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train · ~97.7M rows (showing the first 849k)

text stringlengths 144 682k
COE Submission This is the index for the online version of my COE submission. I have re-arranged the information for skeins and swatches for better online presentation, for the actual entry each sample is tagged or mounted in a file folder. Also included are my notes, score for each item and comments from the examiners. Questions to ask Island of Misfit Yarns Part 1: Design A. Elements and Principles 1. Texture 2. Rhythm 3. Balance 4. Proportion 5. Emphasis 6. Unity B. Color Definitions 1. Hue 2. Value 3. Chroma 4. Primary color 5. Secondary color 6. Tertiary color C. Color Schemes 1. Monochrome 2. Analogous 3. Complementary 4. Split Complementary 5. Triad D. Spinning to a Standard 1. Twist and Twist Angle 2. Measuring Meters per kilogram 3. Spun size and finished size 4. Project planning 5. Reproducing commercial wool yarns Part 2: Equipment and Fibers A. Fiber-Preparation Tools 1. Hand cards 2. Drum carder 3. Flicker 4. Worsted combs 5. Dog comb 6. Picker 7. Distaff 8. Hackle B. Spinning Equipment 1. Drop spindle 2. Small supported spindle 3. Large supported spindle 4. Wheel-driven spindle 5. Spinning wheel Skein #1: Drop spindle Skein #2: Small supported spindle Skein #3: Large supported spindle Skein #4: Wheel-driven spindle Skein #5: Spinning wheel C. Fibers Table I: Sheep's Wool Table II: Protein Fibers Table III: Cellulose Fibers Table IV: Man-Made Fibers Part 3: Handspinning Techniques A. Sheep's Wool Discussion: Woolen, Semi-Worsted and True Worsted Skein #6: Fine worsted yarn Skein #7: Medium worsted yarn Skein #8: Fine woolen yarn Skein #9: Medium woolen yarn Skein #10: Thick woolen yarn Swatch A B. Cotton Skein #11: Extra Fine smooth singles yarn Skein #12: Fine textured singles yarn Skein #13: Medium smooth yarn, multiple ply Skein #14: Fine smooth singles yarn Skein #15: Extra Fine or Fine even two-ply from Extra Fine singles Swatch B C. Flax Skein #16: Fine smooth yarn, wet spun Skein #17: Medium yarn, dry spun Skein #18: Thick yarn, smooth or textured Skein #19: Fine, Medium or Thick even textured two-ply yarn, wet spun from a strick Skein #20: Fine, Medium or Thick even three ply yarn Swatch C D. Silk Skein #21: Extra Fine smooth yarn Skein #22: Fine smooth yarn Skein #23: Medium smooth yarn (may be multiple ply) Skein #24: Extra Fine textured yarn Skein #25: Fine textured yarn Swatch D E. Other Fibers Skein #26: Yarn from protein fibers, short, down type Skein #27: Yarn from protein fibers, long, hair type Skein #28: Yarn from cellulose fibers Skein #29: Yarn from synthetic fibers Swatch E F. Blending Fibers Discussion: Blending Fibers Skein #30: A color scheme other than monochrome Skein #31: A special effect by blending color as well as two different fibers Skein #32: Yarn of consistent quality in a two ply. Different fibers in each of the singles Skein #33: Yarn creating a special effect by fiber preparation Skein #34: Yarn creating a textural effect Skein #35: Special effect yarn produced with a blend of fibers Swatch F G. Plying Discussion: Plying Skein #36: Two-ply yarn of consistent quality with different twist directions in the singles Skein #37: Yarn of consistent quality in the applicant's choice of plied design (must include more than one plying operation) Skein #38: Special-effect yarn produced by spinning around a core Skein #39: Special-effect yarn, either singles or plied, featuring the amount of twist as a design factor Skein #40: Spinner's choice, demonstrating an understanding of plying Swatch G
The solar boat The idea of a ship, boat, or other floating vessel as transport for the Sun is less widely attested, but certainly old. It is not, of course, exclusively Indo-European; it is well known as a feature of the Egyptian solar mythology. In RV 5. 45. 10 Surya is said to have risen into the shining flood (arnas-; i.e. the air), after harnessing his straight-backed mares; these intelligent creatures have guided him like a ship through the water. This is only a simile, but in the Atharvaveda (17. 1. 25 f.) the risen Sun is twice told 'O Aditya, thou hast boarded a ship of a hundred oars for well-being'. The oars perhaps represent the rays of light. As with the horse-drawn wheel, the Vedic image finds graphic expression in Bronze Age Scandinavia. Ships are a favourite subject of the rock artists, and in a number of cases there is a solar wheel—or sometimes two—riding just above them, or attached to the vessel by means of one or two ropes or posts. Some of these may be depictions of a ritual in which a solar emblem was carried in a ship, though others can hardly be understood in this way. At Nors in Jutland a clay jar was found containing about a hundred tiny model ships made of bronze and gold leaf and decorated with solar symbols. Again some ritual use seems likely.48 Three representations are of particular interest, because the solar horse appears as well as the ship, in such a way as to suggest that the horse is supposed to take the sun across the sky by day and then rendezvous with the ship. One is the carving from Kalleby already mentioned. The horse and sun-wheel are just above the ship, but clearly not in it; they could be 48 J. Dechelette (as n. 36), 329 fig. 14, 330-7, 338-40; de Vries (1956), i. 108 f., 122; GellingDavidson (1969), 11-15, 64; M. Green (1991), 77-9; Meller (2004), 31, 52 f.; F. Kaul, ibid. 58-63, 66-8, 72. taken as just landing in it or taking off from it. Such an interpretation seems irresistible in the case of two of the bronze razors from Denmark.49 On one the ship sits at the left, and the flying horse with the sun attached is just ahead of its prow, as if having just taken off. On the other, both the prow and the stern of the ship are crowned with haloes of rays. Behind the prow a horse, outlined with stippling to suggest radiance, is landing from above, his fore legs already on the deck, his hind legs still high in the air. The radiant sun-disc, unattached, hangs low over the after deck. A sensational find was made recently at Nebra in central Germany. It is dated to around 1600 bce.50 It is a bronze disc, 31-32 cm. in diameter, with gold embellishments representing the sun, the crescent moon, and about thirty stars, including a cluster suggestive of the Pleiades. Two arcs were later added on opposite sides of the rim (one of them is now lost): they subtended angles of 82° from the centre, and evidently represented the range of sunrise and sunset points on the horizon between midwinter and midsummer. A separate arc, touching the rim of the sky at the southern horizon, was added later still. It is divided by lines into three bands and outlined with a bristle pattern that has been compared to the lines of oars on some Bronze Age representations of ships. But the ends of the arc are cut off square with no suggestion of a prow or stern, and if it is meant for a solar vessel, as some have argued, it would seem to be a plain round bowl rather than a regular ship. If the bristles stand for oars, we are reminded of the hundred-oared ship of the Atharvaveda and the implication that a powerful driving force is required. A round bowl or cup, not a ship, is the form that the Sun's vessel takes in Greek poetry and usually in Greek art. Like the horses and chariot, it finds no mention in the Iliad or Odyssey but appears in other seventh- and sixth-century poets. It conveys Helios at night along the river Oceanus that encircles the earth, and needs no rowers: A wondrous couch (euv^) bears him across the waves— winged, by Hephaestus intricately wrought in precious gold—as he in grateful sleep skims o'er the water from the Hesperides to Aethiopia, where a chariot and steeds await the early birth of Dawn; and there the god mounts his new equipage, Hyperion's son. (Mimnermus fr. 12. 5-11) 49 F. Kaul in Meller (2004), 61 (centre and bottom right), 62 f.; cf. Gelling-Davidson (1969), 133 fig. 58b. 50 M. Kerner, Helvetia Archaeologica 34 (2003), no. 134; Meller (2004). Stesichorus and others called it a Senas, 'goblet'. Vase painters from the late sixth century onward show Helios in it with his horses, or Heracles using it to cross the Ocean to Erythea; the part that shows above the water-line sometimes looks like the top of a large jar.51 The integrated transport system, wheeled vehicle for the day connecting with night ferry, recurs in the Latvian folk tradition. Qui l'a dit, il en a menti, que Saule court à pied: par-dessus la forêt, dans une voiture, par-dessus la mer, dans une barque. (LD 33811, trs. Jonval no. 167) The word rendered 'voiture', rati, is from the previously mentioned root that gives Vedic ratha- and Latin rota. In other songs we hear that Saule sleeps through the night in the golden boat (laiva). She brings it to the shore in the morning when she gets up, and it stays there rocking on the water.52 0 0 Post a comment
Why are summer lamps easy to break - Sep 05, 2018 - Why are summer lamps easy to break ? Do you find flip-chip mandrel light sources, COB plant lights, solar COB lights, bedside lights, LED high bay lights, etc., which are easier to break in summer and worse than winter. why is it like this? ? The answer is one: the heat dissipation of the lamp is not good, the weather temperature in the summer is relatively high, the LED light will also glow, and the lamp is burned out. track lighting sample room.jpg alight track lighting So what is the cause? 1. The heat-conducting materials of the lamps are not enough. For example, the existing inferior bulbs are all plastic, and there is no heat-dissipating radiator. The heat generated by the light source can not be guided. How can it not be bad? 2. The heat dissipation design of the lamps is unreasonable. Many lamps have no heat dissipation design at all. They are assembled directly with the accessories. They have not been tested by scientific experiments. Why not? 3. The installation environment is unreasonable. The installation of LED lamps requires a certain amount of heat dissipation space to dissipate heat, and the installation environment is humid. LED lamps are also easy to be damaged in a humid environment, because LED lamps are composed of electronic components. It affects performance and is easy to break. For this reason, only the user should pay attention to it.
Why not to use online science paper help In school there are many times a student can feel overwhelmed and want some extra help or to find any easier way to success. Some students look online and may find sites that claim they can help you with, or write your science paper for you entirely. While these can be tempting, it is important to note that these sites are not only preventing you from the success you are looking for, but are academically illegal to use and come with many consequences. Don't believe what you read. These sites usually are employed by writers who don't have much practical experience in the fields they write about. Your native language might also not be their native language. Grammar and spelling might be inaccurate and cause your paper to be less credible and hurt your grade. The information might be inaccurate that they write about and may not be what you are looking for according to the parameters of the paper. The Consequences These sites usually copy and paste parts of other papers into the new paper. This means that the paper is more easily tracked and spotted for plagiarism by software programs designed for such tasks. Teachers are using these programs more often these days with the rise of technology. The consequences of plagiarism are serious and not to be taken lightly. The punishments can be different: from a failure on the assignment to expulsion from the school It is considered theft and theft is a criminal act. You are stealing words that are not your own. It is better to do your own research and work to avoid such consequences. Even if you don't plagiarize the paper and just look for help, the internet is not the most credible place for help. There are many other alternatives to online help such as a classmate, a teacher or a library with a librarian who can assist you. Try to avoid asking strangers online who may not know what they are talking about or may have old information. In Conclusion It is always recommended to do your own work. Research and help from a librarian is a great place to start. If there are still issues with the assignment, go to a classmate or teacher for help first or someone knowledgeable in the field before going online. This way you have the latest information.
California's History of Supporting Sobriety California’s History of Supporting Sobriety California is one of the leading states in the nation and one of the leading locations in the world when it comes to innovative and abundant opportunities for drug and alcohol addiction rehabilitation opportunities. There are many world-renowned organizations that originated in California and continue to call the state home to this day. The state of California also continues to be among the top states in the nation when it comes to funding and support for continued research and development for addiction research and services. Early Drug Addiction Treatment History Individuals around the world have been suffering from drug and alcohol addiction for thousands of years. For much of this time, drug addicts were seen as weak-willed individuals with low levels of motivation and a generally selfish demeanor. Many people who struggled with drug and alcohol addiction were entirely disowned by their family and friends and never received the support they needed to actually escape the crushing grip of their drug and/or alcohol dependence. It wasn’t until the 1800s that Benjamin Rush asserted that alcohol and drug addiction may actually be a disease and not just a result of weak character. Because of this, many sober living facilities were opened in the United States to help individuals struggling with addiction. Some of these sober living facilities, specifically the Keeley Institutes, began to add additional layers of experimentation to their “treatment plans” for individuals struggling with addiction. Dr. Keeley believed that injecting his patients with heavy metals was key to ensuring that they could recover from their addictive behaviors. His patients entered into treatment programs where they were able to focus on their whole-person wellness by getting adequate exercise, eating healthy meals, and spending time away from destructive peers and stressors of daily life. While this environment was incredibly useful in helping those struggling with chemical dependence to begin to live a life of sobriety, the injection of heavy metals into his patients was, in fact, hugely detrimental and even led to the deaths of many of his patients. Alcoholics Anonymous Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in 1939, shortly after the Prohibition Era in the United States had ended. The very first AA meeting took place in Los Angeles and was spearheaded by Kaye Miller. This means that the state of California is the birthplace of one of the most effective and highly attended alcoholism support groups in the world. AA is a program designed for individuals struggling with alcohol addiction that helps addicts work through twelve steps that eventually lead to lifelong sobriety and addiction management. The program is always completely free for anyone interested in attending, and the organization prides itself on being diverse, self-supporting, and apolitical. Participants are typically offered the opportunity to meet with a sponsor or an individual who is further along in their recovery journey and can provide support and guidance to someone who is just beginning to take the first steps towards sobriety. Members of the group are able to lean on their sponsors when their cravings become intense, or life becomes so stressful that they feel compelled to begin drinking again. The Alcoholics Anonymous model has been so successful that it has been replicated to be used for individuals addicted to narcotics and heroin. There are now Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Heroin Anonymous (HA) groups that meet across the country and provide support for thousands of members. The twelve steps of the AA model are incredibly popular and are used in many recovery and rehabilitation programs all over the world. The 12 steps, according to Alcoholics Anonymous World Services Inc. are: 4. Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves 7. Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings 10. Continued to take personal inventory and when were were wrong promptly admitted it. The Alcoholics Anonymous twelve-step model, at first glance, appears to be incredibly religiously based. While it is true that many participants in the AA program identify with a religious tradition, the language of the twelve steps is designed to provide the opportunity for participants to conceptualize God in whichever way is most helpful to their recovery. For some participants, this means connecting with a Christian God, while for others it is more about connecting with the humanity that is present in all human beings. The AA organization helped to convince the American Medical Association that addiction is truly a disease and not a simple case of moral failure. The AMA did eventually assert that addiction is a medical condition in the 1950s. This admission by the AMA led to more and more recovery centers and hospitals that were willing to treat addicts with respect and dignity. For example, in 1967 the Haight Ashbury Free Medical Clinic was opened in San Francisco and the facility provided detox and intervention services for individuals struggling with addiction. South Bay Treatment Centers Support for family members that are struggling with the addiction of a loved one is often overlooked or forgotten altogether, but providing support for these key individuals can help speed up the recovery process and help loved ones to better manage their own emotional health as it relates to their relative that is addicted to drugs or alcohol. Addiction is often known as a family disease because it hugely impacts the lives of not only those that have the addiction but also those that are closest to them. Individuals that are struggling with drug and alcohol addiction often find that their lives are completely taken over by their dependency. This typically leads to an increase in manipulative behavior that is most often directed towards family members and close friends. Family members often find themselves enabling continued addictive behavior because of a general lack of knowledge about addiction and a lack of ability to set strict and healthy boundaries. Children of addicted individuals tend to struggle the most because of their inability to understand why their presence alone is not enough to convince their parent to stop their destructive and alcohol use behaviors. Clear Recovery Center has been a pioneer in providing comprehensive and meaningful support and programming for family members and children of addicted individuals. These programs help loved ones to learn about healthy boundaries, understand that the problem of another person’s addiction can only be solved by the addicted party themselves, and heal from the pain and disappointment that living with a loved one addicted to drugs or alcohol can cause. Many other rehabilitation programs across the country have decided to follow suit and also provide comprehensive programming and counseling services for family members of addicted individuals. There are also a number of excellent women's sober livings, like Clarity House, in the South Bay of Los Angeles, an excellent part of California for getting sober. Current Organizations There are many organizations in the state of California that are continuing to work towards the goals of making drug and alcohol recovery treatment available and affordable for all that seek support. For example, the California Consortium of Addiction Programs and Professionals (CCAPP) is incredibly active in the state and has been for over 30 years. The organization provides training and advocacy for professionals in the drug and alcohol rehabilitation field and works to support the California Department of Health Care Services by registering all of the Sober Living Environments in the state. The California Department of Alcohol and Drug Problems (ADP) has also been active in the state since 1978. The organization helps to provide leadership, development, and evaluation of treatment and recovery services in the state. The organization has a $600 million annual budget and focuses on prevention, treatment, quality assurance, and information/education for the state of California when it comes to drug and alcohol addiction and recovery. The ADP also provides gambling addiction programs across the state. Unfortunately, the new Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act in the state of California is resulting in a higher level of incarceration for individuals struggling with drug and/or alcohol addiction. This reality is taking a toll on the ADP and individuals within the organization are continually lobbying for alternative ways to provide treatment and support to individuals struggling with addiction that doesn’t require contact with the criminal justice system. Current Drug and Alcohol Issues Admissions for marijuana use at drug and alcohol rehabilitation centers are continuing to rise across the country, but especially in states like California where the drug is now legal. With the increased potency and availability of marijuana, public health officials and experts in the field of recovery are beginning to scramble to provide additional information about the risk of psychological dependence on the substance to individuals who start out as casual users of the drug. Just as casual alcohol drinkers can quickly spiral into severe alcoholism without diligence and appropriate information about the potential risks, uninformed marijuana users can also become addicted to the substance. In 2014, Proposition 47 in California made it possible for individuals found to be in possession of a “personal use” amount of any illicit substance to only be charged with a misdemeanor, regardless of the substance. This is thought by many to be helpful for looking at drug addiction as more of a disease than a moral failing, and is indicative of the overall tone of California to work at getting individuals help that need it. Location is Everything California’s historic commitment to quality drug and alcohol treatment programs makes the state a top-notch place to seek out world-class care for addiction of any kind. However, the state’s pioneering attitude towards understanding and treating addiction is only one piece of the intricate puzzle when it comes to selecting a location for drug and alcohol rehabilitation treatment. Many individuals who begin the journey towards recovery are interested in finding a new location far away from the temptations and stressors of home in order to increase the likelihood that they will succeed when it comes to their sobriety goals. California’s reputation for having beautiful land, sea, and cityscapes along with year-round beautiful weather makes the state a popular destination for all types of individuals looking to battle their drug and alcohol dependence. California is also an incredibly diverse state that draws unique residents from across the globe. No matter what you’re interested in, what your religion is, or what type of support you need to overcome your addiction, you’re sure to find it in the beautiful state of California. Between the consistent and long-term commitment to recovery programs in the state of California and the beautiful weather and diverse population, California is a wonderful place to begin your path towards long-term sobriety. Contact South Bay Sober Living today to continue California’s legacy and start your own in the process! from Resources - SBSL Popular posts from this blog A New Way to Look at SoCal Recovery Halfway House in the South Bay
Kawanishi H3K The Kawanishi H3K was a long range reconnaissance seaplane designed by Shorts and produced under licence in Japan by Kawanishi. In 1929 Kawanishi's chief engineer, Yoshio Hashiguchi, travelled to Britain to look for a suitable design for a long range patrol flying boat. Shorts demonstrated the Singapore I and the Calcutta. Hashiguchi preferred the Calcutta, but wanted to use different engines to avoid having to cooperate with Nakajima, which had the licence to build its Bristol Jupiter engines (Nakajima and Kawanishi had originally worked together, but the two men had argued and their companies became rivals). Shorts produced a new aircraft based on the Rangoon (the military version of the Calcutta), but with Rolls Royce Buzzard engines. The new S.15 was a three-engined biplane, with the engines mounted between the wings. The lower wing was attached to the top of the hull, with the upper wing attached by five pairs of struts. The tail had a single main vertical control surface and two smaller outer vertical surfaces. The S.15 used modern construction techniques, and would give Kawanishi valuable experience of working on all-metal aircraft. The S.15 had two open side-by-side cockpits, engineering and wireless positions and internal accommodation that included a ward room and galley. The first aircraft was built in Britain, where it made its maiden flight on 10 October 1930. The aircraft was then shipped out to Japan, where it was re-assembled with the help of a team from Shorts. Its first flight in Japan came on 8 April, and after a period of tests was accepted for production as the Navy Type 90 Model 2 Flying Boat. Four aircraft were built in Japan in 1932-33, and were similar to the first aircraft, but with enclosed cockpits. The aircraft were used for reconnaissance flights and training. One was lost in a accident but the surviving four aircraft remained in service until 1936. The H3K was rather similar to the much larger Shorts Sarafand, but was actually the older aircraft, making its maiden flight in 1930, the year before work began on the Sarafand. Engine: Three Rolls-Royce Buzzard engines Power: 820-825hp each Crew: 9 Wing span: 102ft 0in Maximum take-off Weight: 37,920lb Max Speed: 138mph Endurance: 138mph Armament: Six 0.3in machine guns Bomb-load: 2,205lb How to cite this article: Rickard, J (2 August 2011), Kawanishi H3K, http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_kawanishi_H3K.html
Lakshmi Nanda Madhusoodhan , IIK Young Contributor Sunday, May 13, 2018 Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. During the month, Muslims worldwide practice Sawm – fasting from sunrise to sunset. Ramadan begins after the sighting of the new moon, which is announced by the Ramadan Crescent Sighting Committee. It lasts approximately 30 days based on visual sightings of the crescent moon. Sawm in Ramadan is also regarded as one of the five pillars of Islam, the other pillars are Shahada- Faith, Salah - Prayer, Zakat - Charity and Hajj- Pilgrimage to Holy Mecca. Why do people observe Ramadan? Well there are many reasons. This 30 days fasting is done to celebrate the first declaration of the Holy Quran to Prophet Muhammad PBUH according to Islamic Beliefs. While fasting, Muslims develop high character. They hold back themselves on doing sinful actions like insulting, cursing, bullying, fighting etc. This fasting helps them realize the pain of poverty, thus making them into charity and good deeds. Fasting also helps to develop the real spirit of social belonging, brotherhood and equality in a person before God. When people fast they feel they are uniting to the whole Muslim community which makes one fifth of the world population. Fasting helps a person to be more patient and unselfish. Muslims also get engaged in recital of the verses of the Holy Quran, devotion and worship etc. It teaches them to be moderate and balanced in all aspects of life. When Ramadan arrives, it is said that the gates of Paradise are opened and the gates of hell are locked up and devils are put in chains. The exemptions to fasting are travel, severe illness, pregnancy etc. Ramadan fasting is safe for healthy people, but those with medical conditions should seek medical advice. The fasting period is usually associated with weight loss but the weight tends to return afterwards. In some countries, it has shown that crime rates have been dropped in the month of Ramadan. Decreases in crime rates have been reported by the police in some cities in Turkey like Istanbul and Konya and the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Drinking, smoking, eating etc. is not encouraged and lead to severe punishments in some of the Arab countries. In here, Kuwait, according to law, the penalty is a fine of no more than 100 Kuwaiti dinars, or jail for no more than one month, or both penalties, for those seen eating, drinking or smoking during Ramadan daytime. Muslims continue to work during Ramadan. The Prophet Muhammad PBUH has said that it is important to keep a balance between worship and work. In Middle East including Kuwait, however, working hours are shortened during Ramadan at work and school. In some Muslim countries today, lights are strung up in public squares, and across city streets, to add to the light, colours and festivities of the month. Lanterns have become ideal decorations welcoming the month of Ramadan. In Kuwait Girgian is celebrated during the month of Ramadan Kareem. In this celebration children dress up in fancy or traditional costumes and they usually go in groups to their relatives and neighbourhood. They sing in chorus a song about Girgian and as the song is over they are rewarded with a small sweet bags or decorated sweet boxes which contains various types of nuts, sweets, gums and candies. Nowadays, Girgian is becoming more and more popular at public places and shopping malls. At sunset, families hurry for the fast-breaking meal known as Iftar. Dates are usually the first food to break the fast as according to their tradition, The Prophet Muhammad PBUH broke the fast with three dates. Food tips:- In Ramadan the diets are radically altered as the fasting people eat only during Suhoor (pre- dawn) and Iftar (sunset). The food should be well balanced and contain items from vegetables, cereals, meats, dairy products and fresh fruits. Make effort to drink at least 8 glasses of fluids daily before dawn and after sundown. Fluids include juices, milk, beverages and soups but water is the best choice. You should also cut down on caffeinated drinks like coffee, tea and colas as these have a diuretic effect and promotes fluid loss. The end of Ramadan is called Eid al Fitr. It marks the end of Ramadan and the beginning of the next lunar month, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar, Shawwal. Eid Al Fitr has a festive nature as it marks the completion of the 30 days fasting and back to eating and drinking etc. Lakshmi Nanda Madhusoodhanan View full profile Express your comment on this article Wednesday, June 6, 2018 Dear Lakshmi Nanda,. Very good. Keep on writing. There is good narrator in you... All the best Wednesday, May 16, 2018 Ramadan kareem Submit your comments... Community News
Benefits and Risk of Soda Water (Carbonated Water) for Health Sponsor Ads: efek air berkarbonasi Carbonated water, also known as soda water, is water that is "injected" with carbon dioxide gas. This makes the bubbles in the water. You may often see this bubble in soft drinks. With the bubbles in soft drinks, this gives a sensation when you drink it. You may think that this bubble in carbonated water has no effect on the body. However, your assumption may be wrong. Want to know what effect carbonated water on the body? Check this out. What are the effects of carbonated water on the body? Carbon dioxide is deliberately "injected" into the water apparently can bring good or bad effects for the body. Anything? The benefits of carbonated water for the digestive system Once your tongue is about carbonated water, you may already be able to feel the sensation. This sensation may be fun for some people. Weak acid contained in carbonated water can stimulate nerve receptors in your mouth. Some research shows this can improve your swallowing ability. Although it has an acidic ph, but in fact carbonated water does not affect your body ph. Carbonated water may also help you who have constipation problems. Some people may have better digestion after drinking carbonated water. This has also been proven by several studies. Although acidic, carbonated water may also help you to relieve heartburn due to increased stomach acid in the absence of gastric disturbance (functional dyspepsia). This is because carbonated water can increase stomach activity. However, it should be noted that this is only effective if you consume carbonated water without additional calories from sugar. Unfortunately, carbonated water that you often meet is in the form of soft drinks, which has been added with a variety of flavors and sugar in high quantities. In fact, these soft drinks can cause weight gain. The danger of carbonated water on dental health Another carbonated water effect is on the teeth. Carbonated water is often associated with tooth decay. This is because its acidic ph makes the enamel layer on the teeth can be eroded. But, this is not necessarily true. Carbonated water added to sugar, such as in soft drinks, can indeed cause tooth decay, according to several studies. However, carbonated water without added sugar is not proven to damage teeth. Acid and sugar contained in soft drinks seem to play an important role in tooth decay. A combination of both can cause the enamel layer to become eroded. So, choose carbonated water that does not contain sugar if you want to keep your teeth healthy. Effects on bone health During this time you may often hear that carbonated water can cause bone loss. However, it turns out this is just a myth. Carbonated water has no effect on bone health. The effect on porous bone is actually a cola. Cola is different from carbonated water. Cola drinks contain a lot of phosphorus and usually people who often consume cola drinks have less calcium intake, especially women. This is why cola can trigger bone loss. So, you should still drink milk or other calcium sources, although you often consume carbonated beverages or cola drinks. Do not make carbonated beverages instead of milk. But in fact, young women who consume carbonated beverages often make the drink as a substitute for milk so that calcium intake for bone health is not met well, according to a study in the journal Nutrition Research. Sponsor Ads: awewe 0 Response to "Benefits and Risk of Soda Water (Carbonated Water) for Health" Post a Comment
Effect of Technology Development on Children At the age of 4-5 years, children are in the “all-curious” phase, when they are always curious about new things that interest them. There are two things that children can begin to learn at this age, namely: 1. Using the internet under parental supervision 2. Playing video games that invite him to move Entering the “all-curious” phase, you can start introducing computer use to children. Because, in addition to interactive educational shows on TV specifically for children such as NICK¬Jr. or Cbeebies, you also need to introduce the computer as a learning process for children. You will feel the benefits when the child starts getting school assignments that require computer use. The computer itself will later be used along with an internet network that will help children search for information for their school assignments later. It cannot be denied, the internet will make you worry. You do not know whether your child is playing educational games on the internet, or even watching the funny behavior of his favorite cartoon characters on Youtube. Therefore, the key is supervision. You do not need to create security software so your child does not open sites that you do not want. You are the best safeguard for him. Well, if the child is able to run, kick, and bend well, (it would be better if he already understands the concept of playing turns), you can introduce children to active video games like Wii or Xbox 360. However, playing new video games can be said useful when used as a family bonding device. It must be exciting to play video games as an alternative family activity on weekends. Also make sure that the contents of the games in the video games are good for children. One thing that must be remembered, the greater the child, the greater the opportunity he has to use technology. Especially now that social media has become a common place for many people to find information, socialize, etc. So, you must be smart to pay attention to the amount of time you spend in front of the screen (both television, computer, to iPad). And do not forget to always instill in children from an early age that the existence of computers, the internet, and all kinds of technologies that exist today must bring a positive influence, not just plunge and ultimately harm themselves.
The most popular programming languages Posted: October 15, 2017 at 9:00 am / by / comments (0) Recently programming has become very popular. Many companies are looking for programmers, also studios of this type are very besieged. Even in schools children begin to learn programming. So what are the most popular programming languages? Java is a programming language used by approximately 9 million developers worldwide. Although he is over 20 years old, his popularity is still enormous. It works on over 7 billion devices, both on Windows and Linux. In addition, this language is used to develop any native Android application. The main advantage of Java is retention of backward compatibility in new versions of JRE and JDK. Javascript is another very popular programming language, belonging to a group of scripting languages. The main purpose of its creation was to make the presentation more attractive, and to enrich them with the ability to interact with the user. The frontend is used as an HTML extension, but more and more often it also appears on the backend. JavaScript is handled properly by every web browser and appears on most pages. All this causes the demand for programmers of this language is very large. SQL is one of the most popular structured query languages. Used to create, modify, and manage databases. It is a declarative language, which means that instead of writing what is to be done, we declare what we expect. We just give what data we want to get or what modifications we are interested in, and the database engine is doing the right thing. SQL is universal because it can be used independently of hardware or operating system. It is relatively simple, so it is easy to learn. PHP is yet another one of the first widely used scripting languages for extending the capabilities of web pages. It was developed as a popular extension of the popular Perl scripting language and is still closely related to it. PHP syntax, although very similar to popular programming languages, has been simplified so that people who use it do not have to pay attention to the correctness of the types of variables, allocation, release of memory, etc. Python is a high-level programming language. His name is derived from the famous comedy group Monty Python. Although the language is quite elaborate, it is easy to learn. It features a minimalist core syntax with basic commands and simple semantics. Python is very similar to English, so it is often recommended to beginners. Programming languages are popular very much. All you have to do is choose the most suitable programming language, as they often differ in their level of difficulty. The most popular programming languages 5 (100%) 1 vote
Medium Access Control (MAC) address is a hardware address use to uniquely identify each node of a network. It provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms to enable the several terminals or network nodes to communicate in a specified network. Medium Access Control of data communication protocol is also named as Media Access Control. In IEEE 802 OSI Reference model of computer networking, the Data Link Control (DLC) layer is subdivided into two sub-layers: • The Logical Link Control (LLC) layer and • The Medium Access Control (MAC) layer The MAC sublayer acts as a direct interface between the logical link control (LLC) Ethernet sublayer and the physical layer of reference model. Consequently, each different type of network medium requires a different MAC layer. On networks that don’t conform they are part of IEEE 802 standards but they do conform that they participate OSI Reference Model then the node address is named the Data Link Control (DLC) address. The MAC sublayer emulates a full-duplex logical communication channel in a multipoint network system. These communication channels may provide unicast, multicast and/or broadcast communication services. Medium Access Control MAC sublayer LLC and MAC Sublayer MAC address is suitable when multiple devices are connected with same physical link then to prevent from collisions system uniquely identify the devices one another at the data link layer, by using the MAC addresses that are assigned to all ports on a switch. The MAC sublayer uses MAC protocols to prevent collisions and MAC protocols uses MAC algorithm that accepts as input a secret key and an arbitrary-length message to be authenticated, and outputs a MAC address. Functions performed in the MAC sublayer: The primary functions performed by the MAC layer as per the IEEE Std 802-2001 section 6.2.3 are as follows: 1. Frame delimiting and recognition: This function is responsible to creates and recognizes frame boundaries. 2. Addressing: MAC sublayer performs the addressing of destination stations (both as individual stations and as groups of stations) and conveyance of source-station addressing information as well. 3. Transparent data transfer: It performs the data transparency over data transfer of LLC, PDUs, or of equivalent information in the Ethernet sublayer. 4. Protection: MAC sublayer function is to protect the data against errors, generally by means of generating and checking frame check sequences. 5. Access control: Control of access to the physical transmission medium form unauthorized medium access. One of the most commonly used of MAC sublayer for wired networks i.e. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). Through MAC schema, a sender senses the medium (a wire or coaxial cable) before transmission of data to check whether the medium is free or not. If MAC senses that the medium is busy, the sender waits until it is free. When medium becomes free, the sender starts transmitting of data and continues to listen into the medium. If any kind of collision detected by sender while sending data, it stops at once and sends a jamming signal. But this scheme doest work well with wireless networks. Some of the problems that occur when it uses to transfer data through wireless networks are as follow; • Signal strength decreases proportional to the square of the distance • The sender would apply Carrier Sense (CS) and Collision Detection (CD), but the collisions happen at the receiver • It might be a case that a sender cannot “hear” the collision, i.e., CD does not work • Furthermore, CS might not work, if for e.g., the terminals are“hidden”. More Article for you: Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Can Diet Stop Alzheimer’s? Every three seconds, someone in the world develops Alzheimer's disease. It's a devastating disease: millions of people, as well as their caretakers, spend years dealing with disabling disorientation and memory loss. Today, it's the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S. By 2050, an estimated 15 million people in America will have Alzheimer's—the combined populations of New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. But, after years of failed drug trials, scientists are now realizing that the disease begins with structural changes in the brain decades before sufferers show any symptoms. And some researchers now believe that diet may be the most important factor in determining whether or not those brain changes take place. Listen in now to find out: Can changing what you eat prevent Alzheimer's? …More Seeds of Immortality When seeds first evolved, hundreds of millions of years ago, they not only revolutionized the plant world, but they also eventually sowed the path for human civilization. Today, it's nearly impossible to eat a meal without consuming a plant embryo—or many. But how did seeds come to play such a critical role in human history? Why might one seed in particular, the lotus seed, hold the secret to immortality? And, perhaps just as importantly, how does this magical seed taste? Find out in this special episode of Gastropod, sponsored by McCormick. Episode Notes Thor Hanson Writer and biologist Thor Hanson is author of The Triumph of Seeds: How Grains, Nuts, Kernels, Pulses, and Pips Conquered the Plant Kingdom and Shaped Human History. Jane Shen-Miller Jane Shen-Miller is a botanist at the University of California-Los Angeles. You can read more about her successful germination of centuries-old lotus seeds here, as well as her work to sequence the lotus seed genome, here. Lotus flower seed heads and raw, un-puffed lotus seeds. Mark Griffiths Horticulturalist Mark Griffiths is the author of The Lotus Quest: In Search of the Sacred Flower. Lotus Seed Snacks You can find Sruti Jilla's Lotus Pops here, and Amit Bhojraj's Super Lotus snacks here. Lotus Leaf Technology You can read more about the nanostructural magic of lotus leaf here, and learn how NASA is using it here. McCormick Flavor Forecast Thanks so much to McCormick and Company, the sponsor of this special episode. Their Flavor Forecast identifies top trends and ingredients to discover the tastes of tomorrow. Created by a global team of McCormick experts, including chefs, culinary professionals, trend trackers and food technologists, the Flavor Forecast inspires culinary exploration and innovation around the world. Pick A Pawpaw: America’s Forgotten Fruit The Secret History of the Slave Behind Jack Daniel’s Whiskey Sweet and Low (Calorie): The Story of Artificial Sweeteners For decades, ads for treats sweetened with substances like Sweet'N Low, NutraSweet, and Splenda have promised what seems like a miracle of modern science: that you can enjoy all the dessert you want, calorie-free. No need to deprive yourself—with artificial sweeteners, you can literally have your cake and eat it, too. But are these substances safe? Don't they give cancer to rats and mess up your metabolism? Listen in now for answers to all these questions, plus the tale of a sugar-free gumball marketing blitz, courtesy of none other than Donald Rumsfeld. …More Dirty Tricks and Data: The Great Soda Wars, Part 2 Over the past five years, more than forty cities and countries around the world have passed a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. These soda taxes are designed to improve public health—but do they? Or have all the doom-and-gloom predictions of the soda industry come true instead? Researchers have been crunching the data, and this episode we have the scoop: do soda taxes work? We've also got the story of how the soda industry is fighting back, with dirty tricks in Colombia and blackmail in California. Finally, are soda taxes even the best intervention for improving public health? We have brand-new results from a radical, world-first experiment in Chile. Listen in now as we reach the epic finale of the great soda wars! Souring on Sweet: The Great Soda Wars, Part 1 Public health researchers agree: the evidence is clear that Americans consume way too much sugar, that sugar contributes to weight gain, and that rising rates of obesity in the U.S. will lead to significant health problems in the future. What's much less clear is what to do about it. In this special, first-ever two-part episode of Gastropod, we tell the story of how sugary beverages—soda, in particular—became Public Health Enemy #1. Why are politicians and scientists targeting soda? Why have most attempts to pass soda taxes failed? And do these taxes even work to reduce consumption and obesity? Brush, floss, and forget: chances are, you only think about your teeth when they cause you trouble. But teeth have tales to tell, such as how old we are, how fast we grew, and how far we've traveled... But, most intriguingly, teeth can tell us both what we evolved to eat and what we actually have been eating. Paleo diet fans insist that our modern teeth troubles—all those pesky cavities—come from eating the wrong diet. If we only ate what our ancestors ate—meat, berries, and no grains—we'd be fine, they claim. But what do our teeth say? Tune in this episode to find out the toothy truth. Who Invented Mac and Cheese? The warm, gooey dish, a childhood staple across North America, is many things to many people: a mainstay of African-American Sunday dinners, according to soul food expert Adrian Miller; a comforting yet celebratory meal that can be jazzed up in dozens of ways, according to chef and former mac and cheese restaurant owner Allison Arevalo; and Canada's de facto national dish, according to journalist Sasha Chapman. So what do the Swiss Alps have to do with macaroni and cheese? Listen to this special sponsored episode for the story of where mac and cheese really came from and how it ended up in a little blue box. Plus, some tips for making the very best macaroni and cheese from scratch.
05 May 2013 A little warning: you should not use click or dblclick when you are building an application for mobile devices with Appcelerator Titanium. You'll know why if you read more:) I begin this article saying this because most of the examples you'll see in docs or tutorials uses the click event (at the time I am writing this article) and can be misleading. You can test the gestures with a small Titanium app I've done. You can find the code on github. Which are the user gestures and their corresponding eventname in Appcelerator Titanium API? Real gestures and the associated events when all events have been bound to the same view: The difference between click and singletap on a mobile The difference is how they react to a real longpress from a user. 'Singletap' won't be fired when the user keeps his finger on the screen for a while and then removes it. On the contrary 'click' will be fired once the user lift his fingers. The difference between longclick and longpress on a mobile If the user touches and moves its finger on the screen, longclick will be fired after a while. longpress won't. Events that might lead to unexpected results when added to the same view: Better UI response for the user: While the natural way of thinking would be to add the classic "click" or "singletap" on a button, these events are fired after that the user has lift his/her finger. This takes some milliseconds to the user actually, (ninjas might be faster). But think of it as switching the light on, usually you don't have to remove your finger before you get the light. So, let's talk about "touchstart": it is fired as soon as the user touch the button / view. Binding some function to this event will provide an interface that looks more responsive. (a few milliseconds matter, try it :) Obviously, to avoid problems you have to know how the users will use your app, so remember that binding touchstart and another event might result in a conflict since touchstart will always be fired first. note: while the above is true for "single type" event, when using dblclick / doubletap, those events are fired when the user touches the screen the second time. So there is not this "wait for the finger to be lifted" that click/singletap events have. The official documentation and a good reference to learn about handling events in Appcelerator Titanium
문제1222--Tree Planting 1222: Tree Planting 실행시간 제한: 1 Sec 메모리사용 제한: 128 MB 제출: 143 통과: 51 [제출] [채점기록] [묻고답하기] 문제 설명 A farmer wants to plant a row of trees along the front of his house. He has two different kinds of trees, some which are plain looking, and other, more expensive, fancy trees. He wishes to plant the trees in such a way that not all of the fancy trees are grouped together, so he insists that no two fancy trees be adjacent to one another. You are given an int total indicating the total number of trees to be planted, and an int fancy which is the number of fancy trees. You are to calculate a long indicating the number of possible tree arrangements that meet the farmer's criteria of having no two fancy trees adjacent to one another. - You may assume that each fancy tree is identical to one other, and likewise for the plain trees. - If no valid arrangements are possible, the output should be 0. 입력 설명 The first line contains the number of test cases T (T ≤ 1,000). Each of the following T lines contains two integers total(1 ≤ total ≤ 60) and fancy(1 ≤ fancy ≤ total) as a test case. 출력 설명 Output the answer of each test case on a separate line. 입력 예시 Copy 4 2 3 1 4 3 10 4 출력 예시 Copy
Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care 7th edition Taylor Test Bank • Download: Fundamentals of Nursing 7th edition Taylor Test Bank • Price: $10 • Published: 2013 • ISBN-10: 1451118287 • ISBN-13: 978-1451118285 fundamentals of nursing 7th edition test bank taylor 1.Which of the following statements accurately describe an element of nursing? Select all that apply. A)The skills involved in nursing are primarily technical in nature. B)The primary focus of nursing is to assist individuals to recover from illness. C)The science of nursing is the knowledge base for the care that is given. D)The art of nursing is the collection of knowledge through research. E)Nursing is considered to be both an art and a science. F)Nursing is a profession that used specialized knowledge and skills. 2.Which of the following set of terms best describes nursing at the end of the Middle Ages? A)continuity, caring, critical thinking B)purpose, direction, leadership C)assessment, interventions, outcomes D)advocacy, research, education 3.Which of the following is a characteristic of nursing practiced from early civilization to the 16th century? A)Most early civilizations believed that illness had supernatural causes. B)The physician was the priest who treated disease with prayer. C)The nurse was a nun committed to caring for the needy and homeless. D)Nursing changed from a spiritual focus to an emphasis on knowledge expansion. 4.In what time period did nursing care as we now know it begin? B)early civilization to 16th century C)16th to 17th century D)18th to 19th century 5.Who is considered to be the founder of professional nursing? A)Dorothea Dix B)Lillian Wald C)Florence Nightingale D)Clara Barton 6.Which of the following nursing pioneers established the Red Cross in the United States in 1882? A)Florence Nightingale B)Clara Barton C)Dorothea Dix D)Jane Addams 7.What was one barrier to the development of the nursing profession in the United States after the Civil War? A)lack of educational standards B)hospital-based schools of nursing C)lack of influence from nursing leaders D)independence of nursing orders 8.Which of the following individuals provided community-based care and founded public health nursing? A)Adelaide Nutting B)Lillian Wald C)Sojourner Truth D)Clara Barton 9.Which of the following nursing groups provides a definition and scope of practice for nursing? D)The Joint Commission 10.Teaching a woman about breast self-examination is an example of what broad aim of nursing? A)promoting health B)preventing illness C)restoring health D)facilitating coping with disability and death 11.What nursing activity would meet the broad nursing aim of facilitating coping with disability and death? Select all that apply. A)conducting a blood pressure screening program B)teaching testicular self-examination C)referring to a community diabetic support group D)administering intravenous fluids E)admitting a patient to a hospice program F)performing a physical assessment on a patient 12.A nurse caring for a patient with diabetes chooses an appropriate plan of care and devises interventions to accomplish the desired outcomes. This is an example of using which of the following type of nursing skills? 13.Which one of the following examples of nursing actions would be considered an ethical/legal skill? A)A nurse helps a patient prepare a living will. B)A nurse obtains a urine sample for a urinalysis. C)A nurse explains the rationale for a patient’s plan of care. D)A nurse holds the hand of a woman whose baby died in childbirth. 14.A nurse practitioner is caring for a couple who are the parents of an infant diagnosed with Down’s Syndrome. The nurse makes referrals for a parent support group for the family. This is an example of which nursing role? 15.A nurse is providing nursing care in a neighborhood clinic to single pregnant teens. Which of the following actions is the best example of using the collaborator role as a nurse? A)Discussing the legal aspects of adoption for teens wishing to place their infants with a family B)Searching the Internet for information on child care for the teens who wish to return to school C)Conducting a patient interview and documenting the information on the patient’s chart D)Referring a teen who admits having suicidal thoughts to a mental healthcare specialist 16.A nurse instructor explains the concept of health to her students. Which of the following statements accurately describes this state of being? A)Health is a state of optimal functioning. B)Health is an absence of illness. C)Health is always an objective state. D)Health is not determined by the patient. 17.A nurse incorporates the health promotion guidelines established by the U.S. Department of Health document: Healthy People 2010. Which of the following is a health indicator discussed in this document? 18.A nurse conducts a smoking-cessation program for patients of a neighborhood clinic. This is an example of which of the following aims of nursing? A)promoting health B)preventing illness C)restoring health D)facilitating coping with disability or death 19.Which of the following is a criteria that defines nursing as profession? A)an undefined body of knowledge B)a dependence on the medical profession C)an ability to diagnose medical problems D)a strong service orientation 20.Although all of the following are nursing responsibilities, which one would be expected of a nurse with a baccalaureate degree? A)providing direct physical care B)using research findings to improve practice C)administering medications as prescribed D)collaborating with other healthcare providers 21.Amy Jones, a high school senior, wants to become a geriatric nurse practitioner. What nursing degree will she need to attain this goal? A)licensed practical nurse B)associate degree C)baccalaureate degree D)master’s degree 22.Why are nursing organizations important for the continued development and improvement of nursing as a whole? A)to provide socialization and networking for members B)to regulate work activities for members C)to set standards for nursing education and practice D)to provide information to nurses about legal requirements 23.Which of the following organizations has established standards for clinical nursing practice? A)American Nurses Association B)National League for Nursing C)International Council of Nurses D)State Board of Nursing 24.What is the primary purpose of standards of nursing practice? A)to provide a method by which nurses perform skills safely B)to ensure knowledgeable, safe, comprehensive nursing care C)to establish nursing as a profession and a discipline D)to enable nurses to have a voice in healthcare policy 25.After graduation from an accredited program in nursing and successfully passing the NCLEX, what gives the nurse a legal right to practice? A)enrolling in an advanced degree program B)filing NCLEX results in the county of residence C)being licensed by the State Board of Nursing D)having a signed letter confirming graduation 26.A nurse has been tried and found guilty of the felony crime of forgery. How might this affect the nurse’s license to practice nursing? A)It will have no effect on the ability to practice nursing. B)The nurse can practice nursing at a less-skilled level. C)The license may be revoked or suspended. D)The license will permanently carry the felony conviction. 27.Nurses use the nursing process to focus care on human responses to what? A)interactions with the environment B)physical effects of disease C)outcomes of medical or surgical treatment D)actual or potential health problems 28.Which age group in the population is expanding most rapidly, resulting in changes in the delivery of healthcare? A)older adults B)young adults C)school-aged children 29.Which of the following is a current trend affecting nursing education and practice? A)over abundance of graduating nurses B)office-based care delivery systems C)increase in length of hospital stay D)increase in chronic health conditions Answer Key 1.C, E, F 11.C, E fundamentals of nursing 7th edition test bank taylor There are no reviews yet. Be the first to review “Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care 7th edition Taylor Test Bank”
Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems Section: Foundational Concept 5 The chemical processes that take place within organisms are readily understood within the framework of the behavior of solutions, thermodynamics, molecular structure, intermolecular interactions, molecular dynamics, and molecular reactivity. With these building blocks, medical students will be able to utilize core principles of human chemistry to learn about molecular and cellular functions in health and disease. Content Category 5A: Unique nature of water and its solutions Category 5A emphasizes the nature of solution formation, factors that affect solubility, and the properties and behavior of aqueous solutions, with special emphasis on the acid-base... Content Category 5B: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions Category 5B focuses on molecular structure and how it affects the strength of intermolecular interactions. Content Category 5C: Separation and purification methods Category 5C emphasizes how differential intermolecular interactions can be used to effect chemical separations. Content Category 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules Category 5D emphasizes the varied nature of biologically-relevant molecules, and how patterns of covalent bonding can be used to predict the chemical reactivity of these molecules and... Content Category 5E: Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics Category 5E emphasizes how relative energy dictates the overall favorability of chemical processes and the rate at which these processes can occur.
Bridge Research and Methods Essay 1314 Words Dec 28th, 2011 6 Pages Engineering Research Ms. Carter Background: The I-35W Bridge ran over the Mississippi river in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was about 1,900 feet long and was eight lanes wide (MPR News, 2007). The bridge was made up of three parts of steel truss, the deck, superstructure, and substructure. The formation of it was a split deck, meaning the longitudinal trusses were parallel to traffic. The bridge was built and ready for traffic by 1967. The bridge on average would have about 150,000 cars drive across it each day (MPR News, 2007). As years went on, the bridge started to show signs of wear and tear. The concrete was starting to cracks and there were signs of failure all along the bridge. Minnesota Department of Transportation had a …show more content… If the engineers would have came up with these new materials or materials to solve these problems, the bridge most likely could have had a longer life and it would have been easier and cheaper to fix if a problem did go wrong with the bridge. Mechanical Engineering: Structurally the I-35W Bridge is a force to be reckoned with, with dimensions of 1,900 feet long and eight lanes wide. As stated before, the bridge is a major interstate traffic flow with carrying many people across it every day to and from Minneapolis. The constructors of the bridge knew before building it that it would need to be heavily relied on with safety because of the amount of traffic and how much traffic it could actually get on it at one point. The issue with the engineers and all other skilled workers that were used to come up with this design was that lack of or the technique of trying to save money. The reason for the less money method was that the money being used to build the bridge was a good portion of tax payer money. The engineers had to think of every think possible that could happen to the bridge and fix it to where it would not cause a problem if this thing did happen. They had to take into account all different types of ways to build the bridge, in which they finally decided on a solution of making longitudinal trusses. Also, the engineers Related Documents
Common Football Terms to Know • End zone: A 10-yard-long area at both ends of the field — the promised land for a football player. You score a touchdown when you enter the end zone in control of the football. If you’re tackled in your own end zone while in possession of the football, the other team gets a safety. • Extra point: A kick, worth one point, that’s typically attempted after every touchdown (it’s also known as the point after touchdown, or PAT). The ball is placed on either the 2-yard line (NFL) or the 3-yard line (college and high school) and generally is kicked from inside the 10-yard line after being snapped to the holder. It must sail between the uprights and above the crossbar of the goalpost to be considered good. • Fumble: The act of losing possession of the ball while running with it or being tackled. Members of the offense and defense can recover a fumble. If the defense recovers the fumble, the fumble is called a turnover.
