclusion team can quickly be overrun and then miss other issues which need dealing with. All of the above is easier said than done and in a busy school environment, where you are trying to balance competing interests, it can be a real struggle. However, adopting a couple of the above could make a real difference and support a change of culture in your year group/setting. *It is worth acknowledging a social desirability bias and thus that they’re not perfect. Author: Adam Gillett Author: Adam Gillett Assistant Principal - Inclusion Penistone Grammar School Learning and Development Specialist at Minds Ahead Masters degrees to strengthen mental health in your school Share this on social media: Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Share on whatsapp
The next government’s climate change plan will impact every aspect of Canadians’ lives, public policy researchers say. Climate change impacts such as wildfires, extreme heat and drought are already affecting Canadians in concrete ways, said Dale Beugin, vice-president of research and analysis at the Canadian Institute of Climate Choices, a non-partisan, publicly funded think-tank. But beyond that, countries worldwide are shifting away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy to meet targets to cut greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate future damage and costs of climate change. “How Canada competes in that growing net-zero economy or a low-carbon economy is going to be huge for how well we do in the long term,” Beugin said. CBC examined the platforms of (in alphabetical order): the Bloc Québécois, Conservatives, Green Party, Liberals and NDP. If a party doesn’t appear in a certain section, there was insufficient information in its platform on that topic, or, in one case, no modelling analysis was publicly available. The People’s Party does not accept the science behind human-caused global warming and simply promises to cancel all climate-related policies and pull out of the Paris Agreement on climate change so it was not included in the analysis. LISTEN \| What do the major parties have to say on climate change? What On Earth50:08Where the parties stand on climate change Description: The major parties have made their pledges for climate action. Host Laura Lynch speaks with candidates to discuss their platforms and what it means for Canada’s plan to reduce emissions. 50:08 Here’s how the major parties’ platforms compare in terms of emissions reductions targets, the role of carbon pricing in meeting those targets, what evidence there is that the plans will work, and how the plans aim to transition Canada to a lower-carbon economy to compete in a changing world. Demonstrators, bottom centre, block an entrance to the port of Vancouver in March as part of a protest against pipeline expansion. Governments face increasing pressure to transition away from fossil fuels to more sustainable energy sources. (Jonathan Hayward/The Canadian Press) What are the parties’ emissions targets? Under the 2015 Paris agreement, Canada and 195 other countries have committed to cutting greenhouse gas emissions enough to limit global warming to well below 2 C, and ideally 1.5 C compared to pre-industrial temperatures. All the federal parties include as a central part of their plan a promise to cut emissions by a certain percentage below 2005 levels by 2030, but to varying degrees: Bloc Québécois Conservative Leader Erin O’Toole speaks about climate change during an announcement at an event in Ottawa in April. (Adrian Wyld/The Canadian Press) Green Party 60 per cent. This is slightly higher than the 55 per cent cut in emissions that the EU has committed to. It’s also a target that environmental groups think Canada should meet to contribute to global climate targets and have asked parties whether they will meet in a recent survey. “That’s our fair share of domestic emissions reductions, and we think we can do it,” said Megan Leslie, president and CEO of WWF-Canada and spokesperson for the One Earth One Vote Campaign. 40 to 45 per cent. This would meet the new Paris targets that the current Liberal government has committed to. WATCH \| The political ambitions behind Canada’s new climate targets The political ambitions behind Canada’s new climate targets \| At IssueThe At Issue panel discusses the political timing and reasoning for Canada’s new emission reduction targets. Plus, the panellists unpack Doug Ford’s pandemic apology and his political future in Ontario. 24:00 How do parties differ on carbon tax or carbon price? The experts who spoke to CBC said the key to success on emissions reductions is to hit all sectors of the economy. One broad measure that can do this is carbon taxes or carbon pricing. In general, a higher price drives emissions down more quickly but will cost businesses and individuals more. All the major parties support carbon pricing in some form. Here are details for each party: Bloc Québécois Doesn’t mention a carbon price in its current platform. In Quebec, where the Bloc’s voter base is located, carbon pricing takes the form of a cap and trade system. In 2019, the Bloc supported a tax of $30/tonne, rising to $200/tonne by 2030 but only in provinces with higher-than-average per capita emissions. Bloc Quebecois Leader Yves-Francois Blanchet casts his ballot in the advance polls Friday in Chambly, Que. (Ryan Remiorz/The Canadian Press) $20/tonne, rising to $50/tonne by 2030 for personal carbon taxes. Money raised from the tax will go into a carbon savings account for environmentally friendly purchases, such as a bicycle or a more efficient furnace. Jennifer Winter, an associate professor of economics and scientific director of the energy and environmental policy research division at the University of Calgary’s School of Public Policy, called the latter idea “complex and restrictive” given that carbon taxes are normally a simple system. $170/tonne by 2030 for industry but only if the U.S. and Europe match that price. The tax is based on output, meaning companies pay only if they exceed a certain limit. This already the current model for industry. WATCH \| Will the Conservatives’ take on carbon pricing will fly with their voters? Conservatives try to sell their version of a carbon taxFor years, the Conservative Party of Canada railed against the very existence of a carbon tax. Now the party is trying to sell its own take on carbon pricing, but critics aren’t sure it will fly with Conservative voters. 1:46 Green Party The tax the Liberal government introduced sits at $50/tonne, rising to $170/tonne by 2030 and applies in provinces without their own carbon pricing. 90 per cent of personal carbon taxes are returned to consumers via rebates, with the rest going to business, schools, hospitals and municipalities. Output-based pricing for industry. Platform says a Liberal government would “continue to put a rising price on pollution.” Promises to “continue with carbon pricing while making it fairer and rolling back loopholes this Liberal government has given to big polluters,” prompting criticism from experts, such as Winter, about the lack of details. How do we know parties will meet targets? Some modelling and analysis has been done by experts to compare some of the plans using similar methodology, estimate whether the plans would achieve their varying targets and, to an extent, compare relative costs. The party says its plan has been independently analyzed by Navius Research, which found it would achieve “substantially the same emissions reductions as the government’s current plan in 2030.” (The 2020 plan is expected to reduce emissions 32 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030.) However, the plan relies on whether the U.S. and Europe raise their carbon pricing to $170 per tonne by 2030. If they don’t, Canada won’t either and will not meet the 30 per cent target. Tying Canada’s price to other countries “eliminates the price certainty and eliminates any certainty about expected emissions reductions,” said Winter. Mark Jaccard, a professor at Simon Fraser University’s school of resource and environmental management, analyzed the Conservative, Liberal, NDP and Green plans all using the same method, including modelling with Navius Research’s gTech model, using a consistent set of assumptions to fill in any gaps. He called the Conservative plan “possibly effective” and “affordable.” Green Party Jaccard’s analysis found the plan “somewhat effective” but very costly. Christopher Ragan, associate professor of public policy at McGill University in Montreal, shared a similar view on CBC’s The Current. Kathryn Harrison, a political science professor at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, said the plan hasn’t been modelled to see if it would achieve its goal, but she thinks a 60 per cent reduction by 2030 would be “extremely difficult for Canada to do.” “In practice, the Greens aren’t going to form government. They know they’re not going to form government, and they are putting issues on the agenda and speaking to a narrower subset of voters,” Harrison said. The Climate Action Network has done its own modelling using the same gTech modelling method from Navius Research that Jaccard used and found it’s possible to cut emissions by 60 per cent while growing the economy, but it did not specifically model the Green Party platform. Green Party Leader Annamie Paul takes part in the federal election English-language Leaders debate in Gatineau, Que., last Thursday. (Justin Tang/The Canadian Press) Environment and Climate Change Canada’s modelling showed the federal government’s plan under the Liberals would able to cut emissions by 32 per cent below 2005 levels in 2030. But Harrison said the party hasn’t provided modelling to show how the new measures proposed in its platform would get Canada to a 40 per cent reduction. “I think it’s debatable whether they have quite enough policy in the window,” said Ragan. Ragan is former chair of the Ecofiscal Commission, which found a carbon price of $200/tonne — higher than the $170/tonne proposed by the Liberals — was needed to get to just a 30 per cent reduction in emissions, well below the Liberals’ current goal of 40 per cent by 2030. However, simulations without precise modelling suggest the platform will could achieve the 40 per cent target, said Jaccard. Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau announces an updated climate change plan in December 2020. (Justin Tang/The Canadian Press) Experts such as Winter have said they found it hard to assess whether the plan would meet its targets because of the lack of detail. Harrison noted uncertainties in the NDP’s carbon pricing and regulatory measures but said it looks like its platform relies heavily on regulation of different sectors, which tends to be slow. “I’m very skeptical that the NDP could achieve a 50 per cent reduction,” she told CBC’s Front Burner. Jaccard’s analysis, which used a standard set of assumptions to fill in blanks in the parties’ platforms, found the NDP’s plan “largely ineffective” and said implementing it would be “unnecessarily costly” because it relies more heavily on expensive sector-by-sector regulation versus more efficient policies, such as higher carbon pricing. LISTEN \| Mark Jaccard discusses the major parties’ scores on fighting climate change Radio West7:48Simon Fraser University’s Mark Jaccard discusses the major party’s score on fighting climate change in this election campaign Simon Fraser University’s Mark Jaccard discusses the major party’s score on fighting climate change in this election campaign 7:48 How do they plan to transition Canada to a low-carbon economy? As the rest of the world shifts away from fossil fuels, experts anticipate that demand for low-carbon technologies will grow, demand for fossil fuels will decline, and Canada’s economy will need to shift its jobs and production to new industries. That concept is sometimes called a “just transition,” and the parties’ positions on it differ. WATCH \| A climate expert says Canada needs to get out of the oil and gas business: Climatologist says Canada needs to stop producing fossil fuels within 30 yearsDamon Matthews, an expert on climate change planning, says getting out of the oil and gas business is necessary for Canada to reach its Paris accord targets. 4:39 The Conservatives were the only party that, when answering a survey by environmental groups, didn’t commit to “a rapid phase-out of fossil fuels that supports workers, communities and marginalized groups in the just and fair transition to a sustainable economy.” Harrison said it appears the Conservatives, who recently proposed reviving a project to build a new pipeline, “don’t acknowledge that there will be a transition [or] at least that there will be any loss of jobs in the industry.” Green Party Harrison said this plan “really stands apart” in that it’s the only one calling for a broad reduction of fossil fuel production. It includes a promise to cancel all new pipeline projects, oil exploration projects, leasing of federal lands for fossil fuel production; ban fracking; ban exports of thermal coal; and phase out bitumen production between 2030 and 2035. Would end $7 billion in fossil fuel subsidies, including accelerated capital cost allowance on liquefied natural gas (LNG); tax write-offs for oil and gas wells, coal mining exploration and development; flow-through share deductions for coal, oil and gas projects, and oil and gas properties. A Just Transition Act by the end of 2021 that encompasses the needs of workers and communities during transition. Promises to replace every “high-paying” fossil fuel sector job with a high-paying green sector job. $2 billion for a Futures Fund for Alberta, Saskatchewan and N.L. for job creation and a Clean Jobs Training Centre and “just transition” legislation. Eliminate oil and gas subsidies by 2023. Winter notes that it doesn’t say which ones and where. End thermal coal exports by 2030. However, the Liberal government has faced criticism for saying it needs oil pipeline revenues to fund its long-term climate objectives. Promises expanded EI benefits, retraining, job placement services and retirement benefits for workers affected by transition away from fossil fuels and “over a million new good jobs.” Would eliminate oil and gas subsidies, ban future subsidies, and redirect money to low-carbon initiatives. It doesn’t say which subsidies but refers to $18 billion. That is the amount that an Environmental Defence report said the federal government spent last year on subsidies and other forms of financial support for the fossil fuel industry, including pandemic wage subsidies and $13 billion in Export Development Canada support for projects such as pipelines. Cameron Roberts, a sustainable transportation researcher at Carleton University in Ottawa, wrote in The Conversation that unlike the Conservative and Liberal platforms, the NDP platform would use climate policy to achieve economic and social change and tackle energy demand by prioritizing public transit, walking and cycling. NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh responds to questions during a news conference on climate change in Montreal in August. (Paul Chiasson/The Canadian Press) How else do the climate platforms differ? All the parties have a climate adaptation component in their platforms that includes disaster response and infrastructure upgrades. They also all offer support for a cleaner grid, electric cars, green retrofits and “nature-based solutions,” such as restoring wetlands and tree planting for carbon sequestration, although they differ in the details. Beugin said those types of commercially available and scalable solutions are safe bets and “almost certainly central to any path to net zero.” LISTEN \| Where the major parties stand on climate change The Current19:54Where major parties stand on climate change Climate change is set to be a hot topic in the federal election this fall. Guest host Anthony Germain talks to Christopher Ragan, an economist and director of the Max Bell School of Public Policy at McGill University and former chair of the EcoFiscal Commission, and Kathryn Harrison, a political science professor at the University of British Columbia who specializes in climate policy. They discuss what parties are proposing, and what their plans might mean for Canadians. 19:54 The parties differ in the extent to which they rely on regulations in addition to carbon pricing to cut emissions. Harrison said in general, other regulations can achieve the same goals as carbon pricing if they’re enforced but are more costly for the economy than a higher carbon price. She suggested that the Conservatives and NDP in particular rely more heavily on regulations as a substitute for higher carbon pricing. The NDP’s plans include regulations for each sector, which need to be developed and implemented. “What worries me about that is it’s slow,” she said. Smoke from wildfires blankets Okanagan Lake in Lake Country, B.C., this August. Climate change is expected to exacerbate wildfires, with estimates of anywhere from a 74 to 118 per cent increase in Canadian land burned by 2100. All parties mention climate change adaptation in their platforms. (Darryl Dyck/The Canadian Press) The plans also differ in some of the less-developed technology solutions they support, which Beugin calls “wild cards,” such as carbon capture and hydrogen. Some of those could succeed and pay big dividends, but “there is a need to kind of acknowledge some of that uncertainty and to plan for multiple possible futures,” he said. Jason MacLean, an assistant professor who studies environmental law at the University of New Brunswick, cautions that investing heavily in them can also be a distraction: “These are very risky bets because if these unproven and expensive technologies don’t pan out, then we won’t have taken the more radical actions to rethink and redesign our economy and our society.” WATCH \| Nationwide rallies call for leaders to act on climate change Nationwide rallies call for leaders to act on climate changeRallies took place in more than 60 communities across Canada to raise the alarm on the urgent need for political leaders to take more action to combat climate change. 1:58 Here are some of the “wild cards” supported by each party: Bloc Québécois A national clean energy strategy that includes production of hydrogen and liquid natural gas. $1 billion for hydrogen. $5 billion for carbon capture. $1 billion for small modular nuclear reactors. Renewable gas mandate requiring 15 per cent of natural gas consumed in Canada be renewable, from sources such as food, sewage and landfill waste, by 2030. Research and development and hydrogen fuel cell technology for heavy trucks, freight, marine and aviation. An iceberg floats in a fjord near Tasiilaq, Greenland, in June 2018. Climate scientists estimate that summertime sea ice atop the Arctic Ocean will vanish entirely at least once by 2050. (Lucas Jackson/Reuters) Source From CBC News Leave a Reply Sign Up for Our Newsletters Get notified of the fresh news from You May Also Like Hundreds of migrating songbirds crash into New York City skyscrapers Pompeii tomb offers new hints about cultural life in ancient city Archeologists in the ancient city of Pompeii have discovered a remarkably well-preserved… Oldest human footprints in North America found in U.S. park Fossilized footprints discovered in New Mexico indicate that early humans were walking…
Unspoken Social Etiquette Rules Everyone Should Aware Of Unspoken Social Etiquette Rules Everyone Should Aware Of Last Updated on Etiquette or good manners are decent social conduct that builds healthy relationships and takes you ahead in life. The idea behind why you should practice social etiquette is to appear formal to strangers or business partners and be a likable and trustworthy person in society. Learning social etiquette takes a little time and experience as the rules are not set in stone and evolve with times and trends. However, all social etiquette and manners have a common denominator that, when understood, makes it easier to learn. This article talks all about social etiquette in different settings that you may not have known. What Is Social Etiquette? Humans are social beings who need to follow specific rules of social interactions to facilitate interpersonal relationships. Social etiquette need to be followed in social situations to be respectful and courteous towards everyone present. This also extends to interactions with friends, family, and relatives. While social etiquette reduces conflict and promotes harmony, it also influences how others perceive you. You will leave behind a lasting impression on the other people, establishing a sense of trust and reliance, and in return, you are treated well and earn their trust. Besides the courteous component of social etiquette, it also has usefulness in terms of friendships and partnerships that open up opportunities. Some basic social etiquette includes: • Remembering people’s names • Saying “excuse me” after sneezing • Using “thank you” and “sorry” when a situation demands • Holding the door for someone immediately standing behind or in front of you. Why Is Social Etiquette Important? While social etiquette might seem like an endless list of unnecessary rules that are, it is good to follow such etiquette that will eventually benefit everyone. Here are some reasons why good social etiquette is needed: 1. It shows people how to behave Social etiquette is not always apparent in all social settings, and sometimes people wouldn’t know how to behave in certain situations. When they arrive at the point where they have to question their behavior, etiquette learned previously acts as a good reference. 2. It helps you to look like a kind and approachable person Etiquette makes you look like a kind person who cares about the well-being of others. Your warm behavior also makes you seem like an approachable person who encourages others to interact with you. 3. Makes interactions easy Social etiquette eases interactions between people by removing misunderstanding and unnecessary drama. It can also lessen confrontation that might arise from misunderstandings. 4. It becomes easy to build and maintain connections A well-behaved, courteous person is easy to talk to and establishes himself as trustworthy. Such people are better able to create new relationships and maintain old ones. 5. Improves communication Communication is not only the spoken language but also the general behavior exhibited towards others. Good etiquette communicates more about the person you are than your words. 6. Makes a good impression Good etiquette is essential at workplaces as it makes you look more professional and make a good impression with everyone. Types of Social Etiquette Although the basic rule of etiquette is good manners, it can change in different social settings. Lunch with your family can be informal, while the same with business partners will be formal – you must learn different etiquette for such drastically different settings. Knowing the proper etiquette for the situation can make all the difference in presenting yourself well. Here is some standard social etiquette around the world: 1. Social Etiquette Social etiquette relates to the norms of social behavior and interactions considered acceptable by everyone. 2. Face-to-face Etiquette When meeting someone, introduce yourself with your full name and pay attention to their name and what they have to say. Also, mind your body language and avoid actions, body language, or gestures that come across as rude. 3. Meeting Etiquette This type of etiquette informs people about how to behave in corporate meetings, events, and seminars. 4. Eating Etiquette Eating etiquette is about table manners. These include not speaking with a full mouth, staying at the table until everyone is done, and thanking the person serving the food. 5. Telephone Etiquette Telephone etiquette is all about how you should behave over the phone. Learning to keep the tone and pitch low when talking to someone and not putting the other person on hold for a long time is essential. Basic Social Etiquette Rules Basic Social Etiquette Rules Below are the etiquette rules that are applicable to all settings: 1. Good manners Good manners involve rules that work on common sense when interacting with others. Showing basic courtesy and decency while interacting with all people constitutes good manners. 2. Being punctual No one likes to wait for someone who is always late. Although being late is sometimes acceptable when there is a genuine cause, you must try to be punctual at all times. 3. Personal space People from different cultures have varying personal zones – it is how close you can get to them before they start getting uncomfortable. If you are meeting someone for the first time, maintain more distance than an arm’s length when greeting them unless they cue you to step closer. 4. Men’s manners Being a gentleman is all about being polite. Rudeness is never acceptable, and speaking softly with warm gestures is sure to win the confidence of the other. 5. Women’s manners Women must not confuse between being assertive and being downright rude. While the trends have changed, rudeness is just as bad a quality for women as it is for men. 6. Teenager’s manners Teenagers are still experimenting with who they are, and it is not uncommon to be rude and rebellious. Teenagers will be treated with respect when they are polite regardless of what they believe. 7. Children’s manners A good-mannered child attracts peers and playmates while also getting all the adoration and affection from the adults. Politeness is more appreciated in children. Social Etiquette for Business The social etiquette for business settings can change in different organizations. However, some universal business etiquette needs to be followed worldwide: 1. Business relationships Keeping relationships formal in business environments is essentials. It is ideal not to share any personal connections unnecessarily, and any other info shared is only done when asked. Maintaining good business relationships is the key to job security and being a reliable coworker. 2. Business attire Dressing for the situation can go a long way in making the right first impression and maintaining a good impression. Although the office might have ‘casual Friday’ dress codes, it is best to keep it as close to formal as possible and not dress like you are going on a vacation. 3. Cubicle manners Sharing cubicles at work with coworkers can be trying even during the best of times. Stay clean; keep your station tidy, and avoid any distractions, such as sound or smell, that might disturb your coworker. 4. Shaking hands A good handshake that exudes confidence and trust can establish you as a trustworthy person and make a great first impression. A weak handshake, on the other hand, can ruin your credibility and impression. 5. Business gifts Business gifts show appreciation and are viewed as a good gesture. Ensure the gifs never embarrass the intended person. 6. Appreciating others Whenever someone comes with a great idea or a breakthrough, acknowledge the brilliance of their thought without going overboard. Any congratulations need to be realistic and genuine. Also, never take credit for someone else’s work. Social Etiquette for Communication Your ability to communicate effectively can take you to some high places regardless of what you started. Here is some social etiquette for communication: 1. Conversation Learn how to hold a good conversation without deviating from sensitive topics. Never monopolize the subject and be reciprocal about what is being discussed. 2. Gossip Gossip is never good anywhere or with anyone. When people get to know that you gossiped, you will be the topic of the next gossip session. 3. Remembering people’s names Remembering people’s names is an excellent way to make a good impression. Even if you meet them after years, recalling their names shows that you remembered them. 4. Using cell phones Limit cell phone usage when interacting with people. Only pick up important calls, and do not check your social media when having lunch with friends or family. 5. Double-check email Since most emails can’t be called back, always double-check them before hitting the send button. 6. Changing the subject If you are being dragged into a conversation that you are uncomfortable with, gently nudge the topic into other areas to change course. If the person insists on continuing, clearly state that it is something you don’t wish to talk about. Social Etiquette for Social Media The information you post can make or break your reputation. Here are some social media etiquette rules that you need to know: 1. Tagging people Tagging people in photos and posts are trendy and helps bring more attention to the post or photo. However, not many people like being tagged without their consent; therefore, get their permission before tagging them in any posts you make. 2. Posting political opinions Political opinions can stir up a conversation and offend a lot of people. If you must make your position clear, then keep it private to not be rude on the public forum. 3. Posting pictures Be cautious with what you post about yourself or your life online. Public posts can be used against you or paint a less than desirable picture with any future employer. 4. Drama Comment sections are hot spots for drama, especially on sensitive topics. Even if you feel the urge to post an opinion, refrain from it as it would only drag you down the path of drama and conflicts. 5. Keep conversations private Avoid posting personal or sensitive questions or comments on somebody’s post. If it is necessary, send them a direct message and have a chat in a private messenger. Social Etiquette Inside Your Home Social etiquette also applies to your home, although it is your private space. 1. Keep conversations pleasant Dialogues and discussions within families can escalate quite quickly into conflict, and in many families, that’s usually a common way of release that everyone participates out of habit. Walk away from any trivial topics that lead to conflict or make a deliberate attempt to talk about pleasant things. 2. Paying attention to family Do not use your mobile phone at the dinner table or a family get-together. When one brings a phone, the others follow, and soon, the gathering falls apart. Spend as much time as possible and have the best time with your family. 3. Teaching manners to children Children must learn to respect their home and the properties they use. Show them how to be careful with things in the house and do their part to keep the home clean. Set realistic age-appropriate social etiquette for kids and appreciate them when they stick to it. 4. Living with roommates Social etiquette when living with a roommate is of the utmost importance. It is best to have a written agreement with how things are done, who pays for what, and the scheduling for doing the chores. Have clear boundaries and respectful conversations. Have rules for when inviting guests over and avoid political topics. Social Etiquette in the Public Place Once you are outside in public places, the rules are further expanded. You may also find that many do not follow decent behavior. However, it is your responsibility as a decent person to stay within your best behavior. Here are some social etiquette examples for public spaces: 1. Commuting Learn about the specific etiquette in trains, buses, and any other form of transportation. Do not stare at people and keep your hands to yourself. Offer your seat to someone who needs it more than you and avoid getting into conflicts even if you are being forced into it. 2. Coffee shops Keep your volume down when talking in coffee shops, and avoid making any sudden or loud sounds. Always tip your waiters or other staff and thank them for their service. 3. Headphone use Although it is easy to get lost in what you are listening to, always apologize when you bump into someone because you weren’t paying attention. Try and maintain some awareness of your surroundings, especially in crowded places. 4. Walking your dog Regardless of how harmless you think your pet is, restrict its movements by keeping it on a leash. Always pick up after your dog as it is solely your responsibility. If you have a threatening or aggressive breed, be extra cautious about people’s sensitivity. Social etiquette is essential for becoming a pleasant and likable member of society. Although it can seem to be a lot, they can make all the difference at work, out in public, and even your home. Make active efforts to learn about new etiquette, and when unsure, do not hesitate to ask! 