Split (1)

train · ~97.7M rows (showing the first 849k)

text stringlengths 144 682k
If you desire advancing with living green, renewable energy can be something you need to consider. With this time period, it is more and more clear that we should instead go speedily to renewable power means. Just how pollution along with other problems involving present day strength supply, you should consider for a long time and protect our organic provides. Living green depends upon minimizing your co2 footprint and currently in a lasting way. Here is more information about https://rhcteam.com/services/ look into the web-site. There are numerous actions you can take to store energy and additional the cause for electrical power. First, consider techniques to produce sustainable electric power rather then regular fossil fuels. The most common choice renewable power supplier is known as solar technology. Residential solar panels employ sunshine and alter it into sustainable electricity. It’s frequently used for guiding automobiles. Wind electricity is a second prevalent technique to create alternative energy, in particular since the vast majority of world’s energy is made by wind generators. There are lots of regions through the entire state with an variety of wind generators. Wind power has become a very well liked kind of inexperienced vitality as it is a natural useful resource which doesn’t contaminate mid-air such as the other energy sources do. Also, breeze power is very trusted and enable you to complement other styles of renewable power for instance solar and hydropower. Just about the most trusted and effective sustainable energy methods you can get today is geothermal energy strength. Geothermal vitality uses the earth’s pure temperature to provide power. There are numerous diverse reasons for healthy heat in geothermal techniques which includes geysers, hot coils, and underwater volcanoes. Though it may be expensive to run large geothermal devices in your own home, it is used with to power properties in smaller nations for years. Power from the sun generation has become the most successful methods of providing electrical power. There are several various ways that solar technology can be converted into electric power at your house. The two most common anxiety include frequently using photovoltaics or utilizing a putting attention solar panel technology lovers. The technology continues to be increased in the past and might now enormously combine electric power made out of sunlight. Addressing techniques petrol polutants is really a key issue for wipeout of the earths, despite the fact that the two of these methods make use of sun rays to transform into energy. The burning up of traditional gasoline for vitality triggers co2 along with other air-borne pollutants to be removed on the atmosphere. Using electrical power to generate electricity in your house reduces this dependence on traditional fuel using up. You might be basically lessening you will want to burn non-renewable fuels and are cutting down the volume of co2 fractional laser developing to the oxygen, by employing components which do not produce glasshouse propane polutants. So as to crank out energy, you will also be reducing your utilization of energy sources to function your own home and your dependence on traditional fuel structured energy production. A the wind park utilizes blowing wind capacity to change wind generators. The wind is used to transform the rotor blades and make the force needed to flip the generators. You will discover limitations to this particular wind turbine, despite the fact that wind flow plantations could be a terrific way to make your private electrical power generation. A breeze farm will simply crank out electricity if the wind rates are enough to maneuver the knives. The sun will never be decreased, so working with solar powered energy to create electric power at home is the only method to go. Although it could be higher in price to begin with, the future expenditures are going to be much less than the buying price of spending a corporation for nonrenewable resources for electric power. Digging in solar power panels for your house will help you to make use of the endless probable that this sunlight has to offer. Your home is your biggest resource, so why not allow it to become alternative employing solar panel technology development? For more information regarding industrial solar construction take a look at our web-page. Similar posts pointed out by audience from the web-site: Related Homepag click the next website page
Dēmos aims to fight climate change with democracy reform Smart City Chirine Etezadzadeh What is the link between climate change and democracy? Image source: Shutterstock (#202099360). Heather McGhee, President of Dēmos, a public policy group with its focus on climate change, inequality, and democracy reform, has talked about how a change in democracy could positively affect the climate at the 28th annual Bioneers Conference in Marin County. “Only in a broken democracy,” McGhee declared, “can big fossil fuel companies be allowed to put their next quarter’s profits ahead of the next generation’s existence.” A recent report by the organization shows the rise in expected lifetime costs to people born today as a result of the damaging effects of worsening climate change. According to that report, those young people lose nearly half a million dollars just because of climate change during the course of their lives. Huffington Post Why not share this article? Partner Networks City Partners
Why are functional groups important? 1 Answer May 3, 2018 Just because the main reason is that they form the fundamental of a organic molecule, Functional groups are important. Just like bricks, cement etc are the most important constituencies to build a house, Just like that in the sphere of Organic chemistry the presence of Functional groups is also important. The functional groups make a molecule special deciding on its reactivity and how it interacts with other molecules. Functional groups determine the following things of a molecule:- =>Its melting and boiling point =>The stability of the molecule =>The reactivity of the molecule =>The polarity of the molecule. These are only some of the basis chemical properties and physical properties which can be identified through the presence of a functional group in the organic molecule chain. The molecules are also grouped on the basis of their functional groups as molecules of the same functional group are tend to show the same properties and different vice versa. Some important functional groups are:- Alcohol= OL Ketone= O Carboxylic acid= COOH etc..
Registration was successful! Please follow the link from the email sent to One-Eyed Wonder: 'Cyclops' Goat Born in India A very rare goat with one enlarged eye was born on May 10 in the northeastern Indian state of Assam. The mutant goat also has only one ear, and its brain's two hemispheres are not separated. The anomaly that causes such defects is called cyclopia and can also affect horses, pigs and cows. Most animals with this condition die within a few hours after their birth, but this little one seems to be doing all right. Some villagers believe the animal is sacred and rush to worship the miraculous one-eyed goat. To participate in the discussion log in or register Заголовок открываемого материала
Print Сite this Death Penalty Abolition: Why It Is Needed Death punishment is a form of capital punishment in which a person who is convicted of having committed a crime or an offence is sentenced to death. Many a time death penalty or what is famously referred to as capital punishment is referenced to as a death sentence (Curtis 9). In such case, the convict is executed or killed. Mostly, individuals who are sentenced to death are the ones who have been found guilty or rather convicted of committing capital offences such as murder, robbery with violence, hardcore drugs holder among others. However, the extent of offences that amounts to capital punishment may vary from one country to another depending on the specifications of the penal code or the decrees of a respective notion on the issue (Douglas13). This paper therefore presents an argument against death penalty and why it should be done away with as a form of punishment for capital offenders. We will write a custom essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page 308 certified writers online Learn More Background information While achievements are made towards doing away with dearth penalties all together, evidence in many countries (as revealed by various researches) indicates that the ‘vice’ is still rampant in many countries all over the world. According to a report released by the United States department of justice’s bureau of justice statistics (3), sixty individual who had been earlier on handed capital punishment were actually killed in 2005 in sixteen various states across the united states of America. Out of the sixty convicts executed, 41 came from the white race while the rest 19 were actually blacks. Out of the sixty, 59 convicts were males and one female, all of whom were killed using a deadly injection. According to the latter, close to 38 states in the United States as well as the federal government still held dearth penalty decrees as recent as 2005. The reports revealed that the whole of the United States has more than 3300 inmates who have been sentenced to death and waiting execution; a fact that does not auger well with the American humanitarian organizations and the world as a whole. Arguments for abolition of death penalty Although the pro death punishment argues that the latter is an effective way of preventing capital offences through absolute elimination of these offenders, it is less costly to the government than life imprisonment, reduces the rate of crime through instilling fear in the criminals, and scores in terms of retribution among other arguments. Its critics allover the world argues that it is not a good form of punishing capital offenders as seen from an ethical, religious and legal point of view (Joe 12). Ethically, critics argue that the death sentence brings a lot of emotional suffering not only to the convict but also to the family relatives and close friends (Curtis 10). According to Joe (13), religious groups say that death penalty contravenes the Holy Scripture terming it as murder, ungodly and totally unacceptable by the society. Human right organizations and other humanitarian movements on their part argue that death punishment denies an individual’s right to life terming it as an exercise whose times were long gone. While the pro-abolitionists argues that capital punishment is not an effective means of deterring crimes, cases in countries such as Britain and Texas indicate that the crime rate (especially which constituted capital offences) increased significantly after the abolition of death penalty (Curtis 16). However, abolitionists argued that the increase was not a direct result of the abolition but there were other underlying factors responsible for the increase. However, recent researches indicate that death penalty was not an efficient way of curbing capital crimes. In a research published in Curtis (3), and which aimed at finding out the impact of capital punishment on crime rates in six states in the United States, it was found out that the latter was not a deterrent capital crime. It was also found that a lot of prejudices surrounded the conviction and affliction of death penalty on an individual. For instance in the United States, it was found out that by virtue of an individual being a non- American or a black he or she had a higher chance of being sentenced to death than if the convict was white. In addition, individuals from poor background had a higher chance of being afflicted with a death penalty than those either on middle class or the rich. According to the latter, errors in the trial process coupled with such prejudices and biases often led to wrongful conviction and affliction of death sentence, hence killing of an innocent person. This is both unjust and irreversible; an act that cannot be compensated. In a series of investigative articles for Chicago tribune, it was found out that flawed process in the laboratory testing (DNA) usually contributed to wrong conviction and affliction of death penalties to innocent people in several states. In 2004 for instance, more that 2000 convicts on the death row were actually found innocent and acquitted after the DNA testing was redone (Curtis 13) Death punishment to a greater extent weakens the society. The latter argues that death penalty kills a criminal without giving him a chance of reforming and coming back to the society; the latter of which could be more useful to the society. Just like criminals plan and executes their ill act, the government via the execution of the death penalty commits murder which was not a lesser crime than that committed by the conflict (Douglas 16). Get your 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as 3 hours Learn More While the government argues that death penalty is a humane way of eliminating capital crime offenders, abolitionists argue that death punishment should be done away with and other form of punitive measures adopted irrespective of the intensity of the crime committed (Joe 11). Equating death penalty to being diagnosed with terminal illness, the latter stated that it was better to be placed on an alert of imminent death by the doctors’ verdict than to face a judge’s affliction of a death penalty which is brutal, ruthless and unjust. Death punishment is a form of punishment in which individuals convicted of capital offences are sentenced to death. While pro death penalty argues that it can be used to curb crime, saves government costs, reduces jails congestions, contributes to retribution, among others, various humanitarian, religious and pre-human right groups have come out strongly against this form of punishment, arguing that it is ungodly, unethical, contravenes individuals human rights, put the innocents family members, relatives and friends through unnecessary human suffering among others. In addition, death penalty is unfair especially if an innocent person is handed a death sentence due to the flaws in the trial process since death is irreversible. As a result death punishment should be done away with and instead replaced by a more humane form of punishing criminals irrespective of the intensity of the offence. Works Cited Curtis, J. “The Capital Punishment Controversy:” The Argument for and against Death Penalty. 2004. Web. Douglas, A. Berman. “Punishment and Sentencing: Argument For and Against Death Penalty”: Moritz College of Law at the Ohio State University, 2007. Joe, M. “Should the Death Penalty Be abolished as a Form of Punishment? In A Nut Shell” 2009. Web. “The United States Department of Justice’s Bureau of Justice Statistics”: Death Row Conflicts in the United States Annual Report. 2009. Web. Cite this paper Select style StudyCorgi. (2021, October 30). Death Penalty Abolition: Why It Is Needed. Retrieved from Work Cited "Death Penalty Abolition: Why It Is Needed." StudyCorgi, 30 Oct. 2021, 1. StudyCorgi. "Death Penalty Abolition: Why It Is Needed." October 30, 2021. StudyCorgi. 2021. "Death Penalty Abolition: Why It Is Needed." October 30, 2021. StudyCorgi. (2021) 'Death Penalty Abolition: Why It Is Needed'. 30 October.
The human being development commences with formation of a zygote but what are generally its faculties, what it will inherit from dad and exactly what from mommy? 1. Nutfa amshaj: Nutfa indicates a decline and amshaj implies mixtures. This label portrays the blend and convergence of female and male liquids when you look at the uterine or perhaps the Fallopian pipes to create zygote. There are the form of a drop of substance and is made up of a large amount of male and female secretions. The nutfa amshaj are divided into:- 1.1. Khalk: whenever the men and women secretions encounter they could or cannot build a coceptus or a a zygote. If a zygote is created with 46 chromosomes, a fresh existence would be made. This technique of formation of one individual by synthesis of two secretions has become aptly called Khalak. 1.2. Taqdir: The human being generation begins with creation of a zygote exactly what are generally the properties, exactly what it will inherit from pops and precisely what from mom? This method happen a few hours after Khalak state. The Holy Quran labeled as it Taqdir level and latest experts call it hereditary developing. The Taqdeer in Arabic ways prep, deciding or programs. Virtually identical certainly! The Quran suggests that these processes appear in fast series so we know sugardaddy in these methods is accomplished significantly less than 30 time after fertilization. The procedure of love-making inspiration comes about in this step. The Quran states in sura An-Najam that: a€?And this individual performed make the two genders, the male while the feminine from Nutfah when released or planneda€?Quran: (surah An-Najam,53:Ayat45a€“46).We understand if sperm with a a€?ya€? chromosome fertilizes ovum, truly a male youngster and in case sperm showing a€?Xa€? chromosome fertilizes ovum really women youngster. 1.3. Harth: If the steps of Khalk and Taqdir are actually complete, the zygote migrates from from fallopian hose with the uterus where they implants itself alike a seed planting in land. They becomes inserted in endometrium and welcome the nutrition and grows a separate profile and construction. It’s mentioned in Quran that endometrial liner of uterus is like the land during a seed is embedded. Throughout this step the actual settlement starts, and it is outlined In Propheta€™s Hadith as: a€?The Angel penetrates upon the conceptus (nutfah) after it rests inside uterus for forty or forty-five nightsa€¦.(Narrated by Muslim). Generation (Takhliq) Via next primary point, the Takhliq, cellular differentiation happens to create techniques and organ. It begins at the start of the 3rd times upto 8th few days as well as being an ongoing process of rapid cell gains and extreme exercises regarding organogenesis. (3) The embryo experiences all of the following stages: 2.1: Alaqah:- The period starts on time 15 that is completed on day23 or 24,when the embryo slowly gets the contour of a leech, the Arabic word a€?alaqaha€? have three significance — (i) Leech (two) a hanging things (iii) a blood coagulum. There exists a good quality resemblance between a brand new liquids leech to earlier embryo. Encased picture indicates the similarity between the two. The other therefore happens to be a suspended thing and that is whatever we are able to see the way in which embryo is actually linked to the placenta contained in this level. Both these significance identify and mirror effectively the exterior aesthetics of embryo at this time. Your third and final this means a€“a€?the bloodstream clota€? defines the most significant internal build affecting the additional aesthetics, for in alaqah step blood stream is made for the capillary like remote isles and so the embryo resembles a blood clot information are listed miraculously by one word—-a€?Alaqaha€?. The other step is definitely Mudghah therefore a chewed content. The embryo adjustments from Alaqah to Mudgaha phase at 24 to 26 days.The term Mudghahah suggests: – a thing that is chewed by smile – an item of a beef of a chewable length Inside phase the embryo resembles a chewed material however contains one’s teeth markings. The embryo displays the distinct somites which are like tooth scars into the embryoa€™s muscles. Next plus the third concept of Mudghah apply to the embryo regarding its large size for this is roughly 1 centimeter in length, the dimensions of a chewable thing. Outside exterior in Alaqah stage are smooth along with Mudghah. They obtains furrows, swellings and corrugated exterior gives the embryo the chewed look. Leave a Comment
As to why Chinese Movies Really are For that reason Different from North west Window films when it comes to Movement When we consider about the causes of such big differences between Chinese movies and western films in the manner of expressions, different social backgrounds should be the general and decisive reason. To place it in details: the art of Chinese movie is affected in lots of aspects by culture and traditions, including emotional expression, narrative methods, style performance, education, education awareness, the truth of the tragedy of comedy optional check, awareness of life ethics bias of reality and the subconscious subjective concerns alienation and so on. The most significant this can be a emotional expressional forms. Oriental movies of emotional expression are most truly revealed the differences between movies of china and the West, which also derived a unique feature in behavior, performance, and cinema-style. The Chinese art forms expressing emotions of film culture highlight the expression character: that’s, advocating for the amount of moderation, restraint implicit emotional lyric approach. Limier could be the founder of the documental film; his films were the first ones as some magic films or current-affairs films. These films were as tens of meters long but only played just a few momemts; moreover, there’s no change of the lens, which may be called a single-lens video. But just such childish movies, there have been changes of screens and special-effect photography. The 1950’s after war is a new age of movie. Three-dimensional movies, panoramic ซีรี่ย์จีน พากย์ไทย แนะนํา movies, wide screen movies broke the frame of the screen, broaden people’s horizons. High-speed photographic film and tape recording availed individuals to shoot outside; color and stereo made brilliant films. Many of these made movie to be more diversified and real. But different countries are with a different development of science, which brought different development to movie business. As time passes, the development of the shape of expression was significant. Various types of expressions appeared in this processes of developing. Such as for instance: Description (scene descriptions, detail descriptions, simple description), a symbol of grotesque, realist, video tone, screen effects, screen design, rhythm (internal rhythm, external rhythm), Curate, Chauvin effect, the lens (subjective lens, objective lens, and air lens), space-time conversion skills, fade and slowly appear, cut (jump cut), and overprint, zoned, flash back, and so on. Usually, many of them are employed as a unity in a single film as a means of different aims of the editors. Regardless of the favors of individual film makers, additionally, there are big differences in usage of these film shooting methods. Leave a Reply
Digital Art What are NFTs? NFT stands for non-fungible tokens, an electronic token representing something unique, say a digital piece of artwork or a website domain name. These tokens, in turn, use cryptocurrencies like Ethereum or Cardano to run and validate. Keep in mind: the NFT isn’t the item itself. Just like a house deed or car title, the NFT represents ownership in the thing. It tells everyone else in the world that you own something, and no one else can lay claim to it. Internet domain names, for example, can get backed by NFTs. Are NFTs Good Investments? We’re admittedly a strange species. Over centuries, we’ve made multiple billion-dollar industries around collectibles and artwork. Not only are millions of people employed in creating these items. Today, mega-cap companies from high-end auction houses Sotheby’s and Christie’s to online firms like eBay and Etsy help us transact and earn a living from our collections. People spend small fortunes on insurance against fraud and damage. And people in the know can get quite wealthy. NFTs are an extension of the same principle. Though digital artwork is faster to copy and distribute, many people still have a fundamental desire to own the original piece. A combination of love and pride drives many. But others want to reward the original artist for creating something they enjoy. You’ll find thousands of small digital artists selling works for less than $100. And if you like a particular artist, I’d strongly recommend you buy an affordable piece or two, even if to give the creators some financial support to keep doing their work. What’s Next for NFTs? Today, hundreds of sites claim to produce certificates of authenticity for everything from paintings to autographs. Securing all that on a single blockchain could make authenticating and trading these collectibles easier than ever before. So, what does that mean for regular investors? Firstly, investors should expect prices of digital art masterpieces to rise. NFTs help collectors validate ownership, which lowers the risk of fraud and piracy. Secondly, don’t be surprised if the price of real-world collectibles also rise. Trading cards have seen their values skyrocket from renewed interest in trading, and NFTs can make transactions easier to handle. Finally, beware of unexpected risks. Jack Dorsey’s iconic original tweet might go up in value, but many NFTs will also fizzle out before people understand what things are worth. Subscribe to our newsletter and receive the latest updates from Vision XR Gallery. Contact Us
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol.414, No.3, 481-486, 2011 Hydrogen sulfide improves drought resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) plays a crucial role in human and animal physiology. Its ubiquity and versatile properties have recently caught the attention of plant physiologists and biochemists. Two cysteine desulfhydrases (CDes), L-cysteine desulfhydrase and D-cysteine desulfhydrase, were identified as being mainly responsible for the degradation of cysteine in order to generate H(2)S. This study investigated the expression regulation of these genes and their relationship to drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. First, the expression pattern of CDes in Arabidopsis was investigated. The expression levels of CDes gradually increased in an age-dependent manner. The expression of CDes was significantly higher in stems and cauline leaves than in roots, rosette leaves and flowers. Second, the protective effect of H(2)S against drought was evaluated. The expression pattern of CDes was similar to the drought associated genes induced by dehydration, and H(2)S fumigation was found to stimulate further the expression of drought associated genes. Drought also significantly induced increased H(2)S production, a process that was reversed by rewatering. In addition, seedlings after treatment with NaHS (a H(2)S donor) showed a higher survival rate and displayed a significant reduction in the size of the stomatal aperture compared to the control. These findings provide evidence that H(2)S, as a gasotransmitter, improves drought resistance in Arabidopsis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
broad (adj.) Old English brad "wide, not narrow," also "flat, open, extended," from Proto-Germanic *braidi- (source also of Old Frisian bred, Old Norse breiðr, Dutch breed, German breit, Gothic brouþs), which is of unknown origin. Not found outside Germanic languages. There is no clear distinction in sense from wide. Of day or daylight, late 14c.; of speech or accents, 1530s. Related: Broadly; broadness. broad (n.) c. 1300, "breadth" (obsolete), from broad (adj.). Sense of "shallow, reedy lake formed by the expansion of a river over a flat surface" is a Norfolk dialect word from 1650s. Meaning "the broad part" of anything is by 1741. Slang sense of "woman" is by 1911, perhaps suggestive of broad hips, but it also might trace to American English abroadwife, word for a woman (often a slave) away from her husband. Earliest use of the slang word suggests immorality or coarse, low-class women. Because of this negative association, and the rise of women's athletics, the track and field broad jump (1863) was changed to the long jump c. 1967. Others are reading Definitions of broad broad (adj.) being at a peak or culminating point; broad daylight Synonyms: full broad (adj.) an invention with broad applications Synonyms: across-the-board / all-embracing / all-encompassing / all-inclusive / blanket / encompassing / extensive / panoptic / wide broad (adj.) broad shoulders a river two miles broad a broad river Synonyms: wide broad (adj.) not detailed or specific; a broad rule the broad outlines of the plan Synonyms: unspecific broad (adj.) lacking subtlety; obvious; gave us a broad hint that it was time to leave Synonyms: unsubtle broad (adj.) very large in expanse or scope; a broad lawn Synonyms: spacious / wide broad (adj.) (of speech) heavily and noticeably regional; a broad southern accent broad (n.) slang term for a woman; a broad is a woman who can throw a mean punch
Cloud computing is a solution in widespread use among global businesses and various industries, and its pace of development is increasing year by year. What is trending now and what is the forecast for the future in this sector? Cloud computing is a technology designed for processing and storing data. Its uniqueness consists in the fact that data is not stored on computer drives, but in a virtual environment, on servers outside the local network, in the so-called cloud. From public clouds and private clouds to mixture clouds, cloud computing supports efficiency and coordinated effort, yet additionally offers improved accessibility and security answers for information. According Verticomm by providing virtual storage, it helps to make the workflow more coordinated and easy. Why the continued popularity of cloud solutions? This technology makes it easier to run a company and guarantees safer data storage, efficient information transfer, easier costumer service, as well as additional savings for the business. And, notably, it is a key solution for e-commerce businesses. Cloud computing facilitates many processes in the day-to-day functioning of businesses, yet this varies on a case-by-case basis, depending on the form of application. This technology often allows to get a business off the ground faster and on a grand scale. At the same time, programmers need to find out how each of the cloud providers works, so as to adjust their code, and sometimes entire systems, to work properly in a particular solution. Most importantly, processing data in the cloud has a marked impact on the work of a company, website, or even individual employees. The cloud means it is no longer necessary to plan purchasing servers before peaks in consumer activity, such as holidays, to cope with a sudden change in traffic on websites involved in e-commerce. All it takes is to automatically or manually scale server capacity a few days before the anticipated increase in web traffic. It is also worth noting that start-ups can start using such services quickly and cheaply. Their programmers do not have to deal with differences in equipment and operating systems or their various versions. Year-by-year growth The cloud computing market is growing year-by-year. Owning and launching your own hardware is becoming increasingly expensive due to the complexity of DevOps. Currently, experienced teams of web engineers are needed to maintain the equipment, to configure it on the best cluster tools, service the clusters, set up failovers and ensure easy access. Hence, the service costs are higher than the price of the equipment, especially if we imagine implementation in many locations. And this is exactly what the market demands, enforcing the launch of its services in many regions in order to be closer to customers. It is no wonder then that it is becoming increasingly cheaper and more cost-effective to opt for the offer of cloud computing providers, who ensure full service and maintenance. What is more, these services involve paying only for the functions which you actually use. There is no need to maintain dozens or hundreds of operating servers and pay for them to avoid difficulties resulting from a potential future spike in web traffic. The cloud enables to scale the business depending on the demands. This means lower costs, as fewer resources are required. The initial cost is also lower, since, without the cloud, you first have to buy server equipment, which costs up to hundreds of dollars, although it will become obsolete in 4 or 5 years. Cloud computing is getting cheaper and cheaper every year, thanks to favourable economic conditions. More people use it, there is stronger competition among providers, and increasingly more developed software makes it easier to launch your own cloud. Trends as of today In the past year several strong trends were noticeable in the cloud computing industry. The Kubernetes platform predominates over its rivals in the cloud computing industry, although even the smallest providers (e.g. appfleet.com) offer similar k8s solutions. It is a platform for managing and scaling containers. By means of k8s you can create a solution which will control the number of instances of your application, and will also add a load balancer, and all of that based on containers. Moreover, k8s is supported by most public clouds. This goes to show the importance of containers, but it also demonstrates how difficult it is to maintain such infrastructure. Containers are a new way of deploying online services. Picture a zip file containing everything you need to launch software. Regardless of its location, it will always have the same content. The same applies to containers. They are light virtual operating systems which contain the whole programming code, all the configurations and additional services. This makes them mobile and easy to scale. You do not even need to know where a container is working. These days, programmers can write their code in any give language and if it works in our system, it will work anywhere. This automates work and allows the company to develop faster. Equally crucial for the industry is the launch of the new technologies Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and LTE Cat M1. The former solution is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology standard, developed to allow the operation of a wide range of mobile services, especially connected to device-to-device communication. The latter is a data transfer network for mobile phone service providers which ensures faster transfer (up to 1 Mb/s) and supports Voice Over LTE (VoLTE) applications. It can also have mobile and portable applications (e.g. telematics, fleet management). The launch of these technologies and the deployment of 5G will allow to control technological processes from “the cloud”. The growth of the interface and unification market is also becoming relevant. This would enable quick switching from cloud to cloud even in case of provider shutdowns. What next? The year 2020 will belong to the 5G network, which will have an even greater contribution to the Internet of Things. Increasingly more intelligent devices in our homes and in urban environments will make our lives even easier. This also means that cloud service providers have to open more so-called edge locations, to be closer to users, cut delays, and boost the efficiency and power of the new solutions. Edge locations are smaller data centers located closer to users. Instead of using one big, partly overloaded data center, you can set up 20 smaller servers, lowering the costs and increasing capacity, as users will start connecting to nearby servers. Cloud computing seems to have a bright future ahead. Currently the technology is developing much faster and is cheaper than ever before. More and more industries switch to cloud computing, as it turns out to be much easier to operate than own data centers. Maintaining servers is simply becoming obsolete. It is being replaced by maintaining a code, which works together with systems that monitor server load. This is the demand of our times, and that is a fact we cannot argue with. This article was written in collaboration with with Dmitriy Akulov, entrepreneur, founder of IT startups & companies Prospect One, jsDelivr, appfleet
Readers ask: How Tall Can A Brown Bear Get? How tall is a brown bear standing up? Height: About 3–5 feet at the shoulder and 5–7 feet in length. Very large brown bears can measure almost 9 feet tall when standing on their hind legs. How tall can grizzly bears get? Who would win a bear or a gorilla? What bear is the meanest? How tall is a average bear? You might be interested: How To Survive A Brown Bear Attack? How aggressive are grizzly bears? What time of year are grizzly bears most active? September and October are the best times. Bears are active right now, preparing for their long hibernation. Some of their most popular activities include fishing, ambling and snoozing. If you’d like to catch a black bear or grizzly on the prowl, we wish you a beary merry fall … so get out here! What is the biggest grizzly bear? Is a Kodiak bear a grizzly? Do Kodiak bears eat humans? Only one person has been killed by a bear on Kodiak in the past 75 years. About once every other year a bear injures a person. Kodiak bear research, management and habitat protection is done cooperatively by the Alaska Department of Fish & Game and Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. How do you survive a Kodiak bear? If you encounter a brown bear, keep these tips in mind: 1. Always carry bear spray. This is a must-have in grizzly country, preferably in a holster or front pocket since you’ll just have a few seconds to fire. 2. Don’t be stealthy. 3. Don’t be a tease. 4. Don’t run. 5. Aim and spray. 6. Hit the dirt. 7. Play dead. 8. Box its nose or eyes. Leave a Reply
Africa silhouette.png algeria crop.jpg Algeria: Leading reserves of oil and natural gas Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Magreb region of North Africa. It is the largest country by total area in Africa, and by extension, the Arab world, and is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by MaliMauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The country has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of 919,595 square miles, making it the world's 10th largest nation by area. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast. Algeria is a multi-faceted nation comprised of big cities, semi-arid deserts, snow-capped mountains, abundant wildlife, fauna and flora, and seaports on the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. With the majority of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara desert dominating southern Algeria, the nation covers an area of 919,595 square miles, making it the world's 10th largest. With a growing populace of 44 million, Algeria is the the ninth-most populous country in Africa. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast. In government, Algeria elected politicians have relatively little sway over the nation. Instead, politics of Algeria takes place in the framework of a constitu- tional semi-presidential repub- lic, whereby the president of Algeria is head of state while the prime minister of Algeria is the head of government. Despite the dominant Berber ethnicity in Algeria, the majority identify with an Arabic-based identity, Berbers and Berber-speaking Algerians with varying languages. Jewel of Burkina Faso Cape Verde Central African Republic of Republic of the Cote d'Ivoire Sao Tome and Principe Sierra Leone South Africa South Sudan algeria sahara desert.jpg Rainfall is fairly plentiful along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 15.7 to 26.4 inches annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. Precipitation is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 39.4 inches in some years. Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Algeria also has ergs or sand dunes, between a range of snow-capped mountains. In the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can go up to 110 degrees Fahrenheit. algeria Djurdjura mountain range.jpg An abundance of wildlife roam Algeria, from the Fennec fox, the national animal; to the majestic Barbary sheep, to monkeys, cheetah, camel, a variety of burrowing mammals, and a variety of avians like eagles, hawks, falcons, and osprey Larger predators like lion, hyena, wild dogs, crocodile, bear, as well as elephant, rhinoceros, and hippopota- mus, visible in most sub-Saharan African nations in 2021, disappeared decades ago and are considered extinct in Algeria today. algeria fennec.jpg algerianubian ibex.webp Climate change in Algeria has wide reaching effects on the country. Algeria was not a significant contributor to climate change, but like other countries in the Mena region, is expected to be on the front-lines of climate change impacts. Because a large part of the, including part of the Sahara, already strong heat and water resource access challenges are expected to worsen. As early as 2014, scientists were attributing extreme heat waves to climate change in Algeria. Algeria was ranked 46th of countries in the 2020 Climate Change Performance Index. Fauna, flora and wildlife Algeria varies from coastal areas to mountainous areas and deserts. The varied vegetation of Algeria includes coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions which all support a wide range of wildlife. Many of the creatures comprising the Algerian wildlife live in close proximity to civilization. The most commonly seen animals include the wild boars, jackals, and gazelles, although it is not uncommon to spot foxes, and jerboas. Algeria also has a small African leopard and Saharan cheetah population, but these are seldom seen. A species of deer, the Barbary stag, inhabits the dense humid forests in the north-eastern areas. Camels are indigenous to the nation and are used extensively. The desert also abounds with venomous and nonvenomous snakes, scorpions, and numerous insects. In the north, some of the native flora includes Macchia scrub, olive treesoakscedars and other conifers. The mountain regions contain large forests of evergreens Aleppo pinejuniper, and evergreen oak and some deciduous trees. Figeucalyptusagave, and various palm trees grow in the warmer areas. The grape vine is indigenous to the coast. In the Sahara region, some oases have palm trees. Acacias with wild olives are the predominant flora in the remainder of the Sahara. Algeria had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.22/10, ranking it 106th globally out of 172 countries. Government and politics The most powerful man might have been Mohamed Mediène, the head of military intelligence, before he was brought down during the 2019 protests. In recent years, many of these generals have died, retired, or been imprisoned. After the death of Gen. Larbi Belkheir, the previous president, Abdelaziz Bouteflika put loyalists in key posts, notably at Sonatrach, and secured constitutional amendments that made him re-electable indefinitely, until he was brought down in 2019 during protests. The head of state is the president of Algeria, who is elected for a five-year term. The president was formerly limited to two five-year terms, but a constitutional amendment passed by the Parliament on Nov. 11, 2008 removed this limitation. Abdelmadjid Tebboune, an independent candidate, was elected president after the election eventually took place on Dec. 12, 2019. Protestors refused to recognise Tebboune as president, citing demands for comprehensive reform of the political system. Algeria has universal suffrage at 18 years of age. The President is the head of the army, the Council of Ministers and the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who is also the head of government. People's National Assembly The Algerian parliament is bicameral; the lower house, the People's National Assembly, has 462 members who are directly elected for five-year terms, while the upper house, the Council of the Nation, has 144 members serving six-year terms, of which 96 members are chosen by local assemblies and 48 are appointed by the president. According to the constitution, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender, profession, or region." In addition, political campaigns must be exempt from the aforementioned subjects. Parliamentary elections were last held in May 2017. In the elections, the FLN lost 44 of its seats, but remained the largest party with 164 seats, the military-backed National Rally for Democracy won 100 seats, and the Muslim Brotherhood-linked Movement of the Society for Peace won 33 seats. Foreign relations of Algeria Algeria is included in the European Union's European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbors closer. Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, are the two main principles underlying the European Neighborhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014. It has a budget of 15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programs. Military of Algeria The military of Algeria consists of the People's National Army (ANP), the Algerian National Navy (MRA), and the Algerian Air Force (QJJ), plus the Territorial Air Defence Forces. It is the direct successor of the National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération Nationale or ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front which fought French colonial occupation during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). Total military personnel include 147,000 active, 150,000 reserve, and 187,000 paramilitary staff (2008 estimate). Service in the military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 12 months. The military expenditure was 4.3 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012. Algeria has the second largest military in North Africa with the largest defense budget in Africa ($10 billion). Most of Algeria's weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they are a close ally. Algeria exports Algeria has struggled to develop industries outside hydrocarbons in part because of high costs and an inert state bureaucracy. The government's efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have done little to reduce high youth unemployment rates or to address housing shortages. The country is facing a number of short-term and medium-term problems, including the need to diversify the economy, strengthen political, economic and financial reforms, improve the business climate. and reduce inequalities amongst regions. A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian government to offer more than $23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases. Public spending has increased by 27 percent annually. The 2010–14 public-investment program will cost $286 billion USD, 40 percent of which will go to human development. lgeria has a cushion of $173 billion in foreign currency reserves and a large hydrocarbon stabilization fund, credited to strong hydrocarbon revenues. Additionally, Algeria's external debt is extremely low at about 2 percent of GDP. The economy remains very dependent on hydrocarbon wealth, and, despite high foreign exchange reserves (US $178 billion, equivalent to three years of imports), current expenditure growth makes Algeria's budget more vulnerable to the risk of prolonged lower hydrocarbon revenues. The Algerian economy is reliant on petroleum. The nation has been a member of OPEC since 1969. Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe. Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60 percent of budget revenues, 30 percent of GDP, and over 95 percent of export earnings. Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the sixth-largest gas exporter. The U.S. Energy Information Administration reported that in 2005, Algeria had 4.5 trillion cubic meters (160×1012 cu ft) of proven natural-gas reserves. It also ranks 16th in oil reserves. Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5 percent. To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries. High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large international reserves position. Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downwards. Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume, continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tons to 32 million tons between 2007 and 2011. Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98 percent of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48 percent in 1962, and 70 percent of budgetary receipts, or $71.4 billion USD. Sonatrach, The Algerian national oil company, plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in the nation. All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements. Access to biocapacity in Algeria is lower than world average. In 2016, Algeria had 0.53 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In 2016 Algeria used 2.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their ecological footprint of consumption. In other words, they use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity as Algeria contains. As a result, Algeria is running a biocapacity deficit. Research and alternative energy sources Labor market, tourism and transport Despite a decline in total unemployment, youth and women unemployment is high. Unemployment particularly affects the young, with a jobless rate of 21.5 percent among the 15–24 age group. The overall rate of unemployment was 10 percent in 2011. In 2011, the government strengthened the job programs introduced in 1988, particularly in the framework of the program to aid those seeking work. The main highway connecting the Moroccan to the Tunisian border was a part of the Cairo–Dakar Highway project The Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its length is estimated at 110,000 miles of highways, with more than 3,756 structures and a paving rate of 85 percent. This network will be complemented by the East-West Highway, a major infrastructure project currently under construction. It is a 3-way, 1,756-mile highway, linking Annaba in the extreme east to the Tlemcen in the far west. Algeria is also crossed by the Trans-Sahara Highway, which is now completely paved. This road is supported by the Algerian government to increase trade between the six countries it crosses: Algeria, MaliNigerNigeriaChad, and Tunisia. Algeria has a population of an estimated 44 million, of which the vast majority are Arab-Berber ethnicity. At the outset of the 20th century, its population was approximately four million. About 90 percent of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the inhabitants of the Sahara desert are mainly concentrated in oases, although some 1.5 million remain nomadic or partly nomadic. 28.1 percent of Algerians are under the age of 15. Between 90,000 and 165,000 Sahrawis from Western Sahara live in the Sahrawi refugee camps in the western Algerian Sahara desert. There are also more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees, who are well integrated and have not asked for assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In 2009, 35,000 Chinese migrant workers lived in Algeria. The largest concentration of Algerian migrants outside Algeria is in France, which has reportedly over 1.7 million Algerians of up to the second generation. Culture, language, entertainment, food, sports Indigenous Berbers as well as PhoeniciansRomansVandalsByzantine GreeksArabsTurks, various Sub-Saharan Africans, and French have contributed to the history of Algeria. Descendants of Andalusian refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities. Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these Aragonese and Castillian Morisco descendants deep into the 18th century, and even Catalan was spoken at the same time by Catalan Morisco descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued. During the colonial period, there was a large European (10 percent in 1960) population who became known as Pied-Noirs. They were primarily of French, Spanish, and Italian origin. Almost Signs in the University of Tizi Ouzou in three languages: ArabicBerber, and French Modern Standard Arabic and Berber are the official languages. Algerian Arabic (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic is heavily infused with borrowings from French and Berber. Berber has been recognized as a "national language" by the constitution- al amendment of May 8, 2002. Kabyle, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of Kabylie. In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic. Although French has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world, and French is widely used in government, media, and both the education system (from primary school forward) and academia due to Algeria's colonial history. It can be regarded as a lingua franca of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French. An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60 percent of households could speak and understand French or 18 million people out of 30 million at the time. Following a period during which the Algerian government tried to phase out French, in recent decades the government has changed course and reinforced the study of French, and some television programs are broadcast in the language. Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962. Colloquial Algerian Arabic is spoken by about 72 percent of the population and Berber by 27–30 percent Religion and faith Islam is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99 percent of the population according to a 2021 CIA World Factbook estimates, and 97.9 percent according to Pew Research in 2020. There are about 290,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley in the region of Ghardaia. Estimates of the Christian population range from 20,000-200,000. Algerian citizens who are Christians predominantly belong to Protestant groups, which have seen increased pressure from the government in recent years including many forced closures. There has been an increase in the number of people identifying as non-religious. The June 2019 Arab Barometer-BBC News report found that the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious has grown from around 8 percent in 2013 to around 15 percent in 2018. The Arab Barometer December 2019, found that the growth in the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious is largely driven by young Algerians, with roughly 25 percent describing themselves as non-religious. In 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to "improved water sources" was around 97.4 percent of the population in urban areas and 98.7 percent of the population in the rural areas. Some 99 percent of Algerians living in urban areas, and around 93.4 percent of those living in rural areas, had access to “improved sanitation.” According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of "reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015." Given Algeria's young population, policy favors preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunization program. But poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosishepatitismeaslestyphoid fever, cholera and dysentery. The poor generally receive health care free of charge. Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the south to their vital record database in 1905 during French rule. Since the 1970s, in a centralized system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children ages 6-15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20 facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 92.6 percent. Since 1972, Arabic is used as the language of instruction during the first nine years of schooling. From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes. The students can also learn English, Italian, Spanish, and German. In 2008, new programs at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five. Apart from the 122 private schools, the Universities of the State are free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to the high school or to an educational institution. The school offers two programs: general or technical. At the end of the third year of secondary school, students are eligible to take the baccalaureate exam. Successfully passing the exam qualifies students to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes. Education is compulsory for children 6-15. In 2008, the illiteracy rate for people over 10 was 22.3 percent, 15.6 percent for men, and 29.0 percent for women. The lowest rate of illiteracy was found in Algiers Province at 11.6 percent, while the highest was in Djelfa Province at 35.5 percent. Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008. The University of Algiers, founded in 1879, is the oldest, offering disciplines in law, medicine, science and letters. Twenty-five of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after Algeria gained independence. Even if some of them offer instruction in Arabic like areas of law and the economy, most of the other sectors as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English. Among the most important universities are the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, the University of Mentouri Constantine, and the University of Oran Es-Senia. The University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd in Tlemcen and the University of Batna Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa. Algeria was ranked 121st in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, down from 113rd in 2019. Music and cinema Modern music is available in several facets; Raï music is a style typical of western Algeria. Rap/ Hip Hop,a relatively recent style in Algeria, is experiencing significant growth. The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious program plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture in order to promote national production, renovate the cinema stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation. The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production. Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidized 98 films (feature films, documentaries, and short films). In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a total of 78 films, including 42 feature films, 6 short films, and 30 documentaries. According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions. Days of Glory (2006) and Outside the Law (2010) recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively. Food and sports Switching focus to culinary arts, Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse. The country was considered as the "granary of Rome." It offers a component of dishes and varied dishes, depending on the region and according to the seasons. The cuisine uses cereals as the main products, since they are always produced with abundance in the country. There exists no dish where cereal is not present. Algerian cuisine varies from one region to another, according to seasonal vegetables. It can be prepared using meat, fish, and vegetables. Among the dishes known, couscouschorba, rechta, chakhchoukha, berkoukes, shakshouka, mthewem, chtitha, mderbel, dolma, brik or bourek, garantita, lham'hlou. Merguez sausage is widely used in Algeria, but it differs, depending on the region and on the added spices. Turning to sports, various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the Aures, people played several games such as El Kherba or El khergueba (chess variant). Playing cards, checkers, and chess are part of Algerian culture, as are racing (fantasia) and rifle shooting are part of Algerian recreation. The first Algerian and African Olympic Games gold medalist was Boughera El Ouafi in 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam in the marathon. The second Algerian medalist was Alain Mimoun in the 1956 Games in Melbourne, Australia. Several men and women were champions in athletics in the 1990s including Noureddine MorceliHassiba BoulmerkaNouria Merah-Benida, and Taoufik Makhloufi, all in middle-distance running. Football is the most popular sport in Algeria. Several names are engraved in the history of the sport, including Lakhdar BelloumiRachid MekhloufiHassen LalmasRabah MadjerRiyad MahrezSalah Assad, and Djamel Zidane. The Algeria national football team qualified for the FIFA World Cup in 1982,19862010, and 2014. In addition, several football clubs have won continental and international trophies as the club ES Sétif or JS Kabylia. The Algerian Football Federation is an association of Algeria football clubs organizing national competitions and international matches of the selection of Algeria national football team. "Les Fennecs" is the nickname for the Algeria national football team. The fennec fox is also the national animal of Algeria. Wikipedia contributed to this feature
Elementary particles: the fundamental building blocks of nature Wednesday, April 21, 2021 from 7:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. Searching for the indivisible Particle physicist Richard Keeler explores the science of the continuing search for the “fundamental elements” of the universe. It was once thought that the atom was indivisible…until it was discovered that the atom could be divided into electrons and nuclei, then into neutrons and protons and other subatomic particles. Quarks and leptons are the newest fundamental particles and along with four fundamental forces, this theory is now known as the “Standard Model.” About Richard Keeler Richard Keeler Born in Montréal, Richard Keeler attended H.S. Billings School where he became interested in physics. After studying physics at McGill, he did a PhD at UBC working at the TRIUMF laboratory. A postdoctoral fellowship took him to Queen Mary University London where he was immediately sent to work at the CERN laboratory in Geneva. The discovery of the W, Z particles by their experiment led to a Nobel prize for the spokesperson and led Keeler to a University Research Fellowship and assistant professor position at UVic. He has continued doing research at CERN, most recently on the ATLAS experiment.