Easy Pace Learning Lessons and exercises List of animal idioms about a wolf and their meanings How does the list works? Click on the links below to view Animal idioms about a wolf cry wolf - to give a false alarm, to warn of a danger that is not there The man is crying wolf. There is no danger from the electrical system. keep the wolf from the door - to maintain oneself at the most basic level My friend's part-time job is enough for him to keep the wolf from the door. keep the wolves at bay - to fight against some kind of trouble Many people are angry about the new tax. The government has to work hard to keep the wolves at bay. alone wolf - someone who prefers to spend time alone and has few friends The boy was a lone wolf and spent most of his time alone. throw (someone) to the wolves - to send someone into danger without protection, to sacrifice someone The salesman decided to throw his coworker to the wolves when he asked him to meet the angry customer. wolf down (something) - to gulp down something, to eat something quickly I wolfed down my dinner and left the house for the movie. a wolf in sheep`s clothing - a person who pretends to be good but really is bad "Be careful of that man. He is a wolf in sheep`s clothing." Lessons that are related to the exercise To view any of the lessons below click on link. Idioms human body English lesson A to Z Idioms - list English phrases Small List of idioms A - Z English phrases Dictionary and how to use dictionaries
020 3487 0612 0 Items View Cart You have no items in your shopping cart. Product was successfully added to your shopping cart. How To Calculate Ohms Law Many people new to vaping will happily vape without knowing how this important mathematical equation ties in with e-cigarettes. Seeing as vaping heats up its e-juice without fire, it’s down to the electronic circuitry within the device to heat up and vaporise the liquid, the connection between the atomiser and the e-liquid itself. This is why on many of the more advanced devices you’ll find that there’s a display showing the Ohm measurement. This is important as vapers can use these settings to adjust the power at which they are vaping. So, what exactly is Ohms law? And why is it that once you’ve mastered it, you’ve mastered the art of customisable vaping? History of Ohms Law Back in 1825, German Physicist George Ohm picked up on research done almost fifty years before by Henry Cavendish into electric circuits. Using research into heat conduction, using thermocouples and a galvanometer to measure the electric current through it. Using different measurements of wire, he found that his data would vary according to these variables. Eventually he founded the basics of Ohms law. This is the rule that the current between two points varies depending on the voltage across them, articulating the concept of resistance for the first time. The equation The equation for Ohms law is that the voltage equals the current times resistance of the electric current. This means that if you want to find the current (I) of the electric circuit then you must divide the Voltage (V) by the Resistance (R). For the Wattage, or power of your circuit, times the voltage by the current. So that’s P= V X I. The Resistance of the circuit equals the Voltage divided by the current, so R = V / I. The voltage of a circuit is the resistance times the current, so V = I X R. How this relates to vaping On every vape device you’ll find the Wattage and voltage at which it runs. Using Ohms law above, you can adjust your setting so that you’re using power that you can adjust to your liking. This will mean that if your battery is running low or your ejuice is running low, you can adjust your settings to get more use out of it or super power your vape device so as to get a more intense hit. Leave a Reply
Farming Pigs in New Zealand Farming pigs is unique from farming other domesticated animals like sheep and cattle, as they have a greater need for shelter and have more complex social and dietary requirements. They need distinct feed and do not have wool or fur to keep them warm in the colder months. To look after pigs properly farmers need to ensure that: Not like other animals Not like other animals Not like other animals The Modern Pig They require a different environment and specialist facilities to: The modern pig The modern pig The modern pig Feeding and nutrition Pigs need a complete mixture of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals in their feed because they only have one stomach. One of the most important times to feed pigs well is when they’re pregnant. If a farmer uses a system where pigs can be separated or individually fed it is easier for them to make sure each pig gets the right amount of feed. Farmers use nutritionists to meet the specific dietary needs of different aged pigs, and they monitor the pigs’ diet closely to ensure each pig is receiving its optimal feed requirements. Feeding Pigs • Pigs nutritional needs change as they grow. Young pigs need easier to digest foods with more energy. Breeding stock can handle more fibrous foods (more cereal grains). • Commercial pig feeds are cereal based (barley, wheat, maize), balanced with protein sources such as meat and bone meal, blood meal, soya meal, fishmeal and supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Young pigs often get milk powder too. • Human food-waste, by-products and root crops can be fed to pigs but this needs to be balanced with protein, vitamins and minerals. • Sows and older growing pigs can get some of their nutrition from grazing. To make sure a pig herd stays healthy, farmers feed and house their pigs well, keep them warm and vaccinate them against certain diseases. It is particularly important to check a sow’s health when piglets have just been born. At this time sows and piglets need very different conditions. Sows need a temperature of 20-22℃ and new born piglets need 30-32℃. Farmers have developed different systems such as farrowing pens (or farrowing huts for outdoor farms) to help with this. Sows have piglets all year round so these facilities are designed to provide care and comfort, and to manage all climatic conditions. The weather factor With New Zealand’s changing weather, pigs need dry, draught free shelter for warmth in winter and shade and wallows for cooling in summer. Outdoor pigs also need free-draining soils. Without good soil, the paddocks will be wet and muddy in winter and dry and dusty in summer, creating health and welfare issues for pigs. This is why they are only farmed outdoors in certain areas of New Zealand.
Academic journal article Estudios Irlandeses - Journal of Irish Studies Square-Toed Boots and Felt Hats: Irish Revolutionaries and the Invasion of Canada (1848-1871) Academic journal article Estudios Irlandeses - Journal of Irish Studies Article excerpt On 12 April 1866 The Brooklyn Daily Eagle released a third edition of the day's issue with the following hurried report from Calais, on the border between the state of Maine and New Brunswick: There was much excitement yesterday and last night in St. Stephens, N. B., opposite this city. The fears of a Fenian raid somewhere on the border have been strengthening for several days past, but the precise point of attack is not yet From two to three hundred men were under arms at St. Stephens all last night, and all the approaches to the town are strongly guarded, and every preparation made to receive the The dreaded "Fenians" were the members of the Fenian Brotherhood, an Irish-American military society, and the ultimate object of the raid that was causing such a commotion was the "liberation" of Ireland from British rule. Since its foundation in 1858 the Fenian Brotherhood had been slowly evolving from a semi-secret military body at the service of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, a clandestine movement in Ireland, into a massive organisation with a weakness for public displays and an alarming potential for upsetting the delicate balance of post-Civil War Anglo-American relations. From 1866 to 1871, at the height of Anglo-American tensions, Fenian parties carried out a series of startling although ineffectual raids into Canadian territory before the organisation exhausted its resources and definitely lapsed into decline. It has often been stated that the alarm caused by the first Fenian raids of 1866 gave the definite impulse to the Canadian Confederation of the following year (see for instance Watts 1987: 771; Stacey 1968: 12). In all other respects, however, the raids have been generally dismissed as little more than comic-opera episodes (Miller 1985: 336; Wilson 2005: 50). But if they had little military value in themselves, they are a fundamental piece in the puzzle of Irish-American nationalism. As an approach to the cause of Irish independence, the raids illustrate all the complexities of the Irish-American nationalist commitment. As a revolutionary strategy, they evidence the chasm between the American Fenians and their Irish Republican Brotherhood allies "at home", who were to be set aside when the Canadian scheme gained momentum. The reasons for the collapse of the Fenian movement in 1866 are various and complex, but the present article will trace the divergent evolution of Irish Republican Brotherhood and Fenian Brotherhood during these years in order to clarify the process leading to the Canadian crisis and the dissolution of the Fenian partnership. The Fenian venture was not the first attempt by Irish-Americans to promote Irish nationalist efforts, but it was the first time that they had a formal, long-term agreement with an Irish organisation for this purpose. Although both O'Connell's Repeal Association and Young Ireland's Irish Confederation in the 1840s had had their respective American branches, they were simply extensions of the parent organisation, and they did not play an instrumental role on events in Ireland. This situation began to change in 1848. The Irish Confederation, caught in the republican fever sparked by the "Spring of the Peoples" and desperate to stop the progress of the Famine, prepared to make their mark by launching an insurrection after the harvest. In the United States the newly-founded Irish Republican Union proposed to contribute to this insurrection by sending off an Irish brigade. The Nation newspaper reported a meeting of the Irish Republican Union in New York where it was, Resolved--That the real wants of Ireland at this moment are, a want of Republican spirit, and a want of military science. Resolved--That the object of the Irish Republican Union is, to supply her with those requisites, in the persons of a few thousand Americanized Irishmen, who are now ready and willing to embark in her battle. … Search by... Author Show... All Results Primary Sources Peer-reviewed
Presence information In computer and telecommunications networks, presence information is a status indicator that conveys ability and willingness of a potential communication partner—for example a user—to communicate. A user's client provides presence information (presence state) via a network connection to a presence service, which is stored in what constitutes his personal availability record (called a presentity) and can be made available for distribution to other users (called watchers) to convey his availability for communication. Presence information has wide application in many communication services and is one of the innovations driving the popularity of instant messaging or recent implementations of voice over IP clients. Presence state Example of Presence Information A user client may publish a presence state to indicate its current communication status. This published state informs others that wish to contact the user of his availability and willingness to communicate. The most common use of presence today is to display an indicator icon on instant messaging clients, typically from a choice of graphic symbols with easy-to-convey meanings, and a list of corresponding text descriptions of each of the states. Even when technically not the same, the "on-hook" or "off-hook" state of called telephone is an analogy, as long as the caller receives a distinctive tone indicating unavailability or availability. Common states on the user's availability are "free for chat", "busy", "away", "do not disturb", "out to lunch". Such states exist in many variations across different modern instant messaging clients. Current standards support a rich choice of additional presence attributes that can be used for presence information, such as user mood, location, or free text status. The analogy with free/busy tone on PSTN is inexact, as the "on-hook" telephone status reflects the ability of the network to reach the recipient after the requester has initiated the conversation. The requester must commit to the connection method before discovering the recipient's availability state. Conversely, Presence shows the availability state before a conversation is initiated. A similar comparison might be the requester needing to know if the recipient is at work. The most straightforward way of checking if the recipient is available is to walk to the desk, which requires the commitment of the walk regardless of the outcome and usually requires some interaction if the recipient is at the desk. The requester can call first to save the walk, but now must commit to an interaction via phone. Presence gives the state of the recipient to the requester and the requester has the choice to interact with the recipient or use that information for non-interactive purposes (such as taking roll). Other Languages
American Forklift Scale Forklift Scales 101 Scales for forklifts Ever wondered what a forklift scale is? Well, now you have. A forklift scale, not surprisingly, is a scale for weighing things on forklifts. By using sensors in the hydraulic system of the forklift, the scale can accurately measure resistance to whatever the forklift is lifting, thus giving the weight of the object. It sounds cool, but who would use that, and for what? Well, generally, the people who would really use a forklift scale are the ones who regularly use a forklift. This is usually manufacturing workers and transportation loading/unloading workers. The forklift scale is essential for knowing exactly how much of a product is being loaded onto a truck, or sold, or purchased, or whatever. If you were to buy 100 pounds of dog food, you don’t want to get 100-ish pounds, you want 100 pounds. That’s why these scales are so important. Industries everywhere should only rely on good, accurate forklift scales. Finding a scale in a hay stack
At the end of this module, the learners should be able to : - Differentiate count nouns and non-count nouns - Identify what article to use - Construct sentences using the correct articles What is a Noun? What are Count Nouns? Nouns that can be counted two pens, a dozen apples, 30 attendees Singular or Plural Bottle/bottles, cat/cats, child/children SVA rule applies The employee drives to work every day. The employees drive to work every day.
Hyper-, hypo-thyroidism not as complex as thought The 'mystery' of why it strikes more women than men could be stemming from pathogenic fungi cannibalizing on progesterone and creating the mycotoxins (fungal toxins) which affect emotions; and following this predisposed or health compromised organs will be affected, one of which is the thyroid. Contributed by MST. August 2011 Before looking at thyroid problems (which incidentally affect more women than men), one must understand that hormonal imbalance (in one physiological organ) can affect neuro-transmitters which in turn affect emotions and which in turn affect other physiological organs and which in turn affect hormonal imbalance; and the vicious cycle can have serious and lasting effects on the body. The Beneficent Suspicion that an etiologic factor of a pathogenic and toxigenic microbes on hormonal imbalance (observable from symptoms) has far-reaching explanations on why dealing with that etiologic factor removes a major portion of the symptoms associated with the hormonal imbalance. Endocrine problems might very well be based on the work of pathogenic microbes inside the human body. It is well known that the condition called Candidiasis affects the endocrine system also. For example in women, the hormone progesterone is the target of Candida which cannibalizes it for its own purposes, two of which is the manufacture of mycotoxins (fungal toxins), and also for its own procreation. The 'suspicious' link between Candida and progesterone is made stronger when you consider that more and more pregnant women develop diabetes after and during pregnancy; and this can be linked to the naturally higher levels of progesterone during pregnancy. Progesterone is needed during pregnancy and one of its uses is to affect muscles and cartilage to make them supple to accomodate the distending womb, and to prevent muscle contractions. Furthermore, hormonal levels affect neuro-transmitters; and emotions are linked to neuro-transmitters. So the role Candida plays in women hormonal imbalance directly provides a possible reason for those symptoms associated with menses and pregnancy where progesterone is highest -- cramps, pains in joints, mood swings, and feelings of 'loss of control'. To pull this reasoning further, physiological organs in the body are 'sympathetic' to emotions and thus hormonal imbalance in the gonads can indirectly affect other physiological organs such as the thyroid, thymus, pancreas, heart, adrenal glands, eyes, etc. This 'full circle' reasoning gives a somewhat clear picture of how the inter-relationships between organic systems in the body are impacted by emotions just because of a simple effect of hormonal imbalance brought about by pathogenic and toxigenic microbes. So where are we now? The method to overcome endocrine problems is NOT to relieve thyroid problems but to directly deal with pathogenic fungi first, and usually the results could be amazing. Some of the known methods to beat thyroidism (hypo- and hyper-) are: • Apple cider vinegar (ACV) + blackstrapp molasses + juice from 1 slice of lemon. Take 2 spoonfuls of ACV; mix in 1 spoonful of blackstrap molasses; add warm water and stir thoroughly (a plastic shaker might help you); add in the juice from 1 slilce of lemon. Drink immediately after breakfast and the best breakfast is still cereals of high fibre such as oats, rice bran, muesli, etc. Make this a regiment for at least 3-4 months. • Notes: Contrary to disinformation, ACV does not cause stomach ulcer, but just that anything sourish will affect the 'forever' open wounds of ulcer-sufferers, who didn't ask why their open ulcers cannot heal in the first place. The pathogenic microbes living inside the wounds are preventing the 'festering' wound from healing, that's the point. What can kill the microbes? Of course not antibiotics, but natural anti-microbes such as lemons, ACV, garlic, coconut oil and Lactobacillus kefirs, for example. Contrary to disinformation, ACV does not cause brittle bones or osteoporosis. ACV is an alkaline-forming food once taken INSIDE the human body though it is 'acidic' when outside of the human body. You have to try it for yourself without prejudice as millions around the world have and had benefited from ACV's powerful ingredients. • Juicing: There are various recipes for thyroid problems, and here are some examples Here are three methods: • 1. 1 fresh pomegranate, washed without peeling 2. 1 fresh carrot, washed 3. 1 slice lemon, with the rind Blend all three together and filter the juice. Take any time of the day; but when taken near to meal times, do it preferably half-hour before meals. 1. 1 fresh potato, peeling and washing 2. 1 fresh orange carrot, washing no need peeling 3. 1 fresh apple, washing no need peeling Each one weights around 150g to 200g. put all items to juice extractor and drink the juice freshly. It is very important to squeeze freshly and drink freshly. More Wheatgrass benefits are truly phenomenal. Drinking this wonderful liquid chlorophyll green cocktail, recharges people's lives. It has been a spectacular natural healing remedy for thousands of people and it is also being used to help with disease prevention. I think you will really enjoy learning about the fantastic health benefits of wheatgrass juice. More • Detoxification is important for any chronic diseases. There are various methods of detoxification, and one of which is fasting on fruit juices only. Here are two methods: • The only real treatment for thyroid disease, whether hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism or any other condition of thyroid gland, is cleansing of the system and adoption of a rational diet thereafter, combined with adequate rest and relaxation. To begin with, juices of fruits such as orange, apple, pineapple, and grapes may be taken every two or three hours from 8 am to 8 pm for five days. The bowels should be cleaned daily with lukewarm water. More Cellular cleansing and body detoxification starts with a liver, gallbladder and intestinal cleanse. The following is a brief summary of the cleanse recommended in "The Amazing Liver and Gallbladder Flush" by Andreas Moritz. Before attempting the liver cleanse you will want to purchase and read this book, because there is much more information you will need to know to have a successful liver and gallbladder flush. More Relevant links to further reading: Raw phyto juices have manifold uses Juices are a good treatment for arthritis, no matter what the cause. Raw juices can be used on a regular basis to remove toxins from the joint space, and to reduce acidity and inflammation. Reducing inflammation in the connective tissues and joints produces a worthwhile and lasting reduction in pain and stiffness. Raw juices can also help you control other health problems like chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome and a fatty liver. If you have high blood pressure, asthma or weight problems, you can find many remedies in raw fruit and vegetable juices. Skin and hair problems, allergies and immune dysfunction and recurrent infections are all treated with the help of raw juices. Raw juices are also very useful in solving any digestive problems, helping to cure migraines and headaches and provide help with allergies and immune dysfunction. Celery, cucumber and cabbage juice are excellent to reduce acidity. This is an effective way to balance the pH levels (acid-base) balance in the body, which will dramatically increase energy and well-being. More Juicing geeks share their stories All my life as a child I knew something was wrong with me. Now 30 years later the unveiling has begun. I went a couple of times for my thyroid to be X-rayed. Nothing to put me on meds.....Yet I felt achy tired, not able to think or remember anything, irritable, totally unhealthy. Went for a medical exam 5 years ago, they saw nodules. I then started to mulch 15 different vegetables and fruits each morning. 3 months later went back to the specialists, the nodules shrunk to normal. More Hyperthyroidism can lead to Grave's Disease Graves Disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system, mistakenly over stimulates and attacks the thyroid gland, causing hyperthyroidism. When it is over-stimulated it produces more thyroid hormones than the body needs, increasing the body’s metabolism rate by 60% to 100%. A higher metabolism can lead to a number of health concerns, such as an irregular heartbeat, anxiety, and mental issues. Graves disease is also associated with inflammation of the eyes, swelling of the tissue around the eyes, and protrusion, or bulging of the eyes. It is far more common in women and usually begins between 20 and 40 years of age, although it may develop at any age. More Foods that help regulate and nourish the thyroid I've been researching nutrition's relationship to thyroid disorders since January 1997. I'm lucky enough to have a library card at Bastyr University, one of the best naturopathic schools in the nation, and I've been able to read all kinds of books on nutrition and healing. For what its worth, here are some foods that I believe have benefited my thyroid function. More Apple Cider Vinegar goodness Understanding hormones during pregnancy Understanding female reproductive hormones Source: www.mycoalkonics.com
Sunday, July 15, 2018 Warning: Extreme Ham Radio Geekery Post In my 42 years as a licensed ham, one of my constant interests has been the subject of propagation: how the signal gets from point to point. Most of that interest has centered on the ionosphere and the HF through VHF spectrum. I can't say I study it at any sort of academic level, just the practicalities of the topic. The ionosphere is the part of the Earth’s atmosphere that has been ionised by radiation from the sun. It stretches from about 27 to over 540 nautical miles above the Earth’s surface (commercial aircraft typically fly under a fifth of the lowest limit - 5-1/2 nautical miles) and is generally divided into layers which differ in their behavior. At the altitude it exists, the density of the air has dropped so much that atmospheric molecules are far apart, and when hit by solar (mostly UV) radiation the gas molecules can lose one or more electrons, turning air into plasma. Most importantly, it refracts radio waves, affecting radio communication around the world. Ionospheric propagation varies day by day and season by season, but the High Frequency radio spectrum, from 3 to 30 MHz, is the only place in the entire electromagnetic spectrum where worldwide communication is routine without man-made infrastructure such as towers or radio relays. I subscribe to the ARRL Propagation Bulletin, which is mailed out at the end of the work week by the American Radio Relay League and available on their website for non-members. This week's bulletin had a link to a really interesting paper about a new discovery out of Sydney, Australia. The research comes from a new Australian radio telescope,the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). The article, by senior research and lecturer Tara Murphy, describes how an undergraduate researcher, Cleo Loi, has confirmed the existence of something previously theorized: there are tubes of plasma drifting above the earth in the ionosphere. The story is worth reading. In these days of rampant junk science and papers that can't be independently verified, it starts with a "that's funny" type of observation; a postdoctoral researcher from Curtin University, Natasha Hurley-Walker, was examining data from the MWA and came across a night that looked "funny". Celestial objects were dancing around wildly, distorting strongly in shape and flickering in brightness. She flagged this night as one that the ionosphere had rendered unusable for our astronomy research. Turning to Dr. Murphy: Here we find a key contribution from the undergrad, Cleo Loi. She transformed the reference frame of the coordinates of everything the MWA recorded from a celestial to an earth-based frame. This immediately showed that the bands were hanging almost stationary in the Earth’s sky. Some time later, after working through hundreds of emails of suggestions, Loi had another moment of great insight: (A visualization of the plasma tubes - very worthwhile video here). Consultations with other, more experienced scientists ensued. Again, a major contribution by Cleo Loi. The only phenomenon that I'm familiar with which uses the term whistler is a type of VLF signal, (Very Low Frequency - 1 to 30 kHz) explained as lightning strike pulses being ducted to a different hemisphere. The visualization image (above) led me to think of transequatorial propagation at VHF. It has been known among hams since the end of WWII that 10 and 6 meters (primarily) are more likely to open (allow contacts) on north/south transequatorial paths than paths oriented more east/west. Is this how the transequatorial signals propagate, ducted by the plasma tubes, or is it totally unrelated? I don't know, but it bears watching. 1. Fascinating. It definitely bears watching. 2. Totally cool. This is a great example of enlightened common sense: Something that is perfectly obvious and simple after it has been discovered and explained by a genius. 3. Your last question is PhD thesis material, SiG! Figure out how to prove it and go down in history! I suggest contacting this Cleo Loi and having a conversation. She'd probably be interested, and by now has all the right contacts. You don't have to have an expensive degree to be a scientist, just a gnawing curiosity and good questions to ask. 4. Second Malatrope's suggestion. Contact, send, to Cleo Loi the idea. Good to see both the results and the fact that true science happens today. 5. You had me at a college junior advancing the boundaries of astrophysics in ways it takes Ph.D.s to explain. This sort of thing should get the Oz govt. to subsidize her degree, and get her a high-powered thesis advisor to direct her research towards what should garner her at least joint ownership of a Nobel Prize, for actually advancing the frontiers of known science. 1. And I haven't even cracked my ARRL study guide yet, so am no such HAM geek, but all of that was crystal clear to me, SiG. Kudos.
What is a quadratic equation? A quadratic equation is an equation of the form: where equation, equation and equation are coefficients. This is a polynomial of second degree. Solving the equation means to find all values of equation such that the left hand side equals some value equation which often is zero. Solving quadratic equations Quadratic equations can be solved in different ways: • Quadratic formula • Factoring • Completing the square In the following we explain these different ways and demonstrate them with the following example which we want to solve: Quadratic formula The quadratic formula can be used to solve any quadratic equation. The formula is as follows: The equation sign denotes that there are two solutions equation and equation where one of them is the above equation with a plus and the other one with a minus. In our example, our coefficients are: (1) equation Now we substitute them into the quadratic formula and solve it: (2) equation We found two solutions. Both equation and equation solve our example equation. Some equations can be easily solved by factoring such as our example. Let us factor the equation (first we divide it by 2): (3) equation We can see now that the left hand side will be zero when either equation or equation. We can easily solve these equations to find the two solutions for equation which are equation for the left term and equation for the right one. Completing the square For a quadratic equation where we can’t easily use factoring, we can complete the square so that it becomes a square trinomial. Let us look at our example and how we need to transform it to make the left hand side a square trinomial. We first bring equation to the right hand side so that we only have terms with equation on the left side: (4) equation To make the left hand side a square trinomial we must add equation to it. In this case equation=3, so we add equation to both sides and factor the left side: (5) equation Next, we solve the equation by taking the square root and solving for equation: (6) equation We found the same solutions for equation which are equation and equation as we found with the other ways. You can use any of the three presented ways to solve a quadratic equation. Of course you should know all of them in case your teacher asks you to use a specific way. But you might have a preferred way that you personally find the easiest and you can also use it to confirm your solution that you found with any of the other ways.
Captain Bill Ryan Left Terry Behind DESCRIPTION: "Terry is a fine young man, But he has lots of 'chaw.'" As several ships, including Terry's Esquimaux, get stuck in the ice, Bill Ryan abandons Terry "To paddle his own canoe." AUTHOR: unknown EARLIEST DATE: 1927 (Doyle) KEYWORDS: hunting ship disaster FOUND IN: Canada(Newf) REFERENCES (2 citations): Ryan/Small, p. 32, "Captain Bill Ryan Left Terry Behind" (1 text) ADDITIONAL: Shannon Ryan, _The Ice Hunters: A History of Newfoundland Sealing to 1914_, Breakwater Books, 1994, pp. 152-153, "Captain Bill Ryan Left Terry Behind" (1 text) ST RySm032 (Partial) Roud #12532 cf. "Paddle Your Own Canoe" (tune) NOTES [1297 words]: Although Ryan/Small does not date this piece, it appears certain that it refers to events of 1867, although it's not clear from the piece just what is being referred to. Naturally, I spent a great deal of effort piecing it together before finding that Ryan, p. 152, documented the whole thing. According to FelthamSteamers, p. 160, the Bloodhound and the Wolf were the first two Newfoundland-based steamers to be involved in the Newfoundland seal hunt, in 1863. (The first steamers of any kind to be involved were a handful of Dundee whalers in 1862.) Within four years, there were seven other steamers in the hunt, but the two pioneers were not very successful; the Wolf averaged only about 3500 seals per year before being lost on May 3, 1871. It doesn't necessarily follow that this is the Wolf involved in this song. A second Wolf was launched in 1871 and joined the seal hunt in 1872 (FelthamSteamers, p. 160). She was much more successful as a sealer than her namesake, averaging more than 15,000 seals per year over a career that lasted for a quarter century; the Wolf II was lost in 1896 when she was trapped and crushed in the ice off Fogo Island; her captain Abram Kean (for whom see "Captain Abram Kean") and crew had to walk home. The Wolf in this song, however, appears to be the first one, because Captain Bill Ryan is William Ryan (1825-?), whose last turn as a sealing skipper was in 1872 in the Eagle. Before that, he had commanded the Bloodhound 1866-1868 and the Merlin 1869-1871 (Chafe, p. 95). His father was Charles Ryan, who had been a famous captain of sealers in the days of sail (Ryan, p. 219). William had first gone to the ice as early as 1836, at the age of eleven. It is likely that he first commanded a sealer in 1857 (Ryan, pp. 219-220). Although there were several famous sealers named Dawe (Henry Dawe is mentioned in "The Sealing Trip of the S. S. Greenland 1891," "Arrival of the 'Grand Lake' and 'Virginia Lake' With Bumper Trips," "I Am a Newfoundlander," and "The Sealer's Song (II)"), the only Captain Dawe to command a sealer Lion was Robert Dawe, whose only year in command of a steamer was in 1867 as skipper of the Lion (Chafe, p. 90). So the year must be 1867. According to Ryan, p. 207 n. 115, he went back to sailing ships after 1867; in 1872, he commanded the Huntsman, which was one of several sealers which sank in that year (taking Dawe, his son, and many of his crew with it; Galgay/McCarthy, pp. 75-82, have an account; most of the men on the other wrecked ships survived, but because the Huntsman was trapped and then overwhelmed by waves; only eighteen men of a crew of about sixty survived. A partial list of the dead is on pp. 168-169 of Galgay/McCarthy). The career of the Lion supports the 1867 date on other grounds. Her first trip to the ice was in 1867 (Chafe, p. 101); she returned every year until 1881. On January 6, 1882, on a non-sealing trip (she is believed to have carried ten crew and eighteen passengers; Galgay/McCarthy, p. 84), she left St. John's and was never seen again, although a small amount wreckage and a body were eventually found off Baccalieu (FelthamNortheast, p. 20; Galgay/McCarthy, pp. 86-87). The reason for the loss of the ship is unknown; a boiler explosion has been suggested (Ryan/Drake, p. 13), or perhaps an explosion of the gunpowder she carried to blow up ice (Candow, p. 87), but it has been pointed out that, if that had happened, it would surely have been heard (FelthamNortheast, p. 21). A collision is unlikely, since the weather was clear (FelthamNortheast, p. 20). So we will surely never know the answer with certainty. There are reports of a ghostly version of the Lion sometimes appearing off Baccalieu (FelthamNortheast, p. 21). There is a picture of the Lion on p. 13 of Ryan/Drake; I can't help but notice how very many sails she had. She was formally a steamer, but clearly the sails were her primary movers. A partial list of those lost with her is on pp. 169-170 of Galgay/McCarthy. The "Terry" of this song seems to be mentioned also in "Captain Henry Thomey" and "Sealing Fifty Years Ago." However, he is not "Captain Terry"; he is Captain Terrance Halleran, who commanded the Esquimaux in 1867, the latter's first year on the ice (it had been built in 1865; Archibald, p. 62, and was first used to take a cargo to Archangel, but was promptly converted to a whaler; Archibald, p. 149). She would not serve as a sealer again until 1878, although she didn't miss another year until 1895 (she went ashore in the Davis Strait that year; Archibald, p. 149) and made her last trip in 1900 (Chafe, p. 99), when she was involved in lawsuits because her captain was accused of stealing others' seals (Ryan, p. 182). After that she was renamed America and sent on an Arctic expedition (Tarver, p. 50), being crushed by the ice and sinking in 1903 (Tarver, p. 54). It's likely that the Esquimaux is the "Husky" of "The Old Polina"; that appears to be the only other mention of her in sealing songs. It's perhaps no surprise that the Esquimaux did not get another sealing job for some time after Halleran commanded her, even though she was the largest sealing steamer of the period (Ryan, p. 152); she took only 150 seals in that year (Chafe, p. 99). Apparently Halleran, not used to handling steamers, got her stuck in the ice (Ryan, p. 152), (No wonder the song says she was "left behind.") Nor did Terrance Halleran ever command another sealing steamer (Chafe, p. 91). Probably he was getting old; "Captain Henry Thomey" implies that Halleran and Thomey went back many years -- into the age of sailing sealers, although the first mention I can find of Halleran is in 1859 (Chafe, p. 41). He had been a successful sealer in the days of sail, being the "high liner" in 1859 and 1861, when he took 9500 and 8600 seals, respectively (Ryan, p. 502) -- good numbers for a sailing ship, although the steamers would soon eclipse such totals. But many sealing captains who had been successful on sailing ships proved failures in steamers (Ryan, p. 221, who adds that it seems to have been more helpful for a steamer captain to have experience as a junior officer on a steamer than to have commanded a sailing ship). Of the other ships mentioned in the song, the Panther was purchased for sealing by Harvey and Company in 1867 (Busch, pp. 66-67), and took a mere 2800 seals that year -- her lowest total until 1883. She was one of three sealers lost in 1908, along with the Walrus and the Grand Lake (O'Neill, p. 972) when ice stove in her bow (Ryan, p. 191). It was a bad time for sealers; seven were lost in the course of three years (FelthamSteamers, p. 151). The Mastiff brought home her crew (Greene, pp. 268-269). The Panther is also mentioned in "The Sealer's Song (II)." The Mary Joyce was not a steamer or even one of the major sailing brigs; Ryan, p. 207 n. 115, says the was "a small St. John's sailer of 58 tons, which was the only vessel (clearing from St. John's, at least) owned by E. Smith and Co." Ryan speculates that she was mentioned either because she was nearby at the time of the incident or was simply much smaller than all the big steamers. The Osprey was one of the first sealers, going to the ice for the first time in 1864. In 1867 she sailed under Captain James Winsor (whose only service as a sealing skipper was on the Osprey in 1867-1868; Chafe, p. 96). It's perhaps no surprise that he did not serve again, since she took only 2600 seals in 1867, and a mere 400 in 1868; no doubt the owners wanted a new captain! Never a very successful ship (only once did she take as many as 7500 seals), she was lost in 1874 (Chafe, p. 32), with the crew rescued by the Panther (Greene, pp. 268-269). - RBW BibliographyLast updated in version 4.4 File: RySm032 Go to the Ballad Search form Go to the Ballad Index Song List Go to the Ballad Index Instructions Go to the Ballad Index Bibliography or Discography
Heal Your Inner Self With Mindful Meditation Meditation is a holistic discipline by which a person tries to get into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness. From a very long time people have been practicing meditation. People practice meditation to get inner peace. Or in other words meditation is a subjective and personal experience. Many religions have the component of meditation. These days when the world is getting materialistic people are striving to find ways to relax. Meditation not only de-stress people also give some quality tine to the person doing meditation. There are many kinds of meditation. Mindfulness and Guided Meditation are one of them. A meditation technique in which a person follows a specific script or story either on a CD or MP3 or any other audio file is known as guided meditation. Guided Meditation is used for attaining relaxation, comfort, direction or inspiration. The duration of the script is mostly three to thirty minutes. The story or the script guide a person and let his conscious, subconscious and imagination follow the words. With the guidance of the story or the script the body relaxes, and awareness focuses on the sounds of the word or the voice or the music. Guided Meditation also helps to reduce stress. Mindfulness makes a person more aware of the present time in place of thinking about the past or the future. Mindfulness meditation has no religious components. In Mindfulness meditation on has to concentrate in the present time. This kind of meditation is very good at reducing stress levels. If a person practice mindfulness meditation on a regular basis then it will be beneficial for both mental and physical health. https://mindfulnessmavericks.co.uk/courses/introduction-to-mindfulness Mindfulness meditation helps to cope with physical pain as those who practice mindfulness meditation when they achieve high concentration level acute pain is dissolved that helps in minimizing ones suffering in that moment. With regular practice of mindfulness course Sheffield performance levels are elevated and people can perform a task more efficiently. For instance this helps students to study more efficiently, the ability of problem solving get enhanced, and even in sports this kind of meditation help to improve the performance of a sport person
Definitions of hummer 1. (baseball) a pitch thrown with maximum velocity; "he swung late on the fastball"; "he showed batters nothing but smoke" Scrapingweb Dictionary DB 2. One who, or that which, hums; one who applauds by humming. Webster Dictionary DB 3. A humming bird. Webster Dictionary DB 4. One who; an applauder. Etymological and pronouncing dictionary of the English language. By Stormonth, James, Phelp, P. H. Published 1874. What are the misspellings for hummer? Usage examples for hummer 1. " This is a hummer declared Bart, enthusiastically. – Frank Merriwell's Chums by Burt L. Standish 2. They've improved the track in the Selkirks sooner than they expected, and they're rushing the Atlantic hummer through on the new schedule this month instead of next. – The Mistress of Bonaventure by Harold Bindloss
Scourge Contradiction From Curvity Jump to: navigation, search There seems to be a contradiction in Fry’s heuristic models. The first model which describes time compression is the three-spacecraft example: We will now accelerate all three ships to the velocity C with respect to their starting point D. At this velocity the three ships cease to exist materially insofar as the observer at D is concerned, since they have entered the plane of energy, and are also at the zero point of the curve of time with respect to him.” To be perfectly clear here: Fry has stated that a ship which achieves a velocity of C with respect to the inertial frame of reference will cease to exist materially insofar as the observer on Earth is concerned. However, in the next example, in the voyage to Alpha/Proxima Centauri model, the ship never ceases to exist with respect to the observer on Earth: “Since we postulated at the beginning of this analogy that our craft was capable of unlimited acceleration, and since the postulated force continues to act, our velocity will continue to increase and we will have between ourselves and the earth, a rate of increase in the degree of separation which is greater than that specified by the quantity C. We can do this from our point of reference although, as will be explained later, we cannot do it from the point of view of an observer upon the earth.” “We can see that, even if our energy level bad been so close to infinite that the outward trip had required only one second, if during the one second trip we had emitted enough light to make observation possible, the astronomer upon the earth would note that the trip required four years and one second, and so would have undeniable proof of the mathematics which postulate that only with infinite energy may the velocity C be achieved.” Fry is describing what looks to be two different results under the same conditions. In the first case, the ship being observed from the inertial reference frame on Earth appears to disappear as it reaches the speed of light. In the second case, a ship moving away from the Earth at the speed of light and greater only appears to be moving at 1/2C with respect to the observer on the Earth for the duration of the trip. The contradiction invokes a much deeper issue which is relevant to the entire theoretical structure of Curvity: if we go with the Curvity interpretation of GR observations, then there's a difference between the observations of the accelerated and the unaccelerated observers. In this case, the observer onboard a ship moving at C wrt to inertial frame cannot see the Earth at all, but the observer on the Earth can still see the ship, and it appears to be moving at a velocity of 1/2C. The result is a disturbing asymmetry: how can one observer see the other, but not the other way around? Curvity says that there's a 'preferred' reference frame. The problem with a preferred reference frame is that, by definition, Relativity forbids a preferred reference frame - motion is a totally relative phenomenon. It may not be a deal-breaker because by measuring the Doppler shift of the CMB radiation, an observer should be able to determine his/her state of motion wrt to the universe. The idea of motion inducing a condition of one-way observation though, is genuinely troubling. Possible Solution Let us ignore ships C and B and focus on the visibility of the ship A from the reference point D (the observer). The visibility goes through three phases. For further illumination, let us suppose that Observer D and Ship A both have a very intense light source pointed at each other, which are pulsed at one second intervals. Each light pulse is also encoded, such that they start at one and count up, and that before starting the experiment, a number of light pulses have passed both Observer D and Ship A. The first phase is when Ship A is at a velocity just below that of the speed of light with respect to Observer D. As suggested by Relativity, and shown by experiments with fast moving particles with short half lives, the time on Ship A slows down the closer it gets to the speed of light. From Ship A’s perspective, the pulses from D are also taking longer and longer to arrive because but they can still be viewed from the back of Ship A and are still counting up. As the velocity of Ship A is increased closer and closer to the speed of light, the pulses headed at Observer D take longer and longer to arrive, as they do at Ship A. Time is slowing down between them. For phase two, Ship A has reached the speed of light and Ship A can no longer see the one second pulses from D because A is forever between the light pulses, neither catching up to, nor having them pass. They are no longer visible nor are they counting up or down. Time between A and D has stopped and the same thing happens to D, where the one second pulses from A never reach D. They cannot see each other. If Ship A stayed at the speed of light forever, then Ship A would disappear in the sense that no new light pulses would ever arrive at Observer D. As Ship A approached light speed, Observer D would count pulses up until they stopped arriving. Phase three is when ship A exceeds the speed of light. Ship A can now see the one second pulses from D, but there are three notable changes: • The first is that the pulses are arriving at the front of Ship A because they are pulses that had already passed and Ship A is now catching up to those light pulses, coming at them from behind. • Secondly, the pulses are now counting down. • Ship A will also observe an identical copy of itself, let us call it Ship AB, as in backward in time, separate ahead of itself and leave, heading back toward Observer D, also in front. Everything on Ship AB is happening in reverse. Ship A, of course, is still leaving behind one second pulses of light that are counting up. From observer D’s perspective, Ship A is visible “again”, and this is where Fry’s first model needs clarification. I put “again” in quotations because Observer D cannot tell the difference between the first and third phase, only that Ship A’s light pulses take longer and longer to arrive, or more accurately, time on Ship A seems to be going slower and slower. Which brings us to the final answer about what observer D would see once Ship A has a velocity faster than the speed of light. The boring answer is more of the same, as in the pulses would still be counting up and still take longer and longer to arrive. However, to satisfy the requirements that nothing can be observed to travel faster than light from Observer D’s perspective, we must understand what light and, more importantly, time, is actually doing and Boyd’s experiment provides the answer. Below is a diagram where the vertical axis is time, increasing downward, the horizontal axis is distance and the origin is Observer D where the encoded light pulses arrive. Ship A is traveling across the diagram from left to right as distance increases between them. Each yellow line represents an encoded light pulse from Ship A to Observer D and the slope represents the speed of light. If Ship A is at a low speed with respect to D, the pulses would arrive at Observer D at one second intervals. As Ship A gets closer and closer to the speed of light (the vertical line in the middle) the pulses from D’s perspective get farther and farther apart. Figure 1: Diagram of Observer D and Ship A As demonstrated by the Boyd Experiment, once Ship A goes faster than light, it will be going back in time and thus a single encoded pulse from Ship A will exist in two places at once for a duration. It may seem strange for two photons to suddenly pop into existence between Ship A and Observer D and then hurry off in opposite directions, but this is exactly what happens in the Boyd Experiment. Observer D only ends up seeing one of the photons as does Ship A, which it should be pointed out, at speeds above the speed of light, Ship A is emitting not receiving. It is a third observer, who can see both photons at the same time. The “two” photons are a mirage created by a photon going both forward and backward in time, as one is headed forward in time to Observer D and the other “seems” to be going backward to Ship A. Let us continue our trip with Ship A, which, after a time at a velocity faster than the speed of light, decelerate back to a zero speed with respect to Observer D, but now a great distance away. As Ship A decelerates and once again attains a speed exactly the speed of light with respect to Observer D, Ship A will no longer observe itself in the forward view finder, nor will it observe the light pulses from D. As Ship A slows to a speed lower than the speed of light, it will see some interesting artifacts: • It will see Ship AB once again, but in the rear view, headed backward, with everything going in reverse, including the encoded photons arriving which Ship A transmitted at Observer D. • There will also be a third ship, Ship AC, now headed forward in time to meet Ship AB, at which point they will merge and cancel each other, along with any encoded pulses that Ship AB transmitted. From Observer D’s perspective, nothing will seem amiss. Here are a few clarifications: If Boyd can see the wave in negative time coming back to cancel the inbound wave, then why can’t Observer D also see Ship A in negative time? It has to do with distance and the true sequence of events for Ship A’s photons to get to Observer D. Because Ship A is flying directly away from Observer D, any photons from Ship A that are given off while at a speed faster than light (FTL), will sort themselves out before getting to Observer D. By “sort themselves out” I mean that the photons that exist in both positive and negative time will have cancelled each other out. In other words, remember from Observer D’s perspective, that the light impulses emitted from Ship A while Ship A is traveling faster than light, seem to pop into existence at a point between Ship A and Observer D, one photon going toward Observer D and the other going back to meet Ship A (going backward in time). And ALL photons from Ship A at FTL speeds would seem to be in two places at once. Even placing a mirror to try and bounce the negative time light impulse back toward Observer D wouldn’t work, because, from Ship A’s perspective, the light is coming from it at the back of the mirror, not the other way around. With the mirror, the light pulse would seem to emerge from the back of the mirror and head toward Ship A. If Observer D could suddenly move to a position where Ship A passed it at FTL from left to right, then it should be possible for Observer D to see Ship A in all three phases. Just like Ship A can slow down and see itself in all three phases. Which brings up a possible test – If things are zipping around our universe at the speed of light or faster, it might be possible for an astronomer on Earth to see them in all three phases, but they would have to know what to look for. Above, I mentioned: It isn’t strange from the perspective of the photon because it sees linear time from the moment it leaves Ship A and arrives at Observer D. It is only a third observer who, at zero velocity w/r/t Observer D but at a half way point along Ship A’s journey, who would see the photon going back toward the Ship A while it’s other half travelled towards Observer D. The strangest bit about all this is what an observer would see if they were observing the point at which Ship A dropped below light speed. There would be nothing but empty space and then suddenly boom, two ships would appear, one going forward, Ship A, and an identical one going backward, Ship AB. Just like you can’t hear a sonic boom from a jet flying faster than the speed of sound until it has past. If our observer had a good enough telescope, they could also look back and see Ship AC heading toward Ship AB.
Dilophosaurus was a theropod dinosaur from the Sinemurian stage of the Early Jurassic Period, about 193 million years ago. The name (pronounced /daɪˌlɒfɵˈsɔrəs/ dye-LOF-o-SAWR-əs or /daɪˌloʊfɵˈsɔrəs/) means "two-crested lizard", from the two crests of the animal (Greek di for "two", lophos "crest", and sauros "lizard"). The first specimens were described in 1954, but it was not until over a decade later that the genus received its current name. Dilophosaurus is one of the earliest known Jurassic theropods and one of the least understood.[1] [hide]*1 Description [edit] DescriptionEdit [1][2]Size comparison of two D. wetherilli specimens and a human [3][4]Reconstruction of Dilophosaurus wetherilli'Dilophosaurus measured around six meters (20 ft) long and may have weighed half a ton. The most distinctive characteristic of Dilophosaurus is the pair of rounded crests on its skull, possibly used for display.[2][3] Studies by Robert Gay show no indication that sexual dimorphism was present in the skeleton of Dilophosaurus, but says nothing about crest variation.[1] The teeth of Dilophosaurus are long, but have a fairly small base and expand basally.[4] Another skull feature was a notch behind the first row of teeth, giving Dilophosaurus an almost crocodile-like appearance, similar to the putatively piscivorous spinosaurid dinosaurs. This "notch" existed by virtue of a weak connection between the premaxillary and maxillary bones of the skull. This conformation led to the early hypothesis that Dilophosaurus scavenged off dead carcasses, with the front teeth being too weak to bring down and hold large prey.[5] [edit] ClassificationEdit Dilophosaurus may be a primitive member of the clade containing both ceratosaurian and tetanuran theropods. Alternatively, some paleontologists classify this genus as a large coelophysoid. [edit] Discovery and speciesEdit [5][6]Probable Dilophosaurus footprint from the Red Fleet Dinosaur Tracks Park In Northeastern Utah, 2007 [7][8]Depiction of Early Jurassic environment preserved at the SGDS, with Dilophosaurus wetherilli in bird-like resting pose[6]The first Dilophosaurus specimens were discovered by Sam Welles in the summer of 1942 in Arizona.[7] The specimen was brought back to Berkeley for cleaning and mounting, where it was given the name Megalosaurus wetherilli.[8] Returning to the same formation a decade later to determine from which time period the bones dated, Welles found a new specimen not far from the location of the previous discovery. The specimens were later renamed Dilophosaurus, based on the double crest clearly visible in the new skeleton.[4][8] There is another species of Dilophosaurus (D. sinensis),[9] which may or may not belong to this genus. It is possibly closer to the bizarre Antarctic theropod Cryolophosaurus, based on the fact that the anterior end of the jugal does not participate in the internal antorbital fenestra and that the maxillary tooth row is completely in front of the orbit and ends anterior to the vertical strut of the lacrimal. This species was recovered from the Yunnan Province of China in 1987, with the prosauropod Yunnanosaurus and later described and named in 1993 by Shaojin Hu.[10] A third species, D. breedorum, was coined by Samuel Welles through Welles and Pickering (1999). This species was based upon crested specimen UCMP 77270. Welles' original material lacked well-preserved crests, and he suggested that the crested specimens pertained to a different species.[2] He was unable to complete a manuscript describing this during his lifetime, and the name eventually came out in a private publication distributed by Pickering.[11] This species has not been accepted as valid in other reviews of the genus.[4][12] [edit] In popular cultureEdit See also: Biological issues in Jurassic Park#Dilophosaurus [9][10]Head of a model Dilophosaurus wetherilli nicknamed "Dyzio" in the Geological Museum of the Polish Geological Institute in WarsawDilophosaurus appears in the novel Carnosaur, in which a member of the genus kills a member of Parliament. Dilophosaurus was prominently featured both in the 1993 movie Jurassic Park and in the original novel by Michael Crichton. In the film version, Dilophosaurus has a retractable neck frill around its neck (much like a frill-necked lizard), and spits blinding poison, aiming for the eyes to blind and paralyze its prey (much like a spitting cobra). There is no evidence to support either the frill or the venom spitting,[13] which was acknowledged by Crichton as creative license.[14] A plot point in both versions of the story is that the cloned dinosaurs' DNA has been supplemented with that of modern amphibians and reptiles, so these variations could account for the changes. In the film, Steven Spielberg also reduced the size of Dilophosaurus to 3 feet (0.91 m) tall and 5 feet (1.5 m) long in order to avoid confusion with the Velociraptors.[15] Jurassic Park merchandise, including toys and video games (such as Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis and the arcade games The Lost World: Jurassic Park and Jurassic Park III), often include Dilophosaurus. Despite its inaccuracies, the Jurassic Park Dilophosaurus has been taken up by others. Several other video games, such as ParaWorld, Jurassic: The Hunted, and Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, feature Dilophosaurus modeled after the representations in Jurassic Park, and The Whitest Kids U'Know sketch "Dinosaur Rap", a music video for Trevor Moore's "Gettin' High With Dinosaurs" features a Dilophosaurus, complete with a short frill. One video game, 2008's Turok, features Dilophosaurus based more closely on real fossils and displays their correct size. Dilophosaurus was also featured in the documentary When Dinosaurs Roamed America, killing an Anchisaurus and scaring off a pack of Syntarsus (now known as Megapnosaurus).