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Sort Results by Relevance \| Newest titles first \| Oldest titles first (149 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] is a part of Roman criminal proceedings of the republican period in crimes against the state. The comitia passed judgement on them in a iudicium publicum. The anquisitio preceded this: first of all the peoples' tribunes, as the magistrates responsible, pleaded the intended charge three times before the assembled people ( contio ). Contrary to the opinion of Mommsen [1], the comitia were not just a pardoning body which decided after a provocatio against the sentence previously passed by the magistrate. As Brecht [2] and Kunkel [3] discovered from their studies, the anqu… (61 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] (pl. nomina). In Roman law, the term for debts. Gai. Inst. 128-133 distinguishes between ‘cash debts’ ( nomina arcaria), which arose e.g. from loans ( mutuum , see also condictio ), and ‘ledger debts’ ( nomina transscripticia), which arose by an entry in the ‘ledger’ of the creditor as an obligation from a litterarum obligatio . Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) (362 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) Lex, leges (2,519 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] A. Concept Lex (‘law’, pl. leges) in Roman law denotes stipulation by a private individual, an office-bearer or a legislative body. The etymology is obscure. A derivation from legere (‘to read out’), referring to the method of stipulation by way of a ceremonial formula (cf. B. below on nuncupatio) remains speculative. Crucial to the lex is its mandatory character. On the other hand, in the original use of the term it lacks the ‘abstract’ (claiming general validity) and ‘general’ (directed at a large number of people) character of mod… (404 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] The Roman jurists were probably the first who derived institutiones as a title for elementary textbooks from the term institutio (teaching course) in the 2nd cent. The significance of this Roman genre for European legal history extends far beyond what one might expect of ancient introductory didactic works: when the work of codifying Roman juristic law in the form of the Digesta had advanced to a point that their success seemed certain, in AD 533 emperor Justinian commissioned his minister of justice Tribonianus as well as the Byzantine l… (88 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] ( notarius). In legal cultures favouring the written record of acts of law, a notary is needed as an officially appointed scribe. This function was held, in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt for example, by the agoranómoi , and in the Roman Imperial period and especially in Late Antiquity, the tabellio (documentary scribe). The Latin technical term notarius designates in Late Antiquity a senior official or officer with a special imperial mission, and also the secretary of the consistorium (as tribunus et notarius). Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) Criminal procedure (366 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] From a historical perspective it is only possible to speak of a criminal procedure (CP) in the technical sense if we can distinguish a field of criminal prosecution in the public (state) interest ( Punishment; Criminal law) from legal prosecution in the civil interest (including any civil law penalties, Lat. poena ). The fact, for example, that private revenge is channelled via the obligation to conduct a judicial procedure still does not constitute a CP: to protect public peace and state authority, only the … Carmen famosum (180 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] The carmen famosum (CF) (according to Paulus, Sent. 5,4,6) or malum carmen (defamatory poem) is a criminal offence like the occentatio placed beside each other in the Tabulae duodecim (8,1). It is possible that this crime was only barely comprehensible even for ancient writers (e.g. Cic. Rep. 4,12), particularly because of the extremely severe penalty for mere defamation: probably death penalty. It was a matter of private punishment, though, so it was barely more than a legally p… Litis contestatio (653 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] A. Term In Roman legal language, lis is the expression for a dispute, in particular when it is taken to court. Litis contestatio (LC) thus refers to the ‘witnessing’ of such a dispute (Fest. p. 34,50 L.). The instigation of a claim (action) and defence (repudiation of action) in front of witnesses determined the course of a (civil) law suit. Until the predominance of the imperial cognitio procedure around AD 300, LC was the crucial point [1. 77] in the entire proceedings. Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] B. Legis actio procedure The necessity of summonin… (309 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] (literally 'chains'). In legal provisions as early as the Twelve Tablets (Tab. 3,3; Tabulae Duodecim ) a creditor could place a debtor in vincula for the purpose of legal enforcement. In this way a culpability was established. Initially its goal was to force the payment of a debt by the debtor himself or a third party, but was also a transitional stage in taking control, after the expiry of a deadline, of the person of the debtor in order to sell him e.g into slavery or to have him work off the amount he was convicted of in bonded labour. This former function of vincula is alluded t… (299 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] Derived from contemnere (to despise; this meaning of the word survives today in the contempt of court of British law). In Roman law the contumacia meant above all the defendant's failure to obey a legal summons in the exercise of extraordinaria cognitio . No similar use of the word contumacia is encountered before the introduction of this procedure in the Principate and of the contumacia, probably under Claudius. Admittedly a comparable function existed in earlier civil proceedings after the XII Tables (5th cent. BC) in a judge's ruling for o… (105 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] In Greek and Roman Antiquity, the verdict was determined entirely by the preceding complaint or charge, e.g. in Athens by dike [2] (civil complaint) and graphe [1] (criminal charge). For a verdict to be pronounced, there then remained nothing further to be established; it was merely a question of counting the votes of the deciding committee. The function of the ‘judge’ ( iudex ) in Roman law was essentially confined to hearing evidence. The legal judgement was anticipated by the admission of the complaint ( actio [2]), in particular by the praetor . Pro… (352 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] [1] Roman honorary inscription for deceased men An honorary inscription placed by the Romans on the tombs of deceased men of rank, on statues and wax masks within buildings or on public places. Most of the elogia on public display were removed by the censors of 158 BC. Most extant material dates from the Imperial period, where it was at times employed in the exalted reconstruction of times long since past. This also applies to the most important and best known examples of elogia, i.e. the inscriptions on the marble statues of the Mars temple on the Forum Augustu… Querela non numeratae pecuniae (189 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] 'Claim owing to failure to make monetary payment', in Roman law a development of the corresponding exception ( exceptio ). With this querela, the debtor could annul the validity of an abstract promise to pay ( stipulatio ), if he had entered into the stipulatio in the expectation of a loan payment, but the monetary payment had then not been made. The QNNP was, like the exceptio non numeratae pecuniae from the end of the 2nd cent. AD, among the easements accorded to debtors by the Roman emperors in the proceedings of the cognitio extraordinaria (cf. Cod. … (457 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] The plural of mos ( mos maiorum , ‘custom of the ancestors’) describes an entire complex of normative requirements in Roman society. While the ideological value of tradition and conservatism stands in the foreground with the word mos, until the early Imperial period mores invoked in the first place a concrete system of norms and sanctions that is most clearly recognizable in the ‘moral jurisdiction’ ( regimen morum) of the censors ( censores ). The censor's reprimand ( nota censoria ) and the censor's harsh sanction of down-grading politica… (1,306 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] A. Early legal systems The manumission of slaves is not attested for all ancient legal systems. Thus the Mesopotamian statutes of Eshnunna and Hammurabi make no such stipulations [1. 161]. In Hittite law too, nothing is known of manumission. The existence of manumission is, however, assumed for Egypt, although categorisation of the unfree (or rather, not entirely free) ‘bondsmen’ as slaves as such is disputed [2. 147]. This circumstance suggests that the legal systems of Greece and Rome also did not know of manumission from their beginnings. Schiemann, Gottfried (Tü… (4,952 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) A. Historical Overview [German version] 1. Ius in ancient Rome Ius, the Roman expression for law, went through considerable changes during the thousand-year history of the Roman state. Ius was originally the criterion by which the permitted exercise of liberty, particularly the legitimate exercise of power (over people and things) was distinguished from the disruptive exercise of force ( vis). Ius in modern terminology was thus subjective law. It attested its legal character ‘by observing a generally known and practised ritual’ [1. 253] in the way it was… (152 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] (literally 'strokes, lashes'), e.g. with a stick ( ferula) or a whip ( flagella), were a means of punishment ( castigatio) in Rome. They occurred as an independent (police) punishment primarily for slaves and members of the lower classes ( humiliores, see Honestiores ) in the framework of the policing powers of the magistrates ( Coercitio ), in particular of the Tresviri [1] capitales in the Republican period, then of the emperor and his agents and of the provincial governors. In Roman penal law - as is known from the flagellation of Jesus - verbera were also an 'additiona… (165 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] In Roman criminal law, a type of criminal association, e.g. between thieves and publicans, as mentioned by Ulpia (Dig. 4,9,1,1), but in particular, the punishable election alliance (a defined case of election fraud, ambitus ). Election alliances between candidates were probably regarded as harmless as long as only personal relationships, friendships and clientele connections were combined for common success in an election. Distinctly different was the joint bribing of electors on a large scale, against which the lex Licinia by Crassus (55 BC) was directed,… (130 words) Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) [German version] An ampliatio (continuation of the case at another date) happened in Roman criminal proceedings if part of the jury (e.g. according to the l. Acilia it had to be a third) by special declaration or withdrawing of vote in the question of guilt made it clear that they did not yet regard the case as ripe for judgement ( non liquet). Ampliatio should be distinguished from comperendinatio , legally prescribed in certain cases. Republican legislation had, it seemed, already tried to oppose the proliferating use of ampliatio by threatening fines against the judges in the c… ▲ Back to top ▲
A machine to be reckoned with December 2019 A machine to be reckoned with Google and IBM are working on quantum computers that can perform complex computations a lot faster than the world’s fastest supercomputers. Now, what’s in it for us? The international community of physicists is still excited about the issue: Has Google’s quantum computer “Sycamore” actually achieved so-called quantum supremacy as the scientists from Mountain View wrote in their paper published in the October issue of the science journal “Nature” – or “just a little” as their main competitor, IBM, was quick to argue in a paper of its own? The search engine giant states that it took Sycamore exactly three minutes and 20 seconds to perform a task known as random circuit sampling, which is about having the quantum computer calculate numerical sequences and subsequently testing if they truly follow a distribution specified by quantum physics. It would take its adversary, “Summit,” a supercomputer based on normal bits and bytes, 10,000 years to solve the same computing problem. By the way, Summit, the world’s fastest supercomputer since 2018, is from IBM. A machine to be reckoned with The atoms of the 50 qubit quantum computer from IBM have to be cooled down to minus 273.135 degrees Celsius / minus 459.643 degrees Fahrenheit© IBM Job sharing by quantum and supercomputers Director of IBM Research Dario Gil wasn’t just going to leave this outcome uncommented: If intermediate results of this computation were to be stored on hard discs instead of in the random access memory, it wouldn’t take Summit 10,000 years but, in the worst case, just 2.5 days. Consequently, it wasn’t appropriate to talk about true quantum supremacy in its strict definition that a conventional supercomputer was totally chanceless against a quantum computer in solving specific problems. Gil is even critical of the use of vocabulary: The word “supremacy” implied that quantum computers were always better than supercomputers and will completely displace them. That, however, is exactly not the case, says Gil’s German colleague Ingolf Wittmann, who drives quantum computing in Europe: “Instead, quantum computers and conventional supercomputers will be sharing jobs in the future.” A machine to be reckoned with Quantum computers are complex technical systems. They have practically nothing in common with normal PCs – and even existing supercomputers – also in terms of engineering design© IBM Qubits instead of bits Quantum computers will only be used where conventional supercomputers reach their limits, the expert explains. For instance, in the field of chemistry: “The composition of the caffeine molecule is not particularly complicated and has 95 electrons. However, if you wanted to calculate its exact binding energy you’d need more classical bits than atoms exist in the universe.” A quantum computer with 160 quantum bits – abbreviated as qubits – would be able to solve this problem, according to Wittmann’s assessment. The massive difference in computing power is that qubits function in a completely different way than normal bits. While the latter can always just assume the two values of “0” or “1,” an intermediate state exists for qubits, which means that the qubit can represent both values at the same time. However, the whole thing only becomes really exciting when several qubits are combined, which physicists refer to as entanglement. Performance grows exponentially If two entangled qubits simultaneously contain four states, this means eight states with three qubits, 16 states with four qubits, and so on. The number of states grows exponentially with the number of entangled qubits. 20 qubits roughly equate to the computing power of a classic notebook, says Wittmann. Systems with 53 qubits such as Sycamore and those offered by IBM as well are ranked in the high-performance computing (HPC) class led by Summit. HPC computers are continuously improving, too, says Wittmann. However, the workhorse Summit already has a 520 square meter (5,600 square feet) footprint and a power rating of 13 megawatts. If its computing power were to be doubled, its footprint and power rating would double, too. To achieve the same performance increase of a quantum computer it would only be necessary to add a single qubit. That, however, is no mean feat: qubits that IBM and Google are talking about are atoms which in complex apparatus have to be cooled down to near-absolute zero, i. e. to 15 millikelvin (–273.135 °C / –459.675 °F). A machine to be reckoned with A new age of information technology: Google CEO Sundar Pichai presents the quantum computer named Sycamore© Google Resolving a conflict However, by comparison, this is almost the easier part of the task. The other one, that is the required ability to systematically manipulate these cryogenic atoms while protecting them against external influences, calls for even more engineering tricks. A lot of time will pass before a real universal quantum computer with about one million qubits that more than likely would also be able to unlock all current conventionally used encryption technologies exists. “We’re anticipating a period of 20 to 30 years,” Wittmann explains. f you think you understand quantum mechanics, you don’t understand quantum mechanics Nobel prize winner Richard Feynman, American physicist (1918–1988) Even so, he says, it pays for companies to pursue the subject of quantum computers even at this juncture. For one, because the first smaller computations with which quantum computers achieve a real advantage over conventional computers can be expected to be available in the next three years. And for the other “because one should know how to use a quantum computer once it’s arrived.” Autonomous driving as a use case That’s why many companies are already evaluating what computing problems would be suitable for a quantum computer. In addition to calculations of chemical compounds in medicine and industry, they include optimizations or portfolio risk analyses – as well as the acceleration of production process flows, which not only saves costs but also improves the quality of the products and thus enhances customer value. A practical case in point: the complex computations for autonomous driving will only be possible with the help of quantum computers, according to Volkswagen’s assessment. Schaeffler is keeping track of the subject of quantum computers with great interest as well. Schaeffler and IBM experts most recently engaged in an exchange on the subject at the end of October. Many of the aforementioned use cases for the mega computer are highly attractive for the automotive and industrial supplier. Therefore, Schaeffler’s answer to the question “What’s in it for us”? is: quite a bit – at least expectations. A small quantum glossary Qubit or quantum bit The elementary computing unit of a quantum computer, which may be an atom, a photon or neutron that uses effects of quantum mechanics to represent exactly two states, such as 0 and 1, similar to the bits in a conventional computer Qubits can be in the two states of 0 and 1 at the same time – which is referred to as superposition. They’ll “choose” a state only when being measured. Quantum algorithms can use superposition to massively shorten computations. A machine to be reckoned with Quantum computers use the states of 0 and 1 – as well as all the others in between © Google Einstein referred to this quantum effect also as “spooky action at a distance.” When two qubits are entangled in superposition any changes of one qubit will immediately impact the other one – no matter how far apart they are from each other. Quantum algorithms take advantage of this. Quantum supremacy The expression refers to the point in time at which a quantum computer is able to solve a specific complex problem much faster than a conventional supercomputer based on silicon chips. Denis Dilba Author Denis Dilba After the news broke of Google’s quantum computer breakthrough, science and technology writer Denis Dilba was nervous for a moment. Following his research for this article, he’s now at ease, knowing that the cryptographic protocols of his Bitcoins will be safe from being unlocked for a while.
What is malware? What does malware do? No matter the method, all types of malware are designed to exploit devices at the expense of the user and to the benefit of the hacker -- the person who has designed and/or deployed the malware. How do malware infections happen? Types of malware A diagram of the various types of malware. • Spyware collects information and data on the device and user, as well as observes the user's activity without their knowledge. • Ransomware infects a user's system and encrypts its data. Cybercriminals then demand a ransom payment from the victim in exchange for decrypting the system's data. How to detect malware Antivirus and antimalware software may be installed on a device to detect and remove malware. These tools can provide real-time protection or detect and remove malware by executing routine system scans. Windows Defender, for example, is Microsoft antimalware software included in the Windows 10 operating system (OS) under the Windows Defender Security Center. Windows Defender protects against threats such as spyware, adware and viruses. Users can set automatic "Quick" and "Full" scans, as well as set low, medium, high and severe priority alerts. Malware response plan The steps involved in an organization's malware response plan. How to remove malware Malwarebytes is an example of an antimalware tool that handles detection and removal of malware. It can remove malware from Windows, macOS, Android and iOS platforms. Malwarebytes can scan a user's registry files, running programs, hard drives and individual files. If detected, malware can then be quarantined and deleted. However, unlike some other tools, users cannot set automatic scanning schedules. How to prevent malware infections Users can prevent malware by practicing safe behavior on their computers or other personal devices. This includes not opening attachments from strange email addresses that may contain malware disguised as a legitimate attachment -- such emails may even claim to be from legitimate companies but have unofficial email domains. Business-facing, internal precautions include the following: • Implementing allowlist security policies whenever possible; and • Implementing strong web browser-level security. Does malware affect Macs? Does malware affect mobile devices? Malware can be found on mobile phones and can provide access to a device's components such as the camera, microphone, GPS or accelerometer. Malware can be contracted on a mobile device if a user downloads an unofficial application or clicks on a malicious link from an email or text message. A mobile device can also be infected through a Bluetooth or Wi-Fi connection. Mobile malware more commonly found on devices that run the Android OS than iOS. Malware on Android devices is usually downloaded through applications. Signs that an Android device is infected with malware include unusual increases in data usage, a quickly dissipating battery charge, or calls, texts and emails being sent to the device contacts without the user's initial knowledge. Similarly, if a user receives a message from a recognized contact that seems suspicious, it may be from a type of mobile malware that spreads between devices. History of malware One of the first known examples of malware was the Creeper virus in 1971, which was created as an experiment by BBN Technologies engineer Robert Thomas. Creeper was designed to infect mainframes on ARPANET. While the program did not alter functions or steal or delete data, it moved from one mainframe to another without permission while displaying a teletype message that read, "I'm the creeper: Catch me if you can." Creeper was later altered by computer scientist Ray Tomlinson, who added the ability to self-replicate to the virus and created the first known computer worm. The concept of malware took root in the technology industry, and examples of viruses and worms began to appear on Apple and IBM PCs in the early 1980s before becoming popularized following the introduction of the World Wide Web and the commercial internet in the 1990s. Since then, malware -- and the security strategies to prevent it -- have only grown more complex. Similar programs to malware There are other types of programs that share common traits with malware but are distinctly different. One example is a PUP, or potentially unwanted program. These are applications that trick users into installing them on their systems -- such as browser toolbars -- but do not execute any malicious functions once they have been installed. However, there are cases where a PUP may contain spyware-like functionality or other hidden malicious features, in which case the PUP would be classified as malware. This was last updated in September 2021 Continue Reading About malware
• Two Examples of Gospel Symbolism In Mark 11 there is a story told about Jesus ‘cleansing’ the temple by driving the money lenders out. Is it historical? The temple guards would have certainly arrested Jesus for making such a disturbance, and yet he makes it out unscathed.¹ If the story was made up, why? If we turn to the book of Hebrews (9:23) I think we can see the true origin of the story, for it records that Jesus’ sacrifice cleansed the heavenly temple, not the temple located in Jerusalem (recall that Christians believed that there were heavenly twins of all things on Earth). So, Mark has taken an event that believes took place in heaven and has told as if it happened on Earth. That ties in nicely with Richard Carrier’s thesis that the gospels are symbolic myths, and especially with his contention that the gospel writers occasionally wrote about heavenly events as if they had occurred on Earth. I would like to offer a little more of a defense of my interpretation: some scholars (Ehrman for instance) have posited that Mark’s story is just an exaggeration of a real event (maybe Jesus just caused a small disturbance in the temple). I don’t see any reason to trust the rest of the story after you have already admitted at least part of it is false, and especially if you have no corroboration for a “toned-down disturbance” from a more reliable source. Secondly, my explanation is more suited to Ockham’s razor than Ehrman’s: Under my theory, the root of Mark’s story is Hebrews 9:23. We know for dead-certain that my posited cause of the Mark’s story exists. However, Ehrman’s theory entails that the root of Mark’s story was a real event, which we cannot be dead-certain actually occurred; Ehrman’s posited cause is much theoretical and speculative than mine is. I’ve previously referenced the fact that Matthew’s genealogy is symbolic (as discussed here and here). As late my eyes have been opening to the symbolism in Matthew’s nativity story. It began when I read these passages in Philo: “…If we say that the Creator of the universe is also the father of his creation; and that the mother was the knowledge of the Creator with whom God uniting, not as a man unites, became the father of creation. And this knowledge having received the seed of God, when the day of her travail arrived, brought forth her only and well-beloved son, perceptible by the external senses, namely this world. Accordingly wisdom is represented by some one of the beings of the divine company as speaking of herself in this manner: ‘God created me as the first of his works, and before the beginning of time did he establish me.’ For it was necessary that all the things which came under the head of the creation must be younger than the mother and nurse of the whole universe.” (On Drunkeness 30-31) “And the invisible divine reason, perceptible only by intellect, he calls the image of God. And the image of this image is that light, perceptible only by the intellect, which is the image of the divine reason, which has explained its generation. And it is a star above the heavens, the source of those stars which are perceptible by the external senses, and if any one were to call it universal light he would not be very wrong; since it is from that the sun and the moon, and all the other planets and fixed stars derive their due light, in proportion as each has power given to it; that unmingled and pure light being obscured when it begins to change, according to the change from that which is perceptible only by the intellect, to that which is perceptible by the external senses; for none of those things which are perceptible to the external senses is pure.” (On the Creation, 31) Notice that the first passage discusses what we might call a virgin birth: the feminine Wisdom figure brings forth a child but “without sexual union” (the text speaks of God ‘uniting’ with Wisdom but ‘not as a man unites’). Though the text calls the woman’s ‘only begotten son’ “the world” it seems clear to me that Philo was being inconsistent here: the world was created via the Logos (who is explicitly referred to as ‘God’s firstborn’), and the Logos was created via Wisdom and his creation could presumably be described the same way Philo describes the world.² Notice in the second passage that the ‘image of divine reason’ (whom Philo elsewhere makes explicit is the Logos³) is called a star, and that this star is perceptible only by the intellect. It’s most unusual that Matthew’s gospel speaks of a star that is followed by wise men, and speaks of it at the birth of the logos. A trio of coincidences? I’m more inclined to think Matthew was writing a symbolic narrative. I am also intrigued by the possibility that Jesus (the logos) may have been believed to have come from Wisdom (symbolized by Mary). In the gospels, the name of ‘Mary’ is Mariam or Miriam (recall the gospels were written in Greek) and Miriam/Mary was a common symbol of Wisdom. Moreover, Osiris (who is also called ‘logos’) is the son of Isis (who represents Wisdom and is called “The Great Virgin”). It strikes me as a viable hypothesis. See addendum for references on all of this. 1. Tim Widowfield gives a good summary of the scholarship on the cleansing of the temple. 2. Some interesting quotations are gathered together on the logos and Wisdom here. 3. I’ve documented this with references here. Addendum: Logos and Wisdom Myth. On Mary being ‘Miriam,’ see J. P. Green, Interlinear Hebrew-Greek-English Bible, New Testament, Volume 4, p.x. On Miriam representing Wisdom, see Marget Barker, The Mother of the Lord: Volume 1 p.186. For Osiris being the logos and Isis being wisdom, Just search “Isis Wisdom” and “Osiris Logos” on google books. It’s a hypothesis that has been put forward before, with some scholars agreeing and others dissenting. On Isis being called ‘The Great Virgin,’ see R. E. Witt, Isis in the Ancient World, p.15 and Tim Dowley, Introduction to the History of Christianity, p.106. It is also of note that there was Jewish lore that say the messiah would come from Miriam (see The Purpose of Biblical Genealogies, p.132). Category: Uncategorized Article by: Nicholas Covington
Transient global amnesia Page 1 of 2 - About 19 essays • Transient Global Amnesia 907 Words \| 4 Pages Transient Global Amnesia and Sleep This paper will discuss whether Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is or is not induced by our sleep patterns and quality of sleep. Per the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (JCSM), Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is defined as “a temporary memory loss characterized by an abrupt onset of anterograde (AGA) and retrograde amnesia (RA).” In other words, TGA occurs when there is a sudden occurrence of both Anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia at the same time. As • Essay On Transient Global Amnesia 557 Words \| 3 Pages Transient Global Amnesia Overview- Transient global amnesia is a syndrome characterized neurological temporary, but almost complete, loss of short term memory with a difficult access to the most remote memories. A person suffering from amnesia no further signs of cognitive impairment. During an episode of transient global amnesia, a memory of recent events simply vanishes, so you cannot remember where it was or how it was arrived. With transient global amnesia, the patient does not lose the memory • Transient Global Amnesia Research Paper 301 Words \| 2 Pages Overview Transient global amnesia is a condition in which a person experiences a sudden temporary incident of memory loss that cannot be explained by another neurological condition like a stroke or epilepsy. It hinders the ability to recall recent events, leaving the person unaware of where they are or how they got there. Additionally, they might not remember what is happening in the present moment. They could forget answers that were given to recent questions or be unable to recall events that • Outline Of A Book ' Memento ' 973 Words \| 4 Pages DSM Paper Memento Submitted by: Sidanie Ing “On my honor, I have neither given nor received aid on this assignment, and I pledge that I am in compliance with the VCU Honor System.” ___________________________________ Psychology 101 Section 902 Timothy J. Donahue Ph.D. Virginia Commonwealth University Due Date: 04/25/17 Memento is a young adult male named Leonard “Lenny” Shelby. He is trying to find the man who had raped and murdered his wife. The only issue is that • Amnesia and Natural Memory Loss 1501 Words \| 6 Pages Amnesia What is it? Amnesia and natural memory loss is two different things, natural memory loss can start at the age of forty-five but amnesia can happen at any age. There are five different types of main Amnesia that can cause different type of memory loss. • Anterograde Amnesia • Retrograde Amnesia • Dissociative Amnesia • Infantile Amnesia • Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) (Theguardian), (medindia), (Curiosity) Anterograde Amnesia This type • What is memory and how its work. It is usually link with the ‘thinking of again’ or ‘recalling to 2200 Words \| 9 Pages • Theodule-Armand Ribot: A Study Of Amnesia 386 Words \| 2 Pages psychologist discovered amnesia by observing patients that tend to lose recent memories. What Ribot studied gave scientists more knowledge about amnesia and they started thinking about finding a cure. He studied amnesia from 1885-1888. Amnesia can cause many serious health problems, it could eventually lead up to brain damage. Anterograde Amnesia: you can't create new memories. Retrograde Amnesia: you can't remember any events that had occurred. Post-traumatic Amnesia: you are confused because • Strengths And Weaknesses Of Amnesia 1594 Words \| 7 Pages bases of behaviour and mental processing specifically in the case of amnesia. This will be done through the use of journals, textbooks, articles and other relevant sources to outline where the research methods are used in studies and how they aim to provide an understanding in behaviour. Research methods to be discussed include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG) and positron emission tomography (PET). Amnesia is the loss or partial loss of a large area of memories often caused • Amnesi Memory Loss 748 Words \| 3 Pages Amnesia is referred to as memory loss. Memory loss may result from bilateral damage to the brain parts that deal with memory storage, processing, and recall. Amnesia has many root causes and most of them are traced back to physical trauma, disease, infection, drug and alcohol abuse or reduced blood flow to the brain. There are many types of amnesia. There is Anterograde, Retrograde, and Transient global amnesia. They are varying in severity of the cases and they all are not to be trifled with. The • Paper on Amnesia 1460 Words \| 6 Pages Amnesia Amnesia is typically defined as partial or total loss of memory. The occurrence of amnesia can arise at any age. Individuals who suffer from amnesia typically remain lucid and preserve their sense of self. Amnesiacs can obtain a perfectly normal appearance despite the amnesia. Moreover, they also have the capacity to read and comprehend words. Based on these facts, researchers have arrived at the conclusion that more than one area in the brain is used for storing facts. One type of amnesia