Writer’s choice Save Time On Research and Writing Get My Paper Describe the four phases of the resource allocation process. You need to explain the details of each phase (who, what, when, where, why). Write a two-page paper, plus the title page and a reference page. As always, read all the lesson notes before you start this assignment as new or current events may have been updated since the start of class. Writing Instructions (Please do read this): Live Chat+1(978) 822-0999Email
Sake Blog template header 28 July 2021 The Beginner's Guide to Sake Tagged: Closer Look Sake, or as it’s often known in the west, ‘Japanese rice wine’, has a rich, ancient history and continues to play a pivotal role in Japanese culture today. With the world’s eyes on Tokyo for the delayed 2020 Olympic Games, here’s everything you need to know about this nationally iconic beverage. 1. The name ‘sake’ is a little misleading In English, ‘sake’ (sar-keh) is commonly used to refer to the fermented rice beverage, but in Japanese, the term refers to all alcoholic drinks in general, including beer, wine and spirits. Japanese people actually refer to sake as ‘nihonshu’, which translates to ‘Japanese alcohol’. 1. Sake is the oldest known spirit in the world Some historians believe that sake dates back to 4800 BC China, and that it didn’t arrive in Japan until 300 BC when wet rice cultivation became popular. Japan’s subsequent development of the drink then made it synonymous with the nation. 1. Sake has just three ingredients Sake is made up of rice, water and Koji, a microbe that’s also found in soy and miso. Koji is a fungus that breaks down starch into fermentable glucose and influences aroma and flavour. Before the discovery of Koji, however, brewers would use spit, with the enzymes of their saliva aiding fermentation. 1. The alcohol level of sake is commonly misunderstood Sake is generally around 15-17% ABV, making it a little stronger than most wines. However, many people assume that because it’s a clear liquid served in small glasses it’s as strong as spirits such as vodka or gin. 1. Brewing sake is an arduous process Because rice is so high in starch it needs to be ‘polished’ before it’s used for sake, a process that strips it of protein and oils. The Koji is then steamed and kneaded into the rice by hand or by machines. Fermentation lasts between 25 and 30 days, during which time brewers will keep a close eye on the batch, adjusting its temperature or adding more ingredients as needed. The final stage, ‘Jo-So’, sees the rice mash pressed and the resulting liquid bottled. 1. Sake comes in categories Sake classification comes down to two factors: the rice polishing ratio, and whether extra alcohol has been added. If a sake has a polishing ratio of 70%, for example, it means that 30% of the outer grain has been milled away – the lower the ratio the more it has been milled. Polishing affects the flavour of the final result. Sakes with a low polishing ratio usually have a lighter, more delicate character. High polishing ratios generally result in a more savoury, full-bodied sake. Sometimes brewers will add small amounts of distilled alcohol, which can create a more aromatic, easy-drinking sake. It doesn’t necessarily mean the sake is more alcoholic, as water is added during the brewing process to dilute the drink. The main categories are: • Futshu-shu This is standard everyday drinking sake – sometimes called ‘table sake’ – for which there is no minimum polishing requirements. • Junmai The rice has been polished to at least 70%, and the sake is made with only rice, water and Koji. It’s full-bodied in flavour, and pairs well with heartier meat dishes. • Honjozo The rice is polished to at least 70% and alcohol has been added. It’s light, smooth and perfect for enjoying on its own. • Ginjo Made with rice polished to at least 60%, this sake is fermented at colder temperatures for a longer period of time. It has nuanced, delicate flavours with floral and fruit notes, and pairs well with light fish and seafood dishes. • Daiginjo Made with rice polished to at least 50%, this is delicate, refined and regarded as the premium grade of sake. This is not an exhaustive list – there are many other types of sake based on characteristics such as age, the number of pressings it goes through and were it has been brewed. 1. Sake can be served warm or cold …depending on its grading. More premium and lighter sakes are best served chilled, while heavier, fortified styles will taste best served warm. 1. There is a certain etiquette around serving sake It’s generally considered rude to pour your own sake, as it suggests you don’t trust your hosts to take care of you. And traditionally, hosts would pour sake so that it spilled over the cup’s rim – a sign of their generosity. However, sake is generally used to celebrate love and friendship and is used to toast weddings, birthdays, the New Year and other special events, so pouring for a friend is seen as an act of bonding. And while it’s served in small glasses, it’s not meant to be taken like a shot, but rather sipped slowly. 1. Sake is not as popular in Japan as it once was As Japanese drinkers have become increasingly interested in western beers and wines, the popularity of sake has dwindled – many young people in the country view it as something of an old person’s drink. However, its popularity abroad has blossomed, with demand for sake on the rise in the US and Europe. 1. It will give you a hangover Urban legend says that since sake is made up of such simple ingredients it won’t lead to hangover, but that’s unfortunately not the case. While it’s true that its sulphite-free nature and small serving sizes means it doesn’t rank too highly on the list of hangover-inducing beverages, drinking enough of it can definitely still cause problems the next day!
Chapter 1: POLITICS: Who Gets What, When, And How 8m ago 1.68 MB 29 Pages Last View : Today Last Download : n/a Upload by : Callan Shouse Dye & Sparrow: Politics in AmericaChapter 1:POLITICS: Who Gets What, When, and How Questions about politics:1) When you see the word “politics” whatcomes to mind?2) What words pop into your head?Here’s what pops into mine “Politics: “Poli” a Latin wordmeaning "many" and"tics" meaning "bloodsuckingcreatures".So politics literally means “manybloodsucking creatures” right? I’m joking obviously BUT it doesget you thinking right? LOLWhat comes to your mind whenthinking of that word? Politics and Political ScienceWhat is politics?According to Dye (p3) it is “the process which determineswho gets what, when and how” (H. Lasswell)Questions Political Scientists study-Who governs?-By what means?-For what ends?Take away quote: ‘‘The study of politics is the study of influence and theinfluential. . . .The influential are those who get the most of what there is toget. Those who get the most are elite; the rest are mass.”Harold Lasswell Who Participates in Governing? When & How: Governing Institutions When & How: Processes of Governing What: Public Policy Outcomes Question: What is government?a. Dye (p 5) says it is an “organization extending tothe whole society that can legitimately use force tocarry out its decisions”B. Turetzky says government is an “institution thatmakes and enforces the law.” He adds that it “has amonopoly on the use of force and that forcesometimes has to be used to enforce the law” Purposes of GovernmentWhat are the purposes of government?In the Preamble to the Constitution, theFounding Fathers created a pretty goodlist 1. To establish justice and insure domestictranquility2. To provide for the common defense Purposes of GovernmentWhat are the purposes of government?3. To promote the general welfare4. To secure the blessings of liberty Power-Some questions Question 1:-What is power? Why is it so essential in politics?Answer:-Dye essentially says it is the ability to control andshape events. To get someone to do what theywouldn’t ordinarily do This is where government comes in. It has thePOWER to force you to do what you don’t want todo we grant governments this power Question: do you guys see anytension or potential problems withgovernments having the power tomake and enforce laws? DemocracyWhat is democracy?Democratic Ideals:-Greeks argued it was about people governingthemselves (“rule by many”)-Democratic ideals include individual dignity,equality, participation in DM, majority rule-Our founders didn’t like Greek styledemocracy AT ALL Why not? Paradox of Democracy“Paradox of democracy”—i.e., the potential forconflict between majority rule and individualfreedom?Question: How did Madison and the other foundingfathers try and deal with this potentially disastrousproblem?Here’s an example Government PowerHow do these different types of governmentpower differ from each other? (See Dye,pp13-14) Totalitarianism Authoritarianism Constitutionalgovernment Direct DemocracyQuestion: What is Direct Democracy (“puredemocracy”) and how practical is it in such alarge, extended republic like ours? Representative DemocracyCharacteristics of representative democracies: Representatives are selected by vote ofall the people. Elections are open to competition. Candidates and voters can freely expressthemselves. Representatives are selected periodically. Who is really in charge?One of the central arguments in the field of political science centers on who is really in charge of thesystem, who really has the power. Some say that elites have all the power, whilst others say the peopleexercise power through group competition. Lets take a quick look at these perspectives The Elitist PerspectiveWhat is the Elitist Perspective?-Dye (p 17): It is a “political system in which power is concentratedin the hands of a relatively small group of individuals or institutions”According to Dye, Elitism is characterized by:-An elite being inevitable in any social organization-The “few” having the power and the “many” not having it. Elites make decisions, notthe many-Only a few thousand people directly participating in decisions about war, taxes,employment, etc (Dye, p16)-Elite status being open to talented people and the idea that elites aren’t JUST selfserving The Pluralist PerspectiveWhat is the pluralist perspective?-Dye (p18): It is the idea “that democracy can beachieved through competition among multipleorganized groups and that individuals can participatein politics through group memberships and elections”Pluralism ischaracterized by: Competition Bargaining Compromise Discussion Question: Is America run by afew big interests looking out only forthemselves or is it run for the benefit ofall the people? That is, who is really incharge? Practice Quiz1) According to Dye/Turetzky politics isa. the study of political scienceb. the study of who gets what, when andhowc. the analysis of conflictd. the analysis of local, state, and federalgovernments 2) According to Dye, only the governmenthasa. the legitimate right to use force touphold the lawb. the right to make decisionsregarding welfarec. the right to maintain securityd. the right to hold elections 3) Protections against the potential for themajority to oppress the minority include:a. checks and balancesb. separation of powersc. federalismd. all of the above 4) The idea that all societies are dividedinto the few who have power and themany that do not would be consistent witha. pluralismb. classical liberalismc. interest group theoryd. elitism 5) The idea that democracy can beachieved in a large society by bargaining,compromise, and competition b/n interestgroups would be consistent witha. pluralismb. classical liberalismc. elitismd. systems theory John Stossel’s Politically Incorrect Guide toPolitics-“Do you believe in Magic?” Politics and Political Science . What is politics? According to Dye (p3) it is “the process which determines who gets what, when and how” (H. Lasswell) Questions Political Scientists study -Who governs? -By what means? -For what ends? Take away quote: ‘‘The study of politics is the study of influence and the influential. . . .
Technical Architecture Technical architecture diagram GroupServer combines Web and email servers, and connects them to different back-end storage facilities. By doing this, people can share messages using the Web and email simultaneously. Web server A Web server (such as Apache or nginx) is used to mediate connections between browsers and the core GroupServer software. Email messages are sent and received through the Postfix mail-server. GroupServer itself is written in Python, using the Zope framework ― specifically Zope application server. GroupServer mediates between email and the Web, ensuring that all users have a similar experience, no matter what software is used by the group members. It contains all the logic for the security, joinability, and membership of the groups; bounce detection, moderation, digest compilation, and the modification of user and group settings is all handled by the core GroupServer software. The security of data â including users, posts and files â is handled by this layer. The static Web pages, delivered by GroupServer (such as this one) are stored in ZODB. The ZODB also stores the structure of the sites, such as which group belongs to which site. The messages posted to groups, and information about users, as well as some secondary data, is stored in the PostgreSQL relational database. The connection between Zope and PostgreSQL is made using the SQLAlchemy toolkit. File System Finally, files that are added to groups, such as message attachments, are stored using the standard file-system of the host machine. Standards Compliance • XHTML (1 and 5) is used to specify the content of Web pages. • CSS is used to style the Web pages. • Atom is used to generate Web feeds of the messages posted to groups. • The standards for email, including RFC 2822 and RFC 4021, are followed as closely as possible, while remaining compatible with as many existing email systems as possible. • Unicode is used throughout GroupServer, so people may author content, and send and receive messages, using character sets other than the Latin alphabet used for the English language. Scaling GroupServer Each of GroupServer's four main components (a web server, a mail server, an object database, and a relational database) can be placed on a separate machine, or multiple machines in the case of the database and web server. Even in a single-machine configuration, GroupServer can handle tens of thousands of users posting and viewing messages throughout the day. GroupServer is more flexible than scaling a single site over multiple machines. A single machine can contain multiple Zope installations, and each Zope installation can contain multiple GroupServer instances, and each instance can contain multiple sites, and each site can contain multiple groups! This should provide enough flexibility for most situations.
Things You Really Did Not Understand About Internet Source. An internet source is a distinct identification of a product on the Web. Identifiers for internet resources are called Attire Source Identifiers (URIs). In the SemanticWeb, the resource is defined making use of the Resource Summary Structure, or RDF. A resource is recognized by a distinct URI. To locate a web-based source, a resource identifier can be gotten. The URI is utilized to recognize a specific internet resource. The name of a web source is its special name and also can include any kind of mix of numbers, letters, as well as periods. In addition, you can utilize the “Internet communication media” group, which overlaps with the other categories. Relying on the sort of internet source, you can pick its reliances by clicking the Include button. The Dependencies tab shows a listing of web sources and displays their homes. Customers can utilize the Tag field to reference a certain web source. The naming convention is arbitrary, however it ought to satisfy your particular requirements. An internet resource can be exported or imported. Normally, an internet source contains data that can be controlled or customized. For instance, a kind will certainly include a JavaScript library, which allows it to be used to develop scripts. Its actions does not change. It only changes the appearance of the URL. When you have actually personalized a web source’s appearance, you should wait to make sure that other users can watch it. A web resource can be a human, a company, a library, or a service. A source is an entity that has an identity. The definition of a source might differ in different contexts. Some sources are network-retrievable, while others are not. For instance, bound publications in a collection are not considered resources, while people are resources. There are several kinds of web resources. It is necessary to keep in mind that a resource can be an object that has an irreversible identity. To add an internet source, open up the ideal type in your web browser and pick ‘Add brand-new element’. In the work space, pick ‘Add an Internet Resource’ and also double-click or tap the access to modify it. If it remains in the footer, the user needs to manually copy the documents. However, the developer can include the internet source in the type’s header. The source will be put inside the type’s tab, which is a reusable part of the file. The name of an internet resource is its area in the system. In case of a big internet resource, it can be submitted to an on the internet service. One more means of accessing a data is to make use of a web resource. This suggests you can include it to a site. The file will after that be downloaded to the target website. The data is available in the same way as any other data. A source is stored in the same place. An internet source might be cost-free or paid. In a free-of-charge setting, an individual can talk with others or play online games without paying a fee. Similarly, a video game is a Web source with financial expenses. It is complimentary to download and install, yet requires a monetary contribution. Some web sources also have a ‘pay-to-play’ option. In this situation, the customer has to check the material to discover the information they want. When a customer makes use of a dynamic web content resource, it is a website that contains a page that displays an image or video. The web content of a source is not restricted to one sort of media. An instance of a vibrant web resource is a net search engine, which gives material from a selection of sources. Various other types of internet resources can be interactive, such as a blog site platform or a site that offers a service for a specific item. A web resource can be an easy text file or a whole internet site. The web resource’s proprietor is normally the author, and also a web source might contain details that is copyright. Its material is additionally readily available for other people to view, so the content of an internet resource is usually not owned by the original creator. The author of an internet source have to give a clear ownership for their sources. If a person wants to release a site on the web, they must also be able to make use of the URL for that website. An internet source is a recognizable internet source on the Internet. These sources are defined making use of the SemanticWeb’s Resource Description Framework. They are determined by a special Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). Regardless of how an internet resource is specified, it will certainly be identifiable as a source on the World Wide Web. Generally, an internet source is comprised of a number of components, each of which is defined in the RDF. The standard type of web resource is a static documents. This can be a text file, AVI motion picture file, or other web content. These data are usually put right into types to offer web material. However, the internet resource can be made use of in various applications too. Although they are just utilized in a single company, web resources are usually referenced indirectly in numerous applications and organizations. To use this kind of resource, you need to have the system manager safety and security duty. A web resource is a networked information system. It can consist of any entity that can be dealt with or called. Thus, an internet resource is any type of networked information system. It can be defined as any kind of entity that can be identified. The principle of a web source has actually developed from a static documents. In earlier requirements, a source can have a variety of names. Additionally, the term “internet resource” consisted of lots of complex technical and also social concerns. buy seo backlinks An internet source can belong to multiple classifications. For instance, it can be classified as a “web solution” or an “Internet interaction media” classification. In both instances, it is possible to store greater than one internet resource. If you want to publish information concerning a single specialist, you can additionally develop a devoted site for the web service. It is an outstanding means to advertise on your own. If you want to draw in brand-new service, you have to produce a web site. Leave a comment
Facts That Nobody Told You About Bio. A Biography is a comprehensive description of a person’s life. It entails greater than simply mentioning standard realities about a person’s life. It depicts the individual’s feelings and also experiences through the occasions of his/her life. For example, a bio may concentrate on the relationship between a lady and also her husband or the romance of 2 bros. A biographical job can range in length from one hundred pages to thousands of hundreds of words. A biographer’s best objective is to describe the individual’s life and feature on the planet. A bio is not fiction; it is not a piece of fiction. The author is restricted to explaining what the subject idea and also really felt. A biographical job is meant to be accurate. Although it’s created from the point of view of the subject, the goal of a biographical work is to recreate the person’s world. Research is a vital part of the planning process. While many trainees have a background in the subject of a biography, a trainee must still spend substantial time in an extensive research study. Oftentimes, themes are recommended during the procedure of accumulating info. It is additionally vital to think about the ease of access of info and exactly how to assess it. Nevertheless, bios do not generally include murder, however they can involve a great deal of personal details regarding the subject. Motifs are another essential aspect of a biography. It must arise normally from the topic’s actions. Making use of forced themes in a bio can make it appear contrived, therefore wearing down the reader’s faith. Additionally, it is very important to keep in mind that a bio is a piece of fiction and also not a background book. You’re attempting to make somebody feel human. If your biographer can’t accomplish this, opportunities are your work will do not have the exact same emotional influence it carries the reader. In the 19th century, bios ended up being extra prominent, and also biographies of less-known people were released. Hollywood also welcomed the style of biographical jobs. Lots of biographies of lesser-known individuals have actually made it right into bestsellers. These bios, which can be located in books, are widely-read. They’re even utilized in biographical movies. The category of bios has become a significant market and many have actually made their way into films. A bios is a created account of an individual’s life written by one more person. In a biography, the topic is dead. An imaginary biography, on the other hand, portrays the life of a living individual. A biographical work must demonstrate how the topic has affected his or her culture. A good autobiography needs to depict the character of the subject. The writer’s intent is to provide readers a feeling of the personality. A bios is a story of an individual’s life. Frequently, the biographer intends to communicate the life of a person in a chronological way. In fiction, biographies are written by writers who concentrate on specific elements of a person’s life. They may additionally concentrate on the emotional facets of a topic’s lives. If a biographer utilizes this strategy, it is more likely to make a biography of a living person. A biographer should be objective when writing a bio. The author must recognize his sources of information, as well as stay clear of misstates the subject. An author ought to prevent bias and misstate the subject. A biography can be either brief or long. If a person had a challenging life, a bio might be too long. In a short biography, the writer’s life is described in detail. A biographical essay is a personal narrative about a person’s life. A biography is a publication concerning a person’s life. It has its origins in ancient Greece and Rome, where a guy’s life is portrayed as a tale by a writer. A biographer’s biography has a lot of value, and it can give an insight into a person’s personality. It is a type of biography that is a representation of their character. There are many bios of individuals, consisting of a famous person. A bio can be concerning a famous person, a team, or a river. In a narrative, the writer’s life is narrated from her point of view. A biographer can consist of an autobiographical note by the topic, or a poem concerning the person’s life. In a biography, the writer focuses on the topic’s life from birth to fatality, often highlighting her success and her failings. A biographer will certainly point out the person’s youth and define the occasions of his or her life. Whether it is a bio about an individual that lived centuries ago or a contemporary number, a biographer will point out just how these events affected his/her life. A bio is an useful source of info for those that wish to check out someone’s life. It provides a chance to highlight the individual’s successes and also failings. A biography will not only define a person’s life, but it will also discuss their past. Among the first biographies in history, the background of guide is the resource of the book’s expertise. Its writers explain the occasions and also individuals in their lives. A biographer’s life is a history of the globe, and also the author’s life is a story of just how an individual has actually lived. On the other hand, a bio mirrors their personal life and also experiences. A bio author can inform a person’s life story and also the occasions that have actually formed their lives. A bio writer can utilize his/her individuality to explain the subject in a precise as well as impartial fashion. A biographer has to prevent misstating the topic. The bio needs to not be prejudiced and also must be objective. A biographer needs to recognize sources of information. It should be unbiased. The visitor should be able to follow the realities as well as the writer ought to be able to give a reasonable judgment regarding the topic. A bio is a publication discussed a person’s life. A biographer can cover someone’s life in a tale, but it ought to not expose intimate details. If a biography includes too much info, it will certainly be regarded as a novel as well as not a bio. A biographer might not be an excellent author, however a good one. Simply put, a biography is an exceptional resource for information on an individual’s life. A bio can be a fiction or non-fiction book. The author might include a lot of details regarding the topic’s life. It should consist of pictures as well as dates. It should be a thorough account of the person’s life. It needs to have some information about the person’s family. If there are no details, the author should be straightforward in his/her account. A biography can be a beneficial device for finding an individual’s individuality. Click for more A bio is a tale written about an individual’s life. The writer of a bio is called the biographee. A biographer is an expert in the field. The author of a biography ought to be aware of the topic’s character and also the particular details of his/her life. A biographer needs to beware in defining a subject’s life and individuality. Otherwise, it is regarded a fiction. Leave a Reply
True Lithuania History of Vilnius The tolerant capital of the largest medieval state (Until 1655) Industrial era under the Imperial Russian rule (1795-1918) The 20 years that changed Vilnius forever (1939 – 1959) „Vilnius belongs to us and we belong to the Russians“ was a popular irony at the time. It wasn‘t far from the truth as by the mid-1940 Russian forces deposed the Lithuanian government and completely occupied and annexed Lithuania in three months' time. Vilnius felt the full swing of the nationalization campaign and the genocide of the Lithuanian nation. „There will be Lithuania – but without the Lithuanians“ – said Mikhail Suslov, the chairman of the USSR Central Comity Bureau for Lithuanian Affairs. In June 1941 alone, some 2% of the entire Lithuania's population (50 000) were forced into railroad cattle carriages and deported to Siberia where most died. Campaigns like this became even larger under the Second Soviet Occupation. Vilnius's eastern location and railway hub status meant that most deportees were moved through the city. With the rise of Gorbachev and his perestroika campaign, the Sąjūdis movement was born in 1988 out of this underground opposition. It was also joined by freedom-sympathizers who previously would not have risked their lives to openly endorse Lithuanian independence. In mere months, what the Soviets once considered to be just another of their provincial capitals was catapulted to worldwide news networks such as CNN and BBC as the global population impatiently waited how would the Lithuanian aspirations unfold. By March 11th of 1990, in the same old hall of the Supreme Soviet, the first democratically-elected parliament to convene in Vilnius has declared independence. The Russian blockade followed, leaving Vilnius without fuel for heating or cars. Later, a Russian military aggression on January 11th-13th of 1991 that killed 14 people and injured 700. Due to an unbelievable cohesion of the people of Vilnius who stood unarmed against the Soviet tanks, all these actions failed. The Soviet Union collapsed. This collapse (and the end of the Cold War) started here – in Vilnius. January 13, 1991, events, also known as Vilnius massacre. Countless thousands of unarmed civilians gathered to protect key places of Vilnius with their own bodies (in the picture top right a mass of people safeguard the parliament). 14 were killed, 702 were injured. The left picture shows a Russian tank running over people. The subsequent funeral of the January 13 martyrs is pictured on the lower right. The events were well covered by worldwide media. Capital of a modern European state (1991 and beyond) The free market killed some of the old factories yet new businesses started to thrive in places such as the Gariūnai marketplace in western Vilnius. Private shops sprung up and the lack of goods that plagued the Soviet era was a thing of the past, all the Western trademarks becoming readily available. By ~1995 the shopkeepers even started to smile (something unheard of in the Soviet Union where the client was "always wrong" and often yelled at). Most of the churches were reopened and new ones were conceived in the churchless Soviet boroughs. The used car import business was among the most lucrative, the number of private cars quadrupled in 1990-2010 and traffic jams formed for the first time in the late 1990s. McDonald‘s opened its first 4 outlets in the late 1990s. Being the capital, Vilnius received a fair share of new public buildings. Among those are the Sodra palace, two extensions of Vilnius airport (1993 and 2007), a minimalist General prosecutor's office (a black cube with windows that glow blue at night), and the extension of the parliament building. The most controversial addition was undoubtedly the Palace of Grand Dukes, a hundreds-of-millions-worth reconstruction of a long-lost palace right next to the Vilnius Cathedral. Despite the complaints on wasted money and doubtful authenticity, many needed the Palace to signify that Vilnius is once again the Lithuanian capital - just as in the Medieval era. Click to learn more about Lithuania: Vilnius, Vilnius by topic 38 Comments Comments (38) Trackbacks (0) 1. Hi Augustinas: A friend posted a picture of this stone in Vilnius, near the St. Micheal’s Church. It has two wheels, a long handle, and a hook. Do you know what was used for? Thanks… Rich. • Hi. As my cousin who is a tour guide in Vilnius answered: this is simply a piece of modern art given to a nearby amber art gallery by an artist, it has no particular significance. Tourists frequenlty inquire about the meaning of this sculpture however. 2. Hello, I’m looking for some information about trolleybusses in Wilna in 1930-1940. Was their a dutch company which carried on the public transport? Thank you for an answer • There were no trolleybuses in interwar Vilnius. The first line opened in 1956 (under Soviet occupation). In 1930s the only form of road public transport was buses, operated by Swiss concessionaries (since 1926 “Arbon” company, since 1931 “Sauer” company). There were also steamships in Neris river and a local narrow-gauge railway. • Is there a place called Galitanis or Galitania in Lithuania? When my husband’s great great grandfather immigrated to America, he signed his name Peter Mockialis from Galitania in Vilnius, under Russia empire. This was before 1900 • There are some with related names but not a name exactly like that. E.g. Galintėnai, Galintanka. “Vilnius” might have meant Vilnius Governorate, which was a very large area that covered parts of today’s Lithuania and also parts of today’s Belarus. 3. Hi, Just wondered if you have any info on the areas of Wilno in Poland around the 1930s. I am trying to find out the modern name (in lithuania) of the location of gajowka, wilno and gerwiaty wilno. My Grandad was born in Gajowka in 1922 but with basic google searches, we couldn’t find anything. My grandad was born Michal Bublewicz in Wilno 1922 and all we know he had a brother called Józef Bublewicz who resided in Gerwiaty early 1940s but my grandad changed his name when he came to uk at the end of ww2. Just wondered if we no the modern town names it would help in our searches. Thanks 4. Hi I am trying to trace my fathers family they lived in Wilno, my fathers name is Jan Urbanowicz his fathers name is also Jan Urbanowicz his mothers name was Stanislawa nee werkowska they lived in Wilno ul Mustowa no 15 I think the fathers was a medical practitioner. Are there any records for my family please • Hi, we may offer Lithuanian archive search services, if you are interested. Archive search is the only way to know if more records survive. 5. Hi. We are trying to get as much information about my grandfather. Born about 1892 in Vilnus, he came to America in 1911 and changed his name to Kuney. We believe his name in Vilnus was Sol Kornetski. He married Anna Rudaschefsky also from Vilnus. How ca we get information about them? • Hi. It is the best to search for such information in the Lithuanian archives where the registries of births, marriages, etc. are located. True Lithuania does offer archive search services if needed. 6. Hi, My grandfather and family was shipped to Siberia. My grandfather was a Barron, Walter Matoszko. his USA born wife Mary, children Joseph, Peter and Casimir all survived Siberia and finally end up in the United States. Would like to know about the property that was stolen from them and his house. any help (information) here would be appreciated. • Hi. Do you know where this property was (e.g. address)? Even if not, that may still be possible to be discovered in archives. We offer such services. 7. Hi, my Polush-Ukranian grandparents were moved to Vilnius after WW2 and lived in one of those Stalin’s style apartment houses on Red Army Ave. Their four children (two boys and two girls) were born in Vilnius in late 1940s and early 1950s. Two sons didn’t survive childhood. From what my grandparents told me one son (only a todler) was among many dead children poisoned in their preschool. My grandfather always thought it was an ethnic Lithuanian plot to punish the occupiers, non Lithuanians. Is there any truth to this story? Is there a way to find out the truth? I am working on a project about the life under Soviet Regime and need facts, no matter how ugly they may be. • To me, it sounds like a conspiracy theory. If something like that would have systematically taken place, it would be most certainly be known. The Soviet government used to persecute and execute people even for opinions, religious beliefs, fliers or owning a Lithuanian flag at the time, or having a relative who had “wrong opinions”. If any Lithuanians would have been killing innocent children based on ethnicity while under the Soviet occupation, this surely would have been a well-publicized case and used in Soviet propaganda that would have depicted the entire Lithuanian non-communist population as consisting of such killers. Of course, there is always a possibility that some lone murderer, with whatever beliefs, worked in the kindergarten and somehow remained undiscovered but it is highly unlikely, I think. What is true, however, is that in those times child death rates were much higher than they are today. The healthcare system, hygiene, food quality, pollution, and much else were much worse than it today’s Lithuania, leading many people who lived at the time not to reach adulthood. The human life itself was not that valued either by any institutions or officials. I think the deaths much more likely happened due to this. Also, Soviet propaganda was active in depicting Lithuanians as evil, because the guerrilla war was still raging in the forests and the Soviet government sought a popular support (more likely from the ethnic minorities) in defeating the Lithuanians there. Such propaganda may have influenced beliefs you mention that Lithuanians must have been responsible for child deaths. Generally, whatever criminal or political cases happened in the Soviet Lithuania, they are located in the Lithuanian archives now. So, if somebody would have been indicted for anything like this, it would be there. However, due to what is written above, I think it is unlikely such a case would be there, as such case would be already well-known publically if it existed; at the same time, I think it would have been impossible to evade the Soviet system for somebody killing the children of Vilnius’s Soviet settlers systematically. On the other hand, if there would have been poisonings for reasons such as bad food quality, it is possible such information is not in the archives, as the Soviet Union generally worked hard to hide/destroy information on anything related to disasters in the Union, promoting the idea that they did not happen in the Soviet society. An well-known example from the later era is Chernobyl disaster, which both happened due to the prevailing blatant disregard for safety rules, and was hidden from the Soviet population at the beginning, until it became impossible to hide. 8. In our grandfather’s USA Naturalization papers, he lists our grandmother’s 1893 place of birth as Trevercina, Poland. Our search efforts to locate such a place, which we believe is near Vilnius—perhaps to the north, fail. Perhaps the place name has changed? We know that they lived in a tunnel built by the Germans for one year, their farm was destroyed during WW I, and two members of her family starved to death. Any help much appreciated. Thank you. 9. My great-great grandfather, Ignac Kurianowicz, has listed two places of birth. On his naturalization papers, he said he was born in Bakuski, Poland. On his draft registration, he said Bekunki, Wilna, Russia. Any tips as to where this might be? Thanks! • There may be quite many possibilities. E.g. Bėgūnai but this is just a guess as the names are Russified/Polonized and remind of many names. It is likely he was born in the former Vilnius Governorate of the Russian Empire which may have been regarded as Poland culturally by some. However, that Governorate was huge, included not only parts of Lithuania but also Belarus. 10. Why and when did the Lithuanian government require Polish sir names to be translated into Lithuanian? • Since times immemorial there was a tradition in the region whereby people would translate their names depending on the language they used. So, e.g., the same person would sign as “Michał Römer” when writing in Polish and “Mykolas Römeris” when writing in Lithuanian. When Russians ruled Lithuania in 1795-1915, the official documents were Russian and so the names were translated into Russian when in those documents; yet the same names may have been Polish in literature and Lithuanian in Lithuanian texts. See the article “Poles of Lithuania“. In 1918-1920, naturally, the surnames would be written n Lithuanian in Vilnius; after Poland annexed Vilnius, they were Polish again (it did not matter if the person was a Pole or Lithuanian, as surnames and Christian names were translated just like any other word). After Lithuania took back Vilnius in 1939, the official language and name variants once again were Lithuanian. However, the translation was now more limited than previously, it is more like transliteration. E.g. 100 years ago, the same person could have been known as “Pawel Janowicz” in Polish and “Povilas Janavičius” in Lithuanian. Now, the Lithuanian version of “Pawel Janowicz” would be “Pavelas Janovičius”: the names would be transliterated and Lithuanian endings added, but the Christian names no longer translated and the spelling would not change (except for endings). • During the Polish Monarch, the King demanded all his new subjects that have been orphans to refugees to adopt a specific family name, ie; Krol, which distinguished the properties of curly hair which was superior in the Monarch of that specific era, so after the WW2 when Vilnius was still a Polish prominent area. Before WW1 Vilnius was Lithuanian and in history it was always Lithuanian never Polish, so to bee exact after the fall of the USSR Vilnius was returned back to its correct populate genome resulting in correction of the official name, ie: Wilno(Pol)=Vilnius(Lita). So did the names of the correct spelling, as Lithuanian is Latin and Polish is Slovak. 11. me was Szupel 12. does any one have any information about a victor rafalowicz who had a business making pitprops in the 1920/30s and what his life before 1939 was .he had two daughters ,larissa and hanka.was he from the jewish community ,I am his grandson Robert michalik and would like to know more about his life ,I am willing to fly to Vilnius to speak to anybody with any info. • Unfortunately, it is not very likely that a person who has information would happen to read the same website. Although it did happen in the past on this website, this is rare, and often another person comes only after 2 or 3 years, by which time you may not be checking this anymore. If you are interested, however, we may offer heritage research services in order to find the information available in the Lithuanian archives about this person. • yes pls, I think my family has a mistaken identity. Can you please check for 2 Jewish males that survived the WW2. 1) Shmuel or Mulik or Samuel the first name we not sure. Born 1931/07/16 in Padbrade which fall under Vilnius, (Wilno). Mothers name was Sarah and fathers name was Pinchas. 2) Shmuel or Mulik or Samuel the first name we not sure. Born 1933/06/17 in Padbrade which fall under Vilnius (Wilno). Mothers name was Sarah and fathers name was Pinnie. Number 1 I have found he survived Lodz Concentration Camp. 2) IS my father and by mistake I think we have a situation of a mistaken identity. 13. please reply if you have any info. 14. I am piecing my family history from a few old documents in my possession. In particular based on an old school certificate, my grandfather has graduated in 1890 from the Pedagogical Institute of Wilno, which I believe had the status of the Russian National School. The director of the school name has been Durow, if I am deciphering correctly the hand signature. Later, I believe that my grandfather had worked in Jundrzaliszki (Jendrzeliszki?) near Wilno (5 staya whatever that means) to earn release from the Russian Army, which he finally did in 1897. Although I find notions of the Pedagogical Institute, here and there, I cannot locate the address of the school at the time, nor the location of Jundrzaliszki on the map. I am guessing that at the time of the grandfather studies, there may have lived in Wilno the family of his aunt Julia Jankowska de domo Fitkiewicz Fietkiewicz, wife of Piotr Jankowski, once a hero of the Polish uprising 1863. Can you help me with recovering any of that information, please ? Obliged 15. My aunt wrote a letter in 1958 saying she was born in Pietruli, Wilno, Poland. What or where is Pietruli? I cannot find a trace of this place. Can you help? • Difficult to say. It is likely by “Wilno” she meant not Vilnius city but the area of the interwar Wilno Voivodship of Poland, much of which is now in Belarus rather than Lithuania. 16. Hey so my grandmother was born in Vilnius and her father was a general in the army later went underground. Her maternal family owned land in the city that pre cars owned majority of the horses for purchase or lease. Łukowicz or something similar was her maiden name, she was born in 1932. My polish is limited however I hope that with archives slowly being made English that there would be a way to track who owned significant farmland/ horses within the city?? • Yes, this data may be available in the archives of Lithuania (depending on the era and who ruled the city at the time, the documents may be either in Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, or German). We may search the archives for this data for you. 17. Has there ever been a town or city by the name of Galitanis or Galitania in Vilnius, in the late 1800’s Cancel reply No trackbacks yet.
how to pronounce volk how to improve pronunciation of volk press buttons with phonetic symbols to learn about each sound. press Play to play an example pronunciation of volk. video examples of volk pronunciation An example use of volk in a speech by a native speaker of standard german: “… gesagt wir sind das volk und das ist …” meanings of volk 1. Herd, covey, swarm, colony; chiefly of insects. 2. Common people, the lower classes, the working classes. 3. Folk, crowd (large group of people gathered somewhere). 4. People, population, citizens. 5. People, nation, folk, tribe, race (group united by culture, history, descent, and/or language). words with pronunciation similar to volk words that rhyme with volk
Literary Analysis Include the entire passage in your document. This does not count toward page length. Typed, double-spaced, 12-pt, Times New Roman or Calibri font, 1” margins. You are to do no outside research for this assignment, outside of the notes in your textbook and a good dictionary (preferably the Oxford English Dictionary, The foundation of any good piece of literary analysis is close reading. In close reading, we examine the specific language of a small portion of text to determine how that language creates meaning and its larger significance. First, choose a passage from either Behn’s Oroonoko, “The Disappointment,” or Wilmot’s “The Disabled Debauchee.” Use the questions below to help guide your reading. Then, using the passage as evidence, explain how your reading supports a larger theme within the novel. Use quotes from the passage to back up your points. Remember, you have to explain not simply what the text says but how it says it. Use these questions to guide you: What text includes this passage? Be sure to use the text’s title and author. What words or ideas seem significant? What is the immediate context? In other words, what is going on in the narrative at this moment in the text? How does this passage fit into the larger text? How is it significant in terms of your understanding of the text? Why is this passage or the issue it raises more broadly significant? Why is it interesting or important not simply in terms of the text but in terms of themes you find important? Get 20% Discount on This Paper Pages (550 words) Approximate price: - Try it now! Get 20% Discount on This Paper We'll send you the first draft for approval by at Total price: How it works? Follow these simple steps to get your paper done Place your order Proceed with the payment Choose the payment system that suits you most. Receive the final file Our Services Essay Writing Services Admission and Business Papers Editing and Proofreading Technical papers
You asked: What is a Type 2 VW engine? What is the difference between a Type 1 and Type 2 VW engine? Type 2 “Upright” Engine: Early Type 2s were fitted with Type 1 engines. The engines were essentially interchangeable, but since the Transporter was a heavier vehicle which needed more power to move, they typically had a larger sized engine in any given model year. What is the difference between a Type 1 2 3 VW? The VW Bus is a Type II. It is called that because it was introduced as the second type of vehicle VW made, the first being the Beetle (and why it is referred to as the “Type I”). … The Type III employs a rather flat “pancake” cooling system design, while the Bus and Beetle use an up-right fan shroud system. How do I know what VW engine I have? Identification of the Volkswagen engine can by accomplished by locating the engine casting number on the engine block. 1. Locate the engine casting number. According to Bustopia, the engine casting number is located below the generator stand, which is mounted to the top of the engine. … 2. Write down the casting number. Is a VW thing a Type 1? The Volkswagen Beetle—officially the Volkswagen Type 1, informally in German der Käfer (meaning “beetle”), in parts of the English-speaking world the Bug, and known by many other nicknames in other languages—is a two-door, rear-engine economy car, intended for five occupants (later, Beetles were restricted to four … IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: How much is a transmission for a 2015 Ford Focus? How many horsepower are in a 1600cc VW engine? Growing displacement over time How much does a Type 1 VW engine weight? Type 1: 1.0–1.6 litres Volkswagen Typ 1600 Torque output With governor, 8% accuracy: 98 N·m at 2000 min1 without governor: 108,9 N·m at 2000 min1 Dry weight 100 kg What engine is in a 1976 VW bus? The original VW 25 Horsepower 1100cc Engine has a Fuel Pump that mounts to the SIDE of the Engine Case, to the LEFT of the Distributor. How can I find out the size of my engine? How do you tell what year a VW motor is? To determine the year of manufacture of your VW engine, compare the engine’s serial number against the numbers in the last column in the table below. The engine serial number can be found on the crankcase at the generator/alternator support flange. Note that “replacement” VW engine cases have no engine serial number.