8 Sugars Your Body Needs That You Should Get Enough of ... Although sugars are often demonized in the nutrition world, there are actually sugars your body needs. There are over 200 naturally occurring sugars; however, there are only 8 sugars that are considered essential for the body. The 8 sugars your body needs are called glyconutrients, which are necessary for the body to function properly. Glyconutrients combine with fats or proteins to form either glycoconjugates or glycoproteins. Glycoconjugates coat cell surfaces, serving as cell recognition sites, while glycoproteins transport molecules, produce enzymes, produce hormones, and acts as cell attachment recognition sites. As you can see, glyconutrients are critical for proper cell communication and function, and each glyconutrient can enhance health in specific ways. 1. Xylose Xylose is often found as a sugar substitute in sugarless gum. Yet, it can also be found naturally in guava, pears, blackberries, broccoli, spinach, peas, corn, and even aloe vera. As one of the sugars your body needs, xylose is necessary for communication between cells. It is also an important sugar that has antibacterial and antifungal properties, which is one reason it is used as a sugar substitute in gum. Xylose also shows promise in helping prevent cancer of the digestive tract! As a sugar, xylose certainly can do a lot! 2. Fucose Fucose is a glyconutrient that is especially important for babies because it helps the brain develop properly. Fortunately, Mother Nature is smart, and plenty of fucose can be found in breast milk. Aside from brain development, fucose has several other key functions that are needed throughout life. Like all glyconutrients, fucose is needed for cell communication. It is also crucial for nerve function. High concentrations of fucose can be found at the junctions of nerves, indicating that it is needed for nerve signals and impulses. Another function that fucose has is to act as an immune modulator inhibiting tumor growth! Essentially, fucose can help keep your body cancer free. Since fucose has important functions outside of brain development, you will be interested to know that consuming mushrooms, sea vegetables, and nutritional yeast will allow you to get the fucose you need in your diet. 3. Galactose Like fucose, galactose can inhibit tumor growth, especially in the liver! It can also help prevent you from getting cataracts as you age. Cataracts may not be something you are worried about now, but the cloudy vision they cause is something you want to try and prevent. In addition to inhibiting tumor growth and preventing cataracts, galactose also increases wound healing, decreases inflammation, and increases calcium absorption. This is definitely a glyconutrient you want to be sure you are getting. Thankfully, it isn’t difficult to find galactose, which can be found in many fruits and vegetables including apples, mangos, pineapples, peaches, lettuce, carrots, pumpkins, and avocados. 4. Glucose Glucose is one of the most commonly known glyconutrients. Because eating foods with glucose provides people with a fast energy source that is released directly into the blood stream, athletes will often consume foods with glucose to get a burst of energy. Aside from being an energy source, glucose enhances memory, stimulates calcium absorption, and helps with mood. Interestingly, it has been found that people who suffer from depression often have impaired glucose metabolism, which demonstrates how important glucose is for mood. Glucose is found in many foods, but your best choices are fruits and vegetables, especially dates, bananas, mangos, and grapes. 5. Manose Manose is a glyconutrient that has strong antibacterial properties. If you have ever heard that cranberry juice cures a bladder infection, you now know it is the manose in the cranberry juice that resolves the bladder infection. D-manose, which is found in cranberries, fights bladder infections by surrounding bacterial cells, making it impossible for them to stick to the walls of your bladder. While cranberry juice is the best choice for bladder infections, you can find antibacterial properties in other manose containing foods, like blackcurrants, redcurrants, tomatoes, turnips, peppers, and green beans. 6. N-acetylgalactosamine While n-acetylgalactosamine is an essential glyconutrient, there is not much known about it. The limited research conducted has demonstrated that it is essential for cellular communication and it inhibits the spread of tumors. It has also been discovered that patients with heart disease have low levels of n-acetylgalactosamine, suggesting it is needed for heart health. Interestingly, there are very few known sources of this glyconutrient. Currently, researchers know it is found in shark and bovine cartilage, as well as the red algae, Dumontiaceae. 7. N-acetylneuraminicacid N-acetylneuraminicacid is abundant in breast milk, which is due to the fact that it is necessary for brain development as it helps improve memory and performance. It also acts as an immune modulator by affecting the viscosity of mucus, which repels bacteria, viruses, and pathogens. N-acetylneuraminicacid decreases as you age, which might suggest that it is not as essential for adults as it is for growing babies. 8. N-acetylglucosamine Found abundantly in shiitake mushrooms, n-acetylglucosamine helps alleviate the inflammation associated with arthritis. It also helps decrease the cartilage damage that can occur as a result of arthritis. The anti-inflammatory actions of this glyconutrient are not just limited to arthritis; they also help relieve inflammation that occurs in inflammatory bowel disease. Another disease that can be treated with n-acetylglucosamine is Multiple Sclerosis, MS. MS is an autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the nervous system. N-acetylglucosamine decreases the autoimmune response that results in the nervous system being attacked. In discussing sugars your body needs, you can see that I am not talking about the sugars found in table sugar, rather, the essential glyconutrients that keep your body healthy are found mostly in fresh fruits and vegetables. Eating fresh produce will help your body get the glyconutrients it needs to function properly. Were surprised to learn there are sugars your body actually needs? glyconutrientsreference.com, healingcancernaturally.com, altmedicine.about.com
Hurricane Hazel in the Carolinas Hurricane Hazel swept the U.S. Eastern Seaboard in mid-October 1954, eventually landing in the record books as one of the most deadly and enduring hurricanes. After punishing Haiti with mudslides that killed hundreds, Hazel edged northward, striking the Carolina coast as a ferocious category four. Landfall occurred near the South Carolina-North Carolina border, where a massive surge washed over barrier beaches and swept away hundreds of homes. Coastal communities like Myrtle Beach, Long Beach, Carolina Beach, and Wrightsville Beach caught the brunt of the storm tide and suffered heavy damages. Hazel barreled inland and battered eastern North Carolina with 100-plus mile-per-hour gusts that toppled trees and power lines and peeled away rooftops. It then raced northward setting new wind records across seven states. In Ontario, it spawned flash floods that became the most deadly in Canadian history. When it was all over, Hazel had killed more than 1,000 and left a trail of destruction across the hemisphere. But nowhere was its impact more dramatic than in the Carolinas.
Quiz Ch. 1-16 Sea Wolf The Sea-Wolf Quiz Chapters 1-16 I. Vocabulary Matching (1 pt. each) NO NOTES ___ incisive ___ sardonic ___ sententiously ___ parsimonious ___ Materialist ___ strictures ___ ostentation ___ inveigle ___ tawdry ___ proclivities A. 1)to win over by wiles, entice 2) to acquire by ingenuity or flattery. B. disdainfully or skeptically humorous, derisively mocking, sarcastic C. an adverse criticism, censure D. frugal to the point of stinginess, stingy. E. someone who only believes in the natural world, natural laws and natural causes. Someone concerned with the physical, natural realm only, discounts or refuses to believe in supernatural causes. F. An inclination or predisposition toward something, esp. a strong inherent inclination toward something objectionable. G. cheap and gaudy in appearance H. excessive display, pretentious I. tersely, shortly (2nd meaning doesn’t apply in this case—excessive moralizing) J. impressively direct and decisive II. Short Answer Portion (2 pts. each) NOTES ALLOWED 1. Who was Fredrich Neitzsche? (Give at least 4 significant facts) 2. Why doesn’t Wolf believe in being altruistic? 3. How do those who hold to scientific naturalism try to limit the debate on origins and morality? III. Long Answer Portion (5 pts. each) NOTES AND BOOK ALLOWED 4. Summarize the plot of Sea-Wolf so far, be sure to include how the conflict between Johnson and Wolf began and has escalated. 5. Describe how Hump is changing and what London would/is attributing the change in him to. Extra-Credit: (up to 5 pts.) NOTES ALLOWED List five significant facts about Jack London: (ie. What is he known for? What is his number one theme? What kinds of jobs did he have before becoming a successful author (1pt). What was his economic situation growing up? What political philosophy did he hold? Sea-Wolf was written in 1904. How old was Jack London when it was published? What was one of London’s intentions in writing The Sea-Wolf?) This entry was posted in The Sea Wolf - Tests and Projects and tagged , , . Bookmark the permalink. 3 Responses to Quiz Ch. 1-16 Sea Wolf 1. Pingback: Sea Wolf Unit Plan Prep & Links \| Literature Discovery 2. Pingback: Week by Week Unit Plan Sea Wolf \| Literature Discovery 3. Pingback: Fall Semester Week by Week Unit Plan Sea Wolf \| Literature Discovery Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
• Steve HessEmail author According to Hung-mao Tien (1989), “From 1949 to 1986, the ruling KMT had a virtual monopoly of power on the island” (64). Through an expansive network of political commissars, members, party cells, and informants extending into all levels of the government administration, military, police forces, schools, mass organizations, and the media, the KMT established firm political control over society and the state (68, 71–72). Similar to other Leninist-style regimes, real political decision-making power in the pre-transition ROC was heavily concentrated in the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the KMT, whose orders were transmitted through a complex hierarchy of committees and chairmen extending from the national to grassroots level (Copper 1981b, 365; Tien 1989, p 73). The KMT party apparatus “parallel[ed] or shadow[ed] governmental organization at all levels” (Copper 1981b, 365). The regime followed the central organizational patterns exhibited by Leninist party-states of the communist bloc and at every level of the state, the party penetrated and interlocked with the formal government administration. Until the rapid acceleration of social mobilization during the early to mid-1980s, this single-party authoritarian structure proved particularly robust, adept at effectively identifying and crushing or marginalizing sources of opposition to the regime. Central Government Provincial Government Local Official Democratic Progressive Party Political Opposition Copyright information © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 Authors and Affiliations 1. 1.221 Carlson HallUniversity of BridgeportBridgeportUSA Personalised recommendations
House of Commons Library People with disabilities in employment Published Friday, February 15, 2019 This note summarises the key statistics available on disabled people in employment in the UK. Jump to full report >> There were an estimated 3.9 million people of working age (16-64) with disabilities in employment in July-September 2018, meaning that around 120,000 more people with disabilities were in employment than a year previously. 51.3% of people with disabilities were in employment, up from 49.8% a year previously. The employment rate for people without disabilities was 81.4%. The Government has set a target of 4.5 million people in employment with disabilities by 2027. 393,000 people with disabilities were unemployed. These people were not in work and were actively seeking work. This was a similar level to the number who were disabled a year previously. The unemployment rate for people with a disability was 9.3% in July-September 2018. This compared to an unemployment rate of 3.7% for people without disabilities. Economically Inactive 3.3 million people with disabilities of working age were economically inactive. These people were not in work and not looking for work. This was a fall of just over 100,000 from a year before. People with disabilities were considerably more likely than those without disabilities to be economically inactive. While, the economic inactivity rate for those with disabilities was 44.4%, the corresponding figure for those without disabilities was 16.1%. Disability Employment Gap The high rate of economic inactivity, alongside a higher unemployment rate, explains why people with disabilities have a low employment rate. People with disabilities have an employment rate that is 30.1 percentage points lower than that of people without disabilities. This difference is often referred to as the disability employment gap. See section 1.2 for details. 7.5 million people reported that they had a disability in July-September 2018, which is 22% of the working age population. Commons Briefing papers CBP-7540 Author: Andy Powell Topics: Employment, Employment schemes Share this page
Brown Recluse Spiders Spiders are feared and reviled, more so than even the most dangerous of insects. While having eight legs isn’t helping their creepiness factor, spiders are mainly feared for their venomous nature. Almost all spiders have venom, but only a few have venom potent enough to harm humans. In the South, the brown recluse is the most dreaded of them all – I know because I get a lot of brown spiders brought to me with concerns that they might be brown recluse! Unlike black widows which are easily identified by the public, the brown recluse is rather unremarkable in shape and color, and many other spiders share similar characteristics. Lots of spiders are brown, slender, leggy, and run along the ground. Plus, most people only get a glimpse of a quick-moving spider, and they assume the worst. The brown recluse is problematic because it can live and breed indoors. It particularly loves attics and garages, especially if they are filled with clutter and cardboard boxes. A spider needs to eat, and it prefers small, soft-bodied insects. Controlling silverfish, crickets, and other similar pests will prevent your brown recluse from indulging in an all-you-can-eat bug buffet. Brown recluse populations cannot explode without a consistent food supply. If you’ve done an Internet search for brown recluse spider bites, then I’m sure you’re terrified now even if you weren’t before. But most of those wounds aren’t from brown recluse bites. A medical professional cannot positively diagnose a brown recluse spider bite from a wound alone. There must be a spider to accompany it to be certain. Staph infections, diabetic issues, herpes, and a whole host of other diseases cause slow-healing ulcers with tissue death. That’s not to downplay the medical importance of the brown recluse spider – it has cytotoxic venom which can cause necrotizing bite wounds, slow healing, and significant scarring. It is estimated that less than 10% of bites result in complications. The other 90% of bites heal normally. Anyone who has reacted severely to the bite of a brown recluse once is likely to have a similar reaction again. No one can predict if a bite will be severe or not for someone who has never been bitten before. Sometimes a spider will dry bite and not inject any venom, other times a spider will bite and inject all the venom it has stored up. Death is extremely rare: less than 1% of bites results in a severe, systemic reaction that can cause kidney failure, low blood pressure, and the breakdown of red blood cells. If you must work in areas with brown recluse spiders (i.e. moving boxes around in the attic), wear leather gloves to protect yourself should you accidentally pinch a spider against your skin. If you ever get bitten by a spider, catch the spider so it can be identified. Telling the difference between a brown recluse and other brown spiders The brown recluse is somewhat unique among spiders in that it only has six eyes – most spiders have eight. The six eyes are arranged in pairs of two in a semicircle at the front of the face. You may need a hand lens to see the eyes. A few other spider groups have six eyes arranged in this pattern, but they don’t look anything like a brown recluse. Sometimes called fiddleback spiders, the brown recluse has a distinctive violin-shaped marking on the head-region of its body. In some specimens it is very pronounced, in others it is more subdued. Many other spiders have vague, violin-like markings, so it’s wise to look at more than just the markings when making a determination. The legs are uniform in color with no markings, stripes, or bands. Look-alike spiders, like the male crevice weaver, will have spines on their legs but the brown recluse will not. The brown recluse may have fine hairs, but never any spines. The abdomen is smooth and velvety in appearance with no markings. Wolf spiders are often misidentified as brown recluse spiders, but they usually have stripes or other patterns on their bodies and abdomens. When in doubt, have a professional pest control company identify your spiders. Elbahlawan LM, et al. 2005. Severe systemic reaction to Loxosceles reclusa spider bites in pediatric population. Pediatr Emerg Care 21 (3): 177-80. Accessed via PubMed:
Time Management & Children with ADHD Let’s start out by throwing out there that the section of our brain (the frontal lobe) that controls things like time our ability to keep track of time, prioritize, apply previously learned information to solve current problems and yes, our ability to manage time, does not fully develop until an individual is in their mid-twenties. That being said, children are expected to do most of these things the minute the begin school, if not before. Before beginning this entry, I wrote on a sticky note next to my desk “REMEMBER REASONABLE, REALISTIC EXPECTATIONS”. I believe this is the key when working with children to help them strengthen time management skills. Modeling: One of my favorite sayings applies here; kids are sponges. They’re always watching, and learning from what others around them are doing Using a timer: When asked to gauge time, I am sure 15 minutes is more like 3 minutes when your kiddo is doing something they don’t want to do. Completely the opposite when the timed activity involves something they treasure. Using a timer that will buzz, sing, DING, make some kind of noise to let everyone know HEY! TIMES UP! will help your kiddo begin to learn just how long a certain increment of time is. It also keeps everyone honest, in that if mom says only 15 minutes of game time, DING, we all know when the 15 minutes is up. Increments of 15: Piggy backing off of the using a timer bullet point, using smaller increments of time for younger kiddo’s, or kiddo’s who really struggle to get tasks done in the allotted amount of time can be helpful. For example, Elizabeth is struggling to get ready for bed in a reasonable amount of time. Instead of setting the timer for 45 minutes, which is the total amount of time it should take to do a number of activities like, take a shower, brush her teeth, comb her hair, put on her clothes etc., it may be more helpful to set the timer for 5 minutes for the shower, 2 minutes for teeth brushing, 5 minutes for hair brushing and styling…whatever it takes. Using increments of time can help at any age. It’s a great time management tool for homework time as well. Adding in a small reward for each time increment that is reached productively without getting off task, and you’ve got a winner! Written reminders: My favorite time management tool! NOTES! Get creative here, if your kiddo struggles with their bathroom routine (seriously, it’s been an hour, I can hear the water running…what are they doing in there!?) tape their routine to the mirror. Step 1. Brush teeth Step 2: Comb hair…and so forth. When initiating this step, make it a game! Create a routine for yourself and have a race, who can complete all of their tasks, correctly the quickest. This concept can be applied to any Photo by IvelinRadkov/iStock / Getty Images Photo by IvelinRadkov/iStock / Getty Images
You are on page 1of 1 cI read the article ƠRacist Stereotyping in the English Languageơ. The article explains to us how we use the language. Some of the words we use are intended to show our attitudes and feelings towards each other. While words are taken out of context and redesigned to mean the opposite of what they really mean. The article by Robert Moore, we should use greater care so that the words we use are not taken out of context in writing or oral communication. To emphasis what I mean take the word black and the word white in the play on Ơblackơ and Ơwhiteơ words. We use the word Ơblackơ as the bad word such as black sheep black eye, black sport, and many more. Then we use as good Ơwhiteơ; white lie, white as snow extra but have never gave it a deeper thought until when I read this article. It is quite sad that we use these words in such a way. I also did Ơ Retirement Gapơ by Andrew R. McIlvaine 1.c The source shows how the black and white people describe different priorities in their lives. The white people are shown very cautious about their retirement which is absent among the black people. Some believe that the whites have their culture and history and the lack of knowledge about saving. Is useful in that it speaks of the differences of both races which are part of our main course. 2.c The publisher is not a gutter press and they also cite several reliable researches done by 3.c The article has emphasized in comparing whites and blacks in the racial retirement gaps. It hardly mentions the Latinos and totally ignores all the other races in America. There are other races that could be pointed out not just whites and blacks.
From Brickwiki Jump to: navigation, search Some tiles. A tile can be described as a plate without studs on top of it. Tiles are commonly decorated with printing or stickers. The smooth surface makes such decoration easy and allows for details that would otherwise not be possible building with plain coloured elements. Most tiles are produced in either 1x or 2x sizes. This refers to the width in studs and is a common shorthand when describing the measurement of a LEGO model or element. A 2x2 plate and a 2x2 tile. Tile stacked on two plates compared to a brick. Printed 1x4 tile. Personal tools
Graphics & Visualization Subgroup: Here's my response to Pam's call for input on our subgroup's topic. Tom Naps Let's break down the opportunities afforded by Java in the areas of graphics and visualization into two categories. First, there is teaching students graphics programming. Second, there is there is the use of pre-existing graphics/visualization-based applets to help students understand other kinds of algorithms, e.g, in the area of algorithms and data structures. Given this breakdown, we can then apply it first to introductory courses and then to advanced level courses, as per the original charge. INTRODUCTORY LEVEL: In this regard, we aren't really teaching graphics algorithms as much as we are using graphics as an alternative output mode to use in teaching students about introductory programming concepts such as loop control, modular design, and recursive algorithms. We don't want students to become experts at using a sophisticated graphics library as much as we want them to become excited and enthusiastic about what they're doing - graphics can often build such enthusiasm. What's needed for this type of programming? A simple two-dimensional graphics library. For instance, for many years, I have had students use a simple turtle graphics library, not unlike LOGO, to have them produce fractals in their first recursive programming assignment - they find this a lot more interesting than something like the Fibonacci numbers. Where does Java stand in this regard? To my knowledge it's the only language that comes with a built-in standardized graphics library. Like everything else with Java, this graphics library is platform-independent, so we as instructors can easily trade ideas and exercises, and students can program on their own machine at home even if it is a different platform from what they use in the school's computer lab. This is all on the plus side. On the negative side, the Java graphics library is a device-oriented library in that graphics calls are made relative to a pixel-based coordinate system with (0,0) being the upper left corner. Introductory students think better in a Cartesian coordinate system or, for some recursive work, in a turtle-based graphics system. I've actually developed a simple turtle-based Java graphics library that my students use in programming fractals. I'm not aware of Java libraries others may have written for doing two-dimensional graphics in a Cartesian world coordinate window, although I'd be surprised if home-brewed versions of such libraries don't exist. CONCEPTS AT THE INTRODUCTORY LEVEL: Here students do no programming; they simply view animations and discrete visualizations produced by Java applets to help them understand a variety of algorithms, e.g., sorting, binary trees. Such algorithm animation systems are not new to computer science education, e.g., Marc Brown's MacBALSA for Macs and John Stasko's Samba for Xwindows. What Java adds to the mix is the ability to deliver such visualizations in a system-independent way over the Web, making it more convenient for students to use such visualizations and more convenient for instructors to augment visualizations with supplementary hypertext in the form of HTML documents. A very complete on-line index of algorithm animation systems is maintained by Peter Brummund of Hope College at This site also maintains an interactive facility for educators to submit their animations to the index. Although the index is not limited to Java-based animations, a large number of the systems listed there are written in Java. The design methodologies behind Java-based animations and visualizations vary widely. Many are not fully general systems but are rather Java applets tailored to animating one particular algorithm. As such, these applets do not necessarily provide a clear separation between the algorithm and its visualization. Other more general systems allow one to build many varied animations into the system. For example, in Tom Naps' GAIGS in Java system (, input to algorithms is provided by HTML forms. The input from these forms triggers the execution of an algorithm on the Web server. That execution produces a files of graphic primitives that reside on the server. When the algorithm is done executing, a general purpose Java applet is downloaded to the Web surfer. This applet reads the file of graphic primitives on the server and provides a viewing environment for the resulting graphic snapshots of the algorithm. Another methodology is illustrated by John Stasko's JSamba system ( Here the algorithm to be animated resides on the Web client (it need not be written in Java). This algorithm must produce a "script file" of graphic primitives that are provided as input to Stasko's JSamba applet. The applet reads these primitives and provides a viewing environment for the resulting "movie" of the algorithm's execution. (General question for the subgroup: I'm not sure how much in depth we want to go on describing methodologies for systems that animate algorithms via Java applets? Certainly Pam could provide information on her JADE system, and I'd be able to provide significantly more detail on some of the other systems that are available IF we decide this is a direction that we want to go.) Here I'm not sure I see any advantage to Java. Certainly any sophisticated graphics written in Java are going to run significantly slower than the same algorithm written in a language such as C that doesn't have to compile to a virtual machine. Nonetheless I believe there is a version of OpenGL available for Java. I don't have a link for it at the moment, but it's something that could be tracked down if we deem it worth mentioning. CONCEPTS AT A MORE ADVANCED LEVEL: In one sense the use of such applets at an advanced level is not significantly different from their use at an introductory level. Some recent work by Stasko and Proulx indicates, however, that the real value of algorithm visualization at a more advanced level may lie in having students create their own visualizations of algorithms. Why? Students learn to identify the "interesting events" in an algorithm's execution - a skill very important to develop if a student is to develop an in-depth understanding of the algorithm. According to Stasko, "Building an animation of an algorithm forces a student to think about the fundamental operations of the algorithm to be portrayed visually. The student must think about the data manipulated by the algorithm, the interactions occurring in the algorithm, and how the important high-level design concepts are manifested. ... The student constructs the algorithm-to-animation mapping and determines what is unique to the algorithm and what deserves to be communicated visually." In what way can Java make it easier for students to construct their own animations of an algorithm than would be possible in another language? Here I'm not sure that Java is they key as much as the abstraction afforded by object-oriented design. Using object-oriented techniques, we can provide students with powerful tools that make producing a visualization of an algorithm relatively painless. (Note: This is a theme no doubt being pursued by all of the subgroups in our workgroup). For example, I currently have students in my Java classes use something called a Visualizer class that I've developed for them. By sending messages to a Visualizaer object at key points in their algorithm's execution, a visualization can be produced with virtually no knowledge of graphics. The student is only responsible for identifying the interesting events in the algorithm - events where producing a graphic snapshot is important to understanding the algorithm. (Note: If you're interested in seeing the details of how this Visualizer class works, let me know and I can provide them.) SOME CONCLUSIONS: So how have my ramblings above provided a response to what Pam asked for? I've cited one Web page at Hope College which provides a wealth of links to other sites offering algorithm animations (many coded in Java). The specifics on the Stasko reference cited above is: Stasko, John, "Using Student-Built Algorithm Animations as Learning Aids, Proceedings of the SIGCSE Session, ACM Meetings (San Jose, CA., February, 1997). This paper is not at all Java specific, but it does provide a nice rationale as to why students learn an algorithm better if they produce an animation of it themselves. Finally, I think I may have provided a second way for our subgroup to break down our work. That is, we started with a perspective that said consider introductory versus advanced courses. I now maintain that this subgroup should also consider a breakdown along the lines of graphics programming versus using visualizations and animations that already exist. That is, our breakdown could really be structured as a two by two matrix: Use of existing visualizations to help students understand I'm curious to know what others in the subgroup think about this breakdown strategy. Tom Naps Pam Lawhead's comments: To expand somewhat on Tom's comments... In Course I or as we are referring to it here Introductory Programming we want to teach a basic body of information which I have summarized below. I am sure that this list can be modified and I am open to suggestions, changes etc. First Course content: Elementary Data types excluding pointers Pascal: integer,char real boolean,userdefined, sets, arrays Java: boolean,char,byte,short, int,long,float,double,reference types Control: interation,looping condionals procedures, functions parameter passing modes use of external libraries coding style design style software engineering concepts (encapsulation, info. hiding) At the end of course one the student should be able to: -devise algorithms to match problem statements -code and debug on paper on on machines -determine complexity from observation -design and choose appropriate data structure and implement them -be proficient in the chosen programming language -read and write from a file -be familiar with some platform and some environment -be able to test both designs and implementations I am sure that we can expand or contract this list. But the point is that if we choose to do visualizations in the first course then we need to examine them in light of some body of knowledge that we are trying to convey. I think that the current generation of students in the US have been reared on "Sesame Street", "Nickelodean" and MTV so they expect more than a chalk talk and an interesting teacher. I think to teach them many of the concepts mentioned above we are called upon to "visualize" for them. Java is a good resource for doing this so as a "show me" tool it is brilliant. As Tom has said it provides good libraries for creating, quickly and efficiently little demonstrations of desired concepts. We have done this is our JADE project. We used older students to create algorithm demonstrations for younger students. It has been most effective. What happened in creating JADE was that the older students found that they had to understand the algorithms at a much deeper level in order to create the effective visualizations for the younger students so in a sort of backward manner the visualization creators gained new insights and understanding about how the algorithms worked by using Java to create the algorithm demonstrations. I am not sure that I agree with Tom about using Java as a language for teaching graphics. I would argue that, like any of the object oriented languages, it is a great tool for teaching design and teaching the idea of enforcing design and interface parameters. Graphics as a discipline is better taught a lower level than is available in an object oriented language like Java. In Java you are woefully ignorant of the system and architecture that you are using and these concepts are critical to performance oriented graphics programming. I know this is short but it is what I have. I also have a list of sites and a list of articles included below. AUTHOR: Martin, P. TITLE: Java, the good, the bad and the ugly SOURCE: SIGPLAN Notices, vol.33, no.4, p. 34-9 AUTHOR: Boroni, C.M.; Goosey, F.W.; Grinder, M.T.; Ross, R.J. TITLE: A paradigm shift! The Internet, the Web, browsers, Java, and \| the future of computer science education SOURCE: SIGCSE Bull. (USA), SIGCSE Bulletin, vol.30, no.1, p. 145-52 AUTHOR: Borkowski, E.Yu.; Henry, D.; Larsen, L.L.; Mateik, D. TITLE: Supporting teaching and learning via the Web: transforming \| hard-copy linear mindsets into Web-flexible creative \| thinking SOURCE: Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol.20, no.3, \| p. 253-65 AUTHOR: Wester, F.; Sint, M.; Kluit, P. \|TITLE: Visual programming with Java; an alternative approach to \| introductory programming SOURCE: SIGCSE Bull. (USA), SIGCSE Bulletin, vol.29, no.3, p. 57-8 AUTHOR: Rasmus, D.W. TITLE: Teaching Java a thing or two SOURCE: Object Magazine, vol.7, no.6, p. 16-17 AUTHOR: Weiss, M.A. \| TITLE: Experiences teaching data structures with Java SOURCE: SIGCSE Bull. (USA), SIGCSE Bulletin, vol.29, no.1, p. 164-8 AUTHOR: Singh, T.; Zhu, M.; Thakkar, U.; Ravaioli, U. \| TITLE: Impact of World Wide Web, Java, and virtual environments on \| education in computational science and engineering SOURCE: Technology-Based Re-Engineering. Engineering Education. \| Proceeding of Frontiers in Education FIE'96 26th Annual \| Conference (Cat. No.96CH35946), p. 3 vol. xl+1517, 1007-10 AUTHOR: Michail, A. TITLE: Teaching binary tree algorithms through visual programming SOURCE: Proceedings. IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (Cat. \| No.96TB100066), p. xi+346, 38-45
C# XmlReader Program However: XmlReader reduces the memory space required for the parser. It is efficient. C# program that uses XmlReader type using System; using System.Xml; class Program static void Main() // Create an XML reader for this file. using (XmlReader reader = XmlReader.Create("perls.xml")) while (reader.Read()) // Only detect start elements. if (reader.IsStartElement()) // Get element name and switch on it. switch (reader.Name) case "perls": // Detect this element. Console.WriteLine("Start <perls> element."); case "article": // Detect this article element. Console.WriteLine("Start <article> element."); // Search for the attribute name on this current node. string attribute = reader["name"]; if (attribute != null) Console.WriteLine(" Has attribute name: " + attribute); // Next read will contain text. if (reader.Read()) Input text: perls.xml <article name="backgroundworker"> Example text. <article name="threadpool"> More text. <article>Final text.</article> Start <perls> element. Start <article> element. Has attribute name: backgroundworker Text node: Example text. Start <article> element. Has attribute name: threadpool Text node: More text. Start <article> element. Text node: Start <article> element. Text node: Final text. Create method. One of the simplest ways to instantiate an XmlReader instance is to assign an XmlReader reference to the result of the XmlReader.Create static method. This throws an exception if the file is not found. Next: You can read forward through the nodes in the file, which deals with the physical file data itself. While reader Read(). The program next shows a useful pattern of reading XML files, which is a while-loop construct that evaluates the result of the Read instance method in its expression body. Note: The loop will always terminate if there is nothing more to read, so you will not have to handle the end-of-file (EOF) manually. Tip: This pattern is also used with the StreamReader type in C# programs. More information on StreamReader is available. IsStartElement. The program shows IsStartElement. This returns true if the element is not an end tag. This means it will return true if you encounter "<article>" but false if you encounter "</article>". When the article start tag is detected, we proceed with further logic to parse that part of the file. The attribute "name" is accessed with the "name" argument in an indexer. This is null when not found. And: The enclosed text node in the element <article> is parsed as a separate node, so we call Read() a second time to get it.
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Free essay example: Amir narrates his journey through life in Khaled Hosseini’s novel The Kite Runner. He details his childhood experiences with his servant and best friend, Hassan. Amir also describes the nature of his relationships with Hassan, he describes certain events that take place that will affect his relationship with Hassan forever. This is Amir’s story of his cowardly ways and the way he redeems himself. The book opens with Amir stating, “I’ve learned, about how you can bury it. Because the past claws its way out.”(1) Looking back he realizes, “I have been peeking into the desert alley for the last twenty six years.”(1) Amir is talking about his betrayal of his best friend Hassan. Amir tries to run and hide from his cowardly past actions, but he soon realizes the more one runs from the past the closer the past will follow behind. One day when Amir and Hassan went out to play, they ran into the neighborhood bully Assef and his friends. Assef started bullying them around and pulled out a pair of brass knuckles in order to hit Amir. Hassan steps forward with his sling shot and told Assef, “If you make a move, they’ll have to change your nickname from Assef ‘the ear eater’ to ‘one eyed Assef because I have this rock pointed at your left eye.”(42) Assef decided to leave them alone but told them he would get his revenge one day soon. This made Amir feel like a coward because his servant stepped up and confronted Assef. Something he wasn’t willing to do because he was frightened. True to his word, Assef got even at the kite running contest. Amir won the contest, and Hassan took off after the last kite. Amir needed the kite so Baba would be proud of him. Hassan could not be found so Amir went looking for him. He wanted the last kite in order to show Baba. He finally found Hassan in an ally with Assef. What Amir saw made him sick; Assef was raping Hassan. Amir just stood there and did nothing. Finally he decided to run away. He ran because he was scared and afraid of what Assef would do to him. Also because Hassan was a Hazara and a Sunni should not be taking up for Hazara. As he ran he said, “He was just a Hazara, wasn’t he?”(77) This was his way of trying to justify running away. Amir knew he was a coward for running and not saving his best friend Hassan. Amir could not handle what he had done to Hassan. He knew he was to blame for Hassan’s rape. Amir decides to frame Hassan by telling Baba that Hassan had stolen from him. Amir thought for sure Baba would make them leave. He thought if he did not have to look at Hassan anymore that he could just forget what he had done, or more so, what he hadn’t done. He committed another act that would haunt him in the future. Instead of stepping up and admitting his wrong doing, he tried to escape it. As the novel continues and the Taliban take over Afghanistan, and the country becomes a war torn country. Amir and Baba decide to leave for America. Amir thinks traveling to America would erase his memories and his cowardly actions would disappear. He soon realized after reaching America this was not going to happen. He still felt like a coward. Running away is probably the most gutless thing he could have done. First Amir lets Hassan take up for him because he was scared. Second Amir does nothing when Hassan is getting raped, which makes him an even bigger coward in his own eyes. Third he sets Hassan up by claiming that he stole birthday presents from him. He wanted him gone so he would not have to face what he felt so badly about doing. It was too hard for him to see Hassan everyday. So the coward way out is to get him to leave. Fourth when Amir leaves for American he thought he could run away from the past. Amir was just too much of a coward to face him. Amir is a coward in several ways threw out the book. The one act that haunted him the most was Hassan’s rape. Amir never comes to gripes with his roll in Hassan’s rape, Although he does find a way to redeem himself. He finally comes to terms with his past, he rescued Sohrab, Hassan’s son from the Taliban. “There is a way to be good again.”(2) This statement reminds us that we are all human, fighting a lot of the same battles in life, just different circumstances. This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our AS and A Level Fyodor Dostoevsky section. Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Related AS and A Level English Skills and Knowledge Essays See our best essays Related AS and A Level Fyodor Dostoevsky essays 1. Village by the SeaAnita Desai Hari's Journey to Bombay family but a bigger family presented in Thul itself, the only place which he felt could embrace him and endure him. Hari's feeling of belonging never flourished except in Bombay, he realized that he can't live neither without his sisters and father and mother ,nor without the villagers or the 2. Explore the different types of disgrace presented in JM Coetzee's novel 'Disgrace'. humility as we can see he probably becomes far more repulsive to look at than Bev. The humiliation suffered by David after the attack is nothing compared to that which Lucy must cope with. However, she refuses to make known what has happened, which is the cause of much tension 1. How is the LuLing that springs to life in her manuscript different from the ... She could already create a little chart of authority in her mind. She knew that she had to answer to Mother and that she was the one that she needed to please. She was looking for her recognition. 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Mary Dalton is thin, blonde and attractive; she and her "Red boyfriend were enjoying a winter vacation in Florida until the Daltons summoned Mary home. 1. The relationship Between Catherine and Eddie. * People call him paper doll and canary. * Accuses him of dying his hair. After the cinema- E and B * Pg22: E is v.anxious and is waiting on the street. * All his reasons are plausible. * Pg.23: he gets insulted when B accuses him of being attracted to C. 2. A Study of the Themes of Friendship And Betrayal in Iain Bank&amp;#146;s &amp;#147;Complicity&amp;#148; Another interesting structural abnormality is that the murder scenes are all described in the second person. "You raise the log, bringing it down again and again." Iain Banks did this so that it is very hard to identify the killer, Andy or Cameron. • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
Arginine, Citrulline, and Nitric Oxide There are certain elements created within the body that are crucial to maintaining circulation and heart health. There are others that go towards the production of those key elements; elements that can reduce your risk for heart disease, stroke, and many more cardiovascular related diseases. Arginine and citrulline are critical proponents of nitric oxide, which is a critical proponent of a healthy heart. Here’s how it works: What is Arginine? Arginine is an amazing little organic compound that has been medically proven to improve vasodilation, or the widening of blood vessels, allowing increased blood flow and decreasing blood pressure. Vasodilation is an automatic and direct response to distress within the body’s tissues and muscles. When these tissues and muscles are not receiving enough nutrients or oxygen, they send out the distress signal that alerts the body to increase vasodilation, widen the blood vessels, and send more blood with oxygen to the distressed areas. According to the MayoClinic.com, this improved blood flow can help decrease the risk for, and treat, chest pain, atherosclerosis (clogged arteries), heart disease or failure, erectile dysfunction, intermittent claudication/peripheral vascular disease, and vascular headaches (headache-inducing blood vessel swelling). What is Citrulline? Like arginine, citrulline is an amino acid that has been researched in association with reducing high blood pressure and improving symptoms of sickle cell disease. This organic compound has also been used for Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, fatigue, muscle weakness, sickle cell disease, erectile dysfunction, high blood pressure, and diabetes, according to WebMD.com. Arginine and Citrulline Together Separately, arginine and citrulline are powerful amino acids that facilitate the production of nitric oxide (NO). However, together these two components can increase quicker production of NO, support exercise performance, increase weightlifting performance, delay muscle fatigue in weight training, improve immune system levels, improve vasodilation, and benefit overall heart health. Nitric Oxide Arginine and citrulline work together to create NO. Nitric oxide is a gas that is found naturally in the body. It’s main purpose is to keep oxygen flowing through the body by maintaining circulation with vasodilation. Nitric oxide is produced through nitric oxide synthase, which can only take place with the presence of amino acids like arginine and citrulline. Once created, NO works wonders for athletes and those at high risk for cardiovascular diseases, as well as your everyday Joe. Bodybuilders and athletes take NO in the form of arginine supplements to increase blood flow, oxygen delivery, glucose uptake, muscle velocity, muscle growth, and after-work out recovery. Nitric Oxide and Heart Disease Nitric oxide has been used for many years as a preventative measure for those at high risk for heart disease. By increasing blood flow and keeping the blood vessels wide enough to avoid plaque build-up, NO can reduce an individual’s overall risk for certain cardiovascular diseases. According to Dr. John P. Cooke, head of Stanford University’s vascular unit, the number one contributing factor to heart disease is damage to the inner lining of arteries, or the endothelium. A damaged endothelium cannot produce enough nitric oxide to widen the vessels enough, and more damage can occur as plaque builds up in the arteries. “When the endothelium is healthy it’s like Teflon, and things don’t stick. When it’s unhealthy, it becomes more like Velcro, attracting blood-borne gunk like flies to flypaper.” Maintaining a healthy diet that includes foods that contain arginine such as cottage cheese, milk, yogurt, beef, pork, poultry, seafood, granola, oatmeal and many more nuts can help increase nitric oxide production and reduce your risk for heart disease. Exercise is another wonderful way to reduce your risks. What Are the Symptoms of Stroke? As the name suggests, stroke is like a bolt of lightening, and can bring on sudden death. Symptoms include weakness or paralysis down one side of the body (face, arms or legs), numbness or loss of sensation in the face or limbs, and loss of bladder control, speech or vision. Other symptoms can include weakness, difficulty swallowing, face drooping to one side, dizziness, loss of balance, severe headache, difficulty speaking or understanding simple statements, and loss of vision, especially in one eye. There is potential for a certain amount of recovery in the first few weeks after a stroke, which is why expert rehabilitation with a range of different health professionals is so important. What Type of Man Is at Risk of Stroke? • Older men – two-thirds of strokes occur in people aged over 65. • Those with a history of heart disease, previous stroke or mini-stroke • Men with risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity and lack of exercise, smokers and heavy drinkers • Those with an irregular heartbeat, called atrial fibrillation, which increases the chances of clots in the system • Men with a high red blood cell count, as thicker blood is more likely to clot • Men with a family history of stroke Prevention of Stroke Just like heart disease, you can reduce your chances of getting a stroke by making certain changes in your lifestyle, especially by not smoking and controlling high blood pressure. If you have high cholesterol, lowering your cholesterol levels may also reduce your risk. Your doctor may tell you to change your lifestyle as well as prescribing medication to lower your blood pressure or cholesterol. Aspirin or warfarin is often used to prevent clotting and reduce the risk of stroke. These are also known as transient ischemic attacks or TIAs, brought on when an artery in the brain becomes temporarily blocked. This can cause symptoms similar to a stroke but the symptoms disappear without any permanent damage within 24 hours. This is the key difference between a TIA and a stroke. However a TIA is a warning sign that you are at much greater risk of a stroke in the future. Therefore it is an early warning sign that you need to sit up and take notice of your health, and work with your doctor to do all that can be done to prevent a stroke later on. Key Points • Heart disease Canadian HealthCare Mall and stroke are the number one causes of death and premature illness in Irish men. • High blood pressure is very common in Irish men and is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. • High blood pressure often has no symptoms; it is ‘the silent killer’. • Atherosclerosis is a disease process that damages the circulation and can affect the heart, brain, aorta and legs, causing heart disease, stroke, aneurysms and blocked arteries. • We can’t change our genes but many of the risk factors for atherosclerosis can be controlled – these include cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, stress, obesity and lack of exercise. • Know your numbers – you should get your blood pressure and cholesterol checked regularly. • High blood pressure, high cholesterol and many of the risk factors for heart disease, stroke and atherosclerosis can be very successfully treated, but only if you are aware that you have them. • Prevention is better than cure. Checking for Heart Disease Type 2 diabetes affects the small (micro) and large (macro) blood vessels. Driven by the rapid beating of your heart, your cardiovascular system includes many, many miles of veins, arteries, and capillaries. If your heart stops beating, or if your major blood vessels clog, you could die. The coronary arteries feed blood to the heart muscle itself, and a blockage can have serious consequences. Researchers in the National Center for Global Health and Medicine in Tokyo, Japan, looked at the coronary arteries of diabetics with blood vessel damage in other arteries, in order to determine whether their coronary arteries could be blocked as well. Their study, published in the British Medical Journal in January 2011, included 112 people with Type 2 diabetes and diseased blood vessels in either the eyes, kidneys, hands or feet, or brain. It was found… – 79 per cent had heart muscle that was not getting enough blood. – 53 per cent had coronary artery disease with more than a 50 per cent blockage. Men were over six times more likely to have coronary artery disease than were women. None of the diabetics had suffered any signs or symptoms of heart disease. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, causing 26 per cent of mortality. Coronary artery disease is the most common kind of heart disease. The Centers for Disease Control list: • inactivity • obesity, • high blood pressure, • cigarette smoking, • high cholesterol, and • diabetes as risk factors for coronary artery disease. Type 2 diabetics are advised to be monitored for blood pressure, weight, cholesterol levels and blood fats on a regular basis. If high blood pressure, overweight, obesity, high cholesterol, or abnormal blood fats are discovered, they should be addressed sooner rather than later. A prime indicator of heart health is your blood pressure. If blood pressure is found to be high, being overweight or obesity is frequently the cause, so both can be treated with a low-calorie, high nutrient diet, and exercise. Taking a walk after dinner every night is one way to begin lowering blood pressure. So is a low-fat diet. Which brings us to the problem of high cholesterol. Diets low in meats and dairy products are best for lowering cholesterol levels. The position of the American Dietetic Association is that vegan diets, without any meat or dairy products, are best for controlling Type 2 diabetes, so the best diet for diabetes is also the best kind for the heart. When diet and exercise are not enough, medical and even surgical methods are available. Many kinds of medication are available for lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels and helping with abnormal blood fats. Some doctors recommend an aspirin a day for preventing heart disease in diabetics over 30. Surgical methods of weight control are also available and have shown success in some people who have been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. high cholesterol, and Dealing With Clogged Arteries There are three sets of arteries that can become clogged and create life threatening problems. 1. The most well known is, of course, the coronary arteries. These important blood vessels supply the heart muscle with the oxygen and nutrients it needs to keep blood moving throughout the body. 2. The carotid artery in the neck can also become clogged. That can lead to strokes. 3. The peripheral arteries in your legs are another plaque target. When either of these become clogged, clots can form and that’s what does the damage. There are two ways you are likely to find out you’ve got clogged arteries. Testing before a problem begins or when the problem strikes. Needless to say, your chances of survival are much greater if it’s prior to a heart attack or stroke. 1. Ultrasound: Special ultrasound equipment can check for clogged arteries without the need for invasive procedures. This is best done for those at risk but asymptomatic. In a way, it’s an arterial checkup. Ultrasounds may also be used after problems develop, but that would not be the only testing procedure used. 2. Stress Tests: These tests are usually done on a treadmill. The doctor will attach the wires to the appropriate areas of the body and ramp up the machine. This shows how your heart and blood vessels work under load. If you are unable to use a treadmill, a chemical stress test is also available. Angiogram: This is an invasive test, but it is one that can find blockages missed by the other tests, and that can happen. An incision is made in the groin and a camera is sent up to the heart. Dye in the blood stream allows the doctor to explore all the arteries in the heart, checking for blockages. If any are found, angioplasty may be done. This is done with a balloon like object that gently opens the passages. Sometimes stents are added as well, to make sure the artery stays open. If you have or are at risk for any sort of artery problem, it’s a good idea to stay on top of it. Watch your diet, get plenty of exercise, but even that may not be enough. Get checkups regularly and make sure your doctor knows of your risk factors. The Anatomy Of A Stroke A stroke is a devastating attack upon the body that often comes on suddenly, many times without warning. Known as the “silent killer”, what many people do not realize is that it can be prevented, quite easily if they simply have a regular physical, and stay on top of any developing medical conditions. What is a Stroke? By definition, a stroke occurs whenever a blood vessel in the brain gets blocked or damaged. Without oxygen being delivered through that blood vessel, the brain begins to die, and whatever part of the body that portion of the brain controls will no longer work as it should. Brain damage can occur within minutes of the blood stoppage but quick treatment can limit the amount of damage and increase the chances for a full recovery. Stroke Symptoms There are several distinct symptoms that are considered to be signs of stroke, and if you should develop any of the following, please seek medical assistance immediately. There is also a condition known as a transient ischemic attack or TIA, that, while not as seriously damaging, its presence could be considered to be a harbinger of things to come. Stroke symptoms include: • Sudden numbness, tingling, loss of movement or weakness: This will occur in the face, arm or leg, on one side of the body only. • Vision Changes: This could be anything from spots obscuring vision to sudden blurriness in one eye or a complete loss of vision in one eye. • Trouble Speaking: If the blood is stopped to the portion of the brain that controls vision or speech, the ability to speak clearly ends and your speech may become slurred. • Confusion: As the brain loses oxygen, cognitive reasoning will begin to slow, making it hard to understand even the most simple line of thought or concept. • Sudden Onset Headache: This headache is a sign of oxygen deprivation to the brain, and will be quite painful. • Problems with Walking or Balance: You will lose the ability to balance as you move, or you may experience weakness on one side of the body. It will become increasingly difficult to move about on your own as your balance deteriorates. Types and Causes 1. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blood clot that completely blocks a blood vessel in the brain. It could form within the vessel, or it could travel from elsewhere in the body to the brain. This is the most common type of attack in adults today, and nearly 8 out of every 10 strokes will be an ischemic stroke. Blood clots form for various reasons, and unless they are caught early and removed, they can break free and travel throughout the body. 2. A hemorrhagic stroke will develop when an artery in the brain either leaks or breaks, causing bleeding inside of the brain or near its surface. These are less common but are actually more deadly than a ischemic stroke, because bleeding in the brain can cause it to shut down far more quickly, and the entire event can become critical within seconds. 1. The first thing done upon arrival is for the patient to undergo a CT scan, which will show where any bleeding is occurring. Treatment for ischemic strokes will focus on restoring blood flow to the brain where the clot occurred. The medicine used to treat this will dissolve clot quickly, and improve recovery from stroke, if given within 90 minutes of the attack. 2. Hemorrhagic strokes are very difficult to treat effectively. Surgery or other methods to stop the bleeding may be required, to prevent swelling of the brain. This can include medicines that will affect your blood pressure, agents to counteract the swelling and coagulants to reduce the bleeding. To avoid the possibility of a stroke, the easiest thing to do is to listen to your body. If health issues develop, see a doctor and get treated, especially if you have a family history of high blood pressure, cholesterol or diabetes. Simple lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, and quitting smoking and alcohol use will also reduce your chances of one ever happening to you. The Number One Secret Ingredient in Recipes for Lowering Cholesterol High cholesterol is a potentially life-threatening condition that impacts literally millions of people around the world. Study after study has shown that high cholesterol is a precursor for heart attacks and strokes. For anyone trying to lower cholesterol, there are now studies showing that there is one secret ingredient that can be effective in recipes for lowering cholesterol. This secret ingredient is the simple nut. It doesn’t really matter the type of nut that is eaten, although nuts containing a high amount of “good” fats are more beneficial than those with lower levels. Almost every type, including almonds, walnuts, and hazelnuts, have some benefit. These nuts contain unsaturated fatty acids which are very heart-healthy, and they can easily replace those unhealthy snacks that are bad for your health. On top of the health benefits, nuts are inexpensive, easy to carry with you, and very tasty either by themselves or in your favorite recipes. Nuts have been reported to lower LDL “bad” cholesterol, which is a major contributor to heart disease. Eating nuts and lowering the LDL levels helps to lower the risk of blood clots which, if left untreated, can lead to a heart attack or stroke. In addition to this benefit, nuts can also improve the lining of your arteries. So what is in nuts that makes them so healthy? There are a number of substances found in nuts that have significant health benefits. Most nuts contain at least one of these healthy substances. • The first is unsaturated fats. Both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats lower “bad” cholesterol. • The second is omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 acids are found in fish and nuts and can help prevent heart arrhythmias. • The third component is fiber. Every nut contains at least some amount of fiber. Fiber lowers cholesterol and also helps you feel full. This means that fiber from nuts benefits you directly by lowering your cholesterol and indirectly by helping you to lose weight. The benefit of nuts is that it can be a substitute for saturated fats, such as eggs, meat, or dairy products. However, since nuts can be as much as 80% fat, they should be taken in moderation. Over-eating nuts is similar to over-eating any other type of food. Eating too much has the negative effect of weight gain. The FDA recommends eating about 1.5 ounces daily of nuts such as peanuts, pecans, almonds, pine nuts, pistachio nuts, walnuts, or hazelnuts. This amount equates to about a handful per day. Eating this amount daily may lower your risk of heart disease if included as part of an overall healthy diet. Most nuts are generally healthy although some are healthier than others. Nuts that seem to have the best effects on heart health are walnuts, pecans, macadamia nuts, almonds, and hazelnuts. Peanuts, which are technically legumes instead of nuts, have shown to have positive effects on the heart. While this article offers you the best ingredient to use in your diet and recipes for lowering cholesterol, there are a number of foods that can help anyone struggling with this condition. It is important to always keep learning about high cholesterol and the natural ways to reduce it. Preventing Heart Disease and Adhering to a Healthy Lifestyle As the US population continue to age, mainly due to the baby boomers reaching the age of 65, one of the health problems to watch for is heart disease. Heart Disease and Cardiovascular disease can be prevented, but it requires a concerted effort and continued commitment to remind seniors and middle age Americans of proper health and nutriton. Health experts, nutritional experts have long advocated a daily adherence to a low fat diet, low carb diet, low calories and low cholesterol diet. This can all be done by a conscientious decision by Americans to only by foods that meet those criteria, but more important people need to develop several recipes or several dishes that they can altenate on a daily basis. Isolating the bad stuff, while taking more and more of the good stuff is a lifestyle that people can learn to love. Efforts to eliminate high cholesterol is critical with respect to heart disease. Americans simply must eliminate fast foods and the processed foods from their diet. And for parents, emphasis of a cooked dinner must once again become the norm in everyday American life; as it was back in the 1960’s. Fast foods and processed foods are very low in nutritients and therefore are useless to the body cells. Malnourishing the body cells make them weak and ineffective against viruses, which in turn can cause a lot of problems, if not addressed in a timely manner. A simple little problem can become a huge headache, all of which contribute to the high health care costs for the government. Reversing bad eating habits for Americans perhaps will not be as difficult as once thought, now that the Obama administration have agreed to cuts in Medicare. The government simply does not have any money to sustain the growth in that program. This is a unique opportunity to continue the movement to instill proper nutrition to the American family once more. Obviously health shows like Dr Oz is helping tremendously to promote the healthy lifestyle. But, we must not relent. Other ways that promote a healthy lifestyle are the natural supplements that are plentiful now in the huge health and wellness industry. With regards to heart disease, one company in particular with a product containing Resverotrol is Sisel International. Resverotrol have long been known to exist in red wines, and numerous scientific studies going back to the 1980’s have shown that countries with population that drink a lot of red wine (such as France and Italy) have a very low rate of heart disease or heart attack. The Sisel product Eternity contains resverotrol and is 100% natural, without any toxin or harmful chemical. More information on the product can be obtained at the website below. Long Hours on the Job Increases Risk of Heart Disease By 67% These days, every penny counts. For this reason, many people work long and stressful hours every single day. While these extra hours do boost the paycheck and make you feel more financially secure, recent medical news has shown that those hours may greatly increase your risk of developing heart disease. Risk Factors and Research When you go to a doctor for the first time, he has you fill out sheet that asks you all sorts of questions. The answers that you put down help the doctor evaluate you, so that he knows what types of medical problems you are at risk for. When he is looking to see if you are at risk for heart disease, he may want to know if you smoke, what your weight is, and whether you have diabetes or are closely related to someone who does. He will check your vitals to see if your blood pressure is stable and will also check your cholesterol level. According to medical news, during this type of evaluation, many researchers also believe that doctors should ask how many hours you work each day. In some studies that have been performed in England, it was shown that if doctors had this type of information available to them, they were able to more easily predict which patient was going to suffer from heart disease. These ten year research studies were able to show that longer work hours increase the risk of heart disease, especially when accompanied by other risk factors. The Hours While it doesn’t seem like a lot of time, the research study showed that people could work up to ten hours every day without significantly increasing their risk of heart disease. Once the workers went over 11 hours of work, though, the risk of developing this type of disease in the future increased dramatically. Framingham’s risk score To further test the study and to make sure that all of the risks factors for each person were taken into consideration, Framingham’s risk score was used. With this type of evaluation, the people in the study are separated into three categories: low, moderate, and high risk. Each type of risk factor was taken into consideration, including weight, blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and cholesterol levels. If the participant did not have many risk factors, he was put into the low category, but if he was a great risk, he was placed in the high category. Those in the moderate category were somewhat a risk for heart disease. After a few years, some of the participants were moved to different categories. At times, those that were moved from the low category to the moderate category were moved simply because the number of hours that they had to work increased, making them more at risk for disease. The reason for the increased risk Doctors and researchers are not entirely sure the exact reason that an 11 hour day has such a big effect. According to some medical news, though, the negative effects of working such long hours may cause the increased risk of heart disease. When a person works for those many hours, he may not get enough sleep, may not exercise as much, may eat the wrong types of foods, and may become depressed. All of these factors can lead to an increased risk of heart disease and can possibly be caused by working longer hours. The Real Secret to Controlling Heart Disease and the Cholesterol Hype Cholesterol constantly gets bad press, but the truth is cholesterol performs necessary functions in our body as well as creating some cardiovascular risks. The trick is to keep a good balance. One of the little known facts about cholesterol is that it protects us from the effects of toxicity. As we know, our environment is far more toxic than it used to be, and as toxicity is passed on from mother to child via the placenta, we are starting life full of toxins. Each day we eat, breath and absorb more toxins. So the binding of cholesterol to toxins in order to protect the body, is vitally important to our health. So while diet can increase cholesterol levels, so to can a heavy load of toxins such as heavy metals (mercury, lead etc), petrochemicals, drugs or pesticides. In particular heavy metals such as mercury increase total cholesterol and LDL Solvents (such as alcohol) raise LDL and triglycerides. Mexican online pharmacy no prescription A cholesterol level that is too low is a risk marker of cancer, intestinal problems, stroke and depression. So balance really is the key. Dyslipidaemia or abnormal blood lipids (fat), such as cholesterol or triglycerides increases your risk of atheroschlerosis, heart disease, stroke, hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. A total cholesterol reading by itself is not particularly useful. There are 2 main types of cholesterol that you need to be aware of. 1. HDL cholesterol refers to high density lipoprotein. This is the good cholesterol, so remember that we want HDL to be high. HDL carries cholesterol away from the heart and back to the liver where it is excreted as bile. It also helps remove excess cholesterol from inside the blood vessels. 2. Low density lipoprotein or LDL is supposedly the bad stuff which we need to keep low.LDL transports cholesterol & triglycerides towards the cells and tissues which readily take them up. LDL cholesterol can adhere to the walls of the blood vessels that feed the heart and brain. Increased LDL cholesterol supposedly therefore leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. So why I am saying that LDL cholesterol is supposedly bad? New research tells us that it is only when LDL cholesterol becomes oxidized that it causes problems for the heart. A raised LDL cholesterol on its own has not been found to cause any problems. Oxidation is like a rusting effect. It occurs as a result of inadequate antioxidants such as Vitamin C, E and selenium. If you diet is high in nutrient poor foods such as breads, cakes, biscuits, pasta or processed foods, you are at increased risk of insufficient antioxidants and therefore heart disease. So before you go into a spin about the effects of cholesterol on heart disease, remember that inflammation and lack of antioxidants is likely to be a greater risk factor of cardiovascular disease than raised cholesterol. Cholesterol repairs membranes that are damaged by inflammation. By reducing inflammation you can therefore reduce the stimulus for the synthesis of cholesterol by the liver. Any treatment that is designed to protect you from heart disease must decrease inflammation. Fish oil can effectively reduce inflammation & triglycerides and slowly bring cholesterol to a satisfactory level. If you are still concerned about reducing cholesterol here are a few tips: • Eat a high fibre diet as fibre prevents cholesterol absorption and promotes elimination • Have at least one serving of green leafy vegetables – this will assist with adequate fibre intake. • Eat other foods that are rich in antioxidants such as berries to prevent oxidation of your LDL cholesterol. • Despite the hype around saturated fats, grains can contribute to dyslipidemia as they contain palmatic and stearic acid. • Keep processed foods to a minimum.of • Eat 30 percent protein (eggs, milk, dairy, fish, and soy), and 40 percent carbohydrates and 30 percent good fats from foods such as avocado, nuts, sesame, coconut or olive oil. The secret as with all good health is to ensure you have a balanced diet with plenty of whole, fresh foods. 9 Reasons Why You May Have High Bad Cholesterol What causes high bad cholesterol? Bad cholesterol is also referred to as LDL. LDL particles are less dense and less buoyant, which means they are more likely to get trapped in the bloodstream and cause clogging of the arteries. Here you will learn what causes high LDL levels and how to correct the problem. 1. Genetics Some genetic mutations have been identified as being associated with high LDL levels, but these mutations are rare. The condition familial hypercholesterolemia, for example, is accompanied by very high LDL levels, very low HDL (good) cholesterol and very high total triglycerides. Triglycerides are fats in the bloodstream. High triglycerides are usually associated with high total cholesterol and high LDL. 2. Low HDL Levels Not only are low HDL levels an accompanying problem associated with high bad cholesterol, they are also a cause of the problem. HDL particles are larger and more buoyant. They can attract the smaller LDL particles, pick them up and carry them back to the liver for reprocessing or disposal. Basically, HDL particles are bloodstream scavengers. 3. Diet Diet can contribute to high triglycerides, high total cholesterol and the imbalance in HDL and LDL particles described above. But the cholesterol in your diet accounts for only about 20% of the cholesterol circulating in your bloodstream. Most of the particles are produced by your liver and other bodily organs. 4. Lack of Exercise Although the association between physical inactivity and high bad cholesterol is not fully understood, it is known that regular physical activity decreases triglyceride levels and associated problems. The most likely reason is that the muscles use more fatty acids for nourishment. Triglycerides are composed of fatty acids. Another factor is that muscles use fatty acids for nourishment when they are at rest. So, the benefits of exercise are long-lasting. 5. Smoking Smoking contributes to high bad cholesterol. Nicotine and other chemicals alter the entire cardiovascular process. Cigarette smoking has a negative effect on the liver, where most cholesterol is produced. Your body produced more cholesterol in response to cigarette smoking as a perceived defense mechanism, but the mechanism provides no defense against the effects of cigarette smoke. 6. Excessive Alcohol Consumption Cholesterol is a fatty waxy alcohol. Excessive alcohol consumption leads to excessive cholesterol production. 7. Inefficient Excretion of Cholesterol Normally, bile acids carry cholesterol out of the bloodstream and out of the body. In some cases, the excretion process is inefficient. This leads to increased accumulation of total cholesterol in the body. Viagra online Australia 8. Excess Absorption and Re-absorption of Cholesterol Your body sometimes absorbs more cholesterol than normal from the foods that you eat. Often, this is due to a lack of other nutrients in the diet. Re-absorption of cholesterol accounts for a great deal of circulating LDL particles. Instead of being excreted via bile acids, the particles are re-absorbed through the intestinal walls. 9. The Role of Oxidation LDL particles are bad because they become trapped on the walls of the cardiovascular system and become hardened through the process of oxidation. So, while balancing and controlling cholesterol is important, it is also important to reduce oxidation of the particles, which is caused primarily by free radicals. In my next article, you will learn how to reduce bad cholesterol and reduce oxidation, naturally.