Dachau Concentration Camp Country Germany GPS 48° 16' 12.4464" N, 11° 28' 5.78064" E Address Alte Römerstrasse 75, 85221 Dachau, Germany Dates Active 22 March 1933 – 29 April 1945 Channel Islanders imprisoned in Dachau Concentration Camp: Kingston George Bailey, Albert Raymond Durand By Roderick Miller At least two Channel Islanders were imprisoned in Dachau Concentration Camp (Konzentrationslager Dachau) in the town of Dachau, just northwest of Munich, in Bavaria, Germany. Dachau was the first Nazi concentration camp and was opened on 22 March 1933, less than two months after Hitler seized power. The camp was built on the grounds of an old munitions factory from the First World War and was designed to hold 5000 prisoners. The first victims of the Nazis in the camp were communist political prisoners, but the Nazis were soon imprisoning Jewish people as well. Later all classes of people persecuted by the Nazis would follow, including Sinti and Romani, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals and so-called ‘anti-socials’. For years, the camp was able to maintain a facade as a ‘re-education camp’, despite international reports of torture, murder and suicide coming from former camp prisoners. After the so-called Reichskristallnacht pogrom of 9-10 November 1938, 11,000 German and Austrian Jewish men were deported to Dachau. By the start of the war in 1939, the SS had established their own for-profit enterprise in the camp. The amount of foreign prisoners increased dramatically, with Poles remaining the single largest national group in the camp until its liberation. From early 1941, prisoners who could no longer work were deported as part of the T4 euthanasia program to other locations and murdered by gas (there was an experimental gas chamber in Dachau, but it was never used for mass killings.). Other prisoners in Dachau were used in medical experiments and killed by lethal injections. Newly arrived prisoners at Dachau were put through the camp standard procedure of showering, delousing, and handing out of camp uniforms, as Kingston Bailey experienced on 19 December 1944: Then we were told to strip an enter the bathroom, which was a very large building where about one hundred men could bathe at one time by means of showers. I shall never forget the sight of the prisoners standing naked under the showers. Many poor devils had limbs only the size of a child’s, shrunken, wizened and black and blue from beating received from the Nazi thugs. Many had terrible scars across their backs, obviously from whipping. In the centre of the bathroom were two huge wooden tubs with about twenty men in each. The tubs contained some form of disinfectant… After we had bathed and had our hair removed, we were given a shirt, underpants, trousers and jacket, which were all wet from the steam in the bath-house. We were told to take a pair of wooden sandals from a pile which lay on the floor; these were various sizes, practically worn out, and more for the left foot than the right. Then we were told to get outside and line up in twos. It was a terrible night, blowing a gale and snowing very heavily by this time. I have never felt so cold as I did that night; it was impossible to stop my body from shaking and my teeth from rattling. —Kingston Bailey, from his 1958 memoir Dachau After the allied landing on D-Day, the situation in Dachau grew worse, with overcrowding caused by the evacuation of other camps as the allied forces came ever closer to the German Reich. Food was running out, the prisoners’ bodies were overrun with vermin, and there were epidemics of typhus that killed over 15,000 before liberation. Reverend Albert Durand was in Dachau from December 1943 to June 1944, and again from September 1944 until liberation: I was first in Block 15, Stube 2, so-called quarantine block. Then I was transferred to Block 24, Stube 4. This was only for Priests of every nationality, except Poles, who were in block 28. We were fortunate enough to have a chapel, but only for us and not for the lay folk. In my room, we were from all nations in Europe: French priests, Belgian, Dutch, Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Greek, Yugoslavian, etc. The regime was as bad as it has been said. Just enough food to hold oneself together, no hygiene, no medicine. If it hadn’t been for the generous help given me by German priests who were permitted to receive parcels, I don’t think I would be alive today. It was here, in Dachau, that I found out that I was in a special category: N. N.: ‘Nacht und Nebel’. On the 7 June 1944, I was transferred to a camp in France, where all the N.N.s were to be grouped… Back to Dachau, where I remained till the end. The situation was distinctly worse, as camps from the east were being brought here. Then we had an epidemic of typhus, which brought the end for hundreds every day. We were lucky to be still alive when the Americans freed us on the 29th of April 1945.—Albert Durand, 14 July 1965 Kingston Bailey was in Dachau until February 1945: Every morning we saw on average about six bodies carried from our barracks and left lying in the snow until fuel could be obtained for the crematorium. They were left lying naked, with only a piece of cardboard tied to one of their toes, on which was written the dead man’s number. So ended the lives of thousands who were once decent, clean-living citizens… During my last month in Dachau in February 1945, conditions were gradually getting worse, food was scarce, and deaths from typhus increasing daily. Bodies were piling up in the compound outside the barracks… It was a ghastly site to see these bodies, many covered with excrement and mostly all showing signs of brutality. —Kingston Bailey, from his 1958 memoir Dachau The SS evacuation of Dachau started at the end of April 1945, with 2000 Jewish prisoners placed on trains and nearly 7000 prisoners force marched in a southerly direction, away from the allied advances. The SS personnel abandoned the camp on 27-28 April. When the US Army reached the camp on 29 April, they discovered a train nearby that arrived the day before from Buchenwald Concentration Camp filled with thousands of corpses and around 32,000 still alive in the camp. Out of shock at what they found, a group of US soldiers, in clear violation of international law, executed several dozen SS guards in the camp. The criminal charges against the soldiers who allegedly did this were later dismissed by US General George S. Patton. The first trials of the SS personnel from the camp came before an American military tribunal in November 1945 and continued in various trials through 1948. In the first trial, 28 accused were sentenced to death and executed at Landsberg Prison. Altogether, 462 death sentences were issued by the allies in cases related to crimes against humanity in Dachau, although not all of them were carried out. Most of those sentenced to prison terms who were still in prison in the 1950s had their sentences reduced and were released. It is estimated that 41,566 people lost their lives in Dachau, including 4000 Russian prisoners of war who were shot there and at least 2000 who died in the month after liberation from the conditions of their imprisonment. Kingston Bailey was liberated in Laufen Internment Camp and Albert Durand witnessed the arrival of the US Army in Dachau. It is probable that they, like many survivors, suffered from a variety of chronic physical disabilities and post-traumatic stress disorders for the rest of their lives. The official memorial for Dachau was founded in 1965 and is visited by upwards of 800,000 people a year. Further Reading Bailey, Kingston George: Dachau: All the Horrors of Nazi Oppression, C.I. Marine Ltd., Guernsey, 1979. Benz, Wolfgang & Distel, Barbara (editors): Der Ort des Terrors. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager, Volume 2: Frühe Lager, Dachau, Emslandlager. C. H. Beck, 2008, pp. 233-274 (in German). International Tracing Service Arolsen, Catalogue of Camps and Prisons in Germany and German-occupied Territories, 1949-1951. Megargee, Geoffrey P. (editor): Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Vol. 1 , Part A. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 2009, pp. 442-446. The National Archives (TNA), Foreign Office (FO), War Office (WO) TNA FO 950/1353 (Kingston Bailey) TNA FO 950/1698 (Albert Durand)
University of Wisconsin 'Living in the COVID19 Era & Hospital Preparedness' Team optimization and technology 1. Technology and Patient Flow Charts 2. Unavailable Resources Essential to Patient Care 3. Facilitating Communication to Families (patient care, death of loved ones, body identification, etc.) through technology 4. Proper identification of Patients for Medication Disbursements. 5. Disruption in information collection, recording and documentation by nurses during the COVID19 Crisis 6. Hospital screenings outside the scope of COVI19 testing (i.e., changes of a behavioral nature (suicide watch) 7. Leadership and Patient Care The hospital business model has changed dramatically. Scarcity of funding, reallocation of resources, safety, health care is some of the variants challenged in today's medical institutions. 1. Systems integration, team coordination, effective leadership during crisis management; 2. team optimization and technology; 3. facilitating communication to families (patient care, death of loved ones, body identification) through technology; 4. Disruption in information documentation, hospital screenings outside the scope of COVID19 (i.e., suicidal ideations); 5. Leadership and patient Care; 6. Government access to medical records; 7. challenges faced by organizations whose employees refuse to wear masks or refused to return to work. 8. Telemedicine and Healthcare; 9. Source Contact Tracing Read More
Connection lost. Please refresh the page. Introduction to the female pelvic cavity: want to learn more about it? What do you prefer to learn with? Introduction to the female pelvic cavity Learning objectives After working through this study unit you will be able to: 1. Identify the major structures that form the walls and floor of the female pelvic cavity. 2. Recognize the major blood vessels that supply and drain the female pelvic cavity. 3. Name the various organs of the female pelvic cavity. 4. Understand the anatomical relations and functions of these organs. Watch video The female pelvic cavity is bounded by bony and musculoligamentous pelvic walls and floor. It contains several organs from the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems, some of which pass into the perineum. These include the: • terminal part of the sigmoid colon, which continues distally as the rectum • ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus • pelvic part of the ureters and urinary bladder The female pelvic organs are surrounded by pelvic visceral fascia. Additionally, the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal cavity reflects onto the superior surfaces of some of these organs, forming pouches between adjacent organs. The pelvic floor is formed by a musculofascial pelvic diaphragm composed of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles, that separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineum below. The female pelvic cavity is supplied by various branches of the internal iliac artery, the superior [ano]rectal artery and the median sacral artery, with the ovary receiving the ovarian artery from the abdominal aorta. Various visceral plexuses carry both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that provide innervation to the organs as well as visceral afferent fibers which mostly carry pain sensation to the central nervous system. This video will help you learn about the anatomy and contents of the female pelvic cavity in detail. Take a quiz Challenge yourself further and solidify your knowledge with our quiz about the female pelvic cavity and its contents: To broaden your understanding of this topic, try out this customizable quiz covering the wider female pelvis. Browse atlas Browse our atlas gallery to further review the female pelvic organs you have covered so far. Now that you have covered the female pelvic organs, take a look at other key structures of the female pelvic cavity and their relations. Key points about the female pelvic cavity Walls and floors Bones: Hip bone (Ilium, ischium, pubis), sacrum, coccyx Sacroiliac, sacrospinous, and sacrotuberous Levator ani, coccygeus, piriformis, obturator internus Digestive organs Organs: Sigmoid colon, rectum Absorption of minerals, vitamins, water and electrolytes, temporary storage of fecal matter and elimination during defecation Reproductive organs Organs: Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina Formation and development of ova, production of estrogen and progesterone, implantation of embryo, fetal development Urinary organs Organs: Pelvic part of ureter, urinary bladder Transport and elimination of urine from from the body Peritoneal pouches Vesicouterine pouch (between the uterus and urinary bladder) Rectouterine pouch (between the uterus and rectum) Blood supply Internal iliac artery: Superior vesical arteries, inferior vesical artery, internal pudendal artery, middle [ano]rectal artery Superior [ano]rectal artery (from inferior mesenteric artery) Median sacral artery (from aortic bifurcation) Ovarian artery (from abdominal aorta) Innervation Sympathetic: Lumbar splanchnic nerves, hypogastric and pelvic plexuses Pelvic splanchnic nerves, left and right inferior hypogastric plexuses, and rectal (pelvic) plexus Well done! Related articles Continue your learning Now that you have reviewed this study unit on the female pelvic cavity, take a look at the next directly related study unit on the superior view of the female pelvis. Register now and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide!
Study Guide Frost at Midnight Allusions By Samuel Taylor Coleridge Literary and Philosophical References • William Wordsworth (51-53): In The Prelude (a long poem which William Wordsworth wrote with Coleridge in mind), Wordsworth says: "I did not pine like one in cities bred/ As was thy melancholy lot, dear friend" (VIII.433-34). This echoes Coleridge's lines (51-53) where he complains about his schooldays in London. • Plato and Neo-Platonism (whole poem): Plato and Neo-Platonism (a school of philosophy inspired by Plato, but developed later by a thinker named Plotinus) influenced the whole of Coleridge's poem, in a way. The idea that Nature expresses truths that reflect God, and that the Spirit finds a muted reflection of itself in the mind's thoughts, are all pretty Neo-Platonic. • German Transcendental Philosophy (whole poem): Coleridge's mystical musings also echo German philosophers like Kant, Schelling, and Fichte. Schelling was particularly interested in finding evidence of God in Nature, seeing the natural world as a divine revelation or "eternal language" (to quote Coleridge). Historical References • Hartley Coleridge (throughout): Coleridge's baby son, Hartley, is a big part of the poem. Coleridge hopes that he'll live a life of peace and joy close to God and Nature. But, to find out if he did, you'll need to read this brief biography (the short answer is that he actually had a lot of problems—like alcoholism—although he did manage to spend a lot of time in Nature). • Coleridge's School (Christ's Hospital, London) (25-44): In "Frost at Midnight," Coleridge complains about being bored in school at Christ's Hospital (not an actual hospital, just the name of the school) and being afraid of the brutal headmaster, James Boyer. Christ's Hospital actually still exists today, and it's apparently a pretty prestigious and old school (given how famous some of its alumni, like Coleridge, became). • Coleridge's "Stern Preceptor," Headmaster Boyer (38): His full name was James Boyer. Due to his position as headmaster at Christ's Hospital School, no one liked him. Well, it was partially for that reason, but more because he had a propensity for viciously thrashing students. Coleridge and the literary critic, Leigh Hunt, were pupils of his, and were both strongly opposed to Boyer. • Coleridge's Sister, Ann (43-44): In "Frost at Midnight" Coleridge remembers playing with his sister, Ann, as a child, when they were both "clothed alike"—not yet old enough to be distinguished from one another based on their genders. As a kid, he imagines that she might pay him a surprise visit while he's bored in school in London. This is a premium product Tired of ads? Join today and never see them again. Please Wait...
In an attempt to demonstrate electrical conductivity through an electrolyte, the following apparatus (Figure 2.1) was set up. Which among the following statement(s) is(are) Correct? Fig 2.1.jpg (i) Bulb will not glow because electrolyte is not acidic (ii) Bulb will glow because NaOH is a strong base and furnishes ions for conduction. (iii) Bulb will not glow because circuit is incomplete (iv) Bulb will not glow because it depends upon the type of electrolytic solution (A) (i) and (iii) (B) (ii) and (iv) (C) (ii) only (D) (iv) only NaOH is an electrolyte . On dissolution in water, • it will ionize i.e. produce ions. • Therefore, the solution will conduct electricity and the bulb will glow. Both acids and bases can act as electrolytes. So, the correct answer is (c) (ii) only 1. Class 10 About the Author CA Maninder Singh's photo - Founder at Teachoo CA Maninder Singh
Power circuit board A power circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the power circuit board to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it. Alternatives to power circuit board include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both once popular but now rarely used. Power circuit boards require additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Specialized CAD software is available to do much of the work of layout. Mass producing circuits with power circuit boards is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large numbers of power circuit boards can be fabricated at the same time, and the layout only has to be done once. Power circuit boards can also be made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits. Power circuit boards can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers of copper, alternating with layers of substrate). Multi-layer power circuit boards allow for much higher component density, because circuit traces on the inner layers would otherwise take up surface space between components. The rise in popularity of multilayer power circuit boards with more than two, and especially with more than four, copper planes was concurrent with the adoption of surface mount technology. However, multilayer power circuit boards make repair, analysis, and field modification of circuits much more difficult and usually impractical. Designing, Printing, and Manufacturing a Power Circuit Board At Deman Manufacturing we are power circuit board design experts, and can assist you in assembling a top-quality power circuit board catered to your specific technological needs. Our power circuit board designers will provide an in-depth analysis of your device's requirements to ensure your product has the support necessary to excel in the competitive tech market. We have access to all of the latest software and are well-versed in the best design strategies. Here's a quick overview of the process: 1. The schematic for the circuit is designed: First, our designer will create the schematic. A schematic is a crucial step before designing the power circuit board itself and should never be overlooked. A schematic is like a roadmap for a circuit, containing a series of symbols that represent aspects of the circuit: switches, resistors, diodes, nodes, and more. This is also helpful later on for troubleshooting any issues with your power circuit board. After the circuit design is captured in a schematic, it's translated into an electronic design automation (EDA) software package. The design has to be exported into an industry standard format (e.g., the Gerber format, the default “language” used to describe power circuit board components). The resulting file acts as a set of instructions for the production phase of a power circuit board. 3. The power circuit board is printed, fabricated, and assembled: Once you have a Gerber or CAD file, you can manufacture your power circuit board. The dimensions of the power circuit board —along with how many layers it will be, and all of the components are positioned, ground, and laid out, and signal traces dictated by the Gerber file. There are different requirements for different boards, so your power circuit board designer will be able to tell you whether you need surface mount (SMT), thru-hole, single- or double-sided fabrication, and more. 4. Test a power circuit board for functionality: Finally, white-box testing will make sure your power circuit board is structured properly once it's been fabricated. The goal here is to test every possible output to ensure the power circuit board is functioning as the designer intended it to. Compared with black box testing, which only tests inputs and outputs without looking at the specifics, white box testing focuses on the each possible pathway of the power circuit board to make sure there are no failures. Call Deman Manufacturing (PTY) LTD to bring your electronics project to life today.
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Recall that mass is the quantity of matter an object contains. Weight and mass cannot be used interchangeably. They are very different. If the gravitational force changes, weight changes, but the mass remains the same. Let's take an object with a mass of 10.0 kg. Its weight on earth is 98.1 N (wt = 10.0 kg x 9.81 m/s 2). If this object was ... •From a 10 m height you throw ball A up at 5 m/s, and you throw a ball B down at 5 m/s. When the two balls hit the ground are they: A. Going at the same speed B. Going at different speeds C. Land simultaneously D. Ball A never reaches the ground Clicker Question #6 Algebra tiles online interactive "Cyberinfrastructure and Open Standards, Methods, and Communities" John Merritt Unsworth . Annual Convention of the Modern Language Association . Chicago, IL, December 27, 2007 . Resimleri Düzenlemek kesip biçmek Artık Bu Programla Çok Kolay! Google güvencesi ile Picasa. Resimleri Düzenlemek kesip biçmek Artık Bu Programla Çok Kolay! Ridgeline 40 gun safe big r The work done is equal to the change in the kinetic energy: ∆K = Kf− Ki= W In the above example with the ball falling from a height of h = 10 m, the work done by gravity: W = ∆k = kf− ki= 294 J − 0 J = 294 J. If a ball rises to a height of h =10 m, the work done by gravity: W = ∆k = kf− ki= 0 J − 294 J = −294 J. Nms derelict freighter red icon particle in Figure 15.1 is moving; then observers in different reference frames will measure different velocities. Denote the velocity of . j. th . particle in frame . S . by . v = d. r j / dt , and the velocity of the same particle in frame . S ′ by v ′ = d. r ′ j / dt . Taking derivative, the velocities of the particles in two different ... The mass of atoms, their size, and how they are arranged determine the density of a substance. Density equals the mass of the substance divided by its volume; D = m/v. Objects with the same volume but different mass have different densities. Summary. Students will observe a copper and an aluminum cube of the same volume placed on a balance. Ngambhebha usisi Earth’s gravity pulls on all objects. Near the surface of the earth, the acceleration of all objects due to gravity is the same. Drop a penny and a pen from the same height and they will hit the ground at the same time. When objects travel down an inclined plane, gravity is pulling them downward, but the plane is exerting a force on the object, which makes it fall along the plane rather than straight down. There is an equal and opposite force on each of the two objects: they will both move. Now since the acceleration of each object is inversely proportional to the mass, the lighter object will move a bit faster. If you do the arithmetic you will find that they will meet at their common center of mass. Globalprotect ios required client certificate not found Mar 25, 2020 · An increase in height of an object from a surface in the presence of a gravitational field corresponds to an increase in the potential energy of the object. When the object is left to roll or skid down the higher, more inclined ramp to the surface, this higher potential energy can be converted into correspondingly higher kinetic energy. Sig p229 nitron 40 Dec 13, 2020 · Mass is the amount of matter in a body but in physics, mass and weight have very specific meanings. While the mass of an object is the same, irrespective of where it is located in the Universe, weight varies. Weight is the gravitational force between objects and equals mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity g. Potential Energy is just like it sounds, it is energy that is related to an object's potential. Potential Energy can be quantified as mass times gravity times height (PE=mgh). The unit for mass should be either kilogram or pound mass depending on the unit system. Gravity is a constant, 9.81 m / s² in SI units or 32.2 ft/sec² in English ... Gazebo plugins list The difference between mass and weight causes a lot of confusion amongst a lot of people. Put simply, weight is a measure of gravity's effect on something. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Move to a different planet and an object's weight will change, but its mass will be the same. There are a couple of ways to measure mass. No, the two objects with different mass hit the ground at the same time because they have different forces. If we put together the definition of the gravitational force (on the surface of the... Star genome index // Creating two car objects Car myCar1 = new Car(); Car myCar2 = new Car(); This accomplishes our goal; the code will produce two car objects, one stored in the variable myCar1 and one in myCar2. However, if you study the Car class, you will notice that these two cars will be identical: each one will be colored white, start in the middle of the ... Essential Question 9.1: Two objects float in equilibrium in the same fluid. Object A displaces more fluid than object B. Which object has a larger mass? Chapter 9 – Fluids Page 9 - 3 Figure 9.4: Free-body diagrams for the blocks floating in equilibrium in the beaker of water. F B represents the buoyant Graphical lcd with arduino Select product variants by clicking their images brooklyn theme Subscriber count Walther p22 upgrades Calculator random number All bus mod Fivem nearest postal The most remarkable and unexpected fact about falling objects is that, if air resistance and friction are negligible, then in a given location all objects fall toward the center of Earth with the same constant acceleration, independent of their mass.This experimentally determined fact is unexpected, because we are so accustomed to the effects of air resistance and friction that we expect light ... Two trucks have the same velocity but different mass. The truck with the greater mass has _____ kinetic energy than the other truck. Therefore, the smaller mass has an acceleration of 2.7 m/s 2 (which is also the magnitude of the acceleration of the larger mass), and the tension in the rope is 1.0 × 10 3 N. Tips & Tricks Remember that if two objects hang from a massless rope (or string, cable etc.) that runs over a frictionless pulley, the upward tensions exerted by the ... In general, different substances have different densities even if they occupy the same volume or have the same mass. For example, in the opening sequence of Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones tries to replace a gold statue with a bag of sand of about the same volume. 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Skip to Main Content Joint Pain Joseph Mort 1. Develop a differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with joint pain organized by the number and type of joints involved. 2. Based on a patient’s presentation, determine whether joint pain is articular vs nonarticular and inflammatory versus noninflammatory. 3. List the initial diagnostic tests to order for a patient presenting with joint pain. 4. Identify the role of arthrocentesis in the diagnosis of joint pain and be able to interpret a synovial fluid analysis. 5. Choose the correct diagnostic imaging modality to evaluate joint pain based on the patient’s clinical presentation. 6. Explain the treatment for common causes of joint pain. AccessMedicine > Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e > Approach to Articular and Musculoskeletal Disorders Case File AccessMedicine > Vanderbilt Internal Medicine and Pediatric Curriculum > 39 > Small Joint Pain in Adults Manage Learners Test Manager Instructor's Guide Clip Content from an Access site To begin clipping • You have access to: How to clip content from a textbook • Step 1: Select the scissors icon from the toolbar. • Step 3: Clip once on the applicable content. How to clip other types of content Close Window
D.Z. Stone NO PAST TENSE: LOVE AND SURVIVAL IN THE SHADOW OF THE HOLOCAUST is the biography of Katarina (Kati) Kellner and William (Willi) Salcer, two Czech Jews who as teenagers were swept up by the Holocaust in Hungary and survived Auschwitz and Mauthausen, respectively. Covering their entire lives, weaving in first person ‘real time’ voices as if watching a documentary about themselves, the unique structure of NO PAST TENSE provides a distinctive ‘whole life’ view of the Holocaust. They lived as smugglers in post-war Europe until immigrating illegally to Palestine in 1946. Describing Palestine, they talk frankly about rarely addressed issues such as prejudice against ‘newcomers’ from other Jews. Willi built tanks for the Haganah, the underground Jewish army, and supported the War of Independence but at the same refused to move into homes abandoned by Palestinian Arabs. After discharge from the Israeli Air Force, Willi founded the country’s first rubber factory and became head of the Association of Israeli Manufacturers at only 28. In 1958, saying he did not want the children to know war, Willi convinced Kati to move to America, and they finally did so in 1960. He did not tell her that punitive tax fines, imposed when the government needed money due to the crisis in the Sinai, shook his faith in Israel. Once in America, after a few bad investments, Willi lost all their money and for the first time Kati suffered panic attacks. But Willi rebuilt his fortune, while Kati rediscovered her courage, and started living again.