A garden isn’t just about plants, pots and pavers, it should be alive with birdsong, butterflies and chameleons. If you really start to think about all the critters that inhabit a garden, it’s overflowing with life. Quite likely you already have some of these habitats. This list should spark a few more ideas. Make a home for helpful garden creatures 1. Compost heap: Earthworms, nematodes, and micro-organisms are essential for soil fertility and making nutrients available to plants. If you haven’t got a compost heap, soil covered with leaf litter is just as cosy. 2. Water feature: Dragonflies and other water-loving insects love to dance across the water. Frogs will help keep the mosquitoes in check to balance your ecosystem. And if there’s a little shallow bit, you’ll tempt birds by offering them a bath. 3. Dead trees or logs: Carpenter bees, woodpeckers and barbets love to nest in dead trees. If you’ve already felled your tree, leave a few logs behind so fungi and insects involved in decomposition can colonise it. 4. Sandy patches: Birds love to have a sand bath or just sunbathe in a sandy patch. This is also where lizards and solitary wasps lay their eggs – you may not be a wasp fan but these guys are really good for your garden. 5. Dense shrubbery: Let a part of your garden run wild and dense so birds and insects can nest there. A little untidiness here and there will be welcomed. What to plant to attract birds to your garden: A variety of seeds and flowers will have many different birds and insects coming back for more. 1. Nectar: Plants such as aloes, strelitzias, agapanthus and salvias are irresistible to sunbirds. 2. Berries: Bulbuls and other fruit-eating birds will be attracted to your garden if there are berry-bearing plants. Indigenous wild olive, wild peach, black-birdberry and waterberry trees will do the trick. 3. Seeds: Grasses attract seed-eating birds and are very trendy in gardens. There are lovely looking varieties, some variegated, others tinged with red or purple. You can also attract birds using a feeder and wild bird seed. shopping cart Browse 1000’s of products available to you. Select your country to Shop Online.
Can a 14 year old go bald? Androgenic alopecia, also known as male pattern baldness, can begin in the teen years. In fact, about 25% of cases of male pattern baldness begin before the age of 21 ( Can you start balding at 14? Why do I have a bald spot at 14? Answer: Bald spots on the head in 14 year old This can be caused by many conditions including a fungus, a disease called alopecia areata, etc… What I am saying here is see a dermatologist and then you will get a diagnosis. There is no substitute for seeing a good dermatologist. Why do men lose hair at 14? Hormones. Hormones play a large part in teenage development, and hormonal conditions like thyroid disease and lupus can cause teenage males to lose their hair. IT IS INTERESTING: Does thin hair mean you're balding? What is the youngest age you can go bald? Can a 14 year old use Rogaine? You should not use Minoxidil if you are under the age of 18. Minoxidil is a prescription-free drug, but it can still come with some side-effects. The most common side-effects from using Minoxidil can include: Weight gain. Is a bald head attractive? According to recent studies, science has shown that most people view bald men as more attractive and as more dominant. Bald men stand out from the crowd. They look stronger, a bit meaner and a bit more powerful than your average man. Is it normal for a teenager to lose hair? Most of the time, hair loss during the teen years is temporary. With temporary hair loss, the hair usually grows back after the problem that causes it is corrected. Do bald spots grow back? How do you treat teenage hair loss? What Are Teenage Hair Loss Solutions? 3. Take a hair growth supplement. … 4. Conceal while regrowth occurs. IT IS INTERESTING: Can you recover from alopecia universalis? 11 февр. 2021 г. Can puberty cause balding men? For both men and women of any age, extreme stress or a traumatic event can also contribute to hair loss. For men in particular, an overabundance of the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT), common during puberty, can lead to hair loss. Is it normal for a 13 year old boy to lose hair? Hair loss isn’t uncommon in kids, but its causes may be different from those of adult-onset baldness. Often, children lose hair because of a scalp disorder. Many of the causes aren’t life-threatening or dangerous. Still, losing hair can take a toll on a child’s emotional well-being. How can I stop balding? Seven ways … to avoid hair loss 2. Use a laser comb. … 3. Change your hair products. … 4. Avoid hot showers. … 5. Switch to anti-DHT shampoos. … 6. Try scalp massage. … 7. Have a transplant. 23 апр. 2018 г. Will I go bald the same age as my dad? Will I go bald if my father is bald? Yes. There are chances. Apparently, the gene for Male Pattern Baldness isn’t detected only on X-chromosome, androgen receptor locus, which comes from mother, but also from another region on chromosome 20 called 20p11 , which is said to be associated, through recent studies. Can you start balding at 17? Yes. About 16% of boys ages 15-17 have male pattern baldness. A research study showed that 30% of Caucasian (white) males showed signs of male pattern baldness by age 30, 50% by age 50, and about 80% of males have hair loss by the time they are 70. IT IS INTERESTING: Question: Can low progesterone cause baldness? Which country has the highest balding rate? 1. CZECH REPUBLIC- Taking an unenvious lead at 43%, the Czech Republic has most number of bald men, making it the ‘baldness capital’ of the world. 2. Beautiful hair
In $\ce{H2O}$, I am able to understand that the enthalpy needed to break two $\ce{OH}$ bonds are not the same. But I don't understand why is the bond energy for breaking the first $\ce{O-H}$ bond more than the second one. My logic for second bond energy more than the first one is, when a $\ce{H}$ is removed from $\ce{H2O}$, The remaining $\ce{O}$ gets a negative charge and that ensures strong bonding with other $\ce{H}$ which will imply more energy for breaking the second bond. First bond enthalpy is 502 kJ/mol and second bond enthalpy is 427 kJ/mol. I would appreciate someone who could correct me • $\begingroup$ After dissociation of the first bond, the remaining hydroxyl radical does not get a negative charge. $\endgroup$ – Loong Nov 7 at 9:25 • $\begingroup$ How can that happen? $\endgroup$ – Shashaank Nov 7 at 9:40 • 1 $\begingroup$ You seem to think that water is made of ions, because it dissociates to ions (which it does). This is wrong. $\endgroup$ Nov 7 at 10:00 • $\begingroup$ Oh OK. But what's the reason for such trend, first bond enthalpy being more than second one $\endgroup$ – Shashaank Nov 7 at 10:02 • $\begingroup$ There is no reason to expect anything. O in OH is in a pathological state, never seen in a stable molecule. $\endgroup$ Nov 7 at 10:44 Your Answer Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
Software design Print Print Reading time 16:13 Software design is the process by which an agent creates a specification of a software artifact intended to accomplish goals, using a set of primitive components and subject to constraints.[1] Software design may refer to either "all the activity involved in conceptualizing, framing, implementing, commissioning, and ultimately modifying complex systems" or "the activity following requirements specification and before programming, as ... [in] a stylized software engineering process."[2] Software design usually involves problem-solving and planning a software solution. This includes both a low-level component and algorithm design and a high-level, architecture design. Software design is the process of envisioning and defining software solutions to one or more sets of problems. One of the main components of software design is the software requirements analysis (SRA). SRA is a part of the software development process that lists specifications used in software engineering. If the software is "semi-automated" or user centered, software design may involve user experience design yielding a storyboard to help determine those specifications. If the software is completely automated (meaning no user or user interface), a software design may be as simple as a flow chart or text describing a planned sequence of events. There are also semi-standard methods like Unified Modeling Language and Fundamental modeling concepts. In either case, some documentation of the plan is usually the product of the design. Furthermore, a software design may be platform-independent or platform-specific, depending upon the availability of the technology used for the design. • The design process should not suffer from "tunnel vision." A good designer should consider alternative approaches, judging each based on the requirements of the problem, the resources available to do the job. • The design should be traceable to the analysis model. Because a single element of the design model can often be traced back to multiple requirements, it is necessary to have a means for tracking how requirements have been satisfied by the design model. • The design should not reinvent the wheel. Systems are constructed using a set of design patterns, many of which have likely been encountered before. These patterns should always be chosen as an alternative to reinvention. Time is short and resources are limited; design time should be invested in representing (truly new) ideas by integrating patterns that already exist (when applicable). • The design should "minimize the intellectual distance" between the software and the problem as it exists in the real world. That is, the structure of the software design should, whenever possible, mimic the structure of the problem domain. • The design should exhibit uniformity and integration. A design is uniform if it appears fully coherent. In order to achieve this outcome, rules of style and format should be defined for a design team before design work begins. A design is integrated if care is taken in defining interfaces between design components. • The design should be structured to accommodate change. The design concepts discussed in the next section enable a design to achieve this principle. • The design should be structured to degrade gently, even when aberrant data, events, or operating conditions are encountered. Well-designed software should never "bomb"; it should be designed to accommodate unusual circumstances, and if it must terminate processing, it should do so in a graceful manner. • Design is not coding, coding is not design. Even when detailed procedural designs are created for program components, the level of abstraction of the design model is higher than the source code. The only design decisions made at the coding level should address the small implementation details that enable the procedural design to be coded. • The design should be assessed for quality as it is being created, not after the fact. A variety of design concepts and design measures are available to assist the designer in assessing quality throughout the development process. • The design should be reviewed to minimize conceptual (semantic) errors. There is sometimes a tendency to focus on minutiae when the design is reviewed, missing the forest for the trees. A design team should ensure that major conceptual elements of the design (omissions, ambiguity, inconsistency) have been addressed before worrying about the syntax of the design model. Design concepts 1. Abstraction - Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information content of a concept or an observable phenomenon, typically in order to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose. It is an act of Representing essential features without including the background details or explanations. 3. Modularity - Software architecture is divided into components called modules. 6. Structural Partitioning - The program structure can be divided into both horizontally and vertically. Horizontal partitions define separate branches of modular hierarchy for each major program function. Vertical partitioning suggests that control and work should be distributed top down in the program structure. 7. Data Structure - It is a representation of the logical relationship among individual elements of data. In his object model, Grady Booch mentions Abstraction, Encapsulation, Modularisation, and Hierarchy as fundamental software design principles.[4] The acronym PHAME (Principles of Hierarchy, Abstraction, Modularisation, and Encapsulation) is sometimes used to refer to these four fundamental principles.[5] Design considerations • Modularity - the resulting software comprises well defined, independent components which leads to better maintainability. The components could be then implemented and tested in isolation before being integrated to form a desired software system. This allows division of work in a software development project. • Reliability (Software durability) - The software is able to perform a required function under stated conditions for a specified period of time. • Reusability - The ability to use some or all of the aspects of the preexisting software in other projects with little to no modification. • Robustness - The software is able to operate under stress or tolerate unpredictable or invalid input. For example, it can be designed with resilience to low memory conditions. • Security - The software is able to withstand and resist hostile acts and influences. • Performance - The software performs its tasks within a time-frame that is acceptable for the user, and does not require too much memory. • Portability - The software should be usable across a number of different conditions and environments. • Scalability - The software adapts well to increasing data or added features or number of users. Modeling language • Architecture description language (ADL) is a language used to describe and represent the software architecture of a software system. • Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) is an example of a Process Modeling language. • Flowcharts are schematic representations of algorithms or other step-wise processes. • Fundamental Modeling Concepts (FMC) is modeling language for software-intensive systems. • IDEF is a family of modeling languages, the most notable of which include IDEF0 for functional modeling, IDEF1X for information modeling, and IDEF5 for modeling ontologies. • Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general modeling language to describe software both structurally and behaviorally. It has a graphical notation and allows for extension with a Profile (UML). • Alloy (specification language) is a general purpose specification language for expressing complex structural constraints and behavior in a software system. It provides a concise language base on first-order relational logic. • Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is a new general-purpose modeling language for systems engineering. • Service-oriented modeling framework (SOMF)[7] Design patterns A software designer or architect may identify a design problem which has been visited and perhaps even solved by others in the past. A template or pattern describing a solution to a common problem is known as a design pattern. The reuse of such patterns can help speed up the software development process.[8] The difficulty of using the term "design" in relation to software is that in some senses, the source code of a program is the design for the program that it produces. To the extent that this is true, "software design" refers to the design of the design. Edsger W. Dijkstra referred to this layering of semantic levels as the "radical novelty" of computer programming,[9] and Donald Knuth used his experience writing TeX to describe the futility of attempting to design a program prior to implementing it: Software design documentation may be reviewed or presented to allow constraints, specifications and even requirements to be adjusted prior to computer programming. Redesign may occur after review of a programmed simulation or prototype. It is possible to design software in the process of programming, without a plan or requirement analysis,[11] but for more complex projects this would not be considered feasible. A separate design prior to programming allows for multidisciplinary designers and subject-matter experts (SMEs) to collaborate with highly skilled programmers for software that is both useful and technically sound. See also 2. ^ Freeman, Peter; David Hart (2004). "A Science of design for software-intensive systems". Communications of the ACM. 47 (8): 19–21 [20]. doi:10.1145/1012037.10120547. S2CID 14331332. 3. ^ Davis, A:"201 Principles of Software Development", McGraw Hill, 1995. 4. ^ Booch, Grady; et al. (2004). Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications (3rd ed.). MA, USA: Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-89551-X. Retrieved 30 January 2015. 10. ^ Knuth, Donald E. (1989). "Notes on the Errors of TeX" (PDF). ^Roger S. Pressman (2001). Software engineering: a practitioner's approach. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-365578-3. By: Wikipedia.org Edited: 2021-06-18 09:00:48 Source: Wikipedia.org
You’ve probably heard of the Windows Registry. It’s a database of files that exists at the center of your operating system. The registry controls how your operating system and its programs work. It tells your computer how to run and it keeps track of all of the changes made to your computer over time. But when something goes wrong in the registry, it can be bad news for the rest of your computer. Registry problems are often very serious and they can open up massive holes in your system’s security. If you want to safeguard your system and ensure that it is running as fast as possible, then you’ll need to learn how to fix the Windows Registry. Here are the 2 best ways to do that: Fixing the registry manually There are two different ways to fix the Windows Registry. This is the hard way. Fixing the registry manually should only be done by those with technical experience. If something goes wrong while fixing the registry, it can cause your computer to completely break down. Still want to proceed? All right, here’s how to fix registry problems on your own: Step 1) Enter the registry by opening a run command and typing in regedit. Or, if you’re using Windows 7, just type regedit into the Start menu search bar and press ‘Enter’. Step 2) The Registry Editor screen will pop up. Along the left-hand side of this screen, you’ll see folders for HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, HKEY_CURRENT_USER, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE and a couple others. In most cases, the registry files you need to edit will be found under HKEY_CURRENT_USER or HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE Step 3) At this point, you should know which file you need to change. Each folder contains a number of different registry entries, and you might have to dig deep to find the entries you need. Once you encounter a registry entry, you can edit it or delete it. Step 4) You should only be deleting registry entries if you have already tried to uninstall a program, but the uninstallation process failed. Sometimes, even successful uninstallation processes will leave behind files in the registry. Deleting these files can reduce problems on your PC and free up space on your hard drive. This will also completely remove a program from your system, which can pave the way for a successful reinstall or simply remove a troublesome virus. Step 5) If the program is still installed on your computer, then you shouldn’t delete registry entries unless you absolutely have to. The program might require these entries in order to work, and deleting a certain entry could have serious effects across the rest of your computer. Instead, you’ll want to edit these registry entries. You can change the value of certain registry entries to alter the way programs work on your operating system. Step 6) Whether you’re editing or deleting registry entries, your actions have the potential to cause serious harm to your computer. Unless you have specific directions from tech support or you’re editing the registry as a last-chance approach before reformatting, then manually changing registry files is generally a bad idea. Fixing the registry automatically using special software If you’re not a tech wizard, then that doesn’t mean fixing registry problems is impossible. Instead, it just means that you’ll need to use special software. There are all sorts of different registry cleaner software available online, but the most recommended program tends to be PC Cleaner Pro. PC Cleaner Pro is a powerful registry cleaner, but it’s also so much more than that. It’s an effective way to speed up any computer while fixing hundreds of different errors. If you’ve noticed that your computer has slowed down or started crashing lately, then a simple scan with PC Cleaner Pro can help. Here’s a step by step guide to fixing registry problems automatically using special software like PC Cleaner Pro: Step 1) Download PC Cleaner Pro Step 2) Install the program Step 3) Run a scan to automatically identify problems in the registry Step 4) Click ‘Repair’ to instantly fix all registry problems Step 5) In many cases, registry cleaners like PC Cleaner Pro are able to identify hundreds of different problems in the Windows Registry. Since so many errors are being instantly fixed, you should notice a significant boost to PC performance as well as a noticeable reduction in the number of errors. logo main menu Log in with your credentials Forgot your details?
How Node.js works As you learned in the previous unit, the Node.js JavaScript runtime is a wrapper around a JavaScript engine called V8. Because Node.js can interpret and run JavaScript code on a host machine outside of a browser, the runtime has direct access to the operating system I/O, file system, and network. This unit explains how Node.js handles incoming tasks. Node.js is based on a single-threaded event loop. This architecture model efficiently handles concurrent operations. Concurrency means the ability of the event loop to perform JavaScript callback functions after completing other work. In this architecture model: • Single-threaded means that JavaScript has only one call stack and can do only one thing at a time. • The event loop runs the code, collects and processes events, and runs the next subtasks in the event queue. A thread in this context is a single sequence of programmed instructions that the operating system can manage independently. In Node.js, I/O operations such as reading or writing to a file on the disk, or making a network call to a remote server, are considered blocking operations. A blocking operation blocks all subsequent tasks until the operation is finished before the next operation can proceed. In a non-blocking model, the event loop can run multiple I/O operations at the same time. The name event loop describes the use of the "busy-waiting" mechanism that waits synchronously for a message to arrive before processing it. The following shows an event loop implementation: while (queue.wait()) { Node.js architecture Node.js uses an event-driven architecture where an event loop handles orchestration and a worker pool blocks tasks. The event loop makes it possible for Node.js to handle concurrent operations. The following diagram illustrates how an event loop works, at a high level: Diagram showing how Node.js uses an event-driven architecture where an event loop handles orchestration and a worker pool blocks tasks. The main phases of an event loop are: • Timers processes callbacks scheduled by setTimeout() and setInterval(). • Callbacks runs pending callbacks. • Poll retrieves incoming I/O events and runs I/O-related callbacks. • Check allows callbacks to be run immediately after the poll phase is completed. • Close callbacks closes events (for example, socket.destroy()) and callbacks (for example, socket.on('close', ...)). Node.js uses the worker pool to handle blocking tasks. This includes blocking I/O operations and CPU-intensive tasks. In summary, the event loop runs the JavaScript callbacks registered for events, and is also responsible for fulfilling non-blocking asynchronous requests like network I/O. JavaScript can produce the same performance results as low-level languages such as C because of performance boosts made possible by the V8 engine. Node.js also takes advantage of the unique event-driven nature of JavaScript. This makes composing server tasks fast and high-performing. Asynchronous programming To support the powerful event-based programming model, Node.js has a built-in set of non-blocking I/O APIs to handle common tasks such as file-system and database manipulation. These APIs are provided by the libuv library. When you make a request for Node.js to read file content from a disk, Node.js doesn't block waiting for the disk and file descriptors to be ready. Instead, the non-blocking I/O interface notifies Node.js when the file is ready. The non-blocking I/O works the same way when the browser notifies your code that a mouse or keyboard event has been triggered, or when an XMLHttpRequest (XHR) response is received from a remote endpoint. Diagram showing the built-in set of non-blocking I/O APIs that Node.js uses to handle common tasks. Install and use Node.js There are many ways to install Node.js. Here are a few of the most common options: • Install via executable: The Node.js Downloads page at provides installation packages for different operating systems. • Install via Brew: Brew is a popular package manager for Linux and macOS. • Install via NVM: Node Version Manager (NVM) not only helps you install the version of Node.js you want, but also helps manage your installation. We won't cover this option in this section. Let's take a more detailed look at the steps required to download and install Node.js and verify successful installation. Install via executable Here's an excerpt from the Install page found at Screen capture of the Node.js installation page showing available installers and source code. Notice the various installers available for different operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux. You can also download two different source code versions: • LTS stands for Long-Term Support. Note that LTS is described as "Recommended for most users." LTS is designed for enterprise usage where frequent updates might not be possible or aren't wanted. • Current means source code that's under active development. Feature additions and breaking changes might happen. The code should adhere to semantic versioning. Base your choice of version on your company's requirements. For example, if you update often, the Current version might be right for you. To learn more about the different release types, see Release types. Install via the Brew package manager If you don't have Brew installed, run this command in your macOS/Linux terminal: After you've downloaded Brew, type the following command in your terminal to start installation: brew install node This downloads all the needed binaries and installs Node.js on your system. Verify installation After installation of Node.js has finished, run the following command in your terminal to verify successful installation: node --version The command should print out the current version in the following format: v[major version].[minor version].[patch version] The [] brackets in this example indicate that results might vary depending on the version you've installed on your system.
Goldenseal For Our Digestive Health Image Source: Goldenseal is a low, sprawling perennial herb belonging to the buttercup family. It has hairy stems with five to seven leaves and small white flowers. This plant also has bitter tasting roots that are bright yellow or brown, twisted and wrinkled. Its dried root is considered as an impressive herbal remedy and has a long history of use for infectious diarrhea because of its antimicrobial activity (1). In a study, experts found that goldenseal extracts may be effective against the C. jejuni bacterium, which is a main cause of gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines that causes diarrhea and vomiting (2). Furthermore, it was revealed that berberine, the herb’s major alkaloid, is the one responsible for its ability to fight off against H. pylori (a type of bacteria which can lead to gastritis, ulcers and even stomach cancer) and C. jejuni (3). In a randomized controlled clinical trial involving 165 adults, berberine has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against certain pathogens that cause bacterial diarrhea, including E. coli and V. cholera (4). Berberine also works by inhibit the growth of dangerous pathogens whilst actually enhancing the growth of beneficial bacteria (5). Classified as a bitter herb, goldenseal is also thought to stimulate digestive function by increasing saliva production and promoting both stomach acid and digestive enzyme production thus may relieving spasms in the intestinal tract (1). Additionally, the powerful anti-inflammatory action of goldenseal can protect and heal our gut and intestinal tract thus providing relief from bloating, constipation, and cramping (5). Other Health Benefits Of Goldenseal 1. Used as an eyewash for eye inflammation and eye infections called conjunctivitis, or “pink eye.” 2. Used for vaginal pain and swelling and menstrual period problems. 3. Used as a mouthwash for sore throats, gum complaints, and canker sores 4. May help protect against tooth infection 5. Used as an herbal remedy for urinary tract infections (UTIs) and yeast infections. 6. May help treat herpes and chlamydia infections 7. May be beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes 8. The herb’s dried underground stems (rhizomes) and roots used to make teas, liquid extracts, tablets, and capsules as well as natural skin care products.
[SOLUTION] Interview of Older Adult Instructions for Interview of Older AdultUsing the questions below, conduct an interview with a person at least 65 years of age. Feel free to add questions of your own whenever one occurs to you.The report of your interview should meet the following criteria:1. Typed and double-spaced if possible; if not possible, please write neatly in pen.2. Include the questions in your report in a format that enables the reader to know what theperson you are interviewing is referring to.3. Discuss your personal reaction to the interview in three paragraphs at the end of your report.****************************************************************************Questions for Interview of an Older Adult1. Please tell me about your childhood, family and school life.2. Do you consider yourself old? At what ages (or stages) did you notice that you were getting older?3. What is the most important historical event or period of time that you have lived through? How did it influence you personally?4. What is the biggest change you have seen in how people conduct their everyday lives?5. What have been the best years of your life so far? What are your plans for the future?6. How are young people today different from when you were their age?7. What advice would you give young people to help them prepare for their old age?8. Have you ever experienced any negative attitudes or discrimination because of your age?Please explain.9. Student question. Based on what you’ve learned, ask at least one more question; what else would you like toknow about this person’s life?****************************************************************************After you describe the interview, discuss your reaction (three paragraphs).1. What did you learn? Did anything surprise you?2. How did you feel during the interview?3. What changes (if any) have occurred in your perception of older adults? (What did you think before? What do you think now? Order this solution Interview of Older Adult on our client site: gpafix.com Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on [SOLUTION] Interview of Older Adult Just from $10/page Order Essay
What is the quality of the space (i.e., lush green parks or rubble-filled lots)? Community and Population Health This assessment is a foundational exercise for you to learn about your environment and explore where you live. Take some time to intentionally explore your county. Look at your county as the home and the place of work for the county residents. While driving through your community, stop for coffee or have lunch in a neighborhood. Find a place to eat where you can sit down as part of the community. You may want to walk around your community as well so that you can explore it from both a driving perspective and a walking perspective. Once you have observed the area, write about your impressions of the county in your notes. Reflect on any surprises and whether the county looks different to you now after taking the time to note the various elements. What would you like to learn more about related to your topic and population of interest? You may want to sketch a map related to your topic area for future reference when writing your community description. Take notes on the county using the following questions as a guide. These questions are only to provide guidance; you may discover other areas that you want to note. Include your findings in the community description section of your paper. You will use this information to complete task 1 for your “Community Health and Population-Focused Nursing” course. Collecting this data will help you define your population of interest and prepare for your practicum experience. You may also want to reference these results in the resources and partners section of your paper. Housing and Commercial Buildings: x How old are the houses and buildings in the community? x What materials are the homes and buildings constructed from? x Are all the houses similar in age and architecture? x How would you characterize their differences? x Are the houses detached or connected to each other? x Are there solar panels? Windmills? x Do the houses have space in front or behind them? x What is the general condition of the houses and buildings? x Are there signs of disrepair (e.g., broken doors or windows, leaks, missing locks)? x Are there signs of neighborhood pride, such as well-tended yards? x Is there central heating, modern plumbing, air conditioning? Open space: x Is the county primarily rural, suburban, urban, or a mix? How much open space is there? x What is the lot size of the houses, lawns, and flower boxes? x Do you see trees on the streets or a green island in the center of the streets? Is the open space public or private? Who uses this space? Boundaries: x What signs are there of where neighborhoods begin and end? x Are the boundaries natural (a river, a different terrain); physical (a highway, a railroad); or economic (differences in real estate or presence of industrial or commercial units along with residential)? x Do the neighborhoods have an identity or a name? Do you see them displayed? Are there unofficial names? “Commons”: x What are the neighborhood hangouts (e.g., schoolyard, convenience store, bar, restaurant, park, 24-hour drugstore)? x What groups of people tend to gather at these hangouts? x At what time do they typically meet? x Does the commons area have a sense of territoriality, or is it open to everyone? Transportation: x How do people get in and out of the neighborhoods (e.g., car, bus, bike, walking)? x Are the streets and roads conducive to good transportation and bicycle use and also to community life? x Are there major highways running through the county? Who do these highways serve? x How frequently is public transportation available? x Are gas stations available? x Are there train stations or light rail stations? Service centers: x Do you see social agencies, clients, recreation centers, signs of activity at the schools? x Are there offices of doctors, dentists, and other such services? x Are there parks? Are these parks in use? Stores: x Where do residents shop (e.g., shopping centers, neighborhood stores, outdoor markets)? x How do they travel? People out and about: x If you are traveling during the day, who do you see on the street (e.g., an occasional passerby, a father with a baby)? x Do you see anyone you would not expect? x Can you spot the purpose of those that you see, such as a door-to-door salesperson or a postal worker? x Is the dress of those you see representative or unexpected? x What animals do you see (e.g., stray cats, pedigreed pets, watchdogs, birds, wild life)? Signs of community vibrancy: x Is this neighborhood on the way up or down? x Is it alive? x How would you decide? x Do you see any of the following: street vendors, trash, abandoned cars, political posters, neighborhood-meeting posters, real estate signs, abandoned houses, mixed zoning usage, people tending their yards, sidewalks in good repair? Race: x Are the residents primarily Caucasian, African-American, Asian, of another group, or is the area integrated? x Are there indications of ethnicity (e.g., food stores, churches, private schools, information or signs in a language other than English)? x Of what religion are the residents? x Do you see evidence of heterogeneity or homogeneity? x What denominations are the churches, temples, and mosques? x Do you see evidence of these religious facilities being used other than on days of worship? x Do you see evidence of acute or of chronic diseases or conditions? x Do you see evidence of accidents, communicable morbidity diseases, alcoholism, drug addiction, mental illness, etc.? x How far it is to the nearest hospital? To the nearest clinic? x Do you see any political campaign posters? x Is there a headquarters present? Do you see evidence of a predominant party affiliation? x Do you see indications of television use such as satellite dishes? x What magazines and newspapers do residents read? x What media do you see being sold in the stores? x What form of media seems most important to the residents (e.g., radio, television, print, online)? x What languages are represented in the various forms of media? Physical Environment: x Are there indications of an excess of certain types of activities, such as stores that sell alcohol or fast food restaurants? x What sorts of billboards are displayed and what do they indicate? x Are there many cell phone towers or is cell phone access limited? Place New Order It's Free, Fast & Safe
The Definition of a Geradlinig Relationship In thready algebra, the linear relationship, or formula, between components of a few scalar discipline or a vector field can be described as closed mathematical equation that has those pieces as an integral solution. For example , in thready algebra, x = sin(x) Capital t, where Testosterone is a scalar value just like half the angle by infinity. Whenever we place a and sumado a together, then this solution is normally sin(x) P, where Big t is the tangent of the drawn function. The constituents are genuine numbers, plus the function is indeed a vector like a vector coming from point A to level B. A linear marriage between two variables can be described as necessary function for any building or calculation involving various of measurements. It is necessary to keep in mind that components of the equation are numbers, yet also formulas, with meaning that are used to know what effect the variables have on each various other. For instance, if we plot a line through (A, B), then applying linear graph techniques, we could determine how the slope of the line differs with time, and how it alterations as each of the variables transformation. We can also plot a line throughout the points C, D, Age, and calculate the mountains and intercepts of this set as capabilities of back button and con. All of these lines, when drawn on a graph, will give you a very useful result in linear graph calculations. Let’s imagine we have previously plot a straight line through (A, B), and we really want to establish the slope of this line through time. What kind of relationship should certainly we get between the x-intercept and y-intercept? To bring a thready relationship between x-intercept and y-intercept, we must first set the x-axis pointing in direction of (A, B). Then, we are able to plot the function on the tangent lines through time on the x-axis by inputting the formulation into the text message box. After you have chosen the function, hit the ALL RIGHT button, and move the mouse cursor to the point where the function begins to intersect the x-axis. You may then see two different lines, one running from the point A, going to B, and one jogging from N to A. At this point we can see that your slopes with the tangent lines are comparable to the intercepts of the series functions. Hence, we can conclude that the length from Point-to-point is equal to the x-intercept of the tangent line regarding the x-axis as well as the x. In order to plot this kind of graph, we would merely type in the formula through the text field, and then select the slope or intercept that best becomes the linear romance. Thus, the slope of this tangent lines can be defined by the x-intercept of the tangent line. In order to plot a linear relationship between two variables, usually the y-intercept of the first of all variable is normally plotted up against the x-intercept in the second varying. The slope of the tangent line between x-axis and the tangent line between the x and y-axis may be plotted against the first variable. The intercept, however , may also be plotted against the first varying. In this case, if the x and y axis are transferred left and right, correspondingly, the intercept will change, but it really will not necessarily alter the incline. If you associated with assumption the range of motion is definitely constant, the intercept it’s still absolutely nothing on the graphs These visual tools are particularly useful for displaying the relationship between two variables. They also enable easier graphing since you will find no tangent lines that separate the points. When viewing the visual interpretation of your graphs, always be certain to understand that the slope may be the integral section of the equation. Therefore , when plotting graphs, the intercept need to be added to the equation for the purpose of drawing a straight line regarding the points. Also, make sure to story the mountains of the lines. Publicaciones Similares