Yoga is regularly viewed as a type of reflection. Yoga is exceptionally physical, however it’s not really work out. In a few styles, there isn’t much development. A standout amongst the most mainstream kinds of yoga in the West, called hatha yoga, joins diverse stances or postures with breathing and centering. Albeit a few stances can be hard to accomplish or hold, a significant part of the time in hatha yoga, you will simply be relaxing. The different postures advance course and nerve capacity to various parts of the body. Given this sustenance, the body can regularly recuperate itself. Yoga appears to support diabetes. How it happens hasn’t been researched much, yet critical enhancements in has appeared in studies. Specialists from India pursued 20 individuals with Type 2 diabetes who were given 13 yoga postures to do every day for 40 days. They found critical decrease in fasting glucose, littler after-dinner sugar spikes, lower insulin levels, and better midriff to-hip proportions. Different investigations have discovered that individuals who did yoga had progressively stable blood sugars. Yoga may not really be oxygen consuming, however it enables you to practice better. Writing in Diabetes Self-Management, Gabrielle Kaplan-Mayer stated, “The adaptability, deftness, and quality you gain from doing any sort of yoga will expand your capacity to participate in different types of oxygen consuming activity.” You may likewise rest easy thinking about moving and more empowered after yoga. Kaplan-Mayer says one extraordinary favorable position of yoga is that you can do it at any dimension. A few postures are athletic, with legs and arms contorted into extraordinary positions. Others are finished lying discretely, with each dimension of trouble in the middle. There are a wide range of styles and schools of yoga. Among the most prominent are hatha yoga and Iyengar yoga. Iyengar utilizes a few lashes and hardware to help individuals get into their stances. You can without much of a stretch find online classes or instructional recordings for hatha, Iyengar, and different sorts. There are classes accessible where you live. You may be worried about close to home medical problems, for example, diabetic foot torment (fringe neuropathy), back agony, or coronary illness. Yoga can support these conditions and can be changed to suit your requirements, yet you need to ask a potential educator what they think about your specific issues. Like any physical action, yoga can conceivably bring down your glucose level. At whatever point you do it, ensure you have glucose tabs convenient, in spite of the fact that they are seldom required. Additionally check your sugar a couple of hours in the wake of doing yoga to perceive how it influences you. You should need to eat a light nibble before yoga to secure against going low, however keep it light. An excessive amount of nourishment may meddle with doing the stances. Leave a Reply WhatsApp chat
Disasters linked to climate can increase risk of armed conflict Research found that 23% of violent clashes in ethnically divided places were connected to climate disasters Climate-related disasters increase the risk of armed conflicts, according to research that shows a quarter of the violent struggles in ethnically divided countries were preceded by extreme weather. The role of severe heatwaves, floods and storms in increasing the risk of wars has been controversial, particularly in relation to the long drought in Syria. But the new work reveals a strong link in places where the population is already fractured along ethnic lines. Continue reading…
How Dental Sealants Stop Tooth Decay Food particles become deposited into the narrow grooves and it can be tricky to wash them as the fissures may be thinner and deep than even just one bristle of a toothbrush. Plaque (a sticky substance that’s formed when bacteria within the mouth have deposited alongside saliva, food particles and other organic materials on the surface of their teeth) has collected in them. The bacteria in plaque split the glucose (carbohydrate) in meals and result in the formation of acidity in the mouth and may result in tooth decay if it’s not removed. In children, a dental practitioner may employ sealant the moment the molar teeth come completely into the mouth (perceptible) to shield them from caries. Application of dental sealant onto the chewing (occlusal) surfaces of the teeth helps to protect the enamel from caries. Can dental sealants be utilized just on the gum of molar and premolar permanent teeth? Dental sealants are largely utilized to cover the chewing gum (occlusal) surfaces of the spine permanent teeth (the molars and premolars) since they have pits or grooves. The sealant will help to guard the teeth for decay. They might be put on other teeth should they have pits or grooves. Yes, sealants can be set on teeth of adults also. But they’re used less frequently in adults. They’re employed in adults if they have heavy grooves and fissures which don’t already have fillings or even dental sealants. What do dental sealants seem like? Assorted forms of sealant exist. They may be clear, white or have a small tint based on the sort of dental sealant that’s used. Your dentist will first wash your teeth with a brush and paste, then rinse and wash your tooth/teeth. An acidic solution is going to be put on the tooth to generate a fine rougher surface compared to the surrounding tooth enamel (that rough surface boosts the dental sealant to attach to the tooth). After drying the tooth that your dentist will put the liquid dental sealant onto the tooth and it’s hardened by using a light. Following the sealant pops on the enamel you may chew on the tooth again. How long can one dental sealant last? Dental sealants are demonstrated to be successful in preventing corrosion on gum (occlusal) surfaces. They could last for decades and may be reapplied if necessary. Is fluoride needed following dental sealant is put? Yes, as the sealants protect just the surface they are employed on where as fluoride protects each of the surfaces of the tooth from decay and czvities. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
When you make an error in speech, saying "personal breast" instead of "personal best," there's an instant feeling of "oh shit" in your brain. And when you make a mistake like tripping, you often can't stop yourself from saying "oh shit!" out loud — even if you're in front of your nice grandmother. Now a group of German researchers have discovered that this impulse, dubbed the "Oh-shit" wave, is actually a specific electrophysiological signal in your brain that can help you correct errors before they happen. According to representatives at the NWO research institute where the study was done: The researchers showed that the brain responds to such faulty utterances with a specific electrophysiological signal. It was already known that this wave occurs when making behavioural errors, such as pressing a wrong button by accident. This wave, called Error-Related Negativity, is informally known as the 'Oh-shit' wave. The brain registers at once that something is amiss. The most important conclusion of the study is that the way in which the brain uses language is not fundamentally different from how other actions such as grabbing or walking are carried out. The 'Oh-shit' wave registers errors so rapidly that they can sometimes be corrected in time. In this way you can stop yourself from falling down the stairs or saying the wrong thing. So when you yell "Oh shit!" after you stub your toe, that's your brain trying to stop you from getting hurt — and getting there a little too late. Brain Recognizes Verbal "Oh Shit" Wave [via NWO] Image via About.com.
Transgender and Intersex Transgender people are people who experience a mismatch between their gender identity and their assigned sex. Transgender people are sometimes called transsexual if they desire medical assistance to transitionfrom one sex to another. Transgender is also an umbrella term: it may include people who are not exclusively masculine or feminine (people who are genderqueer, e.g. bigender, pangender, genderfluid, or agender), third gender, or cross-dressers. Being transgender is independent of sexual orientation: transgender people may identify as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, asexual, etc., or they may consider conventional sexual orientation labels inadequate or inapplicable. The term “transgender” can also be distinguished from “intersex”. Intersex is a term that describes people born with physical sex characteristics “that do not fit the typical description of male or female bodies”. The degree to which individuals feel genuine, authentic, and comfortable within their external appearance, and accept their genuine identity is called “transgender cong-ruence”. Many transgender people experience “gender dysphoria”. Gender dysphoria is the medical term used to describe people who experience significant distress with the sex and gender they were assigned at birth. Some people with gender dysphoria seek medical treatments such as hormone replacement therapy, sex reassignment surgery, or psychotherapy. Not all transgender people desire these treatments, and some cannot undergo them for financial or medical reasons. Transgender people face discrimination and unfair treatment in many cultures and situations. So let’s talk about intersex! As an introduction; let’s discuss some embryology. Emryology is the science that studies the development of embryos and fetuses in the womb. The external genitalia of males and females are undifferentiated at 4 and 6 weeks of pregnancy, and then start to differentiate at 10 weeks for males and 20 weeks for females. The final illustrations are the external genitalia at birth. It is important to realize that the same initial tissue makes up different structures in males and females. Some people have different circumstances, that prevent them from developing along the same path that others do. The results of these developments may be “intersex individuals” who have sex characteristics of both males and females. Let’s have a look at some images by dr. Frank Netter. For example, a person might be born appearing to be female on the outside, but having mostly male-typical anatomy on the inside. Or a person may be born with genitals that seem to be in-between the usual male and female types—for example, a girl may be born with a noticeably large clitoris, or lacking a vaginal opening, or a boy may be born with a notably small penis, or with a scrotum that is divided, so that it has formed more like labia. Or a person may be born with mosaic genetics, so that some of her cells have XX chromosomes and some of them have XY. Though we speak of intersex as an inborn condition, intersex anatomy doesn’t always show up at birth. Sometimes a person isn’t found to have intersex anatomy until they reach the age of puberty, or find themselves infertile adults, or die of old age and are autopsied. Some people live and die with intersex anatomy without anyone (including themselves) ever knowing. Which variations of sexual anatomy count as intersex? In practice, different people have different answers to that question. Imagine the sex spectrum as the color spectrum. There are different wavelengths that translate into colors most of us see as red, blue, orange, yellow. In the same way, nature presents us with sex anatomy spectrums. Breasts, penises, clitorises, scrotums, labia, gonads—all of these vary in size and shape. The “sex” chromosomes can vary a lot, too. But in human cultures, sex categories get simplified into male, female, and sometimes intersex, in order to simplify social interactions. So, nature doesn’t decide where the category of “male”,“intersex”, and “female” begin and end. Humans decide. Humans decide whether a person with XXY chromosomes or XY chromosomes and androgen insensitivity will count as intersex. There is no evidence that children who grow up with intersex genitals are worse off psychologically, than those who are altered. In fact, there is evidence that children who grow up with intersex genitals do well psychologically. In other words, these surgeries happen before the age of assent or consent, are unnecessary. Parents often ask for these operations because they fear discrimination against their children. “Ambiguous” genitalia are not diseased, nor do they cause disease; they just look “funny” to some uninformed people. And this no reason to cut a child’s body parts off. A better solution would be to increase the society’s awareness about intersex. There is substantial evidence that people who have been treated under the “optimum gender of rearing” model have suffered harm, psychological and physical. And parents consenting to intersex surgeries do not appear to be fully informed about the available evidence, about 1-alternatives available to them; 2-about the risks associated with surgeries, 3-or about the theoretical problems underlying the “optimum gender of rearing” approach. For example, they are typically not told the evidence that gender identity may emerge to an important degree from prenatal hormonal actions on the brain—and thus, that you can’t “make” a child a maintain a particular gender identity in the long term by doing surgery on him or her in infancy. The best way to be a better human is to learn something new about science every day. If we all accept each other with all our differnces, the world will be a much better place. Wishing you the best of health. Irritable Bowel Syndrome Irritable Bowel Syndrome Spastic colon is another term for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), The term “spastic” describes spasms of muscles in the small and large intestines. But this term spastic colon isn’t always accurate, because IBS may also be associated with decreased motility/movement of the intestine. The symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome vary from person to person. The most common symptoms are: Abdominal pain or cramping Feeling bloated Diarrhea or constipation — sometimes in alternating bouts. Mucus in the stool For most people, IBS is a chronic condition. The symptoms might get better or worse or even disappear completely over time. But there are symptoms that may indicate a more serious condition, such as: Rectal bleeding Abdominal pain that progresses or occurs at night Weight loss Diarrhea and constipation can aggravate hemorrhoids. Also, when you avoid certain foods, you may not get enough of the nutrients your body needs. IBS may negatively affect your quality of life, leading to discouragement or depression. Because there are usually no physical signs to definitively diagnose IBS, your doctor will diagnose it by ruling out other conditions. If you don’t respond to that treatment, you’ll likely require more tests. So, be ready for a lengthy process of diagnostic tests sometimes, like: Imaging tests: and Laboratory tests: Treatments and drugs In most cases, you can successfully control mild problems of irritable bowel syndrome by learning to manage stress and making changes in your diet and lifestyle. If your problems are moderate or severe, you may need more than lifestyle changes. Your doctor may suggest medications. Dietary changes: Eliminating high-gas foods. items as carbonated beverages, vegetables — especially cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower — and raw fruits, should be avoided. Eliminating FODMAPs. Some people are sensitive to types of carbohydrates found in certain grains, vegetables, fruits and dairy products. You may be able to get relief from your IBS symptoms on a strict low FODMAP diet and then reintroduce foods one at time. Talk to your dietitian about it. Fiber supplements. Anti-diarrheal medications. Anticholinergic and antispasmodic medications. Lifestyle and home remedies 1- Chew very well on your food. Take the time to chew your food into smaller and smaller pieces until it’s essentially a liquid before swallowing. The interaction that your saliva has with your food is very important for the digestion process. It will make 2- Experiment with fiber. Although it helps reduce constipation, it can also make gas and cramping worse.So, the best approach is to slowly increase the amount of fiber in your diet over a period of weeks. Foods that contain fiber are whole grains, fruits, vegetables and beans. 3- Avoid problem foods. Keep a food diary, find out what upsets your colon, and eliminate it from your diet. If certain foods make your signs and symptoms worse, don’t eat them. These may include alcohol, chocolate, caffeinated beverages such as coffee and sodas, medications that contain caffeine, dairy products, red meat, and sugar-free sweeteners such as sorbitol or mannitol. Take care with dairy products. If you’re lactose intolerant, try substituting yogurt for milk. Or use an enzyme product to help break down lactose. Consuming small amounts of milk products or combining them with other foods also may help. In some cases, though, you may need to stop eating dairy foods completely. In this case, make sure to get enough protein, calcium and B vitamins from other sources. Herbs. Fresh Peppermint and peppermint may provide short-term relief of IBS symptoms. Probiotics. Probiotics are “good” bacteria that normally live in your intestines and are found in certain foods, such as yogurt, and in dietary supplements. If you have irritable bowel syndrome, you may not have enough good bacteria. Adding probiotics to your diet may help ease your symptoms. Drink plenty of fluids every day. Water is best. Alcohol and beverages that contain caffeine stimulate your intestines and can make diarrhea worse, and carbonated drinks can produce gas. So, water and herba teas are your best options. 4- Eat at regular times. Don’t skip meals. If you have diarrhea, eating small, frequent meals makes you feel better. But if you’re constipated, eating larger amounts of high-fiber foods may help move food through your intestines. 5- Exercise regularly. Exercise helps relieve depression and stress, stimulates normal contractions of your intestines, and can help you feel better about yourself. Check with your doctor before starting an exercise program, especially if you have a medical problem. 6- Use anti-diarrheal medications and laxatives with caution. In the long run, these medications can cause problems if you don’t use them correctly. So, always check with your doctor or pharmacist before using any medications, and read the patient information leaflet. You will find it packed with your medicine. Always remember that a healthy lifestyle is the key factor to overcome IBS. All the best.
or bar code verb (used with object), bar·cod·ed, bar·cod·ing. to put a barcode on. Origin of barcode 1970–75; bar1 (in the sense of “a band or strip”) + code Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2019 Related Words for bar code British Dictionary definitions for bar code bar code commerce a machine-readable arrangement of numbers and parallel lines of different widths printed on a package, which can be electronically scanned at a checkout to register the price of the goods and to activate computer stock-checking and reorderingAlso called: Universal Product Code, UPC bar code in Culture bar code A series of parallel lines that can be read by an optical scanner and decoded by a computer into usable information. The ten-line Universal Product Code (UPC) on the packaging of retail items is an example of this. The key to this code is the variation in line thickness and separation.
b. pair of parentheses. c. comma d. colon Hi Marilyn, welcome to the forums.. I would say 'brackets' (that's what I tend to use) Either a pair of parentheses or a pair of commas. It depends on HOW non-essential the information is. The parentheses would indicate that it is even less essential than something you might put between two commas. The other two are incorrect. You can't set off non-essential material with a period or a colon. Students: We have free audio pronunciation exercises. b.pair of parentheses I'd argue your goals are in conflict. If de-emphasis is what you want, use commas. Brackets tend to emphasize their contents simply because they are less common. But brackets also suggest greater separation. So if non-essentiality is your goal, brackets say it most clearly. For what it's worth, I disagree with the above comment. There are several ways to set off pathenthetical elements. My understanding is that the use of brackets (like this) serves to DE-emphasise; the use of commas, like this, has neutral emphasis; and the use of dashes - like this - has positive emphasis. But then - that's punctuation for you. It has rules of its own. I just took my exam in this subject and the correct answer was a pair of parentheses - according to my online exam anyway for my college course The accident it occurred four years ago crippled him. AnonymousThe accident it occurred four years ago crippled him. What's your question, please? Try out our live chat room.
Is it Safe to Greatly Reduce LDL Cholesterol, Far Below Normal Levels? The dominant approach to slowing atherosclerosis remains a mix of pharmaceuticals that can, separately, reduce blood pressure and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in the bloodstream. In the latter case, new therapies such as PCSK9 inhibitors and improved combinations of statins are capable of doing far more than just return raised LDL-C to normal levels. It is in fact possible to reduce blood cholesterol to something like a half or quarter of normal levels, and this produces incrementally greater benefits in reduction of atherosclerosis risk. But is it safe over the long term? And if it is, why did we evolve to have the observed normal levels of cholesterol in blood? Atherosclerosis is the build up of fatty plaques that narrow and weaken blood vessels, ultimately leading to a fatal rupture of some form. Raised blood pressure accelerates this process through mechanisms that are incompletely explored - but it is obviously the case that, at later stages, more pressure and weaker blood vessels combines to increase the risk of fatal structural failure. Cholesterol is another input, arriving from the bloodstream. The final input is the activity of the immune system, and local inflammatory signaling, as the immune cells called macrophages attempts to clean up cholesterol from blood vessel tissues and return it to the liver to be disposed of. Atherosclerotic plaques start and grow due to the presence of damaged, oxidized cholesterol more than overall cholesterol, but the more cholesterol in total, the more oxidized cholesterol is mixed in. That proportion increases with age, as rising levels of oxidative molecules throughout the body lead to ever more oxidative damage to molecules. Macrophages respond to the presence of cholesterol, arrive, become overwhelmed by oxidized cholesterol, and become inflammatory foam cells or die. In either case they produce signaling that leads to a further influx of macrophages, a feedback loop that only worsens with time. The bulk of atherosclerotic deposits is made up of the debris of dead cells and the cholesterol they failed to clear away, a significant fraction of it oxidized cholesterol. Thus lower blood cholesterol is good in the sense that it will slow down this process by reducing one of the inputs. Unfortunately it doesn't appear to significantly reverse atherosclerosis. Established atherosclerotic plaques remain, and the fatal end result is only put off to some degree, even for the very dramatic reductions in blood cholesterol discussed here. Better approaches are needed, such as ways to destroy oxidized cholesterol, or make macrophages resistant to oxidized cholesterol, or otherwise improve the process by which macrophages mine cholesterol from plaques and export it back to the liver. The past twenty years has seen a fair amount of innovation on the latter option, but sad to say that it has failed in human trials, even while producing as much as a 50% reversion of plaque in mice. Is very low LDL-C harmful? LDL-C is deposited in the arterial wall and promotes the inflammation process through the attraction of monocytes and macrophages at the site of cholesterol deposition, thus resulting in the development of atherosclerotic plaques and overt cardiovascular (CV) disease. An abundance of evidence has shown a linear relationship of LDL-C levels with the risk for CV events. Several lipid-lowering treatments such as statins, ezetimibe and the novel proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors were found to offer significant benefits in the reduction in LDL-C and importantly in the amelioration of the overall CV risk of patients with hyperlipidemia with or without CV disease. Towards this direction, the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Atherosclerosis recommend the reduction in LDL-C to lower than 70 mg/dl or a reduction of at least 50% if the baseline values are between 70 and 135 mg/dl in very high-risk patients, to lower than 100 mg/dl or a reduction of at least 50% from baseline values between 100 and 200 mg/dl in high-risk patients, and to less than 115 mg/dl in low to moderate risk patients. The 2017 American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease suggest even lower LDL-C targets of <100 mg/dl, <70 mg/dl, and <55 mg/dl, in high, very high, or extreme risk diabetic patients. The necessity for the reduction in LDL-C levels to provide significant CV beneficial effects has been shown and is recommended by all international guidelines. However, there are concerns for the optimal lower limit in which LDL-C can be reduced to achieve optimal CV benefit without causing potential adverse events. The purpose of this review is to present available data for the safety of reducing LDL-C to low or very low levels as it comes from studies of lipid-lowering drugs that achieved such levels. In general, intensive lipid-lowering studies with statins showed that there is no increased risk of adverse events with reducing LDL-C to levels of approximately 40-50 mg/dl. The most important data for reducing LDL-C to such levels are provided from PCSK9 inhibitors studies where remarkable reductions in LDL-C levels were achieved and no increased rates of adverse events were noted with evolocumab. The slightly concerning findings with alirocumab in the ODYSSEY LONG TERM trial were not verified in the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES study. More importantly, the potential neurocognitive decline with low LDL-C was not observed in several post-hoc analyses and in the EBBINHAUS trial that was specifically designed to evaluate such events. However, it has to be noted that in most trials, the follow-up period and the exposure of the patients in low LDL-C was rather short and trials with longer study periods are needed to unveil potential harms. Last, higher incidences of hemorrhagic stroke and cancer were not observed in these studies, even at very low LDL-C levels. In conclusion, reduction of LDL-C to less than 50 mg/dl seems safe and provides greater CV benefits compared with higher levels. Data for achieved LDL-C lower than 20-25 mg/dl is limited, although findings from the above mentioned studies are encouraging. However, further evaluation is needed for future studies and post-hoc analyses. Why not? The same answer for most accumulating forms of damage - because most prehistoric humans were dead from infection long before atherosclerosis could exert evolutionary pressure on humans with higher levels of LDL. Posted by: Jim at January 9th, 2019 5:26 PM In any case this is only lightly postpone inevitable . Why so many researchers work on compensatory approach like statins while so little on regenerative approach like 7KC breaking ensyme? Posted by: Ariel at January 9th, 2019 6:48 PM @Ariel - "In any case this is only lightly postpone inevitable . Why so many researchers work on compensatory approach like statins while so little on regenerative approach like 7KC breaking ensyme?" A couple of guesses, 7KC breaking enzymes have never been tried in human trials, and to boot they are a gene therapy, so there is a lot of extra risk of failure in development compared to small molecule drugs. Also small molecule drugs have to be taken regularly, so can extract regular payments from customers. 7KC breaking enzymes might be a one off fix, or something that only needs to be taken every couple of years. Posted by: Jim at January 9th, 2019 7:37 PM In one medical paper the researcher described the artery plaque as like acne. How the pimple pushes out the skin. In the artery this pimple can keep getting bigger until it cuts off the blood flow, or even just reducing the blood flow causes problems. An interesting treatment is biodegradable stents. They actually remodel the artery back to the original size. And then the stent dissolves over the course of a year or two. The plaque is still there, it just has been pushed out from clogging the blood flow. I can imagine some gel like substance that could go into peoples arteries, and gradually dissolve that plaque. The problem I see with many ideas, is how is the drug going to get inside the artery wall to where the plaque is building up. Posted by: aa3 at January 9th, 2019 8:08 PM I honestly don't understand why any serious amount of research dollars are spent on the atherosclerosis problem when a cure for most is readily available in unfiltered apple cider vinegar with the "monther". The unfortunate reality that most people are, to put it politely, adverse to drinking it needs to be fixed with a culture change regarding hedonism. Ask yourselves why NIH has not done a study comparing 6 months of daily apple cider vinegar to the most used statins out there. Posted by: Tom Schaefer at January 10th, 2019 7:15 AM The problem is defining "normal" LDL. Normal for persons consuming a modern Western diet is actually abnormal. Way too much fat and meat. You can hit a LDL of 70 eating vegan relatively easily but few have the willpower. CVD is mainly a lifestyle disease. "Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and triglycerides levels" "LDL values for omnivores and vegans were respectively: 123.43 ± 42.67 mg/dl and 69.28 ± 29.53 mg/dl (p < 0.001). As for TG, those values were 155.68 ± 119.84 mg/dl and 81.67 ± 81.90 mg/dl (p < 0.01)." Posted by: Lee at January 10th, 2019 7:25 AM My thought is that most people have platelet counts that are way too high. You only need a count of 100 for adequate clotting activity, but many people have a platelet count of 300-500. The platelets are the source of amyloid beta which is deposited in the developing plaques through out the blood vessel system, and contributes to CAD, CVD and MI's. Why don't we concentrate more on lowering platelet counts to control atherosclerosis? Posted by: Biotechy Marcks at January 10th, 2019 7:53 AM @Jim, why gene therapy? Enzyme therapy can work as well. Posted by: Ariel at January 10th, 2019 11:12 AM Jim: "Also small molecule drugs have to be taken regularly, so can extract regular payments from customers." ^^^ This ^^^ Like Chris Rock says, the money's in the comeback. Tom Schaefer: "The unfortunate reality that most people are, to put it politely, adverse to drinking it needs to be fixed with a culture change regarding hedonism." What color is the sky in your world? I'm imagining it is a lovely iridescent purple swirled with pink and teal. There are almost 5,000 reviews on Amazon for Bragg's ACV. I like my ACV with San Pellegrino and stevia - it's soooo taaasty, ummm... (and diluted, it won't burn my esophagus and dissolve my tooth enamel). I've got ACV and Robitussin, I'm gonna live forever. Posted by: CD at January 10th, 2019 11:49 AM Hi there! Just a 2 cents. Apple cider vinegar was definitely something I looked into at my worst, but it was not enough; it is a powerful fat burner in the form of its acetic acid and 'the mother' enzymes; plus it changes the intestinal bacterial composition towards SFA production by more of these friendly-bacterias in the gut flora. But, it's not really enough; I took (serratio)peptidases, fibrosis lowering agents, bifidobacteria supplements (like from lab made yogurt bacterial culture that contains trillions of these bacterias); in the case of the high amount of them it was worse, I knew it helped improving the cholesterol reduction but it was Dire in terms of its effect on the body; think like doing 85% CR or fasting everyday, when you are about to die. Too strong on already weak frail thin body, this bring dangerous frailty, bordering on anorexia level. I noticed that it also increased fast burning, a good thing, - a bad thing, if you are thin alraedy. It made me lose More, when there is not much 'skin/fat' in the first place (I was 150lbs at my 'heaviest' (in those pre-days, of eating whatever, and I was more 'round' in the face, slighty more 'padded' and chubbier; now I'm 130, my cheekbones protude and bones appear but I'm at my 'supposed healthy' weight and do feel much healthier - just I have to be careful to not overdo exercice or strain my body because of the disease; when I was at the worst, I dropped to 100-110lbs, there I was beginning to be skeleton anorexic for my size (5'10', 1m77). My atherosclerosis made me go down to 110lbs, don't think atherosclerosis is just a product of very fat people eating too much cholesterol-ladden food; it isn't. Your body controls/regulates cholesterol levels are 'laser-fashion', and it has such, very regulated. Many thin people have cholesterol dysfunction and as such, have cholesterol levels of 'very fat people' in thin bodies. Theirs is brought, mostly, by genetic defects in cholesterol uptake; in thin people. I am a twin, and my twin sister, also suffers from hypercholesteremia, and she weighs 115-120lbs; and is 5'8. Thus, we both suffer from genetic defect of such. Now, for most people, it's the inverse; they are obese and this greatly contributes the problem; intake of excess of cholesterol, as said in the study, ends up as build up if the liver removal rate is exceeded. But, not just that, it ends up - straight in your arteries. Like it happenede to me, and it caused the disease; I had a pulmonary embolism the first time and that one nearly killed me. The most important point when a clot will happen it to reduce fibrotic/plaque/immune activity (since it is macrophage invasion initiated by LDL signal from excess pockets of LDL in atherosclerotic lesions), then restore the redox in the artery, because ischemia is first thing that happens and then affected arterial endothelial tissue dies; and you can die if the oxygen is reduced too much at the clot point because of sudden ATP loss at that tissue from blood restriction cut from the clot jammed there after a plaque ruptured. Not only that, other organs will fail and enter ischemic state, because of lack of blood reach from clot; thus your level of O2 drops and ROS is massively produced at the ischemia tissues. LDL-ox will contribue to this as it goes into a vicious circle of more oxidized LDL, vLDL and 7-KC production. When your consume products that restore ketosis/fat burning, be careful with this (I did CR, ketosis, bifidobacteria, apple cider vinegar, etc...) because now you switch the body from cholesterol synthesis/glucose uptake towards lipid-burning for energy; which is, what you want - but not in thin state; if overly fat yes; you stand good to lose some pounds; but if you have 'no pounds' on you, no. It will accentuate the frailty and the disease too. Because when you have atherosclerosis, it is a very tricky thing; your body is trying to use glucose as its main energy because it enters - far more - into ischemia levels than regular people; glucose is the most protective thing for ischemia tissues, because it activates HSF-1/heat shock factor 1/HEME-1 (heme oygenase 1; an extremely protective element that alters iron levels to reduce iron fenton ROS reaction from heme/iron exposure causing ROS and restor O2/ATP energy balance in low O2), which it, activates Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 HIF-1 and Phase II detox stress enzymes (GST glutathione s transferase and selenotransferase); the master regulator of ischemia response under low O2 (such as lack of blood from clot causing ischemic tissues). This regulator Reduces ROS under severe O2, because it alters ATP and makes mitochondria 'feed' on glucose rather than lipid source; you could say your body is mimicking 'cancer cells' whom feed on glucose and strive in hypoxic/anoxic env. In fact, Hypoxic factor is a contributor to cancer formation (and why oxygen kills cancers via oxygen oxidation power, while HIF-1 'protect' cancer cells from oxidation-caused by O2/peroxidation from oxygen exposure to one oxide/per-oxide of oxygen). So, it's a double-edged sword, it's good for protection under low O2 but it creates a haven for 'mutation/rogue cells' formation. As such, when you have atherosclerosis, your body needs Instant energy, much more of it to supplement the ischemic tissues aroudn arteries, and glucose provides taht, likewise for lactate production, far more than lipid burning. It's why the body chooses this as a way to combat excess fat and cholesterol. I have to be careful because too little carbs makes me go CR/ketotic, too much carbs accelerates atherosclerosis from excess blood glucoses (causing diabetes/AGEs), while enough carbs makes sure that body is capable of activating HIF-1 at the important moments. Now, for the question of does lowering too much LDL, cause problems - yes. Like anything, too much of anything is bad. The point is, you have to reduce LDL to a very low level - but not extinction either. LDL is a part of your cells and cholestereol is present in all mitochondrial membranes for fluidity/speed kinetic. Now, HDL, is more favorable because of its signaling is the cascade you want. HDL is capable of restoring the proper liver LDL uptake via liver stearoyl receptor X (liver receptor X), and restoring proper immune reaction so that the first thing that happens is macrophage invasion is stopped so that there is no more plaque destabilizing, your atherosclerotic plaques stabilizes themselves as the levels of fibrosis element drops (thrombin (causing thrombus formation, thrombosis), and then the body can take care of reducing such plaques, disolvung the clot, reducing LDL-ox, LDL levels and increasing your HDL:LDL ratio. Your liver will produce HDL Over LDL species, and that is the single most crucial important element to reverse atherosclerosis; you need HDL cholesterol to rever it because it alters the genetic/epigenetic landscape to how it is when you don't have atherosclerosis. The plaques will shrink and, indeed, atherolsceorsis is then reversed; as it happened to me, as I stabilized my LDL levels, they drop tremendously and my HDL did not just stay put, it Raised - just as the LDL lowered itself, increasing favorable high HDL:LDL ratio; that's because the liver was producing HDL species over LDL, that's important. The bottom line is the body is made up of cholesterol, it has signaling function and mitochondrial improving function/for mito signaling. Our brains are cholesterol-fat ladden, we need it to think, that's because neurons rely of mitochondrial function, and cholesterol packed inside their membranes allow that, via fluidizing effect instead of viscous effect (slows kinetic, such as compact saturated fat and trans-saturated fat slow membrane kinetic fluidity : the membranes become rigid rather than fluid; which means low ATP and (s)low signal kinetic, and keep create mitochondrial apoptosis of neuron; and it's also why mitochondria take in first Cholesterol, Oleic acid 18:1/Palmitoleic acid 16:1 (monos/MUFA), and Linoic acid 18:2 (polys/PUFA); that's because these fatty acids have the least amount of kinks/least amount of carbon chains and highest fluidity despite having a single or two 'double-bonds' in their chain - which cause ROS/FA perodixation susceptibility (16:1, 18:1, 18:2). But, it is still not enough, and why our brains are DHA/EPA (20:5, 22:6 PUFA) membrane filled, that because they are the most fluidizing of all and allow fast neuron activity from fast mitochondrial ATP. The downshoot is that they are Highly Peroxidizable by increased carbon chain and double-bonds number length (20:5, 22:6); that means more points where ROS can attack it and create volatile peroxidation lipid-end products (ALEs, not AGEs, Advanced Lipoxidation End Products, the cause of protein carbonyls and destruction of mitochondrial membrane upon PUFA oxidiation (Causing these cataclysmic chain of lipid peroxixation)). To end, I would say, be sure to reduce your LDL above all, but do not remove your Total cholesterol to such low levels that it is dangerous - too low IS dangerous; you need cholesterol, HDL, mostly but some LDL too; the least you can is best but too low is just a bad. The main culprit is LDL being too much and HDL is not high enoughm this completely wacks your immune system towards inflammation and macrophage activation (and platelet clotting hyperactivation too). You want to obtain a favorable HDL:LDL ratio : High HDL, low LDL. This way cholesterol signaling is kept intact by both being still around. Wishing good luck to anyone who has my disease. Just a 2 cents. Posted by: CANanonymity at January 10th, 2019 2:20 PM I was looking for ways to increase the quercetin and fisetin's bioavailability. One of moderately good solvents for quercetin is alcohol. About 1mg per ml... Then did the numbers of using 3000mg (3 grams) ... that would require about 300ml of pure ethanol... about 750 ml of vodka. This is the most common bottle size of vodka... coincidence, anybody ? On a more serious note, it would be more important to find a regiment to reduce the pre-existing plaque. Then it could be applied/adhered to periodically. If reducing LDL doesn't reduce the existing plaque then it is just a marginal solution with probably nasty side effects and a diet that is hard to adhere to... Posted by: cuberat at January 10th, 2019 5:37 PM Peter Attia, an MD that is something of an expert on the subject and has a recent five hour pod cast on Cholesterol on his site, says ideally you want to be at 20th percentile on the critical metrics. I believe that would be 100mg/dl LDL, 78 APO B, 1100 LDL-P, for adult men. I can not recall details as to why going lower is problematic, but think it is just based on all cause mortality data. Aside, I am planning to start taking low dose Ezitimide as a test. Posted by: JohnD at January 10th, 2019 10:38 PM Hi cuberat! Just a 2 cents. Quercetin, Trans-Resveratrol, Resveratrol and other (trans)stilbenes are good to reduce plaque, found in red wine/red grapes for example. Only low dose alcohol is beneficial and increase bioavailability/ bioabsorption. Alcohol in large doses causes hepatic steatosis, cirhosis, fat accumulation (fatty liver), and, especially, cholesterol accumulation; so, while the health preserving effect of polyphenols of red wine would be helpful, too much alcohol will mess up the cell redox and activate cholesterol synthesis, total cholesterol LDL HDL wouldi ncrease, but the ratio would be worse as LDL specie would overtake HDL; this means the alcohol has negative effect on liver x receptor and makes cholesterases increase by increasing the bad LDL; which, you guessed it, is promoting atherosclerosis. People that have eaten cholesterol rich foods and keep low cholesterol while drining red wine, is because of the tannins/phenols fractions, if removed that wine is poison, due to being pure alcohol. In fact, white wine is less healthy, per say, because the phenol concentration is weak, it's white/transparent lacking pigment/phenols (red phenolic content of red grape-pressed (in red wine)). Wine is 15% alcohol, much too high, 1 glass and it's done. As for beer, 5%, but most people consume way too many beers, and the phenolic content of it is weak, so just 'getting alcohol'. My grand-father died of liver cirosis because he drank so many beers in those days (1940s-50s) by always visiting the overactive bars back then alcohol-filled and smoke-filled, my father would hide the beers as a teenager from my grand-dad. He died at 56 years old of such when my dad was 14. I would say the best you can do to reduce existing plaques, is controlling your diet, by cutting the largest element; cholesterol intake. That, saved my life, but it was not enough. For existing plaque, cutting cholesterol helps to stabilize them, but, as said, you need more than that. I tried many things, and not many things worked to reduce levels; antioxidants did help, but clearly, no matter how many antioxidants/polyphenols from vegetables/fruits I ate it was not enough to revert, it only slightly slows things; you need more than that to stop it. A few thingss I tried, magnesium, peptidases, melatonin, apple cider vinegar, green tea, doing more exercice (I could not, it would kill me, as it was way too hard and body about to let go anytime), only much later did I very slowly reenter exercising, I played so much with food to find the miracle one, I foud that vegetarian diet was my saviour but I had to make sure to obtain protein/a slight bit of fat too, but cholesterol was cut, completely; which, itself is not good as said - you need it; But, when you are atherosclerosed - no, you don't need it. What you need is for the body to make the Good cholesterol (HDL). So I search some more, I tried b vitamins, d3, vit e, ginseng, gingko, every fricckin spice possible, yeah I tried a shiton of stuff to reduce my disease, but most of it was veryyy slow to do anything, if anything. People forget that Reversing atherosclerosis and the plaques - is a very Long process, it could 1 2 3 years easy, and you will still be frail after; in total could take 10 years to be somewhat back to normal; I am on my year 4 and improving, but I saw new problems, because of epigenetic memory of that event, so most likely my arteries are epigenetically older than my other tissues because of that massive life trauma, sadly, so they could kill me Later (in decades, if I am still alive that is). I noticed I may suffer ischemia, which I Never had before; that's what happens has the 'lingering' effects of life altering event, later can weaken you. Because of this I might die of a 'stroke' to the brain or some other tissue dying due to lack of O2/blood later on in my frail vasculature. I would say the most powerful things were getting Sleep, 7 hours all the time each night, being very well rested, cutting cholesterol 100% completely gone (I have not consumed 1mg of cholesterol in 4 years, that means a sh*ton of foods that I have not eaten on purpose (to keep alive)), my body took care of the cholesterol and gave the correct HDL I wish, not the LDL. I also would say, magnesium was the most saving mineral of all, that's because it is a powerful antioxidant activator, chromosome repacker, it activates GSH production to restore redox in mitochondrias/ATP (mitochondrial magnesium is a determinant of cell fate, where calcium-load causes mPTP opening loss of its cytochromeC, while magnesium ions antagonize that and protect the cell from its illfated death), also, b12 and D3, melatonin but especially b12 and d3; that's because b12 improves homocysteine levels towards reduction (high homocysteine causes redox imbalance and accelreates plaque formation), b12 is also, like folate, a methyl donor and improves dnmt methylation levels which means epigenetic improvement by improved transcription/reduction of transcriptional drifting. B12 also increase SAMe (s-adenosylmethionine levels, which protect against demethylation and imrpoves atheroscleorsis), While D3, is a ver powerful vitamin, that will completely alter the chain of HDL LDL species, d3 is necessary for cholesterol control and is a life saviour (cholacalciferol, you noticed CHOLA-calciferol, it's not a surprise whiy named so, it has definite cholesterol control in the liver itself and brain, because both have Vitamin D3 receptors, and these receptors activate liver X receptors for cholesterol disposal and inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, or rather, LDL synthesis switched to HDL synthesis). One more thing, studies demonstrated that B12 levels are correlative of LDL/HDL, meaning high b12 is correlative of high HDL:LDL ratio, while low b12 is prevalent in low HDL:LDL ratio (high LDL for HDL molecule). But, to finsih, only All of these things together do they bring true benefit, over the Years, not a couple of months, it takes yaers to reverse atherosclerosis; stabilize happend quick enough but 'reversal'/plaque shrinking is long...eating vegetarian diet helps greatly and all the polyphenols block hepatic cholesterol synthesis or reverse LDL, for HDL instead. I know that I still have some plaque, and I'm 4 years later, so no, this not overnight thing despite doing basically everthing (except statins or do stents or other 'invasive' operations, statins are good but certainly not better than anything I've done and they have complications, but are good enough for usage, my uncle takes statin and controls his cholesterol, be prepared for life, to combat this once it happens to you. But you Can control it to live a normal life, you Can survive this. Another thing I learned that helped, is a study I read that they did with mice fed Linolenic acid (18:3) in flax seed oil, in this reversed the atherosclerotic lesions/plaques (both) in mice arteries...but don't jump to conclusion too quick; I took flax seed oikl For A Long Time, and it contributed to cholesterol/triglycerides formation in me, it did very little to stop mine as I was taking a Lot of It (and also olive oil, I tried tons of oils...all of them ended up Accelerating fat cholesterol