Long Term Effects of Concussions After Sport Careers Date: Nov 22, 2018 Category: Sport Category A concussion is a temporary malfunction in brain mechanism due to head traumas .It can also be distinguished as a MTBI, i.e., mild traumatic brain injury. The brain is protected with fluid in the skull. Due to a sudden mild or severe jolt to the head, the brain is dislocated and may collide with the hard skull. Such dislocation causes changes in neurotransmitters and chemicals in the brain (About Concussions, 2010). Concussion is an injury, which is usually linked with sports, especially with ice hockey, football, martial arts, and boxing. Repetitive blows to the head or cumulative concussion can cause several serious long-term effects because the brain does not get a proper time to recover completely before another accident which further intensifies the after-effects. According to the reports of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, every year, almost 1.6 million to 3.8 million sports-related concussions diagnosed in the United States. However, the number might be even higher, as most of the cases remain unreported due to the ignorance among athletes, trainers, family, coaches, and even few health experts about the symptoms and effects of concussion (Cumulative Concussions, 2013). The purpose of this essay is to analyze overall long-term effects of concussions among the athletes after their sports career. Overall Consequences Recent studies and research on the effects of concussions in sports have shown that even mild concussion can cause severe long-term issues, especially if the athlete is permitted to return to play too early or possesses history of past concussions (Cumulative Concussions, 2013). Direct Effects One of the most serious direct effects of sports-related concussions is second-impact syndrome. Due to second-impact syndrome, brain swells catastrophically and rapidly after suffering from a second concussion before properly recovering from the previous concussion. Even the mildest level of concussion after few days or even minutes after the previous concussion can cause second-impact syndrome (Cumulative Concussions, 2013). Direct effects of concussion may include memory loss, confusion, disorientation of pupils’ size, dizziness, nausea, headache, tinnitus, and changes in vision. Also, late effects like, memory disturbances, irritability, poor concentration, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and personality changes, can be identified among the patients after their sport careers (Quinn, 2013). Other Long-Term Effects Various research and studies have found that effects of concussions can last for decades. According to the research, people who experience concussion with unconsciousness are six times more likely prone to another concussion, compared to those who did not lose consciousness due to concussion. After suffering concussion, the patient’s brain is more susceptible to other injuries. Retrograde amnesia, i.e., the inability to recall pre-injury memories, and anterograde amnesia, i.e., the inability to memorize new information, are often seen among the athletes who were diagnosed with concussion in their sport careers (Concussion: Short and Long-Term Impact, 2012). • Plagiarism and QA report • Professionally-qualified writing experts • Top-quality, at a great price - guaranteed • Commitment to deliver papers by deadline • No limit of revisions a customer can request In rare cases, serious neurological deficits such as, internal bleeding in the brain, are identified. Intracranial hemorrhage, i.e., internal bleeding in the brain, is a serious issue which can lead to the increased pressure in the brain. It may cause the brain to dislocate from its position. The patient may suffer with the seizure activity, weakness on one portion of the body, and coma. In such cases, it is required to remove the increasing blood and treat the impaired blood vessels by means of neurosurgery (Concussion: Short and Long-Term Impact, 2012). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) generates years or decades after the injury. The initial neurological issues related to CTE include memory problems, difficulties in multitasking, impulse control, and depression. Impulse control issues can lead to drug addiction or severe anger problem. Patients are more prone to dementia and Parkinson’s disease (Concussion: Short and Long-Term Impact, 2012). According to the research of neuropsychologist, Dr. Maryse Lassonde, cognitive impairment is one of the long-term effects of concussion. Lassonde examined the brains of former athletes who suffered their previous concussion more than 30 years ago. After comparing them with healthy people who had not been diagnosed with concussions, she found that the repeated head trauma lead to long-lasting effects, similar to the initial signs of Parkinson’s disease, including attention, memory, and motion problems. Lassonde’s research has further shown that the such former athletes’ brains experienced a certain kind of “thinning” that usually happens in Alzheimer’s patients. Such “thinning” is associated with attention and memory decline (Krans, 2013). Order sport essay Also, mental health problems, such as chronic anxiety disorder and depression have been reported as the long-term effects of concussion among the athletes. The loss of place in the team, uncertain timeline for recovery, lack of support, or the unrecognizable nature of the injury can trigger several mental issues in the athlete even after the end of sport career. A 2008 Canadian research on professional athletes playing contact sports, suggested that some athletes experience the mental health issues in the moths, years or even decades after a concussion due to the result of pathological and psychological changes in their brains caused by the injury itself. In rare cases, it even leads to the increased suicidal behavior among the patient (Barton, 2013). Concussion is an important and serious issue among those who are involved in the sports sector. Though, most of the athletes recover completely after a concussion, various research have shown that they might be still prone to the long-term effects of concussion after the end of their sport careers. Such long-term effects include various cognitive, physical, and psychological problems. In order to avoid repeated concussion, patients should not be permitted to return to play until they recover from the injury properly. Also, it is important to encourage further research for the treatment and prevention of concussions, in order to protect the patients from the long-term effects of it. Views: 0
Question: What are the 2 types of genes? What are the two types of genes called? Different versions of the same gene are called alleles. Genes can have two or more possible alleles. Individual humans have two alleles, or versions, of every gene. Because humans have two gene variants for each gene, we are known as diploid organisms. How many types of genes are there? What are the two types of genes called and how are they different? Different versions of a gene are called alleles. Alleles are described as either dominant or recessive depending on their associated traits. Since human cells carry two copies of each chromosome? they have two versions of each gene?. What are 2 linked genes? What is an example of linked genes? When a pair or set of genes are on the same chromosome, they are usually inherited together or as a single unit. For example, in fruit flies the genes for eye color and the genes for wing length are on the same chromosome, thus are inherited together. Which genes are transmitted directly from father to son? Among them is the Y chromosome, which passes from father to son. Among the many things parents hand down to their children are 23 pairs of chromosomes – those thread-like structures in the nucleus of every cell containing the genetic instructions for every person. Where is gene? What is gene explain? A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins. Every person has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. What genes are inherited together? Genetic linkage describes the way in which two genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome are often inherited together. What part of DNA is gene? Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body. Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a persons genes. Genes are contained in chromosomes, which are in the cell nucleus. Tell us about you Find us at the office Smack- Kinneer street no. 65, 62402 Kingston, Jamaica Give us a ring Drexel Lepak +30 694 593 49 Mon - Fri, 7:00-15:00 Contact us
Photo by Emre Orkun KESKIN from Pexels Two Startups utilising sustainable bamboo to make a difference. The use of Bamboo in the western world is increasing as it is now being incorporated into a wide range of items, including clothing, toilet rolls, flooring and walls in construction, bike frames, funeral caskets and even computer hardware. This use of sustainably produced Bamboo will play a pivotal role in moving society towards a fairer and greener economy. Bamboo's benefits: • absorbs 30% more CO2 than an equivalent mass of trees • produces 35% more Oxygen than trees • tough and durable • fast-growing, 4 year turnaround between harvests • no fertiliser or pesticides are required to farm Though China has the most bamboo acreage globally (with Far-Eastern China known as the 'Kingdom of bamboo'), the plant also grows in South America, Australia, Africa, India, and many Pacific islands. Growing at many different altitudes and soil types. Below are details of two recently started businesses that are making a positive difference to our effect on the world. Not only are they working sustainably, but they are also making a big improvement to several African communities. Partnering with charities to provide water for school children in Kenya and sustainable companies in Ghana which provide inclusive and equal job opportunities. Naked Sprout (established in 2020) sources all their Bamboo from FSC certified forests in far eastern china to create affordable, eco-friendly, unbleached toilet and kitchen rolls. The production of standard toilet rolls removes trees from our environment ("27,000 trees a day – almost 9 million a year.." National Geographic.) and produces substantial chemical waste. Chemicals found within standard toilet roll include, Bleach, BPA, formaldehyde, de-inking agents, chlorine dioxide, sodium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphate, anti-slime agents, filler, adhesives, wet strength enhancers, inks, scents, dyes and more! After use, these chemicals can make their way into the local waterways and damage the environment. NakedSprout creates their rolls without using these damaging chemicals, plastics, or additives. They only use 100% natural unbleached bamboo. How they make it: 'Bamboo is pulverised and then cooked to break down the fibres in the first instance (70% of this water used then recycled). These broken down fibres then go through a set of steps to isolate the fibres. It is here where most toilet roll manufacturers will then whiten the product using the same chemicals used in wood pulp toilet paper manufacturing, like hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide. We have removed this process completely - hence the off white colour of Naked Sprout rolls. The liquid mix is then drawn onto giant drums at high speed where they re-form, bond and dry as Naked Sprout toilet paper.' naked sprout They offset the unavoidable emissions of their energy and water use, associated with their general operations and shipment of products by sea freight, through the World Land Trust's carbon balanced programme. They use the UK's most sustainable delivery firm, DPD. Changing to sustainably made toilet roll is only a small change to make, but if we all do it, it will make a difference. I had been using an alternative bamboo toilet paper for some time, but it was bleached white. When I came across this company I thought I would switch to this better brand, and I'm not disappointed. Get yours from Shop Naked Sprout Brother and sister team Andy and Laura, both bike enthusiasts, recently established Netham Bamboo Bikes and are creating sustainably and ethically produced bikes. Up until now, little attention has been paid to the impact of how and where bicycles are manufactured. With their use of sustainably sourced Bamboo, they dramatically reduce the carbon footprint of bike production compared to carbon and steel-framed bikes. They realised that Bamboo offers a unique alternative to traditional bike frames. Formed from interwoven fibres, its high strength-to-weight ratio allows it to withstand large amounts of stress, even boasting a tensile strength to rival steel. Courtesy of Netham Bamboo Netham Bamboo has utilised the great combination of Andy's bike wizardry with Laura's passion for the environment. Working with their partners in Ghana and Bali, they can offer high-quality, affordable bikes. "We are one of the first companies to offer handcrafted bikes at affordable prices", explains Laura. "Each frame has its own unique markings and its own story. We offer you the chance to make your bike truly unique with any customisation you want, whether it be different pedals, wheels, groupsets, tyres or saddles – the choice is yours!" 29/07/21 Although their website states that all their bikes are out of stock, they are still selling them. Their website and ordering system are in the process of being updated. So get in touch with them. September 18 is World Bamboo Day! Lets raise awareness of this fabulous material and our ability to grow and use it sustainably.
Jupiter. The largest planet of the solar system, being 91,-522 miles in diameter, or 1,400 times larger than the earth. It revolves round the sun in 4,332 days and 14 hours of our time, and on its own axis in 9 hours, 56 minutes, inclined to the eliptic 86° 54 1/2'. It is attended by four satellites. Planet Jupiter 369
April 12, 2010 Let’s consider Vermeer and Rahmstorf’s equation that relates sea level rise rate to temperature again. You can read Vermeer and Rahmstorf’s PNAS paper (referred to as VR2009 for the rest of this post), Global Sea Level Linked to Global Temperature, here. In Part 1, I laid out the basic problem. In Part 2, I went into a little more detail on the math. In Part 3, I gave a few examples that show some bizarre consequences that would result if equation were correct. As a reminder, here is their equation • H is the sea level, and dH/dt is the change in sea level per unit time (the sea level rise rate) • T is the temperature, and dT/dt is the change in temperature per unit time • a = 05.6+- 0.5 mma-1K-1 • b = -49 +- 10 mmK-1 • To = -0.41 +- 0.03 K Parallel Universes Let’s think in terms of parallel universes, just for the fun of it. Both Universes will be the same as the one we live in up to this point. Starting in 2010 they will continue as the same universe with a hypothetical increasing temperature scenario for the planet earth. I will choose a temperature scenario that satisfies equation 4, from part 2. The advantage of this temperature scenario is that the increasing temperature yields a perfectly constant sea level rise rate when applied to VR2009’s equation (equation 1, above). Other than that, there is nothing special about this scenario, but it is convenient to work with for illustrative purposes, and in and of itself uncovers some of the bizarre nature of VR2009’s model. After another 30 years, our universe will bifurcate into two parallel universes. One will continue to have an increasing temperature due to all the nasty undertakings of the human scum that occupies the planet. The other will experience a divine halt to the temperature rise, probably due to the mercy of Gaia after receiving years or prayers of intercession from faithful environmentalists. In this second universe, the temperature will become constant. How will the sea level rises in these two universes compare? Universe #1 Universe 1 Excel file link Universe #2 Universe #2 Excel file link Look closely at what happens in 2040, when the two universes split. In Universe #1, where the temperature keeps increasing, the sea level rise rate remains constant. But in Universe #2, where the temperature becomes constant, there is a sudden rise in the sea level rise rate. Remember, this is a consequence of VR2009’s model, not my imagination. How can this be possible? It all comes down to VR2009’s model and the fact that they find the constant b in equation 1 to be negative. They recognized the strangeness of this conclusion and attempted to explain away the counter-intuitive sign of b by saying that it points to a … positive, but time-lagged, sea level response. That a negative b corresponds to a lag is easily seen… Several mechanisms could be envisaged for a delayed onset of sea-level rise after warming. For example, mass loss of ice can be caused by warm water penetrating underneath shelves, triggering their collapse and subsequent speed-up of outlet glaciers banked up behind the ice shelf. We cannot explore the causes of delay in more detail here, but note the statistical result is robust irrespective of causes. Conclusion (for now) It’s too bad that VR2009 “cannot explore the causes of delay in more detail,” because I would love to hear how they explain the bizarre results that follow from their model. My conclusion is that their model is bogus. As such, it has no predictive power for sea level rise rates for the 21st century. One comment 1. […] can’t be what’s really happening. I prefer logic to screeds of math, but as pointed out here more rigorously, if b is negative, that would imply that a halt in rising temperatures would cause […] Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Chemistry in use book 1 worksheet answers Your teacher can provide the answers for all the others. Experimental volumes for iodine clock reactions for part 1 10ml beake test tube 0. Answers to the numerical questions are given at the back of the book. Where to download moles mass and particles worksheet answers moles mass and particles worksheet answers interconverting masses, moles and numbers of particles chemistry tutorial this tutorial covers how to convert in between grams, moles and numbers. Stepbystep solutions to all your chemistry homework questions slader free stepbystep solutions to all your questions. Use this to check your answers and see how the problems are done. In living organisms, the ratio of the naturally occurring isotopes of carbon, carbon12 to carbon to carbon14, is fairly consistent. An introductory chemistry text, such as this one, must focus instead on teaching basic principles and skills. 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Naming acids how to name binary acids and oxyacids. We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. As you read on in this book, you will find, perhaps to your disappointment, that only limited portions of each chapter provide direct answers to real. Whenever students will not get interest in reading books, they can read these worksheets. Fill in the experimental volumes in drops for runs 15 into table 1 table 1. Write three questions that come to mind from reading the headings and the illustration captions. Use your periodic table to comp lete the worksheet. Jan 12, 2016 print the periodic table worksheets and use a periodic table to find missing element information and learn how to use the periodic table. Written by an expert team with a wealth of experience, chemistry in use aims to cover the key concepts and ideas of chemistry using relevant everyday. Use the cd the cd has an interactive test for each chapter, advice on revision, sample exam papers, and more. 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Linguistic Terms Chronograph with its characteristics and examples Chronograph and its explanation Chronograph is a very interesting phenomenon . This article will provide you detailed information about Chronography with its characteristics and examples. The Chronograph is a rhetorical figure of describing the time that is a fact, object, event, or type of customs, this in order to describe a temporary basis for better understanding. The Chronograph consists in narrating the period of the facts that have some relation to each other, to be able to understand them more clearly, favoring the introduction to the time and time described in the text The Chronograph is a resource used in the narrative to describe the passage of time, ie, the accumulation of details that evoke and require temporary space. This space can be a day, season of the year, time of the past or any other measure of the passage of time. This resource is one of the objects of study of rhetoric. In this sense, rhetoric is the discipline that studies the uses of written, spoken and visual language. One of his areas of interest is rhetorical resources (among them, chronography). A rhetorical resource is any particular type of syntactic structure, sound or pattern of meaning that invokes a particular reaction of an audience. Now, chronography appears especially in the field of literary language. This does not mean that it is for your exclusive use. In fact, both in everyday use and in the different specialized uses of language it is possible to find a rich and diverse inventory of this rhetorical resource. In this way, many examples can be found within the world of advertising. In these cases, it is used because of the need to quickly capture the reader’s attention. Unconscious or deliberate use In some cases, Chronograph is used almost unconsciously in informal conversations to give thoroughness to an idea. In others, it is done deliberately and pursuing an objective. Especially in the case of specialized languages, the purpose for its use is basically persuasion. Communication tool Chronograph is a rhetorical figure . As such, it is a communication resource that has been used for generations to make speech more ingenious and more effective. When used properly, it helps the interlocutors to appreciate, interpret and analyze the transmitted content. In this way, this resource offers the possibility of improving the message to be delivered by adding – in this case – the dimension of time to the description of facts or qualities. Amplification figure Chronograph is a rhetorical figure of amplification. The figures that belong to this category share as a common feature the detailed and detailed expression of ideas or concepts. In this case, it is an extensive and thorough development of the temporal dimension. Description of the temporary structure Chronograph is used to describe spaces of time. The details of a period of time defined by the author are then detailed so that the reader or the viewer can see them more clearly and make them real and evident. In literature, it is used to time content. That is, place them within some notion of elapsed time. Thus, depending on the selected temporal unit, night, day and seasonal chronographs can be found, among a great variety. Animated and realistic image transmission Chronograph is part of the hypotype. The latter is also known as evidentia or enargeia . It is the ability of the text to cause the illusion that the things narrated or described are present. This cause in the viewer (reader or listener) the feeling that he is perceiving them as if he had them before his own eyes. Chronography, then, has the ability to transmit sensory images in an animated, realistic and surprising way. These commonly exceed the actual characteristics of the object or situation described. In this way, he manages to catch the attention of the interlocutor. Chronograph Examples In general, chronography has practical applications in any field of human activity in which it is sought to capture attention and create aesthetic effect. Three areas where it is frequently used will be described below. Literature is by definition a field of aesthetic content production. Therefore, there are many uses for Chronograph. For example, in the poem by the anonymous author Romance of the prisoner, its use can be widely observed: “That for May it was, for May / when it is hot / when the wheat enchants / and the fields are in bloom / when the calandria sings / and the nightingale responds when the lovers / will serve love / but I, sad, taken care of / that I live in this prison / that I do not know when it is day / or when the nights are / but because of a bird / that the roar sang to me… ” The artist in this work uses chronography to place the reader at a time (the month of May) and abounds in details to signify and highlight it (blooming fields, birds in love and heat). Later, he comments on the personal situation of the protagonist at that time (prisoner, alone and sad, except for the song of a bird). In the field of journalism, reporters use the chronograph resource very often. In this way they give context to the news (especially those that distance themselves in time) and can immediately put the reader in a situation. In the following paragraph, taken from the Chilean newspaper La Vanguardia, the journalist uses Chronograph resources to set his story. This is a chronicle about the occurrence of an earthquake in Chile in 2010: “… At 03: 35h on the morning of Saturday, February 27, the entire south central part of Chile was affected by an earthquake measuring 8.8 on the Richter scale…). “… was the strongest in the history of the country after the 9.5 that Valdivia suffered in 1960 …”. “… seconds before the movement began, the power went out …” The reader finds out the date of the event (February 27) and other temporary details. These place the reader on the site of events. In this way, without having been there, you can be a virtual witness of what happened and have an idea of how and when things happened. The chronography in the arts can be found in many of its expressions. For example, it can be located in the songs. In them, the letters appeal very often to the images in which the relationship between space and time generates feelings. For example, in the song of Joan Manuel Serrat this resource is observed when describing the autumn: “They painted the sky gray and the ground was sheltered with leaves, it was dressed in autumn. The afternoon that falls asleep seems like a child that the wind sways with its ballad in autumn. A ballad in autumn, a sad song of melancholy born at the end of the day. ” Related Articles Leave a Reply Back to top button
October 14th is World Sight Day, a day in which we raise awareness on the global issue of blindness and vision impairment. What is World Sight Day? World Sight Day was first founded in 1999 by the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) under the global initiative VISION 2020: The Right to Sight. This day aims to raise public awareness of blindness and vision impairment as major international public health issues. Each year the IABP selects a different theme to honour eye health. The theme for 2021 is #LoveYourEyes. Why is World Sight Day Important? Globally, around 2.2 billion people have a near or distance vision impairment. Of those individuals, at least half could have been prevented by an appropriate intervention![1] As we all know, a person’s vision plays a major role in their quality of life. Vision impairment can hinder one’s independence, mobility, education, employment, poverty and can lead to an increased risk of falls, injuries, mental health and social isolation. As the majority of blindness and visual impairment is preventable or treatable with an early intervention, this day emphasises the need to actively look after our eye health. What causes vision loss? There are many causes of vision loss. The leading cause of vision loss are cataracts and refractive error. This is followed by age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. A whopping 88.4 million people worldwide suffer from unaddressed refractive error and 94 million people suffer from unaddressed cataracts.[2] In Australia, treatment for both eye conditions are widely available through laser eye surgery and cataract surgery. Depending on the country and their level of eye care accessibility and literacy, the leading causes of vision loss vary widely. In lower income countries, cataracts are the major cause of visual impairment while age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma are more prevalent causes of vision loss in high income countries. How can I get involved? This year’s theme of #LoveYourEyes aims to focus attention on our own eye health. Our vision is one of our most important senses and can more than often be taken for granted. To do our part in World Sight Day, we urge everyone to take care of their vision and encourage themselves and others to get an eye test whenever possible. To find out more about this year’s campaign visit www.iapb.org/wsd2021 George St Eye Centre are highly qualified eye specialists who are able to help you diagnose and treat your eye issue, whether it be for refractive, macular, general or dry eye conditions. If you would like more information on our full list of services, please call us on (02) 9230 0010. [1] https://www.who.int/health-topics/blindness-and-vision-loss#tab=tab_1 [2] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment Photo: Michael Schoenfeld, with Eye Corps
Garden spiders–the orb weavers I am sure you all have seen the work of the garden spider–a big silken web, almost like a wheel. (There is a “hub” at the centre, lines radiating outwards, and a whole host of “rings.” Especially in the early morning, when the dew is still on the web, it is a thing of great beauty. It is not, however, made to be beautiful. It is made as a trap. This web is how the orb weaver catches his dinner–and all other meals, too. The silk of the web is, size for size, much stronger than steel. It also is elastic–twice as elastic as nylon, for example. Although webs may be as large as several feet in diameter, most are much smaller than that. However, an average web will contain maybe 20 metres of silk. The hard-working spider can produce this web in half an hour, or less. The web usually is sticky, so a blundering fly or grasshopper gets stuck as soon as he runs into it. Some spiders sit in the “hub” to wait for their prey. Some build a blind at the edge of the web, and some just hide behind a twig or leaf at the edge of the web. When an insect hits, the spider usually runs to the hub (if he is not there already). By touching the radial lines, he knows where his meal is. He runs to that spot. If the insect is a big one, like a grasshopper or a big moth, he likely will inject it with poison. This usually subdues, but does not kill, the prey. Then he carefully wraps is up so it no longer can move. This will then make a future meal, safely tucked away. Like everything else, the web can get worn and tattered. When that happens, the spider simply eats it. The old silk can be re-worked in the spider’s body into new silk. This only takes about 30 minutes, and the spider can get on with building a new one right away. Incidentally, some spider webs are not sticky. But in this case, the strands are very close together and the bumbling insect simply gets all tangled up. And some spiders make a “sheet-web”–a flat web which is on the horizontal. The spider hides underneath it. When a fly gets into the web, the spider runs out underneath it, and pulls the poor fellow down, before wrapping him up and hiding him away. The male spider is always a lot smaller than the female, and she often mistakes him for a meal and eats him. When he feels amourous, he has to approach with great caution. Even at that, after the deed is done, he often becomes a meal anyway–sort of an after-sex lunch. Spider webs have some remarkable uses; for one, they have been used for dressing wounds for hundreds of years. They are used for cross-hairs in telescopes and transits. And they are used for silk clothing. One type of spider can produce 135 metres of silk in an hour (but this is only half that of a good silkworm). How many spiders are there around us? Lots and lots! One estimate is five million or more in a hectare of pasture. Spiders live almost entirely on insects. And this makes them just about the best friends we have in the natural world. Be glad that we have them! Posted in Uncategorized