from the blog. The Choice between Helplessness and Optimism by Phillip Stoller What is Learned Helplessness Have you ever been in a business partnership that seemed doomed from the start, but you just kept hanging on? Do you know anyone in an intimate relationship that seems emotionally painful and abusive, and yet they just can’t leave? Perhaps you have an employee whose bad behavior you have become convinced that you just have to accept. Why is it that we often stay in painful situations, feeling hopeless to affect positive change, when those around us are telling us that there are ways out? Researchers have been studying questions like these for quite some time and have labeled this behavior as “Learned Helplessness.” Psychologists first became aware of Learned Helplessness in an experiment in which Dogs remained in an open cage which was wired to deliver an electric shock. Researchers believed that the dogs endured the shock because their previous experience had taught them that they were “powerless” to escape it. They went on to explore whether humans can also be taught to believe that they are helpless over their environment. The research has shown that humans can not only learn helplessness, but that this sense of helplessness can persist into situations in which we actually have the power to exert change. When we learn that we can escape an unpleasant experience, that learning goes on to shape our behavior in future experiences. In like manner, when we learn that we are powerless to escape a painful or unpleasant experience, then that learning also goes onto shape us. If we find ourselves enduring painful treatment from a business partner, employee, or significant other; it is possible that there is an underlying belief that we are helpless to change the current situation due to previous failed attempts. As Psychologists continued to study Learned Helplessness, they began to understand it as not only a factor in difficult relationships, but also a powerful contributor to mental illnesses. Learned Helplessness begins to answer some of the questions of how mental illnesses emerge, and what cycles work to perpetuate them. People have long noticed that different people can experience very similar traumatic events without the same outcome to their mental health. It would seem that painful experiences, in and of themselves, do not lead one to helplessness; but painful experiences we believe we cannot escape often do. The Protective Effect of Optimism Inescapable pain often has a profound and harmful impact on people, but inescapable pain does not always lead to learned helplessness. In the human studies, Researchers also noticed that about 1/3 of the participants did not go on to demonstrate the symptoms and beliefs of helplessness. This resilient group of people continued working to escape the unpleasant circumstances set up in the studies. It appeared as though they possessed an immunizing factor which protected them. As researchers studied this ability to resist helplessness they began to find similarities in the beliefs. They labeled the beliefs of the group immune to helplessness as Optimism, and the beliefs of the group that was vulnerable as Pessimism. Pessimism is anchored around three core beliefs about negative circumstances encountered in life, and optimism is centered around the opposite of each belief. A pessimist’s beliefs can be summed up by 3 P’s: 1. This experience is Permanent: “it will never change” 2. This experience is Personal: “it’s all my fault” 3. This experience is Pervasive: “I can’t do anything correctly, I am bad at everything” An Alternative to Helplessness: Learned Optimism Exercises The exciting news is that Optimism can also be learned. Researchers have gone onto develop techniques which help us to become more optimistic by either examining and reconsidering the beliefs which lead to pessimism or reinforce the beliefs which lead to optimism. The following exercises are a few ways to start: 1. Challenge the 3 P’s: The next time you become aware of Level 1 Beliefs and Emotions, challenge each of the three P’s by asking: 1. In what ways is the current situation temporary? 1. How many factors outside of myself have contributed to the situation? 1. What are the things I do really well? 2. What Went Well Today Journal?: This exercise was developed to increase our sense of gratitude which is linked optimism and well-being. At the end of the day, take a moment to reflect and then journal 2-3 things that went well during your day. If negative events come up, let them go and focus on what was good. You may also like The Focused Leader Unique Habits of Ridiculously Likeable People Too many people succumb to the mistaken belief that being likeable comes from natural, unteachable traits that belong only to a lucky few—the good looking, the fiercely social, and the incredibly talented. It’s easy to fall prey to this misconception. When I speak to smaller audiences, I often ask them to describe the most likeable […] The Lesson of QWERTY Interesting factoid… I learned today that the QWERTY keyboard layout is about 150 years old. It’s design was based on spreading the most commonly used letters as far apart as possible to fix the tendency of old fashioned typewriters from jamming when two adjacent keys were pressed in rapid succession. (some of us still remember […] Leave a Reply
Can polar bears eat 86 penguins? Would a polar bear eat a penguin? Polar bears do not eat penguins, since penguins live in the southern hemisphere and polar bears live in the northern hemisphere. How many penguins can a polar bear eat in a day? Assuming the weight polar bear on average eat 150 pounds of meat in one sitting. The average weight of an emperor penguin is about 85 pounds so a polar might eat three penguins in one sitting assuming that it does not eat the whole of the penguin. Do polar bears attack penguins? This simple question seems to pop up often so let’s see what is the answer… Do polar bears eat penguins? No, they don’t, and the single biggest reason why they don’t is that they live in opposite places on Earth and can’t reach each other. Why do polar bears not hunt penguins? Almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. Penguins live at the South Pole and Polar Bears live at the North Pole. … IT IS INTERESTING: Where can I duck hunt in Houston? Do polar bears eat humans? Bears. Polar bears, particularly young and undernourished ones will hunt people for food. … Truly man-eating bear attacks are uncommon, but are known to occur when the animals are diseased or natural prey is scarce, often leading them to attack and eat anything they are able to kill. Do polar bears eat fish? Food Preferences & Resources When other food is unavailable, polar bears will eat just about any animal they can get, including reindeer, small rodents, seabirds, waterfowl, fish, eggs, vegetation (including kelp), berries, and human garbage. Do sharks eat penguins? Predators. When in the water, penguins may be eaten by leopard seals, fur seals, sea lions, sharks, or killer whales. What eats a penguin? Their main predators are other marine animals, such as leopard seals and killer whales. Skuas and sheathbills also eat penguin eggs and chicks. Penguins are only found in the Southern Hemisphere. How many eggs do mother penguins lay in May? In May and early June, the female lays a single egg. The egg is pear-shaped with a pale greenish-white tint, almost 5 inches long and 3 inches wide (12 and 8 cm, respectively). The female penguin passes the egg to her mate, then heads back to sea. She’ll be back in two months to continue her parental duties. What are the most dangerous bears? Do penguins give birth underwater? Penguins give birth under water. Penguins can swim 4 times faster than humans and can dive underwater for as long as 20 minutes. Penguins can walk as fast as humans can walk. Penguins make very little noise when they communicate. IT IS INTERESTING: How many stomachs does a wild turkey have? What is the average lifespan of a polar bear? LIFE CYCLE: Polar bears can live up to 25 or 30 years in the wild. Do polar bears eat whales? Carcasses. Polar bears use their sense of smell to detect a carcass from nearly 20 miles away. They will happily feed on the carcasses of beluga whales, grey whales, walruses, narwhals and bowhead whales when available. What is the biggest threat to polar bears? The loss of sea ice habitat from climate change is the biggest threat to the survival of polar bears. Do polar bears eat leopard seals? Do Polar Bears eat Leopard Seals? Polar Bears are famously known for their seal diets. However, Leopard Seals do not visit the northern polar waters. … Leopard seals are also quite large so it’s unknown what would occur in such a chance encounter. Good hunting
Often asked: After Conception How Long Before Implantation? What are the signs of successful implantation? Further Signs of Successful Implantation • Bloating. • Changing tastes. • Blocked nose. • Constipation. What happens between conception and implantation? During fertilization, the sperm and egg unite in one of the fallopian tubes to form a zygote. Then the zygote travels down the fallopian tube, where it becomes a morula. Once it reaches the uterus, the morula becomes a blastocyst. The blastocyst then burrows into the uterine lining — a process called implantation. Can implantation occur within 3 days of conception? You might be interested: Often asked: How Many Days After Conception Does Implantation Occur? What happens after conception day by day? Under normal circumstances, fertilization occurs in one of the Fallopian tubes, then the fertilized egg begins to make its way to the uterus. By about the fifth day after conception, the embryo finally reaches the uterus, where it implants itself in the endometrium, or uterine lining. How long after implantation Did you get a positive test? Does sleeping position affect implantation? Women who usually slept supine at the time of conception and implantation were significantly more likely to have a high or fundal placental location compared with those who usually slept in the prone position (p = 0.041). Can you tell if you conceived before implantation? What are the stages of implantation? You might be interested: Readers ask: How Soon After Conception Does Spotting Start? How long will sperm wait for an egg? What indicates that conception has occurred? How soon after implantation does hCG rise? Can you feel when sperm enters the egg? When does conception happen? Conception occurs during the part of a woman’s menstrual cycle called ovulation. Doctors consider day 1 of a menstrual cycle the first day of a woman’s period. Ovulation usually occurs around the midpoint of a woman’s menstrual cycle. How does conception start? You might be interested: How Many Days After Conception Test Positive? How many days after conception can I take a pregnancy test? Leave a Reply
Page 60 by Peter McCracken Wikis: Wikipedia and Beyond ost people who have done any kind of online research are familiar with W ikipedia, the online encyclopedia. But many may not exactly understand what Wikipedia is, or how it tru ly operates. We know that Wikipedia is "the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit," but what does that mean? And is it the only wiki out there? And what is a "wiki," anyway? The rerm "wiki" refers to a website in which any community member can edit the site's pages. The first generation of webpages were one-way pages: a person, a company, or an organ ization created webpages, which others read and used as they saw fir. Individuals could not make changes to those pages; they could only read or view them. "Web 2 .0" referred to the ability of individ uals to start contributing content to pages that they had not created, and had no role in building. One example is reviews of products, where someone who has no responsibility fo r ma nagement of the website can still contribute content that will be visible to all other visitors to that site. Wikis are a great example of this Web 2.0 structure, and Wikipedia ( is certainly the most successful and well-known wiki. The first wik i, or user-editable site, was launched in 1995 in Hawa ii and rook its name from the Hawaiian word "wiki," mea ning "quick." Anyone could qu ickly add content ro the page, and it became a valuable way for people to collaborate, and to contribute information ro a webpage accessible to all. Wikipedia was launched in 2001, and promptly became one of the largest and most-visited sites on the internet. W h ile some complain about inaccuracies in Wikipedia's content, it can be a valuable too l for learning a basic amount of information regarding a subject. Some entries can provide much more extensive informat ion, and you can quickly lose hours exploring random pages. Wikiped ia takes a "no original research " approach, in which they aim ro have nearly every statement supported by a citation to some source in some form. For researchers, the citations that appear at the end of a Wikipedia article can prove more valuable than the article itself, and can represent many hours' worth of in-depth research. Many people have written about the errors they find in Wikipedia, and others enjoy providing a litany of reasons why Wikipedia is not reli able. If you find something that you believe to be inaccurate, you can simply create an account, and change the entry. It is likely, however, that others are watch ing that page and may respond very quickly to revert the changes you made. Entries for some controversial subjects, in fact, are "frozen" and can on ly be changed by those with certa in h igh-level permissions, but for less-popular topics you can contribute your knowledge by editing and expandi ng existing articles , or by creating completely new ones. Wikipedia is certainly the largest wiki in the world-there are over 5 million articles in English, and ten other lang uages have more than a million articles in each. (Though, interestingly, for several of these-Swedish, Cebuano, and Waray-Waray- the vast majority of the articles have been written by a computer program, primarily as one-sentence "stub" articles.) But Wikipedia is not the only wiki out there. Citizendium (, for instance, is a direct response to those uncomfortable with the anonymity ofWikipedia contributions and edits. In Citizendium, each article and edit must be signed with the author's real name. They aim to create longer, "citable" articles of interest. Its founder was a co-founder ofWikipedia, but Citizendium has not met with the same success and currently has fewer than 17,000 articles, of which 160 have been deemed "expert-approved citable versions." Several sites serve as wiki hosting services; W is the largest, and offers fans a place to build free wikis about movies, TV shows, video games, and other fan- based projects. It now hosts Memory Alpha (; about rhe Srar Trek universe) and Wookieepedia (www.starwars. w; about rhe Star Wars universe), along with hundreds of others. Wikia hosts a few maririme-relared wikis, including Ships and Things (w ww.shipsandthings.wikia. com), which has just over 1,300 pages, many of which would benefit from additional contributions and edits. The Duluth Ships wiki ( only has 78 pages about rhe ships of D ul uth, but it has hu ndreds of pictures of rhose ships. Ferry Wiki ( has more than 300 pages about ferry boars from around rhe world. Off ofWikia, rhe World Cruising W iki (www. Cruising_and_Sailing_Wiki) has, nor surprisingly, information about cruising and sailing. Suggestions for other sires worth mentioning are welcome at perer@sh See for a free compilation of over 150,000 ship names from indexes to dozens of books and journals. 1-
An analysis of the arpanet during the cold war and the research by the united states department of d The committee was composed of an "A list" of powerful U. The United States funded a long list of projects to counter the Communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world. The implementation of surrogate radio stations was a key part of the greater psychological war effort. History[ edit ] Historically, voice and data communications were based on methods of circuit switchingas exemplified in the traditional telephone network, wherein each telephone call is allocated a dedicated, end to end, electronic connection between the two communicating stations. Such stations might be telephones or computers. DARPA - Wikipedia The temporarily dedicated line typically comprises many intermediary lines which are assembled into a chain that reaches from the originating station to the destination station. With packet switchinga network could share a single communication link for communication between multiple pairs of receivers and transmitters. The earliest ideas for a computer network intended to allow general communications among computer users were formulated by computer scientist J. Those ideas encompassed many of the features of the contemporary Internet. Taylor recalls the circumstance: So, if I was talking online with someone at S. I said, "Oh Man! If you have these three terminals, there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go. Herzfeld to fund a network project in Februaryand Herzfeld transferred a million dollars from a ballistic missile defense program to Taylor's budget. In AprilRoberts held a design session on technical standards. The initial standards for identification and authentication of users, transmission of characters, and error checking and retransmission procedures were discussed. Building on his earlier work on queueing theoryKleinrock modelled the performance of packet-switched networks, which underpinned the development of the ARPANET. Most computer science companies regarded the ARPA proposal as outlandish, and only twelve submitted bids to build a network; of the twelve, ARPA regarded only four as top-rank contractors. This team was led by Frank Heart and included Robert Kahn. The host computers were connected to the IMPs via custom serial communication interfaces. The system, including the hardware and the packet switching software, was designed and installed in nine months. In addition to the front-panel lamps, the DDP computer also features a special set of 24 indicator lamps showing the status of the IMP communication channels. Russell Department of History, University of Colorado at Boulder the government guided scientific research in the first half of the Cold War. ARPANET - Wikipedia Second, the Science, Technology, and Public Policy in the United States, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ). A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Parastroika Gorbechev's attempt to restructure the economy (without completely abandoning socialism). During the Cold War Era, the easing of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union resulted in. A treaty banning nuclear tests. Which is a valid conclusion based on United States involvement in the Korean War? The policy of containment was applied in Asia as well as in Europe. Verified answers contain reliable, trustworthy information vouched for by a hand-picked team of experts. Brainly has millions of high quality answers, all of them carefully moderated by our most trusted community members, but verified answers are the finest of . The Cold War was a difficult period of time for the United States. There were domestic and international problems to be dealt with. Look at the sample research paper on the cold war below to get a good sense of how America was neglecting liberty domestically.5/5(3). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a United States government-funded organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, United States. During the Cold War RFE was often criticized in the United States as Location: Prague, Czech Republic. The Cold War and ARPANET
Key words: Cardiopulmonary bypass. Complement. Chemokines. Cytokines. Endothelium. Leukocytes. Ultrafiltration. Traumatic wounds, bee stings, and bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections all produce early phase reactants that lead to the efficient recruitment of targeted inflammatory cells to the affected site. Millions of years of evolution have produced dozens of molecules, primarily cytokines and growth factors, that precisely control the immune system response. The first of these early alert proteins to be discovered were the three interferons-alpha, beta, and gamma. Subsequently, during the past 2 decades, numerous proteins have been cloned and sequenced and their products used to define their precise function(s). These secreted protein mediators include cytokines (to date, interleukin (IL)-1-16), growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta, and chemokines such as macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, beta, and RANTES. Isolating the individual components of this complex communication network has enhanced our understanding of the inflammatory response and its role in acute disease. Recent findings even suggest important implications for high-risk patients undergoing surgery, particularly when subjected to postischemic reperfusion, as exemplified by a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) model. [1] Cardiopulmonary bypass represents a unique medical condition that induces a systemic inflammatory response for which the human immune system has not yet evolved a specific response. Consequently, when confronted with the multiple insults of CPB, the magnitude of the immune system response is exaggerated, confusing, and complex. For example, the postbypass period is characterized by large fluid shifts, temperature changes, coagulation disturbances, and increased concentrations of catecholamines and stress hormones. [2,3]* An exaggerated inflammatory response to reperfusion may be largely responsible for systemic vasodilation during rewarming, fever, postoperative bleeding, and reperfusion injury to the heart, brain, kidney, and gut, leading to either permanent organ injury or transient dysfunction. [1,4] How might we envision the role of the inflammatory response, given this complicated sequence of events? Based on in vitro and in vivo studies, we can suggest a paradigm describing the interactive steps that likely take place during the postischemic inflammatory state after CPB. Figure 1is one schematic representation. In this model, neutrophil-endothelial cell adhesion is central to postischemic reperfusion. [5]Initially, oxygen free radicals are released from endothelial cells in reperfused organs, such as the heart and lung, leading to alterations in endothelial cells that promote early neutrophil targeting, activation of neutrophils in transit through these organs, local activation of serum complement, and induction of cytokine synthesis. Initial neutrophil attachment to the endothelium results in translocation of P-selection from intracellular vesicles to the cell membrane and initiation of platelet activating factor synthesis. These changes lead to more neutrophil adhesion, neutrophil activation, and neutrophil adhesion protein (CD11/CD18 integrin) expression via endothelial membrane-bound platelet activating factor. [6]Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 beta and TNF alpha, and chemokines such as IL-8, are newly synthesized, largely within endothelial cells, in reperfused organs within hours, and induce increased expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and other tissue-specific cells (e.g., myocytes, pulmonary alveolar lining cells, glomerular or renal tubular epithelium). [7]In turn, this results in tighter neutrophil attachment via intercellular adhesion molecule-1, transmigration of neutrophils into the interstitial space, and release of large amounts of free radicals. Figure 1. A schematic representation of interactive components of the immune response that likely occur during the postischemic inflammatory state after CPB. EC = endothelial cells; OFR = oxygen free radicals. Nitric oxide produced by endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase or other nitric oxide synthase isoforms may exert important controls over many of these processes by inducing vasodilation, regulating leukocyte recruitment, scavenging endothelial-generated oxygen radicals, and preventing upregulation of neutrophil CD11/CD18. However, nitric oxide production is impaired after ischemia/reperfusion, and inhibitory controls over leukocyte migration, oxygen radicals, and neutrophil adherence are mitigated. Therefore, there are a number of potentially serious immunologic consequences associated with cardiac surgery that may lead to adverse clinical events, including: 1) the CPB circuit itself is immunogenic and induces activation of complement, platelets, and neutrophils, as well as release of proinflammatory cytokines; 2) reperfusion of ischemic organs after CPB initiates a complex interaction between these same inflammatory components, which may lead to exaggerated local, organ-based, inflammatory responses in lung, heart, kidney, brain, and gut; and 3) rewarming may further induce systemic neutrophil adhesion, sequestration, and degranulation. Clearly, the clinical implication of the perioperative inflammatory response may be enormous and, therefore, warrants serious investigation. Four stages of this investigatory process can be postulated. The first stage, which consists of observational studies, has been addressed during the past decade, and has demonstrated complement activation and cytokine/chemokine release, as well as increased concentrations of neutrophils, endotoxin, and elastases, during and after CPB. [8-12]Although these descriptive results are of interest, the critical challenge for investigators is to establish the true significance of these findings by determining whether a relation between these inflammatory markers and adverse clinical outcome exists, and, if it does, whether this relation is associative or causal (the second stage of investigation). If, in fact, the second stage studies find that no relations exist, then one questions the rationale for further substantive research. However, if an associative relation can be discerned (or even perhaps a causal relation), then there is potential for discovering therapeutic agents that may mitigate the CPB inflammatory response (the third stage of investigation). Finally, if these investigations yield such agents, and if these are proven safe, then pursuit of large-scale outcome trials (the fourth stage of investigation) is warranted, to establish the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of these novel therapeutic agents. Currently, it appears that we are at the second stage of investigation of CPB-induced inflammatory response, and preliminary studies have been encouraging, because they suggest a relation between CPB-induced mediators and both early and late hemodynamic effects, as well as more important surrogates of injury, such as myocardial ischemia and dysfunction. [4]Also, these investigators postulate that the early effects are mediated through regulation of nitric oxide homeostasis, and the later effects by alteration of the vascular endothelium. These findings are important, but are limited because only surrogates of outcome have been investigated, and not adverse outcome itself. In the current issue of Anesthesiology, Journois and colleagues [13]focus our attention on the potential role of inflammatory mediators modulating specific clinical end-points, including postoperative pulmonary oxygen exchange, bleeding, and body temperature fluctuations after bypass. The results of this preliminary study suggest beneficial effects of high-volume, zero-fluid balance ultrafiltration (z-BUF) during the rewarming period of CPB in children. The use of z-BUF was associated with reduced perioperative blood loss, time to extubation, and postoperative alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, and suggest potential association between these events and reduction in plasma levels of proinflammatory mediators. Immediately after z-BUF, TNF alpha, C3a, and myeloperoxidase, a surrogate marker for neutrophil degranulation, were reduced; and, at 24 h, plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta and IL-6, the neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8, neutrophil counts, and myeloperoxidase levels also were decreased. Although this is a preliminary study in which an association is suggested, and although there are a number of limitations in this study's design, the findings are suggestive and potentially important. Journois et al.'s [13]finding of a significant reduction in time to extubation and postoperative alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient suggests diminished post-CPB pulmonary injury. Postoperative blood loss may have resulted from multiple factors, such as a direct or indirect effect on platelet function, a reduction in capillary leak typically induced by proinflammatory cytokines and complement, or inhibition in cytokine-induced coagulopathy and fibrinolysis. Inhibition of sustained and increased levels of cytokines may have blunted the typical central actions of cytokines that produce fever. [14] However, three factors are important to consider: 1. A direct cause-and-effect relation between the measured inflammatory mediators and improvements in clinical endpoints cannot be proven; 2. Whether the broad removal of multiple inflammatory mediators is necessary for clinical benefit is unclear. Significant reductions in post-CPB pulmonary injury were demonstrated previously experimentally either with pharmacologic inhibition of complement [15]or the use of a complement-deficient model. [9]In addition, in previous studies, researchers suggested that mechanical removal of neutrophils alone may confer protection from postischemic injury. [10] 3. Neutrophils, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators are necessary for wound healing and, because CPB is known to induce a state of immunosuppression, the indiscriminate removal of inflammatory mediators may be detrimental. For example, proinflammatory cytokines may play a beneficial role in preconditioning of ischemic tissues, [16]and may confer protection from ischemic injury in certain patients. An additional intriguing finding by Journois and colleagues is the elimination of IL-10 in the immediate post-CPB period. Interleukin-10 is a potent antiinflammatory cytokine that inhibits the release of TNF alpha and IL-8 by activated macrophages and neutrophils, which are induced during and after CPB. [11,12]Accordingly, as Journois and colleagues acknowledge, the elimination of, or reduction in, cytokine levels may not a priori lead to desired antiinflammatory effects. The data presented by Journois et al. suggest that the cumulative effect of mechanically removing inflammatory mediators during CPB by their ultrafiltration method may be clinically beneficial in pediatric cardiac surgery patients, and warrants further study. Understanding the inflammatory cascade during and after CPB will be important in forming the basis for new therapies and in designing rational clinical trials to definitively test the safety and efficacy of hemofiltration in the setting of CPB. If larger controlled studies confirm and expand on the beneficial clinical effects of hemofiltration, and continue to demonstrate that hemofiltration is safe, a positive impact on postcardiac surgical morbidity and mortality may result. From a cautionary perspective, it is important to note that modulation of the human immune response has always been difficult, and often dangerous. Therefore, future clinical trials likely will need to focus on a relatively homogeneous clinical population and contain rigorous measures of safety, before multicenter trials in the broad population are undertaken. Perhaps, though, cardiac surgery offers both a unique window into the workings of immune system and a unique opportunity to modulate it. Because the human immune system has only dealt with CPB for less than two generations, we may be able to create a more perfect balance between appropriate wound healing and a systemic immune response gone awry. The authors thank the investigators at The Johns Hopkins Hospital involved in grant #P50-HL52315, entitled "SCOR in Ischemic Heart Disease," for their studies that elucidate the postischemic inflammatory response. Ahvie Herskowitz, M.D., Director of Research, Ischemia Research and Education Foundation, 250 Executive Park Boulevard, Suite 3400, San Francisco, California 94134. Dennis T. Mangano, Ph.D., M.D., Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California. * Plunkett JJ, Reeves JD, Ngo L, Bellows W, Shafer SL, Roach G, Howse J, Leung JM, Herskowitz A, Mangano DT, McSPI Research Group: Endocrine stress response following myocardial myocardial revascularization: Modulation by continuous sedation with propofol. [Unpublished data.] Mangano DT: Myocardial stunning: An overview. J Cardiac Surg 1993; 8:204-13. Mangano DT: Perioperative cardiac morbidity. Anesthesiology 1990; 72:153-84. Siliciano D, Mangano DT: Postoperative myocardial ischemia: Mechanisms and therapies, Opioids in Anesthesia. Edited by Estafanous FG. Boston, Butterworth Publishers, 1990, pp 164-77. Hennein HA, Ebba H, Rodriguez JL, Merrick SH, Keith FM, Bronstein MH, Leung JM, Mangano DT, Greenfield LJ, Rankin JS: Relationship of the proinflammatory cytokines to myocardial ischemia and dysfunction after uncomplicated coronary revascularization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 108:626-35. Lefer DJ, Shandelya SM, Serrano CV JR, Becker LC, Kuppusamy P, Zweier JL: Cardioprotective actions of a monoclonal antibody CD-18 in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Circulation 1993; 88:1779-87. von Asmuth EJ, Buurman WA: Endothelial cell associated platelet-activating factor (PAF), a costimulatory intermediate in TNF-alpha-induced H202 release by adherent neutrophil leukocytes. J Immunol 1995; 154:1383-90. Herskowitz A, Choi S, Ansari AA, Wesselingh S: Cytokine mRNA expression in postischemic/reperfused myocardium. Am J Pathol 1995; 146:419-28. Journois D, Ouard P, Greeley WJ, Mauriat P, Vouhe P, Safran D: Hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric cardiac surgery. Effects on hemostasis, cytokines and complement components. Anesthesiology 1994; 81:1181-9. Gillinov AM, Redmond JM, Winkelstein JA, Zehr KJ, Herskowitz A, Cameron DE: Complement and neutrophil activation during cardiopulmonary bypass: A study in the complement-deficient dog. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 57:345-52. Wilson TC, Gardner TJ, DiNatale JM, Gillinov AM, Curtis WE, Cameron DE: Temporary leukocyte depletion reduces ventricular dysfunction during prolonged postischemic reperfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106:805-10. Tabardel Y, Duchateau J, Schmartz D, Marecaux G, Shahla M, Barvais L, Leclerc JL, Vincent JL: Corticosteroids increase blood interleukin-10 levels during cardiopulmonary bypass in men. Surgery 1996; 19:76-80. Seghaye M, Duchateau J, Bruniaux J, Demontox S, Bosson C, Serraf A, Lecronier G, Mokhfi E, Planche C: Interleukin-10 release related to cardiopulmonary bypass in infants undergoing cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 111:545-53. Journois D, Israel-Biet D, Pouard P, Rolland B, Silvester W, Vouhe P, Safran D: High volume, zero-balanced hemofiltration to reduce delayed inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Anesthesiology 1996; 85:965-76. Stribjos PJ, Hardwick AJ, Relton JK, Carey F, Rothwell NJ: Inhibition of central actions of cytokines on fever and thermogenesis by lipocortin-1 involves CRF. Am J Physiol 1992; 263:E632-6. Gillinov AM, DeValeria PA, Winkelstein JA, Ilson I, Curtis WE, Shaw D, Yeh CG, Rudolph AR, Baumgartner WA, Herskowitz A, Cameron DE: Complement inhibition with soluble complement receptor type 1 in cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55:619-24. Brown JM, White CW, Terada LS, Grosso MA, Shanley PF, Mulvin DW, Banerjee A, Whitman GJR, Harken AH, Repine JE: Interleukin 1 pretreatment decreases ischemia/reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:5026-30.
When you ask what a normal sugar level chart can be, you're expecting to get the info you need to monitor your diabetes. Through this kind of chart, you will get the help you need.Actually, if you don't have diabetes, but you may be in risk on having it, this blood sugar chart can help you identify a possible diabetes onset. The following chart describes what the blood sugar levels can be in different types of test you use to measure it. Meanwhile, if you're a diabetic, the chart, will help you monitoring and managing your condition. Is your Diabetic Heart Killing you softly?Get to know about Diabetes Heart Failure link to more severe complications. So, as the pharmaceutical machinery grows up, it has succeeded on "making up" new natural remedies to help you keep your blood sugar levels within the normal range, and improving your health condition.They have included some herbs, vitamins and minerals, which mimic the insulin missing. You are here: Home › Blood Sugar Levels › Diabetes Care › What is a diabetes blood sugar range? For a growing number of people knowing and maintaining their blood glucose level normal range is the difference between a long and happy life and a short life filled with health problems. Diabetes is a disease in which the body, due to insufficient production of insulin or resistance to insulin, is not able to correctly process glucose and move it out of the bloodstream. In order to maintain the blood glucose in the normal range the diabetic should check their blood sugar frequently, often many times daily, and keep a log of the findings. Blood test results with normal range reference chart, Blood test results, normal blood test ranges and blood test results for female and blood test results for male, blood testing and rare blood testing results.. In this way you'll have a great chance to see, compare and monitor your diabetes at the same time. Alba, What would be the glucose reaction if I eat 2 scrambled eggs with 2 slices of salt-cured bacon and one slice of wholegrain toast? At the same time, you need to have the entire blood sugar level chart , which will show the entire glucose reading depending the type of test you're performing.It's true that the drugs can successfully control your blood sugar level, but their side effects would make them undesirable for your body. From scientific proven researches done since 1990, have been concluded that it can help diabetic type1 and 2 people in the hard war of beating the diabetes naturally. This is seen as the case in normal patients, with no other medical conditions, but the blood glucose level normal range can be affected by metabolic diseases like diabetes, as well as it may be affected by other factors such as the age or weight of the patient. By the numbers, diabetes cases are growing faster than any other disease, and as numbers increase the importance of the correct blood glucose normal range increases. While glucose is essentially the fuel that powers every cell in the body, when glucose levels are too high it becomes toxic and begins to damage organs and other body systems. If this is done the diabetic can begin to see patterns in their blood sugar in relation to their diet and lifestyle and can make have medication and dietary changes in order to keep their glucose levels as close to normal as possible. Furthermore, you will give precious information to your doctor in order to take the best decision when it comes to treatment. Gymnemic acid can reduce the intestinal glucose uptake and, thus you can have low blood sugar levels.4- Alpha Lipoic Acid. At this point dame is suffered to the body so it is key that the diabetic can control their blood sugar level. If blood glucose levels are not maintained as close to the normal range as possible the diabetic runs a very high risk of developing heart disease, kidney problems, stroke, glaucoma, and even coma and death. When it come to living a long and happy life knowing the blood glucose level normal range is of absolute importance. Diabetes is a very serious disease that is currently taking over our nation and the entire world. It can also support healthy peripheral insulin sensitivity, insulin function, and healthy blood sugar balance.5- Chromium. Today’s sugar filled junk foods and the ability for diabetics to live longer lives and reproduce is only fuel to the already massive diabetic fire. It can stimulate the production of insulin from the pancreas and also help to slow down the emptiness of the stomach. Diabetes is a serious disease where the person’s body is failing to get the required amounts of chemical called insulin. This absolutely necessary chemical (also a hormone) called insulin is produced by the pancreas. For some unknown reasons to medicine the pancreas will stop or slow in production of this vital chemical. This chemical hormone is used by the body to transform the blood sugar (glucose) in the blood into fuel that the cells are able to use. Without the proper amounts of this necessary sugar converting chemical the blood glucose levels in the blood begin to rise to high levels. Due to its active components, a lipoic acid called corosolic acid and tannins (lagerstroemin), found in its extract, it can help you improve your blood sugar levels.Altogether, these herbs with the changes in your lifestyle and diet habits you make will help you achieve normal range levels. However, you will need strength and determination.I want to remind you also that if you are under treatment with insulin injections, absolutely do not stop taking them. The serious cell damage most commonly associated with high blood sugar levels is nerve damage, heart damage, kidney damage, and eye damage. But this can all be avoided if the diabetic patient can lower their high blood sugar level and keep it at that lower level. Blood sugar monitor reading high school Blood sugar level 6.6 fasting 2014 Causes of hypoglycemia with diabetes 1. 15.11.2015 at 13:31:49 Also help you plan your meals appropriately glucose test was done are the basic. Author: 34 2. 15.11.2015 at 17:48:53 With both types of diabetes will have to make extra. Author: KAMINKADZE 3. 15.11.2015 at 18:10:49 Kind, and only for 30 days at a time the primary source of energy for. Author: iko_Silent_Life 4. 15.11.2015 at 21:12:10 For this measurement is between you qualify for special. Author: BESO 5. 15.11.2015 at 12:36:25 Form whenever possible as opposed to in flour. Author: NEFTCI_PFK
EXPLAINED: As China Pulls Off Secret Test, Why Hypersonic Missiles Are Under Hot Pursuit In Missile Race ·4-min read China is reported to have in August tested a hypersonic missile that caught the US by surprise for what it revealed about the country’s capabilities when it comes to the advanced weapons platform. Hypersonic missiles are seen as being the cutting edge of missile technology given that they can evade existing missile defence systems, thus imparting considerable strategic advantage to countries that possess them. Here’s what you need to know. What Is A Hypersonic Missile? Hypersonic speeds are those that exceed five times the speed of sound, that is, anything that can move at speeds of Mach 5 or above, which means at least at 1.6km per second. A hypersonic missile is faster than a cruise missile and can hit the same initial speeds as ballistic missiles, experts say. Hypersonic missiles though fly through the atmosphere — which subjects them to atmospheric drag that can blunt their speed — whereas ballistic missiles avoid atmospheric drag by first flying into outer space and then dropping towards their target at high speed. Hypersonic missiles take a more direct path to their target and are seen as representing marked improvement in missile tech. There are two types of hypersonic missiles. Hypersonic cruise missiles are the ones that use rocket or jet propellant through their flight and are regarded as being just faster versions of existing cruise missiles. Then there is the hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) — the kind that China tested in August — that first go up into the atmosphere on a conventional rocket or ballistic missile before being launched towards their target. What Are The Advantages Of A Hypersonic Missile? Traditional platforms like cruise and ballistic missiles have been around for long, giving the leading military powers enough time to develop substantial capabilities to detect and intercept them. But hypersonic missiles, by combining the speed of ballistic missiles and the stealth of cruise missiles, impart an ability for evading such anti-missile defences. They can fly low, as cruise missiles do, while hitting speeds comparable to ballistic missiles. Hypersonic missiles are also manoeuvrable during flight, unlike ballistic missiles, which makes their trajectory highly unpredictable. Experts say the low altitude flight of which hypersonic missiles are capable, allow them to fly under the radar. But some experts point out that the advantage conferred by hypersonic missiles can be matched by the conventional missile systems with the simple expedient of “firing more missiles than the adversary has interceptors, or by using countermeasures, like decoys”. Interestingly, experts point out that the speed at which a hypersonic missile travels means it can achieve “devastating kinetic energy on its target, compensating for a smaller explosive warhead”. What Did China’s Test Achieve? The ability of missile defence systems to counter cruise and ballistic missiles greatly compromises the strategic advantage provided by such weapons. The development of hypersonic missiles, though not new, has seen renewed interest as the major powers sought to regain the strategic upper hand in the military sphere. Reports say that China has been aggressively developing hypersonic missile technology to counter the progress made by the US on that front amid a deterioration of ties between the two top superpowers. The Financial Times quoted sources as saying that China sent up the hypersonic missile mounted on a Long March rocket, which is the mainstay of its space programme. The test, done in August, was not announced. The report said that the nuclear-capable missile circled the Earth at low orbit before descending toward its target. However, the missile is said to have been off the mark by more than 32 km. Which Countries Have Developed Hypersonic Missiles? Reports say that while the likes of the US and Russia are leaders in the field, several countries are working on hypersonic missiles and even North Korea claims to have developed one. The Chinese hypersonic missile test report said that it had caught US officials by surprise with the indication it gave of how advanced China’s missile programme had become. In September last year, India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) had successfully tested a Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) that officials said would lay the foundation for the development of a hypersonic cruise missile system. But while the lack of an operational hypersonic missile defence shield makes such systems attractive, experts say there are several challenges that lie in the path of developing such wepaons, including its propulsion system and the extreme heat these missiles generate while flying low through the atmosphere. DRDO chief G Satheesh Reddy had said that it would take the agency about four-five years to “realise a complete missile system working for some good amount of range”.