synthesis altogether and not helping), Fatty acids composition of oils is what can revert atherosclerosis: saturated fats, 16:0 (palmitic acid, from palm oil/palm trees), 18:0 (stearic acid, found in cocoa butter - I ate tons of Dark Chocolate, and Still had Atherosclerosis, that means the polyphenols of cocoa are not all that incredible on some people and cocoa/caffeine both activate SIR/inhibit mTOR just like rapamycin, but that's not enough while the polyphenols just like red wine are not enough in dark cocoa), saturated fats increase atherosclerosis (so many studies would say 'no, saturated fats do nothing...', well many atherosclerosed rabbits and monkeys say differently, and Did Die when they were fed saturated fatty rich diets; now, for Monos/Mono Unsaturated Fatty Aacids (MUFA), 18:1 (oleic acid, named/found from olives but in all other MUFA-rich oils), 16:1 (palmitoleic acid), MUFAs improve mitochondrial membrane fluidity and is why you Can see improvement on MUFA...but, like I said, I consumed Tons of Olive Oil Omega-9 (Extra Virgin with Polyphenol Content intact, not Oxidized Olive Oil), and I still Got Atherosclerosis. Why ? Because one study showed taht MUFAs are also Atherogenic', meaning they Can contribute to atherosclerosis and Do, in certain cases. In my case, that was the case. MUFAs were fed to monkeys again, and you know what ? They died. Extravirgin olive oil, the best, made not difference. That's because fat intake = large chance of cholesterol and triglyceride increase synthesis; and that'S exactly what they saw in these dead animals. Meaning, plaques grew even so, from improved fluidity by MUFAs or theri polyphenolic content. While, lastly, we have the PUFAs (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Omega-6 and Omega-3), we consume too much high-chain Omega-6 (arichidonic acid, 20:4, found from arachides/peanuts fatty acids; 20:4 activates immune system and creates inflammation signals), while 18:2 linoleic acid improves membrane fluidity but is more peroxidizable than 18:1 (oleic acid, more protected by 1 kink, 18:2, has 2 kinks (double bonds in the chain). It was shown that cardiolipin is special lipid foudn in the heart that is rich in 18:2 and is necessary for it, while it atherosclerosis, 18:2 seemed to restore normal function and did stabilize things. Being 2 kinks offers more fluidity and being short it is relatively resistant (by only 2 kinks). While then, we have 18:2 (linolenic acid, not to confused with linoleic acid (LinoLEIC acid 18:2, LinoLENIC acid 18:3), 18:2 is omega-6, 18:3 is a omega-3. That is the one they say improvement in mice, when they said 18:3 contained in flax seed oil, the mice saw dramatic reduction in plaque size and slowing and reversal of atherosclerosis. My take is that 18:3 contributes to formation of Higher Chain PUFAs Omega-3, namely, DHA (22:6) and EPA (20:5), both of these are Crucial for fluidity and function, omega 3 DHA EPA imrpoved somewhat atherosclerosis; In my case, when I took Omega 3 is was more bad than good, oxidation by DHA EPA is Very Strong by 5 or 6 kinks in their carbon chain length. And, yes, I took Tons of Omega 3 + Olive Oil + Flax Seed Oil...all Before having atherosclerosis. and none of that stopped anything. So, I want to end by saying, only you can know how you body reacts and how your plaques react; you could be taking statins, warfarins, or other blood thinners to clear your blood, reduce platelet (immune system is important but it is hyperactivated in atherosclerosis, platelets and macrophages are the responsible element at the athersoclerotic lesions that cause ROS formation in vicious cycle, of more plaque formation, more LDL depot, more oxidation, etc), and if you Eat are not helping your cause, it goes right in your arteries. I have noticed that by improving my epigenetic proflie (via b12, folate, cholate, methionine, betain methyl donors) I have gained much more rejuvenating effect because I am slowing the process tremendously in my epigenetically 'aged arteries' ...Just a 2 cents. PS: Another one is Trans-fats, they are deadly avoid them; except one specific ones, CLA, from cows. It has a lipid lowering effect, I took some to somewhat ok results but I ditched it later when I felt that I lost so much weight and began being frail (which I aggravated the artery stability). Posted by: CANanonymity at January 11th, 2019 12:11 AM I eat a vegan diet of only whole foods, NO oils, no added sugar, minimised saturated fat completely, down to 8-12% fat - as advised by cardiologist Dr. Esselstyn. Beans/legumes, potato/sweet potato, broccoli, green vegetables, 1 brazil nut per day, rye bread -- calorie counted to 2000 calories per day, with liberal amounts of spices to season. After 6 months, my LDL-C became 60mg/dl, more than halved from when I was eating a balanced diet of meat, oil, and vegetables. No drugs were required. I only spent $7 on a B12 supplement to take weekly based on blood tests showing sufficiency. It's great that I have reduced my atherosclerosis risk, but I still have to deal wth aging at the end of the day. For the majority of the population, some kind of culture shift may be required to eliminate atherosclerosis without drug intervention. Posted by: John at January 11th, 2019 4:19 AM I have had carotid artery and abdominal ultrascans, with the result being that I have no noticeable plaque in my blood vessels and arteries despite being 78. I attribute much of my lack of atherosclerotic plaque to a high HDL level of 80 to 85, and a low platelet count of about 105. I think a drink of one small glass of wine helps with a high HDL level, and the alcohol and polyphenols in the wine help cleanse my vessel walls of any LDL plague. Posted by: Biotechy Marcks at January 11th, 2019 10:32 AM PS: I also have a moderately high bilirubin level of 1.8 on account of my genetic Gilbert's Syndrome. The high bilirubin levels in the blood vessels is highly protective of atherosclerosis because it is a strong antioxidant that cleanses the vessel endothelium of ROS particles. Also, I run/walk 12K steps/day or about 6 miles which is very good for my cardiovascular system. Posted by: Biotechy Marcks at January 11th, 2019 1:51 PM Hi John and Biotechy! Thanks for that. ''NO oils,'', exactly, this demonstrates that one of the large cause of atherosclerosis is just too fat intake in the form of oils or whatnot. By cutting out these oils, there was dramatic reductiong in LDL cholesterol production. I did the same, I consumed no oils in 4 years and I corroborate with you, the same happened, LDL goes down. Most foods have some small content of fat, which is good as long as teh saturated fat content is nearly nothing; but getting small amounts of PUFA is ok, since your body burns fat for energy, it needs some fuel to provide it energy, glucose is that main one but fats are not alll bad, just we have to be careful of the amount and the type; cholesterol-rich food intake is important culprit in Western diet. And, exactly, a high/increased HDL reverts the plaque process; thus high HDL:LDL ratio (the HDL rises (not just stay still, it must rise also as the body switches to HDL production over LDL), while the LDL lowers (again, it must not stay still, it must lower itself, not just a better ratio by More HDL or Less LDL; you need More HDL, and, Less LDL (by both going inversely up and down, and neither remaining frozen amount). I 100% agree with you that there needs to be more conscientization/awareness to the fact that these diseases are serious stuff and I mean we are not forcing anyone; eat what you wish/whatever diet...but we need to be mor responsable of our eating, I know it soudns dumb to say 'responsable eating' (lol). But, we have to own to it and accept the dangers of eating crap or putting our lives at risk by our 'carefree junkfood culture'; consequences should be more understood shown so people change sooner than later (too late, die). Biotechy, ItMs incredible because of your age (in a good way) you are a true force of nature (and 12K steps 6miles...oh my I'm half your age and just get tired reading this; it shows that we can be weak in our 40s, 50s, and then it can improve if we 'survive'this long, because I'm not even sure I will reach your great age. many people don't reach 78 or even soon, 80); it's incredible that this syndrome is actually helping and by liver bilirubin overproduction you are better protected; this syndrome greatly mimics what is happening in birds. Like for example, in parrots, they have higher bilirubin/biliverdin/biles production than other animals, most long-lived birds have (parrots, pigeon, crow, albatros, etc), showing that bilirubin is a powerful metal chelator and ROS iron quencher. I guess you could say your 'curse' is your 'cure'. Thanks it's very informing and heart warming to know, there are people who go through this, and give up a certain hope to push ourselves to fight it, live/survive. Just a 2 cents. Posted by: CANanonymity at January 11th, 2019 6:00 PM Wow. As is so often the case, you did not even answer your own question. If you review all the major studies of statins using absolute and not relative statistics, you will find there was no advantage to the use of statins. None on a population basis. No major decrease in all case mortality or decrease in cancer rates. Relative versus absolute statistics is essential to understanding all scientific studies What is the absolute and not the relative gain in lowering LDL-c to lower and lower levels? What long term study or algorithm validates lowering cholesterol <80? <60? Or even <50? We know that cholesterol is absolutely essential for cell wall membrane stability. We know from the Framingham study, the longest of any medical study, the cholesterol is a bad "predictor" of heart disease. The side effect profile of statins is underestimated. Muscle aches, liver enzyme rise, cognitive decline, temporary amnesia. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. LDL has been typed as Pattern A and Pattern B. Pattern B is possibly more atherogenic. Pattern A is far less atherogenic. Finally, imaging. Imaging will show that patients with familial high LDL-c concentrations may actually have zero plaque in the carotid arteries. Whereas other patients with "normal" LDL-c may have considerable plaque. You did not answer the seminal question. Who is pushing this trend? Who determined that lowering LDL-c to such ridiculous levels is truly beneficial? Dig much deeper. There is more marketing than science here. Posted by: bodywise at January 13th, 2019 10:54 AM Hi bodywise! Thank you for that. Just a 2 cents. I apologize for not answering fully the question (Sometimes I go on tangent) I meant, that there is not (more) advantage of taking statins, as there are complications to them as you said; but you could take them and see reduction in cholesterol (as did my uncle, he is alive and well, controlled it; my brother-in-law, same thing, taking statins and keeping cholesterol in check), I did not take them because I heard of some those side effects and was quite worried (but, I guess for some people with high cholesterol, their doctors tell them : 'statins' and that'S about it, they take it no questions or they judge the side effects are not enough to overweigh the benefits provided by them, so they take them anyhow because the dangers of atherosclerosis death far outweigh side effects of statins). But, trust me, I'm like you, I do not wish to take statins and am not taking any. And, doing ok, without them. I am not the one pushing this trend, it is what it is, studies, overall, demonstrate that HDL:LDL ratio is determinant in many of longevity and atherosclerosis risks. People that may have high LDL-c but no plaque is an another category; I'm not saying that LDL is all bad for you need both but there is more than enough literature showing that LDL is oftenly the culprit or it's a too low HDL, either one - outside of people protected from atherosclerosis whom show high LDL (most likely they have high HDL though). I'm not trying to dictate how you control your cholesterol, eat what you wish and if your LDL is high and you are plaque free; all the best. (For me, it's the inverse that happened). LDL, being low-density, can signal a different 'signal' than HDL during atherosclerotic lesions, which can lead to macrophage invasion/platelet activation/immune activation and cause inflammation enzymes/genes/cytokines (IL-6, TNF, thrombin, C-Reactive, INF, etc). Possibly there is more to the story, such as in certain people high total cholesterol, they can have little or no plaques; which is quite miraculous; there are genetic determinants that may render High LDL and HDL, or low, to not be enough to trigger atherosclerotic plaque formation. Or, like in diabetes, AGEs/glycation, can contribute to glycoxidation and ROS, death of endothelial cells, which can cause ischemia and then plaque instability (glucose is cholesterol synthesis promoter), it's complicated. That much is true, I am trying to dig as deep as possible. What is sure is we need cholesetrol for function but there are many shades of grey still (like why do long-lived centenarians show such high HDL, it means in certain people, this is contribute to long lifespan and atherosclerosis-free; but, probably not everyone because of different genetic signatures and SNPs). And it's true, marketing hype can twist things for sure. Thanks. Just a 2 cents. Posted by: CANanonymity at January 13th, 2019 8:52 PM
The International Baccalaureate Mission Statement • IB World School The International Baccalaureate aims to develop inquiring, knowledgeable and caring young people who help to create a better and more peaceful world through intercultural understanding and respect. To this end the organization works with schools, governments and international organizations to develop programmes of international education and rigorous assessment. These programmes encourage students across the world to become active, compassionate and lifelong learners who understand that other people, with their differences, can also be right. What is the Primary Years Programme? • The Primary Years Programme (PYP) provides an educational framework based upon what is currently known about how young children learn. It draws on the best practices in elementary school instruction and provides a focus on the development of the whole child as an inquirer, both in the classroom and in the world outside. The PYP requires all teachers in the school to plan units of instruction and lessons collaboratively around six important themes. The collaboration facilitates a carefully thought-out and sequential development of skills, knowledge and attitudes, while the transdisciplinary themes provide both students and teachers a rich and inviting learning environment in which they can explore. In brief, the six transdisciplinary themes are: Who we are; Where we are we in place and time; How we express ourselves; How the world works; How we organize ourselves; and How we share the planet. In the PYP, students are taught to understand that learning is about asking questions and looking for answers, which in turn may generate new, and perhaps more complex questions in need of answers. As teachers work with students through this programme of guided inquiry, they also help students understand what their relationship and responsibility is towards what they are learning. In the PYP character-building shares a prominent place alongside learning. IB LEarner Profile IB World School • Jill Baker IB Coordinator at Sawyer Road Elementary (770) 429 9923 x6271 IB PYP Resources for Parents
Gerri Chanel In August 1939, curators at the Louvre nestled the world's most famous painting into a special red velvet-lined case and spirited her away to the Loire Valley. So began the biggest evacuation of art and antiquities in history. As the Germans neared Paris in 1940, the French raced to move the masterpieces still further south, then again and again during the war, crisscrossing the southwest of France. Throughout the German occupation, the museum staff fought to keep the priceless treasures out of the hands of Hitler and his henchmen, often risking their lives to protect the country's artistic heritage. Thus a story that features as a vignette in the George Clooney film The Monuments Men is given the full-length treatment it demands. Call number: 940.5344 C This title is also available as an eBook. Essay: Saving Mona Lisa: The Battle to Protect the Louvre and Its Treasures from the Nazis
When the huge reconstruction work began at the World Trade Center following 2001’s tragedy, constructors uncovered something no one was expecting to find there – a wooden ship, right under where the twin towers used to stand. Measuring 22 feet (6.7 meters), the skeleton of the ship went unexplained for years. Now, scientists analyzing the rings from the trees used as wood showed that it was built sometime in 1773 or soon after that, probably in a small shipyard in Philadelphia. To make it even more interesting, it was probably constructed using the same white oak trees used to build parts of Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution were signed. How they figured it out Archaeologists have carefully monitored the entire building site. Among others, they found animal bones, bottles, ceramic pieces, and of course, the ship. Piece by piece, it was carefully extracted from the ground and sent to the Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory where it was soaked in water, to prevent the wood from cracking or breaking. After this, it was sent to the Tree Ring Laboratory at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, New York. There, researchers cut thin slices and analyzed the tree rings. In order to determine when the trees were cut and from where, they used a technique called dendrochronology. Dendrochronology is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also known as growth rings. After they establish how old the trees are, they then compare the rings to other previously studied rings from trees in other areas, checking for similarities. “What makes the tree-ring patterns in a certain region look very similar, in general, is climate,” said the leader of the new study, Dario Martin-Benito, from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. “Regional ring patterns arise from local rain levels and temperatures, with wetter periods producing thicker rings and drier periods producing smaller rings”, he added. He and his colleagues narrowed the place of tree origin to the eastern United States. Their search was aided by the keel of the ship, which contained hickory, a tree found only in eastern North America and eastern Asia – and eastern Asia was not really a possibility. If the trees had been more common, the search would have been more difficult. The tree ring growth patterns were very similar to those previously obtained from rings found in old living trees and historic wood samples from the Philadelphia area. There are two main theories as to how the ship got there in the first place. Either it simply sank accidentally or it was purposely submerged to become part of a landfill, to strengthen Manhattan’s coast line. Subscribe To Our Newsletter Stay Updated Estimate my solar savings!
Beta Readers Needed for Beginning Programming with Python For Dummies I’m starting a new book project entitled, Beginning Programming with Python For Dummies. Python is a really neat language and it’s used for all sorts of commercial tasks. The main benefits of using Python are that the code is succinct, it’s easy to read, and it’s easy to learn. This book is intended for someone who has never written any code before. The focus of the book is to make things simple and easy to understand, so if you’re already a Python developer, you probably won’t find too much in the way of new information. Here is a list of the topics you’ll find in my book as you read: • Part I: Getting Started • Chapter 1: Talking to Your Computer • Chapter 2: Getting Your Own Copy of Python • Chapter 3: Interacting with Python • Chapter 4: Writing Your First Application • Part II: Talking the Talk • Chapter 5: Storing and Modifying Information • Chapter 6: Managing Information • Chapter 7: Making Decisions • Chapter 8: Performing Tasks Repetitively • Chapter 9: Dealing with Errors • Part III: Performing Common Tasks • Chapter 10: Interacting with Modules • Chapter 11: Working with Strings • Chapter 12: Managing Lists • Chapter 13: Collecting All Sorts of Data • Chapter 14: Creating and Using Classes • Part IV: Performing Advanced Tasks • Chapter 15: Storing Data in Files • Chapter 16: Sending an Email • Part V: Part of Tens • Chapter 17: Ten Amazing Programming Resources • Chapter 18: Ten Ways to Make a Living with Python • Chapter 19: Ten Interesting Tools • Chapter 20: Ten Libraries You Need to Know About As you can see, this is a really useful book for the novice. By the time you complete this book, you’ll be able to perform some useful tasks with Python and you’ll be able to read other books without the usual head shaking and complete frustration. The goal isn’t to turn you into an expert, but to reduce the learning curve so that you can actually follow other texts that you might want to use. This isn’t a platform specific book. It doesn’t matter whether you work with a Mac, Linux, or Windows. I’m looking for people from all walks of life and my only expectation is that you know how to perform essential tasks with your platform of choice, such as install applications and work as an administrator on that system. Of course, I still want to avoid making any errors in the book if at all possible. That’s where you come into play. The biggest complaint people have about computer books is that they’re obviously written by an expert and not the people reading them. I take all of the input from the beta readers to avoid that sort of problem. In addition, beta readers often find errors that other people miss. In short, you’re an incredibly important part of the writing process. As part of being a beta reader, your name will appear in the book Acknowledgements (unless you specially ask that I don’t provide it). However, one of the bigger benefits to you is that you get to read the book free of charge and gain the skills that it can provide for you. Imagine what learning a new programming language can do for your career. Even if you don’t need Python for work, you can use what you gain to create applications for your own needs and to obtain a better understanding of how computers work. Just contact me at if you’d like to work with me on this project. Winter Egg Production Chickens are affected by the amount of daylight available. In fact, layers typically need 12 to 14 hours of light each day to lay eggs consistently. Commercial egg laying operations will provide this amount of light artificially, if necessary, to ensure the chickens keep laying eggs. Of course, commercial egg laying operations also heat their coops and keep chickens in conditions that reduce the quality of the egg that you get in the store. Part of the benefit of raising chickens in natural conditions is that you obtain a high quality egg that actually contains more good elements and fewer bad elements (such as cholesterol and fat). However, there is a cost involved with getting this higher quality egg and that’s a reduced winter production. A number of sources online mistakenly say that egg production stops completely during the winter months. However, my own experience says otherwise. Yes, the production is greatly reduced, but we still obtained 63 eggs from our ten hens during the month of December. This is contrasted with 248 during August, which is a typical summer month. So, you probably won’t have enough eggs to sell in December if you bake and eat eggs regularly. However, you also won’t have to go completely without eggs. Of course, the question is why you wouldn’t provide a light in the coop if it will induce the chickens to lay more eggs. The problem with using a light is that it robs the chickens of important nutrients they need during the winter months. The chickens need these nutrients to stay warm during the winter, especially if your coop is unheated. Heating and lighting a coop is also expensive, so you’d need to consider the tradeoff in additional costs. When all is said and done, most small operations will be better off letting the chickens have a bit of a rest during the winter. You can improve egg production by ensuring your coop has south facing windows so that the chickens do get the maximum light available. This strategy will also keep the chickens warmer because the sunlight will heat the coop during the day. Given the experience we’re having with the chickens, I credit the south facing window for getting any eggs at all. One of the things you can do if you really must have more eggs during the winter months is to freeze your eggs. That’s right, you can freeze eggs during the late fall (as production is going down) for use during the winter months. You can whip the eggs up and freeze them for up to 12 months. It’s also possible to freeze just the whites. Unfortunately yolks don’t freeze well, so you need to choose how you plan to use your eggs as part of your strategy. There are tradeoffs for nearly any self-sufficiency strategy you use. We’ve chosen to follow a natural path when it comes to egg production by giving our chickens a bit of a vacation during the winter months to ensure that we continue to get quality eggs when they do lay and also to extend the life of our layers by not overtaxing their systems. What is your experience with winter egg laying? Let me know at Extending the Horizons of Computer Technology OK, I’ll admit it—at one time I was a hardware guy. I still enjoy working with hardware from time-to-time and it’s my love of hardware that helps me see the almost infinite possibilities for extending computer technology to do all sorts of things that we can’t even envision right now. The fact that computers are simply devices for performing calculations really, really fast doesn’t actually matter. The sources of data input do matter, however. As computer technology has progressed, the number of sensor sources available to perform data input have soared. It’s the reason I recently wrote an article entitled, Tools to Help You Write Apps That Use Sensors. The sensors you can connect to a computer today can do just about any task imaginable. You can detect everything from solar flares to microscopic animals. Sensors can hear specific sounds (such as breaking glass) and detect ranges of light that humans can’t even see. You can rely on sensors to monitor temperature extremes or the amount of liquid flowing in a pipe. In short, if you need to determine when a particular real world event has occurred, there is probably a sensor to do the job for you. Unfortunately, working with sensors can also be difficult. You don’t just simply plug a sensor into your computer and see it work. The computer needs drivers and other software to interact with the sensor and interpret the data they provide. Given that most developer have better things to do with their time than write arcane driver code, obtaining the right tool for the job is absolutely essential. My article points out some tricks of the trade for making sensors a lot easier to deal with so that you can focus on writing applications that dazzle users, rather than write drivers they’ll never see. As computer technology advances, the inputs and outputs that computers can handle will continue to increase. Sensors provide inputs, but the outputs will become quite interesting in the future as well. For example, sensors in your smartphone could detect that you’re having a heart attack and automatically call for help. For that matter, the smartphone might even be programmed to help in some significant way. It’s hard to know precisely how technology will change in the future because it has changed so much in just the last few years. What sorts of sensors have you seen at work in today’s world? Do you commonly write applications that use uncommon sensor capabilities? Let me know about your user of sensors at I’d really be interested to know how many people are interested in these sorts of technologies so that I know whether you’d like to see future blog posts on the topic. Considering Perception in User Interface Design I read a couple of articles recently that reminded me of a user interface design discussion I once had with a friend of mine. First, let’s discuss the articles. The first, New Record for Human Brain: Fastest Time to See an Image, says that humans can actually see something in as little as 13 ms. That short time frame provides the information the brain needs to target a point of visual focus. This article leads into the second, ‘Sixth Sense’ Can Be Explained by Science. In this case, the author explains how the sixth sense that many people relate as being supernatural in origin is actually explainable through scientific means. The brain detects a change—probably as a result of that 13 ms view—and informs the rest of the mind about it. However, the change hasn’t been targeted for closer inspection, so the viewer can’t articulate the change. In short, you know the change is there, but you can’t say what has actually changed. So, you might wonder what this has to do with site design. It turns out that you can use these facts to help focus user attention on specific locations on your site. Now, I’m not talking here about the use of subliminal perception, which is clearly illegal in many locations. Rather, it’s possible to do as a friend suggested in designing a site and change a small, but noticeable, element each time a page is reloaded. Of course, you need not reload the entire page. Technologies such as Asynchronous JavaScript And XML (AJAX) make it possible to reload just a single element as needed. (Of course, changing a single element in a desktop application is incredibly easy because nothing special is needed to do it.) The point of making this change is to cause the viewer to look harder at the element you most want them to focus on. It’s just another method for ensuring that the right area of a page or other user interface element gets viewed. However, the articles also make for interesting thoughts about the whole issue of user interface design. Presentation is an important part of design. Your application must use good design principles to attract attention. However, these articles also present the idea of time as a factor in designing the user interface. For example, the order in which application elements load is important because the brain can perceive the difference. You might not consciously register that element A loaded some number of milliseconds sooner than element B, but subconsciously, element A attracts more attention because it registered first and your brain targeted it first. As science continues to probe the depths of perception, it helps developers come up with more effective ways in which to present information in a way that enhances the user experience and the benefit of any given application to the user. However, in order to make any user interface change effective, you must apply it consistently across the entire application and ensure that the technique isn’t used to an extreme. Choosing just one element per display (whether a page, window, or dialog box) to change is important. Otherwise, the effectiveness of the technique is diluted and the user might not notice it at all. What is your take on the use of perception as a means of controlling the user interface? Do you feel that subtle techniques like the ones described in this post are helpful? Let me know your thoughts at Your Security is an Illusion Maintaining a reasonably secure system is a matter of observing personal, data, and system-wide best practices. Many other authors have listed these best practices in the past, but here are some of the techniques that people fail to use most often: • Use complex passwords that are easy to remember so you don’t need to write them down—consider using a passphrase whenever possible. • Encrypt your data. • Perform local data backups regularly. • Ensure your applications remain updated with the latest security fixes. It’s All in the Engineering Choosing Variable Names It often surprises me that developers seem to choose completely useless variable names like MyVariable when creating an application. Although MyVariable could be an interesting variable name for an example in a book, it never has a place in any sort of production code. Even then, I try to create book examples with meaningful variable names, especially when getting past the initial “Hello World” example. Variable names are important because they tell others: • What sort of information the variable stores • When the variable is commonly used • Where the variable is used • How to use the variable correctly • Why the variable is important In some cases, the variable name could even indicate who created the variable; although, this sort of information is extremely rare. If you never thought a variable name should contain all that information, then perhaps you haven’t been choosing the best variable names for your application. Even with these restrictions in place, choosing a variable name can be uncommonly hard if you want to maximize the name’s value to both yourself and other developers. Some organizations make the selection process easier by following certain conventions. For example, a form of Hungarian Notation, where certain type prefixes, suffixes, and other naming conventions are used, is a common way to reduce the complexity of creating a variable name. In fact, Hungarian Notation (or some form of it) is often used to name objects, methods, functions, classes, and other programming elements as well. For example, NamArCustomers could be an array of customer names (Nam for names, Ar for array). The use of these two prefixes would make it instantly apparent when the variable is being used incorrectly, such as assigning a list of numbers to the array. The point is that an organizational variable naming policy can reduce complexity, make the names easy to read for anyone, and reduces the time the developer spends choosing a name. Before I get a ton of e-mail on the topic, yes, I know that many people view Hungarian notation as the worst possible way to name variables. They point out that it only really works with statically typed languages and that it doesn’t work at all for languages such as JavaScript. All that I’m really pointing out is that some sort of naming convention is helpful—whether you use something specific like Hungarian Notation is up to you. Any variable name you create should convey the meaning of that variable to anyone. If you aren’t using some sort of pattern or policy to name the variables, then create a convention that helps you create the names in a consistent manner and document it. When you create a variable name, you need to consider these kinds of questions: 1. What information does the variable contain (such as a list of names)? 2. How is the variable used (such as locally or globally, or to contain coordinates, or a special kind of object)? 3. When appropriate, what kind of information does the variable contain (such as a string or the coordinate of a pixel on screen)? 4. Is the variable used for a special task (such as data conversion)? 5. What case should prefixes, suffixes, and other naming elements appear in when a language is case sensitive? The point is that you need to choose variable names with care so that you know what they mean later. Carefully chosen variable names make it possible for you to read your code with greater ease and locate bugs a lot faster. They also make it easier for others to understand your code and for you to remember what the code does months after you’ve written it. However, most important of all, useful variable names help you see immediately that a variable is being using the wrong way, such as assigning the length of a name string to a coordinate position on screen (even though both variables are integer values). Let me know your thoughts about variable naming at Improving Your Technical Writing I receive a number of e-mails each month from people who want to improve their technical writing skills. Most of the people who write are in a technical trade, but not writers by profession. For example, I might get an e-mail from a software engineer or an IT manager who needs to write better reports. Of course, the primary way to improve your writing is to practice. A good friend of mine expresses this idea in Make Writing a Habit. It’s good advice. No matter how much talent you might possess, you can’t become good at something until you practice (often, quite a lot). Practicing applies to any sort of writing, but technical writing has a few special requirements that you need to consider. The first rule of good technical writing is to ensure you know what you want to say. This means creating an outline, even if you’re working on an article length project. In some cases, you won’t even use the headings you create as part of the resulting piece—the headings are there to keep you on track and focused. The more detailed you can make your outline, the better your writing will go. Creating an outline doesn’t guarantee any sort of success, unfortunately. People often see a heading and can’t quite remember what they planned to put there. It’s a common problem, so you shouldn’t worry about it. What you should do instead is provide notes to yourself on what you plan to put into a heading. I often include URLs for sites that I want to review in depth or provide as part of my piece right there with the notes. If you got an idea for something you’d like to do by reading some resource, make sure you include a specific reference to that resource as well (never plagiarize though—always create your own text from the sources you use). In depth research is also a huge part of writing technical documents. Keep thinking about what you want to write and verify every fact by researching it in some way. In some cases, research includes creating an experimental setup on your own system. This may sound like a lot of work, but it’s often the best part of technical writing. Experimenting to find out whether some idea will actually work is fun and interesting. It’s also time consuming, so make sure you plan ahead if you want to perform some experiments as part of creating your piece. All of these approaches will help improve your technical writing. However, the biggest mistake that many technical writers make is writing for themselves, rather than for their target audience. You have to put yourself in your reader’s shoes and answer the sorts of questions your readers will have. Role-playing may not seem like part of technical writing, but it is. You have to put on your reader hat to be successful. In some cases, getting the reader hat on right is nearly impossible, which is why I also rely on beta readers to read my material. These people ask questions I’d never think of even if I spend weeks trying to do so. Technical writing is about organized and succinct content. It’s about creating a flow of ideas from your mind to the reader’s mind through the medium of the written word. You’re a teacher of sorts, but your classroom is vast and you’re not able to speak with your pupils. To write good technical documentation you have to think about the sorts of questions your reader will ask or find someone who will ask them for you. The outline, research, and roll playing all come together to help you create a document that conveys information to your target audience in a unique manner that reflects your particular philosophy of solving technical issues. Creating good technical documentation is something that most people can do with enough practice, thought, and research. Knowing your audience is an essential part of any kind of writing, but with technical writing it’s an absolute necessity. Let me know your thoughts about technical writing at Where is the Global Warming? Verifying Your Hand Typed Code
Proximate Explanations Versus Ultimate Explanations An important point about evolutionary explanations is the philosophical distinction between proximate and ultimate explanations. Take sex, for example. Do humans have sex because it feels good or in order to have children? Most sexual intercourse in current society probably has very little to do with actual procreation; on the contrary, there are many birth control methods available to make it possible to have sex without this resulting in a pregnancy. Despite the fact that protected sex happens “because” it feels good, the evolutionary explanation of sexual intercourse is “because” of procreation. This is where the crucial distinction between proximate and ultimate explanations comes into play. A proximate explanation is the explanation that is closest to the event that is to be explained. The higher, ultimate explanation is instead the deeper reason for why something happened. -- Patrik Lindenfors , Birgitta S. Tullberg from "Evolutionary Aspects of Aggression: The Importance of Sexual Selection" Quoted on Wed Dec 21st, 2011
Frequently Asked Questions What is the Proposed Groundwater Replenishment Project? The Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency (MRWPCA), like many other agencies in California, is studying ways to fully reuse its wastewater. Under the planned scenario, treated wastewater will be further purified using advanced treatment processes. This water would then percolate or filter through the soil naturally into the aquifer, just like rainwater. This process "recharges" or helps replenish the aquifer while safeguarding it from seawater intrusion. Why is MRWPCA considering this project? In California (as well as other parts of the country and the world) water supplies are being stretched to the limit. The Monterey region is dealing with an adjudicated water basin and limited water supplies, stricter environmental constraints, and periodic droughts that will curtail unlimited use of our water supplies. Conserving and reusing this water resource instead of disposing of it in the ocean is efficient and provides a long term, sustainable water supply for our communities. How does this project benefit the Monterey Peninsula? A groundwater replenishment system would create a reliable, locally produced, ultra-pure water supply. In addition, this strictly regulated water supply would allow us to limit wastewater discharge into the delicate Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary. What other communities use groundwater recharge? Groundwater replenishment is used in many places around the world. As an example, Orange County California has operated a groundwater replenishment project since 1971. In this case, highly treated recycled water is used to prevent seawater intrusion into its aquifer by recharging it. Other communities include Los Angeles; Inland Empire; Las Vegas, Nevada; Scottsdale, Arizona; and El Paso, Texas. Is the technology safe? The California Department of Health Services is charged with the responsibility for establishing uniform statewide reclamation criteria to ensure that the use of groundwater replenishment will not be detrimental to public health. MRWPCA would take treated wastewater and put it through an additional three-step treatment process of microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and oxidation with ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide. This process will make the water near distilled quality and exceeds all drinking water standards. What is the effect of this water on water quality in the Seaside Aquifer? The GWR Project creates ultra-pure water. By adding this water into the groundwater it will, over time, increase the quality of the water. Can we have a presentation given to our community group? Yes. Please call (831) 645-4604 to arrange for a presentation. Can we take a tour of the wastewater treatment plant and recycled water facilities? Yes. Please call (831) 645-4604 to arrange a tour. Additional Resources Project Partners Monterey Peninsula Water Management District California-American Water Co.’s Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project Monterey Peninsula Regional Water Authority California State Agencies California Environmental Quality Act . CEQA is a statute that requires state and local agencies to identify the significant environmental impacts of their actions and to avoid or mitigate those impacts, if feasible. Learn more about the CEQA environmental review process. California Department of Public Health. The department provides public health services throughout California -- from maintaining safe drinking water to protecting communities from communicable diseases, epidemics and contaminated food. California Department of Water Resources. The department manages the water resources of California in cooperation with other agencies to benefit the people and to protect, restore and enhance the natural and human environments. California Environmental Protection Agency. Responsible for restoring, protecting and enhancing the environment to ensure public health, environmental quality and economic vitality. California Resources Agency. The agency restores, protects and manages the state's natural, historical and cultural resources for current and future generations. California State Water Resource Control Board. The board's mission is to preserve, enhance and restore the quality of California's water resources -- and ensure their proper allocation and efficient use for the benefit of present and future generations\. Water Associations Association of California Water Agencies. From legislation, to regulatory activity, to broad policy issues, the association is on the front lines in Sacramento and in Washington, DC, as a constant and respected advocate for California’s public water agencies. California Urban Water Conservation Council. The council works to increase efficient water use statewide through partnerships with urban water agencies, public interest organizations and private entities. Groundwater Foundation. The nonprofit organization is dedicated to educating and motivating people to care for and about groundwater. WateReuse Foundation. Thefoundation is an educational, nonprofit public benefit corporation that serves as a centralized organization for the water and wastewater community to advance the science of water reuse, recycling, reclamation and desalination.
What is Any Cast DNS? Content delivery networks seem to be getting quite popular recently and I expect they will grow even more throughout this year, I plan to make a post just on these in the next few weeks. However if you are looking at CDN networks (as I am now) you will see a few of them offer something called AnyCast for your DNS requests and you might be wondering what this is exactly. The simplest way to understand what AnyCast does for DNS is first to understand how the internet normally works, and how it’s been adapted to provide an AnyCast service. The internet is largely based around the border gateway protocol (BGP), this is how a large internet company such as a data center will connect to another networks such as an internet service provider. For redundancy, capacity and costing reasons a company such as a data center will (normally) always have multiple connections to the internet. The internet works by using unique addresses which are assigned to specific networks (IP Addresses), much like your home address is unique to you. Networks will announce their unique address space to the internet and other networks will learn the route to them, however as we have multiple entry points onto the internet there are multiple paths in and out of our network. Any Cast DNS (BGP) From the perspective of a remote network that means you might (and normally always do) get two or more routes/paths to a destination network where you want to send data. The BGP protocol will therefore pick the path it thinks is the best one, for simplicity we will say as standard that is going to be the closest (basically the idea). Normally this means if your hosting is in the UK but a visitor is in the US they will go over the shortest path to the UK. However that’s still not really short having to go all the way to the UK, this is where AnyCast comes into play. So we have seen that you can announce the same network out of multiple places onto the internet, therefore if you announce the same address out of your UK and USA network people should then be sent to the closest provider for that network. That is the concept of AnyCast, your just using the old theory of how the internet works but to provide a faster service for clients. Now just imagine servers been placed all around the word with the same network and function. Leave a reply: Your email address will not be published.
“Parenting practices in childhood affect physical health and BMI in the teenage years. Developing a proper routine in childhood is crucial for the future health of the child,” study co-author Orfeu Buxton said in a university news release. “We think sleep affects physical and mental health, and the ability to learn,” he added. The findings highlight the importance of educating parents about children’s bedtimes. Several factors should determine bedtimes. They include what time the child must get ready for school, how long it takes to get there and the school’s start time, according to the researchers. Bedtime should be set to give the child an adequate amount of sleep, even if he or she doesn’t fall asleep right away, he explained. The report was published recently in the journal Sleep. Source: HealthDay Source: Home Word Write a comment: Your email address will not be published.