Wrinkled Feet No More: 4 Instantaneous Treatment Wrinkled feet do not only come to older people. It might be common to get wrinkles on the feet in daily life. Most of its causes are considered to be harmless and temporary. However, we should also be careful of the fact that wrinkles on the feet can be the result of health disease. So, what are the various causes of getting wrinkles and how can we make them go away? What causes wrinkled feet? Below are given such situations that can be the cause of wrinkled feet: 1. Trench foot The other name for trench foot is immersion foot. This condition happens when the feet are both wet and cold at the same time for a long period. This situation can cause wrinkles to your feet. Apart from causing wrinkles, it can also give rise to: • Flaking off of the skin • Itching • Blisters • Blotchy skin with redness or discoloration • Tingling • Pain in a warmed-up skin • Numbness Soldiers who fought in wet and cold conditions were the first ones to notice trenches on their feet. Trench foot can be prevented by wearing warm socks or waterproof boots as it keeps the feet dry. When feet are exposed to damp and watery lands, they get trench. This war situation created great awareness about how important it is to keep our feet dry. If you ever get your feet, shoes, or socks wet, do not wait to dry them on their own, take your measures to dry them. 1. Exposing feet in the water Wrinkled Feet This is one of the common causes of wrinkled feet and fingers. The temperature of the water does not matter. Exposing feet to water for longer develops wrinkles. Though this is a temporary condition and will revert once feet get all dry. Wrinkling is the result of the shrinking of the blood vessels. The shrinking of the blood vessels gives rise to the collapsing of the skin. The blood vessel acts this way to prevent our bodies from sliding in wet conditions. Thus, providing our hands and feet with a better grip. 1. Sweating in the feet We all notice our skin wrinkle when we sweat heavily. When people start to sweat heavily, it is known as hyperhidrosis. This is a health condition during which one sweats heavily without going through any reasonable situation. When we start to sweat a lot, the presence of water on the skin surface gives rise to the formation of wrinkles. This is especially in those parts where there is less or no ventilation. For instance, wearing shoes for a long period. 1. Sun exposure We all know about the damage UV rays can do to our skin. Well, UV rays can also give rise to wrinkled feet. This can be easily prevented by covering your feet when outside. If it is necessary to expose your feet to the sun, it’s better to go for sunscreen. It is better to prevent getting wrinkles due to the sun as it is hard to reverse the condition. 1. Dry skin Due to certain environmental situations, our skin gets dry and gives rise to wrinkles, including the feet. Dry and dehydrated feet can also be caused due to any underlying health condition. Having dehydrated or moisture-less feet can result in wrinkles on the feet. Sometimes severe conditions create cracks on the skin. To avoid this, the easiest way is to keep up with a moisturizer all the time. How to treat wrinkled feet? Below are given how one can get rid of wrinkled feet. It should be noted that all of this treatment will only work when you use them properly and patiently. 1. Treatment for trench foot wrinkled feet treatments 1. You can remove wrinkles from the skin by warming up your feet. You can either choose to soak your feet in warm water for 5 minutes or use heating pads for the same. 1. Whenever your feet are exposed to water, make sure you dry them as soon as possible once you are out of it. 1. If in any case, your shoes or socks soak water and become wet, remove them to avoid getting wrinkles. 1. Avoid sleeping while socks are on and remember to change your socks daily. This reduces the risk of getting an infection due to sweat. 1. Consult a skincare expert if any of the above does not work for you. Treatment for excessive sweating what is wrinkled feet 1. To reduce sweating wear spacious footwear. Also, pair it with socks to soak up any moisture on your feet. 2. opt for aluminum chloride solution. Applying this solution several times a day at first will reduce sweating. Hence, reducing the formation of wrinkles. 3. Use glycopyrronium towelettes to wipe your feet with. 1. Consult your doctor about iontophoresis. In this procedure, a weak electrical current is passed through your feet and other areas with excessive sweat glands. 1. You can also go for a Botox treatment. this treatment will be done under the eye of a doctor and will target your sweat glands. This might interfere with the nerves that are responsible for sweat gland activation. 1. You can also choose anticholinergic medication. Be careful as it comes with certain possible side effects such as dry mouth, urinating issues, and blurry vision. Treatment for sun exposure what is wrinkled feet 1. Make sure you moisturize after exposing the skin to the sun. 2. There are treatments available, such as chemical peels and laser treatments. This will reduce the appearance of your wrinkles significantly. 3. Prevent yourself from direct sun rays. Even if you need to go out under the sun make sure you have applied a powerful moisturizer 30 minutes before stepping out. Treatment for dry skin 1. Moisturizer is the easiest way possible to keep the surface of your skin hydrated. Always use an intensive moisturizer that is suited for dry skin. 2. Keeping your inner body hydrated will also prevent dry skin. Drink the necessary amount of water regularly. Lastly, sometimes the reason behind wrinkled feet is an underlying health condition. Treating that condition will help you to get rid of the wrinkles automatically. Most of the wrinkled feet stay for a few minutes. This condition should be taken seriously. Read More Hey, we like you a lot and want to offer you some of the best content Share your email for some exclusive insights
Sekiyado Domain Sekiyado Castle, administrative center of Sekiyado Domain, circa 1860s Sekiyado Domain (関宿藩 Sekiyado-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Shimōsa Province (the northern portion of Chiba Prefecture and southern portion of Ibaraki Prefecture in modern-day, Japan). It was centered on Sekiyado Castle in what is now the city of Noda, Chiba. Prime Minister Baron Suzuki Kantarō was born as the son of a samurai of Sekiyado Domain. Sekiyado is located at the confluence of the Tone River and the Edogawa River, and was thus a strategic location controlling river traffic in the northern Kantō region, as well as the northeastern approaches to Edo. Following the Battle of Odawara in 1590, the Kantō region by was assigned by Toyotomi Hideyoshi to Tokugawa Ieyasu, who appointed his half-brother Matsudaira (Hisamatsu) Yasumoto as daimyō of the newly formed Sekiyado Domain, with revenues of 20,000 koku. His revenues were increased to 40,000 koku in 1591. The domain passed from Matsudaira control to various other clans over its history: however, as an indication of the importance the Tokugawa shogunate placed on Sekiyado, of the 22 daimyō who ruled the domain, 22 held the post of Rōjū and three held the post of Kyoto Shoshidai. From 1669 (with an interruption from 1683-1705), the domain remained in the hands of the Kuze clan. Kuze Hirochika played an important role in the Bakumatsu period. As Rōjū, he opposed the Ansei Purge conducted by Ii Naosuke. He was a key supporter of the Kōbu gattai policy of supporting the Shogunate through marriage ties to the Imperial family, and one of the prime signatories to treaties ending Japan’s national isolation policy. During the Boshin War, the domain officially remained a supporter of the Shogunate, and contributed many samurai to the Shōgitai; however, many of its younger retainers supported the Sonnō jōi movement and defected to the Satchō Alliance. After the Battle of Ueno, the final daimyō of Sekiyado, Kuze Hironari, submitted to the new Meiji government. He was appointed domain governor under the new administration, until the abolition of the han system in July 1871 and subsequently became a viscount under the kazoku peerage. The former Sekiyado Domain was absorbed into the new Chiba Prefecture. Holdings at the end of the Edo period As with most domains in the han system, Sekiyado Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.[1][2] List of daimyō #Name Tenure Courtesy title Court Rank kokudaka Matsudaira clan (Hisamatsu) (fudai) 1590-1616 1Matsudaira Yasumoto (松平康元)1590–1603Inaba-no-kami (因幡守) Lower 5th (従五位下) 22,700 koku 2Matsudaira Tadayoshi (松平忠良)1603–1616Kai-no-kami (甲斐守) Lower 5th (従五位下) 22,700 koku Nomi-Matsudaira clan (fudai) 1617-1619 1Matsudaira Shigekatsu (北条氏重)1617–1619 Osumi-no-kami (大隈守) Lower 5th (従五位下) 26,000 koku Ogasawara clan (fudai) 1619-1640 1Ogasawara Masanobu (小笠原政信)1619–1640Saemon-no-suke (左衛門佐) Lower 4th (従四位下) 22,700 koku 2Ogasawara Sadanobu (小笠原貞信)1640–1640Tosa-no-kami (土佐守) Lower 5th (従五四位下) 22,700 koku Hōjō clan (tozama) 1640-1644 1Hōjō Ujishige (北条氏重)1640–1644 Dewa-no-kami (出羽守) Lower 4th Lower 5th (従五位下) 20,000 koku Makino clan (fudai) 1644-1656 1Makino Nobushige (牧野信成)1644–1647 Hizen-no-kami (豊前守) Lower 4th Lower 4th (従四位下) 17,000 koku 2Makino Narishige (牧野親成)1647–1656Sado-no-kami (佐渡守); Jiju (侍従) Lower 4th (従四位下) 17,000-->27,000 koku Itakura clan (fudai) 1656-1669 1Itakura Shigemune (板倉重宗)1656–1656 Suo-no-kami (周防守); Jiju (侍従)Lower 4th (従四位下) 50,000 koku 2Itakura Shigesatoi (板倉重郷)1656–1661Awa-no-kami (阿波守) Lower 5th (従五位下) 50,000-->45,000 koku 3Itakura Shigetsune (板倉重常)1661–1669 Yamato-no-kami (大和守); Jiju (侍従)Lower 4th (従四位下)- Kuze clan (fudai) 1669-1683 1Kuze Hiroyuki (久世広之)1669–1679 Yamato-no-kami (大和守); JIju (侍従) Lower 4th (侍従) 50,000 koku 2Kuze Shigeyuki (久世重之)1679–1683 Yamato-no-kami (大和守); Jiju (侍従) Lower 4th (侍従) 50,000 koku Makino clan (fudai) 1683-1705 1Makino Narisada (牧野成貞)1683–1695 Bizen-no-kami (備後守); Jiju (侍従) Lower 4th (侍従) 53,000-->73,000 koku 2Makino Nariharu (牧野成春)1695–1705Bizen-no-kami (備後守); Jiju (侍従) Lower 4th (侍従) 73,000 koku Kuze clan (fudai) 1705-1871 1Kuze Shigeyuki (久世重之)1705–1720Yamato-no-kami (大和守); Jiju (侍従) Lower 4th (従四位下) 50,000 koku 2Kuze Teruyuki (久世暉之)1720–1748Sanuki-no-kami (讃岐守) Lower 5th (従五位下) 50,000-->60,000 koku 3Kuze Hiroaki (久世広明)1748–1785Yamato-no-kami (大和守) Lower 5th (従五位下) 60,000-->58,000 koku 4 Kuze Hiroyasu (久世広明)1785–1817Yamato-no-kami (大和守) Lower 5th (従五位下) 58,000-->68,000 koku 5Kuze Hirotaka (久世広運)1817–1830Nagato-no-kami (長門守) Lower 5th (従五位下) 68,000 koku 6Kuze Hirochika (久世広周)1830–1862Yamato-no-kami (大和守); Jiju (侍従) Lower 4th (従四位下) 68,000 koku 7Kuze Hirofumi (久世広文)1862–1868Oki-no-kami (隠岐守) Lower 5th (従五位下) 68,000-->48,000 koku 8Kuze Hironari (久世広業)1868–1871 x Lower 5th (従五位下) 48,000 koku External links
Negative Effects of Alcohol. Alcohol is a fluid compound, coming… \| by Harsh Srivastava \| Oct, 2021 Shared By Visit The Original Post Harsh Srivastava Alcohol is a fluid compound, coming about because of sugar maturation of various food varieties like malted grain, potatoes, ash or grapes. At lower dosages, the drink goes about as energizer while in high portions, it functions as a depressant to the focal sensory system. Any grown-up of 21 years or more can lawfully get alcohol in the United States. Negatives impact of alcohol on the human body are various and the outcomes start following utilization. Despite the fact that little amounts of alcohol can escape the body through breathing and pee, the majority of the item gets assimilated into the circulation system. The more alcohol one takes, the more the impacts it has on the body frameworks. Many individuals are not familiar with what comprises a standard beverage and the estimation of alcohol consumption, which is one 12-ounce hold on for 5% alcoholic substance. The following are a portion of the adverse consequences on body frameworks. Leave a Reply
Senate Seeks To Increase Debt Ceiling To Avoid Economic Consequences government news Oct 07, 2021 The Senate is expected to vote Thursday and increase the national debt limit by $480 billion. This would provide the Treasury, and the U.S., an additional two months of funding. Many are concerned about the debt ceiling and what could happen if lawmakers do not come to a concession on a long-term solution. Here is what the debate is about and how a default on U.S. debt could affect you. Senate May Agree to a Short-Term Debt Ceiling Increase Today, Democrat and Republican senators are set to increase the U.S. debt, at least for now. This morning, a verbal agreement was made to extend the U.S. debt by $480 billion, which would allow the government to continue borrowing until early December, according to the Treasury Department. A vote is expected to occur soon. An agreement would prevent the U.S. from defaulting on its debts, but it only staves off the problem for two months. Congress will be right back in this dilemma in early December. This delay does give Democrat lawmakers the opportunity to focus on the negotiations inside their party over the infrastructure bill and the budget plan, which is decreasing well below the original amount of $3.5 trillion. Democrats and Republicans Disagree Over Debt Ceiling Solution Tensions over the debt ceiling increased in early September when Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen warned that the Treasury would be out of options and be unable to pay U.S. debts by October 18 if Congress did not act. Secretary Yellen said this week that the U.S. is, "staring into a catastrophe” if Congress does not act soon. Republicans do not want to raise the debt limit or suspend the debt limit in light of the $3.5 trillion budget plan that their Democrat colleagues are trying to pass without any Republican support. McConnell, along with other GOP lawmakers, believes that the multi-trillion-dollar budget is a "historically reckless taxing and spending spree" which would hurt Americans in the long term. Republicans contend that Democrat lawmakers should raise the debt limit using the budget reconsideration process they are already trying to use to pass the budget plan. Democrats argue that it is the job of Congress to set the budget, so both parties should be involved and contend that the budget reconciliation method would take too much time. How The Debt Ceiling Works What's surprising about the U.S. debt is that it doesn't directly authorize Congress to spend more money. It allows the Treasury to raise money to pay for expenses the government has already authorized. Congress limits how much money the U.S. can borrow (debt ceiling) and must either raise it or suspend it for the Treasury to raise more money. In July of 2019, the U.S. debt limit was suspended until July 31, 2021. On August 1st of this year, the limit was reapplied and set and at $28.5 trillion, which is the current U.S. debt. This means that the Treasury cannot raise more money and why Secretary Yellen said that the U.S. is "staring into a catastrophe.” How The Debt Ceiling Affects You Personally On a normal day, the U.S. debt ceiling doesn't have a tangible effect on life, aside from increasing the national debt that will need to be repaid. If the debt ceiling is not extended and the U.S. is unable to raise more capital, it could have real consequences for everyone. Secretary Yellen told lawmakers last month that if the U.S. debt is not raised, "It would be disastrous for the American economy, for global financial markets, and for millions of families and workers." Here is a brief list of ramifications that could occur if the debt ceiling is not raised: • Infrastructure projects funded by the government would halt • Social Security payments would stop • Salaries for federal employees would cease • Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) would be in jeopardy • Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP– formerly food stamps) would be reduced or discontinued • Stock prices could drop by 30%, eliminating $15 trillion in national wealth Wednesday the President had a conference call with business leaders and CEOs of major corporations. During the call, Jane Fraser, CEO of Citigroup said, "We just can't wait until the last minute to resolve this. We are, simply put, playing with fire right now...Every day of delay right now comes at an increasing price." JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon said defaulting could lead to a "complete catastrophe for the global economy." Final Thoughts The Senate is expected to vote on extending the debt ceiling and forestall a financial crisis. Should the U.S. default on its debt, it could have massive ramifications nationally and around the world. Meanwhile, negotiations over the budget and the Infrastructure Bill continue as Democrats try to come to an agreement on the final budget price tag. 📌 Want more government news and business funding options every single week? Try Skip Plus for 2 weeks for free and never miss out on another major funding opportunity or government insights. Great! You've successfully subscribed. Great! Next, complete checkout for full access. Welcome back! You've successfully signed in.
You are here Home » Tech » STEM » IoT Devices Are Making Transport Safer: Here’s How IoT Devices Are Making Transport Safer: Here’s How The transport industry is an important component of the economy and accounts for about 5% of the gross domestic product (GDP). The industry, however, is also associated with many setbacks including high maintenance costs, natural disasters, accidents, and loss of life. Hundreds of thousands of people across the world die in road crashes each year while millions suffer non-fatal injuries. The US tops the list of the countries with the highest road fatalities and according to a recent ASIRT’s study, more than 30,000 people die every year in crashes on US roadways. Hopefully, the issue of road safety can be addressed by the Internet of Things (IoT) and AI—two technologies that are taking the world by storm. But can the IoT and machine learning really make transport safer? We’ll look into how the implementation of IoT in the transport sector can improve road safety and the overall management of vehicles. 1. Improving Driving Behavior The human element remains the number one factor contributing to road fatalities. Reckless driving, driving under influence, and speeding are among the leading causes of road accidents. With the right implementation of IoT, the risks of accidents can be mitigated. Telematics company, Samsara, is paving the way for road safety with their innovative dash cams. These next-gen dashboard cameras use artificial intelligence and accelerometer data to detect and alert drivers to incidences and risky behaviors in real-time. The AI-powered dash cams will analyze the road and cab for high-risk behaviors and events that lead to crashes. When high-risk behaviors, such as the use of cell phones while driving is detected, audible in-cab alerts will warn the driver so that they can adjust behavior. With voice-enabled in-cab alerts, in-depth coaching tools, and real-time video recordings, these mobile IoT innovations help to improve driving behavior, which is key to reducing road accidents that result from the human element. 2. Detecting Road Conditions Incident detection and pattern recognition are vital aspects of artificial intelligence. AI-powered devices can study patterns to plan and optimize routes based on peak traffic hours, construction, and road conditions. Keeping a tab of the traffic situation on the roads can significantly help to reduce accidents while optimizing resource usage. IoT road sensors can provide real-time data from the roads to help avoid hazardous areas or high-traffic areas. HIKOB, a French IoT startup is working on such technology that involves embedding IoT sensors under the road to help measure traffic volume, changes in temperature, humidity, and other elements that affect traffic. 3. Optimizing Maintenance Neglecting maintenance can make your vehicle unroadworthy and further increase the risk of avoidable road accidents. The good news; maintenance problems can be addressed with the proper deployment of smart IoT devices. Such devices can run internal diagnostics on vehicles and identify maintenance issues faster than humans. Smart IoT devices installed on vehicles could measure the performance of different parts of the vehicle. These devices will run a complete check on the vehicle, highlight the areas that need repair and alert the driver on things that need immediate attention. 4. Optimizing Navigation The GPS navigation systems in cars combined with IoT devices can make a whole world of difference to the way the drivers navigate the roads. For instance, a GPS system can be slow to detect traffic changes. But IoT navigation provides a faster response with real-time traffic data. Moreover, hazards in a road can change abruptly and drivers will need dynamic navigation to avoid heading towards the high-risk areas. In such cases, IoT’s real-time navigation will not only give you real-time data on the road conditions but also improve your safety. What’s your take on the impact of IoT on the transport sector? Share your thoughts in the comments section below. You may also like
Connect with us Middle East Great Purges Of Tyrants Authors: Zakir Gul, Ph.D. & Dr. Kadir Akyuz* The pages of history are littered with oppressors, dictators, and tyrants from countries large and small across the globe who share a common trait: paranoia that leads to zero tolerance for criticism, disobedience, alternative ideas,competition and any kind of perceived disrespect from supporters and foes alike. A contemporary example is the president of Turkey, who appears to be following in the footsteps of tyrants who came before him.Stalin, for example, applied the Great Purge not only to wealthy peasants and people who had opposed him in the past but also to comrades and friends, Communist leaders, party members and bureaucrats.In the end, millions of friends and enemies alike were executed or died in labor camps. The motivation for Stalin’s actions, as it often is for tyrants, was a perceived threat to his political power and beliefs. Anyone who challenged him had to be dealt with by any means available. One such enemy in the mind of Stalin was Leon Trotsky, an ardent proponent of the universality of the struggle for rights through the adoption of Communism on an international scale. Stalin, on the other hand, believed that Communist goals were based on a cult of personality and was not particularly supportive of the international struggle for Communism to the degree that many of the original revolutionaries had idealized as a worldwide revolution. The two men’s philosophical differences mattered less to Stalin than what Stalin believed to be Trotsky’s threat to his power. Stalin could not allow Trotsky, the brilliant architect of the strategies that led to the victories in the Soviet civil war, to live. Trotsky had to flee the Soviet Union to escape Stalin’s wrath and attempts to purge a perceived enemy. Trotsky fled to Mexico, where he was welcomed. Stalin, however, was not satisfied with simply having Trotsky out of the Soviet Union; he had to be eliminated. Stalin did not want a man of such stature and brilliance to be in a position—anywhere in the world—to write and speak about the failures of Stalin and the betrayal of the revolution by Stalin and his associates. At the behest of Stalin, an undercover agent for the Soviet Union’s secret police was sent to Mexico to kill Trotsky. The attempt on Trotsky’s life was successful. Stalin, however, targeted more than high-profile individuals and forced the internal expulsion of various ethnic groups within the borders of the Soviet Union. Entire populations were subjected to harsh conditions, and large numbers perished on their forced journeys. Opponents were either killed abroad or kidnapped and brought back and executed, while others were placed in the Gulags. One example of Stalin’s attempts to stifle opposition is the well-documented case of a man-made famine intended to subdue Ukraine. The Ukrainians tried to hold onto their religion, their private-property ethos and their identity. Millions died in the famine in Ukraine. To control the Ukrainian population, Stalin used terror strategies such as arrests in the middle of the night, secret sentences, executions and punitive sentences in the Gulags. Tens of millions of Ukrainians perished under Stalin—including not only his opponents but also people who fully supported Stalin and the Communist revolution. No one was safe from Stalin’s state terror. The military also was not exempt. Large numbers of high-ranking officers were arrested tried and convicted and then shot or, in some cases, sent to the Gulags to die. By the time World War II erupted, Stalin had killed so many high-ranking offices that the ability of the Soviet military to operate effectively had been compromised. This situation worked to the advantage of the Germans, who were able to make incredible progress with their invasion of the Soviet Union. The weakened Soviet army could do little to stop the German army’s initial advances. Much the same has been happening in Turkey since the failure of a military coup on July 15, 2016, which was unlike previous coups the country has experienced. The July coup attempt left many people wondering how it had happened. The Turkish media, now largely under the control of the Erdogan government, have published numerous controversial claims about the origins of the coup attempt. One of the claims by a pro-government newspaper was that the coup has been orchestrated by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.Mustafa Akaydin, a member of parliament from Antalya,questioned the coup and likened it to a theatrical play. Erdogan, on the other hand, called the coup a “gift from God.” and made his reasoning clear. Erdogan’s response to the failed coup spoke volumes about why he considered the coup to be a gift from God. In the immediate aftermath of the coup, for example,the president declared a state of emergency and announced decrees that started the Great Purge of Turkey. Since the coup attempt, 151,967people were dismissed from their jobs; 133,257people were detained; 64,998 people were arrested; 5,822 academicians lost their jobs; 4,463 judges and prosecutors were dismissed; 189 media outlets were shut down; 319 journalists were arrested; and even human rights defenders, including the director of Amnesty International Turkey. Erdogan’s antidemocratic tactics were not limited to Turkish citizens. For example, Andrew Brunson, an American priest, also was targeted. Constitutional human rights were banned, which allowed for the illegal, illegitimate and inhuman application of laws by the Erdogan government. The West, however, did not find to be credible Erdogan’s argument that his actions were the will of God and were needed to save the country. Most likely, Erdogan was not pleased with the West’s disbelief—despite a concerted effort to prove his predetermined political claims.Not willing to concede defeat, Erdogan responded with increased anger toward the disbelievers.Now a troubling question remains:What is Erdogan’s next course of action when the results of the first plan were not as expected? One can look to history for some insights. Because tyrants think only of themselves and will do anything to remain in power, they will not hesitate to kill millions of people if doing so will safeguard their hold on power. Leaders who followed this path include Mao Zdong (or Tse-tung), a tyrant responsible for killing 45 million people in just four years. Stalin is believed to have been responsible for killing 40 million (some sources say as many as 60 million) people. Hitler is another example of a leader who showed no remorse for the mass killing of millions of Jews and others. A tyrant’s paranoia mindset makes everyone an enemy except for the tyrant himself. Even the tyrant’s most loyal supporters will, sooner or later, be the victims of the paranoid leader’s ruthless ambition. Based on history, the prospects for Turkey look grim. Erdogan’s purge of Turkish citizens may ensnare even more people through massive killings and massacres of his own people if the president continues to be motivated by an obsession with power and a fear of losing that power. Will civilian groups be enlisted to carry out the killings? Is the public speech of well-known mafia leader Sedat Peker, who pledges allegiance to the supreme ruler of Turkey, be the harbinger of such a plan?An excerpt from Peker’s speech is telling: “We will hang them [the others] to the nearest flagstaffs, we will hang them to the nearest trees…I swear…We will continue to hang them in the prisons, as well…We will apply such things [tortures] that were not even seen on the horror movies.” Peker’s incendiary words and Erdogan’s quest to retain power at all costs—even the lives of his countrymen—need to be met with equal outrage by people who support democracy and human rights and the rule of law. They must not turn a blind eye to what is unfolding in Turkey or believe that the same could never happen to them. Martin Niemöller, a Lutheran ministerwho lived in concentration camps for seven years during Nazi rule, saw firsthand the folly of not speaking up in face of injustice when the injustice is happening to someone else. When the Nazis came for the Socialists, the Trade Unionists and the Jews, Niemöller recalled in the early post-war years, he did not speak out. The consequences of his inaction became clear when the Nazis came for Niemöller. His words were stark: “… —and there was no one left to speak for me.” Remaining silent is not the answer to the deeds of power-hungry tyrants.Today the “someone else” is the Turkish people, tomorrow another someone else, until a tomorrow comes and no one is left to speak. *Dr. Kadir Akyuz is an assistant professor at University of Bridgeport. Zakir Gul, Ph.D., is an associate professor in criminal justice at State University of New York (SUNY) in Plattsburgh, where he teaches courses such as terrorism, cyber-terrorism, homeland security and intelligence, transnational crime, and policing and society. Previously, he founded a graduate program on international security and served as the founding director. He also worked in several research centers on terrorism and intelligence, and served as the deputy editor-in-chief of a peer-reviewed journal on policing. Middle East North Africa: Is Algeria Weaponizing Airspace and Natural Gas? Tensions for decades What happened? 