Wikipedia talk:How to write Simple English pages Add discussion Active discussions Dumb It Down?Edit At the risk of offending someone, isn't that what "Simple English" wikipedia is all about? I don't know. Maybe I can think of this as a first grade primer. While I can understand that ESL individuals would benefit from the re-writes, there is just something "wrong" with this. Either that or I'm just a fuddy-duddy. Yeah. That's it. Ignore me. I just came to the self-realization that if I were trying to learn Japanese, I would benefit from a Simple Japanese Wikipedia, if there is one. I'm wrong. I'm sorry. But I'll leave this up. Blondesareeasy (talk) I would like to add the following to the section "Think about your readers": Technical articles should not be "dumbed down". If the technical concepts are too complex for young readers then the article should be targeted at readers whose home language is not English. Such readers might readily understand equations such as E = mc2 or A = πr2 (which use an international notation) even if they have difficulty understanding the English language surrounding the equations. Martinvl (talk) 19:45, 9 February 2014 (UTC) Any article should be written in simple & easy English, specially which article is for a text lesson for a young students. All the sentences of the article should be grammatically right. But the literature of the article should be written by the simple words, so that the study may not be difficult for any reader. RISHI ABHRATANU (talk) 21:25, 10 October 2020 (UTC) Yes I agree A Bird 112 (talk) 22:46, 3 August 2021 (UTC) Random stuff on Basic EnglishEdit Simple English might also use dot point to explain difficult words as soon as they occur. • Tears fall from our eyes when we are sad; • sweat is water which comes from our body when we are hot. 02:42, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC) "I also have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat". I know wingeing is probably a bad idea but "blood, toil, tears and sweat" is a terrible example. That is an idiom (that I remember as "blood, sweat and tears" but anyway...) which is good to use only if it is the subject i.e. it appears in Blood Sweat and Tears. If it must appear then explain its sense not its literal meaning: 'He said he gave "blood, toil, tears and sweat" (He worked very hard.)' (But better than that) I would much prefer some guidance on how to simplify scientific or culture specific entries. Also I question the idea that the simple encyclopedia would be primarily for non English speakers, don't they have there own language versions? If the simple version is to exist it should be for English speaking children or people with learning diabilities. </rant> What if they don't have such articles in their language versions?Noelle1995 (talk) 18:11, 24 January 2008 (UTC)Noelle Correct me if I'm wrong, please, but I always understood that quote to mean he was offering the British their own "blood, toil, tears and sweat", not (only) his; a warning of difficult times to come, and a call to face them squarely. 18:15, 10 July 2006 (UTC). I agree, so an alternative phrase might be: "All I can promise you is hard work, sadness and pain" 09:26, 25 July 2006 (UTC) I do not understand the example (and I have no problems understanding difficult English). Perhaps it only explains part of the sentence? 20:07, 25 April 2007 (UTC) There is a simple typo under the header 'Method' sub point 6 -- "...and one Interwiki link (to s version of Wikipedia in another language)" -- the 's' is supposed to be an 'a' Scothonix 01:24, 10 September 2007 (UTC) The sentences should be simple, but should be proper also, No sentence should be grammatically wrong. RISHI ABHRATANU (talk) 21:34, 10 October 2020 (UTC) Milton KeynesEdit I'd welcome peer review of my first SE article at Milton Keynes. --Concrete Cowboy 16:16, 2 Jul 2005 (UTC) I would suggest using natural language rather than Basic English and monitoring whether you are staying within your word limits with a tool like Vocabprofile: . Extensive reading of graded readers with limited vocabulary is an effective method of language learning advocated by experts such as Richard Day at the University of Hawaii and Nation at Victoria University Wellington Jon Fernquest Web VP (Vocabulary Profiler) is a well done program to look for common words, but may I give an experience. I learned the most common Dutch words before going to Holland and was able to get the filler parts of every sentence, but not the meaning of any sentence because the useful words with substance were not there. Does WebVP have an option to use our vocabulary (Basic English) so that the non-Simple English words are highlighted ? Answer -- Yes !!! Paul Nation, VUW, gives the program and wordlists as a Zip download . The documentation is complete -- 15 page in word.doc . The word lists are simple text files. Therefore, it seems able to add the Basic 850 words in the same format to basewrd1.txt and the Basic 1500 words and/or Special English 1500 to basewrd2.txt. The program will then give color coded results for pure Simple English in blue ; for advanced Simple English as green ; and for non-Simple words as red. These non-Simple words can be looked up with the IDP Companion Translator from full English to Basic. Manor 17:37, 30 January 2006 (UTC) Changes by NetoholicEdit I was not at all surprised when you (Netoholic) changed this page as soon as I mentioned it on Wikipedia talk:Simple English Wikipedia, but that does not mean I am against the two main changes you made. I like very much the fact that you chose relatively neutral terminology when you changed my edit, particularly in the second place, where it now says "link to a page which gives more detail on the word." I hope you don't mind if I add slightly to that, since it is rather vague where they link to. I'll say ", such as Wiktionary. That page mentions/links to both wiktionaries (my change, I'll admit), and therefore won't bother anyone, I hope. The first place you made a change, however, I don't like so much, because it says "If no other word is good, add your word." I think this doesn't work, because even though it sounds like neutral terminology ("you can add it wherever you see fit"), the implicit assumption is that they will add it to Simple English Wikipedia, rather than Simple English Wiktionary. But I won't change it until we all make a collective decision on Wikipedia talk:Simple English Wikipedia, and even then only if that decision is in favor of my position. Edit wars and actions without consensus are counterproductive, which is why I haven't gone all over SEWikipedia, moving definitions to SEWikt and linking words where they appear to SEWikt. I am very ready and willing to do so, but I will not until there is consensus to do so. I suppose the main reason I think that linking to English Wiktionary doesn't make sense in any of the ideas I have regarding SEWikipedia is because in my ideas, the words would not have their own page here, and therefore it would be very clumsy to link to both whenever a word appeared. Since I feel that SEWiktionary is the preferable choice, that is what I would link to, with a link on the corresponding SEWiktionary page to English Wiktionary for those who want more. However, if at the end of everything consensus decides that we should keep short descriptions here, both wiktionaries should be then linked. BTW, one of the things I like about disagreeing with you (yes, there are some, even though I don't like disagreeing!) is that even though we (or at least I) have gotten a little ruffled, we have succeeded in keeping personal attacks and heated words out of our conversations and discussions. Whether I agree with you or not, your words have been civil, and I thank you for that. --Cromwellt\|talk 22:14, 8 March 2006 (UTC) Why did you revert my edit? And why did you revert it without explanation? And why did you revert it as a minor edit? I can understand doing so when it is vandalism or patent nonsense or something of the sort, but my edit was made in good faith and improves the page by specifying a possible location to link to, rather than leaving that up to the reader's imagination. Perhaps it would have been better for me to not mention that I changed the Wiktionary page to include both English Wiktionary and Simple English Wiktionary, so that you wouldn't know the difference and wouldn't object? I don't think so either. In fact, I specifically mentioned the fact that I changed the other page, because I knew it was something you might disagree with. But I expected you to talk about it, not to revert without comment. My mentioning the change I had made is in keeping with my policy of making sure that all my edits which someone might disagree with are not marked as minor, to give others a chance to disagree, etc. I am trying my best to be absolutely fair to all parties, to explain my edits, and not hide any of them, etc., even when to do so exposes them to possible reverts, etc. by people who disagree with me. Why don't you do the same? I think you called it a minor edit because it was not something large (I am again assuming good faith), but that makes it appear as if you are attempting to hide the edit from people who might disagree with you, like I might. I agree that marking small edits as minor and not clogging the Newest Changes page with tons of tiny changes is generally good policy, but to avoid appearing like you are pushing an agenda or hiding your edits that others might possibly disagree with, I recommend never marking those particular edits as minor, and always giving them explanations (not just a revert summary), especially if you could explain them on the talk page. Of course, you are free to do what you think is right, but these steps would help keep others (such as myself) from being tempted to feel that the edits/reverts are made in bad faith. Once again, I will not revert your revert, because edit wars are counterproductive and I want to reach a consensus on this, but that doesn't mean I agree with you on this point (although I don't know exactly what you think about it, due to your lack of explanation). As always, let me know what you think, and comments from others are certainly welcome, too. --Cromwellt\|talk 23:38, 8 March 2006 (UTC) Well, I think the section you removed had some valuable extra information, but I'll let it go. However, the rest of my comments, including the value of telling them other places they can link to, such as Wiktionary, still stand. That one would especially apply when the article linked to is only a description/definition. --Cromwellt\|talk 23:46, 8 March 2006 (UTC) Dictionary definitionsEdit Per the discussion at Wikipedia:Simple talk#Project direction, in which it was agreed that we should link to the Simple English Wiktionary, I am going to add another point (2.5) to the method section, stating: Not all words are encyclopedic. If you want to link to the dictionary definition of a word rather than an encyclopedic article, link to the Simple English Wiktionary using [[:wikt:this]] (put your word in place of "this") to link to this. For a more complex definition, you may also link to the English Wiktionary like this: [[:en:wikt:this]]. I am also adding the guideline template, but this should not be construed as an attempt to legitimize my edit. If it is a bad edit, talk to me about it here or on my talk page, and let's get it right. Thanks. --Cromwellt\|talk 00:50, 20 May 2006 (UTC) Looking at it on the page, perhaps it would be better to leave out the markup for linking. They can look that up under the appropriate help article. What do you think? --Cromwellt\|talk 01:02, 20 May 2006 (UTC) I would like to receive more information on this. Timothy Siwale (talk) 01:40, 2 August 2017 (UTC) Dictionary Elliot Dumisani Khuzwayo (talk) 20:46, 2 September 2018 (UTC) Is this really "simple english"?Edit I just looked at the page Brandenburg and to my ears it really sounds bad. The grammar sounds as if it was translated directly from german to english. I would like to change those pages but since I'm really new to "simple english" I could make a mistake by doing so. In fact I just followed the link to the "simple english" version from the german version of this article and then looked at some other pages and realized that there was something like "simple english" - I haven't heard of it before. (BTW: Do we have to use "simple english" on the discussion pages as well?) 06:39, 29 July 2006 (UTC) • I fixed it a little bit, mainly grammar. Don't know much about it, so I can't really help develop it. Torte 00:23, 17 November 2006 (UTC) i can it Shahbankhan (talk) 14:42, 22 December 2017 (UTC) i use the wikepedia 2018 Gurucharan singh (talk) 23:12, 21 May 2018 (UTC) Latin wordsEdit Often, for difficult words that are from Latin (like "perspiration") there will also be a native (Old English or Anglo-Saxon) word like "sweat" meaning the same thing, that is much more common and basic, but this is not always the case. I disagree with the criteria behind this. It's not always better chosing that way. If the reader's native tongue is some of the many romance languages (the ones that came from vulgar Latin, like Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, etc.), it will always be easier to understand, for example, perspiration, than sweat. That will also occur if the reader's mother tongue happens to be any other language but he or she has knowledge of any romance tongue. What if the user's native tongue is English? Simple should also serve younger students (grades K-9) who naturally believe "sweat" is a simpler word than "perspiration".-- What if the user's native tongue is chinese? Are we going to force them to learn polysyllabic romance words?-- "Sweat" is clearly a simpler word (one syllable), with a clear English lineage. Your appeal to Latin simply does not work. Lwyx (talk) 05:59, 10 November 2008 (UTC) It does work for any speaker of a romance languague (and there are plenty of us!), like the OP said. "Perspiration" is way easier to understand to us than "sweat". Remember, shorter is not always the same as easier. (talk) 13:46, 23 February 2009 (UTC) Absolutely agree on the Romance language. Perhaps writing "perspiration (sweat)" or "sweat(perspiration)" would reach a wider audience, while teaching everyone a synonym. Certainly I find using more "formal" English with the longer Latin-origin words is much easier for my recent immigrant Italian friends to understand, than the colloquial/short word/baby talk mixtures many people try to use with non-English speakers. (talk) 09:24, 19 February 2010 (UTC) Does anyone else find the term 'body water' hilarious?Edit Full English "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat" in Basic English is "blood, hard work, drops from eyes, and body water". What makes body water equate to sweat and not tears, urine or blood? what has body water got to do with hard work? and wouldn't foreigners find it hard to understand, too???Noelle1995 (talk) 18:15, 24 January 2008 (UTC) I think it sounds funny and it's confusing too. Ella Vader (talk) 21:16, 27 June 2009 (UTC) It is not funny; just bad translation. The goal of translation is to relate the author's sense. In Simple English : Blood is blood or danger. Toil is work. Tears indicate trouble or pain. Sweat makes the point of very hard work, or in this case, more work. "Blood, work, pain and more, very hard, work." This might be made more poetic, but it is a direct translation. idk wat that means- pls help! It actually sounds quite hilarious. 😂😂 Infinity Player (talk) 10:04, 28 August 2017 (UTC) Strange and hilarious 😑 Hameedsain (talk) 01:09, 15 October 2018 (UTC) E PrimeEdit I don't usually participate in the Simple English Wikipedia. I found this page and was surprised to see it suggesting learning to write in E Prime. E Prime is not simplified English -- it is English that was changed to express a philosophical point of view. "Is" is a simple word and is a good word to use in "simple English." 00:28, 31 May 2007 (UTC) A Small Reformat of Simple English Wikipedia...Edit I think it would be a good idea to change the abbreviation for Simple English Wikipedia from "" to "". It's possible that there are people who speak other languages and would suggest the same idea. • If any French people share the same idea, another example would be Simple French (Français Simple). This would be called "". • All other languages could work the same way. "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat" does not at all mean, "All I can give is my body, my work, my love, and my life.". It means "If you follow me, what reward will you receive? You will receive nothing but the opportunity to toil, to spill your blood, to sweat and to weep" I am not proposing this as a simple English alternative. I'm just pointing out that the version offered on the page totally changes the meaning of the original. Instead of "," I think it would be better organized if we could put the language abbreviation first: "" This would also better follow Wikipedia's current organizational style. — This unsigned comment was added by (talk • changes) on 01:11, 18 February 2008. Or just have a one- or two-character abbreviation for simple (I'm not sure when languages have a 3-letter ISO abbrev, though) -- e.g. ens, frs, des, ess. However, this has been out there for 2 years without much feedback so I'm not sure the problem is pressing. - Regards, PhilipR (talk) 02:18, 19 January 2010 (UTC) Second personEdit I think the guideline about writing in the second person should be removed. Writing in the second person is often more engaging and readable than writing that consciously avoids it. There are numerous encyclopedias for young people that are written in the second person. Also, many dictionaries for learners of English (yes, I know they're not encyclopedias) also employ the second person. Apart from some notion of gravitas, what is the advantage of avoiding second person. What for example is better about "We say X" as compared to "you can say X"?--Brett 12:58, 12 August 2007 (UTC) I think we should avoid using the second person in any form of English: written (simple or otherwise) as well as spoken. Many of the people reading the articles obviously do not speak English as a first language. From my background in Romance languages, it would simply confuse the readers and encourage poor grammar use. In French, they commonly use "on" as an equivalent of "one" or "we" to describe something. For example: "on devrait manger des légumes" means "one (we) should eat his or her vegetables." Likewise, in Spanish, one would use "uno" or "nosotros" ("one" and "we," respectively) to express the same thing. In Spanish, it would not be acceptible to use "tu" ("you") because doing so would make the sentence more like a command than a suggestion. "Tu" also implies that the sentence is directed at one specific person, instead of a general group of people. (talk) 20:56, 17 February 2008 (UTC) I briefly tried to edit out the 2nd person at Cat, then realized it's all through the article and probably fruitless to bother making piecemeal changes. Perhaps we should keep an informal list of articles written in 2nd person so we can change them or not as we reach consensus. In any case, I'm grateful for non-native speakers' opinions since they are the audience. - PhilipR (talk) 06:45, 19 January 2010 (UTC) No, non-native speakers are not the audience, they are one of three rather different audiences. The others are children, and any whose reading ability is limited (for whatever reason). The relevance to 'Cat' is obvious: It is a typical page which will be read by children. Guidelines are guidelines, not mandatory rules. This can be illustrated by the page itself which breaks several guidelines quite sensibly (John Smith didn't), and contains some errors (uses 'requires' where 'needs' is meant). Expanding contractions can be tricky: the expansion of the informal 'can't' is not 'can not' (which is emphatic) but 'cannot'. I am rather with the first contributor. I suspect that we have swallowed an outdated and rather pompous model of an encyclopedia, where we should have rethought the concept in modern terms. In a competitive world, we should write in a clear and interesting manner, whilst still keeping within what can be justified by reliable sources. The guidelines put too much emphasis on altering words, and too little on recasting sentences to make ideas clear. Both versions of the 'Sun & Earth' passage shocked me. Anyone who thinks refactoring complex science requires no knowledge of science has a lot to learn about both science and language. And surely we're not suggesting contributors alter actual quotations? (Winston speech). No, no, that just can't be true, I must read it again... Macdonald-ross (talk) 15:59, 9 May 2011 (UTC) The Longman Defining VocabularyEdit I think some people will find it difficult to use just the BE 1500. The Longman Defining Vocabulary has a defining vocabulary of 2000 words, which is used to explain all the terms in their dictionary. Could we add this list in as a sort of "upper level" for Simple English Wikipedia? 06:02, 27 December 2007 (UTC) Do we need a license to use it? Where do I find it? Lwyx (talk) 06:02, 10 November 2008 (UTC) I find it easier to use the General Service List of Words of the English Language, used by Longman's Simplified English Series. If someone wants to join a group defining a spellchecker based on the GSL, please contact me. Lwyx (talk) 02:57, 5 December 2008 (UTC) Broken linkEdit The link to under "Other Websites" at the end of the page ("WriteIdea: writers' tool for writing simple text. Both java and web-based versions.") seems to be broken... Maybe it should be removed. (talk) 21:39, 19 January 2008 (UTC) There is a simple typo under the header 'Example'. The first sentence includes "... insist in using ...". This should be "... insist on using ...". --Cicero (talk) 15:49, 18 February 2008 (UTC) Done - Huji reply 15:52, 18 February 2008 (UTC) Avoid PronounsEdit English is my second language and I have also taken lessons in other languages. In my experience, one of the things which make reading difficult to understand is the use of too many pronouns in a text. Using proper nouns repeatedly may seem dumb, but it really helps people with little English understand articles. Maybe "avoid pronouns" should be added as one of the guidelines of "how to write in simple english". SurferRosa 22:17, 11 April 2008 (UTC) An article can be written with simple words, but still be hard to understand. This can be because one sentence is used to join many ideas. It can also be because many words are used to make beautiful one idea. An article can be written with just one idea. An article can be written with no words used to make an idea beautiful. If this is done than what is written will be easier to understand. A guide on writing in Simple English, should show that Simple English is not just to use simple words, but also to use a simple sentence structure.KTo288 (talk) 13:44, 10 October 2008 (UTC) And also paragraph structure, section structure, article structure, topic structure and encyclopedia structure, not to mention phrases within sentences... Put more simply: if the simple is not put together simply, it's simply a mess (er... I mean, it's simply harder for anyone to make sense of it)!--GrounderUK (talk) 12:13, 9 June 2020 (UTC) Phrasal verbsEdit After years studying English I feel that the hardest single issue to grasp is phrasal verbs. It's exactly the same difficulty like understand idioms and slangs and almost impossible to decode without a dictionary. I think it would be a good guideline to replace phrasal verbs ever when possible (e.g. "imagine" instead of "figure out"). Sincerely, (talk) 23:44, 20 October 2008 (UTC) I agree: sometimes I mess them up :o) A thesaurus for OpenOffice should do that job for you. However, the thesaurus posted at tries too hard to narrow all expressions to the Basic 850 wordlist. That tool needs some work. Lwyx (talk) 06:06, 10 November 2008 (UTC) Agreed. I have worked in the ESL industry for over a decade and feel that phrasal verbs should also be avoided. Most phrasal verbs are in fact idioms and thus are not mutually intelligible even among native speakers. (talk) 01:47, 29 September 2009 (UTC) It's a good point. Perhaps we should prefer only the more-literal/less-idiomatic phrasal verbs? I think put in is more simple than insert and put together is more simple than assemble or structure or arrange... But skirt (a)round, which looks like two simple words, is probably less simple than avoid; it is certainly less common and not obvious from the meaning of its parts. I'm testing a couple of spellchecker installers for Mozilla (Firefox, Thunderbird, Seamonkey) and OpenOffice (3.x). Would that help new users? I don't know if I should add the Capital wordlist of proper names as suggested at the bottom of the Basic English download page, to help students to spell English names correctly, or if the Simple 4750 wordlist is enough. I also don't know if the hyphenation utility for OpenOffice is useful for ESL/K-9 students. I plan to upload them some time soon, so comments are welcome. Lwyx (talk) 21:46, 9 November 2008 (UTC) I think spellcheckers are useful and I have one with Firefox. I think any or all wordlists that are likely to be used by editors (and readers) should be included so that editors focus on substantially incorrectly spelled words only. People who do not have English as their first language will have difficulty with grammar and Homophones - a spelling checker can't usually help with this but certainly it is a good tool to remove some errors. See for example this new entry by somebody who I believe does not have English as their first language - note my attempts to write a similar article in another language would not be as good and I would appreciate a spelling checker too! --Matilda (talk) 00:15, 10 November 2008 (UTC) I may have lead you into a mistake: I am compiling installers for Simple English spellcheckers for Mozilla and OOo projects, and I am testing the spellchecker with 4750 words that comes in the WIKI.dic file. For me this tool is useful to keep me from using difficult words. However, I want to know if you and other users believe that adding the few thousand common names (people, places, etc.) from the file will make writing easier for other Simple English users, especially young and ESL students. Thanks for your reply, Lwyx (talk) 05:11, 10 November 2008 (UTC) I read the article you mention and the user may need the spellchecker with the names: this indeed may help advanced speakers to ease their level, and improve the skills of lesser advanced students. I think I will add the list of names, and perhaps common words to explain grammar (they are marked as mistakes with my current spellchecker). Lwyx (talk) 05:46, 10 November 2008 (UTC) By the way, the point on grammar is more difficult: web browsers do not have the ability to check grammar, but the lingucomponent tool for OOo may be helpful. Lwyx (talk) 05:46, 10 November 2008 (UTC) Bug found and fixed in en_BE.aff, etc.Edit I just found that the file en_BE.aff (and those based on it) has a bug keeping it from spellchecking well. I also have finished the installers for Mozilla and OpenOffice. I'll post them sometime in the next two days, and I'll post the links in the main page. Meanwhile, comments are welcome. Lwyx (talk) 16:46, 11 November 2008 (UTC) Request check of Responsible governmentEdit I wrote an article about Responsible government, but I'm not sure whether it's simple enough language. Can a regular here check it for me please? --Arctic.gnome (talk) 04:16, 16 November 2008 (UTC) Broken link to "International Aerospace Maintenance Language"Edit Hi. The link to International Aerospace Maintenance Language points to but that's now just a notice to go to where it is now called "ASD Simplified Technical English". Hope this helps. Best wishes DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered (talk) 17:51, 8 January 2009 (UTC) Done. I seemed not to able to edit the page before, and now I can. Jolly good. :) DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered (talk) 22:00, 12 January 2009 (UTC) This article can be more usefulEdit This article is hard to read. It has many ideas. It should not list many other ideas like VOA and Basic English. These ideas can be hard to understand. This article is better in the full Wikipedia. It is not good for the SE Wikipedia. Can this article be changed to make it very easy to understand? Can it be written more simply? Can it have a list of the 1000 most common English words? Can it have a simpler and more complete list of grammar items? Can the grammar be talked about using more words to make it easier to understand? (David Spector from full Wikipedia, Feb. 7, 2009) I think the links you are looking for are at Basic English. I have replied to your lists of most common words in English on Simple Talk. --Eptalon (talk) 16:00, 7 February 2009 (UTC) Sentence length and structureEdit One thing I see practiced but not explicitly mentioned here: simplifying sentences. If you're aiming for readability, you'd rather add extra sentences than clauses most of the time, and avoid parenthetical clauses. You also want to make all pronoun references clear, which means just replacing pronouns with antecedents sometimes. In-line definitions are also cool. Google's Language APIs look interesting for making this easier to use for non-English speakers. I have added the entire section on Simple Sentence Structure to the project page. I think it needs more refactoring rules than the six I provided so far. If anyone thinks that this section deserves some review, you can insert a {{underconstruction}} warning at its beginning. Please don't revert or undo the whole section without first explaining your reasons here on the talk page. --RoyGoldsmith (talk) 02:42, 12 September 2009 (UTC) comman wordsEdit while writing you should use comman words like - In this sentence I used words instead of vocabulary. Comman [sic] suggestionsEdit From good wikt:Articles in Mathematics one can learn. They start simple. Afterwards, depth is reached, definitely. For the time being, I try to get around with Simple, more or less, "manually" (not always does an editor read what he links to). Where is the corresponding grammar defined? Regarding sciences, there is a "well-known" quote of Einstein, roughly cited, "You must say everything as simple as possible, but not simpler.".Efidetum (talk) 01:44, 9 May 2009 (UTC) In the What Not Section...Edit ...add "don't copy articles directly from other Wikipedias? Purplebackpack89 (talk) 01:53, 21 July 2009 (UTC) Is copying an article directly from en: preferable to leaving a notable topic without an article? If policy hasn't changed, I believe en: allows short-term pasting of other language articles until they can be translated. - Regards, PhilipR (talk) 07:03, 16 January 2010 (UTC) Idioms versus vocabulary controlEdit It seems to me that one problem in trying to write articles from a vocabulary-controlled word list is the temptation to use simple-sounding, but actually difficult-to-understand, idiomatic phrases (for example, "Keep your eyes out on the front page of the Simple News). In fact, even though I'm a novice SE editor myself, it seems like this is a sufficiently systematic problem that it probably bears some mention in here. Essentially it's a trade-off: In an idiom, the words themselves are often easier to understand, but their combination makes less sense to a limited-English reader. Thoughts? - PhilipR (talk) 07:15, 9 January 2010 (UTC) I agree. And IMNSHO native speakers are often the worst judges as for what counts as "simple". Simple speakers (children or foreigners) may understand a few basic literal meanings, but complex constructions (phrasal verbs, idioms) take a long time to master. Teens may believe they use a "simple" language using idioms and stuff, but they are actually sometimes very hard to understand (even for native speakers :-). That's why Special English or Specialized English offer a better approach for this project. Takes a lot of discipline, but it actually pays off, at least with my ESL students.--- Happy New Year, Lwyx (talk) 19:53, 9 January 2010 (UTC) Might this be a training issue that SEWP could address to help well-meaning native speakers write better articles? I think in particular some "not _____ but rather _____" concrete examples would help. My background isn't in ESL, but I've learned or dabbled enough in foreign languages to have some ideas as to how one can go about learning. However (and I say this knowing you're a pretty avid contributor to SEWP) it seems someone of your background has a lot to offer -- maybe in the SEWP versions of all the Wikipedia: guidelines that are pretty well-developed in English. Eager to continue the discussion. - PhilipR (talk) 07:01, 16 January 2010 (UTC) Just for my background, I have learnt English as a foreign language, I am not a native speaker. At first sight, constructions using a verb and a preposition look tempting. These are commonly known as phrasal verbs. They do however have two very big problems: • They are inaccurate, which meaning of put out was intended? • Their meaning can change rapidly, also based on the culture and background of the speaker. IMO, it is therefore often better to use the original terms, rather than the phrasal verbs that replaced them. These words are often based on Latin, or Greek roots, and people with a Romance language background have an easier access at understanding them. At the worst, link to wiktionary, and provide an explanation. --Eptalon (talk) 11:31, 16 January 2010 (UTC) Very good points about phrasal verbs and common Latin/Gk roots. And also very good suggestion about Wiktionary. In en: I don't think people use Wiktionary links enough. No term is too complex if you have an excellent dictionary entry at hand, and many of us native speakers could create an excellent dictionary entry. In the big picture most of these are training issues - helping well-intentioned editors learn to write better "simple English". We should brainstorm about ways we might do that. - Regards, PhilipR (talk) 22:58, 18 January 2010 (UTC) brainstorming - training issuesEdit This section is somewhat a follow-up to the previous topic, but with broader scope. I have some ideas about helping editors write better Simple articles. I hope to start a brainstorming process to help improve SE Wikipedia: • Feedback from non-native readers - I believe this is the biggest lack for novice editors. I've studied several languages to different levels. I understand in general how learning another language is difficult. But I don't know what phrases are difficult for learners of English. I need feedback. Can we start a regular process to have non-native speakers review Simple English articles? • Workshops - See Talk:Special English. This idea came to me while editing that article. It's a special case of feedback -- not feedback on a whole article, but focusing on one or two sentences. • More examples -- I have not studied the examples on Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages enough. Some appear very helpful. The example about Churchill's quote is great! The one about the sun appears very helpful also. However, the examples about sentence structure are clearly artificial. An artificial example is better than no example, but a relevant example is best. Perhaps we can come up with better examples. • User interface -- [complex, sorry]Wikipedia intentionally has a low barrier to entry. We don't want to make it difficult to edit, but it's not wrong to ask people to understand what they're editing. Perhaps a couple of pointers directly in the UI above the edit field -- "Avoid idiomatic expressions! Long, precise words are better than short, idiomatic ones!" or some such. :) [/complex] I'm eager to hear other ideas. - Regards, PhilipR (talk) 03:06, 19 January 2010 (UTC) Actually the Wikipedia:Very good articles process might be useful for feedback too. I should learn more about the VGA process.- PhilipR (talk) 16:03, 19 January 2010 (UTC) Readability neglectedEdit I would like to see more evidence-based information about readability on this page. As one comment said, there are too many ideas and the page is way too verbose for an article on simple English. Simple English is all about readability, reading ease, which is closely related to comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence. That have been 80 years of research on readability and it would make sense to include some of that here. One main concern is that the page assumes that simple English is an absolute, as if a text is either simple or not. It ignores the basic issue that simplicity and readability depend on both the text and the reader. While this page suggests that it is important to know the reader, there is no advice on how to do that or what that means. A text can be simple for one type of reader and not another. One of the chief factors ignored in this page is literacy, the level of reading skill. The average reader in the U.S. is an adult of limited reading skill, with the average at the 9th-grade level. Nearly half read below the 7th-grade level, according to literacy surveys. Experts recommend general instructions be written at the 9th-grade level while safety and health information be written at the 5th-grade level. We could do much worse than to follow these recommendations. Applying a readability formula would go a long way in helping authors in their application of other canons of simple English and effective writing. If there is a consensus on this, I would be glad to add a short section on readability. For a good introduction to the research on readability, see my books, "Smart Language: Readers, Readability and the Grading of Text" and "Unlocking Language: The Classic Readability Studies." I also have questions about the need for controlled vocabulary and Basic English here. We want people to be creative in writing. They can be creative and still write at a simple level. We also want readers to learn new and unfamiliar words. The occasional unfamiliar or new word will not affect readability. It is the average difficulty of words that count. This is an encyclopedia, after all, where people expect to learn new words. Rudolf Flesch wrote an article attacking Ogden's Basic English in Harpers. He said, "It's not Basic and it's not English." He showed that too often using controlled vocabularies are more difficult than necessary because they require convoluted and unfamiliar ways of saying things. What is the evidence that Basic English improves comprehension? (talk) 21:57, 12 July 2010 (UTC) I agree with some of this. However, the facility for automated calculation of readability was removed from WP by its creator last year. Before, it was often used in discussions about articles. Readability measures will not be used widely until or unless we get an automated system back again. Macdonald-ross (talk) 07:52, 19 May 2011 (UTC) A fairly good system is now available here: [1] Background information is available on Textual difficulty. Macdonald-ross (talk) 18:53, 24 August 2011 (UTC) No description in talk pageEdit When putting the "complex" label, or the "The English used in this article or section may not be easy for everybody to understand." label, it is hard for people to rectify or simplify the issue because there is nothing in the talk page that tells potential editors what needs to be done. Shouldn't there be a policy or rule for this? Songjin (talk) 06:25, 13 May 2011 (UTC) Generally speaking, it is not a good idea to put the 'complex' label on articles. In this wiki there are very few editors who are actively editing content. We would like to see other editors doing a bit of simplifying themselves rather than sticking labels on! Your idea of comments on the talk page is good; and another idea is to put a request onto the lead contributor's talk page. Better still would be to do some of the work. Macdonald-ross (talk) 07:45, 19 May 2011 (UTC) "But" as the first word of a sentence?Edit I like the "simple" English idea, but it should remain grammatically correct or else new English speakers will completely confused in English usage. The word "but" is considered by some an acceptable word to begin a sentence. I don't care about that so do I wish to debate it, but in this article it is used incorrectly. Under Simple Sentence Structure > Guidelines > 4. > Second example it says, "But Mary Jones arrived first and bought the remaining three apples." Why is "but" in there at all? If we're using this sentence as a complete sentence, and without connecting it to the previous sentence, then the word "but" is absolutely irrelevant here. Instead, it should simply be "Mary Jones arrived first and bought the remaining three apples." In this case, starting with the word "but" will only confuse new English speakers. I can't imagine who on earth would create such a ridiculous sentence for "simple" English. I will refer you to this page where it is stated: I think #1 applies here. It does just as well without the conjunction and will not confuse new English speakers or children. Magnoliasouth (talk) 14:02, 20 September 2011 (UTC) That would all be so if the sentence was in isolation: but it is not. A whole paragraph is being discussed, and the sentences bear a relationship of context with each other. It is the second sentence that makes the 'but' a plausible start to the next sentence. However, the third sentence is not the best choice, for other reasons. It does not flow well. I will work out a better way; see what you think. Macdonald-ross (talk) 14:50, 20 September 2011 (UTC) Units of MeasureEdit Are most people who read Simple English Wikipedia young people who are learning to read or older people who speak another language? If most of the people are young people, then Simple English Wikipedia should write the time, distance or weight the British or American way, but if most of the people are from other countries, then Simple English Wikipedia should use the international formats. The internatiomal way of writing the time is to use the 24 hour clock and the international way of writing distance or weight is to use the metric system. Martinvl (talk) 13:25, 22 September 2011 (UTC) We just don't know. There never has been a survey of Simple users. On the specific point of the 24-hour clock, aside from transport systems, it is still not generally used in the US and UK, and it is a safe bet that most of our readers come from one of those two countries. Nor is the metric system widely used except by technically qualified people. So there you are! Often pages give both versions of distances and weights. Macdonald-ross 16:09, 22 September 2011 (UTC) Firstly, if most of our readers are people for whom English is a second language, then it is highly likely that they do not come from the UK or the US, but from a country where English is not an official language. In such cases, they will be far more familiar with the 24 hour clock and the metric system than with the 12 hour clock or the imperial/customary system. This is a fundemental question for the whole of the simple English Wikipedia. Martinvl 17:32, 22 September 2011 (UTC) I heard you the first time, and didn't agree. However, you can raise it on Wikipedia:Simple talk which is our central page for discussion. Others can then take part in the discussion more easily. Macdonald-ross (talk) 16:39, 26 September 2011 (UTC) Written EnglishEdit I've written the following as part of section 1, because I think it's needed. Written English rather than spoken EnglishEdit Like many languages, there can be differences between English as written, and English as spoken. We use English as written, because that is best for an encyclopedia. Also, spoken English varies between one country and another, more than written English does. Examples are: 1. Words that make other words stronger are used much less in writing. "Very bad", "very beautiful" are typical for spoken English. Instead, in written English leave 'very' out: to write that a thing is bad or beautiful is quite strong enough. To say something like "a saline solution has lots of salt" is worse than saying "a saline solution is one with salt in it". This is because 'lots of' tells the reader nothing, and is also baby talk. There are ways of saying how much salt is in a solution of water if the page really needs that fact. 2. Written English is more formal: contractions are not (aren't) used. An exception is when quoting a person's direct speech. 3. The use of idiom on our pages needs to be done carefully. Idiom is the use of figures of speech, such as metaphors, which are quite common. Figures of speech are phrases where the meaning is not the literal dictionary meaning. To simplify an idiom, you have to get at the real meaning behind the phrase. So, someone who kicks the bucket has died. To lay one's cards on the table is to be clear about a secret, or about a plan. Sometimes an idiom cannot be 'translated' into simple English without damaging the paragraph. Then it is perhaps best to leave it in. No rule works all the time. Comment, please. Macdonald-ross (talk) 14:21, 24 October 2011 (UTC) 1. While I think I generally agree with your first point, I strongly disagree with your example. In that example, "lots of" actually does add meaning and would be perfectly appropriate for written English, if informal. Consider the formal alternative - "A saline solution is a solution that contains a significant quantity of salt." Less simple, more formal, but ultimately the same as saying "lots of." And clearly acceptable in written English. The alternative to "lots of salt" is to say how salty it is, such as "30‰". Macdonald-ross (talk) 18:12, 8 November 2012 (UTC) 1. I would change the second point to say that formal written English doesn't use contractions. Informal written English does use contractions. 2. I agree with the third point. Just "my two cents," Philosopher Let us reason together. 16:33, 20 September 2012 (UTC) Perhaps it should say that encyclopedia articles should - and I don't know how to simplify this - "avoid informality." --Philosopher Let us reason together. 16:35, 20 September 2012 (UTC) Yes, this is an old suggestion. But since it was never used, it can't hurt to reply and maybe re-start discussion. --Philosopher Let us reason together. 16:39, 20 September 2012 (UTC) Contractions and colloquialisms are not used in Wikipedia generally because of its aspirations to be an encyclopedia. We have never, on Simple, countermanded that general principle. However, my own objection to "lots of" in science is that it says nothing. If quantity is a real issue, then we can use a metric to say how much salt is in the water. If it is not an issue, then why are we saying it? Also, younger English-speaking people are not our only audience. Colloquialisms can be difficult for a non-English speaker to understand, and usually cannot be found in a standard dictionary. Macdonald-ross (talk) 07:52, 22 September 2012 (UTC) Because there might be "lots of" it in it, but we don't know how much exactly and/or don't know how to find out? I do agree that colloquialisms should generally be avoided and that contractions, etc. should be avoided - but because they are either not Simple or because they are inappropriate for "formal" or "encyclopedic" English, not because of any (nonexistent) rules for "written" English. --Philosopher Let us reason together. 11:39, 27 September 2012 (UTC) Have to agree with Philosopher here. The reason we don't use contractions isn't because its more formal or that it is encyclopaedic English. We don't use them because we consider them not simple. And "lots of" would be perfectly acceptable on Simple English. We try to use a less formal English here because less formal English is simpler and easier for people learning English (as well as children) to grasp. It is one of the reasons people learning English are often pointed to watch sitcoms because its easier to pick up the language from the less formal English. -DJSasso (talk) 12:38, 27 September 2012 (UTC) What not to do gives us lessons that don't go through these activities which are unlikely doubtfull IrshadMakhami (talk) 10:43, 7 May 2020 (UTC) What not to do :Edit I am learning to write. Thanks for helping me. I saw the section called "What not to do". I noticed two things : Point 3 (about not to use contractions) is made of two propositions : "what not to do", and what to do. Both propositions are linked with a double dot. Point 9 (about not to put links in titles) is also made of two propositions : "what not to do", and what to do. In this case, there are two sentences (separated by a dot). Would it make any sense to use similar constructions for both the points? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Borut Kantuser (talkcontribs) I have made the change that you suggested. Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 12:22, 1 January 2012 (UTC) Edit requestEdit The part is the Simple Sentence Structure section, paragraph 3. What does "erudite" mean? (Okay, it means "scholarly" or "learned", but I had to go to Wiktionary) I suggest changing it to "smart" or something like that. Agent 78787 (talk) 03:21, 10 February 2012 (UTC) Done. --Jeffwang (talk) 03:29, 10 February 2012 (UTC) Yes, but something more needs to be said. That's exactly why Simple wiktionary is there. If a simple change of word does not work, for example if it changes the meaning, then a link to wikt can be made. With the help of your real dictionary, which most regular editors keep nearby, you can make an entry to wikt and so complete the link. Simple wikt is part of this wiki, and users need to get to know about it. See wikt:Main Page Macdonald-ross (talk) 06:53, 10 February 2012 (UTC) Bad grammar in A Real-World Example sectionEdit The simplified version reads: "After the Sun reaches a point where it can no longer get bigger, it will literally explode. But not like a supernova." The problem is that "But not like a supernova." is a sentence fragment. This could be fixed by either reattaching it: "it will literally explode, but not like a supernova." or reintroducing the noun and verb: "it will literally explode. However, it will not explode like a supernova." I prefer the first option. (talk) 20:31, 23 October 2012 (UTC) I don't see a problem with it - it's not a common use, but having a subordinate clause act as a complete sentence is fine if not done too often. The paragraph in the example is a good example of when it is fine. (There is a missing comma in the sentence beginning with "Rather", though.) --Philosopher Let us reason together. 