Bethany_Ministries Reflections on Spirituality Homily for 7th Sunday of Ordinary Time, C Cycle, February 18, 2007 1Samuel 26:7-23; Psalm 103; 1Corinthians 15:45-49; Luke 6:27-38 I once was lost but now I've found, was blind, but now I see." The story of John Newton Do you know who wrote that song? Do you know the story of why he wrote it? John Newton was the British captain of a slave ship which captured, transported and sold black men, women and children from West Africa to plantations in the West Indies and America. During a storm in 1748, when he thought he was going to die, he began reading the "Imitation of Christ" by Thomas á Kempis, and prayed to survive the storm. The message of the Gospel he heard through his reading and his experience of surviving the storm at sea began his conversion. He accepted Christ as his personal savior, but continued in his work as captain of a slave ship. He thought he could be a Christian slave trader. He improved conditions for the people he was selling as slaves, and began to hold services for his crew on Sunday.The hardened sailors laughed at him. It took him quite a while, but finally it dawned on him that he could not continue to be a part of the legal injustice of treating human beings as possessions to be bought and sold. The insight of today's Gospel passage from Luke finally got past his fear of losing his livelihood and got him beyond the unconscious assumptions of his culture (that you could be a follower of Christ while engaging in the slave trade). He heard the message that the whole human race was one family, because God was creator and father of all and had sent Jesus to be savior of the people of England and Africa, of America and Asia. His personal conversion led to social and political change. He left his career as a ship's captain, began to speak and sing the truth that we are all given the grace of freedom and mercy by a God who loves the whole human race. He was ordained as an Anglican pastor and served in Olney, a little village near Cambridge in England. He wrote over 280 hymns; the most famous one was "Amazing Grace", the story of his conversion. He was a mentor for William Wilberforce, the British legislator who introduced a motion to end the slave trade in Great Britain in 1788.Ã‚Â It was defeated 10 times, before it passed in 1807, 200 years ago, in the same year that John Newton died. Our "Amazing Grace" Their lives, actions and words proclaim the same truth we hear in today's readings: We are offered the same amazing grace John Newton and William Wilberforce received, and, like them we are challenged to pass it on, both in our personal lives and in our common lives as members of a parish, a village, a city, a state and a nation. And it is just as much of a challenge for us in the 21st century as it was in the 18th and 19th. As my friend Richard Rohr likes to say, we (still) live in a culture that uses people and loves things, and we are called by Christ to love people and use things. Slavery in today's world? But slavery has been abolished and outlawed, hasn't it? Yes, the work of the abolitionists in England and the US was a good beginning, and slavery as it existed in the time of John Newton and Abraham Lincoln is no longer a "legal injustice." Yet there are still slaves – some estimate that about 27 million slaves exist in our world today, 80% of them are female, and 50% are children. There have been 91 slave trade cases in the US in recent years. I read an article by David Batstone yesterday from Sojourners that woke me up, the way the storm woke John Newton up. In it he wrote, "Many people bristle to hear the word slave used to describe the modern practice of exploitation. Indeed, more slaves are in bondage today than were bartered in four centuries of the transatlantic slave trade. Nowhere has its impact been felt more brutally than on children in the underdeveloped nations. Children remain in servitude for long stretches of time because no one identifies their enslavement." (from his new book, "Not For Sale: the Return of the Global Slave Trade and How We Can Fight It") The Scriptures today not only tell us that we are called to be instruments of the compassion and mercy of Christ, they show us how we are called to do good and oppose evil. We are not just called to do good and avoid evil, we are called to actively oppose evil. How can that be reconciled with the command Jesus gives so clearly today, "Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you?" It makes sense if you remember that we are called to love our enemies, not to imitate them. Jesus gives two examples of how to love our enemies by confronting them with their wrongdoing. In today's Gospel passage we read: "To the person who strikes you on one cheek, offer the other one as well, and from the person who takes your cloak, do not withhold even your tunic." Understanding the real meaning Those words have been often misunderstood as a command to be passive and unresisting in the face of injustice. But, if you understand the culture and laws of Jesus's time you get a much different picture. In his time it was legal for a Roman soldier to hit you with the back of his hand. But if you turned the other cheek, he would be forced to break the law by hitting you with his open hand (on the left cheek). This would not only reveal the injustice of the law that allowed you to be slapped in the first place —like "the rule of thumb" which once allowed you to beat your wife only with a stick as thick as your thumb— it would shame the person who was hitting you, and perhaps even force him to look at his behavior. It was the same with giving your tunic as well as your coat. It was legal in that time for a Roman —as a member of the occupying nation— to take your outer garment (cloak). But Jesus is suggesting that you shame the person by giving your tunic, the clothing you wore next to your skin, your underwear, which would leave you naked. That would make it very obvious that even the first action was unjust. The Roman would probably run from the scene and leave even the cloak behind. Mother Teresa taught the same truth. When she was asked if she would participate in a demonstration against war, she said, "No, but I would be a part of a demonstration for peace." She was, of course, against war, but would not respond to war with any sort of violence, even in language. It was this kind of non-violent resistance that won India for Ghandhi, when he simply went to the ocean to make salt. This was forbidden by the British government so that people would be forced to buy something which they needed to survive from the government (at a high price). That was how he turned the other cheek, and it was much more effective than weapons. Getting real - Making a commitment Lent begins on Wednesday. It is a good time to get real about how I can live the Gospel more honestly and lovingly. I plan to do three things this Lent, to be a part of the solution to the problem of human trafficking in the world and in New York State. Father Peter made a committment and it was heard. Then, in May, the New York State legislature made a committment. For Father Peter's story and information about the human-trafficking law, see "A story of collaboration for the cause of justice" 1. First, I am going to watch the movie, "Amazing Grace: the Story of William Wilberforce" in a theater, rather than wait for the DVD. It comes out in the Albany area this Friday, Feb. 23. 2. Second, I am going to buy and read the book "Not For Sale", by David Batstone, so I can become more aware of the need to pray and work for freedom and justice for all, especially women and children. 3. Finally, although 27 states have passed a law making human trafficking a crime, New York is not one of them, I am going to pray that New York State soon passes a law to make this modern expression of slavery a felony, and makes it more easily prosecuted. We have received the amazing grace of love, and mercy, freedom and vision. We have been blessed with the compassion and the love of God through the Word we have heard, and the very life of Christ we receive in this Eucharist. Let us not only sing, but let us live the song which described John Newton's new life. I invite you to sing it again, but instead of "a wretch like me" Let us sing "and set me free." Amazing Grace how sweet the sound that saved and set me free
How does hubris play a part in the film eight men out Course:- English Reference No.:- EM131367709 Assignment Help Expertsmind Rated 4.9 / 5 based on 47215 reviews. Review Site Assignment Help >> English You must answer numbers 1 and 2. Then select and respond to #3 or 4. In all, you will have three questions answered. All responses should in essay format with complete sentences and paragraphs. Be sure to provide evidence and examples to support your assertions. There is no specific page requirement; write as fully and completely as possible and until you have nothing more to say for each question. When appropriate, use as many references to course ideas and course material (i.e., film, documentaries, short stories, reading excerpts, class discussion/lecture and examples from the world of sports). Also, try not to double up on the use of stories too much. You want to demonstrate a good awareness of multiple readings/films. Less credit will be given if you reference the same story twice. You must answer # 1 and 2 1. How does hubris play a part in the film Eight Men Out? Compare and contrast it with another one of the texts (either from the Best American Sports Writing text or one of the examples we viewed in class). How does the hubris in this story play out in comparison to Eight Men Out? 2. View the documentary Survive and Advance (see link under "Midterm Exam" link on ULearn page). Compare and contrast the journey of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team (from the documentary Dare to Dream) with the journey of the N.C. State basketball team (Survive and Advance). Focus on the most significant similarities and differences. Use at least some of Joseph Campbell's explanation of "the hero's journey." You don't have to use every aspect of the journey, but highlight the most interesting similarities and differences. Focus on how these stories have similar themes but present them in different ways. Be sure to use ideas and terms from the course. You must answer 1 of the next 2 questions: 3. Discuss one story from our Best American Sports Writing text (or one film/documentary from the course) and compare/contrast it to Aristotle's theory of tragedy. Be sure to demonstrate a clear understanding of Aristotle's theory. You might consider vices, as they fit into the story, and the idea of the "tragic flaw" as you discuss these stories. You might also focus on a story that shows how the idea of tragedy is viewed differently today than it was in Aristotle's time. 4. Reflect on the poems "To an Athlete Dying Young" by A.E. Housman and "Black Hair" by Gary Soto (find the poem under "Poetry" on our Ulearn page). Consider how both poems address the theme of youth and sports. Point out a similarity or interesting difference between the poems and one other article we have read from Best Sports Writing. Survive and Advance: https://vimeo.com/62966564 Put your comment Ask Question & Get Answers from Experts Browse some more (English) Materials Choose one scholarl article(from the Library databases-try Academic Search Premier, JSTOR, or EBSCO) with the same theme. Incloude the first page f the article write at leas What is a journal "response" and what is its function?-A journal response is an essay which argues, explicates, or analyzes a poem, short story, essay, or any piece of liter The gap between rich and poor countries is increasing around the world. What problems does this difference in wealth cause, and how can wealthy nations assist the developmen Does Michael Omi's claim that in "television and film there is a tendency to present and equate racial minority groups and individuals with specific social problems" (para 3 How many times have we heard someone complaining about something happening in our communities--but offering no solutions for the problem? This assignment is designed to deve In The Odyssey, there is a spotlight of going home, the idea of the great return. You need to talk about the thought of The Return in any novel. Can you help me think of som
Tertullian's "De Spectaculis" Essay 928 words - 4 pages The great Christian writer Tertullian was born in Roman controlled Carthage, now known better as Tunisia. Around 200 AD he famously wrote De spectaculis, a work outlining the failing of the Roman moral system based around the gladiatorial games and the circus. Tertullian received a good education growing up and partook in “pagan” rituals such as sexual intercourse and observing the gladiatorial games. However, when the Roman Empire began executing Christians he felt compelled to become a Christian himself. Tertullian outlined clearly in his essay that the failing of the games lay in idolatry, and in the belief that ‘Thou shall not kill’. He writes this essay to compel all Christians to give up the games in order to gain favour in the eyes of their god. The problem so clearly outlined by Tertullian, is that Christians believe that if the bible does not directly argue against something, by default it is alright to do. Tertullian strongly disagrees saying that it is a waste of God’s creation and the belief that they can be of no offence to god is ignorant. He even outlines this by citing two of the Ten Commandments. Thou shall not kill, and thou shall not worship false idols. When it comes to the gladiatorial games, killing is obviously a major component, but many were confused on his views of idolatry. He states that by going to church we worship god. By going to the amphitheatre we are worshipping men. However, Tertullian was much more offended by the killing, and the martyrdom caused by the gladiatorial games. He stated in a satire that if we enjoy the spectacle of killing so much, then surely we will love the spectacle of the second coming of Christ. In which not only will all the sinful be killed, but damned for eternity. He also made a point in saying “If it is blood we desire, let it be the blood of Christ”. This struck a note with many Christians at the time as ancient Carthage was addicted to the spectacle of the gladiatorial games. Tertullian stated that he could not care less if Pagans went to the games to sin, but as more and more Romans became Christian, and still attended the games, Tertullian was outraged at their hypocrisy of belief. The killing and the spectacle of the games caused a passionate bloodlust that he felt no true Christian should ever enjoy, let alone enjoy it in the company of sinful pagans. He is also quick to outline the sinfulness of not only gambling, but gambling over the lives of the slaves and gladiators in the ring. Tertullian makes a note of the theatre as another medium of Roman sin, stating that it is all filth. He writes that prostitutes are born on the stage, and pantomimes made of young boys. One of Tertullian’s sharpest points is that many Christians say “God has given us the material... Find Another Essay On Tertullian's "De Spectaculis" Psychological Egoism Theory Essay How Celtic Folkore has Influenced My Family Julia Margaret Cameron 1406 words - 6 pages forever be recorded in the history books as one of the first female photographers to make significant contributions to a field that was ruled by the male counterpart of her time. Julia Margaret Cameron was born 1815 in Calcutta, India and was the fourth child of James and Adeline de l'Etang Pattle. She was one of the seven celebrated Pattle sisters, renowned in Anglo-Indian society for their intelligence and beauty (Cox 5). She married Evaluation of School Improvement Case Study: The Benefits of Animal Testing Adiponectin: a Novel Indicator of Malnutrition and Inflammation in Hemodialysis Patients Selective Exposition in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Maryland's Ecology and Environment Similar Essays When The Bubble Burst Essay Phase Diagram Essay Revolutionary Work Of Art Essay Enlightenment Thought In New Zealand Schools
Feelings and Defenses 2 Teri did a great job yesterday explaining the primary emotions. A reminder is that the primary feeling words are Angry, Sad, Afraid, Lonely, Ashamed and Guilty. We're discussing how defenses get in the way of showing our feelings. When we use Sarcasm, are Threatening toward others, or Attacking in our words or actions (all defensive behavior), other people see us as stubborn, defiant and/or hostile. Our defenses hide our feelings, and therefore others aren't able to understand how we really feel about situations if all they see are our defenses. For example, sarcasm is generally hidden anger, or sadness that has hardened. People generally use sarcasm when they're hurt or frustrated with someone. Threatening behavior is connected to feelings of being afraid or anxious, or can even be connected to feeling lonely (feeling left out or forgotten). The goal is to share the feeling, making yourself vulnerable as Teri mentioned yesterday, so that you no longer have to hide your feelings. Thank you for reading and please check back in as the week continues for we have several more defenses to share! Written by: Tamara Wilhelm MA, LMHC, LCAC
How ABB’s robots perform tiny jobs, treacherous tasks – and team with humans Chances are good that, sometime today, you will use a product built or packaged by ABB’s intelligent machines. From the flooring beneath your feet to the building materials in your home to the device at your fingertips, ABB robots possibly played a crucial role in their creation. The Swiss company’s industrial robots are at work in 53 countries, performing precise, high-speed tasks for hundreds of manufacturers. ABB also offers an industrial-tech platform and a cloud infrastructure with more than 210 solutions, many built on Microsoft Azure. Last week in Munich, Germany, ABB previewed the flexible factory of the future at Automatica 2018, a leading exhibition of robotics and smart automation. Transform recently caught up with Rami-Johan Jokela, group vice president and head of digitalization for ABB, to talk all things robots. TRANSFORM: ABB robots manufacture, in part or entirely, most cars on the road. They finish furniture. They help make laptops and smartphones. How integral are ABB robots to our consumer lives? RAMI-JOHAN JOKELA: ABB robots are everywhere. For example, they package the foods we eat and beverages we drink for some of the biggest brands. Our robots also make solar panels, glassware, cookers, dishwashers and metal sinks. They’re used by pharmaceutical companies and by hospitals. We have miniature robots doing service tasks. We have huge robots doing dangerous tasks. TRANSFORM: What are ABB’s tiniest robots and what functions do they perform? JOKELA: Those are our crawlers. The ABB Air Gap Inspector is used to make visual inspections inside motors and generators. This is one of the world’s smallest robots. They can move into the air gaps as small as 10 millimeters to examine the stator core and rotor core without having to dismantle or even open the motor. This reduces repair costs and downtime for companies operating in the oil and gas, marine and power sectors, among others. TRANSFORM: Can you tell me about some of ABB’s largest robots? JOKELA: In the harbors, there are ship-to-shore cranes. Today’s container ships carry four times more cargo as compared to the ships 40 years ago. They are taller, longer and wider. To handle those ships, ship-to-shore cranes have double the lifting height compared to 40 years ago. This can be a dangerous job. But currently, more than 800 ship-to-shore cranes around the world are equipped with intelligent automation from ABB. These allow the whole cycle – from picking up containers from ships to setting them down in trucks – to be fully automatic. So each remote operator can supervise a large number of cranes, making the yard safer and more productive. TRANSFORM: It sounds like ABB robots boost efficiencies across many industries. JOKELA: Our connected robot platform, which runs on Azure, allows every robot to be connected to the Internet of Things to do things like condition monitoring and diagnostics, backup management and fleet assessment. This extends capabilities of the first-line engineers and can prevent up to 25 percent of (breakdown) incidents and speed issue resolution and response time by up to 60 percent. TRANSFORM: How is ABB changing the way humans and robots collaborate? JOKELA: We have invented a new way for humans and robots to work in close proximity. Normally, you have a cage around the robot and if a person comes into the safety zone, the robot stops. Our YuMi robot cooperates with human beings. The human can be close to YuMi. They can even touch elbows and the robot will keep working. YuMi runs on Azure and connects to the Internet of Things, using data-driven analytics to improve performance and reliability of the equipment and the process. YuMi is about the size of a small person and can be installed on the production line. It can be taught a process by being physically guided through it. So, no more programming. Instead, the robot will think: This is my next task to do. Top Image: ABB’s YuMi robot. (Photo by Thierry Falise/LightRocket via Getty Images)
I. Introduction 6. Cautionary Notes c. Extended Source Catalog (XSC) i. Definition of Extended Sources 2MASS pipeline processing attempts to identify all sources that are not well-fit by just a single point-spread-function (PSF). Therefore the database from which the XSC was selected includes true extended sources, such as galaxies and nebulae, as well as objects made out of multiple stars that are close together, artifacts around bright stars due to gradients in the backgrounds around such bright stars, and meteor trails and airplane streaks. In constructing the XSC, we have attempted to reject objects that are not truly extended sources (cf. V.3). However, the algorithms used so far are not perfect, and some of these objects remain in the catalog. The XSC is the union of two separate catalogs: an "extended source catalog" ("E" sources) constructed using only spatial extent measures to select (and reject) objects, plus a "galaxy catalog" ("G" sources) that used the observed source color as an additional discriminant between galactic and extragalactic extended objects. ii. Selection Criteria For each candidate extended source, a decision tree algorithm was used to operate on nine parameters (seven spatial extent measures, the total brightness, and a measure of source symmetry) in each band separately to classify a source as either "extended" ( e_score = "1") or "not extended" (e_score = "2"). The scores for each band were weighted by SNR and averaged to produce a final single e_score per source that ranges from 1.0 to 2.0. The same process was repeated, with the addition of the source colors to the other parameters used for the e_score, to result in a "galaxy" classification, with a final single g_score per source that ranges from 1.0 ("galaxy") to 2.0 ("not a galaxy"). The criteria for the catalog was then e_score "1.4" OR g_score "1.4." 90% of sources pass both criteria, but 10% pass the "e_score" criteria only. Users can work with only the "E" or "G" subset of the XSC by selecting on those scores. A small number of point sources near large galaxies were incorrectly assigned e_score = "1"; these are discussed below in Section I.6.c.x. iii. Lower Reliability for "E" Sources and at Low Galactic Latitudes The parameters of the XSC were tuned to meet as closely as possible the Level 1 Science requirements of 99% reliability and completeness for "G" sources above point source densities representative of galactic latitude glat ~ 20° and 80% reliability for "G" sources at glat ~ 10°. Reliability is defined here as the percentage of sources which are truly extended (e.g., galaxies and nebulae), with multiple point sources, artifacts around bright stars and meteor trails counted as "unreliable" extended sources. For higher source densities, the emphasis shifted to completeness, at the expense of reliability. Hence the reliability of "G" sources may be as low as 30% at the highest source densities allowed in the catalog (cf. VI.4). No requirements were placed on the reliability of "E" sources, and hence a higher percentage of them are composed of multiple point sources. However, as noted by the 90% overlap between "E" and "G" sources, the reliability of "E" sources is still quite high. iv. Unreliability and Incompleteness Due to Bright Stars The problems of bright stars mentioned above (primarily scattered light and diffraction spikes) create vast numbers of spurious extended source detections. Hence it was necessary to reject more area around bright stars for the XSC in order to meet reliability requirements. About 5% of the entire sky is excluded from the XSC due to bright star confusion (cf. IV.5). The parameters for some bright stars were not known during scan-pipeline processing (due to saturation and bright sources from neighboring unobserved and/or unprocessed Tiles), and hence some bright star artifacts remain in this interim release. The size of the excluded regions was shrunk in high source density regions due to the increased confusion noise and to meet our goal of completeness in those regions. Hence bright stars may be the source of artifacts in high source density regions that may have been excluded from the XSC if the sources had been in a region of lower source density. When in doubt about a given source, consulting the Atlas Image will usually immediately reveal whether a source is an artifact or not. v. Other Artifacts Other artifacts, such as a discontinuity in the electronic background on one side of an Atlas Image, a streak across an Image due to a data error, and emission variation caused by insects on the camera lens remain in this release, although most of them have been identified and removed during Quality Assurance prior to Catalog Generation. Some artifacts are identified in this release with the cc_flg (see below). As more of these artifacts become identified, the user can check the XSC Anomaly List to reject them. Artifacts in general, and sources that are not truly extended, can be rejected through the feye flag, which is the result of human classification of the image. The feye flag is totally separate from any aspect of the Catalog Generation, and can be used as a means of quickly assessing the reliability of any given selection criteria imposed on the catalog. Currently, 1.5% of the sources are identified as artifacts or not truly extended sources, and 12% are identified as being truly extended sources, with the remaining sources not yet classified by a human. As by-eye classification continues, the feye flag will be updated periodically in the on-line version of the Incremental Data Release Catalogs. vi. Untracked Seeing Atmospheric seeing variations cause the observed PSF to change, and the scan processing pipeline attempts to follow such PSF changes in order to properly discriminate extended sources from point sources. However, it is not possible to follow rapid seeing changes, which usually results in some point sources falsely identified as extended sources. Post-processing analysis and Quality Assurance estimates how well the seeing has been tracked in each scan of a 2MASS Tile. As part of the original quality analysis for each scan, the worst scans with untracked seeing have been rejected, and scheduled for reobservation. In this second major release of 2MASS data, we have allowed scans with moderate untracked seeing into the PSC, but have removed the untracked portion of those scans from the XSC. Thus, there are small portions of scans that are present in the PSC but are not found in the XSC. It is not possible to find all scan portions with moderate untracked seeing due to source density limitations, and hence there may be small portions of scans that contribute false sources to the XSC. We estimate that this may contribute at most an extra ~1-2% unreliability to the XSC, mostly for the "E" sources. vii. Additional Photometric Uncertainty Extended sources are sensitive to a wider spectrum of noise sources than point sources, which are affected only by high spatial frequency noise. Some of the known noise sources are mentioned below. Atmospheric Airglow Emission The extended source background-removal algorithm removes any background variation at J and Ks such that the residual noise in the Images is usually consistent with the measurement error. However, atmospheric OH airglow emission variations contribute extra noise in the H-band roughly equal to the measurement error. The H-band photometric error due to airglow noise varies strongly with time and spatial position and with the total brightness and size of an extended source. A statistical analysis of galaxies with H = 13.8 mag shows that about 25% of all sources have a measurable increased uncertainty which is correlated with the measured of the background-removed pixel intensity distribution. In the First Incremental 2MASS Data Release, scans that have large measured background were not included. For this Second Incremental Release, we have refined our airglow diagnostic to only reject scans that have measured noise that is significantly greater than that predicted by the measured H background. This should allow better rejection of scans truly contaminated by background structure due to airglow. However, note that we now include in this release Tiles that have much higher noise at H band than in the previous release. Some Tiles undoubtedly still contain airglow structure that is not extensive enough to trigger our thresholds for Tile rejection. Therefore, users should still be aware that H band fluxes for a significant number of sources will have a higher photometric error than the quoted error, which reflects only the Poisson noise in the background. The best estimate we can make at this time for the magnitude of the excess noise comes from a statistical analysis of sources from Atlas Images with a residual background of just under 1.20 DN. These sources have an extra H photometric error equal to their Poisson uncertainty of ~0.10 mag, making the total photometric error ~0.15 mag. No correction of the photometric uncertainties has been made for this statistical analysis result. Electronic Noise Electronic noise with spatial periods of 50-75´´ is sometimes present in the Atlas Images. Preliminary analysis shows that the noise can sometimes resemble a square-wave distribution in the Images, producing a bias in extended source photometry that is either full-amplitude positive or negative. These biases can be as large as 17, 7 and 11% at J, H and Ks, respectively, for galaxies with Poisson errors of less than 10%, for perhaps ~1% of all galaxies. Elliptical Parameters for Extended Sources Smaller Than r=7" The elliptical-fit parameters (axis ratio b/a, position angle ) for extended sources with radii less than ~7´´ are not reliably determined due to the small source size coupled with the variation in focus of the telescope and the PSF asymmetries. Therefore the elliptical parameters for sources with radii less than 7´´ have been set to "null". viii. Confused and Unreliable Sources: the cc_flg flag Analogous to the point source "contamination & confusion flag", the extended source catalog includes a flag that indicates either "confusion" or "unreliability". Confusion refers to the close proximity of bright stars, resulting in both poor reliability and large photometric bias and uncertainty. The confusion flag was set using geometric boundaries that depend on the brightness of the bright point source. Sources marked as such are to be treated with extreme care. In particular, the completeness and reliability goals do not apply to such sources. Sources flagged as unreliable (cc_flg="U") include those corrupted by a bright star or those that are outright false detections of filter glints or ghost images produced by bright stars. These sources are found in a variety of ways, and do not result exclusively from a uniform processing of the entire data set. Many of these sources have been found by human verification of a small subset of the data, and therefore could not be eliminated from the XSC without imposing selection effects on the catalog as a whole. The following table summarizes the possible values in the cc_flg, and shows the number of sources in the Second Incremental Release XSC having each cc_flg value. cc_flg Value Nature of Artifact or Confusion Source is unaffected by known artifacts or confusion Confusion with nearby stellar source Unreliable - artifact, false, or seriously corrupted source ix. Large Galaxies Not Processed in the 2MASS Galaxies that do not fall completely (>75%) on an Atlas Image cannot reliably be detected and measured during scan pipeline processing. For these cases, the galaxy is not processed in the 2MASS pipeline, but the part of the Atlas image that does contain the galaxy is extracted as a "postage stamp" image (which can later be used to construct a "mosaic" of the galaxy from many such pieces of "postage stamp" images). A list of known galaxies not processed by 2MASS to date (and a list of large galaxies that have been processed) are found in Large Galaxies Encountered in the 2MASS. x. Mis-Classified Galaxies Special processing was used to select sources spatially coincident with large galaxies (but not too large; see I.6.c.ix above) and pass them into the Extended Source Database. Usually sources so identified capture at least part of the flux of the large galaxies. However, some large galaxies have poorly determined positions, and as a result sources that are not in fact part of these large galaxies were picked up by the same processing. All such sources, correct and incorrect positional associations, were assigned e_scores of "1" and erroneously put into the XSC. The g_scores are not affected by this error. This error was caught too late to delete such sources from the XSC. Some of these source were marked as being "unreliable" (cc_flg="U"). Users can further identify these sources by their id_flg giving an association to a large galaxy. xi. Removal of Sources in the Galactic Center The Galactic Center region has a stellar number density that is too large for extended sources to be reliably distinguished from the foreground population of stars (which, in projection, form clusters and complex unresolved objects). Therefore, an elliptical area centered on the Galactic Center is masked from the extended source catalog. The elliptical mask has a semi-major axis length of 12.8° along the Galactic Plane and a semi-minor axis length of 6° perpendicular to the Plane. Details of the masked area are given in Elimination of False GC Sources from XSC. xii. Resolved Solar System Objects The 2MASS Second Incremental Release XSC contains resolved detections of four known comets that were identified during scan pipeline processing (cf. IV.9). Because positional associations with solar system objects are not otherwise indicated in the XSC, the table, Known Comet Detections in the Extended Source Catalog, provides a list of the known comets in the XSC. Included in the table is the comet name and designation, and the position and source designation from the XSC. [Last Update: 2000 March 1; T. Chester, T. Jarrett, R. Cutri] Previous page. Next page. Return to Explanatory Supplement TOC Page.
Blog Banner Raise, Grow, Harvest, Eat, Repeat Pest of the Week- Striped/Spotted Cucumber Beetles Pest of the Week- Stripped/Spotted Cucumber Beetles As with most cucurbit plants (cucumbers, watermelon, squash, zucchini, melons), this time of the year can produce an onslaught of striped/spotted cucumber beetles. These insects are fairly small and tend to hide inside the flowers and underneath the vines and leaves. The beetles are notorious for defoliating cucumber plants. Furthermore they have the ability to vector bacterial wilt which can be a devastating disease for cucurbits. Stripped/spotted cucumber beetles are in the Coleopotera order and overwinter as adults in debris or nearby wooded areas. The striped ones might also overwinter in the soil. In the larvae form, they will feed on the roots of the cucurbits then as adults go after flowers, vines, leaves, and even fruit. They are noted for their yellow shell with green spots and darker stripes. They also are typically in an overabundance in population. Once you've got them, they are really hard to manage. Populations can increase very fast. Unlike Colorado Potato Beetle or Japanese Beetles which can sometimes be removed by hand, this pest is very hard to remove. Control for this pest can include using floating row cover. Row cover is a spun-fabric that acts as barrier from insects but still allows for light and water penetration. It will need to be removed once the cucurbit starts to flower though. This technique while not perfect can give your plants a head start so that damage that may occur later on will not be as devastating. Some growers have also used yellow sticky traps as the beetles will go after yellow cucurbit blooms quite often and the yellow of the sticky cards can trap them. It may not effectively control all of them though but still a useful strategy if it works. Additionally there are some pesticides/OMRI pesticides on the market such as pyrethrum and neem. The problem sometimes with using these pesticides is that many times the beetles will be underneath leaves or in flowers so as the spray won't be targeting them as effectively. In many ways, there aren't many control options that can fully address the destruction caused by this insect. The best approach is to potentially incorporate many of these (floating row cover, yellow sticky traps, pesticides potentially). Recent research has also demonstrated that traps crops can be a useful tool although they would still require the use of a pesticide to target the pest. Please share this article with your friends! Share on Facebook Tweet on Twitter
MONDAY, September 3, 1787, was a day of bloody violence in the East End of Glasgow. The trouble centred on Calton, only half a mile from the Cross but then at the edge of a still compact, pretty little city. This district was the home of many weavers. They had been idle since June 30 when, at a meeting on Glasgow Green, 7000 of them voted to go on strike. Their action in the 12 weeks since had got them nowhere, and they knew they could not go on much longer. Now, as other Glaswegians returned to business after the sabbath, the weavers' anger exploded. It was first vented on those among them who had already given up in desperation and gone back to work, accepting commissions to produce cloth at a rate of 25% below what the rest thought right. It would bring them earnings of perhaps 5s (25p) a week, hardly enough to exist on but evidently better than starving on strike. During that Monday morning, strikers forcibly entered their homes, removed woven cloth out of their looms, then paraded these webs, as they called them, round the streets as a prelude to ritually burning them. At midday news of the trouble arrived at the Town Hall, next to the Cross. Lord Provost John Riddell hurried out with his magistrates and other officials to restore order. But as they made their way along the Gallowgate and then tried to turn off right into Calton's mean streets, mainly rows of one-storey houses, they were met by a hail of bricks and stones from the defiant weavers. This was unexpected. The magistrates, some now bruised and bleeding, did not know what to do. Glasgow had for more than 50 years been a peaceful city, and their reaction was perhaps extreme. They asked for a military detachment from the garrison to come out and intimidate the rioters. These duly dispersed as it marched into view. By four o'clock, the magistrates were back in their chambers, relieved that nothing worse had befallen. They did not have long to relax. Fresh news that the dispersal of the mob had been temporary. It gathered again and seized more webs. With them the weavers were marching in procession up a lane beyond the built-up area (the present Barrack Street), apparently heading for the cathedral. The magistrates set off once more with the troops, joined by respectable citizens eager to do their bit for law and order. The two groups met each other where Barrack Street today joins Duke Street, beneath the Necropolis. Riddell ordered his town clerk, John Orr, to read the Riot Act. He had not got far when he was interrupted by one of the weavers' leaders, James Granger, who came up to start an argument about why wages should not be cut when prices were rising. Meanwhile weavers again attacked with stones, so fiercely that they began to drive the soldiers back towards Drygate Street and the little bridge that crossed the Molendinar Burn there, on the edge of the cathedral's precincts. It must have been a hot battle, to judge from the indictment drawn up against John Stewart, a weaver afterwards arrested: ''You did attack John Anderson, one of the town's officers of Glasgow, who having accompanied the magistrates in the execution of their duty, was employed along with them in endeavouring to disperse the mob. You were lying upon him in the very act of beating and bruising him when the said John Anderson was rescued out of your hands by Ninian Glen, convener of the trades of Glasgow, and George Gibson, the town bell-man.'' Riddell had had enough of this insolence, or maybe he just panicked. He asked the commander of the soldiers, Colonel Kellet, to open fire. The order was given and a volley rang out. Three weavers, John Page, Alexander Miller, and James Ainsley, fell dead on the spot. Many others were wounded, and several would die in the next few days. The rest ran back to Calton. The military and the magistrates then returned to the Cross. A guard was mounted there till midnight and some of the respectable citizens kept watch till dawn. None seemed abashed at what they had done. The magistrates issued a warning that they would ''suppress these daring combinations whatever the consequences may be to the unfortunate individuals who suffer by these exertions.'' They offered a reward of #100 for the names of those who had thrown stones at the Lord Provost. Later they would grant Kellet the freedom of the city, hold a dinner in the Tontine Hotel for his officers and present all his soldiers with a pair of shoes and stockings at the city's expense. The odd bit of trouble flared up again but, with troops on patrol in the streets, the fight had gone out of the weavers. All they could do was mourn their dead, who were laid to rest in the Calton Burying Ground, still there today in Abercromby Street. More than 6000 came to the funeral. They were too poor to buy gravestones, and not till 1836 could a memorial be erected to the first martyrs of Glasgow's working class. Retribution followed. The authorities ordered the arrest of a dozen weavers, though most proved elusive. Five summoned to stand trial in April 1788 failed to appear. Following normal practice the court passed on them a sentence of fugitation, or banishment, ordering them to leave Scotland for a specified period. Probably they had already fled into England anyway. One culprit caught was John Stewart. In court he convinced the jury that the town's officer had attacked him rather than the other way round. So he got off, though the Lord Justice Clerk, Lord Braxfield, warned him of ''the great danger which attends mingling with a mob upon any pretence whatever''. Another man who actually stood trial was James Grangers, and this time Braxfield had no reason to mince his words: ''The common people have too generally imbibed the idea that the crime of which the panel has been convicted is a very venial one, whereas, I will venture to say, there cannot be any one figured so destructive to society, and so highly atrocious in its nature and tendency.'' Granger was condemned to be whipped through the streets of Edinburgh by the common hangman. After being allowed time to put his affairs in order he, too, was banished from Scotland for seven years. These were meant to be harsh punishments, and have been seen as such both by contemporaries and by modern commentators. Still, they looked mild by the standard of other countries, including England. It is worth recalling the Scottish context. The reason why soldiers had to deal with an industrial dispute was that Glasgow had no police force, never having needed one. The reason why convicted prisoners suffered corporal punishment rather than detention was that Scotland had no prisons, never having needed them. But economic progress was about to transform Scottish society beyond recognition, along with many of its slightly quaint institutions. The weavers were among the first to feel the change. In some respects they belonged to the economy as it had existed since the middle ages, strictly regulated by state and civic authorities on principles stemming from the theological concept of the ''just price''. Weavers had been incorporated in Glasgow since 1605 with elaborate rules for apprenticeships, standards, discipline and so on. This was the same system as for other old trades, hammermen, baxters, cordiners, bonnetmakers, walkers, maltmen and so on. For each, the magistrates normally set prices and wages. Unlike most of those occupations, however, weaving had a future of mass production for consumers of growing wealth and taste. As demand for its products rose, weaving spread beyond the bounds of the burgh, across the river to Gorbals, down the river to Anderston, up the river to Calton and Camlachie. Weavers inside the burgh, not wanting to be undercut, usually entered into agreements with these potential rivals: the one between Glasgow and Calton dated from 1725. By the 1780s there were 20,000 weavers in the West of Scotland. Some were master weavers, who ran an embryonic industrial system employing others in small factories. But many more were journeymen, working for themselves on their own looms at home, in a room set aside in their cottage, or downstairs if they were lucky enough to live in a house of two storeys. Often they had help from their wives, children and extended families. Most preferred working for themselves. The labour was finicky, repetitive, and tedious, amid the endless clack of the handloom. But people in other trades often respected and envied weavers for their independence. John MacKinnon, whose manuscript autobiography can be read in the Mitchell Library, was a son of one of them. He recalled ''the complete freedom from control which the journeyman enjoyed. He was as much his own master as the proprietor of a factory''. Unlike in modern industry, there was no noise or smell to make the workplace unpleasant. The weavers' hands were occupied, but their minds were free and, with friends and neighbours passing in and out or gathering round, they had every incentive to talk and think. MacKinnon remembered how his father and his mates clubbed together to buy newspapers when stamp duty made the cost prohibitive to individual workmen. They each had a turn of it: ''My father often got his paper at 10 at night and he had it till eight in the morning. On the paper nights, three or four of the neighbours would gather in, and my father being an excellent reader, he generally read the news.'' Weavers became known for their religious dissent and progressive politics too. Another sign of their independence, or rather a necessary consequence of it, was the formation of friendly societies, at first to take care of sick or injured members. Two such societies existed in Calton. One stipulated that every member must be ''under the age of 40 years, above 10 years, free of all known bodily diseases, a Protestant and of an honest character''. When the societies met, they could go on beyond their everyday business to discuss the economic conditions affecting them too. Here was a starting point for industrial organisation, though the economic conditions were very different from today's. Journeymen weavers did not form a true industrial proletariat, but were what we would call rigid self-employed or small businessmen. And they took the rather rigid historic structure of their trade as a norm which they expected to bind society at large, not just themselves. They scarcely perceived the forces of the market undermining it. Yet signs were there. Weavers at the end of the eighteenth century obtained their work in a different way from their forefathers. They got their yarn and other raw materials from local agents known as manufacturers, at an agreed price paid once the finished web was returned to them. The production of cloth saleable to more demanding consumers required it to go through several specialised processes: not only weaving, but also bleaching, dyeing, printing, embroidering, and so on. The manufacturers, who often had close connections to Glasgow's dominant merchant class, integrated these processes. That meant they had to respond to markets, local, national and even international. The crisis of 1787 in Glasgow had in fact a distant international cause. After a long stagnation the East India Company, urged on by Henry Dundas, the Scot in effective charge of it, was bucking itself up. One result was the large-scale importation to Britain of cheap muslin, the most delicate woven cotton used for ladies' dresses and curtains. The Glaswegian manufacturers then had to drop their own prices. That mean they had to reduce their payments to weavers. The downward spiral began in November 1786, when manufacturers cut wages to an average of six or seven shillings a week. That still did not go far enough, and the following summer they proposed a further cut of 25%. This prompted the strike. At first it had none of the bitterness it later took on. Weavers promised not to ''offer violence to any man or his work''. Granger told at his trial how men from Calton went on to a raid to Anderston, where they entered weavers' houses, carefully removed the webs and returned them to the manufacturers. On one occasion they had to force the door of a warehouse to make sure of returning the webs, and Granger personally stood guard at the door to stop any looting. The weavers were well organised. They even had a scheme for a voluntary levy on all their brothers in the district round Glasgow, who according to their means would contribute between 5s and #5 so as to keep the strikers in work. These consciously set out to win the moral argument, as in a pamphlet they published with the biblical title, A Plague of Locusts. They thought manufacturers wrong to be cutting wages at a time of rising prices: surely, if this was pointed out, public opinion would force the authorities to intervene. Throughout, it seems, the weavers expected the magistrates of Glasgow to impose a table of fair prices on both sides. The manufacturers took no notice. After a month they hit back with a lock-out, resolving ''to give out no work of any description whatsoever'', so that even weavers willing to work would suffer along with their mates. To the manufacturers the issue was a simple one of whether the price paid should depend ''on the option of the workman'' or ''as in reason it ought, on the demand of the market''. They would not relent till the weavers went peacefully back to work and the ringleaders were arrested. Crucial to the outcome was that the magistrates did not act as the weavers expected, by bringing in fresh regulation. Forced to choose, they took sides with the manufacturers. This ought not to have come as a surprise to the weavers (though apparently it did). The Lord Provost, himself a trader in tobacco, was related to some of Glasgow's wealthiest men. As soon as the strike began, Riddell condemned ''illegal, unwarranted, and oppressive practices'' - by which he meant a combination of workmen to bring pressure on employers. He offered a reward of 20 guineas to anyone giving information on the persons involved. The conflict deepened. Weavers started publicly destroying webs they had seized and attacked strike-breakers. An instance cited in Granger's trial was the treatment meted out to Robert Penman and Daniel and Adam Ferguson of Camlachie, who had not only their looms but also their household goods smashed. Daniel Ferguson was roughly handled and ''caused to ride the stang'' - hauled up on a pole. Later he suffered a beating so severe that he could not give evidence against Granger. Manufacturers and their families received threats, and a warehouse was burned down. Spirited though the weavers showed themselves, the end for them came quickly after the bloodshed on September 3, and then the determined effort by the authorities to outlaw their leadership. Many solved their personal problem of unemployment by joining the army, serving with the very regiments that had shot down their mates. Two months later, Adam Smith became rector of the Glasgow University, where he had been a professor 30 years before. He did not approve of either employers or employees combining to fix prices, but he had no doubt which side would win: ''The workmen very seldom derive any advantage from the violence of those tumultuous combinations, which, partly from the interposition of the civil magistrate, partly from the superior steadiness of the masters, partly from the necessity which the greater part of the workmen are under of submitting for the sake of present subsistence, generally end in nothing but the punishment and ruin of the ringleaders.'' This in a nutshell was the story of the weavers' strike of 1787. In effect it lost them their traditional privileges. Under the old system the masters, servants, and magistrates were bound together in closed, regulated economic structures. The industrial revolution and the invasion of markets busted them wide open. Social attitudes then altered too. Public rituals such as burning of webs - which were meant to remind the authorities of their obligations - became symptoms of subversion. Especially the new class of self-made capitalists, who knew nothing and cared less about artisan culture, saw any uproar in the streets as disorder to be suppressed. Instead of getting together with the lower orders and making concessions till peace was restored on mutually acceptable terms, the elites from now on sought to impose their will or stop trouble ever starting. One possible answer to misbehaviour among lusty young workers was to encourage them to go to Sunday school: the first in Glasgow opened its doors to 400 boys in November 1787. Moves were made to set up a streamlined administration with proper arrangements for security. The city was divided into 24 wards, each operating a kind of neighbourhood watch with respectable citizens reporting to the magistrates ''against any disorderly persons therein''; a police force would be established in 1800. Some of the problems, though not the remedies, have changed little in two centuries. n The next instalment of Michael Fry's Millennium Project will appear on Thursday, May 7.
Eco Friendly Technology Articles (2) The world is very much dependent on information technology because this is where businesses can get all of their information to customers or other consumers. It takes self control to limit how much time we spend on technology and unfortunately a lot of people find it hard to stare away from the screen. The use of computers and technology in classrooms has opened up a whole new method of teaching and effective learning. With Google and other search engines, students can find relevant information faster and more efficiently. In colleges for example, students are now able to pay better attention to their classes and schedules. New mathematical software such as Maple and Mathematica allows students to make a computer algebra computations more easily. Technology is advancing in every field, and it may take more expertise to implement information technology in certain fields because each field has its own specified systems. As technology continues to advance and make our lives simpler we begin to let technology take care of most of our problems. Software like Matlab and Scilab allows students to make numerical computations more articles Pointing out a particular technology for the drastic changes in one’s life is simply not possible. Before online Encyclopedias, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and other online research tools were available, students were forced to spend numerous hours in the library. According to the study, 17 percent of respondents stated that purchasing new technology provides little benefit for students or instructors. We will continue to keep our readers abreast of new technological advances, and future Technology Reviews will cover a wide range of topics, including quantitative GFP technology. It is no surprise that the benefits of technology in the classroom and the benefits of technology in schools have opened up a whole new learning environment. The internet allows students to read books and educational supplements at articles
What’s Behind Cold Basements? Chances are that your furnace has the capacity to heat your basement and the above-ground levels of your home to the comfort level you expect. So why are so many finished basements cold in winter? A scientific reason Physics is one reason. Hot air naturally rises and cold air falls because warm air is less dense. The basement is the lowest point, so that is where the cold air will naturally go. A second reason is that the basement is often not insulated as well as the rest of the house. The exterior walls and the basement floor lose heat to the outside (even if the outside is soil). Many basement walls are not completely insulated from top to bottom and very few basement floors are insulated at all. That means there is heat being lost in the basement which will make it cooler. cold basements Since your basement is finished it will be difficult to add more insulation, but there is another solution. Add some cold air return ducting to the basement. For any furnace to deliver warm air to a given room, the cool air that’s already there needs to get out of the way. In the upstairs rooms, the cold air is either removed by the cold air returns on that floor or the cold air naturally moves downwards using the stairway. The basement is the last stop for the cold air so adding a cold air return will help to “pull” more cold air from the basement into the furnace. This makes sure the coolest air is being heated and it also creates space so the warm air can get in. When basements are unfinished, no one worries much about the comfort level because no one is spending much time there. When basements are finished cold air return ducts are often forgotten. To function properly, they need to draw air from the basement floor level where it’s the coolest. Adding cold air ducting or heating ducts is best done by a professional heating contractor. If you need professional help making your basement cozy, make sure to hire the smart and safe way with a written contract or service order. All RenoMark members provide a detailed, written contract for all jobs. Click here to find a RenoMark Renovator.
Climate changes, but governments don't The floods in Kerala six months ago that indundated virtually the entire state, was only one of the several natural disasters that hit the country last year. During the same period the country witnessed other calamitous phenomena similar to, or more terrifing than that. Every month in 2018 was a time of some tragedy: in January, 100 people lost lives in the cold wave that blew across nothern India; in the four months that followed, unprecedented damage was caused by the storm, snowstorm, thunder and dustwind that hit eight states including Delhi. Again during the same period alone, 4.76 lac hectares of agricultural land was destroyed, as revealed by parliamentary records. The loss of lives in Rajasthan alone is estimated at 230. In the same period, heat wave wrought disaster in regions including Telengana. And after June, it was flood time in the country. In 2018, 18 states were affected by floods of moderate or severe scale. In the months of November and December Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh experienced the worst loss of lives and agriculture seen in ten years due to avalanches. Expert researchers in related disciplines share the conclusion that none of these was a mere 'natural disaster' but were all unusual climatic phenomena. Probably there are danger signals of global warming and climate change in all these calamities, and hence their classification in the same category. In other words, all such occurrences, including the floods in Kerala, are clear warnings about the hazards caused by global warming and climate change. But it is doubtful if those wielding power and authority have viewed them in that perspective. These happenings have to be assessed as continuation of the disasters happening in different parts of the globe over the last ten years. In 2017 alone, the number of people killed in dangerous climate was 2,300, in addition to 22 lac people being directly hit by them. The number of people who died in heat wave over the last ten years is 8,000. And let us also remember that it was during this period that the phenomena of the five severest heat waves spread across regions. Temperature level is of primary importance in climate formation. The changes in climate caused by the sudden and unexpected fluctuatons in temperature, result in far-reaching consequences. In India, it is also the third biggest natural phenomena causing the highest toll of lives. In spite of that, why is it not included among the government's list of 'natural disasters'? Global warming will primarily be reflected in the oceans. It is in fact the repercussions of the changes in them that get manifested as flood, heat wave and avalanches. Following the unusual rise in sea level, many areas are even vanishing from the earth which is a new reality of the century. Distinguished researchers of the world say that the same human hands that created this disaster, will have to work hard to resist them. Although it is several years since that has been raised as a political slogan, attempts to implement them are being nipped in the bud by big power nations. It is at least two decades since the consensus for mitigating carbon emissions - which is at the root of global warming - was put forward. But ever since the Kyoto Protocol 1997, countries including America have been torpedoing this suggestion. It is the leaders and researchers from these very countries that set out with the theory of 'global warming fallacy'. Exponents of this theory are working overtly or covertly in Kerala too. Remember the occasion when a set of people came out against Dr Madhav Gadgil's calling the last flood in Kerala a 'man-made natural disaster'. Gadgil's remarks were pointed at the indifference shown by the governments in matters including protection of the Western ghat. The challenging query by the 'fallacy' theorists was how floods had happened in and around 1924, when the Western ghat was in its resplendent glory. They knowingly gloss over the fact that these floods were caused, among other factors, by the demolition of the mechanisms to block and collect the water that we got in excess of the normal. Our governments also, although not openly, become the advocates of these theorists. Take a look at the Coastal Zone Regulation Notification, placed before the parliament a few weeks ago. It carries all loop holes for destroying the coasts entirely. Not only that, our coastal region has been leased out to corporates for 'the purpose of development'. How these 'developments' will put at risk the native populations of the region and the natural resources there, has been amply displayed in projects including Vizhinjam. And in the case of high ranges, we hve before us the disaster from the dilution of laws regarding mining for different development programmes. The quintessential principle of protecting nature is that this planet and its resources have been bequethed to us by ancestors to be passed on to posterity. This basic principle, linked to man's existence on the earth, is not to be forgotten at any cost in the hurry to tamper with it. The only means of resisting this 'unusual natural phenomena' is the struggle and awareness creation against the in total disregard of that principle through such human interventions.
Door & Hardware Glossary Active Door (in a pair of doors)-The leaf that opens first and the one to which the lock is applied. AHC-Indicates that the individual so identified is a qualified Architectural Hardware Consultant and member of the Door and Hardware Institute. Anti-Friction Bearing-Any bearing having the capability of effectively reducing friction. Anti-Friction Latch Bolt-A latch bolt designed to reduce friction when the bolt starts to engage the lock strike. Architectural Hardware-Term applied to all hardware used in building construction but particularly that used on or in connection with doors, windows, cabinets and other movable members. Armored Front-A lock that consists of two plates: the under plate is fastened to the case and is unfinished; the finish plate is fastened to the under plate and when in place covers the cylinder set screws, thus protecting them from tampering. Used on mortise locks. Armor Plate-A plate similar to a kick plate but covering the door to a greater height, usually 40? (1040mm) or more from the bottom. Astragal-A molding or strip whose purpose is to cover or close the gap between the edges of a pair of doors. Some types overlap, others meet at the center line of the gap. (See Coordinator) Auxiliary Dead Latch -A supplementary latch that automatically deadlocks the main latch bolt when the door is closed. (Also called Deadlocking Latch Bolt) Back Check-Optional feature in hydraulic door closers slowing the opening swing of the door somewhere between 60 degrees and 85degrees of opening. Designed to protect an object behind the door. Not intended to act as an overhead stop. Backset (of a lock)-The horizontal distance from the face of the lock to the center line of knob hub keyhole or cylinder. (Measured from the high side of a beveled door.) Backset (of a hinge)-The distance from the edge of the door to the hinge. Ball-Bearing Hinge -A hinge equipped with ball bearings between the hinge knuckles to reduce friction. (See Anti-Friction Bearing) Bevel (of a door)-The angle of the lock edge in relation to the face of the lock stile. Standard bevel is 1/8? in 2? (3.2mm in 50.8mm). If otherwise detailed, it must be so noted in ordering locks. Bevel (of a lock)-A term used to indicate the direction in which the latch bolt is inclined: regular bevel for doors opening in, reverse bevel for doors opening out. Bevel (of a lock front)-The angle of a lock front when not at right angle to the lock case, allowing the front to be applied flush with the edge of a beveled door. Bit (of a key)-The projecting blade, cut in a manner that actuates the tumblers and permits the lock bolts to be operated. Bored Lock (or Latch)-Lock or latch whose parts are intended for installation in holes bored in a door. Box Strike-A strike that also provides a complete housing to protect the bolt openings. Builders’ Hardware-See Architectural Hardware Butt (Hinge)-A type of hinge designed for mortising into the edge of the door and into the rabbet of a door frame. Cam (of a cylinder)-A rotating piece attached to the end of the cylinder plug to engage the locking mechanism. Cane Bolt-A heavy cane-shaped bolt with the top bent at right angles; used on the bottom of doors. Case (of a lock)-The box containing the lock mechanism. Casement Hinge-A hinge to swing a casement window. The term is often used to describe a hinge designed to throw the sash out far enough to permit cleaning the outside of the glass from the inside of the room on an outward-swinging casement. CDC-Indicates that the individual so identified is a Certified Door Consultant and member of the Door and Hardware Institute. Chain Bolt-A spring bolt actuated by a chain attached to the spring bolt for application at the top of the door. Comments are closed.
—Alexander Solzhenitsyn The "Old Backhouse" in Großaltenstädten, built in 1578, was once a school and town hall; now it's a village shop and cafe. Our line of the Hause family—first called the Hauß family (a "ß" is the equivalent of "ss" in the German alphabet)—hails (not "heils") from the Rhine River area of what is now Germany, in the village of Großaltenstädten in the Herzogtum (also called a duchy) of Solms-Hohensolms. Sometime around 1666, JOHANN CHRISTIAN HAUß, our earliest known direct ancestor, was born. All we really know of his heritage is what he would tell the Reverend Joshua Kocherthal in 1710, recorded in the East Camp church book: He was "a carpenter, of Alten-Staeden, near Wetzler, duchy of Solm." The village of Großaltenstädten was known throughout Germany at that time for the quality of its half-timber houses—which would make it the logical hometown of a carpenter. He also could have lived a few miles away, in Kleinaltenstädten, or somewhere in between. Wherever he lived, we know that times were bad there. When Johann Christian was born, the ruler of Solms-Hohensolms was probably Johann Heinrich Christian, who reigned as Graf (Duke) zu Solms-Hohensolms from 1644 to 1668. (It was customary at the time to name a child after the local ruler, which might be why our ancestor was named "Johann Christian.") Information on the early life of Johann Christian Hauß is practically non-existent. Still, we can be sure it was a pretty rough childhood. The average number of children born to each marriage in this area was fairly large at the time—from 6 to 12, depending on the age at which the mother married—but the mortality rate was also very high. Childhood diseases and smallpox were rampant, a lack of basic sanitation control had created epidemics of cholera and typhus, and the spectre of the plague was always present. (During 1667 and 1678, the nearby town of Mannheim lost half its population to the disease.) As a result, a married couple would only raise three or four of those 12 children to any stage of healthy adulthood. Therefore, we can assume that Johann Christian Hauß had plenty of siblings, although few would have survived. One may have been Daniel Hauß, who was registered at Königsberg in 1694.¹ We can also assume from all of this that Johann Christian Hauß was a tough, resilient young bauer (peasant) who could do whatever it took to survive. The village of Großaltenstädten today. —William Penn The only known life drawing of William Penn, circa 1695. Graf Johann Heinrich Christian was Catholic in a very Protestant area, and was determined to cleanse the area of its "errors and heresies," which means our family was Catholic for at least a few years. But in 1668, Heinrich Christian was killed in a duel. He was succeeded by Johann Ludwig (1646 - 24 Aug 1707), who took power in 1668 as the sole Graf zu Solms-Hohensolms, and the Hauß family most likely became Protestantisch again. Then around 1677, when Johann Christian Hauß was ten or eleven, he may have heard about William Penn, who was then touring the Rhine to promote a new land across the ocean, where you could decide for yourself what to believe and which religion to follow. Penn found a receptive audience in the area—and it's probably when Johann Christian Hauß first heard of America. We know that the industrious Christian² became a carpenter, as mentioned earlier. It was a well-chosen career, because a carpenter could always find work in a town that was ransacked and destroyed on a continual basis. But living in that sort of squalor also meant there wasn't much chance for Bürgerrecht. Still, Christian prospered enough to marry a local beauty, probably named MARIA CATHARINA. According to family lore, they had six sons... or the term a peasant carpenter calls his male children: "cheap labor," and a daughter.³ Those children were: • JOHANNES HAUSS was born to Christian and his first wife between 1690-1692 in what is now Germany. After traveling across the ocean to America he married 20-year-old SARAH ALLEN in 1715. Johannes was Naturalized as a British subject (as "Johannus Hausz") in 1721. • JOHANN RHEINHARDT (RYNIER) HAUSS was born @ 1690 in what is now Germany. He sailed to America with his parents and was Naturalized as a British subject (as "Rynier Hous of Phillipsburg, a yeoman"), in New York on January 10, 1715/16. He married ANNA MARIE GUSSINGER (or ANNA ELLIS or ANNA ELIZABETH NEIDHÖFER), and they settled in Westchester County, raising their children Johann Heinrich (5 Nov 1715), Anna Juliana (5 Feb 1718), Susanna (9 Apr 1720), Jannet (married Thomas Meredic in 1737), Christian (2 Aug 1722), Johannes (baptized 29 May 1726), Maria (baptized 27 April 1728), Maria Elisabetha (21 Mar 1731), and Rheinhardt Jr. (baptized 21 Aug 1733). • CONRAD HAUS married CHRISTINA ELIZABETHA WALRRAAD (WALRATH) around 1730 in New York. She was the daughter of Palatine immigrant Gerhardt Walrath (1670 - 1719) and Anna Maria Reffi (1674 - 1730). Children unknown. • JURRIAN (GEORG) HAUS married CATHERINA EHRHARDT. They had the following children: Conrad (born @ 1730), Maria Elizabetha (30 Oct. 1734), Maria Dorothae (baptized 7 Jan 1736), Johann George (baptized 18 Nov 1737), and Jurgen (7 Oct 1749). • ELIAS HAUS (?) on the list of the Van Slyke Patent in 1715. • ANNA ELISABETH HAUS married CONRADT RICKERT, who was christened on 28 Feb 1703 in Nieder-Grundau, Hesse, Germany. They had MARIA ELISABETH RICKERT, who was christened on 18 Aug 1734 in Schoharie, Schoharie, NY. • The dominion of the Solms noble family in 1648 (marked with 'SO'). But while Johann Christian's family grew, his fortune did not. With the political and religious instability in the area of Solms, his land, his money, even his religion, could be taken from him at any moment. And competition for work was getting worse, because while the land was dying, the population was growing again. In the latter 17th Century, the various Germanic states had struggled to recover from the Thirty Years' War. So local rulers eased immigration laws and offered religious tolerance, drawing new people from outside the Holy Roman Empire, including the Swiss, French, Dutch, and Scandinavians. Another cause of the growth was a high fertility rate which overcame the high level of infant mortality and epidemics. (Hey, when you're poor and unemployed, what else do you have to do?) By 1700, commerce had just about recovered and the population levels had returned to those of 1600. In a few areas, the growth had been so strong that the population had reached unsustainable levels. One way for the various Kings, Margraves, Dukes and Noble Lords to get rid of the excess men was to sell them off as soldiers to other countries. For instance, in 1677-1678, Hessian troops fought for Denmark, against Sweden. In 1688, Hessian troops in fought for Venice, against the Ottoman Empire. In 1702, nine thousand Hessians served under the maritime powers. In 1706, eleven thousand, five hundred men were fighting in Italy. But England was the best customer: Through a large part of the eighteenth century there were Hessians in her army (in fact, our ancestors in the New World would end up fighting mercenaries from Solms, then part of Hessen, in the American Revolution—some of them even named Hauß). Parts of the Lahn River still look remarkably the same today as they did in the 1500's (well, except for the Direct TV antenna). There was fighting to do at home, too: In the 1670's, a French move to expand into the Empire started another war. Then came the 'War of the Grand Alliance' in which Louis XIV, who was claiming part of the Palatinate for France, fought the League of Augsburg—a coalition of European princes who refused to hand over their land. The conflict lasted eight years, from 1689-1687. What land that Louis didn't want, he destroyed. In fact, he even destroyed a lot of the land that he did want! Finally, the Treaty of Ryswick restored the contested lands... But by that time the land had become so ravaged that many of the inhabitants fled the area entirely, some following William Penn and becoming the earliest German settlers of America—the Pennsylvania Dutch. Those who stayed behind were then faced with the War of Spanish Succession, from 1702-1713, which completed the destruction of the area. The farmland became barren and charred, villages were destroyed, and the inhabitants were imprisoned, burned at the stake, broken on wheels or drowned. • The average life expectancy was about 30-35 years. • The population in Colonial America reached 357,500. • Elias Neau, a Frenchman, opened a school for blacks in New York City. • In the Colonies, adultery was punished by whipping, branding, fining, imprisonment, and wearing a letter "A" sewed upon the sleeves of the outer garment. • Many words now considered obscene were freely used. Even the f-word commonly appeared in court documents! • April 24, 1704: The "Boston News-Letter," the first successful newspaper in the American Colonies, was published in Boston by John Campbell. • May 1, 1704: the "Boston Newsletter" published the first newspaper ad, which is why we have all those great, glossy, color lingerie ads in the Sunday "New York Times" today. • July 24, 1704: The War of Spanish Succession, with English & Dutch troops occupying Gibraltar. • August 13, 1704: French & Bavarian forces were routed by the Duke of Marlborough with a combined British, German & Dutch army at Blenheim, Germany. • August 25: Battle at Malaga: French vs English & Dutch fleet • September 28: Maryland allowed divorce if a wife "mispleased" the clergyman/preacher • During this time, there was a young Lutheran Minister from the Kocherthal area in the Palatinate, named Joshua Harrsch (later known as Joshua Kocherthal). He wrote and distributed a pamphlet throughout the Rhine Valley in 1706 that urged emigration to better lands, entitled Aussfuhrlich und umstandlicher Bericht von der beruhmten Landschafft Carolina ("A Complete and Detailed Report of the Renowned District of Carolina Located in English America"). In truth, Kocherthal had never visited Carolina, but that didn't stop him from praising its fertile soil, low taxes and religious freedoms. This pamphlet and others like it painted a glorious picture of life in the British Colony: A "LAND OF MILK AND HONEY," where life could be as rich and rewarding as any man wanted. It also promised that the English government would provide Palatines with monetary assistance to travel to the New World, and even featured an etching of Queen Anne on the back. This and other handbooks were handed out by British land agents, who traveled through the Rhineland in brightly colored wagons. Drawing a crowd with trumpets and drums, they drew crowds like snake oil salesmen, glowingly describing the life that awaited in America, offering land and prosperity. They made wild promises: "Wild pigeons fly so low here that one can knock them out of the sky with sticks. Wild turkeys are big and fat, some as much as 46 pounds. The Indians often bring gifts of six or seven deer at a time..." Kocherthal's handbook didn't cause much of a stir upon its initial release, but then in 1708, he went to England to plead their cause with the London Board of Trade and with Queen Anne, asking for refuge from French Catholic oppression. "They have endured one hundred years of war—King Gustavus Adolphus burned the city of Spiers in 1633. Invaded by Imperialists in 1644, by Germany in 1676 and by the Dauphin in 1688. Restored to the German Empire by the Treaty of Reswish, then destroyed by the French in 1693 who made a desert of 2,000 cities, towns and villages; destroying their vines with design to make so fatal a waste that the country might never be peopled or inhabited again. Vast numbers of Palatines perished in the woods and caves, among the wild beasts, through hunger, cold and nakedness." —From a House of Commons investigation of the "Poor Palatines now living in London," as recorded in the "Ecclesiastical Records of the State of New York," Vol. 111 Queen Anne of England, of the Stuart dynasty. Queen Anne was already sympathetic to the plight of the "Poor Palatines," because she was still grieving over the death of her consort, Prince George of Denmark, who had died in late 1708. Prince George was of Germanic Stock, a Lutheran, and had brought many of his countrymen to London. In fact, a Lutheran church called the Royal Chapel in St. James Palace had been established there in 1700, and owed its existence to Prince George. His funeral sermon, delivered by Reverend John Tribbeko in the Royal Chapel on November 21st, emphasized the Prince's interest in the Protestant cause, and it inspired the Queen to help the oppressed "co-religionists" of Prince George. Queen Anne then agreed to send Kocherthal and a group of forty colonists to Carolina, not only funding their travels but also by supporting the colonists until they could get established. Kocherthal's report of this in an appendix to the third and fourth editions of his book caused a sensation in the region. The New World became more than an escape for these impoverished people—it became the Promised Land. Soon the rumor circulated that Queen Anne might be willing to support another group from along the Rhine. While Kocherthal had made no promises in his book, the possibility was there. And possibility was the best that someone living in poverty in Solms like Johann Christian Hauß could hope for. During 1709, approximately 13,500 German and Swiss emigrants would apply for passage to the English colonies... and after seeing all of the death and destruction in his country, it sure must have sounded good to Johann Christian Hauß.⁴ LEFT TO RIGHT: Louis XIX invades the Rhine, 1693; Ships leave for New York with Palatines in 1709; Großaltenstädten today; A recent map of Christian Hauß's homeland, now in the state of Hessen. Finally, after the bitterly cold winter of 1708-1709, in which the frozen Rhine was closed for five weeks, "wine and spirits froze into solid blocks of ice; birds on the wing fell dead; and it is said, saliva congealed in its fall from the mouth to the ground," Christian Hauß took up a British agent's offer to advance his emigration expenses to the New World. To repay the "advancement," he had to sell everything he owned—but what little money he got from selling the few possessions he did own were probably used up in paying the tax that the town and duchy assessed for his migration. So to make up the difference, Johann Christian Hauß sold himself—and his family—into indentured servitude. In the 1700s, the slave trade in the Colonies was going strong, but there were rumblings of religious protest, saying that practice was wrong, and against God. But a new colony was impossible to establish to the liking of the British without any forced labor to do the dirty work. So the British had an idea: Can slavery be wrong if the slaves agree to do it, first? The result was sort of a "rent-a-slave" economy called indentured servitude: Agree to work as Britain's slave, improve their land for no pay, eat only the scraps you are given, never leave the owner's property without permission, and then after a number of years you'll be set free (ie: they'll kick you out and tell you to shift for yourself). But as bad as that sounds, it was still preferable to the starvation, war and Armut ("poverty") surrounding his home. So in order to pay for the voyage, he also agreed to sign the rest of his family over to the Crown, as well, until their entire debt was paid. The Oldharbor of Rotterdam, from which Johann Christian Hauß and his family sailed in 1709. Kocherthal had persuaded Queen Anne that Palatine labor would be a valuable asset in establishing and fortifying her colonies, so the Board of Trade suggested that the new load of Poor Palatine refugees should be settled in Antigua. But upon the opinion that these cold weather Europeans would not be suited to working in the hot climate of the West Indies, it was then suggested that they be directed to the Hudson River Valley in the Province of New York, instead. (After all, Indian attacks and below-zero winter temperatures were much more enjoyable than drinking rum and coconut milk on a sunny beach, right?) The Germans would be used on the frontier, as a buffer against the French and the Indians. (In other words, the Palatines would be stationed on the land that would be attacked first, giving the British time to prepare. It was also hoped that through Palatine trade and intermarriage with the Native Americans that France would lose the support of the Indian Nations.) The British decided to send some 3,000 refugees to America, from the Palatinate, Franconia, the Archbishoprics of Mayence and Trèves, and the districts of Hessen-Darmstädt, Hanau, Nassau, Alsace, Baden, Würtemberg and Zweibrücken. Although the name "Palatine" would be used indiscriminately by the British to describe all of the travelers collectively, they were actually from hundreds of different provinces in the region, with numerous local governments, religions, and the various nationalities (many were migrants who had relocated in these regions unsuccessfully). Collectively they were called Teutschen (the equivalent of "Germans" today), although If you asked Johann Christian Hauß what he was, he was more likely just to have answered tischler ("carpenter") than anything else. Johann Christian Hauß made the cut to emigrate with the British, probably because carpenters were sorely needed to build new villages. So in the spring or early summer of 1709, his family was in a group that left for Rotterdam, the first stop on their journey. They traveled by riverboat on the Rhine River, and then made their way to Holland. The mood was hopeful, even jubilant, and they sang hymns all the way to Rotterdam, leaving their homelands behind. There would be new opportunities in the Colonies: towns to be built, houses to be razed—and carpenters would be needed... and most importantly, there would be land: Fresh, unspoiled land where Christian and his children—and their children—could finally prosper. He wanted that milk and honey. True Bürgerrecht. Christian was in his forties, and several of his sons were already men, so some people may have wondered why he took such a risk so late in life (about a quarter of the emigrants were over 40, in fact). Most probably, he was thinking about the future of his family, and giving his descendants a chance to find and attain the happiness that had eluded him—with the hope that one day in the distant future, his great, great, great, great, great, great, great, great, great grandson would live in peace, and be free to write crappy movies and date bikini models. GOD BLESS AMERICA!!! But it would be many months before the Hauß family would arrive at this land of opportunity with the "Wonder Fleet." Along the way he would face poverty, starvation, disease, and death—and would find that there wasn't any "milk and honey" waiting for him, either, in... 1711 - 1725. Johann Christian Hauß arrives in the New World, with Johannes in tow—and that's when it really gets confusing. TOP PHOTO: A small village chapel in Großaltenstädten, first mentioned in the year 1310. Its steeple is actually a fortified tower and its walls are thick, in order to protect the community in times of war. In 1797, the whole village, with its thatched wood houses, was destroyed by fire, with exception of this ancient fortified tower. The village was then rebuilt down near to the water, and the church, formerly in the middle of the village, now towers over it on the hill. In the German language, "Alten" means "old one," and a "städt" was a place that had a large number of inhabitants with a dense grouping of buildings, and a clear division of labor (town guilds). ¹—Königsberg in Eastern Prussia was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in 1944 during World War II, and was subsequently conquered by the Red Army after the Battle of Königsberg in 1945. The city was annexed by the Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Agreement and largely repopulated with Russians. Briefly Russified as Kyonigsberg, it was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after Soviet leader Mikhail Kalinin. The city is now the capital of Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast. ²—According to the great genealogist Henry Z. Jones (this is a direct quote): "'Johann' was a prefix, sometimes used in old records, sometimes not—it's sort of like the 'Anna' in front of Palatine women's names. But 'Christian' was the name he was more likely known as. So, in a sense, your 'Sons of Johann' would more accurately probably be 'Sons of Christian.' But no big deal..." ³—Ken D. Johnson, Ft. Plank Historian and author of the book, The Bloodied Mohawk, says he has located a birth record for yet another son: Jost Haus, b. 1699 in Germany. ⁴—Later generations would claim that our family and the other refugees wanted to leave their homeland for religious reasons, but this doesn't seem to be the case. The emigrants who left for England seemed to be evenly distributed in terms of religion (four lists of the 6500 "Palatines" arriving in London during 1709—comprising 1770 families—reveal 550 Lutheran families, 693 Reformed, 512 Catholic, 12 Baptist, and three Mennonite), so discrimination against any particular denomination seems unlikely. For the most part, they didn't seem all that religious, anyway. Antone Wilhelm Böhme, pastor of the German Court Chapel of St. James, related that only a few of the arriving Germanic immigrants in England came with a prayer book or similar religious work. Fewer still had a New Testament or Bible, until Queen Anne had them supplied in England. Johann Christian Hauß had much more earthbound reasons to leave for the English Colonies. Solms at that time was too impoverished a place to make decisions based solely on theology. He was a poor peasant who worked day and night to provide for his family—after paying the numerous taxes, tithes, and special fees for whomever the lord of his region was that week. And he knew that his children could expect no better. • The Palatine Families of New York by Henry Jones, Jr., 1985. • Early Eighteenth Century Palatine Immigration, by Walter Allen Knittle, Ph.D. Philadelphia, 1937. Reprinted in 1965 by Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Md. • Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York, by Philip Otterness. Published by Cornell University Press, 2004. • The Book of Names Especially Relating to The Early Palatines and the First Settlers in the Mohawk Valley, compiled by Lou D. MacWethy, 1933. • "London Churchbooks and Immigration of 1709." (Courtesy of the Montgomery County Department of History and Archives.) • Das aelteste deutsch-amerikanische Kirchenbuch, by Otto Lohr. In Jahrbuch fuer auslanddeutsche Sippenkunde, jahrgang 1 (1936), pp. 54-60 (Johann Christian Hauss, Page 56) • Palatine Roots: The 1710 German Settlement in New York as Experienced by Johann Peter Wagner, by Nancy Wagoner Dixon. Picton Press, Camden ME, 1994. • Palatines, Liberty and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America, by A.G. Roeber. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1998. • White Cargo. the Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America, by Jordan, Don And Walsh, Michael. Publisher: New York Univ. Press Date Published: 2007. • Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1601-1700, by Krause, Chester L, and Clifford Mishler; Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1996.