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You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser and improve your visit to our site. Skip Navigation Too Much of a Good Thing Why we need less democracy. POLARIZATION—the divergence of voting patterns in Congress—was historically low following World War II. But it started rising rapidly in the 1970s, and it’s now at historic highs. To grasp why such bold measures are needed to circumvent polarization, we first need to understand that it cannot be easily fixed and that it is therefore not going away. A common idea in Washington policy circles is that gerrymandering is to blame for polarization. In fact, gerrymandering doesn’t play nearly the role that many people believe. This becomes clear when you compare the House with the Senate. If gerrymandering were the main culprit, we would expect polarization to be considerably worse in the House (where districts are gerrymandered) than in the Senate (where they are not). Yet polarization patterns have been roughly similar in both parts of Congress. Indeed, although the political science literature contains deep disagreements about the causes of polarization, it is virtually unanimous in dismissing gerrymandering as an important force. Sean Theriault of the University of Texas at Austin has concluded that redistricting can explain no more than 10 to 20 percent of the rise in polarization. Other estimates are similar. As Tom Mann of the Brookings Institution has argued, “Gerrymandering cannot account for the sharp partisan polarization of the House, and diagnoses that place it at the center of the problem—as well as the prescriptions that invest entirely in redistricting reform—are clearly flawed.” It’s too bad the redistricting myth is not right, because, if it were, the problem of polarization would be much easier to fix. All we would have to do is change the country’s redistricting laws. Unfortunately, the true causes are less amenable to simple solutions. One crucial cause, as documented in Bill Bishop’s The Big Sort, is that Republicans and Democrats are increasingly living in separate places. Compared with the ’70s, roughly 25 percent more of the American population now lives in a county that votes decisively, one way or the other, in presidential elections. This trend is taking place alongside technological changes in the media that have created a splintered market. Common news sources, such as major broadcast TV stations and national newspapers, have been joined by an array of websites, podcasts, and cable shows. Research suggests that Americans are only tuning into or logging onto a small share of the media choices available to them—and they are picking the ones that fit their beliefs. The effect is to further reinforce geographical sorting. Psychology research shows that, when people with similar opinions are put together, their views become more radical. In Going to Extremes: How Like Minds Unite and Divide, Cass R. Sunstein, the legal scholar who is now administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, reviews a variety of evidence and concludes, “When people talk to like-minded others, they tend to amplify their preexisting views, and to do so in a way that reduces their internal diversity.” It is true that several respected political scientists have suggested that elites play a larger role in polarization than my analysis would suggest. But those arguments founder on a simple point: Political scientist Gary Jacobson has found that people’s views on politics have not diverged considerably from those of their representatives. This suggests that polarization is not primarily an elite-driven phenomenon. As Bill Galston and Pietro Nivola of Brookings explain, “Polarized politics are partly here, so to speak, by popular demand. And inasmuch as that is the case, undoing it may prove especially difficult.” Let me be more specific in the context of fiscal policy, which was at the heart of the debt-limit debate. Virtually all responsible economists agree that we should be aiming to reduce the deficit in the long-term but not in the short-term. We need an even larger deficit in 2011 and 2012, to support a weak economy—but a much smaller deficit in 2020 and 2050, to put the nation back on a sustainable fiscal course. Yet our polarized political system has proved incapable of reaching a consensus on this common-sense approach. What we need, then, are ways around our politicians. The first would be to expand automatic stabilizers—those tax and spending provisions that automatically expand when the economy weakens, thereby cushioning the blow, and automatically contract as the economy recovers, thereby helping to reduce the deficit. A progressive tax code is one such automatic stabilizer. The tax code takes less of your income as that income declines, so after-tax income tends to decline less in response to an economic shock than pre-tax income. Since spending is based on after-tax income, the impact on the economy is cushioned. Alan Auerbach of the University of California at Berkeley has found that, as a result, the tax code has, over the past 50 years, offset about 8 percent of the initial shock to GDP from economic downturns. For the same reason, making the tax code more progressive would strengthen its role as an automatic stabilizer. Unemployment insurance is another automatic stabilizer; as the economy weakens, unemployment insurance expands, providing a boost to demand right when the economy needs it. Other automatic stabilizers are possible as well. For instance, rather than simply extending and expanding the existing payroll-tax holiday, as President Obama has proposed, policymakers should permanently link the tax to the unemployment rate. Consider a system under which the payroll tax would be reduced by 6 percentage points whenever the quarterly average unemployment rate exceeded 7.5 percent or increased by more than 2 percentage points over the previous year. Since a cut in the payroll tax is a powerful form of stimulus, this would be a built-in way to ensure a quick and effective government response to an economic downturn. Beyond automatic stabilizers, we also need more backstop rules: events that take place if Congress doesn’t act. In this sense, the fiscal trigger created as part of the debt-limit negotiations is a good step forward. It leads to automatic spending reductions if Congress doesn’t enact measures to reduce the deficit; in other words, it changes the default from inaction to action. Finally, a significant part of the response to polarization and gridlock must involve creating more independent institutions. A good model for this was the process of closing military bases that began in the late ’80s and involved several rounds. To deal with the political difficulty of shutting down bases, Congress empowered a commission of nine independent experts to come up with a list of bases to close. If the president accepted the list, Congress had 45 days to enact a joint resolution disapproving of the entire list—or else it went into effect. That final point is the key: The commission’s recommendations took effect unless Congress specifically disapproved. Thus, unlike most commissions, this one had a guarantee that its recommendations would not sit on a shelf collecting dust. On the other hand, even though this process favored action over inaction, it was not completely undemocratic: Congress still had oversight and could, if it wanted to, reject the commission’s ideas. Proposals abound for expanding this type of process. In the late ’90s, economist Alan Blinder proposed shifting responsibility for tax policy to a Fed-like institution of experts. Stephen Flynn of the Center for National Policy has proposed a similar process for infrastructure decisions—and, indeed, creating an infrastructure bank, as President Obama has proposed, would accomplish much the same goal. Such a bank would be empowered to select individual infrastructure projects, thereby removing some decision-making power from Congress. Perhaps the most dramatic example of this idea is the Independent Payment Advisory Board (IPAB), created as part of the recent health care reform legislation. The IPAB will be an independent panel of medical experts tasked with devising changes to Medicare’s payment system. In each year that Medicare’s per capita costs exceed a certain threshold, the ipab is responsible for making proposals to reduce projected cost growth. The proposals take effect automatically unless Congress specifically passes legislation blocking them and the president signs that legislation. THE PROBLEM WITH such commissions is that, like automatic stabilizers and backstop rules, they reduce the power of elected officials and therefore make our government somewhat less accountable to voters. Larry Diamond of the Hoover Institution at Stanford puts it this way: “There is something undemocratic about entrusting the formation of big policy decisions to expert commissions.” And yet he also goes on to note that “the process is not less democratic than having nine unelected justices with lifetime tenure and no political accountability to anyone but themselves decide such basic questions as when a woman can have an abortion and where a child can go to school.” He concludes that, despite the risks, rising polarization justifies the increased use of these types of commissions. Peter Orszag is vice chairman at Citigroup and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. This article appeared in the October 6, 2011, issue of the magazine.
Assignment 08 c13 microeconomics \| Marketing homework help C13 Microeconomics Part A Imagine that it is the year 2199. Technology has progressed at an incredible pace. The latest discovery is the plutonium engine, which is capable of converting plutonium, a by-product of nuclear fission, into fuel to power the nuclear reactors in our new form of transportation, the rocket-car. However, because the firm that invented the engine, the Futures Unlimited Corporation, already has a government license to control and distribute the quantity of this certain isotope of plutonium on the market, it is now conceivably in charge of a monopoly on plutonium-fueled transportation. 1. Describe the economic outcome of this single-price monopoly in terms of profit. Provide one (1) supporting fact to support your response. 2. Describe one (1) way that the Futures Unlimited Corporation makes output and price decisions. Part B 1. Would consumers benefit more from a tariff or a quota on imports? Provide one (1) supporting fact to support your response. 2. Consider the following weekly production possibilities of gloves and hats in Panama and Russia: 1. What is each country’s opportunity cost of producing gloves and hats? 2. If the countries could, should they trade? Provide one (1) supporting fact to support your position. Paper Writing Center Calculate your paper price Pages (550 words) Approximate price: - Why Work with Us Top Quality and Well-Researched Papers Professional and Experienced Academic Writers Free Unlimited Revisions Prompt Delivery and 100% Money-Back-Guarantee Original & Confidential 24/7 Customer Support Try it now! Calculate the price of your order Total price: How it works? Follow these simple steps to get your paper done Place your order Proceed with the payment Choose the payment system that suits you most. Receive the final file Our Services Essay Writing Service Admission Essays & Business Writing Help Editing Support Revision Support
Shia Islam Shia Islam or Shi’ism is one of the two main branches of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor and the Imam (leader) after him, most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm, but was prevented from the caliphate as a result of the incident of Saqifah. This view primarily contrasts with that of Sunni Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor and consider Abu Bakr, who was appointed caliph by a group of Muslims at Saqifah, to be the first rightful caliph after Muhammad. A person observing Shia Islam is called a Shi’i. Shia Islam is based on Muhammad’s hadith (Ghadir Khumm). Shia consider Ali to have been divinely appointed as the successor to Muhammad, and as the first Imam. The Shia also extend this Imammah to Muhammad’s family, the Ahl al-Bayt (“the people/family of the House”), and some individuals among his descendants, known as Imams, who they believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the community, infallibility and other divinely ordained traits. Although there are many Shia subsects, modern Shia Islam has been divided into two main groupings: Twelvers and Ismailis, with Twelver Shia being the largest and most influential group among Shia. Shia Islam is the second largest branch of Islam: as of the late 2000s, Shia Muslims constituted 10–15% of all Muslims. Twelver Shia is the largest branch of Shia Islam, with 2012 estimates saying that 85% of Shias were Twelvers. Karbala City From Sky Karbala City From Sky Collectively, adherents of Shia Islam are called the Shīʿah (شِيعَة), which is short for Shīʿatu ʿAlī (شِيعَة عَلِيّ) meaning “followers of Ali”, “faction of Ali”, or “party of Ali”; Shīʿī (شِيعِيّ) denotes both the singular noun and the adjective form, while Shīyāʿ (شِيَاع) refers to the plural noun. Shiʻa, Shia, Shiʻism/Shiʻite or Shiism/Shiite are the forms used in English, for adherents, mosques, and things associated with the religion. The term was first used during Muhammad’s life. At present, the word refers to the Muslims who believe that the leadership of the community after Muhammad belongs to Ali and his successors. Nawbakhti states that the term Shia refers to a group of Muslims that at the time of Muhammad and after him regarded Ali as the Imam and Caliph. Al-Shahrastani expresses that the term Shia refers to those who believe that Ali is designated as the Heir, Imam and caliph by Muhammad and that Ali’s authority is maintained through his descendants. For the Shia, this conviction is implicit in the Quran and the history of Islam. Shia scholars emphasize that the notion of authority is linked to the family of the prophets as the verses 3:33,34 show: “Indeed, God chose Adam and Noah and the family of Abraham and the family of ‘Imran over the worlds – (33) Descendants, some of them from others. And God is Hearing and Knowing. (34)” Main articles: History of Islam Succession of Ali Main articles: Shia view of Ali and Succession to Muhammad See also: Ali in the Quran Shia Muslims believe that just as a prophet is appointed by God alone, only God has the prerogative to appoint the successor to his prophet. They believe God chose Ali to be Muhammad’s successor, infallible, the first caliph (khalifah, head of state) of Islam. The Shia believe that Muhammad designated Ali as his successor by God’s command (Eid Al Ghadir). Ali was Muhammad’s first-cousin and closest living male relative as well as his son-in-law, having married Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah. The Party of Ali The Four Companions, also called the Four Pillars of the Sahaba is a Shia term for the four Sahaba who stayed most loyal to Ali ibn Abi Talib after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad: 1. Salman al-Fārsī 2. Abū Dharr al-Ghifāri 3. Miqdad ibn Aswād al-Kindi 4. Ammār ibn Yāsir The event of Dhul Asheera Main article: Hadith of Warning During the revelation of Ash-Shu’ara, the twenty-sixth Surah of the Quran, in c. 617, Muhammad is said to have received instructions to warn his family members against adhering to their pre-Islamic religious practices. There are differing accounts of Muhammad’s attempt to do this, with one version stating that he had invited his relatives to a meal (later termed the Feast of Dhul Asheera), during which he gave the pronouncement. According to Ibn Ishaq, it consisted of the following speech: Allah has commanded me to invite you to His religion by saying: And warn thy nearest kinsfolk. I, therefore, warn you, and call upon you to testify that there is no god but Allah, and that I am His messenger. O ye sons of Abdul Muttalib, no one ever came to you before with anything better than what I have brought to you. By accepting it, your welfare will be assured in this world and in the Hereafter. Who among you will support me in carrying out this momentous duty? Who will share the burden of this work with me? Who will respond to my call? Who will become my vicegerent, my deputy and my wazir? Among those gathered, only Ali offered his consent. Some sources, such as the Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, do not record Muhammad’s reaction to this, though Ibn Ishaq continues that he then declared Ali to be his brother, heir and successor. In another narration, when Muhammad accepted Ali’s offer, he “threw up his arms around the generous youth, and pressed him to his bosom” and said, “Behold my brother, my vizir, my vicegerent … let all listen to his words, and obey him.” The direct appointment of Ali as heir in this version is notable by the fact it alleges that his right to succession was established at the very beginning of Muhammad’s prophetic activity. The association with the revelation of a Quranic verse also serves the purpose of providing the nomination with authenticity as well as a divine authorization. Event of Ghadir Khumm Main article: Event of Ghadir Khumm The hadith of Ghadir Khumm has many different variations and is transmitted by both Sunni and Shia sources. The narrations generally state that in March 632, Muhammad, while returning from his Farewell Pilgrimage alongside a large number of followers and companions, stopped at the oasis of Ghadir Khumm. There, he took Ali’s hand and addressed the gathering. The point of contention between different sects is when Muhammad, whilst giving his speech, gave the proclamation “Anyone who has me as his mawla, has Ali as his mawla.” Some versions add the additional sentence “O God, befriend the friend of Ali and be the enemy of his enemy.” Mawla has a number of meanings in Arabic, with interpretations of Muhammad’s use here being split along sectarian lines between the Sunni and Shia. Among the former group, the word is translated as “friend” or “one who is loyal/close” and that Muhammad was advocating that Ali was deserving of friendship and respect. Conversely, Shi’ites tend to view the meaning as being “master” or “ruler” and that the statement was a clear designation of Ali being Muhammad’s appointed successor. Shia sources also record further details of the event, such as stating that those present congratulated Ali and acclaimed him as Amir al-Mu’minin. Ali’s caliphate See also: Ahl al-bayt When Muhammad died in 632 CE, Ali and Muhammad’s closest relatives made the funeral arrangements. While they were preparing his body, Abu Bakr, Umar, and Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah met with the leaders of Medina and elected Abu Bakr as caliph. Ali did not accept the caliphate of Abu Bakr and refused to pledge allegiance to him. This is indicated in both Sunni and Shia sahih and authentic Hadith. Ibn Qutaybah, a 9th-century Sunni Islamic scholar narrates of Ali: I am the servant of God and the brother of the Messenger of God. I am thus more worthy of this office than you. I shall not give allegiance to you [Abu Bakr & Umar] when it is more proper for you to give bayʼah to me. You have seized this office from the Ansar using your tribal relationship to the Prophet as an argument against them. Would you then seize this office from us, the ahl al-bayt by force? Did you not claim before the Ansar that you were more worthy than they of the caliphate because Muhammad came from among you (but Muhammad was never from AbuBakr family) – and thus they gave you leadership and surrendered command? I now contend against you with the same argument…It is we who are more worthy of the Messenger of God, living or dead. Give us our due right if you truly have faith in God, or else bear the charge of wilfully doing wrong… Umar, I will not yield to your commands: I shall not pledge loyalty to him.’ Ultimately Abu Bakr said, “O ‘Ali! If you do not desire to give your bay’ah, I am not going to force you for the same. The Investiture of Ali at Ghadir Khumm (MS Arab 161, fol. 162r, AD 1309/8 Ilkhanid manuscript illustration) Ali’s wife, and daughter of Muhammad, Fatimah, refused to pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr and remained angry with him until she died due to the issues of Fadak and her inheritance from her father and the situation of Umar at Fatimah’s house. This is stated in sahih Sunni Hadith, Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. Fatimah did not at all pledge allegiance or acknowledge or accept the caliphate of Abu Bakr. Almost all of Banu Hashim, Muhammad’s clan and many of the sahaba, had supported Ali’s cause after the demise of the prophet whilst others supported Abu Bakr. It was not until the murder of the third caliph, Uthman, in 657 CE that the Muslims in Medina in desperation invited Ali to become the fourth caliph as the last source, and he established his capital in Kufah in present-day Iraq. Ali’s rule over the early Muslim community was often contested, and wars were waged against him. As a result, he had to struggle to maintain his power against the groups who betrayed him after giving allegiance to his succession, or those who wished to take his position. This dispute eventually led to the First Fitna, which was the first major civil war within the Islamic Caliphate. The Fitna began as a series of revolts fought against Ali ibn Abi Talib, caused by the assassination of his political predecessor, Uthman ibn Affan. While the rebels who accused Uthman of prejudice affirmed Ali’s khilafa (caliph-hood), they later turned against him and fought him. Ali ruled from 656 CE to 661 CE, when he was assassinated while prostrating in prayer (sujud). Ali’s main rival Muawiyah then claimed the caliphate. Hasan ibn Ali Main article: Hasan ibn Ali 4. Muawiyah will never adopt the title of Amir al-Mu’minin 5. Muawiyah will not nominate any successor Hasan then retired to Medina, where in 670 CE he was poisoned by his wife Ja’da bint al-Ash’ath ibn Qays, after being secretly contacted by Muawiyah who wished to pass the caliphate to his own son Yazid and saw Hasan as an obstacle. Husayn ibn Ali Main article: Husayn ibn Ali Husayn, Ali’s younger son and brother to Hasan, initially resisted calls to lead the Muslims against Muawiyah and reclaim the caliphate. In 680 CE, Muawiyah died and passed the caliphate to his son Yazid, and breaking the treaty with Hasan ibn Ali. Yazid asked Husayn to swear allegiance (bay’ah) to him. Ali’s faction, having expected the caliphate to return to Ali’s line upon Muawiyah’s death, saw this as a betrayal of the peace treaty and so Husayn rejected this request for allegiance. There was a groundswell of support in Kufa for Husayn to return there and take his position as caliph and imam, so Husayn collected his family and followers in Medina and set off for Kufa. En route to Kufa, he was blocked by an army of Yazid’s men (which included people from Kufa) near Karbala (modern Iraq), and Husayn and approximately 72 of his family and followers were killed in the Battle of Karbala. The Shia regard Husayn as a martyr (shahid), and count him as an Imam from the Ahl al-Bayt. They view Husayn as the defender of Islam from annihilation at the hands of Yazid I. Husayn is the last imam following Ali whom all Shiah sub-branches mutually recognize. The Battle of Karbala is often cited as the definitive break between the Shia and Sunni sects of Islam, and is commemorated each year by Shiah Muslims on the Day of Ashura. Battle of Karbala, Brooklyn Museum Battle of Karbala by Abbas Al-Musavi Imamate of the Ahl al-Bayt Main article: Imamah (Shia doctrine) This difference between following either the Ahl al-Bayt (Muhammad’s family and descendants) or Caliph Abu Bakr has shaped Shia and non-Shia views on some of the Quranic verses, the hadith (narrations from Muhammad) and other areas of Islam. For instance, the collection of hadith venerated by Shia Muslims is centered on narrations by members of the Ahl al-Bayt and their supporters, while some hadith by narrators not belonging to or supporting the Ahl al-Bayt are not included. Those of Abu Hurairah, for example, Ibn Asakir in his Ta’rikh Kabir and Muttaqi in his Kanzu’l-Umma report that Caliph Umar lashed him, rebuked him and forbade him to narrate hadith from Muhammad. Umar said: “Because you narrate hadith in large numbers from the Holy Prophet, you are fit only for attributing lies to him. (That is, one expects a wicked man like you to utter only lies about the Holy Prophet.) So you must stop narrating hadith from the Prophet; otherwise, I will send you to the land of Dus.” (A clan in Yemen, to which Abu Huraira belonged.) According to Sunnis, Ali was the fourth successor to Abu Bakr, while the Shia maintain that Ali was the first divinely sanctioned “Imam”, or successor of Muhammad. The seminal event in Shia history is the martyrdom in 680 CE at the Battle of Karbala of Ali’s son Hussein ibn Ali, who led a non-allegiance movement against the defiant caliph (71 of Hussein’s followers were killed as well). It is believed in Twelver and Ismaili Shia Islam that ‘aql, divine wisdom, was the source of the souls of the prophets and imams and gave them esoteric knowledge called ḥikmah and that their sufferings were a means of divine grace to their devotees. Although the imam was not the recipient of a divine revelation, he had a close relationship with God, through which God guides him, and the imam, in turn, guides the people. Imamate, or belief in the divine guide, is a fundamental belief in the Twelver and Ismaili Shia branches and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance. Imam of the time, last Imam of the Shia The Mahdi is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will rule for seven, nine or nineteen years (according to differing interpretations) before the Day of Judgment and will rid the world of evil. According to Islamic tradition, the Mahdi’s tenure will coincide with the Second Coming of Jesus Christ (Isa), who is to assist the Mahdi against the Masih ad-Dajjal (literally, the “false Messiah” or Antichrist). Jesus, who is considered the Masih (Messiah) in Islam, will descend at the point of a white arcade, east of Damascus, dressed in yellow robes with his head anointed. He will then join the Mahdi in his war against the Dajjal, where Mahdi slay Dajjal and unite mankind. Historians dispute the origin of Shia Islam, with many Western scholars positing that Shiism began as a political faction rather than a truly religious movement. Other scholars disagree, considering this concept of religious-political separation to be an anachronistic application of a Western concept. Main article: List of Shia dynasties In the century following the Battle of Karbala (680 CE), as various Shia-affiliated groups diffused in the emerging Islamic world, several nations arose based on a Shia leadership or population. • Idrisids (788-985 CE): a Zaydi dynasty in what is now Morocco • Qarmatians (8–1077 CE): an Ismaili Iranian dynasty. Their headquarters were in East Arabia and Bahrain. It was founded by Abu Sa’id al-Jannabi. • Buyids (934–1055 CE): a Twelver Iranian dynasty. at its peak consisted of large portions of modern Iraq and Iran. • Uqaylids (0-1096 CE): a Shia Arab dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria and Iraq. • Ilkhanate (1256–1335): a Persianate Mongol khanate established in Persia in the 13th century, considered a part of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanate was based, originally, on Genghis Khan’s campaigns in the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219–1224, and founded by Genghis’s grandson, Hulagu, in territories which today comprise most of Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and Pakistan. The Ilkhanate initially embraced many religions, but was particularly sympathetic to Buddhism and Christianity. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, embraced Islam his brother Öljaitü promoted Shia Islam. • Bahmanis (1347–1527): a Shia Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms. Bahmanid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic Kingdom in South India. Fatimid Caliphate • Fatimids (909–1171 CE): Controlled much of North Africa, the Levant, parts of Arabia and Mecca and Medina. The group takes its name from Fatima, Muhammad’s daughter, from whom they claim descent. • In 909 CE the Shiite military leader Abu Abdallah al-Shiʻi, overthrew the Sunni ruler in Northern Africa; which began the Fatimid regime. • Jawhar (general) (Arabic: جوهر‎; fl. 966–d. 2) was a Fatimid general. Under the command of Caliph Al-Mu’izz, he led the conquest of North Africa and then of Egypt, founded the city of Cairo and the great al-Azhar Mosque. A Greek slave by origin, he was freed by Al-Mu’izz. Safavid Empire Main articles: Safavid dynastySafavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam, and Ideology of Safavids With the fall of the Safavids, the state in Persia—including the state system of courts with government-appointed judges (qadis)—became much weaker. This gave the Sharia courts of mujtahids an opportunity to fill the legal vacuum and enabled the ulama to assert their judicial authority. The Usuli School also increased in strength at this time. Main article: Shia Islamic beliefs and practices The Shia Islamic faith is vast and inclusive of many different groups. Shia theological beliefs and religious practises, such as prayers, slightly differ from the Sunnis’. While all Muslims pray five times daily, Shias have the option of combining Dhuhr with Asr and Maghrib with Isha’, as there are three distinct times mentioned in the Quran. The Sunnis tend to combine only under certain circumstances. Shia Islam embodies a completely independent system of religious interpretation and political authority in the Muslim world. The original Shia identity referred to the followers of Imam Ali, and Shia theology was formulated in the 2nd century AH, or after Hijra (8th century CE). The first Shia governments and societies were established by the end of the 3rd century AH/9th century CE. The 4th century AH /10th century CE has been referred to by Louis Massignon as “the Shiite Ismaili century in the history of Islam“. Profession of faith The Shia version of the Shahada, the Islamic profession of faith, differs from that of the Sunni. The Sunni Shahada states There is no god except God, Muhammad is the messenger of God, but to this the Shia append Ali is the Wali (custodian) of Godعلي ولي الله. This phrase embodies the Shia emphasis on the inheritance of authority through Muhammad’s lineage. The three clauses of the Shia Shahada thus address tawhid (the unity of God), nubuwwah (the prophethood of Muhammad), and imamah (imamate, the leadership of the faith). The basis of Ali as the “wali” is taken from a specific verse of the quran. A more detailed discussion of this verse is available. Main article: Ismah Ismah is the concept of infallibility or “divinely bestowed freedom from error and sin” in Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad and other prophets in Islam possessed ismah. Twelver and Ismaili Shia Muslims also attribute the quality to Imams as well as to Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad, in contrast to the Zaidi, who do not attribute ‘ismah to the Imams. Though initially beginning as a political movement, infallibility and sinlessness of the imams later evolved as a distinct belief of (non-Zaidi) Shiism. According to Shia theologians, infallibility is considered a rational necessary precondition for spiritual and religious guidance. They argue that since God has commanded absolute obedience from these figures they must only order that which is right. The state of infallibility is based on the Shia interpretation of the verse of purification. Thus, they are the most pure ones, the only immaculate ones preserved from, and immune to, all uncleanness. It does not mean that supernatural powers prevent them from committing a sin, but due to the fact that they have absolute belief in God, they refrain from doing anything that is a sin. They also have a complete knowledge of God’s will. They are in possession of all knowledge brought by the angels to the prophets (nabi) and the messengers (rasul). Their knowledge encompasses the totality of all times. They thus act without fault in religious matters. Shias regard Ali as the successor of Muhammad not only ruling over the community in justice, but also interpreting Islamic practices and its esoteric meaning. Hence he was regarded as being free from error and sin (infallible), and appointed by God by divine decree (nass) to be the first Imam. Ali is known as “perfect man” (al-insan al-kamil) similar to Muhammad, according to Shia viewpoint. Main article: Occultation in Shia Islam The Occultation is a belief in some forms of Shia Islam that a messianic figure, a hidden imam known as the Mahdi, will one day return and fill the world with justice. According to the Twelver Shia, the main goal of Mahdi will be to establish an Islamic state and to apply Islamic laws that were revealed to Muhammad. The Quran does not have the verses on Imamate, which is the basic doctrine of Shia Islam. Twelver Shia Muslims believe that the Mahdi (the twelfth imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi) is already on Earth, is in occultation and will return at the end of time. Fatimid/ Bohra/ Dawoodi Bohra believe the same but for their 21st Tayyib, whereas Sunnis believe the future Mahdi has not yet arrived on Earth. It is believed that the armaments and sacred items of all of the Prophets, including Muhammad, were handed down in succession to the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt. In Kitab al-Kafi, Ja’far al-Sadiq mentions that “with me are the arms of the Messenger of Allah. It is not disputable.” Further, he claims that with him is the sword of the Messenger of God, his coat of arms, his Lamam (pennon) and his helmet. In addition, he mentions that with him is the flag of the Messenger of God, the victorious. With him is the Staff of Moses, the ring of Solomon, son of David, and the tray on which Moses used to offer his offerings. With him is the name that whenever the Messenger of God would place it between the Muslims and pagans no arrow from the pagans would reach the Muslims. With him is the similar object that angels brought. Al-Sadiq also narrates that the passing down of armaments is synonymous to receiving the Imamat (leadership), similar to how the Ark in the house of the Israelites signaled prophet-hood. Imam Ali al-Ridha narrates that wherever the armaments among us would go, knowledge would also follow and the armaments would never depart from those with knowledge (Imamat). Islam by country Islam by country Sunni Shias Ibadi Main article: List of countries by Muslim population According to Shia Muslims, one of the lingering problems in estimating Shia population is that unless Shia form a significant minority in a Muslim country, the entire population is often listed as Sunni. The reverse, however, has not held true, which may contribute to imprecise estimates of the size of each sect. For example, the 1926 rise of the House of Saud in Arabia brought official discrimination against Shia. Shiites are estimated to be 21% of the Muslim population in South Asia, although the total number is difficult to estimate due to that reason. It is estimated that 15% of the world’s Muslims are Shia. They may number up to 200 million as of 2009. Shias form a majority of the population in Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iran, and Iraq, as well as a plurality in Lebanon. Shias constitute 36.3% of the entire population (and 38.6% of the Muslim population) of the Middle East. Shia Muslims constitute 27-35% of the population in Lebanon, and as per some estimates from 35% to over 35–40% of the population in Yemen, 30%–35% of the citizen population in Kuwait (no figures exist for the non-citizen population), over 20% in Turkey, 5–20% of the population in Pakistan, and 10–19% of Afghanistan’s population. Saudi Arabia hosts a number of distinct Shia communities, including the Twelver Baharna in the Eastern Province and Nakhawila of Medina, and the Ismaili Sulaymani and Zaidiyyah of Najran. Estimations put the number of Shiite citizens at 2–4 million, accounting for roughly 15% of the local population. A significant Shia minority is present in Nigeria, made up of modern-era converts to a Shia movement centered around Kano and Sokoto states. Several African countries like Kenya, South Africa, Somalia, etc. hold small minority populations of various Shia denominations, primarily descendants of immigrants from South Asia during the colonial period, such as the Khoja. Significant populations worldwide Nations with over 100,000 Shia Country Article Shia population in 2009 (Pew) Percent of Muslim population that is Shia in 2009 (Pew) Percent of global Shia population in 2009 (Pew) Population estimate ranges and notes Iran Islam in Iran 66,000,000–70,000,000 90–95 37–40 Pakistan Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent 17,000,000–26,000,000 10–15 10–15 A 2010 estimate was that Shia made up about 10-15% of Pakistan’s population. India Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent 16,000,000–24,000,000 10–15 9–14 Iraq Shi’a Islam in Iraq 19,000,000–22,000,000 65–70 11–12 Yemen Shia Islam in Yemen 8,000,000–10,000,000 35–40 ~5 Turkey Shi’a Islam in Turkey 7,000,000–11,000,000 10–15 4–6 Azerbaijan Islam in Azerbaijan 5,000,000–7,000,000 65–75 3–4 Azerbaijan is majority Shia. An estimate in 2004 assumed the Azerbaijan’s population to be 65% Shia, while a 2013 estimate suggested 55% Shia. A 2012 work noted that in Azerbaijan, among believers of all faiths, 10% identified as Sunni, 30% identified as Shia, and the remainder of followers of Islam simply identified as Muslim. Afghanistan Shi’a Islam in Afghanistan 3,000,000–4,000,000 10–15 ~2 A reliable census has not been taken in Afghanistan in decades, but about 20% of Afghan population is Shia, mostly among ethnic Tajik and Hazara minorities. Syria Islam in Syria 3,000,000–4,000,000 15–20 ~2 Saudi Arabia Shi’a Islam in Saudi Arabia 2,000,000–4,000,000 10–15 1–2 Nigeria Shi’a Islam in Nigeria <4,000,000< <5 <2 Estimates range from as low as 2% of Nigeria’s Muslim population to as high as 17% of Nigeria’s Muslim population. Some, but not all, Nigerian Shia are affiliated with the banned Islamic Movement in Nigeria, an Iranian-inspired Shia organization led by Ibrahim Zakzaky. Bangladesh Islam in Bangladesh 40,000–50,000 <1 <1 Lebanon Shi’a Islam in Lebanon 1,000,000–2,000,000 45–55 <1 Estimated, no official census. 50–55% Tanzania Islam in Tanzania <2,000,000 <10 <1 Kuwait Shi’a Islam in Kuwait 500,000–700,000 20–25 <1 Among Kuwait’s estimated 1.4 million citizens, about 30% are Shia (including Ahmadi and Ismaili). Among Kuwait’s large expatriate community of 3.3 million noncitizens, about 64% are Muslim, and among expatriate Muslims, about 5% are Shia. Germany Islam in Germany 400,000–600,000 10–15 <1 Bahrain Islam in Bahrain 400,000–500,000 65–70 <1 Tajikistan Shi’a Islam in Tajikistan ~400,000 ~7 ~1 United Arab Emirates Islam in the United Arab Emirates 300,000–400,000 10 <1 United States Islam in the United States Shia Islam in the Americas 200,000–400,000 10–15 <1 Oman Islam in Oman 100,000–300,000 5–10 <1 As of 2015, about 5% of Omanis are Shia (compared to about 50% Ibadi and 45% Sunni). United Kingdom Islam in the United Kingdom 100,000–300,000 10–15 <1 Qatar Islam in Qatar ~100,000 ~10 <1 Main articles: Anti-Shiism and Shia–Sunni relations Militarily established and holding control over the Umayyad government, many Sunni rulers perceived the Shia as a threat—to both their political and their religious authority. The Sunni rulers under the Umayyads sought to marginalize the Shia minority, and later the Abbasids turned on their Shia allies and imprisoned, persecuted, and killed them. The persecution of the Shia throughout history by Sunni co-religionists has often been characterized by brutal and genocidal acts. Comprising only about 10–15% of the entire Muslim population, the Shia remain a marginalized community to this day in many Sunni Arab dominant countries without the rights to practice their religion and organize. In 1514 the Ottoman sultan, Selim I, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Shia. According to Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, “Sultan Selim I carried things so far that he announced that the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.” Under Saddam Hussein’s regime, 1968 to 2003, in Iraq, Shia Muslims were heavily arrested, tortured and killed. In March 2011, the Malaysian government declared the Shia a “deviant” sect and banned Shia from promoting their faith to other Muslims, but left them free to practice it themselves privately. Main article: Shia days of remembrance Shias celebrate the following annual holidays: • Eid ul-Fitr, which marks the end of fasting during the month of Ramadan • Eid al-Adha, which marks the end of the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca • Eid al-Ghadeer, which is the anniversary of the Ghadir Khum, the occasion when Muhammad announced Ali’s Imamate before a multitude of Muslims. Eid al-Ghadeer is held on the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah. • The Mourning of Muharram and the Day of Ashura for Shia commemorates Husayn ibn Ali’s martyrdom. Husayn was a grandson of Muhammad who was killed by Yazid ibn Muawiyah. Ashurah is a day of deep mourning which occurs on the 10th of Muharram. • Arba’een commemorates the suffering of the women and children of Husayn ibn Ali’s household. After Husayn was killed, they were marched over the desert, from Karbala (central Iraq) to Shaam (Damascus, Syria). Many children (some of whom were direct descendants of Muhammad) died of thirst and exposure along the route. Arbaein occurs on the 20th of Safar, 40 days after Ashurah. • Mawlid, Muhammad’s birth date. Unlike Sunni Muslims, who celebrate the 12th of Rabi’ al-awwal as Muhammad’s birthday or deathday (because they assert that his birth and death both occur in this week), Shia Muslims celebrate Muhammad’s birthday on the 17th of the month, which coincides with the birth date of the sixth imam, Ja’far al-Saadiq. Wahhabis do not celebrate Muhammad’s birthday, believing that such celebrations constitute a bidʻah. • Fatimah’s birthday on 20th of Jumada al-Thani. This day is also considered as the “‘women and mothers’ day” • Ali’s birthday on 13th of Rajab. • Mid-Sha’ban is the birth date of the 12th and final Twelver imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi. It is celebrated by Shia Muslims on the 15th of Sha’aban. Holy sites Main article: Holiest sites in Islam (Shia) The four holiest sites to Muslims are Mecca (Al-Haram Mosque), Medina (Al-Nabbawi Mosque), Jerusalem (Al-Aqsa Mosque), and Kufa (Kufa Mosque). In addition for Shias, the Imam Husayn Shrine, Al Abbas Mosque in Karbala, and Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf are also highly revered. Other venerated sites include Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery in Najaf, Al-Baqi’ cemetery in Medina, Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad, Kadhimiya Mosque in Kadhimiya, Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra, Sahla Mosque and Great Mosque of Kufa in Kufa and several other sites in the cities of Qom, Susa and Damascus. Most of the Shia holy places in Saudi Arabia have been destroyed by the warriors of the Ikhwan, the most notable being the tombs of the Imams in the Al-Baqi’ cemetery in 1925. In 2006, a bomb destroyed the shrine of Al-Askari Mosque. The Shia belief throughout its history split over the issue of the Imamate. The largest branch are the Twelvers, followed by the Zaidi, and the Ismaili. All three groups follow a different line of Imamate. Main article: Twelvers Twelver Shia or the Ithnā’ashariyyah’ is the largest branch of Shia Islam, and the term Shia Muslim often refers to the Twelvers by default. The term Twelver is derived from the doctrine of believing in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as The Twelve Imams. Twelver Shia are also known as Imami or Ja’fari, originated from the name of the 6th Imam, Ja’far al-Sadiq, who elaborated the Twelver jurisprudence. Twelvers constitute the majority of the population in Iran (90%), Azerbaijan (85%), Bahrain (70%), Iraq (65%), Lebanon (65% of Muslims). Twelver doctrine is based on five principles. These five principles known as Usul ad-Din are as follow: 1. Monotheism, God is one and unique. (Tawhid (Unity)) 3. Prophethood, the institution by which God sends emissaries, or prophets, to guide mankind. (The Essentials of Prophethood) 5. Last Judgment, God’s final assessment of humanity. Besides the Quran which is common to all Muslims, the Shia derive guidance from books of traditions (“ḥadīth”) attributed to Muhammad and the Twelve Imams. Below is a list of some of the most prominent of these books: The Twelve Imams The Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to Muhammad for the Twelvers. According to the theology of Twelvers, the successor of Muhammad is an infallible human individual who not only rules over the community with justice but also is able to keep and interpret the divine law and its esoteric meaning. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin, and Imams must be chosen by divine decree, or nass, through Muhammad. Each imam was the son of the previous imam, with the exception of Hussein ibn Ali, who was the brother of Hasan ibn Ali. The twelfth and final imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive and in occultation. Main article: Ja’fari jurisprudence See also: Shia clergy The Twelver jurisprudence is called Ja’fari jurisprudence. In this jurisprudence Sunnah is considered to be the oral traditions of Muhammad and their implementation and interpretation by the twelve Imams. There are three schools of Ja’fari jurisprudence: Usuli, Akhbari, and Shaykhi. The Usuli school is by far the largest of the three. Twelver groups that do not follow Ja’fari jurisprudence include Alevi, Bektashi, and Qizilbash. The five primary pillars of Islam to the Ja’fari jurisprudence, known as Usul’ ad-Din. They are at variance with the standard Sunni “five pillars of religion.” The Shia’s primary “pillars” are: 1. Tawhid or oneness of God. 2. Nubuwa prophethood of Muhammad. 3. Mu’ad resurrection. 4. Adl justice (of God) 5. Imama the rightful place of the Shia Imams In Ja’fari jurisprudence, there are eight secondary pillars, known as Furu’ ad-Din, which are as follows: 1. Prayer 2. Fasting 3. Pilgrimage to Mecca 4. Alms giving 5. Struggle for the righteous cause 6. Directing others towards good 7. Directing others away from evil 8. Khums) (20% tax on savings yearly, {after deduction of commercial expenses.}) Zaidi (Fiver) Main article: Zaidiyyah ZaidiyyaZaidism or Zaydi is a Shia school named after Zayd ibn Ali. Followers of the Zaidi fiqh are called Zaidis (or occasionally Fivers). However, there is also a group called Zaidi Wasītīs who are Twelvers (see below). Zaidis constitute roughly 42–47% of the population of Yemen. The Zaydis, Twelvers, and Ismailis all recognize the same first four Imams; however, the Zaidis consider Zayd ibn Ali as the fifth. After the time of Zayd ibn Ali, the Zaidis believed that any descendant of Hasan ibn Ali or Hussein ibn Ali could be imam after fulfilling certain conditions. Other well-known Zaidi Imams in history were Yahya ibn Zayd, Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya and Ibrahim ibn Abdullah. In matters of Islamic jurisprudence, the Zaydis follow Zayd ibn Ali’s teachings which are documented in his book Majmu’l Fiqh (in Arabic: مجموع الفِقه). Al-Hadi ila’l-Haqq Yahya, founder of the Zaydi state in Yemen, is seen as the codifier of Zaydi fiqh and as such most Zaydis today are known as Hadawis. The Idrisids (Arabic: الأدارسة‎) were Arab Zaydi Shia dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 to 985 CE, named after its first sultan, Idris I. A Zaydi state was established in Gilan, Deylaman and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864 CE by the Alavids; it lasted until the death of its leader at the hand of the Samanids in 928 CE. Roughly forty years later the state was revived in Gilan and survived under Hasanid leaders until 1126 CE. Afterwards, from the 12th to 13th centuries, the Zaydis of Deylaman, Gilan and Tabaristan then acknowledged the Zaydi Imams of Yemen or rival Zaydi Imams within Iran. The Buyids were initially Zaidi as were the Banu Ukhaidhir rulers of al-Yamama in the 9th and 10th centuries. The leader of the Zaydi community took the title of Caliph. As such, the ruler of Yemen was known as the Caliph, al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi Rassids (a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali the son of Ali) who, at Sa’dah, in 893–7 CE, founded the Zaydi Imamate, and this system continued until the middle of the 20th century, when the revolution of 1962 CE deposed the Zaydi Imam. The founding Zaidism of Yemen was of the Jarudiyya group; however, with increasing interaction with Hanafi and Shafi’i rites of Sunni Islam, there was a shift from the Jarudiyya group to the Sulaimaniyya, Tabiriyya, Butriyya or Salihiyya groups. Zaidis form the second dominant religious group in Yemen. Currently, they constitute about 40–45% of the population in Yemen. Ja’faris and Isma’ilis are 2–5%. In Saudi Arabia, it is estimated that there are over 1 million Zaydis (primarily in the western provinces). Currently the most prominent Zaydi movement is the Houthis movement, known by the name of Shabab Al Mu’mineen (Believing Youth) or AnsarAllah (Partisans of God). In 2014–2015 Houthis took over the government in Sana’a, which led to the fall of the Saudi Arabian-backed government of Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi. Houthis and their allies gained control of a significant part of Yemen’s territory and were resisting the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen seeking to restore Hadi in power. Both the Houthis and the Saudi Arabian-led coalition were being attacked by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Main article: Isma’ilism Ismailis gain their name from their acceptance of Isma’il ibn Jafar as the divinely appointed spiritual successor (Imam) to Ja’far al-Sadiq, wherein they differ from the Twelvers, who accept Musa al-Kadhim, younger brother of Isma’il, as the true Imam. After the death or Occultation of Muhammad ibn Ismaill in the 8th century, the teachings of Ismailism further transformed into the belief system as it is known today, with an explicit concentration on the deeper, esoteric meaning (bāṭin) of the faith. With the eventual development of Twelverism into the more literalistic (zahir) oriented Akhbari and later Usuli schools of thought, Shi’ism developed in two separate directions: the metaphorical Ismailli group focusing on the mystical path and nature of God and the divine manifestation in the personage of the “Imam of the Time” as the “Face of God”, with the more literalistic Twelver group focusing on divine law (sharī’ah) and the deeds and sayings (sunnah) of Muhammad and his successors (the Ahlu l-Bayt), who as A’immah were guides and a light to God. Though there are several sub-groupings within the Ismailis, the term in today’s vernacular generally refers to the Shia Imami Ismaili Muslim (Nizari community), generally known as the Ismailis, who are followers of the Aga Khan and the largest group among the Ismailiyyah. Another community which falls under the Isma’il’s are the Dawoodi Bohras, led by a Da’i al-Mutlaq as representative of a hidden imam. While there are many other branches with extremely differing exterior practices, much of the spiritual theology has remained the same since the days of the faith’s early Imams. In recent centuries Ismailis have largely been an Indo-Iranian community, but they are found in India, Pakistan, Syria, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, China, Jordan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, East Africa and South Africa, and have in recent years emigrated to Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and North America. Ismaili imams Main article: List of Ismaili imams The second split occurred following the death of Ma’ad al-Mustansir Billah in 487 AH (1094). His rule was the longest of any caliph in any Islamic empire. Upon his passing away, his sons, Nizar the older, and Al-Musta’li, the younger, fought for political and spiritual control of the dynasty. Nizar was defeated and jailed, but according to Nizari tradition, his son escaped to Alamut, where the Iranian Ismaili had accepted his claim. From here on, the Nizari Ismaili community has continued with a present, living Imam. Ismailis have categorized their practices which are known as seven pillars: Contemporary leadership Divine leadership has continued in the Bohra branch through the institution of the “Unrestricted Missionary” Dai. According to Bohra tradition, before the last Imam, At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim, went into seclusion, his father, the 20th Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah, had instructed Al-Hurra Al-Malika the Malika (Queen consort) in Yemen to appoint a vicegerent after the seclusion—the Unrestricted Missionary, who as the Imam’s vicegerent has full authority to govern the community in all matters both spiritual and temporal while the lineage of Mustaali-Tayyibi Imams remains in seclusion (Dawr-e-Satr). The three branches of the Mustaali, the Alavi Bohra, Sulaimani Bohra and Dawoodi Bohra, differ on who the current Unrestricted Missionary is. Other doctrines Doctrine about necessity of acquiring knowledge According to Allameh Muzaffar God gives humans the faculty of reason and argument. Also, God orders humans to spend time thinking carefully on creation while he refers to all creations as his signs of power and glory. These signs encompass all of the universe. Furthermore, there is a similarity between humans as the little world and the universe as the large world. God does not accept the faith of those who follow him without thinking and only with imitation, but also God blames them for such actions. In other words, humans have to think about the universe with reason and intellect, a faculty bestowed on us by God. Since there is more insistence on the faculty of intellect among Shia, even evaluating the claims of someone who claims prophecy is on the basis of intellect. Doctrine concerning Du’a Praying or Duʼa in Shia has an important place as Muhammad described it as a weapon of the believer. In fact, Duʼa considered as something that is a feature of Shia community in a sense. Performing Duʼa in Shia has a special ritual. Because of this, there are many books written on the conditions of praying among Shia. Most of adʼayieh transferred from Muhammad’s household and then by many books in which we can observe the authentic teachings of Muhammad and his household according to Shia. The leaderships of Shia always invited their followers to recite Duʼa. For instance, Ali has considered with the subject of Duʼa because of his leadership in monotheism. See also Main article: Outline of Islam Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
PSP Bibliography Plasma Waves in Space: The Importance of Properly Accounting for the Measuring Device AuthorMeyer-Vernet, Nicole; Moncuquet, Michel; Keywordselectric antennas; parker solar probe; plasma waves; quasi-thermal noise; Solar Probe Plus; Space plasmas Electric fields are generally measured or calculated using two intuitive assumptions: (1) the electric field equals the voltage divided by the antenna length when the antenna is electromagnetically short (2) the antenna responds best to electric field along its length. Both assumptions are often incorrect for electrostatic fields because they scale as the Debye length or as the electron gyroradius, which may be smaller than the antenna length. Taking into account this little-known fact enables us to complete or correct several recent papers on plasma spontaneous fluctuations in various solar system environments. Year of Publication2020 JournalJournal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Number of Pagese27723 Date Published03/2020
Forget Content. Context Is How to Get People to Remember You The human mind is a context machine; we think in context. Context is what allows our minds to make meaningful connections that persist. If you look at memory champions, the way they remember long strings of numbers is by placing them into a context. That’s because our brain was originally designed to map out the landmarks around us and contextualize them to help us find our way. The reason stories have become our primary source of communication throughout time is because stories create context with words and language. From stories handed down through generations, to fables and myths, from books to films and TV, metaphorically and literally, stories help us find our way through information overload by contextualizing key ideas our brain thinks are important for our survival. So when it comes to business (and life in general) the way to activate someone’s brain to remember you and engage with you is through a story that places them in the subject’s position and creates a context for them to relate to you, your brand or service. If they can see themselves in your story, in the same situation as the subject, dealing with the same kind of problems that you helped solve in a way that’s in line with their values they’ll remember you. If that problem is important enough and their pain strong enough they’ll engage with you. Especially in business, the two crucial elements for an engaging story, are experience and values. No matter what industry, vertical, or niche telling a story that expresses both your experience and your values is critical to being remembered. Experience is simply your ability to use the tools of your trade to solve your clients’ problems. What experiences do you have that qualify you to deliver on your promises? Do you have the background, the history, and knowledge of the industry? Do you understand the tools you promote? Have you done this before? How have you been successful with other clients? Relaying your experience is critical to informing an audience. Unfortunately this is where most brands stop. The strongest brands take it one step further and use every opportunity to also express their values. Values are simply the things that are important to us at any given time. You might value professionalism, or innovation, you might value family or collaboration. When people make buying or hiring decisions, values are everything. We see with companies like Apple, Tesla or Tom’s Shoes and luxury brands like Louis Vuitton and Hermes that when values align, people will actually pay more for similar products or services. When our values align I know I can trust you to serve me in the way that I want to be served. So a good story combines these elements and creates context for your experience and values in a way that will be remembered. A great story is going to paint a picture of what it’s like to work with you. It’s going to include details that only you would know about how a job was actually done. It’s going to include how the results were achieved, how you worked, how you solved problems, how you communicated and what values did you use that allowed you to create results. Sometimes a brand story is an origin story – how you started and built your business and why. But even a simple story about a past client and what you did for them can express both your experience and your values. If you’re interested in an incredibly effective brand story check out Blake Mycosky of Tom’s Shoes. Blake credits the success of Tom’s shoes almost entirely on the story of how the company came to exist and more importantly why it came to exist. Another person to study is Gary Vaynerchuck, who, whether or not you connect with his style, is a modern day master. Gary V telegraphs his experience and values in literally every sentence. If you listen to an interview with him, he always goes back and forth from talking about one of his accomplishments to why he made the decision. He’s gotten so good at this form of communication that it’s become second nature. He doesn’t even have to think about it. This ability to expresses his experience and values from story to story is one of the reasons he’s had so much success. But storytelling isn’t limited to big brands or celebrity marketers. You can do this easily by building a library of your own stories. From your personal story of how you began your career or company, to client stories. Where in your past have your experience and values allowed you to create results for your clients? Write out unique stories for different situations and read them before every meeting. Start anticipating what potential clients might want to hear before you engage them and be ready to tell them a story where you solved a similar problem. Clients have different needs and different problems to be solved. By digging back into your experience you can build content that communicates with people at a deeper level. This isn’t about bullshitting people, this is about underscoring your value using the deepest mode of human communication. Practice telling your stories and don’t be afraid of trial and error. Even if a story seems to fall flat trust that certain points came across. When a story works, people will often let you know either directly or indirectly. Let your audience experience what you do through story. As you get better and better at it, it will become second nature and people will start to get a picture of what it’s like to work with you. They’ll want the results, and you’ll have built the bridge that lines up your values and theirs.