00:07, 27 October 2012 (UTC) No, it is not fine, it is incorrect grammar. There are rules for correcting this all over the web. This particular example doesn't even have a subject or a verb! It says right on the project page, "Do not... Use poor grammar or incorrect spelling." Having this poor grammar right as the main example is egregious. (talk) 19:26, 30 October 2012 (UTC) I tend to agree with the critics -- and what's more, it isn't even good science! Macdonald-ross (talk) 19:35, 30 October 2012 (UTC) how i create new articleEdit how can i create new article.... could anyboby help me please.... thank you... Shyamu kaushal (talk) 14:44, 18 June 2015 (UTC) See the message left for you at your own talk page User talk:Shyamu kaushal. Thank you User:Rus793 (talk) 15:32, 18 June 2015 (UTC) How do I write any article I just want to know because I don't want to mess up Mildred chikoti (talk) 07:50, 24 June 2019 (UTC) Dang is a district lies in Rapti zone of Nepal... It is one of the beautiful city of Nepal.... Shyamu kaushal (talk) 14:48, 18 June 2015 (UTC) A Real World ExampleEdit The revised version in the Real World example includes this text: Earth's fate is still a bit of a mystery. Previous calculations show that Earth could escape to a higher orbit. This is due to the solar wind, which drops 30% of the sun's mass. But a recent study shows that Earth would possibly vanish itself. This would happen while the sun continues to get bigger due to the tidal forces. However, the sun will lose mass. However, this changes the meaning of the original! What it should say is: Earth's fate is still a bit of a mystery. Previous calculations show that Earth could escape to a higher orbit. This is due to the solar wind, which drops 30% of the sun's mass. But a recent study shows that Earth would possibly vanish itself, due to the tidal forces. This would happen while the sun continues to get bigger. However, the sun will lose mass. So it seems that rejigging long sentences just by looking at the grammar and not understanding the underlying meaning, is fraught with pitfalls! I don't think I'm autoconfirmed, so I can't edit the page myself directly, but as I was reading the page and trying to follow the examples, it struck me that this really didn't make sense, and now I see that in the original page to which this example refers, the edited text does have the original meaning preserved, so it would be great if someone could make those changes on the Simple English page. Thanks very much. This caused me to read the text, and find the science was not clear. Some of the language was too loose. What we're aiming for is good science in simple English. Macdonald-ross (talk) 12:54, 25 March 2016 (UTC) An ongoing argumentEdit Boldly moved here from WP:AN, as it is a community topic, not just an administrator topic. StevenJ81 (talk) 04:17, 27 December 2016 (UTC) I need to draw attention to the changes made by user:Zedshort to various science pages such as Star. Because I am an editor of most on these pages, I would welcome other editors to look at the changes and the discussion on his talk page and on talk:Star. It is a debate which has surfaced before, and no doubt will occur again. Eventually, administrative action may be needed, though not by myself, I think. In any event, your thoughts would be welcome. Macdonald-ross (talk) 09:07, 26 December 2016 (UTC) Yes, lets have a real discussion, but let it be based on a some solid measure such as readability not just opinion. I have parsed the reading on these articles using this utility: and based on that unbiased method, I found the writing to be far to advanced for the purpose of Simple English Wikipedia (SEW). The goal should be to force the writing level down as far as possible. Any method of judgement of the writing level should be based on the application of a non biased method, not some personal opinion. SEW should be for those just learning English not people with nearly 12 years of formal education. Zedshort (talk) 09:17, 26 December 2016 (UTC) end of moved section Comments from StevenJ81Edit The community needs to revisit these subjects periodically, so now is as good a time as any. I'm not sure, though, that Zedshort has really been around long enough to be able to say with certainty what "the purpose of Simple English Wikipedia is" or that "[t]he goal should be to force the writing level down as far as possible". I am going to try to summarize some different points of view on the topic that have surfaced here over time. And I intend to divide the discussion into two parts that are related but yet are not really a single issue: (1) language issues and (2) depth of coverage. By all means, others who contribute here more than I do should dive in and correct/elaborate/modify anything I say here. Language issuesEdit We start here with a certain concept of Simple English, which is what this project is supposed to represent. If one clicks on that link, one can see a disambiguation page pointing to a couple of different variations on a principle. On the whole, we have tended to assume that Simple English in this project starts with a basic vocabulary list, and blends that with a strong preference for simple sentences over compound or complex sentences. Exactly which vocabulary list is used differs a little bit between different editors. Auntof6 tries to limit herself to the Basic English 1500 word list as much as possible, if I recall correctly. I'm a little more expansive, and use the Voice of America Special English word book. Interleaved reply from Auntof6: I do not try to limit myself to any of the lists. I just read text, think about whether it needs to be simplified, and make changes that I think are simpler. I do refer people to that 1500-word list as a good place to start, because it has long been one of our references. The VOA list has only recently been brought up, and is not one of our standard reference points. --Auntof6 (talk) 05:46, 27 December 2016 (UTC) Sometimes, it's impossible not to use a word that doesn't appear on a list. Then one of two things is supposed to happen: (1) there's a link to another page here, or (2) there's a link to a definition at Simple English Wiktionary, which exists pretty much for that purpose. Similarly, sometimes it's very hard to avoid sentences with a subordinate clause. But those of us serious about this really try. Interleaved reply from Auntof6: The other option is to explain the word in the article. --Auntof6 (talk) 05:46, 27 December 2016 (UTC) We've discussed using some kind of readability measure in the past. I think one thing that has really inhibited us in this is that our community is small, so we are reluctant to make the rules so confining that people find it difficult to contribute. Another factor inhibiting us, I think, is that we're not always sure that "readability scores", in the sense we usually mean them, are necessarily the right measure for determining whether a non-native speaker can navigate what is here. Our Simple English may be, for example, choppier than would be ideal for the purpose of a readability score. But that might be easier for a non-native speaker trying to parse the content a sentence at a time to manage. Interleaved reply from Auntof6: Keep in mind that we are not specifically for non-native speakers. --Auntof6 (talk) 05:46, 27 December 2016 (UTC) I also have to point out that more than a few pages here don't really fit the requirements of Simple English so well, and we try to go simplify them when we can. Good summary so far. We have discussed the use of readability scores many times. I use them all the time for my writing, but they are simply a tool. Readability is based on several concepts, and some of these are not easily measured by available tools. It is possible to have a great simplicity score and an article that is simply unreadable. This is why we have editors and not machine translators.--Peterdownunder (talk) 22:03, 27 December 2016 (UTC) Depth of coverageEdit Another frequent question here is: just how detailed should articles here be. I, myself, tend to think of this subject in terms of analogy to printed encyclopedias, and in that light I think there are two basic schools of thought here. One, often articulated by Auntof6, is that the language here is simple, not the content. Proponents of this school of thought feel that the content of this encyclopedia, article by article, should aspire to being as complete as the English Wikipedia, or at least as complete as Encyclopaedia Britannica, with only the language simplified. The other point of view, often articulated by me, is that we should aspire to a level like the World Book Encyclopedia—that is, at the level of a solid youth encyclopedia that someone growing up speaking English would use in elementary school or middle school. (US terminology there; your mileage may vary.) Interleaved reply from Auntof6: The first school of thought is actually an official guideline. Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages says "The language is simple, but the ideas don't have to be." An article with simpler ideas can later be expanded with more advanced ideas. True. But the second school of thought is not necessarily in opposition to the guideline, either. The guideline does not require ideas to be complex, it just allows them to be. The second school of thought simply says that it is OK not always to aspire to the level of detail and complexity found in enwiki or Britannica—and perhaps that it is sometimes preferable not to aspire to that level of detail. StevenJ81 (talk) 21:28, 27 December 2016 (UTC) I'd agree with all of that except the part about preferable level of detail. I don't think there is such a preference. I think it's fine to have a lot of detail and fine to have very little detail. The issue I have is when people discourage adding detail. --Auntof6 (talk) 21:53, 27 December 2016 (UTC) There is no rule here limiting the depth of coverage of any given subject. Even people who tend to see things the way I do don't really feel inclined to stop someone who wants to write in great detail, as long as the language is really simple. First of all, there is no consensus to limit things like that. Second, again we don't want to discourage contributions by limiting them. From my point of view, the difference is more aspirational. I think an article here that is at World Book level is completely fine and doesn't need to be expanded. Others would want to see such an article expanded. None of us, though, I don't think, would object if such an article were expanded, provided only that the English is simple. Where that all gets a little sticky is in certain subject areas—especially science areas, where it may prove almost impossible to describe things in detail without expanding vocabulary. Ideally, all such words should get defined in Simple Wiktionary. But that doesn't always happen. And when it doesn't, then there's often a tradeoff between the English becoming too complex and the content becoming too inaccurate. Yet, again, I think people are reluctant to zoom into a specific policy guideline on that tradeoff. Why? (1) Different subjects could lend themselves to different tradeoff balances. (2) We don't want to discourage contributions. Interleaved reply from Auntof6: I don't see a tradeoff here. Inaccuracy is never acceptable. That should not be up for discussion. --Auntof6 (talk) 05:46, 27 December 2016 (UTC) @Auntof6: Help me with a word, then. I did not mean "inaccuracy" in the sense of being "incorrect", which of course is never acceptable. I meant it in the sense of whether a given article has a very high degree of accurate detail or whether a given article, while accurate/correct, is perhaps less detailed. Think "accurate to n digits"; π = 3.1 isn't wrong by any means, but is not as accurate (in the sense I mean it) as π = 3.14159. StevenJ81 (talk) 21:23, 27 December 2016 (UTC) Maybe "degree of detail", "amount of detail", "level of detail", or just "detailed"? In another context, I might use the word "complex", but that has a special use here. --Auntof6 (talk) 21:53, 27 December 2016 (UTC) All of that is a superficial summary, which I provide in order for people to beat up, perhaps, but also for people to use as a starting point for discussing where they think things should go from here, if they should change at all. Your thoughts and comments are welcome. And Zedshort, if you want to propose a change, please feel free. But don't assume you should impose it unilaterally, either. StevenJ81 (talk) 05:25, 27 December 2016 (UTC) You have ascribed some things to me that are actually written down here. I have interleaved replies above. As soon as I save this, I am going to move this to a more appropriate place: Wikipedia talk:How to write Simple English pages. --Auntof6 (talk) 05:46, 27 December 2016 (UTC) Merging articlesEdit Just a passing anon here, with no claim to any standing, but I find it striking how little focus this site has on writing Simple text. Seems like endless stubs get created on obscure topics, just because enwiki has them, and often the infobox contains more text than the article body. I've also noticed articles being cut down to uninformative stubs, because the previous laguage was too complex, but then just left as stubs with no further development. Whoever the target audience is (school kids, ESL students, people with learning difficulties etc) what they need from this site is well-written Simple text to practice reading, IMHO. Not tables of pop-quiz facts, or pictures, or even external links. Those are nice to have, but can be found elsewhere. Other language Wikipedias exist for looking up facts, as does Google Translate. The unique thing simplewiki could offer is a chance to learn better English. Would you guys consider aiming for a much smaller number (say roughly 5000) of large articles on broad topic areas, and starting to merge or delete the stubs? Perhaps like StevenJ81's idea of a World Book Encyclopedia, though I've never read that and am just guessing at what it is. I realise it would be a different mission from other Wikipedias, but this is a fairly unique project. My two cents anyway. -- (talk) 22:45, 9 January 2017 (UTC) Thank you, 87', for an interesting contribution. I would say a couple of things: • IMO, most of the people who really contribute here a lot (or who simply care a lot about this project) do focus on writing Simple English text. • I see the problem you outline as being more that other people—some with good motives, some not—come here hoping to contribute, then for whatever reason just park something here and leave. Then those of us who are here to build this project—and I'll be the first to admit that I don't do as much here as I'd like—have to figure out what to do about that. • It's a good question whether we would be better off getting rid of stubs. But I think the hope of most regulars here—idealistic as it may sometimes be—is that stubs can eventually be drawn out into reasonable articles. So we are reluctant to delete stubs like that. StevenJ81 (talk) 23:05, 9 January 2017 (UTC) Hello everybody, here is my opinion: We should not limit this wiki to a number of well defined articles/subject areas, neither should we exclude stubs. Using a defined text corpus (vocabulary list) is not doable either: accurate scientific texts need to use the accepted terminology, so all that remains is explaining those terms. The other thing that can be done is use shorter sentences. Looking at the little I have done last week: a few stubs to replace vandalism. Better have a stub than no article at all...-Eptalon (talk) 07:15, 10 January 2017 (UTC) Add an interwiki linkEdit Point six under Basic English and VOA Special English#Method suggests: • adding "one Interwiki link (to a version of Wikipedia in another language) [...] so that robots can fill in all the missing links to other language versions." How does this relate to the present use of Wikidata items? Does this point require rewording with an updated explanation? -- Deborahjay (talk) 11:57, 8 November 2017 (UTC) I'm sure it does. Let me think on it and come up with an answer. StevenJ81 (talk) 16:09, 8 November 2017 (UTC) I think I've seen the following since the interwikis moved to Wikidata. • Article is created here with one interwiki link coded in it. • Automated process (maybe a bot) sees this and adds the article to the relevant Wikidata item, if one exists. Supposedly the process later removes the article from the article here but I haven't seen that happen. It could be that it just takes a while longer for that. When I see a hardcoded interwiki, I usually remove it and make the !ink myself if needed. --Auntof6 (talk) 17:26, 8 November 2017 (UTC) Yeah that is outdated. There are no bots doing it now, you have to do it manually by adding it yourself on the sidebar. -DJSasso (talk) 18:08, 8 November 2017 (UTC) (change conflict) The better way ... one that I use on Ladino Wikipedia a lot, and have used here as well ... is simply to click on the "Change links" link in the left-side navigation menu. When a page is not yet linked to a WD item, a box pops up asking what you want to try to link to. For us, that's usually an enwiki article of the same (or similar) name. There are then some confirmation clicks and you're good to go. That's really better than dropping a manual iw link in, at least if the process doesn't intimidate you. StevenJ81 (talk) 18:10, 8 November 2017 (UTC) Brexshit is my word to offer millions of people who are totally fed up with too many stories about Brexit. Dont despair, help is on its way! Stewa11 (talk) 18:41, 30 March 2018 (UTC) I think you've misunderstood the intent of this page. This is a discussion about teaching people to write in Simple English. You may want to offer us a new word, but that's not why we're here! The Oxford English Dictionary may be interested though :) Regards, DaneGeld (talk) 19:09, 30 March 2018 (UTC) Small change needed?Edit In section 2.2, under methods, point 2.5 uses Stephen Hawking as an example but describes him in present tense, despite him being deceased for a couple of months now. It's a small change but it might be good to improve the accuracy of the page. Finnybug (talk) 11:20, 8 May 2018 (UTC) Hemingway App is an excellent style and readability checker that deserves a link hereEdit Hemingway App would be a useful tool to get a link from this page. also is 404ing Iain Cheyne (talk) 09:13, 9 August 2019 (UTC) If you want to live in America learn to speak EnglishEdit All my life I had been constantly bombarded with the phrase "If you want to live in America learn to speak English." I feel we should hold all media to the same standard as Americans hold immigrants to. There's no reason to dumb Wikipedia down to their level lest they continue to not understand English and call us stupid when we use vocabulary they don't know. --— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6c5a:6380:3819:3598:da44:5594:b5d3 (talkcontribs) 16:27, 25 December 2019 (UTC) I was tempted to roll this back, but instead I'll respond. 1. Simple English Wikipedia, like English Wikipedia, is not just for "America" (the US). Even in the US, only a fraction of the population believes that people should be required to speak English. That attitude comes partly from the unfortunate fact that many Americans, unlike people from other places, aren't able to speak more than one language. 2. Simple English Wikipedia is not "dumbed down". It uses simpler language to explain the same things as English Wikipedia or any other Wikipedia. 3. Anyone learning English (or any language) goes through a stage where their skills in the language are elementary. By providing a resource people can use when they are at that level, we encourage them to keep learning. If they see vocabulary they don't know, it's another opportunity for them to learn. I invite you to take your xenophobic attitude elsewhere. It is not welcome here. --Auntof6 (talk) 18:17, 25 December 2019 (UTC) In addition to what Auntof6 says, I'll add my comments. Even for native English speakers with a lot of education, simple English is valuable. It takes less time to understand what is written, for one. All of us like others to respect our time. When we make our writing simple, it respects the time of others. Even complex topics can be described in a simple and clear way. And simple language is more powerful in getting a point across. I have seen studies that show that when legal documents for a court case are submitted in simple language, it is more likely to lead to a favorable ruling.[db 1] (Not that those in law ever do this of course...) I remember it being a surprise to me given how complex and redundant legal text is. And judges are certainly well educated. But still, the study showed they valued simple language. Governments have recognized its value as well.[db 2] (Once again, not they do it...) This includes the EU, Canada, Australia, UK, and others.[db 3] The USA even has a government website to teach how to write in a simple way and why it is useful.[db 4] Companies can and have saved money by using simple English. For example, after changing their bills into simple English British Telecom saw an increase in on time payments. They also saw customer questions abou their bill drop by 25%.[db 5] It can also help otherwise well educated people who are native English speakers to understand topics that are hard, such as health care information.[db 6] I could go on citing studies and websites for a long time. But the bottom line is that it is not about "dumbing down the language". No, it is about respecting the reader. Desertborn's references 1. Note: Sadly I can't remember the study so I don't have a link; I'll look for it again later if I have time. 2. "Plain English". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 3. "Plain English around the world". The National Adult Literacy Agency. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 4. See 5. "Savings from using plain English". The National Adult Literacy Agency. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 6. Stableford, Sue; Mettger, Wendy (16 March 2007). "Plain Language: A Strategic Response to the Health Literacy Challenge". Journal of Public Health Policy. 28 (1): 71–93. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200102. Desertborn (talk) 20:33, 25 December 2019 (UTC) Rossford OhioEdit I recently created a article on Rossford, OH, but I think I screwed up. Can anyone tell me how to fix it? (talk) 21:43, 21 March 2020 (UTC) How should a simple encyclopedia work?Edit It seems to me that the project page focuses on writing pages in simple English, rather than writing pages for the simple English Wikipedia. If that is the page's sole purpose, I suggest it would be better called: How to write pages in Simple English. It could then link to guidelines for writing simpler pages. GrounderUK (talk) 16:27, 1 June 2020 (UTC) I think we can all agree that our goal is to have an encyclopedia written in simpler English. I am not one of those people who think we should have only a simple encyclopedia. But what we have now is neither and, given that, my question is: how do we fix that? My preference is for making existing content simpler, but that's just me. When editing, I pay most attention to the Lead Section and the first paragraph above all. It is from here that the reader can be prepared for what is to follow. It is a guideline that the subject should be established here as notable; I would go further and suggest that there should be some idea given of how notable it is. (There are proper nouns that would not appear at all in a selective encyclopedia, but some would appear in the least encyclopaedic of dictionaries; citations from such tertiary sources would be a guideline I think I would support.) If the subject is not a proper noun, it is likely to fit into some broad category of knowledge. Some sorts of "expert" have published primary sources on the subject and (for the subject to be notable) these sources have been referenced somehow in secondary sources. So this broader subject should be identified early on: both generally (is it physics or linguistics) and more particularly (is it syntax or phonetics). I think of this as the container/contains model: what is the subject in and what is in the subject. Again, I think this should be clear in the first paragraph or two. A good choice of Categories supports this. Less simple words can be explained when they are needed but I think we should think about inheritance here. The necessary words may also be needed for the broader subject and we would like the parent and the child to share their use of words, if that is what the experts do. Or there may be controversy, lack of mutual understanding, entrenched positions... so we should note that and perhaps agree about the extent to which we can agree here! Another approach would be to refer to a shared glossary, where all the less simple words could be organised, with links to Wiktionary where it can do the job. --GrounderUK (talk) 14:50, 9 June 2020 (UTC) Bengali LiteratureEdit Now a days The Bengali Literature is not being cultured hugely, Bengalee People are being interested to the other Languages. We should think what is the acctual cause of it, The students are also being less interested to the books, We should find out how the Bengali literature may be popular again, the style of writing should be changed, the world is being updated, so, The style of writing should be updated, the style of Recitation should also be updated. RISHI ABHRATANU (talk) 06:48, 4 October 2020 (UTC) Is there any Palace in Gujrat Of PakistanEdit Nop but It's Comming soon & with name of Syedi_saltanat & Empiross Of lights of sky.& goin to prior.& Luxurious. Syedi saltanat (talk) 13:18, 14 August 2021 (UTC) Link for AECMA Simplified EnglishEdit The article currently contains: > For writing special to science or trade, do as asked by the process of AECMA Simplified English The target of the link is Simplified English. Would a better target link be the (standard) English-language Wikipedia page Simplified Technical English? That seems more useful, but I don't know your conventions for inter-wiki links.— Preceding unsigned comment added by Espertus (talkcontribs) 19:35, 9 November 2021 (UTC) Return to the project page "How to write Simple English pages".
Museum and location search Mataró Museum. Can Serra Area 5. Fashion, fantasy and sports © Museu de Mataró © Museu de Mataró Spain’s neutrality in World War I (1914-1918) brought a new opportunity for the growth of the knit fabric industry in Catalonia: exports doubled and prices soared. The market expanded to countries like France, Argentina, Panama, Uruguay, Cuba and Venezuela, which were later joined by Egypt, Morocco and Italy. The short-term profits were huge. The end of the conflict signalled a return to normality and the resumption of competition from the large powers on the international market. There was a major shift in mentality and the traditional rules were broken, in the area of clothing as well. As nightcaps and long underwear disappeared, socks, sweaters, bathing costumes and sports outfits began to be manufactured. <p><strong>Circular jacquard loom</strong></p> <p>c. 1920</p> <p>Chemnitz (Germany)</p> <p>Photo: Eusebi Escarpenter. Museum of Mataró</p> Circular jacquard loom Circular jacquard loom <p><strong>Bathing costume</strong></p> <p>c. 1910-1920</p> <p>From Els Banys de Sant Cristòfor (El Masnou)</p> <p>Photo: Museum of Mataró</p> Bathing costume Bathing costume scroll to top icon
The most famous photograph of the twentieth century, taken in Berlin in 1933, was taken by German photographer Rudolf Röhm. The image of a swastika on a German-occupied Berlin street, and the slogan, “Heil Hitler!”, has been used to inspire hate and bigotry in Germany and around the world for decades. In response, the world has seen a renewed focus on the image and the struggle to re-create it in an age of mass surveillance. In this exclusive interview with Al Jazeera, photographer, essayist and author Rüdiger Schmitz speaks about his book, The Great Nazi, and why he believes the image will never be taken down. [More: The Great German]’A powerful image’ Röhn’s famous photograph is now part of the national memory of the German people. Its power to unite, and its significance to Germany’s identity, has never been fully appreciated. This is because it was the first photograph taken in Germany, in 1933. Its presence in the national consciousness is the image which people remember. But how can it be taken away from us, how can we be removed from the history books? What will we say when we look back on this image and think, I was in Berlin when Hitler was in power? Röhms’ image is an example of a symbol of a great, powerful and beautiful Germany, a symbol that the world can no longer ignore. It is the first photo in the history of photography to be shown at the world’s largest photographic exhibition, the World Press Photo, and has become the symbol of freedom, freedom of the press, democracy and human rights for all. The picture was taken on the night of March 10, 1933. Röehms’ father was an SS officer and a member of the Gestapo. He worked as a photographer during the Second World War. He became a member the Berliner Zeitung newspaper in 1945 and worked as its managing editor until 1968. At that time, Röhs father was murdered. His mother and brother were killed in the Holocaust. In 1970, he moved to Paris, where he spent a year as a freelance photographer. After a year of residency in Germany’s capital, Rohms returned to Berlin, where his father’s murderers were arrested. He went to live with his father in the US, where they worked together in a photo studio. After the war, he returned to Germany, where the Nazis seized power and, under the guise of helping the country’s new democracy, began the process of removing the Nazi-imposed images from the country. After years of imprisonment, Rühms was finally granted asylum in the United States. The book, A Nazi Photographs: The First Photographs of the Nazi Party, is a work of art, a testament to the power of the image, the courage of the photographer and the history and the impact of this work. In a country where images of the Holocaust were used as a tool to incite hatred, Røhm’s photograph of a German street sign is one of the most powerful images of this era. Its message is clear: we must not be silent and it is our duty to see that the image is not forgotten. The Great Nazism The Great Nazis were not a group of terrorists. They were a political party with a strong tradition of anti-Semitism, which was at the core of the ideology of the party. They had strong support among the working class and were able to influence public opinion. In addition to Hitler, the party also included a number of political leaders from other German states, notably the members of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), who were committed to a socialist agenda. The Nazis were also influenced by the German philosopher Adolf Hitler, who had become obsessed with the idea of an ideal of racial purity, and whose ideas influenced many of the members who came from immigrant families. In 1935, the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) had been formed, which would later become the Nazi party. The SPD was a radical leftist party which had formed in 1934. The leader of the SPD was the charismatic politician Franz Josef Strauss, who was also the head of the Jewish-Christian Bund, which had become the second largest group in the German political party. Strauss was the only leader of a modern German political movement who spoke about a socialist future. Strauss’ views and his ideas led to the establishment of the Third Reich, the formation of the SS and the concentration camps, which the Nazis executed for many years. The Nazi party and the SS, however, did not come into being by accident. They came into being because of a series of events. In 1932, Hitler’s father, Joseph Goebbels, had been a member and chief editor of the left-wing German daily Die Zeit, which opposed the Nazis and was known as the paper of the people. When Goebbs son, Friedrich, was killed in 1934
Warehouse 13 Artifact Database Wiki Artifacts and their Impact on History Since the beginning of mankind, artifacts have been created and used by successive generations. The Warehouse system has on file countless cases and artifact usage “incidents”. While many of these events proved minor, other cases have resulted in historically significant changes. To the public’s knowledge, the involvement of artifacts is either unknown or highly suppressed. Many of the artifacts in the Warehouse database, collected and missing, have helped cultivate great thinkers and leaders, bring about social change and disasters, cause conflicts and inspire popular culture. One of the most justifiable reasons for the Warehouse’s existence is that when in covetous hands, artifacts can wreak large scale havoc. Many wars, coups, revolutions and assassinations have seen the involvement of artifacts. The first artifact collected, the Minoan Trident, was the original weapon of mass destruction. It previously leveled the mighty civilization of the Minoans and inspired Plato’s tale of Atlantis’ destruction. When used, it could cause massive earthquakes, worldwide volcanic activity and a global ice age if activated in the correct spot. Its immense power was the reason why Caesar invaded Egypt and the Regents sanctioned the abandonment of Warehouse 2. As time progressed, equally destructive objects, both manmade and artifact-born, were created and warranted the need for an expert response team. Other historical cases of artifact use for political overthrow include Balthasar Gérard’s Pig Bladder, Baron Samedi's Top Hat and Magellan's Astrolabe. The bladder was meant to be a flotation device to help the assassin escape the home of Dutch resistance leader William the Silent. Gérard completed his task, but the guardsmen captured him and the bladder was never used. Two hundred years later, it found its way into England and the hands of John Bellingham. A midshipman, he was imprisoned for a year in a Russian prison for unpaid debts. He returned to England in 1809 and three years later, after constant refusals of compensation by the British government, took matters into his own hands. Bellingham strapped to himself the pig bladder and successfully assassinated then Prime Minister Spencer Perceval. He was quickly apprehended and hanged after his trial. Perceval’s murder remains the only successful assassination of any British Prime Minister. Baron Samedi’s Hat follows a somewhat different route. Baron Samedi is regarded as the head of the Guédé family of Loa (Haitian Vodou spirits) and is also the Loa of resurrection. It was known to have been on Haiti at least until 1791, when the Haitian Revolution began. All the slaves on the island had rebelled and taken up arms against their former masters. One of the early leaders in the revolution was Dutty Boukman, who performed religious rituals to encourage rebellion. He also acquired the hat and used its powers to re-animate the dead, pushing the populace towards revolt. The effect was indisputable, as the revolution ended with the new country of Haiti, the only nation founded by a mass slave revolt, and the second colony to declare independence in the western hemisphere. Boukman was killed later the very year the revolution started, while the current location of the hat remains unknown to this day. One of the most infamous historically impactful artifacts used was Ferdinand Magellan's Astrolabe. Magellan was a Portuguese explorer whose expedition force was the first to travel completely around the world. However, Magellan himself did not complete the journey, as natives killed him when he reached the Philippines. It drifted until its use December 3, 1792 by French lawyer, politician and anti-royalist Maximilien Robespierre. He repeated the day to perfect his speech arguing for the execution of the deposed French king. Robespierre got exactly what he wanted. Unfortunately, he was unaware of any downsides until his execution seven months later. Robespierre’s actions accelerated the uprising during the French Revolution. In particular, the Reign of Terror happened under Robespierre’s direct orders and resulted in the state executions of thousands of French citizens. In 1887, Irish nationalists failed to assassinate Queen Victoria during her Golden Jubilee. Their plan was thwarted by former Warehouse 12 and Scotland Yard agent William Melville, who was experienced at foiling anarchist attacks. The group had managed to obtain both Apollonius of Tyana's Amulet and Julius Asclepiodotus’ Shield Boss through unscrupulous sources. The shield boss belonged to a Roman prefect in Britain who reclaimed control of the isle from the charlatan king under the guise of fog. Apollonius, on the other hand, was a philosopher and contemporary of Christ who approved of the killings of rulers for the good of the common people. The nationalists planned on surrounding the immediate area with fog and using the amulet to cause “a distant, but sure death to Her Majesty”. However, they did not expect interference from a third party and were unable to complete their goal. If they had succeeded, the event would likely have negatively changed the largest empire of the time and its relationship with the Warehouse. Although event altering, the effects of most politically misused artifacts pales in comparison to the cataclysm causers. These artifacts, like the Trident, can unleash massive negative energy and create natural disasters. One destructive item was Anaxagoras' Krater. An ancient Greek philosopher who brought philosophy to Athens, he was later banished from his city.. Anaxagoras’s main idea was that the mind was an ordering force that separated materials apart; his wine-mixing vase was imbued with this idea. It can cause shifts in the tectonic plates, leading to localized but devastating earthquakes. It was activated in 1693 and caused a 7.4 magnitude quake that decimated the Italian island of Sicily. At least seventy towns and cities were destroyed in either the quake or subsequent tsunami, killing 60,000 residents. According to a contemporary account, "It was in this country impossible to keep upon our legs, or in one place on the dancing Earth; nay, those that lay along on the ground, were tossed from side to side, as if on a rolling billow." The extensive damage caused by the quake resulted in mass reconstruction of the island; many of those buildings still stand today. A more famous artifact caused disaster was the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD. It buried the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum beneath magma and pumice, their victims preserved in layers of ash. The eruption was caused by greedy Pompeii banker Lucius Caecilius Iucundus, an enemy of Warehouse 3. He ransomed the city’s safety in exchange for the Caretaker role, or he would activate the Santorini Event Pumice Stone. The stone was the remains of the island of Thera, after the Minoan Trident erupted the local volcano and wiped out the Minoan civilization. Other artifacts have had more constructive histories, inspiring inventors, artists, writers and even urban legend. For example, Edward John Dent was an English watchmaker famed for his accurate timepieces, which brought him to the attention of the British government. The House of Parliament requested him to create the clock mechanism for their newest project, Big Ben. By this time however, Dent’s personal goals of perfecting the chronometer overshadowed his committed projects and he died shortly afterwards. He passed the work on to his stepson Frederick, along with his chronometer. It allowed for great feats of skill but caused deep-set arrogance and insanity. Unfortunately, it was stolen and used by the designer of the clock tower, Augustus Pugin. Although it helped him complete the project, it also helped cause his early demise. The first wheel, one of mankind’s earliest inventions, was discovered by Warehouse 5 but somehow lost. It remained unaccounted for until the Italian Renaissance. It was found owned by of the son of a lutenist, who later grew to become one of the most eminent and controversial names of science in the era. By the 1620s, records report the wheel had been taken, but the effects still continued, as he published works until his health declined in 1638. Galileo Galilei, had pioneered the fields of astronomy and physics, defying religious authorities and house arrest. His body of work has been fundamental in shaping the course of science and inspired countless scientists for over three centuries. Various artifacts have hugely impacted the worlds of literature, art and film. They are too numerous to list, so only a few will be briefly discussed. One malachite ring somehow reached the fingers of comic book artist Bill Finger, who used it as inspiration for the DC hero Alan Scott, the original Green Lantern. A rather large pearl made its way to California in the 1940s; the result was the John Steinbeck novel, “The Pearl”. Another artifact, Walter Halloran’s Crucifix, was used during the exorcism of the teenager Roland Doe. Its usage was first described in a book and then transferred to the big screen in the film “The Exorcist”. Somehow, the cross also managed to reach the movie set and caused the mayhem of the famous story, twice. Although most artifacts are contained without incident, some become so noteworthy, their stories are passed on for generations as myth and folklore. Two of the most wildly known tall tales in American culture are those of Pecos Bill and Santa Claus. The first is a cowboy of incredible stature, who was supposedly raised by coyotes, rode a widow-making horse and lassoed a tornado. The latter’s image has changed over the years from a folkloric Viking and Dutch figure into a jolly, bearded man pulled by a sleigh of reindeer. One feature that has been present in every incarnation is his desire to give gifts to all who deserve. The two figures did not exist exactly; regular people used artifacts and the myth was passed on. Pecos Bill’s lariat was crafted from Anasazi rope that can grow to great sizes, while an Eskimo jingle harness helped the original Santa, Saint Nicholas, spread goodwill. Many of the previously stated events possess a different story than the one told to the world. Some of them occurred due to the gathering of many different artifacts, and a cover story was needed. Many of these groups inspired various media such as literature, animation, television and even video gaming. Some, like those from the novel “Inferno”, can release a powerful effect when combined together. Others, like the ones recovered from “Alice in Wonderland”, were used as the basis for individual characters. However, most groups possess only a shared event, where they were all featured in one work (e.g. Kingdom Hearts, Twilight Zone) or were collected by one person (e.g. Subhas Chandra Bose). Departures from recorded history also apply to people that have been secretly involved with the Warehouse. Many killers and criminals have had scuffles with the organization and have even been bronzed, such as Jack the Ripper during Warehouse 12. Agent Wells apprehended him for using his artifacted lantern to hypnotize his victims immobile before killing them. Marie Guichon, the inspiration for Red Riding Hood, possessed a cloak that gave her longevity and the ability to turn into a wolf like creature. When the Warehouse took it, she waited for centuries to get it back and cause as much mischief as possible. New Englander Winslow Homer was a renowned painter for his American landscapes and maritime scenes. In reality, he used one of his own artifacts to embed neighbors and strangers into his artwork. Even the mythologies of ancient kingdoms were not entirely accurate. Yes, deities did exist to the people that worshipped and fought for them. However, some were not actual gods, but merely mortals. The best example is the Greek pantheon. There is evidence from the first four Warehouses that suggests the gods were actually fellow men and their families who had discovered powerful objects. This was what Alexander the Great had found out in his tenure as first Caretaker and employed Aristotle to research. Those families had found magical totems beyond their understanding and used them to sustain their health. As each generation had bestowed them on, infighting, lust and greed occurred due to long-term exposure. Their children became more power hungry and set up the myth that they were superior beings descended from the earth to gain all the wealth they could. Finally, the complete impact of some artifacts will never be fully known. Ibn Battuta's Besom was used to erase explorers and storytellers from existence so Battuta could pass their adventures off as his own. Because of the nature of the effects, the full amount of people it was used on and how often will likely never be known. Likewise, a particular flying carpet does exactly what it says. However, its actual effect of distorting space has caused various space-time/atomic incidents. Many of them have been deliberately unrecorded or altered. Strangely, both of those artifacts reside within the Dark Vault for security reasons. Artifacts with Historical Consequences • Aegean Sails: From the father of Thesus, slayer of the Minotaur. Thesus accidently sailed home with black sails, which signified his death; when Aegeus saw them, he killed himself in grief. They later caused the deaths of Tristan and Isolde, lovers in Arthurian legend. • Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau’s Cast Iron Box: A time travel machine whose complete origin and properties are unknown. Was collected by Warehouse 12 and helped inspire agent H.G. Wells to create her own successful machine. She later published her accomplishment in a novel. • William Wymark Jacobs’ Monkey Paw: Author of “The Monkey’s Paw”, which detailed his plight with his acquired artifact. He wrote it so someone more seasoned could properly contain it and get it away from him. • Silap Inua Totem: Originally belonged to the Inuit people in the Arctic Circle. Later stolen during one of Robert Peary’s expeditions and brought back to the United States, where it was collected in 1947. • Louis the XIV's Scepter: It belonged to the longest serving European monarch, who instated an aristocratic monarchy that lasted until the French Revolution. The scepter was made from “two golden statues of Ahura Maza and Angra Mainyu, the deities of good and evil in the Zoroastrianism religion”. They possessed artifact qualities, which allowed the staff to create a duplicate of the king. The clone was imprisoned and given the new identity of Eustache Dauger, where he was disguised with an iron mask. The rumor started to spread in the 19th century, so agent Alexandre Dumas wrote a cover story, “The Three Musketeers”. • Richard the Lion-hearted's Armor: Richard I was King of England when he fought in the Third Crusade to retake the Holy Land. He fought against his Muslim equal, Saladin, and was known by his enemies and soldiers as “Richard the Lionheart” for his valor in battle. His armor was parted out and some of it has been relocated over the centuries. Pieces have been found at the battles of Kinsale and Khotyn and in the possession of Enzo of Sardinia, Stephen F. Brown and Jack Churchill. All parts caused chivalry in battle and a preference for melee weaponry. • Julius Asclepiodotus’ Shield Boss: A piece off a Roman shield, Asclepiodotus was a prefect when the false emperor Allectus ruled. His naval fleet reclaimed control of the British Isles when they were concealed by fog. It was one of the artifacts used in the failed assassination attempt of Queen Victoria. • Santorini Event Pumice Stone: The remnants of a cataclysmic eruption that destroyed the island of Santorini. It activated on Mt. Vesuvius, triggering an eruption that buried the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. • Niccolo Paganini's Father's Birch Rod: Exact origin unknown. Used by Paggini’s father on Niccolo from an earlier age, increased his musical talent exponentially. Warehouse 12 agents reported the rod allowed for an abnormal connection between the two. Paggini’s father was “alive well past his supposed death”, while Niccolo was gravely drained of energy. The link was cut and the two quickly perished. • Walter Halloran’s Crucifix: One of the many artifacts to have encountered “spirits” during their creation. Its power to exorcise one teen grew, allowing that released soul to wander about and cause trouble. It was used in the writing of the novel “The Exorcist” and later made its way on set during filming of the movie. • Desiderius Erasmus’ Bookmark: One of the few belongings confirmed to have been from the Dutch humanist. Erasmus was a strong believer in free will and equal treatment of others. In the 1970s, Henry Kissinger found and used the bookmark during peace talks in the Cold War. • First Wheel: One of the first inventions of mankind. Can cause revolutionary ideas, which helped Galileo make many new scientific discoveries. • Baron Samedi's Top Hat: From one of the important figures in the Vodou practice, has resurrection properties. Reached the New World in time to help accelerate the Haitian Revolution. • Ferdinand Magellan's Astrolabe: Was used on the explorer’s (almost) circumnavigation around the world. Could allow the user to repeat the day, but caused a dark side to overtake them from within. French statesman Maximilien Robespierre acquired it. The result was the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. The Order of the Black Diamond, based within the Vatican, found it a short time after and now protects it to this day, even after the “incident” with the Warehouse and the sweating sickness. • Flames of Passion: A fireplace that traveled the European continent before being collected in Greece in the 1800s. It increases sexual pleasure and seems to possess some mild form of sentience. Previous owners included Casanova and Catherine II. • Cauldron of Annwn: A cauldron which is based on the Celtic legend of the land of Annwn, it has the ability to completely cure disease ina person and restore their overall health. It made its way to Europe in the 1200s, where it inspired the first myths of the Holy Grail. It soon became a symbol of the Church, who accepted it as a gift from God to them. King Louis IX brought it with him on the Seventh Crusade, where he used it to save his life. He also brought it on the Eighth Crusade, where a second attempt to use it resulted in his death. It made its way back to Europe, and along the way it was turned into a Chalice so that it mimicked the Holy Grail in appearance. • Anaxagoras' Krater: Ancient Greek philosopher who believed the mind was a force meant to separate and categorize matter. The krater could later on shake the earth, which caused the Sicilian Earthquake of 1693. • Jingle Harness: This harness was fashioned by Eskimos to create a realistic experience of flight after the customary