One of the oldest methods of protecting wood from fire is fire. FIRE is an ongoing research into the ancient Japanese exterior siding technique of Shou-Sugi-Ban on tableware, that preserves wood by charring it, aswell as making handmade smoked salt. How far should we harness the destructive properties of fire and could they be trasformed into something useful? Tutor: Lonny van Rijswijk \| Atelier NL Arno Geesink and Klaas Kuiken Man and Wellbeing \| Design Academy Eindhoven In cooperation with wood turner Stephan Huber
Find the area of the rhombus, Mathematics Show that the points (3, 0), (4, 5), (-1, 4) and (-2, -1) taken in order are the vertices of a rhombus. Also find the area of the rhombus. (Ans: 24 sq units) Ans : Let AC be d1 & BD be d2 Area =1/2 d1d2 1875_di and d2.png Area = 1/2 d1 d2 = 1/2χ4χ6χ2 = 24 sq units Posted Date: 4/10/2013 2:43:49 AM \| Location : United States Related Discussions:- Find the area of the rhombus, Assignment Help, Ask Question on Find the area of the rhombus, Get Answer, Expert's Help, Find the area of the rhombus Discussions Write discussion on Find the area of the rhombus Your posts are moderated Related Questions a product can be anything including physical good,services,places,experience,nations,organizations,properties,information.discuss the statement? The value of K for (k+1)x^2-2(k-1)x+1 = 0 has real and equal roots. One of the well-known class of models that involve a simple difference equation are models of mean reversion. These models typically take the form yt+1 - yt = -a(yt - μ)where 0 Describe Multiplication and Division Equations? Multiplication Equations : To solve multiplication equations, divide both sides of the equation by the number being multiplie solutions for the equation a-b=5 In figure, XP and XQ are tangents from X to the circle with centre O. R is a point on the circle. Prove that XA+AR=XB+BR Ans: Since the length of tangents from externa 64% of the students within the school play are boys. If there are 75 students in the play, how many are boys? To ?nd out 64% of 75, multiply 75 by the decimal equivalent of 64% In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 people will speak English and 400 people will speak Russian. How many may speak English only? How many will speak Russian? How many can spe Show that 571 is a prime number. Ans: Let x=571⇒√x=√571 Now 571 lies between the perfect squares of (23)2 and (24)2 Prime numbers less than 24 are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,1
Sharing is caring! Dear Viewers: Today we will discuss about the Bacteria Definition of Bacteria: They are prokaryotic, achlorophyllous and single cellular simple organisms and can survive in extreme conditions eg. Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Clostridium 1. They are prokaryotic (true nucleus is absent) 2. They are achlorophyllous 3. Mesosome is present 4. Cell wall is present 5. It can withstand very high temperature 6. Reproduction mainly asexual or vegetative 7. Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, etc. 1. Define bacteria (1) Ans. Bacteria are defined as one type of aerobic or anaerobic, smallest and simplest unicellular microscopic autoreplicating prokaryotic organism found to occur in air, in water, in living organisms etc. familiarly called as microbes. 1. Discuss the general structure of bacteria. (6) Structure of the Bacteria: a) Capsule – Outermost protective layer usually found on disease causing bacteria. Most bacteria contain some sort of a polysaccharide layer outside the cell wall or outer membrane. In a general sense, this layer is called capsule. A true capsule is a discrete detectable layer of polysaccharides deposited outside the cell wall. A less discrete structure or matrix which embeds the cells is called slime layer. b) Cell Wall – It gives bacteria their shape and additional durability. The cell wall of a bacterium is an essential structure that protects the delicate cell protoplast from osmotic lysis. The cell wall of Bacteria consists of a polymer of disaccharides cross-linked by short chains of amino acids (peptides). This molecule is a type of peptidoglycan called murein. In the Gram-positive bacteria the cell wall is thick (15-80 nanometers), consisting of several layers of peptidoglycan complexed with molecules called teichoic acids . In the Gram-negative bacteria the cell wall is relatively thin (10 nanometers) and is composed of a single layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by a membranous structure called the outer membrane. Murein is a substance unique in nature to bacterial cell walls. Also, the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria invariably contains a unique component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin), which is toxic to animals. c) Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) – Permeable membrane that has a variety of functions, including bringing chemicals and nutrients in and out of the cell. The membranes of Bacteria are structurally similar to the cell membranes of eukaryotes, except that bacterial membranes consist of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids (never polyunsaturated fatty acids) and do not normally contain sterols. The plasma membrane is an exceptionally dynamic structure in bacteria which mediates permeability, transport, secretion and energy generation. In terms of pathogenesis of a bacterium, it is absolutely dependent upon the integrity and function of its plasma membrane. The membrane might be responsible for secretion of toxins, resistance to antimicrobial agents, tactic responses or sensing other environmental signals to turn on or off genes for virulence. d) Cytoplasm – Gel-like material inside cell that protects cell parts and helps to move materials around the cell.e. Ribosomes – Make various proteins. e) DNA – Genetic material that controls the functions of the cell. f) Flagella – A tail used for moving around. Flagella are filamentous protein structures attached to the cell surface that provide swimming movement for most motile bacterial cells. The diameter of a bacterial flagellum is about 20 nanometers, well below the resolving power of the light microscope. The flagellar filament is rotated by a motor apparatus in the plasma membrane allowing the cell to swim in fluid environments. Bacterial flagella are powered by proton motive force (chemiosmotic potential) established on the bacterial membrane. g) Pilus – Small hairs used for sticking to surfaces or each other. Also used in reproduction. 1. Justify: Bacterial cell resembles plant cell. (2) a) Like plants the cell wall of bacteria is composed of lipid, protein and polysaccharides. b) Like plants bacteria can also synthesize vitamins. c) Like plants bacteria also reproduce by means of vegetative reproduction. d) There is presence of bacteriochlorophyll in the body of some bacteria.4. Write a short note on Mesosome. (4) Definition: The vesicular, convoluted or multilaminated structures formed as invaginations of the plasma membrane in a prokaryotic cell are called mesosomes or chondroids. a) They are more prominent in Gram positive bacteria. b) They are the principal sites of respiratory enzymes in bacteria and are analogous to the mitochondria of eukaryotes, and hence often considered as incipient mitochondria. a) Mesosomes are often seen in relation to the nuclear body and the site of synthesis of cross wall septa, suggesting that they coordinate nuclear and cytoplasmic division during binary fission. b) It forms the replica of DNA. 2. What do you mean by: (5×2) a) Bacteriocins b) Volutin granules c) Ammonification d) Pleomorphism e) Generation time a) Bacteriocins: These are a group of highly specific antibiotic like substances produced by certain strains of bacteria, which are active against other strains of the same or different species. I) Bacteriocins are proteins but some may have associated lipopolysaccharides. II) They resemble phages in many aspects. Examples: I) Colicins from E.coli and II) Pyocins from Pseudomonas pyocyanea. b) Volutin granules: These are highly refractive, strongly basophilic bodies consisting of polymetaphosphate. Characteristic features are: I) They appear reddish when stained with polychrome methylene blue (metachromasia) II) Volutin granules are characteristically present in diptheria bacilli. III) They have been considered to represent a reserve of energy and phosphate for cell metabolism. Other names: Metachromatic or Babes-Ernst granules. c) Ammonification: It is the process of release of ammonia and its formation of ammonium ions. Examples: Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus ramosus. d) Pleomorphism: It is the property by which the same species or strain of micro-organism exists in different morphological forms. Pleomorphism is often due to defective cell wall synthesis. Examples: Mycobacteria and Azotobacters, they change their forms from rod to oval or irregularly branched bodies. 3. e) Generation time or population doubling time: It is the interval of time between cell divisions, or time required for the bacterium to double under optimum condition. Example: Generation time for most medically important bacteria (eg. E. coli) is about 20 minutes, whereas in Mycobacterium leprae it is as long as 24 days. 1. Name the bacteria causing: (10x 1) a. Diptheria b. Gas gangrene c. Tuberculosis d. Anthrax e. Tetanus f. Syphilis g. Cholera h. Enteric fever (typhoid) i. Leprosy j. Plague a) Corynebacterium diptheriae b) Clostridium perfringens c) Mycobacterium tuberculosis d) Bacillus anthracis e) Clostridium tetani f) Treponema pallidum g) Vibrio cholerae h) Salmonella typhi i) Mycobacterium leprae j) Yersinia pestis (Previously called Pasteurella pestis) 7. a)Mention three main methods of Bacterial reproduction. (3) b) What is the most common mode of reproduction? ( 1) a) Modes of reproduction: I) Vegetative Reproduction: A) Budding and B) Binary fission II) Asexual reproduction: By spore formation III) Sexual reproduction: A) Conjugation, B) Transformation, C) Transduction b)Binary fission 1. a) Who devised the Gram staining technique? (1) b) What is the principle of Gram staining? (2) c) What type of stain is it? (1) d) Name a few Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria (2) e) Name the staining technique implied for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1) a) Christian Gram devised the Gram staining technique. b) Principle: I) The Gram positive cells have a more acidic protoplasm, which may account for retaining the basic primary dye more strongly than the Gram negative bacteria. The Gram reaction may be related to be permeability of the bacterial cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane to the dye-iodine complex, the Gram negative, but not the Gram positive cells permitting the outflow of the complex during decolourisation. Gram positive bacteria appears violet whereas Gram negative bacteria appears red after Gram Staining. c) It is a differential stain as it imparts different colours to different bacteria or bacterial structures. d) Gram positive bacteria are: I) Staphylococcus aureus II) Streptococcus pyogenes III) Clostridium tetani IV) Bacillus anthracis Gram negative bacteria are: I) Salmonella typhi II) Escherichia coli III) Vibrio cholerae IV) Neisseria gonorrhoeae e) Ziehl-Neelsen technique or Acid fast staining. a) What are Capnophilic Bacteria? Give one example. (2) b) What is the thermal death point? (1) Ans. a) Bacteria which require high amount of carbondioxide (5-10%) for growth, especially on fresh isolation, are called Capnophilic bacteria. Example: Brucella abortus b) The lowest temperature that kills a bacterium under standard conditions in a given time is known as thermal death point. 10. Write a short note on flagella. Name a Bacteria, which is motile though it lacks flagella. (2+1) Ans. Definition – These are unbranched, long, sinuous filaments present in most of the motile bacteria. Parts: I) Filaments, II) Hook, III) Basal body Function: It is responsible for the motility of the bacteria. Composition: It is made up of a protein called flagellin. Spirochete lacks flagella though it is motile due to the presence of endoflagella. Give examples: (3×1) a) Bacteria devoid of cell wall. b) First pathogenic bacteria to be observed under microscope. c) First Bacillus to be isolated in pure cultures. a) Mycoplasma (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) b) Bacillus anthracis c) Bacillus anthracis 1. What is pili? Ans. Pili are minute projections helping in conjugation. 1. What are fimbriae? Ans. Fimbriae are small projections helping in attachment of cells. 1. What is the function of mesosomes? Ans. Respiration 1. What is episome? Ans. Accessory DNA in a bacterial cell, which remains attached to the nucleoid. 1. What is plasmid? Ans. A circular, autonomous, self-replicating extranuclear DNA of a bacterial cell helping in the transfer of genetic information is known as plasmid. 1. What is periplasm? Ans. A jelly like homogeneous layer formed between the cell wall and plasma membrane of bacteria. 1. What are the bacterial photosynthetic pigments? Ans. Chlorobium chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll 1. What are the two components of bacterial cell wall? Ans. Glucosamine and muramic acid. 1. What are the different parts of bacterial flagella? Ans. Bacterial flagella have a basal body composed of two pairs of rings, a short stalk and long shaft composed of flagellin. 1. What are spinae? Ans. Small tubular bodies attached externally to the cell wall of gram positive bacteria helping it to adjust to the external environment is called spinae. 1. Name a toxin-producing bacteria. Ans. Clostridium botulinum producing botulin toxin. 1. Name a disease caused by Spirochaeta Ans. Syphillis induced by Treponema pallidum 1. What are the storage food of bacteria? Ans. It includes the polyphosphate bodies, glycogen residues, lipid and oil droplets etc. 1. Name two phototrophic bacteria. Ans. Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas palustris 1. Name two chemoautotrophs bacteria Ans. Thiobacillus and Nitrosomonas 1. Name two photoheterotrophic bacteria Ans. Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas palustris 1. Name one total or obligate parasitic bacteria. Ans. Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1. Name one partial or facultative parasitic bacteria Ans. Staphylococci sp. 1. Name one total or obligate saprophytic bacteria. Ans. Clostridium sp. 1. Name one partial or facultative saprophytic bacteria Ans. Vibrio cholerae 1. Name two photoorganotroph bacteria. Ans. Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas palustris 1. Name the three kinds of respiration in bacteria Ans. a) Aerobic respiration: Cornybacterium diptheri and Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1. b) Anaerobic respiration: Clostriudium tetani and Clostridium septicum 2. Facultative respiration: Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas and Escherichia See you in my next blog post. Also Read on Science Reckoner: Sharing is caring! The following two tabs change content below. Latest posts by Partha Pratim Goswami (see all) Leave a Reply
Personality Devlopment Expert Training For Trainers Training is the process of acquiring specific skills to perform a job better.It helps people to become qualified and proficient in doing some jobs. Communication Skills Communication is a process of sending and receiving information among people. Many people believe that the significance of communication is like the importance of breathing. Indeed, communication facilitates the spread of knowledge and forms relationships between people. Strategic Planning Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit. Nulla cursus pharetra massa at lacinia Fusce eleifhend Fusce in dapibus. Effective Presentation Skills
The Global South Atlantic From the Fordham University Press: Not only were more African slaves transported to South America than to North, but overlapping imperialisms and shared resistance to them have linked Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean for over five centuries. Yet despite the rise in transatlantic, oceanic, hemispheric, and regional studies, and even the growing interest in South-South connections, the South Atlantic has not yet emerged as a site that captures the attention it deserves. As a region made up of multiple intersecting regions, and as a vision made up of complementary and competing visions, the South Atlantic can only be understood comparatively. Exploring the Atlantic as an effect of structures of power and knowledge that issue from the Global South as much as from Europe and North America, The Global South Atlantic helps to rebalance global literary studies by making visible a multi-textured South Atlantic system that is neither singular nor stable.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) that wreak havoc on the body’s immune system. This means the sufferer is more likely to develop illnesses and have difficulty fighting off infections. Effects include cachexia (wasting syndrome, or sudden weight loss), nausea, peripheral neuropathy and joint and muscle pain. In 2016, 36.7 million people worldwide were living with HIV. Approximately 1.2 million people were living with HIV in the US in 2013. HIV is most commonly spread via unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding. “AIDS” is a term usually applied to late-stage HIV infection symptoms. Initially, only flu-like symptoms display themselves for a brief period. This is followed by a period with no symptoms, during which the virus spreads and wreaks havoc on the immune system. There is no known cure for HIV/AIDS, but highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) slows the progression of the disease. Current medications include non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) such as zidovudine, tenofovir, lamivudine and emtricitabine. Protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase inhibitors (IAs) and entry inhibitors are used if other treatments aren’t effective. Antiretroviral treatment is recommended for anyone who contracts HIV/AIDS, including pregnant women. Avoiding overly high intakes of zinc, iron vitamin A is also recommended for those with HIV/AIDS. For pregnant women diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, multivitamin supplements improve outcomes. Thanks to the development of antiretroviral drugs, many people with HIV/AIDS may now live long, fruitful, normal lives. However, the medications may have significant side-effects, some of which aren’t so different from the effects of HIV/AIDS itself, including nausea, cachexia, muscle aches, insomnia and fatigue. Are You Considering Medical Cannabis? Book a Consultation with a Physician today. 100% Confidential. Online. HIPAA Compliant
Skip to main content What are scholarships and grants? Top Twelve Tips on Winning a Scholarship 1. Don't wait until spring of your senior year to start searching! There are many available to students in grades K-11! 2. Use a free scholarship matching service like 3. Answer all of the optional questions on a scholarship matching web site for about twice as many matches! 4. Check with the Career Center for local scholarships. 5. Apply to EVERY scholarship for which you are eligible. It's a numbers game; it gets easier after your first 6 applications. Essays can be reused and tailored to each new application. 7. Tailor your application to the sponsor's goals. Read and follow instructions carefully. 8. Difficulty writing essays? Record yourself answering the question out loud and transcribe the recording. 9. Personalize your essay and be passionate. Write about something of interest to you. Give examples and be specific. 10. Use a clean email address. Review your Facebook account. 12. Make a copy of your application before mailing it. To help in remembering which scholarships you applied to, it is recommended to keep a file with all of the copies in it to refer to when contacted by the scholarship organization. Current Scholarships! Financial Aid Resources
Summary of The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color Looking for the article? The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color summary Start getting smarter: or see our plans 8 Overall 8 Importance 8 Innovation 7 Style Next time you pick out that perfect shirt color for your skin tone or try to decide what hue to paint your bathroom door, take note: There is more to color than meets the eye. As Zach Shonbrun reports, manufacturing pigments is a complex undertaking, especially if you are trying to avoid harmful chemicals. Not surprisingly, demand for safe pigments that maintain their original color when applied to different materials are in high demand. Writing for Bloomberg, Shonbrun profiles a materials scientist who accidentally discovered a new type of blue. getAbstract recommends this article to anyone who wonders why the discovery of a unique shade of blue might make a scientist very wealthy. In this summary, you will learn • Why pigment research is a complex area of chemistry, • Why manufacturing pigments is tricky, and • How a materials science professor stumbled upon a new, radiant blue pigment. About the Author Zach Schonbrun is a contributing writer for The New York Times and the author of The Performance Cortex. Pigment research is an obscure yet highly complex area of chemistry. Although modern computers can reproduce 16.8 million different colors, the difficulty lies in translating them into a pigment that humans can see and that different materials, such as paper, cotton, or metal, can accurately reflect. Many of the inorganic elements or compounds scientists have traditionally used to produce pigments are harmful to human health and/or the environment. Cases in point are lead, cobalt and cyanide. While chemists are able to replace some of these harmful elements with safe, organic ones, they have found that some colors, especially blacks, yellows and greens, are easier to reproduce than others, such as blue and red tones. More on this topic Customers who read this summary also read Mini Particle Accelerators Make Cancer Treatment Safer for Everyone Herding Hemingway's Cats Chemists Can Help to Solve the Air-Pollution Health Crisis Make Lighting Healthier Know This Related Channels Comment on this summary
Java Modifiers From HaFrWiki Jump to: navigation, search Access Modifiers[edit] Access modifiers determine where a Java class, method, or field can be accessed. • default. The Java element is accessible to any class in the same package. • public. The Java element is accessible to any class. • private. The Java method or field is accessible within the current class. • protected. The Java method or field is accessible within the current class and subclasses. Other Modifiers[edit] Other modifiers define how a Java element can be used, or how it interacts with other classes. • abstract. An abstract class contains some methods that are not defined and must be implemented in subclasses. An abstract method contains no body and must be overridden in subclasses. • [#Final\|final]]. A final class cannot be used as a superclass. A final method cannot be overridden by a subclass. A final field's value cannot be changed. • static. A static method or field is shared by all instances of the current class. • synchronized. A synchronized method will seize control of the class while it is running. This is used in a multithreaded environment to make sure two threads do not access an object at the same time. • transient. A transient field is not saved if the object is serialized. • volatile. A volatile field's value can be changed by unsynchronized threads. • native. A native method is invoked from Java but written in another "native" language, usually C or C++. Default is the name of the access of classes, variables, and methods if you don’t specify an access modifier. A class’s data and methods may be default, as well as the class itself. A class’s default features are accessible to any class in the same package as the class in question. A default method may be overridden by any subclass that is in the same package as the superclass. A default method may be overridden by any subclass that is in the same package as the superclass. Default is not a Java keyword; A public class, variable or method may be used in any Java program without restriction. Any public method may be overridden by any subclass. Logically the main method have to be public. Top-level (not inner) classesmay not be declared private. A private variable or method may be used only by an instance of the class that declares the variable or method. Private data can be hidden from the very object that owns the data. 1. class Complex { 2. private double real, imaginary; 3. } 6. class SubComplex extends Complex { 7. SubComplex(double r, double i) { 8. real = r; // Trouble! 9. } In the constructor for class SubComplex (on line 8), the variable real is accessed. This line causes a compiler error, with a message that is very similar to the message of the previous example: “Undefined variable: real.” The private nature of variable real prevents an instance of SubComplex from accessing one of its own variables! Only variables and methods may be declared protected. A protected feature is available to all classes of the same package. Different package subclasses has the following limited privileges: • override protected methods of the superclass. • instances may read and write protected fields they inherit form the superclass. An instance may not read and write protected instances of other instances. • instances may call protected methods they inherit form the superclass. An instance call protected instances of other instances. The protected and default access control levels are almost identical, but has one critical difference. A default member may be accessed only ig the class accessing the member belongs to the same package, whereas a protected mener cab be accessed (though inheritance) by a subclass even if the subclass is in a different package. Example default access 1. package sportinggoods; 2. class Ski { 3. void applyWax() { . . . } 4. } The applyWax() method has default access. Now consider the following subclass: 1. package sportinggoods; 2. class DownhillSki extends Ski { 3. void tuneup() { 4. applyWax(); 5. // other tuneup functionality here 6. } 7. } The subclass calls the inherited method applyWax(). This is not a problem as long as both the Ski and DownhillSki classes reside in the same package. However, if either class were to be moved to a different package, DownhillSki would no longer have access to the inherited applyWax() method, and compilation would fail. The problem would be fixed by making applyWax() protected on line 3: Example protected access 1. package adifferentpackage; // Class Ski now in // a different package 2. class Ski { 3. protected void applyWax() { . . . } 4. } Subclasses and Method Privacy[edit] Java specifies that methods may not be overridden to be more private. So the legal override methods is: private --> default --> protected --> public The rules of overriding are: • private method may be overridden by a private, default, protected, or public method. • default method may be overridden by a protected or public method. • protected method may be overridden by a public method. More Modifiers[edit] The final modifier applies to classes, variables, and methods. • A final class cannot be subclassed. • A final method can not be overridden. • A final variable cannot be modified once it has been assigned a value. (Const in C++). If a final variable is a reference to an object, it is the reference that must stay the same, not the object. Also not final variables of the object can be changed. The abstract modifier can be applied to classes and methods. • An abstract class may not be instantiated • An abstract method has the signature of the superclass and has to implemented in the subclass. • An abstract class has one or more abstract methods. Not all methods need to be abstract. The static modifier can be applied to variables, methods, and even a strange kind of code that is not part of a method. Static belongs to a class rather than being associated instances of a class. A static variable occurs only once no matter how much instances of the class exist. 1. class Ecstatic{ 2. static int x = 0; 3. Ecstatic() { 4. x++; 5. } 6. } Variable x is static; this means that there is only one x, no matter how many instances of class Ecstatic might exist at any moment. There might be one Ecstatic instance, or many, or even none, yet there is always precisely one x. The 4 bytes of memory occupied by x are allocated when class Ecstatic is loaded. The initialization to 0 (line 2) also happens at class-load time. The static variable is incremented every time the constructor is called, so it is possible to know how many instances have been created. Reference to static variables can be made on 2 ways: • Via a reference to an instance of the class. • Via the class name (Ecstatic.x, Math.PI and Math.E) Static methods • A static method may access only the static data of its class; it may not access nonstatic data. • A static method may call only the static methods of its class; it may not call nonstatic methods. • A static method has no this. • A static method may not be overridden to be nonstatic. Static Initializers It is legal for a class to contain static code that does not exist within a method body. A class may have a block of initializer code that is simply surrounded by curly braces and labeled static. For example: 1. public class StaticExample { 2. static double d = 1.23; 4. static { 5. System.out.println("Static code: d=" + d++); 6. } 9. System.out.println("main: d = " + d++); 10. } 11. } Line 4 is known as static initializer code. The code inside the curlies is executed exactly once, at the time the class is loaded. At class-load time, all static initialization (such as line 2) and all free-floating static code (such as lines 4–6) are executed in order of appearance within the class definition. The output from this code is: Static code: d=1.23 main: d = 2.23 Static imports Any nonprivate feature may be statically imported into a source file of the same package; only a public feature may be statically imported into a source file in a different package. Feature Access Mode Feature Static Import Same Package Feature Static Import Different Package public Yes Yes protected Yes No default Yes No private No No The native modifier can refer only to methods. Like the abstract modifier, native indicates that the body of a method is to be found elsewhere. In the case of abstract methods, the body is in a subclass; with native methods, the body lies entirely outside the Java Virtual Machine(JVM), in a library. Native code is written in a non-Java language, typically C or C++, and compiled for a single target machine type. 1. class NativeExample { 2. native void doSomethingLocal(int i); 4. static { 5. System.loadLibrary("MyNativeLib"); 6. } 7. } Callers of native methods do not have to know that the method is native. The call is made in exactly the same way as if it were nonnative. The transient modifier applies only to variables. A transient variable is not stored as part of its object’s persistent state. The volatile modifier is not in common use. Only variables may be volatile; declaring them so indicates that such variables might be modified asynchronously, so the compiler takes special precautions. Volatile variables are of interest in multiprocessor environments. The synchronized modifier is used to control access to critical code in multithreaded programs. Visibility Public Protected Default Private From the same class Yes Yes Yes Yes From any class in the same package Yes Yes Yes No From a subclass in the same package Yes Yes Yes No From a subclass ouside the same package Yes Yes, (Inheritance) No No From any non-subclass outside the package Yes No No No See also[edit]
Create a new account It's simple, and free. Ancient Rome Development Ancient Rome developed from a small prehistoric settlement on the Tiber River in Latium in central Italy into an empire that encompassed all of the Mediterranean world, and the civilization that resulted formed the basis for modern Western civilization. The genius of the Romans lay in the military, in government administration, and in the law, and they valued crafty diplomacy as much as military discipline. The Romans conquered Greece, adopting Greek culture and transmitting it to the medieval world. Unlike the Greeks, they did not develop a philosophical theory of state and society. Instead, they were the practitioners of power and law, and Roman civil law, which reached its peak under the emperors, excelled in precision of formulation and logic of thought. However, it was a law of inequality and social prejudice which also became part of the Roman heritage. Roman political institutions remained relatively stable during the imperial centuries and then disintegrated rapidly as the empire collapsed. Greece developed a number of lasting disciplines--the drama, philosophy, politics, and so on. The origins of the drama are evident in the works of Aeschylus, and these plays center on Greek religious thought. The Suppliant Maidens, for instance, shows how the Greeks saw the gods not as some distant concept but as operating in daily life. The Danaids, or daughters of Danaus, are dedicated to Artemis, and Artemis as a daughter of Zeus is chaste. She is a virgin, as are the Danaids, and they intend to remain so in dedication to Artemis and her cult. They describe marriage in terms of force, with men forcing themselves on women to take from the women what they will not willingly surrender. They compare their virginity to walls that will not be brought down. Marriage is presented as a state of war and conflict, and in such a view these women will stand as warriors protecting the walls of their virginity from the assault of men... Page 1 of 5 Next > More on Ancient Rome Development... APA MLA Chicago Ancient Rome Development. (1969, December 31). In Retrieved 14:39, March 18, 2019, from
Advanced Java and Web Technologies for JNTUK 11/02/2015 Categories: Javascript. No Comments on User Defined Objects Creation and Manipulation of User Defined Objects An object is a real world entity that contains properties and behaviour. Properties are implemented as identifiers and behaviour is implemented using a set of methods. An object in JavaScript doesn’t contain any predefined type. In JavaScript the new operator is used to create a blank object with no properties. A constructor is used to create and initialize properties in JavaScript. Note: In Java new operator is used to create the object and its properties and a constructor is used to initialize the properties of the created object. An object can be created as shown below: var obj = new Object( ); The properties of an object can be accessed using the dot (.) operator. In JavaScript, the properties are not fixed as in Java. Number of properties can vary at runtime i.e., new properties can be added as and when needed. In JavaScript properties are not variables, they are just names which are used to access values and hence are never declared. Creating and accessing properties is shown below: Another way for creating the above object is shown below: var person = {name: “surya”, branch: “cse” }; Nested objects can be created as shown below: The properties can be accessed with the dot operator or using the property name as an array subscript. For example let’s consider printing the name of the person object created above: To step through all the properties of an object we can use the for-in loop as shown below: A constructor is a special function which is used to create and initialize the properties of an object. A constructor has the same name as the object. A constructor can be called by using the new keyword. A constructor can reference the properties of its object by using this keyword. A constructor can be defined as shown below: Now, the above constructor person can be called by new keyword as shown below: person1 = new person(101, “teja”); If the object should also contain a method, it is initialized in the same way as a property is initialized. Let’s consider a method for displaying the details of the person object as shown below: Add a property named display to the constructor as shown below: this.display = display_person; Now, we can access the method to print the details of a person object as shown below: person1.display( ); Related Links: Leave a Reply Scroll Up
The History Of Provincial Autonomy Politics Essay 2472 words (10 pages) Essay in Politics 5/12/16 Politics Reference this Autonomy itself is defined as a condition of self-government. Federal and Unitary are two different states. In the former, powers are divided between the central and provincial governments. However, in the later, the powers are centralized. (kundi, 2002). Provincial Autonomy is such a system in which the government of the provinces is independent from any external influence and does not rely on any of the external forces. Complete or absolute provincial autonomy means complete sovereignty of the government of the provinces (Roomi, 2010). Pakistan is a federal state. If we explain autonomy in fiscal and political federalism’s concept, mostly extremes are discussed. However, according to the original concept that was stated in the resolution of 1940, Pakistan was meant to be a federation that consisted of self-governing or autonomous units. As far as the extent of the self-governance of these autonomous units was concerned, except for main areas, every authority was delegated to these units. These four main areas included: foreign affairs, communication, defence and safety, and currency. This is how Provincial Autonomy can be simply explained. The powers delegated to the provinces actually tell about the authority given to each province (Nishter, 2009). Due to the success of federations in larger countries like Switzerland and America, this system’s acceptability has ascended; and hence, several other states like Pakistan, India, etc. emerged as federations. However, for these later states, there have been issues like regional imbalances (hashmani, 2010). Pakistan, although emerged as a federation but it failed to adopt it as a constitution for many years even after its birth. It actually took nine years to take on a constitution for this state which ultimately led to the weakening of the federal bonds. This drifted apart East Pakistan from the state. Also, the rejection of the demands for the provincial autonomy in the constitution of 1956 and 1962 made the situation worst. The decade of Ayub’s regime made Pakistan a highly centralized structure which proved to be a catastrophe. Meanwhile, the terms with the East Pakistan further deteriorated. The state broke up after 24 years as a result of denial for the provincial autonomy (Rehman). The constitution of 1973 was somewhat flexible and hence brought some recognition for the provincial autonomy. As a result, some dispensations were given to the provinces. However, later the situation got deteriorated and hence the matter was not taken seriously. This denial of the provincial autonomy in the constitution of 1973 made some of the politicians angry. The situation completely changed with the arrival of a new military dictator and during 1977-88, three out of four provinces moved away from the federation (Rehman). The civilian government in the next decade till 1999 was also not able to get the issue of provincial autonomy resolved and nor did the Musharaf’s regime till 2008. Even today, this issue is still unresolved and serious efforts are not taking place in this regard. Indeed, majority population has become rebellious and the issue has become more unstable and explosive; and has now become a danger to the integrity of Pakistan. The parliament is considered to be the protector of the constitution and hence should seriously work for the revival of federalism. Currently, the country is facing the crisis of failure to satisfy the provinces by appropriate divisibility of resources, delegation of power to the provinces, and failure to identify the provincial rights (specifically for people in FATA and Northern areas) (Rehman). Historical Background The debate of the provincial autonomy has been explosive in the 18th amendment because of the fragility of the issue. There are several reasons behind this debate. The reality is that socio-economic growth and expansion is not homogeneous among all provinces due to non-acceptance of the provincial autonomy. Pakistan has gone through a really tough time in 1971 when provincial autonomy was somewhat accepted. A question is posed for the people who are in favour of provincial autonomy that in this currently disturbed political scenario, how they can guarantee that provincial autonomy is the main solution for inequity and injustice (Rommi, 2010). Provincial Autonomy in Pakistan Resolution According to the critical analysis of the Declaration of March 1940 by the advocates of provincial autonomy, they state that since Muslim efforts at the time of independence were to create and maintain states that have self-governing units in British India, therefore autonomy should also be given to the provinces. Here is the extract of Pakistan resolution regarding this: This resolution was accepted by the Muslim League in 1941 as constitution’s part. It made clear that in one Pakistan provincial autonomy was also the resolution’s demand. The main reason for using the term “autonomy” was that the Muslims should get justifiable representation in the elected bodies of legislation. The British made an unfair distribution of powers in two of the majority provinces: Punjab and Bengal; therefore initially the founder thought it was unfair with the Muslims. However, later he realized that the demand for autonomy would not provide a genuine solution to this issue. He also proved this by his speech in Delhi in 1946’s convention. Despite the fact that in India Act of 1935, the provincial autonomy was introduced, as far as the protection of rights was concerned. However, still the people who support the concept of provincial autonomy argue that Pakistan was considered to be a loose Federation with certain level of authorities given to the provinces. According to Quaid’s speech in 1948 at Quetta, he clearly ended provincial autonomy. The relevant chunk from that speech is as follows: “It naturally pains me to find the curse of provincialism holding sway over any section of Pakistan. Pakistan must get rid of this evil. It is relic of the old administration when you clung to provincial autonomy and local liberty of action to avoid control-which meant–British control.” However, first let us have a glance at what the three constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973 say about the provincial autonomy. Provincial Autonomy in Constitution of 1956 Efforts were made for long time duration, approximately nine years, to form a constitution which was then made obligatory on March 23, 1956. It was commonly formed on the basis of the model of Government of India Act, 1935. This constitution of 1956 was very extensive, containing 234 articles, 13 parts and 6 schedules. This constitution formed the federation which was very similar to the Government of India Act, 1935. Federalism in this country had to make opportunity for self account and expression for the provinces. The process of devolution was endorsed more than Government of India Act, 1935. In contrast to federalism, the 1956 constitution formed a one-chamber or unicameral legislature, according to which there had to be a unitary and centralized structure. The second constituent assembly refused to accept this as a structure and talked in favour of the bicameral system, which was composed of two chambers – upper and lower house. This issue was somewhat resolved when the West Pakistan provinces got merged into a single unit and representation was supposed to be made on equality-basis. In federal democracy, seats are kept on the basis of uniformity and parity in the house of units’ representation and population in the lower house. However, in Pakistan, the scenario was entirely different. In this country, a different federation was adopted, i.e. the unicameral legislature and equality was the basis for representation. There were three lists of subject’s federal, provincial and concurrent list according to the constitution of 1956, in which the powers were divided between the centre and the provinces. The federal, provincial, and concurrent lists; comprised of 30, 94, and 19 subjects, respectively. The provincial list was the most comprehensive one. Although, it was stated that both the central and provincial government could legislate on the concurrent lists but in case of conflicts, the federal law would have the main authority to resolve the issue. A conflict was created between the powers favouring centralized system and the ones who favoured the provincial autonomy. Both the powers were arguing that the authority and power should be given to the party which they favoured. The supporters of centre asked for residuary powers for centre and supporters of provincial autonomy demanded that this power should be given to the provinces. According to the article 109 stated in the constitution of 1956, the provincial legislatures were given the authority of making laws on subjects that were not mentioned in the three lists stated above. The main and significant financial resources were allotted to the federal authority, whereas, the others with insufficient resources were handed over to the provinces. The emergency provision of the 1956 constitution, to a great extent, endangered the relations between the centre and federating units. The followers of the strong centre founded the statement that, in time of war or any other emergency, amalgamated and centralized power was compulsory. It is the duty of the centre to protect the federation. The people who framed the constitution felt a need for such provisions. They vested emergency provision in the federal authority. Provincial Autonomy in the 1962 Constitution The constitution of 1956 could not bring any major change in the issues between the East and West Pakistan and could only last for two and a half years. The political atmosphere was further intensified. The new constitution was endorsed on June 08, 1962, which consisted of 250 Articles, 12 parts, and 3 schedules. The constitution of 1962 was extremely centralized and shortened the sphere of the federating units to a large extent. The fortitude of federation lies in the bicameral system, which, as previously stated too, consisted of lower and upper house. However, just like the constitution of 1956, the constitution 1962 enforced a unicameral legislature. The distribution of power between the centre and federating units under the constitution of 1973 was very simple. It consisted of only one list federal list, and left all other subjects to the provinces. The centre had the ultimate rights to legislate any parts of Pakistan that related to subjects mentioned in the 3rd schedule of the constitution. There were forty-nine subjects stated in the central list, as opposed to thirty in the constitution of 1956. The federal legislature had the authority to make any law on the grounds of the national interests. Also, they could also make laws on provincial matters when the provincial government gives this authority to federal government, on any subject that is not listed in the third schedule. Many people regard the constitution of 1962 as the one man show. It resulted in the strong provincial autonomy in East Pakistan and smaller provinces of West Pakistan. Punjab which was the recipient of the muscular centre was the only one which continued to oppose the demands of the provincial autonomy demands. The constitution of 1962 destitute the Bengalis of any contribution in the matters of the decision making process on initial social, economic and political matters which consequently brought in the immense and gigantic movement of autonomy in East Pakistan demanding that the centre should only have defence, foreign policy and currency and the rest of the powers should be delegated to the provinces. The military operation against the people of East Pakistan to hold back the movement for highest autonomy resulted in the increase of liberation movement which ultimately gave birth to Bangladesh. Provincial Autonomy in the Constitution of 1973 The tragedy of East Pakistan now called Bangladesh sent a gesture of hopelessness throughout the remaining Pakistan. Yahya Khan resigned and requested Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to form government because he was the leader of majority party in West Pakistan. The gruelling task before Bhutto was to constitute a new constitution for Pakistan. There was broad contract among all political parties that the future constitution should be formed on the basis of the principle of parliamentary democracy. There were only a few parties who preferred a loose federation with greater provincial autonomy. On 17 April 1972, Bhutto appointed a constitutional committee which comprised of twenty five National assembly members in order to outline a version of constitution. After almost two years of extended discussions in the national assembly, an accord of opinion was reached at and a new constitution was devised, which was made obligatory on August 14, 1973. In the Constitution of 1973, a promise was made that power would be gradually delegated to the representatives of the smaller provinces. This constitution was comprised of 280 articles, 12 parts and 6 schedules. The Constitution of 1973 brought in, the federation with a bicameral legislature. The federal legislature consisted of two houses; upper house or senate and national assembly. The representation to the federating units in the national assembly was provided on the basis of population whereas in the senate on the basis of equality. Moreover, there was an obvious and lucid division of powers between the central and provincial government in third fraction of the constitution. There were two lists of powers, federal and concurrent lists. The residuary powers were vested in the provinces. The constitution did not enumerate separate powers for provinces but gave them the powers to legislate on residuary subjects, which are not enlisted either in the federal list or concurrent list. According to a provision stated in the constitution of 1973, the central government was supposed to delegate power and authority to the provincial governments as their agents. Also, this delegation could either be conditional or unconditional. An important characteristic of this constitution of 1973 was National finance commission. The main function of this commission is to hand out the financial resources between the centre and provinces perpendicularly and among the provinces in parallel. Before the NFC award the criteria was population only, which the provinces, other than Punjab, were not happy with. Baluchistan, at all times, hard-pressed for influence to be given to its vast territory, and Sindh for the lager taxes its ports, commerce, industry and bank produce. The NWFP wanted consideration for its backwardness. But in the seventh NFC Award this criterion was changed and multiple criteria were adopted instead of population alone. The ratio of other aspects is as under. After 1973 constitution of Pakistan many issue arouse regarding the division of power between centre and provinces. A clash of giving extra authority to provinces in order to have strong federation remained an issue of 1973 constitution. Cite This Work Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Related Services View all DMCA / Removal Request Undergraduate 2:2 • 250 words • 7 day delivery Order now Delivered on-time or your money back Rated 4.6 out of 5 by Logo (69 Reviews) Untitled Document Special Offers
Wikipedia open wikipedia design. In philosophy, skepticism can refer to: Philosophical skepticism[edit] As a philosophical school or movement, skepticism originated in ancient Greece. A number of Greek Sophists held skeptical views. Gorgias, for example, reputedly argued that nothing exists, that even if there were something we could not know it, and that even if we could know it we could not communicate it.[5] Another Sophist, Cratylus, refused to discuss anything and would merely wriggled his finger, claiming that communication is impossible since meanings are constantly changing.[6] The Sophists' leading critic, Socrates, also had skeptical tendencies, claiming that he knew nothing, or at least nothing worthwhile.[7] There were two major schools of skepticism in the ancient Greek and Roman world. One was Pyrrhonian skepticism, which was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–270 BCE). The other was Academic skepticism, so-called because its two leading defenders, Arcesilaus (c. 315–240 BCE) and Carneades (c. 217–128 BCE) were Heads of Plato's Academy. Both schools of skepticism denied that knowledge is possible and urged suspension of judgment (epoche) for the sake of mental tranquility (ataraxia). The major difference between the schools seems to have been that Academic skeptics claimed that some beliefs are more reasonable or probable than others, whereas Pyrrhonian skeptics argued that equally compelling arguments can be given for or against any disputed view.[8] Nearly all the writings of the ancient skeptics are now lost. Most of what we know about ancient skepticism is due to Sextus Empiricus, a Pyrrhonian skeptic who lived in the second or third century A.D. His major work, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, contains a lucid summary of stock skeptical arguments. Ancient skepticism faded out during the late Roman Empire, particularly after Augustine (354–430 CE) attacked the skeptics in his work Against the Academics (386 CE). There was little knowledge of, or interest in, ancient skepticism in Christian Europe during the Middle Ages. Interest revived during the Renaissance and Reformation, particularly after the complete writings of Sextus Empiricus were translated into Latin in 1569. A number of Catholic writers, including Francisco Sanches (c. 1550–1623), Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592), Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655), and Marin Mersenne (1588–1648) deployed ancient skeptical arguments to defend moderate forms of skepticism and to argue that faith, rather than reason, must be the primary guide to truth. Similar arguments were offered later (perhaps ironically) by the Protestant thinker Pierre Bayle in his influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697–1702).[9] In the eighteenth century a powerful new case for skepticism was offered by the Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776). Hume was an empiricist, claiming that all genuine ideas can be traced back to original impressions of sensation or introspective consciousness. Hume argued forcefully that on empiricist grounds there are no sound reasons for belief in God, an enduring self or soul, an external world, causal necessity, objective morality, or inductive reasoning. In fact, he argued that "Philosophy would render us entirely Pyrrhonian, were not Nature too strong for it."[11] As Hume saw it, the real basis of human belief is not reason, but custom or habit. We are hard-wired by nature to trust, say, our memories or inductive reasoning, and no skeptical arguments, however powerful, can dislodge those beliefs. In this way, Hume embraced what he called a "mitigated" skepticism, while rejecting an "excessive" Pyrrhonian skepticism that he saw as both impractical and psychologically impossible. Hume's skepticism provoked a number of important responses. Hume's Scottish contemporary, Thomas Reid (1710–1796), challenged Hume's strict empiricism and argued that it is rational to accept "common-sense" beliefs such as the basic reliability of our senses, our reason, our memories, and inductive reasoning, even though none of these things can be proved. In Reid's view, such common-sense beliefs are foundational and require no proof in order to be rationally justified.[12] Not long after Hume's death, the great German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) argued that human moral awareness makes no sense unless we reject Hume’s skeptical conclusions about the existence of God, the soul, free will, and an afterlife. According to Kant, while Hume was right to claim that we cannot strictly know any of these things, our moral experience entitles us to believe in them.[13] Religious skepticism[edit] Scientific skepticism[edit] A scientific or empirical skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding and empirical evidence. Scientific skepticism may discard beliefs pertaining to purported phenomena not subject to reliable observation and thus not systematic or testable empirically. Most scientists, being scientific skeptics, test the reliability of certain kinds of claims by subjecting them to a systematic investigation using some type of the scientific method.[16] As a result, a number of claims are considered as "pseudoscience", if they are found to improperly apply or ignore the fundamental aspects of the scientific method. Professional skepticism[edit] Professional skepticism is an important concept in auditing. It requires an auditor to have a "questioning mind", to make a critical assessment of evidence, and to consider the sufficiency of the evidence.[17] See also[edit] 3. ^ Greco, John (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism. Oxford University Press, US. ISBN 9780195183214. 6. ^ Richard H. Popkin, "Skepticism", in Paul Edwards, ed., The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 7. New York: Macmillan, 1967, p. 449. 8. ^ Popkin, "Skepticism", p. 450. 11. ^ Quoted in Popkin, "Skepticism", p. 456. 12. ^ Popkin, "Skepticism", p. 456. 13. ^ Popkin, "Skepticism", p. 457. 16. ^ "Scientific Skepticism, CSICOP, and the Local Groups - CSI". Retrieved 2018-07-05. 17. ^ "AU 230 Due Professional Care in the Performance of Work". Retrieved 2018-04-28. Further reading[edit] External links[edit] Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
ap solo A-P Labs Solonoid DC Detector The A-P Solonoid tube was a form of external grid tube intended to get around the DeForest triode patent. One end of the solonoid winding was connected to the normal grid pin, and the other end was connected to the metal shell. This arrangement allowed an input current to flow through the solonoid winding, improving its control ability. point left Click the back button on your browser to return to the thumbnails
Are you wondering why some people have increased the risk of diabetes and obesity? Despite eating more and intaking more calories, some people have a reduced threat of developing heart diseases, diabetes, and being overweight. Many experts believe that this difference exists because of the genetic mutations. In this article, we have mentioned the reason why some people have less risk of diabetes and obesity. Have a look! According to a study conducted at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, it was found that mutation in the DNA of some people lowers the risk of diabetes and obesity. The gene mutation of SGLT1 found in some people is responsible for reducing the high levels of sugar in the gut. This variant of the gene is capable of lowering the risk of diabetes, heart failure, obesity, and death. The experts were able to find a link to the increased level of sugar and genetic mutation in SGLT1. The increase in blood sugar is because of the dietary glucose. Moreover, carbohydrates are broken down into pieces in the small intestine. This produces component like glucose; it is absorbed into the tissues. The transporter of the glucose is SGLT1. The researchers believed that SGLT1 might be capable of lowering the glucose uptake in the small intestine. This will decrease a load of carbohydrates after a meal. There are some mutations of SGLT1 that will result in dysfunction of protein. This may lead to malabsorption of nutrients or can even lead to death in infants. On the other hand, some mutations might slightly change the function of the protein. For studying the impact of SGLT1 genetic mutations, a validation analysis was conducted in the European-Finnish population. In the African-American population, replication analysis was conducted. In addition, the experts performed Mendelian randomization. It was performed to evaluate the long-term impacts of reduced blood sugar levels through these mutations on cardiovascular and metabolic disease. The researchers reported that 7.5% of African-Americana and 16% of European-American participants had the SGLT1 mutation. In this study, it was found that people with this SGLT1 mutation were safe from the increase in blood glucose levels. Through the Mendelian randomization analysis, it was stated that these people were at reduced of experiencing heart disease, obesity, and diabetes in the future. In the end, SGLT1 receptors will be beneficial for treating cardiometabolic disease. For developing drugs with SGLT1 inhibit, it might take many years. It will even require clinical trials.