Proof for Psychological Egoism Proof for Psychological Egoism Psychological egoism is the notion that no individual does anything against what she or he thinks or believes or knows is in his her or best interest. You are an egoist when you help John because you want to and not because he is suffering. If you are 99% concerned about John but cannot act unless the 1% is about you then clearly that concern is really a kind of concern. It is not the real thing. The Definitions If you didn’t have motives, reasons for acting, you would never do anything. Philosophers say there are three possibilities for why we do what we do. No more and no less. They are saying there are three different motives. Altruism, Egoism and Egotism. Altruism is being interested in the welfare of others and not in yourself. Others matter but you don’t. Egoism means you do what you do, and make others happy, out of self-interest. If you are nice to people because it fulfils your desire to be nice that is egoism. Egoism, when properly understood, does not say that you always do what has the most pleasure in it or that you necessarily do only what will result in very enjoyable consequences for you. It is more centred on fulfilling the desire to act than any other results or other pleasures that the act may bring. The only pleasure it is worried about is the satisfaction that is found in being able to do what you want – regardless of how good or poor the side-effects of this pleasure are. We do not always want to do whatever has the maximal pleasure in it. We would be too afraid that others would be able to control us if they could use pleasure as a bait to get us to do what they want. We value the pleasure of being free beings above any other pleasure however great. Egotism means you do what you do out of self-interest without any concern for other people or that you just help people because you want to feel good about yourself afterwards. Some psychologists believe in psychological egoism. This theory says that everything we do is caused by self-interest only. It says we can’t help this – it is just the way we are made. The definition of egoism that we will use here is, egoism is fulfilling your immediate self-interest by responding to your desire to act. In other words, even if you carry a beggar to his hometown on your back knowing there is nothing in it for you, the only thing there is in it for you is that you fulfilled your wish to do this. You may not have liked it very much but you liked it enough to do it. The definition has to be correct for most refutations of psychological egoism and most proponents of psychological egoism are based on the false supposition that egoism is saying that we only go after what has the most future pleasure in it for us. If the supposition were true every naïve teenager and egoist would be on drugs. But it is not necessarily true. Psychological egoists and psychological altruists and everything in between claim that we can only guess at our motives but we cannot know them for sure. We can therefore do something we think is selfless and be wrong. The objection is that if you are bad at reading your motives that does not mean that the other person is not more accurate. But what if you think you are accurate but only by chance? What if it was only luck that you happened to be right? And the fact remains that believing your motives are selfless is not the same as being very sure. Belief is not certainty. If it is easy for motives to disguise themselves or for you to disguise them to yourself or if motives are a mixture of different outlooks such as selfishness and unselfishness and neutral stuff it stands to reason that we can never be sure that we are altruistic. Altruism hurts and we do well without it and others can benefit so it is wise to presuppose the dominating motive when we act is never altruism. A man can risk his life by jumping into the pond to save the drowning baby in a bid to become altruistic which means he is not being altruistic but trying to be. If altruism is idealised but unnatural then trying to be altruistic is a form of self-interest. It is selfish to try and exalt yourself over what you are. It is a form of arrogance. Two interpretations of psychological egoism What kind of egoism is psychological egoism about? There are two proposed answers. One: Those who argue that self-interest simply means acting because you want to – to satisfy the desire to act say that we are self-interested even if we help others without wanting anything back for we are getting something back: we are fulfilling a desire to act. Two: Those who pretend to help others but are really doing it for themselves. They have no real wish to help others. It is a means to an end. One is controversial. Many deny that that is really egoism. They claim that having a desire to help another does not mean you are selfish in having the desire. Even if that were true, it could mean it! What about the argument, "You cannot get anything good without desiring things other that what is good". If you only look for your own welfare then you will fail. You must have considerations apart from yourself in order to be well and do well. But that argument if it works shows we are not all about doing well at the expense of others. But then a new problem arises. It is clearly saying we are all self-interested! That means because it is good for me I help others. Motive - the heart of the question I am a motive having creature and if I don't have motives that is bad for me. So no matter what motive I have it is in that way about me. I do not use my sight to look at myself but that does not mean it is not about me. Merely seeing makes it about me. So a motive reaching out to another is about me. I have to be about me to make the motive not be about me. This is the answer to the argument, "psychological egoism thinks that because my intentions and motives and desires are mine they are about me. But this is untrue. Its a logical error. Because they are mine does not make them for me or about me." The argument is a half truth. The point is not that desires cannot reach out the point is that I have to desire for my own sake so even when I reach out it is still about me. Psychological egoism claims that each person has but one ultimate aim: not their own own welfare but what they think is their own welfare. Nobody really knows that if the good things you aim for will really do you much good. The think part is important. It means a person can think they are being unselfish when they are being selfish. It means a person can make a totally convincing altruist and not be. All intentions are ultimately to do with what you want to do. You may intend to buy a car or give to the poor but ultimately you intend to do what you want. It is what you want that you care about. What you want may take different forms such as wanting the car or to see the poor better off but it is wanting all the same. If you see blue and you see pink after it, it means that you have the one sight. You don't have one kind of sight for blue and another for pink. Seeing is just seeing and wanting is just wanting. You are called an egotist if you sacrifice the love of family and friends for something less beneficial such as money. If you willingly sacrifice money for the family and friends you are called an altruist. This is ignoring intentions and going by results. The intention in both is exactly the same – to do what you want to do. The results have nothing to do with it. If desiring to sacrifice for money makes you selfish so does desiring to sacrifice for the family and friends. To say that desiring money to give it away is altruism and to desire it to have it yourself is not is really saying altruism and egoism are not judged by motives but by results. It is like saying that tasting sugar is altruism and tasting salt is egoism. Altruists don’t commend the suicide victim who kills himself because he believes everybody would be better off if he died. It is impossible to escape the conclusion that altruists are really do-gooders. If my will is weak it means I might not do the things that I know are best for me. How does that relate to egoism? It means that altruism might be me making one of my mistakes. If it is a mistake it is not altruism! The reality is I am me and nobody else and nobody knows what mistakes I should risk like me. I cannot feel the same way about me as I would about another person [I can just try very hard but the more I try the more I fool myself] for I am not that person and not living under their skin. Because of that I am continually pressured by myself to put myself first. It is not down to selfishness, selfishness as in taking from others and hurting them so I can benefit, but just the way we are made. Mind your own business is the most important saying there is. If I am programmed to be nice but for myself then it is selfish to tell me to be any different! The only thing I know 100% is that I exist now. I cannot be as sure that I existed a second ago. Perhaps it was a dream or an illusion. I am less sure that other people are not dreams or visions than I am that I existed a second ago. The people I see in my dreams seem as real as the people I meet every day. I create my belief in other people. To serve them is to serve my belief not them though they may benefit. If I create an imaginary friend and believe in that friend I am called self-centred. If I come to believe that giving all my money away to the poor will plunge me into an ecstasy of delight that is worth it I am self-centred. I am not doing it for the ecstasy but for the belief I will get the ecstasy. Therefore all my actions for others are self-centred. To serve my belief is to serve myself for my belief makes me what I am. Belief is about me. Daniel Batson Daniel Batson and his colleagues tested the altruism theory. It was based on empathy. He found individuals who had high levels of empathy helped others even when they knew others could do it anyway and were going to. He concluded that they just wanted to help and it was not about feeling bad for not helping. It was not about avoiding self-punishment if they did not help. He found that if their helping was made secret they still did it. All I can say to that study is that the participants knew what it was for so you are going to expect such results. Altruists contradict themselves on morality. If I jump in to save people from drowning though I cannot swim that is not altruism but bravado for it is clear I cannot really want to help when I am not able to. Some insane altruists would call it altruism and say we should not judge. But the general consensus is you cannot be altruistic unless you measure the action in the light of compassion and love and justice and prudence. I go into a burning house to save a child and I die. Altruism says that if I did this for the child without thinking of myself it is great. If I do it because I want to die a hero even if only in the eyes of a God then its selfish, its not altruism. Its selfish for helping the child is not what matters to me. If I do it for the child while believing that altruism is an unnatural perversion or deceit what then? Then I must be selfish as well for I am doing what I think is wrong. The altruist only assumes that going into the house is proof of altruistic behaviour. It is not evidence for altruistic behaviour. Also, when we panic we are not thinking properly. Impulse takes over. It is the same as temporary insanity. And nobody says you are being altruistic when you are insane! No evidence for altruistic behaviour can be found by observing the allegedly altruistic behaviour of others. You want to look good in your own eyes and all categories, altruist, egoist and egotist want that! Altruism is selfish If you ask somebody to be altruistic to you, you would be considered selfish for you wish to gain at their expense. And the altruist is being selfish in urging you to be selfish or encouraging you by doing what you ask. Altruism is a lie. Altruism is evil and therefore selfish. Altruism is freely giving yourself to others. If you die for others and are under the influence of drugs, the drugs made you sacrifice yourself. That is not recognised as altruism but as egoism or more accurately as egotism. The distinction between selflessness and non-selflessness is totally arbitrary in this case. The vast majority of actions classified as altruistic are really acts of egoism or egotism. Psychological egoism as a theory has a right to be accepted if it is coherent and it is. It should be respected as a legitimate theory and it should be admitted by those who cannot accept it that it could be true. Everything points to us being psychological egoists. Desire is the mark of that beast. Psychological egoism is true. Case closed.
Curious Dishes: Surströmming – why do people eat rotten Herring? After visiting Sweden some years ago and falling in love with this amazing, diverse Scandinavian country I returned in February this year. Since one of my dearest friends is from Skelleftea we decided to go on a road trip and concentrate on the most Northern part of her home country. We spent a night in snow and ice in Jukkasjärvi, visited and shopped at the traditional Sami market in Jokkmokk, spent a relaxing evening in Lulea and had a Surströmming dinner in Skelleftea with her family. Curious Dishes: Surströmming – why do people eat rotten Herring? The herring are caught in April and May when they are in prime condition and just about to spawn. Prior to spawning, the herring have not fattened. They are then put into a strong brine for about 20 hours which draws out the blood, the heads are removed and they are gutted and put into a weaker brine solution. The barrels are then placed in a temperature-controlled room kept at 15 – 20 °C. Canning takes place at the beginning of July and for five weeks thereafter. Ten days prior to the premiere the final product is distributed to wholesalers. The fermentation of the fish depends on a lactic acid enzyme in the spine that is activated if the conditions are right (temperature and brine concentration). The low temperature in Northern Sweden is one of the parameters that affects the character of the final product. Fermentation continues in the can which causes the can to bulge noticeably. Prior to modern canning methods, surströmming was sold in wooden barrels and was only consumed locally. As even the smallest one-litre kegs could leak, surströmming was bought directly from the producers in small quantities for immediate consumption. Half a year to a year later gases have built up sufficiently for the once flat tops of the cylindrical tins to bulge into a more rounded shape. These unusual containers of surströmming can be found today in supermarkets all over Sweden. However, certain airlines have banned the tins on their flights, considering the pressurised containers to be potentially dangerous. Species of Haloanerobium bacteria are responsible for the in-can ripening. These bacteria produce carbon dioxide and a number of compounds that account for the unique odour: pungent (propionic acid), rotten-egg (hydrogen sulfide), rancid butter (butyric acid), and vinegar (acetic acid). Source: Wikipedia Well, the first time I was offered Surströmming I refused to even go near it! Why? Because it stinks! Imagine the smell of off fish and rotten eggs – that's why Surströmming smells like. The second time I was in Sweden my friends family kept daring me to finally try the herring myself and since I didn't like to be called a coward no more I finally gave in. How to eat Surströmming: I strongly recommend having Surströmming in the summer months. It really leaves a strong odour around the house for days. I visited Sweden in February and hence why we had our sandwiches indoors. It would have been way too cold to eat outside 😉 unlucky! As Surströmming has a really potent smell and also taste I would never ever have it “plain”. Only the combination of Swedish thin bread, potatoes, tomatoes, onions, sour cream and of course Surströmming makes it edible. One other thing that really bugs me is having to disembowel and skin the fish before eating it. Yuck! Fun fact: In 1981, a German landlord evicted a tenant without notice after the tenant spread surströmming brine in the apartment building's staircase. When the landlord was taken to court, the court ruled that the termination was justified when the landlord's party demonstrated their case by opening a can inside the courtroom. The court concluded that it “had convinced itself that the disgusting smell of the fish brine far exceeded the degree that fellow-tenants in the building could be expected to tolerate”. My conclusion: I survived! No, all jokes aside. I have to say that it tasted a lot better than it smelled… It was just really, really salty and my tip is not to breath in through your nose at all. I had two sandwiches (half a fish on each) and enjoyed them. I am proud to be able to say I tried Surströmming but will probably never have it again!! Now, would you try it? Welcome to Chronic Wanderlust! Countries travelled
Recipes and Stories 10 February 2015: The Universal Cutlet Breaded Cutlets made with Pork Tenderloin. Photography by John Carrington Photography One of the great universal concepts in Western cookery is the breaded cutlet: a thin slice of meat, beaten thin both to make it uniform and to tenderize it, coated with dry bread crumbs, and fried to a delicate brown. Crackling crisp on the outside, tender and juicy inside, it’s arguably one of the most satisfying ways of giving flavor and panache to cheap and bland cuts of meat or poultry. Cutlets are often credited by name to the cooks of Milan, and perhaps the idea did begin there, but a Costolette alla Milanese is classically made with bone-in veal chops and not the boneless round cut that are usually associated with cutlets in other countries. There are variations almost everywhere that we find stale bread for crumbs and cheap fat for frying, made with everything from veal to chicken, turkey, and pork. Already ancient when Europeans began to colonize our continent, cutlets were a part of Southern cooking from the beginning and appeared in nearly every cookbook from Mary Randolph’s Virginia House-wife in 1824 through to Annabella Hill’s book the end of the antebellum period. In those days, veal was a lot less expensive than beef or poultry, and its mild flavor was even thought inferior; cutlets were a brilliant way of dressing it up. But by the third quarter of that century, breaded cutlets had mysteriously started to fade, replaced by croquettes of chopped meat or by dishes like Creole Grillades—veal round steak that was breaded and fried, but then stewed in a highly seasoned gravy. After World War II, thanks mainly to changes in the dairy industry, veal suddenly became an expensive commodity, and fried cutlets were rarely found in Southern cookbooks except under an Italian name (or baked under a heavy blanket of sauce). They survived mainly in the professional kitchens of cafés operated by Greek-Americans or the rare neighborhood “trattoria” that was about as Italian as Queen Elizabeth. By the time I was in college, they had sunk to so low that our cafeteria was passing off as fried cutlets a dry slab of ground veal and unidentifiable filler entombed in tough, tasteless, hard-fried crumbs. Indifferently blanketed with equally tasteless white cheese and topped, when the cooks thought of it, with a squirt of canned tomato sauce, they richly deserved their nickname, “dreaded veal cutlets.” It has been said that Southerners would eat shoe leather if it was fried, but shoe leather would’ve been a gourmet’s delight compared to that mess. Fortunately, the delicately breaded and carefully fried cutlets of the old days did not completely disappear, and have made something of a comeback in Southern kitchens, thanks in part to a renewed interest in international cooking. However, since veal remains both wildly expensive and controversial, many cooks opt for boneless chicken or turkey breast. While both of those can be quite good, I actually prefer to use pork tenderloin for cutlets. Like boneless chicken and turkey breasts and the corresponding cut of beef, pork tenderloins are the least flavorful part of the pig and can be as dull as they are convenient and popular. But when carefully done, this treatment draws out the flavor of the meat while keeping it juicy and tender. Pork Tenderloin Cutlets One way to insure better flavor is to seek out tenderloins from “pastured” animals. (That may seem an odd designation for pigs, but “free-range” and “all-natural” have become meaningless terms in the food industry; “pastured” means that the animal has actually been allowed to roam freely and has not been raised on commercial feed.) Because pastured animals have more variety in their diets, their flavor, especially in the tenderloin, is more distinctive than commercially raised animals. Their tenderloins are also smaller than those from commercially raised pigs: a single one will usually feed no more than two to three persons. Serves 6 1 pair pork tenderloins, preferably “pastured” naturally raised pork (about 1½-to-2 pounds for naturally raised, 2-2½-pounds for commercial pork) Salt and whole black pepper in a peppermill Grated zest of 1 lemon About ½ cup flour, spread on a plate 2 large eggs, lightly beaten in a soup plate About 1 cup dry bread crumbs, Panko, or fine cracker crumbs, spread on a soup plate 4 tablespoons unsalted butter and about 4-6 tablespoons olive or vegetable oil, or about ¾ cup clarified butter 2 lemons, cut into wedges 1. Trim the tenderloins by first removing the excess fat with a sharp knife or sharp pair of kitchen scissors, and then pull away the fine film-like membrane that covers the muscle. On one side, you’ll find a wide strip of iridescent, stringy tissue (the silver skin) that connected the muscle to the bones. Remove this by slipping a sharp, thin knife just underneath it, then cut it away in strips. Many use a filet knife, but I like a hawk-beak-shaped “tourné” knife for the job. 2. Cut them crosswise into 1-inch-thick medallions. Lay them between two sheets of plastic wrap and beat them out until they’re uniformly just under ¼-inch thick. Sprinkle both sides with salt, pepper, lemon zest, and herbs. 2. Roll each cutlet in flour, coating both sides. Shake off the excess and dip it in the egg, coating both sides. Let the excess flow back into the bowl and lay them in the crumbs. Carefully coat both sides, patting so that the crumbs adhere, and lay them on a clean, dry plate or wire cooling rack. Let them rest for 30 minutes to allow breading to set. 3. Preheat the oven to 150-175° F. (or the warm setting). Fit a wire cooling rack into a rimmed sheet pan. Put enough butter and oil or clarified butter in a heavy-bottomed skillet to completely cover the bottom and put the pan over medium heat. When the fat is quite hot (the edge of a cutlet should sizzle on contact with it), raise the heat to medium high and put in enough cutlets to fill the pan without crowding. Fry until bottom is golden brown, about 3 minutes. Turn and brown them on the second side. Remove the from pan and lay them on the prepared cooling rack and keep them in the warm oven while remaining cutlets fry. Serve hot with lemon. Post a comment
Yahoo Answers 05-07-14 Given M = (-1, -5) / N = (3, - 2) / P = (1, 1): Get Q-such that MNPQ is a parallelogram. Verify that the Q obtained is actually a parallelogram. What is the perimeter? You need a line through M parallel to PN, Slope of PN is -3/2 y+5=-3/2(x+1) y=-3/2x-13/2 And a line through P parallel to MN. Slope of MN is 3/4 y-1=3/4(x-1) y=3/4x+1/4 find the intersection of the two new lines: -3/2x-13/2=3/4x+1/4 x(3/4+3/2)=-13/2-1/4 9/4x=-27/4 multiply by 4/9 x=-3 y=3/4(-3)+1/4=-9/4+1/4=-8/4=-2 Q(x,y)=(-3,-2) verify parallel sides via slopes Perimeter is sum of sides and since it is a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal length. Perimeter=2(PN+MN) PN=√2^2+3^2=√13 MN=√4^2+3^2=√25=5 Perimeter=10+2√13=approx 17.21
Who Is The Antagonist In The Scarlet Ibis 1045 Words5 Pages James Hurst’s short story “The Scarlet Ibis” is about a boy that struggles with pride issues because of his brother Doodle’s physical disabilities. In the beginning of the story, the narrator has a brother that is far from normal and in the narrator's eyes is a disappointment. Throughout the story, the narrator works on his brother to make him normal not knowing he will end up hurting him. As the story progresses, the narrator struggles with, instead of putting his brother first, letting his pride get the best of him. The narrator, by the end of “The Scarlet Ibis,” learns that listening to his pride makes him do regretful things. Hurst uses the narrator to show that too much pride can be harmful. From the moment Doodle is born the narrator …show more content… Hurst points out, “He had failed and we both knew it, so we started back home, racing the storm.[...]The faster I walked, the faster he walked, so I began to run.[...]I heard doodle, who had fallen behind me, cry out, ‘brother, brother, don't leave me! Don’t leave me!” This happened when the narrator taught doodle how to walk and then tried making him do more, but Doodle could not physically do it. The relevance of this citation is that since Doodle failed the narrator’s classes he failed the narrator as a brother which shows how pride can make you do unhuman things like leaving your brother. Because of Doodle not being able to reach the narrator's standards, He gave up. Later in the story the narrator gets disillusioned by his pride and does something he would never intentionally do. The narrator in distraught says, “He didn't answer, so I placed my hand on his forehead and lifted his head. Limply, he fell backwards onto the earth. He had been bleeding from the mouth, and his neck and the front of his shirt were stained a brilliant red. "Doodle! Doodle!”I cried, shaking him, but there was no answer but the ropy rain. He lay very awkwardly, with his head thrown far back, making his vermilion neck appear unusually long and slim. His little legs, bent sharply at the knees, had never before seemed so Open Document

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