consumption of hallucinatory mushrooms. The harness could make any vehicle fly and was used by Saint Nicholas to spread wealth, helping begin the legend of Santa Claus. • Nicholas Owen’s Mallet and Chisel: An English Jesuit who constructed priest holes across England to hide priests from anti-Catholic persecution. His constructions were so well hidden, it may never be known how many he actually built. The hammer and chisel emulate this, creating secret cavities and doorways for people to hide within. This was one of the artifacts found by Subhas Chandra Bose, who used it to escape his house arrest. • Edward John Dent's Chronometer: Owned by one of the main contributors to Big Ben during its construction. His task was to create an accurate timing mechanism, but he died before he could start the job. The chronometer was eventually stolen by fellow designer Augustus Pugin, who used it to complete his work but helped cause his early death. • Minoan Trident: A powerful artifact with worldwide destruction capabilities when misused correctly. Witness to the eradication of the Minoan culture, it can cause a global ice age capable of destroying human civilization. • The Pearl of the World: A pearl of rather large proportions and unnatural shine. Documented to have reached 1940s-era California, which likely helped author John Steinbeck write his novel “The Pearl”. • Ross Bagdasarian Sr.'s Witch Doctor Mask: Used by entertainer David Seville, creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks. Plays the tune “Witch Doctor” while in sync to a flashing light show. It possibly comes from a previously unknown tribe, as the mask has been dated to be over 200 years old. • Thunderstone Axe: Fell from the sky in 12th century England. Originally meant to be given to Henry the Second, it was intercepted by Richard the Lionheart. There, he observed it create a lightning strike and kill several soldiers. Fearful of its powers, Richard locked it within the Tower of London until it was re-discovered by Anne Boleyn. • Apollonius of Tyana's Amulet: Apollonius was a wide-traveled philosopher who approved of the killing of state leaders for the common good. Allows the user to kill leaders/rulers from a distance. Retrieved from the failed assassination attempt of Queen Victoria. • Balthasar Gérard’s Pig Bladder: The floatation device meant to help Gérard escape after assassinating the Dutch resistance leader. Slightly alters probability to allow the user to successfully assassinate someone, but afterwards get caught. Was found by John Bellingham and used upon British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval. • Anasazi Rope: Weaved into a rope from the native plants in the American Southwest. Is extremely strong and can change size with ease. Someone turned it into a lasso during the American expansion period west, and it spread the legends of Pecos Bill. • Guy Fawkes' Gunpowder and Gun: Guy Fawkes was a conspirator to overthrow Protestant ruler James I and replace him with a Catholic leader. His task was to place explosives under Westminster Palace, but he was apprehended due to an anonymous letter. When fired in an office of government, it will explode and cause extensive fire damage throughout the building. Thomas Adlson found the artifacts in 1834 and used them to complete Fawkes’ job. He was captured and bronzed two days later. • Geronimo's Skull: The remains of legendary Apache leader Geronimo, who attacked both Mexican and American forces when they killed his family members. As popular myth surprisingly confirms, Geronimo’s skull was stolen by the Skull and Bones, a secret society within Yale. It was retrieved by undercover agents posing as students. • Star Jelly: A pool of extraterrestrial material, arrived in a meteorite crash near Philadelphia in 1950. It is electrically charged and will attack any living creature to try and absorb its electrical pulses. It is now safely stored with the Samhain Sector and is fed every few days so it does not go hunting in the stacks. However, the case was not properly contained, as eyewitness reports were collected and used to create the film “The Blob”. • Reception Bell from the Hotel California: It is known to have been in The Eagles song “Hotel California” and can trap the ringer in an escapable hotel. However, agent Draco suggests that the bell has a more ancient origin, possibly dating back to the Lotus Eaters of Homer’s epics. • Pope Clement VII’s Zucchetto: A member of the influential Medici family, his rule was marked by the looting of Rome by the Holy Roman Emperor’s forces. After six months of imprisonment, Clement escaped from his own city. The zucchetto now can create exits and backdoors in the structures of walls, allowing for stealthy escape. This was one of the artifacts used by Subhas Chandra Bose to escape his house arrest sentence. • Caucasian Eagle Automaton: A large, bronze eagle crafted by Hephaestus to deliver punishment to Prometheus. Able to identify patterns and learn movements, it is powered by a complex system of clock mechanisms. It will attack a person and leave them barely alive so it can return to its “guest” hours later. The eagle was inert until it was accidently activated during the move to Warehouse 4. It flew across the globe unhindered and started legends about giant predatory birds, including the Roc, Ziz and Thunderbird. Its last nesting spot was in the Himalayas, until agents captured and deactivated it in 2014. • Ibn Battuta's Besom: An old broom that belonged to a Moroccan explorer who traveled widely. Contrary to “the truth”, it is thought Battuta actually traveled nowhere. He would listen to adventurer’s stories and then sweep them out of existence, passing their stories of as his. This makes it extremely hard to discern how many people he affected, as the besom erases said person from existence. • Daedalus' Slate: Inventor of the labyrinth meant to contain the Minotaur, he was then locked up by the king. He fashioned a set of wings to fly himself back to the mainland. However, his son Icarus did not follow his instructions and crashed into the ocean during their escape. Can recreate the legendary labyrinth, which is used during mass artifact disturbance. It directly helped create another artifact with similar properties, the Cretan Labyrinth Archway. • Eccentric Tree Seeds: The seeds will grow in bizarre and abnormal ways, taking on odd shapes and unusual biology. One packet was used to create a grove of bent trees in Nowe Czarnowo, Poland. Another may have been the inspiration for the Dr. Seuss children’s book, “The Lorax”. • Malachite Ring: Came from an unknown source, it projects green energy constructs from the stone. It was used by comic writer Bill Finger to create the Green Lantern Corps. • Franz Mesmer’s Magnets: Mesmer was a doctor who believed there existed a physical force between animals that could be used for applications such as medicine. Mesmer constantly put this animal magnetism forward until several renowned scientists, under orders of French king Louis XVI, disproved his findings. Later on, psychologists defined his work as an early predecessor to hypnotism. The magnets absorbed that ability and can make any person experience illusions through suggestion. They were used in an emergency in 1918 to prevent Woodrow Wilson from discovering the truth about the Warehouse. Head Regent Bailey allowed the magnets to be used on the president, making him believe it was nothing but a tax return warehouse. The myth trickled out to the government and has been perpetuated to this day. • Lewis Nixon's Pistol: Nixon, of no relation to the American president, was a WWII soldier present on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day. During an assault of a German held manor, his company discovered a map marking all of the enemies’ positions along the coast. Nixon ran the discovery three miles to his superiors, who used the information to their advantage. And in all that time throughout the war, he never fired a single shot. His unused sidearm gained this penchant, never injuring a person when fired. This effect proved extremely helpful to Dorothy Dietrich, an escapologist who performed escape attempts in the vein of Houdini and the only woman to successfully pull off the deadly bullet catch trick. • 1950s Police Telephone Box: This now defunct police box was an original prop from the sci-fi BBC series “Doctor Who”. It stayed in ownership of the company during the show’s renovations and cancellation in the late 80s. One Russell T. Davies found it in storage in 2004 and experienced its effects firsthand – dreams of being “The Doctor”. Agent Nielsen found quickly found him and told Davies his group had arranged for him a meeting with the network. Subsequently, the show was re-launched the next year, with many ideas taken from Davies experiences as the hero. • Thomas Blood’s Mallet: From a British officer who brazenly tried to steal the Crown Jewels of England in a planned, 1600s era Ocean’s Eleven heist. Through the enplanement of himself and his accomplices into the custodian’s lives, they gained private access to the vault. After several months of sweet talking, they were able to get the custodian alone, knock him out and take the jewels, flattening some with a mallet for convenience. They almost escaped when security caught on and captured them. Two centuries later, at the tail end of Warehouse 12, five agents went rogue and took the mallet. They used it to successfully steal, this time taking the Irish Crown Jewels. The world quickly learned about the theft but the Warehouse removed any trace of their involvement in the affair. • Hippolyte Bernheim’s Cravat: Some of the daily attire belonging to physician Hippolyte Bernheim. Enthusiastic about the new field of hypnosis, he fervently researched it. He also met Boris Sidis and Sigmund Freud during his work, the respective founders of psychoanalysis and psychiatry. What Bernheim did not know was that by the two used his cravat as a way of studying human behavior, blazing their own paths into psychology. • Wax Crocodile: What simply began life as a glob of wax was molded into the form of a crocodile by the ancient Egyptian Chief Priest Ubainer. He discovered his wife was having secret meetings with one of the pharaoh’s entourage and would not tolerate it. The crocodile was conjured into life through magic and animated when in contact with water. Ubainer’s butler one day threw the figurine into the lake with the adulterers, taking the young man. A week later, Ubainer displayed his control over the creature to the pharaoh; the lovers died for the crimes, but the beast was never recalled. It was found by a descendant of Ubainer and activated during the First Burundian Genocide. Released into the local river system, it killed Tutsis until the owner himself died. The crocodile then wandered aimlessly, killing more than 300 people while active. It grew to such notoriety for its grisly acts that one scientist, Patrice Faye, misidentified it for an actual man-eater and named it Gustave. It evaded capture for more than five years until Artie discovered a way to thankfully deactivate it. • Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin's Bubble Pipe: Used in a revenge plot by a French woman in 1944 to try and find the people responsible for the death of her best friend, this artifact caused the deaths of 520 people aboard a freight train, Number 8017 in Salerno, Italy. Between the war effort and the mysterious nature of the event, the Italian government neglected to allow details of the tragedy to be released by the news media until months afterwards, when it was officially considered a carbon monoxide poisoning. • Jar of Shiva: The god Shiva forms one of the triumvirate head gods in the Hindu pantheon. While his equals Brahma and Vishnu respectively create and preserve the universe, Shiva’s role is to destroy it so the next can be created. In the Hindu belief, Shiva’s destruction is seen as both devastating and beneficial, combining contradictory elements together. One of the most powerful artifacts from ancient times still in existence. Its power is enough to rival the Minoan Trident, which was known to Hindus as the Trishula and depicted to be one of Shiva’s possessions. Whatever the case, the jar will countdown from ten in Sanskrit and release an explosive blast when opened. The surrounding area for hundreds of kilometers will be decimated, especially those closest to the blast zone. The most recent time it was activated was 1908 in Russia. Over Siberia an explosion rang out, flattening out and destroying acres of forest. Although reporters and scientists thought it was a large meteor strike they called the Tunguska Event, it was really the jar at play. Later on, conspiracy theorists speculated inventor Nikola Tesla caused the blast, which is totally untrue. He discovered the artifact’s activation with his equipment while Warehouse 13 was still being constructed. • Obelisk from St. Peter's Basilica: The monument to sun worship was originally built by the ancient Egyptians as a tribute to the sun god Ra. They included scripts and materials from multiple languages and peoples in the belief that the sun nurtured them all. It gained the ability to store and convert all forms of energy like a battery cell. When a global scale event would occur, all the energy would be released, sometimes with devastating results. The Regents discovered this in 1859, when a powerful coronal mass ejection from the sun created a giant geomagnetic storm. It crippled telegraph lines worldwide and caused auroras as far as the equator. The obelisk had released its energy into the world, signified when the capstone turned pure gold. Currently stationed at the Vatican, where its long historical significance has helped dampen its explosive effects. • Fangs of Julunggul: To the native Australian Aborigines, the story of Julunggul tells about the Rainbow Serpent. Although its existence has not been officially confirmed, stories and evidence concur it was, at least at one time, real. It appears one tribe, untraceable deep within the Outback, has synthesized a powder from the snake’s fangs. The solution created is called iocane, an undetectable poison that dissolves iron in the body and causes death in minutes. The author William Goldman somehow located the tribe, describing the powder’s effects in his seminal work “The Princess Bride”. It’s thought that Marie Guichon, the Original Red Riding Hood, also obtained some iocane and used it to poison the Warehouse system when she infiltrated it. • Herostratus’ Lantern: Herostratus was a troublemaker who had one intention of being remembered by the history books. He decided the way to cement his name would be by razing the Temple of Artemis to the ground, destroying one of the seven ancient wonders of the world. Then the authorities executed him and created a new law, damnatio memoriae, meant to forbid his name from even being mentioned. Like with Voldemort, that had more of the opposite effect. The lantern kept disappearing and reappearing throughout history, leaving destroyed monuments wherever it appeared. The first confirmed incident occurred in London. An overzealous stagehand had used the lantern for added realism; he ended up burning down the Bard’s famed Globe Theatre. Then, it found its way to 1930s Berlin, the capital of a rearming Germany. That time, the Reichstag building where governmental meetings were held was incinerated. The ensuing trial and political action led to a suspension on civil liberties and helped the Nazi Party gain political control over Germany. It traded hands multiple times after the war, resurfacing one lat time near the Chinese-Soviet border. An inexperienced forest worker had discovered the artifact and accidently set it alight. The resulting inferno led to the Black Dragon Fire of 1987, one of the most destructive wildfires in history, destroying approximately 1/6th of China’s timber and millions of acres of trees. • Apollo 15 Geologic Hammer and Falcon Feather: Apollo 15 conducted several experiments while on the surface of the moon, the most famous demonstrating the effects of gravity. A hammer and feather were dropped from the same height and with no air resistance, they both fell at the same rate, showing gravity equally affects all bodies. The immediate area would experience a reduced gravitational pull, while somewhere else on the globe would receive an increased spike. This temporary strengthening makes objects have more mass and become pushed down and crushed due to the extra force. Willingly donated to the Warehouse by the NASA team after they learned its gravity-altering effect created a high-gravity zone that caused Delta Airlines Flight 191 to crash in Dallas. • Ralph Chaplin's Original Draft of "Solidarity Forever": Ralph Chaplin, of no relation to the famed actor, witnessed many workforce and social upheavals during his lifetime. He saw the deadly Pullman Company Strike at seven and took negatively towards execution squads carried out by then Mexican president Porfirio Díaz. When he returned to the States, he began supporting the poor and working classes, penning the union anthem “Solidarity Forever”. During WWI he was imprisoned under the newly passed Espionage Act but remained in America after his release. Later on, Chaplin grew distrustful of communism and the New Deal, remaining loyal to the working people’s needs. This draft was imprinted with that ideal to bring people together around a central idea of change. It was later located in the Baltic States of the then existent Soviet Union. Over the course of years, it moved its way throughout the region, constantly trading hands and crossing borders. The cumulative scale of people it affected managed to intensify the people’s hatred of foreign control. Citizens held mass demonstrations of singing in defiance of Soviet rule and declared their independence. The independent nations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were established in 1991, and later joined the European Union in 2004. • Maui's Fishhook: Recorded in Polynesian and Hawaiian myth, Maui was venerated as the god of volcanism. He made the Hawaiian Islands by tricking his brothers into fishing up the seafloor with a fishhook that could catch anything. Previous Warehouses knew of its existence but had no realistic way of finding or even getting close to it. A foreign trading vessel finally located it for them, only for the Regents to misplace it nine years later. Its next appearance was in the Pacific Ocean on a small Indonesian island. The minimal volcanic activity present was excited to astronomical levels and the island quite literally exploded. Krakatoa sent out lava, shockwaves and tsunamis thousands of miles away, affecting global climate and temperatures for years. The hook itself landed in New Zealand, deep in an underground well, situated nearby a fault line and volcano range. Retrieval was declared too risky and it remains stuck there to this day. • Johann Blumhardt's Rosary: A theologian that shipped the idea of “Jesus is the victor”, he and others afterwards heavily used the phrase to perform exorcisms. He personally used these beads to remove a demonic energy from a little girl. It separates the good and bad portions of the user’s being into two separate but identical bodies. Killing one solidifies the existence, allowing them to take the place of their twin. 1930s America, the Great Depression was in full swing and the great era of robbers and thieves occurred. Two of the biggest were Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, lovers outrunning the law. When Clyde was imprisoned shortly after they first met, the rosary was used upon him and he returned the favor by stealing it on his way out to parole. An incident occurred where Bonnie injured herself with battery acid and Clyde was forced to use the artifact. Her injuries were healed, but the cunning and cruel clone wrested control over her original and started a gang expressly created through the artifact. Warehouse agents discovered the truth and took action, ending her reign of terror and bronzing her indefinitely. • Edward Mordake's Second Face: Edward Mordake possessed English heritage but possessed an oddity that prevented him from claiming it. He had a second face on the back of his head, possibly a form of extreme parasitic win. It could not speak or eat but seemed able to react to Edward’s emotions. The face caused him constant terror, believing it spoke to him evil thoughts. No doctor would remove it and he committed suicide in his mid-20s. The tragic tale of Mordake did not completely end there. Its last victim was musician and songwriter Tom Waits, who wrote the song “Poor Edward” as a form of tribute to him. • Ptolemy's Refracting Mirror Lens: The most eminent geographer and mapmaker of the ancient Hellenistic world. He created some of the most accurate maps of his time with the mixture of inaccurate and wild reports he received from explorers. Ptolemy also heavily researched the orbits of planets and constellations stars would form. One thing most do not know is that he also tried to recreate the first death ray, made by engineer Archimedes of Syracuse. Made of reflective mirrors along with some vital adjustments, the machine worked. A little too well, as it burned down half his home. Concerned over the destruction his machine could cause, he dismantled it and sold off the pieces. But the reflective mirrors still retained some of the original properties, allowing them to create an intense thermal beam when exposed to sunlight. Some were located and used in the construction of Warehouse 13. Others went missing and caused fires, including the Great Fire of Hindon in London, burning nearly 150 separate buildings. Artifact Groups Various artifacts can be grouped together by their normally calm or familiar behavior with each other. Most of these groups do not possess the same abilities, but were sometime brought together all at once. When this happens, there is usually a cover story for their meetings. • Twilight Zone Artifacts: Writer Rod Serling had been exposed to artifacts before and even helped with a case. He was given clearance for the Warehouse and cast the Regents an idea. He would create a show of sci-fi and fantasy and base the plot or characters around the effects of an artifact. This would subconsciously expose the public to important information about artifacts and help them accept the impossible as real. Many artifacts were located through the show, which prompted reboots to help prevent widespread artifact use. • Alice in Wonderland Artifacts: After the Carrol-Liddel incident, Warehouse agents wrote "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” and “Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There” to cover up any artifacts at the time. Many of the artifacts now reside in the Grimm Sector due to their shared story. • Subhas Chandra Bose: Bose was an Indian nationalist who tried to enlist the Axis powers for help in gaining independence. He was a skilled artifact locator and was extremely close to finding several powerful artifacts, including part of the Minoan Trident. Warehouse agents were authorized to use any artifact they could to crash Bose’s flight. He was then bronzed, his collected artifacts taken and his notes used to locate several more artifacts. • Legends of the Hidden Temple: An educational children’s show in the 1990s, where contestants competed physically and mentally to retrieve the “lost artifact” in the temple and win prizes. In reality, the show was a large artifact ring, where many of the props were actual artifacts. It was busted by Artie and was one of the largest mass retrievals of the last few decades. • Dante's Inferno Artifacts: Warehouse 8 Regent Dante Alighieri discovered nine artifacts with destructive power when brought together, which could open a portal to a demonic dimension. Dante wrote each artifact to a corresponding ring of hell in his book “The Inferno”, which was the first time a literary cover was used. • The Disney Vault: Originally, these artifacts were stored off-site, as the effects could easily cause mental impairment in agents and were hard to keep neutralized. Former agent Walt Disney gladly consented to storing them in Disneyland, hidden from the public eye. These artifacts could also cause heavy waves of inspiration, and would periodically leak out. This unintentionally helped his writing, editing and design members create movies for the company. In 2013, it was discovered the Vault had been accessed by an unknown organization. They did not manage to steal any of the artifacts, which were quickly relocated back to the Warehouse for better protection. • Dan Seavey’s Cache: Roaring Dan Seavey was one of the last pirates, attacking shipping lanes on the Great Lakes. He would many times place false lights to lure ships into crashing on the rocky shores. He used a similar tactic of grounding and straightforward attack on the Warehouse 12 cargo ship HMS Avalon. During the fight, one agent was killed and the contents of the ship were stolen. Seavey, who had lost two fingers, retreated to New York to hide his treasure. The artifacts were declared lost until 2013, when the stash was finally located. It was one of the largest finds of missing artifacts in the 21st century, behind the Artie’s Russian retrieval, the discovery of Walter Sykes’ collection and the rediscovery of Warehouse 2. Factorem virtute Known since the days of Warehouse 2, certain individuals were labelled "Factorem virtute" or "Makers of Power". For unknown reasons these individuals are the originators of several different artifacts from many points in their lives. The exact reasons for Factorem virtute or how to identify them pre-creation are so far not understood, but they are considered a threat, albeit an unknowing one. The best hypothesis surrounding them came from Warehouse 9; translated: "A nexus of artifact energy inspiring them to greatness, so it may latch onto an object at the opportune moment and birth an artifact. Their accomplishments may not be their own, but the will of the universe pushing them to birth its energy," Note that proximity to the Warehouse has also been known to birth artifacts spontaneously due to the genius and inventiveness of its patrons, and those connected to the Warehouse are not considered Factorem virtute. With few exceptions, Factorem virtute tend towards artists, inventors or scientists as mediums for artifact creation. Known Factorem virtute include • Aesop • Leonardo da Vinci • Elizabeth Bathory • Guru Gobind Singh • Jane Austin • Catherine the Great • John Dee • Napoleon Bonaparte • Benjamin Franklin • Issac Newton • George Washington • Hans Christian Anderson • Michael Faraday • J.M. Barrie • Vincent Van Gogh • Edgar Allan Poe • Auguste Rodin • Sigmund Freud • Robert Frost • Harry Houdini • Mahatma Ghandi • Salvador Dali • Andy Warhol • Martin Luther King Jr. • Elvis Presley • Jimmi Hendrix
New technology could help cities inspect and maintain streets more efficiently Street inspections are time-consuming and, ultimately, subjective. What if a computer could do that work instead of a human inspector? Christoph Mertz spends his days looking at cracks in the street. “Once you’re involved in something like this, you see every crack in the road, every pothole, you say, ‘ohhh, this is interesting,’” he said as he wove around sizeable potholes on the narrow streets behind Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. A small camera mounted on his windshield much like a GPS device shot video of the pavement unspooling in front of him as he drove. He said he relished finding really deteriorated streets because “it’s a really good example for my data.” Mertz is a researcher at Carnegie Mellon University. He works with CMU’s Traffic 21, a research arm of the university focusing on practical solutions to transportation problems, and he’s built a computer program that uses photos to detect cracks in street pavement. He’s been testing it out using photos extracted from the video he shoots in his own car, but he’s also working with the city to test the technology. He’s placed cameras inside three city vehicles. • WHYY thanks our sponsors — become a WHYY sponsor For Pittsburgh, which currently uses manual, visual inspections to assess city streets, the technology could one day be a more reliable and cheaper alternative tool for maintaining roads. Human vs. computer inspections Pittsburgh maintains 1,100 miles of streets, divided into 17,000 segments. Three inspectors are responsible for visiting each of those segments to evaluate them. The inspectors use their eyes to assess the streets, to note any cracks, potholes, or rutting, the severity of the deterioration, and its proliferation in the segment. Though the inspectors are trained, Deputy Director of Public Works, Lee Haller, said inspections can be “fairly subjective.” Also, the inspectors have other responsibilities; it takes them four to five years to review all of the segments. The city uses a pavement management system and models to predict a street’s lifespan but Haller said because of the subjectivity and long inspection periods, there’s a good chance much of the base data is inaccurate. “After winter the condition of a given street can change rapidly because what was just cracking after a number of freeze-thaw cycles turns into major potholes,” he said. Pittsburgh’s street inspection system is standard for cities. Mertz’s program, he claims, automates the process, speeds it up, and eliminates human bias. It uses photos from the cameras installed in city vehicles — vehicles that would be making rounds in the city anyway, not requiring dedicated city employees’ time. The program breaks the pavement in each picture into a grid and then the photos are combed digitally, using an algorithm, looking for texture. A newly paved road looks flat to the machine, but a road with cracks in it will have texture. Then it calculates how much of the given surface is covered by cracks and scores the road’s condition. The program can ‘inspect’ streets as quickly as the photos from the city cars come in. Mertz said running the algorithms on large data sets can take a while, but for him that meant several days, a relative wink-of-an-eye compared to the city’s years-long inspection cycle. For Haller, having access to more accurate, up-to-date street data would make planning easier and more effective. He’d know exactly which street segments need work to get all streets in the city up to a certain quality threshold, for example. He’d be able to ask for money and promise specific results, something he can’t always do now. “I think when you have the conversation with Council and say these are the extra streets specifically by name that we would be able to do in this upcoming season if we had extra money, it’s more tangible,” he said. A better, more predictably maintained road network means a more viable city. “That is not only the public getting to and from work, which is very important, but it’s also bringing goods and services…freight and the like,” said American Society of Civil Engineers fellow, Brian Leshko. “It really does have a big impact on the economy of a city.” Working out the kinks Back at the lab, Mertz is still working out kinks in the program. He pulls up a map of Pittsburgh filled with green, yellow and red dots, each representing an analyzed image of a street segment. Green means the road is good, yellow means it has some damage, and red means it’s bad. As he clicks on the dots images of the pavement pop up. He clicks on a red dot, which means the road is bad, but the photo shows smooth pavement, broken only by the shadows of overhanging tree branches. It turns out the algorithm still can’t tell cracks and branch shadows apart. Mertz says the machine learning algorithms are still…learning. There are some other issues, too. For now, files have to be transferred and handled manually, which Haller says doesn’t work for the city. Mertz also hasn’t trained his program to see potholes, patches, rutting, or to analyze non-pavement road surfaces (Pittsburgh has many brick and stone streets). He said he hopes to get to all that. When he does, the technology could be a game changer for cities like Pittsburgh with aging infrastructure and limited resources. Together we can reach 100% of WHYY’s fiscal year goal
2 Techniques to Version Embedded Hardware When it comes to embedded systems version control, I often immediately jump to thinking about the software. Software changes often and carefully managing those changes are crucial, but so is versioning the hardware. A small hardware change could obsolesce every version of software up to that hardware change. In todays’ post, we are going to examine two techniques to version hardware that are also software readable so that the software can ensure that it is paired with a compatible hardware version. Technique #1 – Using GPIO to Hard Code PCB Versions The first technique that we are going to discuss is how to use GPIO lines on the microcontroller to provide a readable PCB version number. Nearly every PCB I have ever seen puts the hardware version number on the PCB silkscreen, but the system software can’t read the silkscreen like a human can (at least not yet). Hardware can change considerably between versions and it can be critical to ensure that a certain software version runs on specific hardware. To accomplish this, the software needs to be able to read the hardware version number directly from the PCB to make sure that it is running on compatible hardware. A common way to version the hardware is to use a few spare GPIO lines as a dedicated hardware version number. Each GPIO line can be either pulled to VCC (represents a 1) or ground (represents a 0). If a binary representation is used, two GPIO would provide up to four versions while three GPIO would provide eight versions as shown below: Version GPIO 0 GPIO 1 GPIO 2 Version 1 0 0 0 Version 2 0 0 1 Version 3 0 1 0 Version 4 0 1 1 Version 5 1 0 0 Version 6 1 0 1 Version 7 1 1 0 Version 8 1 1 1 When the software starts, it can initialize the GPIO lines and then read the PCB version number and determine if the software supports the hardware. If everything is good, then the software runs the application. There are a few gotchas with using GPIO lines though. First, there has to be free GPIO lines on the microcontroller. If the design is dense or using a low-pin count microcontroller, there may not be two or three GPIO lines to use for versioning. Second, we need to make sure that the resistors that are used to pull the GPIO line high or low are approximately sized so that we do not end up with a large leakage current. Third, when the boards are manufactured, we need to verify that the version number was properly updated so that we don’t end up with boards with the wrong version number due to a manufacturing error. Technique #2 – Using an Analog-To-Digital Converter to Hard Code Versions Not all systems will have two or three free GPIO lines available. An alternative solution to versioning the PCB is to leverage a free analog to digital (ADC) channel. An ADC channel will often have a range from 0 to 3.3 volts (although some may have 0 – 1.7 or 0 – 5.0) that we can breakup into different voltage ranges to represent different board versions. For example, a standard 12-bit ADC channel will have a range from 0 – 4095 that we could breakup into eight different versions as shown below: Version ADC Low ADC High Version 1 0 512 Version 2 513 1024 Version 3 1025 1536 Version 4 1537 2048 Version 5 2049 2560 Version 6 2561 3072 Version 7 3073 3584 Version 8 3584 4095 The goal is to create a resistive ladder circuit where the mid-point of the ladder is connected to the ADC pin. The values for the resistors should be selected so that they fall within the midpoint for our range. For example, version one should select resistors that product a voltage of ~0.206 which corresponds to ~256 counts. When a version 2 of the board is ready, the resistor ladder is updated to produce a voltage of ~0.618 which corresponds to ~768 counts. When the system boots, the software would read the analog voltage and then determine which version the PCB is at and whether the software is compatible with that hardware version. Now there are a few points to consider when using the ADC versioning scheme. First, you could easily scale this system to more than eight versions by simply adjusting the range. This is better than having to add additional GPIO pins to reach higher version numbers. Second, just like with the GPIO technique, resistor values need to be appropriately selected in order to minimize leakage current. One way to minimize this current is to have a GPIO line supply the VCC so that the version circuit can be turned off when it is not needed. This does require the use of one additional pin though, but for a low power system can save on precious leakage current. Third, you need to select components whose value are high precision, 1% or better, and won’t de-rate by too much over the products lifetime. This will prevent a version 1 hardware from suddenly becoming a version 2 or version 3 over the course of 5 or 10 years. As we have seen in today’s post, there are several different ways that developers can version their hardware such that the software can verify that they are running on a known hardware version. This can prevent hardware / software mismatches and ensure that the system itself can verify that it is configured appropriately. We’ve seen that there are at least two techniques to make our PCB version number readable. The technique that you choose will depend on your end goals and the application that you are targeting. 6 thoughts on “2 Techniques to Version Embedded Hardware” 1. You could use 1,0,hiZ as three possibilities instead of 2 per pin, then 2 pins would get you more combinations than 3 pins with only 1 and 0. The Z is detected by driving the line low, then input, then drive high, and finally input. Pin & board capacitance hold the last drive level for a little while and the hiZ condition is detected when the 2 input stages see different values. 2. Another useful technique if the CPU doesn’t have enough available GPIOs but has a SPI bus is using a 74HC165 to send rev info serially. This can also be useful for option modules, as there are enough bits to encode both a module ID and a hardware rev. 3. Thanks! Remember that option 2 requires care in making the correct BOM change (as well as ensuring the correct resistor value is installed). Also, the version voltages do not need to be linear (in case someone wants to use common or available resistor values) as long as the levels are documented. 4. We have used Technique #2 for years, with an official document specify the resistors to use for each version level. Because you only need to check this once at power up, we usually then switch the A/D channel to some other analogue device like a thermistor. 5. We are using here a somewhat different scheme for hardware version control. The controllers are ATxmega, which allow a hardware fingerprinting by some unique information programmed during chip manufacturing. You then have to ‘only’ keep a data base, which relates the fingerprints to the hardware revisions. As we ensure a tracking of all assembled components, this is for us no additional effort. The read-out of the fingerprint is done during assembled board testing. We are using the fingerprints instead of serial numbers throughout our QM system. There are other contollers on the market with similar features. You can do the same by using one of those single-wire hw id chips. Leave a Reply to Dan Cancel reply
Social Media Influence On Politics A Shift of Focus Through Televised Politics and Political Presence on Social Media Purpose The topic of discussion will be the changes in America’s political realm caused by the changes in technology. Specifically, this paper will examine the effects of television impact of the election process and political processes and how the Internet, specially the emergence of social media, has aided the changes to the political system. It will examine the change of focus in American political campaigns facilitated by television and the Internet, which seems to have gone from political issues that are facing the country to the image and opinion of the president and presidential candidates. The next step will be to examine how these changes have affected …show more content… The first guiding question is directed at television’s effect on political focus: how has the television age changed the focus of the presidential election process and the presidency itself? This question seeks to explore how the image-driven campaigns that arose with television have caused the elections and the political processes to evolve in both focus and function. The second question will be directed at the effect of the Internet and social media: how has the Internet and specifically social media furthered the influence of television and how has it affected the presidential process on it’s own? This question will seek to find how the Internet’s ability to provide up-to-the-minute information to both the government and the people has affected political processes such as presidential campaigns. It also seeks to explore the effects of social media and its ability to both provide a feedback platform and a platform to further humanize political figures. The third question will combine the first two answers and evaluate what they have to say about the big picture of American politics and what that says about the future of America’s political realm: have the effects of these technological advances compromised America’s identity as a democracy in any way? This question seeks to explore how the political changes facilitated by both television and the …show more content… He examines Obama’s use of social media and the effects of such tactics on his campaign. He observes the attention and following Obama was able to gain on social media. In this sense, he seems to be painting a positive picture of social media’s role in the political realm. However, he seems to ignore the similar description of image management and presidential involvement in social media societies. He also furthers Postman’s claim that presidential debates and races have turned into boxing matches rather than discussions. Wheeler expands this illustration to include the addition of celebrities. With this addition, political campaigns take on the feeling of a football game with a team facing another team rather than a one on one boxing match. Celebrities provide support for specific candidates and form a team of public characters behind the president, which can be used by candidates to bring in more followers. However, Wheeler (2012) observes that such endorsements will only be beneficial in democratic society if they are policy based with celebrities furthering education on the issues of their candidate. However, he seems to believe that this is not the current case. He identifies this as something to strive for in order to use the current system for a Related Documents
If you have heard of diesel engines clogging up their intake systems and costing a lot of money on repairs, then you’ve probably heard of fitting a catch can. Modern diesel engines are designed to burn as much of its own fuel burn by-products as possible to help with emissions control. During the combustion process, not all the pressure created by the burning fuel is sealed in the combustion chamber, the small amount that escapes becomes what is called “blow-by”, which then goes out through the crankcase ventilation. This blow-by contains an “oil mist” which then sucked into your engine intake system. Over time, the oil accumulates to leave an oily residue from the point of entry to the intake system all the way into the engine. There is also Exhaust-gas-re-circulation or “EGR” systems fitted to all modern diesel engines. Similar to the “oil-mist” is re-ingested into the engine via the intake system usually into your engine intake manifold. This exhaust gas contains a lot of exhaust contaminants & carbon. How does exhaust gas recirculation become a problem? When the exhaust gas enters the intake it sticks to the fine oil residue on the inside of your intake manifold. Over time, this can build up and even block up your intake ports to the engine, as well as covering engine management sensors. This is where you come into problems with the diesel engine starting, running smoothly or using more fuel. One of the ways you can help limit this is by getting a diesel engine catch can fitted to your vehicle. The catch can will help filter out the oil mist from the air intake which will then drastically lower the amount of carbon build up in your engines intake manifold. It will also reduce the oil build-up that can accumulate in intake pipes, hoses, intercooler & can coat airflow sensors or other sensors on your intake system. When it gets to the stage that the engine no longer runs smoothly or the cause has been determined to be the intake system build-up, there’s only one option….to pull it apart, get it clean, then put it back together. If you’re looking at installing a catch can on your vehicle, Diesel West can help.
Eating Out Share this Welcome to our free resource to practise for the IGCSE ESL speaking test about eating out. It is just one of many exercises and quizzes to reinforce your learning so you feel confident when exam day arrives. eating out Speaking Test Eating Out Speaking TestTopic Card Here is the speaking test topic card for Eating Out: We usually eat at home, but sometimes we eat out in places such as restaurants. Discuss this topic with the examiner. Use the following prompts, in the order given, to develop the conversation: • a special occasion when you enjoyed eating out • whether you prefer eating at home or eating out, and why • the view that families should eat together at home more often • the opinion that the quality of the food you eat in a restaurant is more important than the quality of the service • the suggestion that in the future there will be no more fast food restaurants. Exercise 1 (Questions 1 -4) - Short answer exercises Exercise 2 - (Question 5) Gap-filled exercises Exercise 3 - Matching Exercise 4 - Multiple Choice Explore the way we use technology and science in the modern world Levels Links: Elementary \| Pre-Intermediate \| Intermediate \| Upper Intermediate \| Advanced How useful were these activities? Click on a trophy to rate them! Average rating 0 / 5. Vote count: 0
Rigby’s Encyclopaedia of the Herring aka The Herripedia On the original bloater, which may have evolved in the C17th, and the Yarmouth bloater, which was first produced there in 1835 During the year January 1st, 1913, to December 31st, 1913 … I ate 161 herrings in one form or another, but, being a Norwich man, principally as bloaters. The Herring; Its Effect on the History of Britain, AM Samuel (1918) There is the original bloater and there is the bloater in its contemporary form. Samuel writes of the second kind. This is similar to and at times synonymous with the red herring, cold smoked, whole and ungutted. As a distinct product it was, however, less heavily smoked and more heavily salted: a product of great durability. In the West Indies, where along with both red and white herring, it provided cheap food for slaves, the term seems to be interchangeable with red herring. The Scottish bloater is generally cured in this way and it is from this product that bloater paste is made. The word itself derives from the Swedish blöta: ‘soaked’ or ‘steeped’ (as in brine, prior to smoking). Some suggest that it describes their plump appearance and a close relative from Normandy is called bouffi (swollen or bloated), but this may have derived from a literal translation of the English. Records show them to have been an export of Yarmouth since around 1600, although they don’t appear in Thomas Nashe’s Lenten Stuffe (1599) and he would certainly have made play with the word given the opportunity. This may imply that they were an innovation around this time. In his discovery play The Island Princess (1619), John Fletcher has the line, I have more smoke in my mouth than would blote a hundred herrings. In Masque of Augures (1624*1), Ben Jonson has, Why you stinke like so many bloat herrings newly taken out of the chimney. Yarmouth Bloater Bloaters photographed at Cley Smokehouse in Norfolk Mostly, what is referred to as a bloater or a Yarmouth bloater today is a different beast altogether. The rapid development of the railway system from 1830 onwards allowed food to be transported in bulk, quickly. In the heady excitement of the times, freed from the salty requirements of longevity, herring curers developed new, milder products to tempt the appetites of a nation. The kipper also appeared at this time. A Mr Bishop produced the first bloaters of the modern era in 1835. It was, quite possibly, the first of the mild cold smoke cures offered to the world at large. He was clearly a man of vision, however, as the railways didn’t come to Great Yarmouth until 1844. Originally, these bloaters just made do with the salt ‘rousing’ that was done in the well of the Drifter, but when this was replaced by the use of ice the curers took to keeping the herrings in salt overnight, for between twelve and eighteen hours. They are then given a mild smoking in the same ovens that were used for the red herring, but with billets of hard wood used to produce more flame and heat and less of a dense smoke. AM Samuel writes: The Yarmouth bloater is an ungutted, unsplit herring one-third fresh, one-third slightly salt, and one-third lightly smoked, and, to my taste, is of the right delicacy and quality only in and near Great Yarmouth; bloaters procured anywhere else than in that town or its near neighbourhood, lacking to my mind, the peculiar excellence of the fish eaten there. Since, however, the fish begins to deteriorate rapidly in condition and flavour within five days of being taken from the sea, it is obvious that the bloater is not the most economical, though in perfection it is the most delicious, method of preparing the herring. Leaving the fish ungutted gives the bloater a pleasantly gamey taste. The silvery skins only slightly stained with smoke, they travel a bit better, these days, with refrigeration. The East Anglian herring season that supplied the original, less fatty, ‘bloatering’ fish collapsed in the 1970s, but similar herrings are caught off North East Scotland, Iceland and Norway. HS Fishing in Great Yarmouth, which used to produce them, along with red herring and other products, closed in 2018. A strictly Yarmouth bloater may not exist anymore. AM Samuel may be turning in his grave. Pinneys of Orford and the Cley Smokehouse still produce beautiful bloaters and there will be other versions available on the East Anglian coast. They are worth seeking out.