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Canada Home D&HH Culture About us Contact us Links Deaf and Hard of Hearing Cultural (<- click Back home) Deaf and hard of hearing culture is composed of people who consider deafness to be a difference in human experience, rather than a disability. When used in the cultural sense, the word deaf is very often capitalized in writing, and referred to as "big D Deaf". Big D Deaf communities do not automatically include all those who are clinically or legally deaf, nor do they exclude every hearing person. According to Charlotte Baker-Shenk and Carol Padden, a person is Deaf if he or she "identifies him/herself as a member of the Deaf community, and other members accept that person as a part of the community." Deaf culture may include those who attended deaf schools, children of deaf parents, and some sign language interpreters. The primary languages of those who identify themselves as Deaf are signed. Deaf communities also often possess social and cultural norms that are distinct from those of surrounding hearing communities. Deaf Culture vs. Medicalization
Pathway: History by Abigail Stevens My pathway engages the theme of history in both the novel and the film. The four centuries through which Orlando lives provide an evocative and symbolic background for the story. It was this introduction that first made me consider the importance of history to the story of Orlando, and in particular, the importance of English history. The "quintessentially English way" in which Woolf writes the novel serves to highlight it's 'Englishness' and to emphasise the important historical events that Orlando lives through. It is also interesting to consider how this historical transcendence is explored in the novel and in the film, and here we are shown a glimpse of how Sally Potter envisaged conveying this on screen: "It is the dream-like pace and structure of ORLANDO which makes English history visible in new ways. Each era is characterised by intense climactic changes and a sensual, visual feel." Potter writes of the underlying themes of the book and how they "are all manifested visually and symbolically in a feast of imagery and ideas that are grounded both in action and recognisable historical facts." I feel that the four centuries of English history presented in 'Orlando' provide a perfect background rich in perfect visual and symbolic imagery, and I love the idea that the underlying themes of the novel are both highlighted by this yet at the same time, like the character of Orlando, transcend it. Video file, Digital, Selected Scene Commentary by Sally Potter Here Sally Potter comments on selected scenes of the film. She says the film was "never intended as a historical documentary but rather the exploding of a nostalgic myth; England's imagined history of itself, exploding it from within, looking at it ironically. Visually that was done by taking an imagined essence of each period, with clues from paintings and artefacts from that time, and blowing it up." This somewhat nonchalant approach to historical accuracy ensures that the history that surrounds the character of Orlando remains just as a backdrop for the story; the themes of the narrative are deliberately foregrounded. Also, the manner in which Potter approaches this (aiming to "explode a nostalgic myth") is "quintessentially English" - just as Potter herself described the way Woolf wrote the novel (see the Introduction to Presentation Book - above): the film itself is fittingly "rich in self-irony and allegory." The first scene in the film, in which Orlando appears under an oak tree (which Potter comments on here), obviously foregrounds the 'Englishness' of the film and the history it presents. This is not the first scene of the novel, though the words of the voice-over are taken from the first page - merely the setting is changed. This is obvious evidence of the process of adaptation - the essence is perfectly conveyed though not through strict fidelity to the text; and the change to perhaps a more visually engaging setting speaks of the differences in medium of novel and film. Potter also comments of Swinton's direct address to camera. As well as this acting as a device for transferring Woolf's direct address of the reader to film, it also brings the viewer "right out of the historical period into the present." This is another interesting comment on how such universal themes as that of the novel/film can transcend history. 1 x colour slide in transparent plastic hanging sheet, Digital, Film Stills - Scene 4 - 's Father (John Bott), Queen Elizabeth I (Quentin Crisp) and 's Mother (Elaine Banham) in the film This picture shows Quentin Crisp as Queen Elizabeth. The elaborate banquet setting is evidence of what Potter described (in her commentary - above) as historical "paintings and artefacts" that make up the visual imagery of each particular period. At the banquet in this scene of the film the assembly eat flowers - this was (as Potter explains in her commentary) a particular Elizabethan affectation; which is also an example of how historical fact is used to visual effect, and how history is somewhat used as an aesthetic base for the themes and story of 'Orlando'. In her Introduction for the Presentation Book (above) Potter writes that "major historical figures appear as incidental characters in Orlando's life"; which is a feature that is apparent in the novel and the film. Crisp's Queen Elizabeth is an example of such a character, though it could perhaps be argued that The Queen has slightly more influence on Orlando's life than many. Though the character and her role remain the same in both novel and film, casting a man to play such a female role is something which obviously could only occur in the film; though the possibilities and connotations of gender transcendence that it comments on highlights the theme of androgyny that helps characterise the novel. Hence Potter's film not only transfers the story to the screen, but recognises the spirit of the novel and takes it further; it takes the underlying themes and builds upon them. Crisp's Elizabeth is further evidence of the transcendence of both history and gender that pervade both novel and film. 1 x colour slide in transparent plastic hanging sheet, Slides, Photographic Slides of Hatfield House location recces, interior and exterior This is a picture of an interior of Hatfield House, where some of the film was shot. It is both historically accurate (or appears to be) and aesthetically pleasing. It successfully evokes the historical period depicted in the novel while foregrounding its aesthetic qualities to achieve the dream-like feel of the film that Potter aims for (as written in her Presentation Book Introduction). Watercolour mounted on black card, with b/w photocopy, Paper, Painting of tents on frozen Thames This is an artist's impression of the setting of fair on the frozen Thames, where Orlando meets Sasha. The picture shows how visually stunning this setting could be, and how suitably dreamlike to suit the tone of the film. It is as it appears in the novel, so here we see what could be considered an in-between of the adaptation process, between novel and film. The Great Freeze is evidence of historical fact, though it's choice as a setting by Woolf in the novel demonstrates a leaning towards more aesthetic and evocative features, so as to perfectly depict and highlight the story of Orlando and not to detract from it; something which is echoed in Potter and her film. These aesthetic choices also have symbolic qualities that can also be shown to highlight the themes of the story; and above all aid the ideas of transcendence that characterise 'Orlando'. This unedited footage of Potter running through the labyrinth maze of Hatfield House acts as a perfect summary of the ideas I have tried to present. The scene in the film where Tilda Swinton as Orlando runs through this maze acts as a device for transporting her one hundred years into the future - she enters in around 1750 and emerges in the Victorian period. The change in her costume denotes this passing of time, and the scene itself is evidence of Orlando transcending history. The use of the maze and chasing camera work denotes the difference between the mediums of film and novel; they both have the same conclusion - a passing of time and change in historical period - but use entirely different devices to convey this transition. Both, however, manage successfully.
Roman silver pepper pot About the object © Trustees of the British Museum A pepper pot for a banquet This silver object, shaped to resemble a Roman noble woman, has holes in its base, which indicates that it was used as a pepper pot. Pepper was an expensive luxury; it did not grow in any part of the Roman empire, and had to be transported by sea, river and overland from India. The pot was one of four pepper pots found among other high quality objects used for dining: silver toothpicks, ladles, and spoons decorated with dolphins, the symbol of Bacchus, god of wine. There were probably also larger silver plates and vessels, like those found at nearby Mildenhall, but these have disappeared. We need to picture the pepper pot on a fine table surrounded by elaborate and precious dishes, jugs and other tableware. On the silver face, the eyes are picked out in gold, so as the flames from oil lamps flickered, the eyes would have seemed to come alive. Wealth in late Roman Britain The pepper pot was found in 1992 by a farmer who was using his metal detector to search for a lost hammer. He found his hammer – it is now in the British Museum – but also a hoard of over 15,000 gold and silver coins, gold jewellery and numerous small items of silver tableware. The coins in the hoard establish that its burial took place some time after AD 407/8. Only a very wealthy family could have owned such treasures. We do not know the identity of the person who buried it but several objects are inscribed with the name Aurelius Ursicinus. The pepper pot is in the shape of a woman wearing late Roman fashions. Her T-shaped tunic with wide sleeves was popular in the late fourth and fifth centuries and her hair is done up in an intricate style that was often represented in late Roman art. She holds a scroll, probably to symbolise her learning and authority. We do not know if the figure represents a particular woman. It may simply portray a wealthy and aristocratic late Roman woman, just the kind of person who would have owned and used the jewellery and tableware in the hoard. The decline of the Roman empire in the west Britain had become part of the Roman empire in AD 43, so by the time this pepper pot was buried it had been a Roman province for over three hundred years. Native Britons and Romans had intermingled and inter-married and most had adopted Roman habits and material culture. However, this hoard and a large number of other silver hoards were buried at a time when Britain was passing out of Roman control. Roman rule was breaking down in Britain, leaving the Romano-British without any help from Rome to defend themselves from the attacks of outsiders such as the Anglo-Saxons, Irish and Picts. As archaeologists excavated the hoard, they found the remains of a large wooden chest and smaller caskets with tiny silver padlocks, into which the hoard had been packed. The careful burial of this treasure probably means that the owner had buried it for safekeeping and intended to come back and recover it later, but for whatever reason was unable to do so. More information The Hoxne hoard Images and information about the other objects in the hoard. History of the World in 100 Objects The Hoxne pepper pot on the BBC History of the World in 100 Objects: listen to the programme or read the transcript. The Mildenhall treasure Another late Roman hoard found in Suffolk. The Thetford treasure A late Roman hoard found in Thetford, Norfolk. Decline of Roman Britain BBC history: information about the decline of Roman Britain. BBC history: information about the decline of Roman Britain. After the Romans BBC history: information about what happened after the Roman’s left Britain. BBC history: a brief introduction to the withdrawal of the Roman armies from Britain and the Anglo-Saxon invasions, 410 to 800. Next section: A bigger picture Roman silver pepper pot
Understanding Stroke Warning Signs Are your awareness and response to stroke warning signs really that important? Yes! You can avoid a life altering disability, or possibly death, by simply knowing what the most common warning signs are. The list below will help you recognize stroke and mini stroke symptoms. Take note of them, tell your family and friends about them, and seek immediate help if you or someone near you shows any sign of them. The Most Common Stroke Warning Signs Include: • A sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body • Weakness or inability to move one side of the body. This is due to our brain controlling opposite sides of our body. If a stroke occurs in the right side of the brain it will affect the left side of the body • Difficulty speaking • Difficulty understanding what others are saying (confusion) • Sudden blurred or decreased vision in one or both eyes • Dizziness or loss of balance and co-ordination • Sudden severe headache, which has been described as being like a blow to the head (associated with a hemorrhagic stroke) • Slurred speech • Difficulty swallowing • Nausea and vomiting (consider this particular symptom in combination with the others) Knowledge of stroke warning signs is crucial to getting early treatment and keeping the possibility of related disabilities to a minimum. What is the Benefit of Early Detection? It is important to get to the hospital as soon as possible if you experience stroke warning signs. Hospitals are more frequently treating strokes caused by blood clots with clot-dissolving medicines. These medicines can cause stroke symptoms to be relieved very quickly. They can also prevent a long-term disability or possibly death. Approximately 80% of all reported strokes are caused by a blood clot blocking blood flow to the brain (known as an ischemic stroke). Ischemic strokes can be treated with a drug, called t-PA, which dissolves artery-obstructing clots. However, this treatment only works if the medication is given within the first 3 to 6 hours after the stroke began. This means that even if the stroke warning signs fade away, you should still get to the emergency room as soon as possible! One of the reasons why stroke is a leading cause of death and disability is a lack of responsiveness. Approximately 93% of the adult population cannot name a single stroke warning sign. That is an alarming statistic considering the benefits of early detection! The One Minute Test for Stroke According to a report by the American Stroke Association you could frequently identify someone having a stroke by administering a quick test. If you suspect someone demonstrating stroke symptoms, ask them to perform these three tasks: 1. Smile: If they cannot raise their lips or if only one side of their mouth is able to move, it's a warning sign. 2. Raise both arms and keep them up: Difficulty raising one or both arms is another warning sign. 3. Speak a simple sentence clearly: Slurred speech is yet another warning sign of stroke. This test, which takes less than one minute, can help untrained adults identify possible stroke victims and get them immediate attention. Being Aware of Common Stroke Warning Signs can make a Difference Awareness is key to all areas of our lives. It is especially important when it comes to our health. Being aware of how your body "feels" and functions can give you an edge when something changes. Slight changes in vision, memory, physical skills, or clear thinking may not always be a cause for alarm. Emotional stress, not eating properly, poor sleeping habits, lack of exercise, and just your body naturally aging can all cause physical symptoms. However, these changes could mean something more serious is on the horizon. Your ability to notice these changes, and to seek answers as to why they are happening, can mean the difference between preventative medical attention and a full blown stroke (or some other serious condition). "Listen" to your Body Your body was created to give you warning signs when you need them. These signs are your body's way of communicating with your conscious mind. If you heed the warnings you stand a much better chance of living a healthier, more productive life. Stroke warning signs are no exception. However, the truth is that not all strokes come with prior warning signs. Studies have reported that 50% of all strokes occur without any warning at all. This means that not everyone that has a stroke can be responsible for not noticing stroke warning signs. However, it is surprising how many people do experience early stroke warning signs and do not seek immediate medical treatment. Stroke Statistics • Generally, someone in the United States suffers a stroke every 45 seconds • Stroke is the third leading cause of death, behind heart disease and cancer • Each year, about 700,000 people suffer a stroke. About 500,000 of these are first attacks, and 200,000 are repeated attacks • Roughly 160,000 people die of stroke each year • Approximately 250,000 people survive stroke and cope with permanent disabilities • About 4.5 million people are living survivors of stroke • Stroke is the number one reason for new admissions to nursing homes • As stated earlier, approximately 93% of the adult population cannot name a single stroke warning sign Do you know someone who has had a Stroke? One of the most debilitating effects of a stroke is known as aphasia. Aphasia is an acquired language disorder that will limit a stroke survivor's ability to communicate. Stroke Warning Signs Through effective therapeutic exercises stroke survivors are able to improve their communication skills over time. However, daily practice of speech and language skills is a crucial element of successful recovery. Follow the link below to learn more about how people with aphasia can improve their speech and language skills by having the opportunity to practice professional exercises everyday: Transfer from Stroke Warning Signs to Speech Videos If you are a caregiver CaregivingEssentails.com is a website that will provide you with information and resources to guide and support your journey. Copyright © 2006 speech-therapy-on-video.com
Thursday, March 7, 2019 National Petroleum Council Influences the US Government from the Inside The National Petroleum Council (NPC) may be part of the US government but it is anything but non-partisan. They are a group composed largely of fossil fuel advocates who have openly professed an anti-science pro-dirty energy agenda. There are a lot of fossil fuel front groups that influence government from the outside but the NPC is a federally chartered and privately funded advisory committee established in 1946. As explained on their website: "The purpose of the NPC is solely to represent the views of the oil and natural gas industries in advising, informing, and making recommendations to the Secretary of Energy with respect to any matter relating to oil and natural gas, or to the oil and gas industries submitted to it or approved by the Secretary." With the assistance of API the Energy Department's petroleum council has buried research, resisted regulations and advocated for increased extraction of fossil fuels. The council is composed of the movers and shakers in the fossil fuel industry. Some of the the people who helped run this organization include former ExxonMobil CEO and former secretary of state Rex Tillerson who was council chairman. Halliburton CEO Dick Cheney led the group before he became vice-president in 2001. Of 192 members on the council’s roster, 144 come from the oil and gas industry. Some of the environmentally dangerous recommendations of the council include opening up the Arctic to more drilling. This council has been influencing policy for decades before Trump came on the scene and before Republicans became shills for the fossil fuel industry. However, there can be no mistake that the Trump administration has emboldened their agenda. Shortly after Trump was inaugurated Energy Secretary Perry addressed the petroleum council’s meeting and assured them that government oversight would end. "The government’s not going to be in your way," he said. With expanded oil and gas extraction and the elimination of a raft of regulations it would appear that Perry has been true to his word. No comments:
Solar Storm Swallows the Earth The largest solar storm since 2005 has engulfed the Earth, surrounding it in solar radiation capable of disrupting satellite communication. This time, however, the Earth seems to have lucked out. What's the Latest Development? Unless you live at northern latitudes and have seen strong auroras in the night sky, you probably won't be affected by the solar storm that has currently engulfed the Earth in radiation. Even though the sun has fired the most radioactive plasma at us since 2003, the planet's electrical systems will likely remain unscathed thanks to the current state of our magnetosphere. Forecasters are predicting a moderate and fairly typical geomagnetic storm, measuring two or three on a scale of five. What's the Big Idea? The Earth, in a sense, lucked out. The degree to which the planet is affected by radiation from space is always one part radiation, one part protective magnetosphere. If the clouds of magnetized particles are conveniently arranged, as they are now, the atmosphere will be protected. The Earth experiences a level-three geomagnetic storm about 200 times every 11 years, the length of the Sun's storm cycle. The current cycle is scheduled to reach its peak in 2013 so there will likely be more storms which could disrupt our terrestrial life. Photo credit: Big Think Edge • Liv Boeree teaches analytical thinking for Big Think Edge. Keep reading Show less Scientists reactive cells from 28,000-year-old woolly mammoth Yamagata et al. Surprising Science Keep reading Show less Here's when machines will take your job, as predicted by A.I. gurus An MIT study predicts when artificial intelligence will take over for humans in different occupations. Photo credit: YOSHIKAZU TSUNO / AFP / Getty Images Surprising Science While technology develops at exponential speed, transforming how we go about our everyday tasks and extending our lives, it also offers much to worry about. In particular, many top minds think that automation will cost humans their employment, with up to 47% of all jobs gone in the next 25 years. And chances are, this number could be even higher and the massive job loss will come earlier. Keep reading Show less Horseshoe crabs are captured for their blue blood. That practice will soon be over. The blood of horseshoe crabs is harvested on a massive scale in order to retrieve a cell critical to medical research. However, recent innovations might make this practice obsolete. An Atlantic horseshoe crab in an aquarium. Photo: Domdomegg via Wikimedia Commons. Surprising Science • Horseshoe crabs' blue blood is so valuable that a quart of it can be sold for $15,000. • This is because it contains a molecule that is crucial to the medical research community. • Today, however, new innovations have resulted in a synthetic substitute that may end the practice of farming horseshoe crabs for their blood. Keep reading Show less
Tackling School Bullying - 5:40 with Elizabeth Cushing of Playworks Posted Dec 31, 2018 One in four U.S. students say they have been bullied at school. Elizabeth Cushing, president of Playworks, joins host Ellee Pai Hong to discuss how her organization’s mission to combat bullying is teaching the lesson of inclusion to schoolchildren. Hosted by: Ellee Pai Hong Produced by: National Newsmakers Team Hong: A report in "School Psychology Review" finds that more than 70% of students have witnessed bullying in school. Now a new campaign aims to teach children about the importance of inclusion. Hello, and welcome to "Comcast Newsmakers." I´m Ellee Pai Hong. Joining me to discuss the Real Players Don´t Bully campaign, an effort to promote inclusion on the playground and in the classroom, is Elizabeth Cushing. She is president of Playworks. Elizabeth, thank you so much for being here. Cushing: Oh, thanks for having me. Hong: You know, I remember growing up as a kid and witnessing bullying during recess time, but 70% seems like an astronomical figure. Cushing: It does. I think you have to think about how kids spend time at recess every day, in an elementary school, out doing whatever they want to do. They have free choice. And if that environment isn´t very welcoming, it doesn´t encourage everyone to play with everyone, bullying can arise pretty quickly. Hong: And another phenomenon of bullying is that it´s a group activity, so that makes it even harder. Cushing: It can be. It´s not hard for one child to inspire another to call someone a name or to make fun of someone. The challenge is when that goes unaddressed. It can then become a habit. Hong: And another challenge can be in terms of how the adult responds to that bullying, right? Cushing: Mm-hmm, tight. Because usually there´s an underlying reason that a child will engage in bullying behavior -- they´re feeling left out, they´re feeling like their feelings were hurt. And if an adult ignores the conditions that led to that bullying behavior and wags their finger at them, it´s not gonna change what´s happening. Hong: So, the adult, as a bystander -- recess monitors, like I used to have as a kid -- they play a really crucial role in all this. Cushing: They can. They actually have a lot of influence. If they´re willing to jump in and play with the kids and model the behavior of including everyone, giving everyone a high-five, even when they get out, the kids will follow that model. Hong: So, let´s talk about some of the other solutions to bullying, because none of them are simple. But one thing is certain -- punishment is not the answer, exclusion is not the answer. Cushing: No. Those are just repeating the same behaviors that probably inspired the bullying in the first place. When you take recess and you make it a place where everyone is expected to include everyone in the game, where all the kids can count on getting a high-five when they get out, and when name-calling just isn´t tolerated, the kids will actually rise to those expectations. All the kids will. And bullying just becomes something that´s not necessary, because you know you´re gonna be included in the game every day. Hong: Mm-hmm. And this is something that you guys have witnessed, and because of it, you´ve launched a national campaign called Real Players Don´t Bully. Cushing: Correct. So, I´m with Playworks, which is a national nonprofit organization. We work in elementary schools. And we play with kids, teaching them how to lead their own games, lead four-square and tag and kickball. And what we have learned is how easy it is to engage all the kids in the game so that bullying doesn´t happen anymore. Really Players Don´t Bully is a public campaign, and the idea is, make it cool not to be a bully, make it cool to include kids. So, we have celebrities and athletes -- people like the Detroit Lions and University of Southern California´s athletics department, members of Congress, and even Chadwick Boseman, who is the Black Panther -- who will be tweeting about how cool it is to not be a bully. Hong: And isn´t so true, with kids sometimes, they do it because others do it? Cushing: Right. So we´re creating a reason to not do it, because others don´t do it, especially with role models that those kids look up to. Hong: And recess is really a crucial place for you guys to teach these lessons. Cushing: Mm-hmm. Recess is really the highest source of bullying and discipline issues in elementary schools. So it´s the place where kids either learn the habits we don´t want them to have, or they learn the habits that we want to them to have. What´s interesting about play is that kids are intrinsically motivated to play. They actually really want to keep the game going. So if they can have some basic tools -- like we teach roshambo -- rock, paper, scissors -- to resolve conflicts -- they´ll use it because they want the game to keep going. So there´s some pretty simple things you can do at recess to eliminate bullying in an elementary school altogether. Hong: But it´s not just about teaching kids different tactics and different behaviors. You have to teach the adults, too, so they can model that behavior. Cushing: Yes. Adults can be pretty effective models if they jump in the game and just model the things that we´re teaching, like giving a high-five. Or, if you and I were arguing about whether the ball was out or not, if the adult on the playground says, "Hey, do rock, paper, scissors," we´ll do it. It doesn´t take long to really establish those practices and make them the norm. Hong: Wow. Some interesting tactics. Thank you so much for your time today. Appreciate it. Cushing: Yeah, you´re welcome. Thanks for having me. Hong: Elizabeth Cushing, thank you so much for joining us today. And thank you for watching. For more great conversations with leaders in your community and across the nation, visit comcastnewsmakers.com. I´m Ellee Pai Hong. Other videos hosted by Ellee Pai Hong Voices of the Civil Rights Movement
After the Paris terrorist attacks, a plethora of US state governors came out against welcoming refugees to their state. This sort of xenophobic isolationism is nothing new, but it is incredibly dangerous. The ability of people displaced by conflict to find safe passage to a safe destination is a moral imperative, and, what’s more, it’s a feminist issue. The American Immigration Council says there are 10.5 million refugees in the world, and the US 2015 acceptance cap is 70,000. That’s .007% of the world’s refugees. And that’s using the 10.5 million figure for number of refugees–USA for UNHCR lists it at 59.5 million, meaning the US annually accepts only .0001% of refugees. A woman puts her hand over her face. She is crying. She wears a gray sweatshirt, gray and pink star-patterned headscarf, and wedding band. She is in a park. HONY quote and image source here. This is a feminist issue. Gender plays a big role in the precarity and trauma experienced by displaced people. Women refugees have trouble finding work, and face sexual harassment when they do. Physical and logistical structures in the camps put them at risk for gender based violence, and make it harder for them to access resources like food for the family. Financial strain may force women and girls into survival sex or underaged marriages, many of which are not honored by the local husbands–putting girls’ futures at risk as well. Refugees often face sexual harassment from employers, distributors, and aid agencies. The UNHCR’s summary of gender-related best practices serves as a pretty good point of inference for the problems women refugees face: Women and girls comprise about half of any refugee, internally displaced or stateless population. UNHCR works to promote gender equality and ensure their equal access to protection and assistance. The integration of a gender perspective cuts across all sectors. For example, shelters should be safe for women and offer privacy, and assistance in construction or maintenance should be available. Food distribution systems should take family roles into account and ensure it reaches all. Sanitation facilities should be accessible and separated for men and women. Women should be able to collect water and fuel without risking rape or other abuse. UNHCR also uses targeted actions to address specific protection needs. Programmes to increase girls’ enrolment and retention in school can overcome economic or cultural barriers to their education. Initiatives to increase women’s leadership and participation in decision-making help to identify and respond to their protection needs. The provision of sanitary materials improves health and increases freedom of movement. Livelihoods support can ensure women are not forced to engage in survival sex to provide for their families. Refugees also need access to reproductive healthcare and physical and mental healthcare for survivors of sexual violence. Essentially, the sexism people face generally in the world is exacerbated and amplified by the vulnerability and upheaval of displacement. What can you do? Call the Congressional Switchboard to urge your representative and senators to increase the number of refugees the US accepts. Call (202) 224-3121 and they can put you in touch with any member of Congress. You may also want to contact elected officials who have taken a public stance in favor of welcoming refugees, to let them know you appreciate them. What else can you do? You can donate to organizations that support women survivors of conflict. One of my favorites is Women for Women International.
The nutritional value of mushrooms The last decade has come with an increase in mushroom consumption due to a good content of protein, minerals and other nutritional substances. More than 2000 species exist in nature but only a number of approximately 22 species are intensely cultivated for commercial purposes. Apart from their well-known role in feeding animals and humans, they are also appreciated for their medical, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical benefits. Their use in the medical department is to be blamed on dietary fibers but mainly on chitin, a polysaccharide from the glucose family found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects and beta glucans. The presence of specific bioactive compounds makes mushrooms therapeutically valuable for the immune system. They can prevent life threatening disease and work as cures for different illnesses. They are also known to exhibit antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, hypotensive activities. The carbohydrates in mushrooms are present in the form of monosaccharides, derivates, oligosaccharides, mannitol, trehalose. Trehalose is known for its potential to synthetize stress-responsive factors in human cells. Fungi rich in protein hold all the essential amino acids. They also have unsaturated fatty acids especially linoleic and oleic acids. Linoleic acid is famous for its anti-carcinogenic benefits on almost all stages of tumorigenesis and it reduces tumor growth by altering the 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. It also contributes to mushroom flavor. The lipid fraction has antioxidant compounds like tocopherol. Regarding vitamins, they are rich in vitamin B complex and vitamin D. Under UV light, they produce D2 in great amounts. If we were to talk about minerals, mushrooms have proven themselves to be carriers for potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Sodium is present in relatively small quantities making mushrooms suitable for hypertensive people’s diets. Mushrooms consumed fresh are known to lower the total cholesterol levels and support heart’s health. The presence of dietary fibers with non-dietary carbohydrates offers a wide range of health benefits. Moreover, they are excellent functional and nutritional foods that contain selenium, ergothioneine, iron, etc. The bioavailability of any nutrient depends on the type of mushroom. They dry weight of ergothioneine varies between 0.2-2.0 mg/g. (king oyster, shiitake, oyster) Their richness in dietary selenium contributes to their capability of reducing oxidative stress. Boletus edulis is said to have the highest concentration of selenium, 20 µg/g dry weight. Ergosterol under UV light exposure converts to vitamin D2. A study recorded the fact that UVB exposed mushrooms enhance mineralization and bone growth. Other nutrients like vitamin B12 present in fungi is quite similar to the one found in animal tissues making them perfect for a vegan’s diet. Dried mushroom powder like shiitake and oyster added in the daily diet is responsible for boosting the blood hemoglobin concentration and iron levels. Mushroom nutraceuticals have been used since the ancient times for their medical benefits. Vitamin B is important for strengthening the nervous system, β-glucans empower the immune system and other minerals have antioxidant capacity. The polysaccharide content has well known antitumor, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory benefits. The antitumor activity is mediated through the thymus-dependent immune mechanism. A polysaccharide extracted from Agaricus bisporus exhibits a wonderful inhibiting action against human breast cancer. A novel heteropolysaccharide made form glucose units showed a great antitumor activity against HepG-2 cells. Proteins extracted from mushrooms are proved to have physiological activity in the gastrointestinal tract by enhancing nutrient absorption, inhibiting enzymes and modulating the immune system. Lecitins, ribonucleases and laccases have pharmaceutical attributes. Specific compounds also target free radical activity inhibiting the appearance of oxidative stress. Ganoderma lucidum, a mushroom used worldwide in therapy has more than 500 bioactive molecules like flavonoids, terpenoids, peptides and others. They are anti-diabetic, antioxidant, a free radical scavenger. Researchers state that cooking methods used on mushrooms do not necessarily alter their nutritional benefits. Due to the variety, availability and many cultivation methods, mushrooms emerge as the next generation’s source of nutritional food. They are considered to be a complete food suitable for the population thanks to their large amount of proteins, dietary fibers, vitamins and mineral contents. Along with their nutritional benefits they stand as strong candidates in the medical field and pharmaceutical industry. So, it’s fair to say that mushrooms should be taken into account by every researcher with the purpose of exploiting their many positive roles. A report by Malina Puia 1. Rathore, S. Prasad, S. Sharma, “Mushroom nutraceuticals for improved nutrition and better humanhealth: A review”, 2017 2. Sharif, et al., “Wild Mushrooms: A Potential Source of Nutritional andAntioxidant Attributes with Acceptable Toxicity”, 2017 3. Manzi,” Nutritional values of mushrooms widely consumed in Italy”, 2000 4. A. Murugkar and G. Subbulakshmi, “Nutritional value of edible wild mushrooms collected from theKhasi hills of Meghalaya”, 2004 5. J. Feeney, et al., “MushroomsVBiologically Distinct andNutritionally Unique”, 2014 On Common Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) yield Mushrooms are a large group of fungi widely used for numerous benefits. They have anti-inflammatory benefits, rich nutritional values, anti-cancer properties, antioxidant qualities, etc. The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) is cultivated and consumed all over the world. People admire it for its unique taste, high nutritional value and health benefits. Pleurotus ostreatus became popular in Germany around 1917 and later it was discovered that several species can grow on agricultural wastes, lignocelluloses and forest-by products. There are many organic matters that can be cleverly used as substrates such as wheat straw, rice stalk and coco pet. However, the substrate porosity needs to be increased by adding gypsum. Usually, the substrate’s moisture should be kept around 60-75% and increased to 80-95% during fruiting. One study used combinations of wheat straw and artichoke stalks for substrates. All mixtures were supplemented with 75g wheat brand and 30g of gypsum and afterwards moistened with 2,5 liters of water. The bags holding the different substrate mixtures were sterilized in an industrial autoclave for one and a half hour at 126 ºC under 1.5 A pressure. Prior to inoculation, they were allowed to cool. The growing room temperatures were between limits of 24-25 ºC. The relative humidity was set at 85%. The substrates used were three different mixtures of artichoke stalks and wheat straw, along with single wheat straw and single artichoke stalks. After performing different analyzes, the results indicated that the harvest time was highly different, shorter in artichoke stalks and artichoke stalks mixed with wheat straw than in wheat straw only (control lot). The highest yield was met when using 100% wheat straw. The best values for biological efficiency (66.41%) were also obtained with 100% wheat straw followed by a mix of 75% wheat stalks and 25% artichoke stalks with a value of 56.93%. After gathering all the results, the conclusion was that regarding the biological efficiency, which is the most important parameter in mushroom growth, the highest and lowest values found in the experiment were 66.4% for 100% wheat stalk and 50.58% for 100% artichoke stalk. Therefore, artichoke stalk is a suitable candidate in the mushroom industry, but it is preferred to be used in mixtures for bringing its potential closer to the maximum. Another experiment focused on using organic wastes, more precisely sawdust, cotton seed, wheat straw and paper waste to assess the production potential. The moisture content of the substrate had to be around 65 to 70%. Autoclave sterilization followed by several hours of cooling was mandatory before inoculating the spawn. Moreover, proper ventilation in the growth room was kept by occasionally opening the door. After the trial was done, mycelia growth was reported to be faster on cotton seed and paper wasted when compared to the other substrates. Also, pin-head formation took place rapidly in cotton seed. The time required by fruiting bodies to be matured enough varied from 27 days for cotton seed to 40.67 days for wheat straw. Records showed that product from paper waste knows a better growth in terms of thickness of the pileus and diameter. Furthermore, the number of fruiting bodies was higher in cotton seed than in other used substrates. The largest yield was harvested from cotton seed. The biological efficiency varied significantly. The highest percentage was present in cotton seed and the lowest in sawdust substrate. The conclusion from this study concerning oyster mushroom cultivation states that cotton seed and paper waste are suitable substrates. Researchers in Taiwan compared three different substrates and combinations to study the effects, productivity, yield and biological efficiency. They used sawdust, corncob and sugar bagasse. All substrates were sterilized in an autoclave at 121ºC for 5h. The inoculated substrates were kept under dark conditions in an incubation room that provided a temperature of 28 ºC and 60-70 % relative humidity. This procedure was followed by a transfer to the cropping room where the humidity was increased to 90% and temperature was lowered to 24 ºC. After harvesting, the study showed a correlation between yield and biological efficiency. The substrate of 100% sawdust showed the lowest mushroom yield and the lowest biological efficiency. The highest values were recorded in 100% corncob (66.08%) and 100% sugar bagasse (65.65%). The differences can be blamed on the physical and chemical compositions of the substrates, pH, C/N ratio. Higher biological efficiencies may be achieved trying different substrata and strains but still we need to look at several factors which in combination with a good strain could provide a biological efficiency of up to 200% which in some cases is known to occur for this mushroom. However, farm location remains an important point in getting higher mushroom crops and this needs to be analyzed by anyone wanting to grow oyster mushrooms for profit. A report by Malina Puia 2. Girmay, et al., “Growth and yield performance of Pleurotusostreatus (Jacq. Fr.) Kumm (oyster mushroom) on different substrates”, 2016 3. A. Nadir, “Effect of different substrates on the yield and quality of oyster mushroom (Pleurotusostreatus), 2014 4. T. Hoa, et al., “The Effects of Different Substrates on the Growth,Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Two OysterMushrooms (Pleurotusostreatus and Pleurotuscystidiosus)”, 2015 On King Oyster (P. eryngii) yield The King Oyster (Pleurotus eryngii) is a very popular edible mushroom in many countries due to its taste, nutritional richness and commercial potential. This mushroom just like many other mushrooms provides us with a great amount of vitamins and minerals among other nutrients. Oyster mushrooms are grown on many different substrates including agricultural wastes and industrial by-products. Mushroom cultivation is believed to be one of the most efficient and economically viable bio-technology. Their ability to grow in a wide range of temperatures makes them successful candidates for cultivation. Researchers from Iran tried cultivating these edible mushrooms on different agricultural and lignocellulosic wastes like wheat straw and wood chips in order to obtain maximum yield and nutritional values. The substrates used were wheat straw, sawdust, sugar beet pulp, barley straw, maize stem and wood chips. All these six substrates were pasteurized by being soaked overnight followed by tissue softening at 212 F (100 ºC) for 1,5 h and finally drained. Substrates were supplemented with nitrogen sources. In general, studies claim that substrates supplemented with organic/inorganic substances often boost the production. Wood chips substrate supplemented with wheat bran showed an increased production. On the other hand, the low mushroom production gap on wheat straw could be blamed on the inability of Pleurotus eryngii to produce hydrolyzing enzymes for conversion to amino acids, nitrogen, and carbon. This particular type of mushroom is successfully cultivated on many agro-industrial wastes. Some people use rice bran, wheat bran, poultry manure, brewers grain and cotton seed meal as organic supplements. In this case, the highest biological efficiency 73% was obtained with 20% dried brewers grain. An experiment from 2000 claimed to have achieved high yield when increasing supplementation of substrate with rice bran. 2007 was the year that brought different values in terms of biological efficiency, more precisely 73% when using mixtures of wheat straw – cotton straw, wheat straw and millet straw supplemented with 15% rice bran. The highest yield 23,3g/100g and 77,2% biological efficiency was obtained by using a blending of wheat straw and cotton straw with 20% rice bran supplement. In Egypt, scientists used four different substrate growing media: sawdust, soybean straw, sugarcane bagasse and rice straw. Each medium substrate was then mixed with 5% calcium carbonate and wheat bran. The moisture content was adjusted to 69-71%. The mixture packed in bags was autoclaved at 121 ºC for 1h. The temperature of incubation was set at 25-27 ºC. At the end of incubation, the temperature was switched to 20 ºC. Out of all substrates tested, sawdust differed and recorded the shortest incubation period. On the opposite side, sugarcane bagasse recorded the longest incubation period with the peak being of 41 days. The yield ranged from 139-196, 145-192, 150-201 g/kg depending on the media substrate. Sawdust had the highest yield, 201 g/kg and sugar cane bagasse and rice straw recorded the lowest values. In terms of biological efficiency, sawdust took the first place with 65.22%, while sugarcane bagasse had the lowest value, 45.71%. Comparatively, in 2008 a report registered highest yield values of 28g/100g on wheat straw – soybean straw (1:1). A similar work found the highest yield to be 25.6 g/kg on wheat straw – millet straw (1:1) + 10% rice bran and a biological efficiency of 85.2%. News in 2008 reported 23.2 g/kg yield and 77.2% biological efficiency in a mixture of wheat straw – cotton straw supplemented with 20% rice bran. Another project was conducted in Iran highlighting two different substrates, sawdust and rice straw. Different strain of king oyster (Pleurotus eryngii) respond differently depending on the substrate used for cultivation, supplements and environmental factors. The temperature required for maximum prolificity and growth is between 12-17 ºC. Sterilization is called for 1h at 121 ºC under 1kg/cm2 pressure. Results concluded that on sawdust the highest yield was seen at strain Pe-1 (141 g), closely followed by strain Pe-2 (120.25 g). By comparison, for every strain cultivated on rice straw the values were lower than those cultivated on sawdust. Highest biological efficiency was met in the Pe-1 strain (73.5%), followed by Pe-2 (62.6%) on sawdust. Just like in the case of yield performance, biological efficiency in rice straw was lower than in sawdust. In the end, the conclusion could be that differences of growth, yield performance and biological efficiency are due to the unique biological structure of every substrate and the physiology of each strain of Pleurotus eryngii that’s matching the right strain with your local climate conditions, the formulation of a good substrate recipe and a healthy methodology remain some of the most important factors that influence overall yield for this highly prized oyster mushroom type. A report by Malina Puia 1. R. H. Hassan, et al., “Cultvation of King Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotuseryngii) in Egypt”, 2010 2. K. Jeznabadi, et al., “King oyster mushroom production using various sources of agricultural wastes in Iran”, 2016 3. Moonmoon, et al., “Cultivation of different strains of king oyster mushroom(Pleurotuseryngii) on saw dust and rice straw in Bangladesh”, 2010 Growing Yellow Oyster on agro-waste Pleurotus mushrooms are commercially important to the world market. They are widely cultivated and appreciated for their specific taste and nutritional values all over the world. They are rich in proteins, amino acids, and essential fatty acids. Pleurotus citrinpileatus forms large clusters that bear a spicy-bitter-nutty flavor but unfortunately its fragility makes it difficult for post-harvest distribution to far away markets. This kind grows rapidly through pasteurized straw and sterilized sawdust. It develops well at higher temperatures than the common oyster mushroom. Will grow on logs and stumps, particularly of Ulmus and Carpinus. In China, farmers grow them on cottonseed hulls, sugar cane bagasse, sawdust, and straw. In the U.S.A., the most frequently used substrate compositions imply wheat straw or hardwood sawdust. For fruiting, substrates range from pasteurized wheat, chopped corn cobs to hardwood sawdust. Alternative substrates that are being developed commercially are represented by paper by-products, banana fronds and peanut hulls. Straw inoculated with grain spawn is considered to have considerably greater yields than straw inoculated with sawdust spawn. Regarding to yield potentials it needs to be said that this species in not as prolific as the more popular Pleurotus ostreatus in the conversion of substrate. Studies have shown that using cottonseed amended substrates provided higher yield efficiencies. The biological efficiency ranges from 50-100% on wheat straw. One study selected seven locally available substrates for figuring out the growth and yield performance: bean straw, sawdust of African mahogany, maize cobs, rice straw, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, and banana leaves. The best performance was obtain on bean straw substrate. In this particular study all seven substrates were pasteurized at 70°C for 2h. After cooling, they were individually spawned at a rate of 5% under laminar air flow and then, labeled and incubated in the dark at 25±2°C for 8-21 days. After completing this task, they were transferred into a humid growing room and kept at a 12 h light/ 12 h dark photoperiod at 23±2°C. After completing the experiment, data gathered concluded that all substrates recorded great fruiting and mycelia colonization. Maximum yield and biological efficiency (148%) was found at a spawn rate of 5% using bean straw substrate. Closely following was rice straw, with an efficiency of 90%, sugarcane bagasse 78%, wheat straw 41%, banana leaves 16% and the lowest, maize cobs 5%. Another recent study focused on growing this type of mushroom on pea pod shell, paddy straw, brassica straw, radish leaves and cauliflower leaves separately and on various combinations. Pleurotus citrinopileatus apparently failed to grow on pea pod shells, radish and cauliflower leaves but developed very well on paddy straw in combination with other kinds of substrates. When harvested from paddy straw only, the total yield and biological efficiency was lower than on other wastes combined with paddy straw. The maximum biological efficiency was held by 70% paddy straw with 30% other wastes. Six essential amino acids were found in the mushrooms grown on the mixed substrate and also higher quantities of protein, sugar and non-reducing sugar. It’s important to highlight the fact that using these agro-wastes gave high yields and definitely playing around with random substrate combinations or factors is key, but hey! once you got a great recipe a great strain and know what this particular strain likes and dislikes you’ll get happy results. A report by Maina Puia Musieba, et al., “Suitability of Locally Available Substrates for Cultivation of the Kenyan Indigenous Golden Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotuscitrinopileatus Singer)”, 2012. Paul Stamets, “Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms”, book 1993. Uses of the spent mushroom substrate Nowadays, more and more people and companies are starting to grow diverse types of mushrooms all across the world. Statistics say that global production has increased to about 27 billion kg in 2012. Along with the steadily growing industry comes the increased volume of spent mushroom substrate. The production of mushrooms always results in significant residual material after harvest. The term “spent mushroom compost” (SMC) is mainly used by Europeans, while “spent mushroom substrate” (SMS) by Americans. SMS/SMC is made from various agricultural materials like hay, gypsum, wheat-straw horse manure, sawdust, cocoa shells. Commonly, each cultivation cycle lasts for about 5 to 6 months and the spent substrate is usually disposed although it still has some available nutrients. Usually, before removing it from the mushroom house, the person in charge “pasteurizes” it with steam to kill any pathogens that might be found in the substrate. All in all, mostly all seeds, insects and agents that may cause mushroom disease are killed. The abundance of spent substrate and the lack of waste management supervision has led the world in the search of new alternative ways of recycling and reusing. Bioremediation represents the use of living organisms such as bacteria and fungi in the removal and neutralization of different air, soil, water contaminants. The mushroom enzyme system has compounds like laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese-dependent peroxidase which are responsible for catalyzing the metabolization of many structures like Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phenols. SMS adsorbs the organic and inorganic pollutants and the microbes that inhabit the substrate have the ability to break down organic xenobiotic compounds. They also have strong pollutant catabolizing capabilities. Crop Production Mushrooms are generally cultivated using organic substrates and therefore scientists have searched different methods of using the spent substrate for growing different plants. Spent substrate of Agaricus bisporus has been used for asparagus, beetroot, onion, potato, radish and many more plants and has proved itself to have nutritional qualities. In India, SMS has been used with success as “manure”. It’s converted to a liquid fertilizer and used on the soil. Also, the spent substrate of Pleurotus has been evaluated as a potential biofertilizer. Biogas for heating or cooking SMS is an ideal material for the production of marsh gas. It holds many nutrient substances that provide the basis for long-term propagation of bacteria that produces methane. Studies have showed that 3 to 5 kg of SMS can produce 6-10 m3 of biogas, enough for the daily use of a family. Plant hormone Scientists in Japan have developed a liquid plant hormone by using spent mushroom substrate. This was used on cucumbers, tomatoes, soybeans to promote their growth and increase the overall production. Food for animals Mushroom substrate holds different ingredients that are usually present in animal diets. They contain cereal straws and multiple grains that provide nutritional value. Lentinula edodes spent substrate is used in ruminants for digestion and Ganoderma balabacense to aid milk production. Renewable energy Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus and Lentinula edodes are candidates to produce biogas, biofuel and alternative fuel. The substrate from mushrooms holds an optimum C/N ratio and therefore it improves the susceptibility to digestion of anaerobic fermenters. The low lignin content hand in hand with high nitrogen and ash content make the spent mushroom substrate more easily digested and therefore not working with it is less complicated. Years of research have concluded that spent mushroom substrate is no longer a waste product that should be thrown away but a renewable source with numerous uses. Moreover, its utilization will not be limited to a few applications, SMS will be seen as a constant challenge for famers, scientists and entrepreneurs who will brainstorm more and more strategies for its roles. A report by Malina Puia Danny Lee Rinker “Spent Mushroom Substrate Uses”, 2017 Peter Oei et al., “The alternative uses of spent mushroom compost”, 2007 “Recycling of Spent Mushroom Substrate to use as Organic Manure” book J. Maher, “The Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) as anOrganic Manure and Plant Substrate Component”, 1994 Chia-Wey Phan, VikinesvarySabaratnam, “Potential uses of spent mushroom substrate and its associatedlignocellulosic enzymes”, 2012 error: Content is protected !!
Social Studies Worksheets and Study Guides Third Grade. World Holidays The resources above correspond to the standards listed below: Wisconsin Standards B.4.6. Explain the significance of national and state holidays, such as Independence Day and Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, and national and state symbols, such as the United States flag and the state flags.

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