Home > Articles > Operating Systems, Server > Solaris • Print • + Share This This chapter is from the book 5.6 File System Caches File systems make extensive use of caches to eliminate physical I/Os where possible. A file system typically uses several different types of cache, including logical metadata caches, physical metadata caches, and block caches. Each file system implementation has its unique set of caches, which are, however, often logically arranged, as shown in Figure 5.4. Figure 5.4 File System Caches The arrangement of caches for various file systems is shown below: • UFS. The file data is cached in a block cache, implemented with the VM system page cache (see Section 14.7 in Solaris Internals). The physical meta-data (information about block placement in the file system structure) is cached in the buffer cache in 512-byte blocks. Logical metadata is cached in the UFS inode cache, which is private to UFS. Vnode-to-path translations are cached in the central directory name lookup cache (DNLC). • NFS. The file data is cached in a block cache, implemented with the VM system page cache (see Section 14.7 in Solaris Internals). The physical meta-data (information about block placement in the file system structure) is cached in the buffer cache in 512-byte blocks. Logical metadata is cached in the NFS attribute cache, and NFS nodes are cached in the NFS rnode cache, which are private to NFS. File name-to-path translations are cached in the central DNLC. • ZFS. The file data is cached in ZFS's adaptive replacement cache (ARC), rather than in the page cache as is the case for almost all other file systems. 5.6.1 Page Cache File and directory data for traditional Solaris file systems, including UFS, NFS, and others, are cached in the page cache. The virtual memory system implements a page cache, and the file system uses this facility to cache files. This means that to understand file system caching behavior, we need to look at how the virtual memory system implements the page cache. The virtual memory system divides physical memory into chunks known as pages; on UltraSPARC systems, a page is 8 kilobytes. To read data from a file into memory, the virtual memory system reads in one page at a time, or "pages in" a file. The page-in operation is initiated in the virtual memory system, which requests the file's file system to page in a page from storage to memory. Every time we read in data from disk to memory, we cause paging to occur. We see the tally when we look at the virtual memory statistics. For example, reading a file will be reflected in vmstat as page-ins. In our example, we can see that by starting a program that does random reads of a file, we cause a number of page-ins to occur, as indicated by the numbers in the pi column of vmstat. There is no parameter equivalent to bufhwm to limit or control the size of the page cache. The page cache simply grows to consume available free memory. See Section 14.8 in Solaris Internals for a complete description of how the page cache is managed in Solaris. # ./rreadtest testfile& # vmstat procs memory page disk faults cpu r b w swap free re mf pi po fr de sr s0 -- -- -- in sy cs us sy id 0 0 0 50436 2064 5 0 81 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 168 361 69 1 25 74 0 0 0 50508 1336 14 0 222 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 210 902 130 2 51 47 0 0 0 50508 648 10 0 177 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 168 850 121 1 60 39 0 0 0 50508 584 29 57 88 109 0 0 6 14 0 0 0 108 5284 120 7 72 20 0 0 0 50508 484 0 50 249 96 0 0 18 33 0 0 0 199 542 124 0 50 50 0 0 0 50508 492 0 41 260 70 0 0 56 34 0 0 0 209 649 128 1 49 50 0 0 0 50508 472 0 58 253 116 0 0 45 33 0 0 0 198 566 122 1 46 53 You can use an MDB command to view the size of the page cache. The macro is included with Solaris 9 and later. sol9# mdb -k Loading modules: [ unix krtld genunix ip ufs_log logindmux ptm cpc sppp ipc random nfs ] > ::memstat Page Summary Pages MB %Tot Kernel 53444 208 10% Anon 119088 465 23% Exec and libs 2299 8 0% Page cache 29185 114 6% Free (cachelist) 347 1 0% Free (freelist) 317909 1241 61% Total 522272 2040 Physical 512136 2000 The page-cache-related categories are described as follows: • Exec and libs. The amount of memory used for mapped files interpreted as binaries or libraries. This is typically the sum of memory used for user binaries and shared libraries. Technically, this memory is part of the page cache, but it is page-cache-tagged as "executable" when a file is mapped with PROT_EXEC and file permissions include execute permission. • Page cache. The amount of unmapped page cache, that is, page cache not on the cache list. This category includes the segmap portion of the page cache and any memory mapped files. If the applications on the system are solely using a read/write path, then we would expect the size of this bucket not to exceed segmap_percent (defaults to 12% of physical memory size). Files in /tmp are also included in this category. • Free (cache list). The amount of page cache on the free list. The free list contains unmapped file pages and is typically where the majority of the file system cache resides. Expect to see a large cache list on a system that has large file sets and sufficient memory for file caching. Beginning with Solaris 8, the file system cycles its pages through the cache list, preventing it from stealing memory from other applications unless a true memory shortage occurs. The complete list of categories is described in Section 6.4.3 and further in Section 14.8 in Solaris Internals. With DTrace, we now have a method of collecting one of the most significant performance statistics for a file system in Solaris—the cache hit ratio in the file system page cache. By using DTrace with probes at the entry and exit to the file system, we can collect the logical I/O events into the file system and physical I/O events from the file system into the device I/O subsystem. #!/usr/sbin/dtrace -s #pragma D option quiet /self->trace == 0 && (((vnode_t )arg0)->v_vfsp)->vfs_vnodecovered/ vp = (vnode_t)arg0; vfs = (vfs_t )vp->v_vfsp; mountvp = vfs->vfs_vnodecovered; uio = (uio_t)arg1; @rio[stringof(mountvp->v_path), "logical"] = count(); @rbytes[stringof(mountvp->v_path), "logical"] = sum(uio->uio_resid); self->trace = 1; /self->trace == 0 && (((vnode_t )arg0)->v_vfsp == `rootvfs)/ vp = (vnode_t)arg0; vfs = (vfs_t )vp->v_vfsp; mountvp = vfs->vfs_vnodecovered; uio = (uio_t)arg1; @rio[stringof("/"), "logical"] = count(); @rbytes[stringof("/"), "logical"] = sum(uio->uio_resid); self->trace = 1; /self->trace == 1/ self->trace = 0; @rio[self->path, "physical"] = count(); @rbytes[self->path, "physical"] = sum(args[0]->b_bcount); trunc (@rio, 20); trunc (@rbytes, 20); printf ("\nRead IOPS\n"); printa ("%-60s %10s %10@d\n", @rio); printf ("\nRead Bandwidth\n"); printa ("%-60s %10s %10@d\n", @rbytes); trunc (@rbytes); trunc (@rio); These two statistics give us insight into how effective the file system cache is, and whether adding physical memory could increase the amount of file-system-level caching. Using this script, we can probe for the number of logical bytes in the file system through the new Solaris 10 file system fop layer. We count the physical bytes by using the io provider. Running the script, we can see the number of logical and physical bytes for a file system, and we can use these numbers to calculate the hit ratio. /data1 physical 287 /data1 logical 2401 Read Bandwidth /data1 physical 2351104 /data1 logical 5101240 The /data1 file system on this server is doing 2401 logical IOPS and 287 physical—that is, a hit ratio of 2401 ÷ (2401 + 287) = 89%. It is also doing 5.1 Mbytes/sec logical and 2.3 Mbytes/sec physical. We can also do this at the file level. #!/usr/sbin/dtrace -s #pragma D option quiet /self->trace == 0 && (((vnode_t )arg0)->v_path)/ vp = (vnode_t)arg0; uio = (uio_t)arg1; self->trace = 1; @rio[stringof(vp->v_path), "logical"] = count(); @rbytes[stringof(vp->v_path), "logical"] = sum(uio->uio_resid); /self->trace == 1/ self->trace = 0; trunc (@rio, 20); trunc (@rbytes, 20); printf ("\nRead IOPS\n"); printf ("\nRead Bandwidth\n"); trunc (@rbytes); trunc (@rio); 5.6.2 Bypassing the Page Cache with Direct I/O In some cases we may want to do completely unbuffered I/O to a file. A direct I/O facility in most file systems allows a direct file read or write to completely bypass the file system page cache. Direct I/O is supported on the following file systems: • UFS. Support for direct I/O was added to UFS starting with Solaris 2.6. Direct I/O allows reads and writes to files in a regular file system to bypass the page cache and access the file at near raw disk performance. Direct I/O can be advantageous when you are accessing a file in a manner where caching is of no benefit. For example, if you are copying a very large file from one disk to another, then it is likely that the file will not fit in memory and you will just cause the system to page heavily. By using direct I/O, you can copy the file through the file system without reading through the page cache and thereby eliminate both the memory pressure caused by the file system and the additional CPU cost of the layers of cache. Direct I/O also eliminates the double copy that is performed when the read and write system calls are used. When we read a file through normal buffered I/O, the file system takes two steps: (1) It uses a DMA transfer from the disk controller into the kernel's address space and (2) it copies the data into the buffer supplied by the user in the read system call. Direct I/O eliminates the second step by arranging for the DMA transfer to occur directly into the user's address space. Direct I/O bypasses the buffer cache only if all the following are true: - The file is not memory mapped. - The file does not have holes. - The read/write is sector aligned (512 byte). • QFS. Support for direct I/O is the same as with UFS. • NFS. NFS also supports direct I/O. With direct I/O enabled, NFS bypasses client-side caching and passes all requests directly to the NFS server. Both reads and writes are uncached and become synchronous (they need to wait for the server to complete). Unlike disk-based direct I/O support, NFS's support imposes no restrictions on I/O size or alignment; all requests are made directly to the server. You enable direct I/O by mounting an entire file system with the force-directio mount option, as shown below. # mount -o forcedirectio /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /u1 You can also enable direct I/O for any file with the directio system call. Note that the change is file based, and every reader and writer of the file will be forced to use directio once it's enabled. int directio(int fildes, DIRECTIO_ON \| DIRECTIO_OFF); See sys/fcntl.h Direct I/O can provide extremely fast transfers when moving data with big block sizes (>64 kilobytes), but it can be a significant performance limitation for smaller sizes. If an application reads and writes in small sizes, then its performance may suffer since there is no read-ahead or write clustering and no caching. Databases are a good candidate for direct I/O since they cache their own blocks in a shared global buffer and can cluster their own reads and writes into larger operations. A set of direct I/O statistics is provided with the ufs implementation by means of the kstat interface. The structure exported by ufs_directio_kstats is shown below. Note that this structure may change, and performance tools should not rely on the format of the direct I/O statistics. struct ufs_directio_kstats { uint_t logical_reads; / Number of fs read operations / uint_t phys_reads; / Number of physical reads / uint_t hole_reads; / Number of reads from holes / uint_t nread; / Physical bytes read / uint_t logical_writes; / Number of fs write operations / uint_t phys_writes; / Number of physical writes / uint_t nwritten; / Physical bytes written / uint_t nflushes; / Number of times cache was cleared / } ufs_directio_kstats; You can inspect the direct I/O statistics with a utility from our Web site at http://www.solarisinternals.com . # directiostat 3 lreads lwrites preads pwrites Krd Kwr holdrds nflush 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.6.3 The Directory Name Lookup Cache The directory name cache caches path names for vnodes, so when we open a file that has been opened recently, we don't need to rescan the directory to find the file name. Each time we find the path name for a vnode, we store it in the directory name cache. (See Section 14.10 in Solaris Internals for further information on the DNLC operation.) The number of entries in the DNLC is set by the system-tuneable parameter, ncsize, which is set at boot time by the calculations shown in Table 5.1. The ncsize parameter is calculated in proportion to the maxusers parameter, which is equal to the number of megabytes of memory installed in the system, capped by a maximum of 1024. The maxusers parameter can also be overridden in /etc/system to a maximum of 2048. Table 5.1. DNLC Default Sizes Solaris Version Default ncsize Calculation Solaris 2.4, 2.5, 2.5.1 ncsize = (17 maxusers) + 90 Solaris 2.6 onwards ncsize = (68 * maxusers) + 360 The size of the DNLC rarely needs to be adjusted, because the size scales with the amount of memory installed in the system. Earlier Solaris versions had a default maximum of 17498 (34906 with maxusers set to 2048), and later Solaris versions have a maximum of 69992 (139624 with maxusers set to 2048). Use MDB to determine the size of the DNLC. # mdb -k > ncsize/D ncsize: 25520 The DNLC maintains housekeeping threads through a task queue. The dnlc_reduce_cache() activates the task queue when name cache entries reach ncsize, and it reduces the size to dnlc_nentries_low_water, which by default is one hundredth less than (or 99% of) ncsize. If dnlc_nentries reaches dnlc_max_nentries (twice ncsize), then we know that dnlc_reduce_cache() is failing to keep up. In this case, we refuse to add new entries to the dnlc until the task queue catches up. Below is an example of DNLC statistics obtained with the kstat command. # vmstat -s 0 swap ins 0 swap outs 0 pages swapped in 0 pages swapped out 405332 total address trans. faults taken 1015894 page ins 353 page outs 4156331 pages paged in 1579 pages paged out 3600535 total reclaims 3600510 reclaims from free list 0 micro (hat) faults 405332 minor (as) faults 645073 major faults 85298 copy-on-write faults 117161 zero fill page faults 0 pages examined by the clock daemon 0 revolutions of the clock hand 4492478 pages freed by the clock daemon 3205 forks 88 vforks 3203 execs 33830316 cpu context switches 58808541 device interrupts 928719 traps 214191600 system calls 14408382 total name lookups (cache hits 90%) 263756 user cpu 462843 system cpu 14728521 idle cpu 2335699 wait cpu The hit ratio of the directory name cache shows the number of times a name was looked up and found in the name cache. A high hit ratio (>90%) typically shows that the DNLC is working well. A low hit ratio does not necessarily mean that the DNLC is undersized; it simply means that we are not always finding the names we want in the name cache. This situation can occur if we are creating a large number of files. The reason is that a create operation checks to see if a file exists before it creates the file, causing a large number of cache misses. The DNLC statistics are also available with kstat. $ kstat -n dnlcstats module: unix instance: 0 name: dnlcstats class: misc crtime 208.832373709 dir_add_abort 0 dir_add_max 0 dir_add_no_memory 0 dir_cached_current 1 dir_cached_total 13 dir_entries_cached_current 880 dir_fini_purge 0 dir_hits 463 dir_misses 11240 dir_reclaim_any 8 dir_reclaim_last 3 dir_remove_entry_fail 0 dir_remove_space_fail 0 dir_start_no_memory 0 dir_update_fail 0 double_enters 6 enters 11618 hits 1347693 misses 10787 negative_cache_hits 76686 pick_free 0 pick_heuristic 0 pick_last 0 purge_all 1 purge_fs1 0 purge_total_entries 3013 purge_vfs 158 purge_vp 31 snaptime 94467.490008162 5.6.4 Block Buffer Cache The buffer cache used in Solaris for caching of inodes and file metadata is now also dynamically sized. In old versions of UNIX, the buffer cache was fixed in size by the nbuf kernel parameter, which specified the number of 512-byte buffers. We now allow the buffer cache to grow by nbuf, as needed, until it reaches a ceiling specified by the bufhwm kernel parameter. By default, the buffer cache is allowed to grow until it uses 2% of physical memory. We can look at the upper limit for the buffer cache by using the sysdef command. # sysdef * Tunable Parameters 7757824 maximum memory allowed in buffer cache (bufhwm) 5930 maximum number of processes (v.v_proc) 99 maximum global priority in sys class (MAXCLSYSPRI) 5925 maximum processes per user id (v.v_maxup) 30 auto update time limit in seconds (NAUTOUP) 25 page stealing low water mark (GPGSLO) 5 fsflush run rate (FSFLUSHR) 25 minimum resident memory for avoiding deadlock (MINARMEM) 25 minimum swapable memory for avoiding deadlock (MINASMEM) Now that we only keep inode and metadata in the buffer cache, we don't need a very large buffer. In fact, we need only 300 bytes per inode and about 1 megabyte per 2 gigabytes of files that we expect to be accessed concurrently (note that this rule of thumb is for UFS file systems). For example, if we have a database system with 100 files totaling 100 gigabytes of storage space and we estimate that we will access only 50 gigabytes of those files at the same time, then at most we would need 100 x 300 bytes = 30 kilobytes for the inodes and about 50 ÷ 2 x 1 megabyte = 25 megabytes for the metadata (direct and indirect blocks). On a system with 5 gigabytes of physical memory, the defaults for bufhwm would provide us with a bufhwm of 102 megabytes, which is more than sufficient for the buffer cache. If we are really memory misers, we could limit bufhwm to 30 megabytes (specified in kilobytes) by setting the bufhwm parameter in the /etc/system file. To set bufhwm smaller for this example, we would put the following line into the /etc/system file. * Limit size of bufhwm set bufhwm=30000 You can monitor the buffer cache hit statistics by using sar -b. The statistics for the buffer cache show the number of logical reads and writes into the buffer cache, the number of physical reads and writes out of the buffer cache, and the read/write hit ratios. # sar -b 3 333 SunOS zangief 5.7 Generic sun4u 06/27/99 22:01:51 bread/s lread/s %rcache bwrit/s lwrit/s %wcache pread/s pwrit/s 22:01:54 0 7118 100 0 0 100 0 0 22:01:57 0 7863 100 0 0 100 0 0 22:02:00 0 7931 100 0 0 100 0 0 22:02:03 0 7736 100 0 0 100 0 0 22:02:06 0 7643 100 0 0 100 0 0 22:02:09 0 7165 100 0 0 100 0 0 22:02:12 0 6306 100 8 25 68 0 0 22:02:15 0 8152 100 0 0 100 0 0 22:02:18 0 7893 100 0 0 100 0 0 On this system we can see that the buffer cache is caching 100% of the reads and that the number of writes is small. This measurement was taken on a machine with 100 gigabytes of files that were being read in a random pattern. You should aim for a read cache hit ratio of 100% on systems with only a few, but very large, files (for example, database systems) and a hit ratio of 90% or better for systems with many files. 5.6.5 UFS Inode Cache The UFS uses the ufs_ninode parameter to size the file system tables for the expected number of inodes. To understand how the ufs_ninode parameter affects the number of inodes in memory, we need to look at how the UFS maintains inodes. Inodes are created when a file is first referenced. They remain in memory much longer than when the file is last referenced because inodes can be in one of two states: either the inode is referenced or the inode is no longer referenced but is on an idle queue. Inodes are eventually destroyed when they are pushed off the end of the inode idle queue. Refer to Section 15.3.2 in Solaris Internals for a description of how ufs inodes are maintained on the idle queue. The number of inodes in memory is dynamic. Inodes will continue to be allocated as new files are referenced. There is no upper bound to the number of inodes open at a time; if one million inodes are opened concurrently, then a little over one million inodes will be in memory at that point. A file is referenced when its reference count is non-zero, which means that either the file is open for a process or another subsystem such as the directory name lookup cache is referring to the file. When inodes are no longer referenced (the file is closed and no other subsystem is referring to the file), the inode is placed on the idle queue and eventually freed. The size of the idle queue is controlled by the ufs_ninode parameter and is limited to one-fourth of ufs_ninode. The maximum number of inodes in memory at a given point is the number of active referenced inodes plus the size of the idle queue (typically, one-fourth of ufs_ninode). Figure 5.5 illustrates the inode cache. Figure 5.5 In-Memory Inodes (Referred to as the "Inode Cache") We can use the sar command and inode kernel memory statistics to determine the number of inodes currently in memory. sar shows us the number of inodes currently in memory and the number of inode structures in the inode slab cache. We can find similar information by looking at the buf_inuse and buf_total parameters in the inode kernel memory statistics. # sar -v 3 3 SunOS devhome 5.7 Generic sun4u 08/01/99 11:38:09 proc-sz ov inod-sz ov file-sz ov lock-sz 11:38:12 100/5930 0 37181/37181 0 603/603 0 0/0 11:38:15 100/5930 0 37181/37181 0 603/603 0 0/0 11:38:18 101/5930 0 37181/37181 0 607/607 0 0/0 # kstat -n ufs_inode_cache buf_size 440 align 8 chunk_size 440 slab_size 8192 alloc 1221573 alloc_fail 0 free 1188468 depot_alloc 19957 depot_free 21230 depot_contention 18 global_alloc 48330 global_free 7823 buf_constructed 3325 buf_avail 3678 buf_inuse 37182 buf_total 40860 buf_max 40860 slab_create 2270 slab_destroy 0 memory_class 0 hash_size 0 hash_lookup_depth 0 hash_rescale 0 full_magazines 219 empty_magazines 332 magazine_size 15 alloc_from_cpu0 579706 free_to_cpu0 588106 buf_avail_cpu0 15 alloc_from_cpu1 573580 free_to_cpu1 571309 buf_avail_cpu1 25 The inode memory statistics show us how many inodes are allocated by the buf_inuse field. We can also see from the ufs inode memory statistics that the size of each inode is 440 bytes on this system See below to find out the size of an inode on different architectures. # mdb -k Loading modules: [ unix krtld genunix specfs dtrace ...] > a$d radix = 10 base ten > ::sizeof inode_t sizeof (inode_t) = 0t276 > $q $ kstat unix::ufs_inode_cache:chunk_size module: unix instance: 0 name: ufs_inode_cache class: kmem_cache chunk_size 280 We can use this value to calculate the amount of kernel memory required for desired number of inodes when setting ufs_ninode and the directory name cache size. The ufs_ninode parameter controls the size of the hash table that is used for inode lookup and indirectly sizes the inode idle queue (ufs_ninode ÷ 4). The inode hash table is ideally sized to match the total number of inodes expected to be in memory—a number that is influenced by the size of the directory name cache. By default, ufs_ninode is set to the size of the directory name cache, which is approximately the correct size for the inode hash table. In an ideal world, we could set ufs_ninode to four-thirds the size of the DNLC, to take into account the size of the idle queue, but practice has shown this to be unnecessary. We typically set ufs_ninode indirectly by setting the directory name cache size (ncsize) to the expected number of files accessed concurrently, but it is possible to set ufs_ninode separately in /etc/system. * Set number of inodes stored in UFS inode cache set ufs_ninode = new_value 5.6.6 Monitoring UFS Caches with fcachestat We can monitor all four key UFS caches by using a single Perl tool: fcachestat. This tool measures the DNLC, inode, UFS buffer cache (metadata), and page cache by means of segmap. $ ./fcachestat 5 --- dnlc --- -- inode --- -- ufsbuf -- -- segmap -- %hit total %hit total %hit total %hit total 99.64 693.4M 59.46 4.9M 99.80 94.0M 81.39 118.6M 66.84 15772 28.30 6371 98.44 3472 82.97 9529 63.72 27624 21.13 12482 98.37 7435 74.70 14699 10.79 14874 5.64 16980 98.45 12349 93.44 11984 11.96 13312 11.89 14881 98.37 10004 93.53 10478 4.08 20139 5.71 25152 98.42 17917 97.47 16729 8.25 17171 3.57 20737 98.38 15054 93.64 11154 15.40 12151 6.89 13393 98.37 9403 93.14 11941 8.26 9047 4.51 10899 98.26 7861 94.70 7186 66.67 6 0.00 3 95.45 44 44.44 18 • + Share This • 🔖 Save To Your Account InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers Collection and Use of Information Questions and Inquiries Online Store Contests and Drawings Service Announcements Customer Service Other Collection and Use of Information Application and System Logs Web Analytics Cookies and Related Technologies Do Not Track This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals. Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that Correcting/Updating Personal Information Sale of Personal Information Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents Sharing and Disclosure Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows: • As required by law. Requests and Contact Changes to this Privacy Notice Last Update: November 17, 2020
Call or Text Us! 937-353-7883 Susan always knew that when she retired she would be living an active lifestyle. At 68, she’s now been to more than 12 countries and has many more to go. On some days she can be found investigating a hiking trail with her grandkids, on others she will be volunteering at a local hospital, and sometimes you will see her out enjoying the lake. Doing and seeing new things is what Susan’s all about. But occasionally, Susan can’t help but be concerned about how dementia or cognitive decline could totally change her life. When Susan’s mother was about her age she began showing the first signs of cognitive decline. Susan watched her mother, who she had always loved and respected, struggle more and more with everyday tasks over a 15 year period. She forgets random things. There finally came a time when she frequently couldn’t recognize Susan anymore. Susan has tried to eat a balanced diet and exercise so she could hopefully steer clear of what her mother experienced. But she wonders, is this enough? Is there anything else she can do that’s been found to delay cognitive decline and dementia? Thankfully, there are things you can do to avert cognitive decline. Here are only three. 1. Get Exercise Susan discovered that she’s already going in the right direction. Each day she attempts to get at least the suggested amount of exercise. People who do moderate exercise every day have a decreased risk of mental decline according to many studies. These same studies show that people who are already experiencing some form of mental decline also have a positive effect from regular exercise. Researchers think that exercise may ward off cognitive decline for a number of very important reasons. 1. Exercise decreases the degeneration of the nervous system that normally happens as we get older. The brain needs these nerves to communicate with the body, process memories, and consider how to do things. Scientists believe that because exercise slows this deterioration, it also slows cognitive decline. 2. Neuroprtection factors may be increased with exercise. Your body has mechanisms that protect certain kinds of cells from damage. These protectors might be produced at a higher rate in individuals who get an abundance of exercise. 3. The danger of cardiovascular disease is lowered by exercising. Oxygen and nutrients are carried to the brain by blood. If cardiovascular disease obstructs this blood flow, cells die. Exercise might be able to delay dementia by keeping these vessels healthy. 2. Treat Vision Problems The occurrence of mental decline was cut nearly in half in individuals who had their cataracts extracted according to an 18-year study conducted on 2000 subjects. While this research concentrated on one common cause for loss of eyesight, this study supports the fact that preserving eyesight as you get older is important for your cognitive health. Eyesight loss at an older age can cause a person to withdraw from their circle of friends and stop doing things they love. The connection between cognitive decline and social isolation is the focus of other studies. Having cataracts treated is essential. If you can take steps to sharpen your vision, you’ll also be safeguarding yourself against the progression of dementia. 3. Get Hearing Aids You may be heading towards mental decline if you have neglected hearing loss. A hearing aid was given to 2000 participants by the same researchers that conducted the cataract study. They tested the advancement of mental decline in the same manner. The results were even more remarkable. Mental decline was reduced by 75% in the participants who received hearing aids. So the dementia symptoms they were already noticing simply stopped. This has some likely reasons. First is the social component. People tend to go into isolation when they have untreated hearing loss because interacting with friends at restaurants and clubs becomes a challenge. Also, a person progressively forgets how to hear when they begin to lose their hearing. If the individual waits years to get a hearing aid, this deterioration progresses into other parts of the brain. In fact, researchers have actually compared the brains of people with neglected hearing loss to people who wear hearing aids using an MRI. People who have neglected hearing loss actually have shrinking of the brain. That’s definitely not good for your memory and mental capabilities. Stave off dementia by wearing your hearing aids if you have them. If you have hearing loss and are reluctant to get hearing aids, it’s time to make an appointment with us. Learn how you can hear better with modern technological advancements in hearing aids. Call Today to Set Up an Appointment Call Now Find Location
why are earthoworm's called ploughman of nature? Earthworms carry out decomposition of detritus (dead plant parts, animal remains and excretions). Earthworms feed on larger pieces of detritus. Pulverisation occurs in the digestive tract of earthworms as a part of detritus comes out undigested. Due to fragmentation, left-over detritus comes to have large surface surface area. In this way, earthworms are called ploughman of nature because they help in fragmentation of detritus and loosening of soil. The decomposition of detritus gives rise to two products-humus and inorganic nutrients. • 4 * It aerates the soil. * It loosens the soil. * They increases the fertility of the soil. * It increases humus content after their decomposition. • 4 What are you looking for?
Support 100 years of independent journalism. 1. Science & Tech 20 January 2021updated 08 Sep 2021 8:53am How blockchain technology could support democracy In the wake of a bitter US election and as votes become more vulnerable to dispute, the technology behind Bitcoin could offer a more secure and open democratic process. By simon chapman The extraordinary spectacle of a pro-Trump mob invading the US Capitol on 6 January was the work of a myriad of economic and social forces. Essentially, this violent attack stems from a breakdown in trust – in politicians, in the electoral process, and in the mainstream media, whom Trump excoriated for its alleged peddling of “fake news”. While the protestors were disorganised and, like a dog chasing a car, did not know what to do once they had breached the interior of the Capitol, they could have created constitutional chaos had they stolen and destroyed the contents of the ballot box containing the confirmation of the electoral college votes. [see also: American civil war] While the broader cultural forces that drove the mob are beyond the scope of this comment, the idea that the election was “stolen” – though it has been refuted in every case the Trump campaign has brought – was clearly compelling to his support base. Many of these claims focused on the paper-based voting process, a technology that has been in use since Roman times. I believe this argument could have been eliminated in advance, had a voting solution based on the rapidly developing field of blockchain technology been used. A blockchain is a publicly available database, maintained by a network of computers that validates new entries on the system. Because it is public, and verified by every computer on the network, the database does not rely on an intermediary, such as a government or a bank, to ensure it is trusted by its users. Instead, trust is distributed across the network’s computers, or “miners”. Every miner performs computational work and compares its results – “proof of work” – to the computation that every other node has done. These verified results are published as “blocks”, forming blockchains. Miners are economically rewarded for verifying truthful results, and if they try to corrupt the outcome, they are economically penalised. Every verified block in that blockchain’s history, back to the first computation, is available for all to access. Blockchains are not immune to attack – no system is. If a bad actor can take control of a majority of computers on the network, they can edit blocks as they please. This type of “51 per cent attack” has been used by hackers to rerun tens of thousands of transactions made using Ethereum Classic, a cryptocurrency with a market capitalisation of over $1bn. The technologies that people use to access blockchain technology, such as the encrypted “wallets” in which access keys are stored, the exchanges on which cryptocurrencies are traded and the marketplaces in which they are spent, have their own security challenges. However, the sheer scale of computing power required to take control of the largest blockchain – Bitcoin – has prevented anyone from doing so in its 12-year existence. An election conducted using blockchain technology would require that each voter be given a secure and unique identifier or “key” to access a “smart contract” – an agreement written in code – which they would use to vote without having to attend a polling station. Those without internet access could cast their paper ballot in the usual manner, and officials would transfer these votes to the blockchain. The process would be cheaper and more efficient than a paper-based system, and the results would be nearly instantaneous. If the system could be made formally secure, the recording of these votes would be immutable and verifiable to anyone with access to the internet. I believe this would make any subsequent chants of “Stop the Steal” irrelevant. Content from our partners How smart energy can deliver for smaller businesses Smart energy and the road to net zero Blockchain elections have already been trialled in several US jurisdictions, and there is clearly work to be done. In the 2018 US midterm elections, West Virginia used a platform called Voatz to allow internet voting for a small number of people, and other states such as Oregon have since followed suit. Security researchers from MIT later identified serious flaws in the system, and other trials such as the 2019 Moscow election have shown the system to be vulnerable to attack. However, Estonia, a pioneer of online voting, has executed several elections since 2015 without any major controversy. Any system needs to be tested extensively to show that it can preserve the integrity of the votes cast and the secrecy of those ballots. This does not mean the principle of allowing better access to more openly verifiable voting is to be abandoned. [see also: Are cryptocurrencies real money?] To use blockchain for voting would also help bring its benefits to other areas, such as decentralised finance – or “de-fi’ – which promises secure direct lending verified by a blockchain, democratising access to currency and financial services beyond the purview of the traditional “high priests of finance” such as banks. This creates opportunities for, say, a farmer in Africa who does not have access to the banking system, to receive credit and make payments from a smartphone. Charitable contributions could also be made directly to those in need, bypassing the sometimes gilded bureaucracies in the developed world and corrupt government recipients in the developing world. Free-range chicken farmers in China are using radio-frequency tags on their chickens that record the animals’ range of movement on a blockchain, verifying the animals’ free-range status and enabling the farmers to charge higher prices. Musicians are developing blockchain-based music distribution services that give artists more control over how their songs and associated data circulate among fans and other musicians. In the current pandemic, Britain’s NHS is currently working with a blockchain platform to monitor the temperatures of Covid-19 vaccines while in cold storage. [see also: Bitcoin and the money myth] Some of the smartest people on the planet are currently working on blockchain technology and its applications. It is in its early days still, and the fringes of the blockchain community remain something of a Wild West. But the potential is there to repatriate power from the elites to the people, and in doing so, maybe even prevent a future electoral disaster in the US. Simon Chapman is an observer of the intersection of technology, governments and finance, based in Toronto, Canada.
Physical Network Layout for the Reluctant How do you select the hardware for your network, and connect it all together? How do you then test your network and ensure that it is secure? Our crash course for the reluctant tells you enough of the basics in simple language to get you started. At its core, the physical aspect of computer networking really deals with two types of things. There are devices, which utilize or facilitate the network, and there is the medium between those devices. There are wide arrays of both, and each has an entire ecosystem of products meant to assist their installation, operation, and removal. Each vendor has their own product lines, and each product line has its own model numbers, feature sets, and pricing scheme. While some model names and numbers are easily understood, others read like hieroglyphics. It isn’t difficult to be confused when dealing with a new line of equipment. The best tactic we can use when looking for a particular feature set, or if we’ve got a question about a particular model, is to ask. Call the vendor (or a retailer who carries products from that vendor), and learn from the source. There’s no shame in not knowing the feature set on someone else’s equipment, and asking someone who knows is the best way to gain the knowledge. Often the vendor or reseller can point us to the resources that clarify feature sets and provide necessary statistics. This article is not a comprehensive guide to physical networking. It will attempt to clarify how the hardware out there can best be selected and put to use in our infrastructures. We’re also going to look at the media connecting these devices, and the tools we can use to troubleshoot problems. Having a solid design for our network is only half of the battle. The physical layout of the network needs to be done right, too, and being done right means using the right techniques and making the most of our resources. Whenever we deal with physical networking, cables are a part of life. Cable management can be as complex as we want to make it, and it seems like there’s always something else that can be done to improve the infrastructure. So many of the techniques for running and maintaining the cables are in direct response to the composition and structure of the cables themselves that it would be wise to review how cables themselves work. Wiring Concepts The concept of sending electricity over wires is not new. The first electrical transmission of signals for communication happened in the early 19th century using the electrochemical telegraph. Since that time, we have advanced drastically, but transmitting electricity over metallic wires is the same as ever, whether for the telegraph or Ethernet. Copper Wire In a wire, electricity flows through a conductive material from one device to another. As it does so, it produces a slight magnetic field and some degree of electrical noise, similar to a radio antenna. The signal in the wire is also susceptible to outside radio noise. When that external interference is caused by other wires in the immediate vicinity, we refer to the effect as crosstalk. Partially because of this bleed off of signal, wires are subject to attenuation, meaning that their signal becomes weaker as the length of the cable increases. This limits the maximum usable length of metallic cables. Techniques have been developed to limit the attenuation suffered by cables, and the most widely utilized technique is to take a pair of wires and wrap them around each other. This technique is known as twisted-pair, and nearly every copper networking cable uses it. Copper cable can be either stranded or solid, with different applications for both. Stranded copper cabling has many very fine copper wires, whereas solid has one large conductor. Stranded wire is more flexible than solid core, and is more frequently used in situations where cables are frequently moved or adjusted. Stranded is less expensive as well, although solid core theoretically provides a better throughput. Because of the susceptibility of networking cables to accept interference, particularly from electrical power lines, whenever network cables need to be run through an exceptionally noisy area, a special type of network cable can be used. The normal twisted pairs are wrapped in a metallic foil which has been grounded on both ends. This has the effect of dampening any external electrical noise which may have otherwise interfered with the signals on the network. These cables are referred to as Shielded Twisted Pair, or STP. It’s used rarely, and only in environments which otherwise are unable to use Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), as the more common network cable is known. The reason it isn’t used as frequently as UTP is the additional expense of the metallic shielding, the extra work of grounding it at each end, and also because if installed improperly, the entire length of shielding can serve as an antenna, effectively doing more harm than good. Most of the networking cable in the world is classified as either Category 5 (Cat-5) or Category 5 enhanced (Cat-5e), both of which are capable of up to gigabit speeds. Most new installations specify Category 6 (Cat-6) cable, which provides better insulation from cross talk, and also supports gigabit speed, but is designed to lower latency. Both Cat-5(e) and Cat-6 can be either UTP or STP, but UTP is far more common. The difference between Cat5 and Cat5e Upon casual inspection, cable labeled Cat5 and cable labeled Cat5e appear identical. Both have 8 wires consisting of 4 twisted pairs of matching color, however the difference becomes apparent over distance. The twisting of the wires is what protects the data integrity as it traverses the cable. Cat5e has a higher twist frequency than Cat5, and as such the signal degradation is less intense over a longer length of cable. Both Cat-5(e) and Cat-6 cables consist of eight wires arranged in four pairs. The pairs are differentiated by being color matched, with one pair member being a solid color and its partner being white with a colored stripe. For instance, a color pair could be orange and orange/white. The colors are orange, green, blue, and brown, and in computer networking, only the orange and green pairs carry signal. Cat-5&6 are typically terminated using an 8 Position 8 Contact (8P8C) ends, commonly called RJ-45. These plastic ends have metal teeth that, when crimped down, bite through the insulation and into the copper core. It’s important to pay attention to whether the cable we’re crimping is stranded or solid core, as each requires a specific RJ-45 end, although there are general purpose jacks which can terminate either type of cable. Copper cable is effective for many situations, but the overall length is limited, due to attenuation. Because of that, and due to eventual bandwidth limitations, other cabling mediums had to be devised. Fiber Optical Cable The maximum usable length of a UTP cable is 100 meters. Fiber optic cable is necessary for cable runs exceeding this length. If the distance is around a kilometer or less, multimode fiber can be used, and if longer, then single mode fiber is necessary. Multimode fiber is made of very thin strings of high quality clear plastic encased in thin plastic sheathing, which is then encased in rubber. These optical cables are frequently used for high speed long distance runs inside of buildings between important network points. The light source for multimode fiber is LED-based, and this, along with the tendency of even the highest quality plastic to absorb light, limits the length of these cables. The real determining factor in the distance is the transceiver, but in general, 1km+ runs are possible if slower speeds are acceptable. For higher speed or longer runs, single mode fiber is necessary. Single mode fiber is extruded glass which is then sheathed in Kevlar, the same material used in bullet proof vests. After this shielding, several layers of plastic and rubber are added to protect the fiber and limit its bend radius. Single mode fiber is typically used in Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) and inter-city links. A single mode transceiver uses a laser, rather than the comparatively weak LED, which combined with the clearer transmission of glass rather than plastic, leads to the ability to push the light several kilometers without refreshing the signal through the use of repeaters. The main drawback of fiber optic networking is the cost involved. Fiber cables are more expensive than their copper counterparts, as are fiber transceivers. The cables are more fragile, as well. Every cable, copper and fiber, has a bend radius, which is essentially the radius of the smallest pipe that they can safely be curled around. The bend radius of a typical Category 5 Ethernet cable is around 1 inch, meaning it can be safely curled into rings two inches across. A typical multimode fiber optic cable requires a much larger radius, even though it’s made of relatively flexible plastic. A Kevlar-sheathed glass cable is even less flexible, requiring comparatively huge radii. It’s important to keep bend radius in mind when runs through a building are planned. As it turns out, the electromagnetic radiation emanating from cables can be put to good use. Radio waves have carried analog signals for years over AM, FM, and television frequencies, but only recently have radio waves been used to transmit binary data. Off the shelf wireless technology for use at home and business takes place over a few select bands of the electromagnetic spectrum that have been set aside for public use in the U.S. and U.K. among others. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) established a standard for wireless LAN known as 802.11. Subsequent modifications to this standard are noted with a letter appended at the end of the designation, such as 802.11a. The most popular standard is still, as of this writing, 802.11b. This standard operates at 2.4ghz, and 11Mb/s speeds are theoretically possible, although in practice the throughput is considerably less. 802.11g, another update to the standard, and still at 2.4ghz, was a commercial success and offered a theoretical maximum of 54Mb/s. The most recent addition, as of this writing, is 802.11n. It promises speeds approaching wired LANs, at 600Mb/s (theoretical) and utilizes either 5ghz or 2.4ghz, depending on the configuration as well as other wireless signals within the same area. It’s important to remember that 2.4ghz is an unlicensed frequency, and as such, other devices in the vicinity may utilize it. Microwaves are a well-known source of wireless interference, for instance. Microwaves and wireless It is a widely-believed myth that microwaves cook food by heating water to its resonant frequency, 2.4ghz, which, according to the urban legend, causes the water to absorb radio waves. In fact, microwaves cook food by dielectric heating, where water molecules twist back and forth, bumping into each other. This causes the heating, not the absorption of radio waves. This effect takes place over a range of frequencies, and 2.4ghz is only one of them. The cooking effect, called diathermy, also happens to your hand if you place it in front of a powerful enough radio transmitter. This should be reason enough not to stand in front of satellite dishes. Building Layout When running network cable, we are at the mercy of the environment through which our cable needs to traverse. The cable length, composition, and cladding are all dictated by the locations in which we need to install it. With that in mind, we should be familiar with the most common types of installation site, which is an office building, factory, or warehouse. Generally, when commercial or industrial buildings are designed, a location is designated to function specifically as the site where utilities such as electricity and telephones enter the building. In this room, punch down blocks are typically used to transition from the provider’s lines to the building’s built-in wiring, also known as “house wiring”. In small buildings, this is a wiring closet, or sometimes the facilities room. In larger installations such as those in multi-tenant office buildings, it is known as the main distribution frame, or MDF. We might sometimes hear the MDF referred to as the demarcation point (or just demarc), although technically the demarc is simply the point where the handoff between the provider’s network and our network begins. The demarc is typically located in the building’s MDF, but it doesn’t have to be. On occasion, a provider will extend the demarc into a server room or wiring closet. Depending on the building size, there may be additional spaces on other floors (or even the same floor, if the area is large) to which wiring is run from the MDF to allow for local distribution to endpoints. These additional spaces are considered Intermediate Distribution Frames, or IDFs. When one organization has multiple distribution frames, the cables between them are collectively called the backbone, and are typically as high bandwidth and low latency as can be afforded. Many small infrastructures inhabit a leased space in a larger building. Typically, services such as telephones and internet will be delivered through the MDF to the IDF nearest to the network, however it may be possible to have the provider install directly into the leased space. In this case, the building physical plant team should be consulted to ensure that this complies with lease agreements and the like. Tools and Parts Theoretically, the space in which our business is housed could have enough good-quality network cable installed to be sufficient. I say theoretically, because I’ve never personally seen it or heard of it. Additional network cable is nearly always required, either because our company has grown and we need more runs, or because the existing cable (if any!) wasn’t installed to a particular space that is now needed, or even because instead of something reasonable like Cat5, the people who had the space before us were Neanderthals who used coaxial thicknet cable, and we want to advance to technology used in the latter half of the 20th century. Network wiring in new buildings As backwards as it seems, there are some times when the network cabling in a new building is more unusable than in an older structure. Many construction companies outsource the wiring work to electrical contractors, and often, the network cable is lumped in with the power lines. There are many tales of electricians who were unfamiliar with network cable and used incorrect installation methods. I have heard tell of long network runs parallel with electrical lines, and even stapling Cat5 to the wall is not unheard of. In a new install, make sure to check the quality of the network drops before you rely on them. If we’re fortunate, we may be able to have contractors do a professional cable installation of the lines we need. If the install job is too extensive for one person, or it would exceed our available resources to complete the job in the required time, then bringing in a contractor is our only option. Running Cable Let’s assume that we’ve got to run the network cable ourselves. Suppose we’re running four cables from the wiring closet to a sales office. In the wiring closet, there’s already a hole in the wall that existing cable is being run through, but we’re going to need to punch a hole in the drywall in the office. We’re fortunate, because the office has a drop ceiling, which makes wiring much easier than ceilings that are plastered, paneled, or otherwise closed off. The ability to remove tiles to guide the run speeds things up and reduces guesswork. The overview of the cable running process is that we will first flip off the breaker for the rooms we’re working on, then prepare the walls at each end of the cable, plan the network run, prepare any hardware needed to facilitate the cables, run the cables, terminate the cables at each end, then test the runs. Despite the relative ease that our office configuration affords, certain tools and parts will still be necessary to do the job correctly. Stud Finder A normal drywall installation consists of a sheet of gypsum board nailed to a framework of vertical slats. These slats are called studs, and they are arranged in regular intervals across a wall. The network jack should be installed between the studs. Because they’re impossible to see once the drywall has been installed, a stud finder is used to locate the vertical beams. The stud finder works by sensing the relative density of the beam versus the empty space. Place the stud finder against the wall in between the studs, and nothing happens. Slide it across the wall until you get to a stud, and the lamp lights, or a tone is emitted. Stud finders are sold in hardware stores that carry carpentry equipment or home improvement tools. Measuring Tape Network and power receptacles shouldn’t be installed at the very bottom of the wall. Cables can be tripped over, kicked out, and damaged by any number of things. It’s a better idea to keep them at a specific height from the floor (and in some cases, it may be codified by law. We should check our local regulations to be sure). Uniformity looks professional, so rather than just guessing at the height, we’ll use a tape measure to guarantee the height of the holes for our network jacks. Since we’re doing a professional job, the network jacks should be installed so that they’re straight, in respect to the walls and floor. In most buildings, the walls are perpendicular to the floor, and the floor is level to the ground. Use the level to ensure that the network box is, too. Work Boxes After we’ve cut a hole into the drywall, we need to make the hole ready to hold the jacks that we’ll be using. In order to do that, we need to use work boxes. Work boxes are rigid square or rectangular boxes that mount into the wall and support a certain number of modules. These work boxes are mandatory for electrical work, such as light switches and electrical plugs, and are handy for telecom, as well. Typically composed of metal or plastic, they come in full-box form (required for electric), or just as a frame, for low voltage work, which is what our network installation will be. In the store, they come in two varieties, new work and old work. New work boxes are used when a workspace is being built. During the construction process, the walls are still open to the studs, and the drywall hasn’t been nailed on yet. At this time, we have full access to the studs, so we can use a “new work” box, which utilizes long nails which are driven diagonally into the studs to secure the box. If we’re renovating an existing space, as we are in this example, we don’t have unrestricted access to the studs, so we’ll use an “old work” box. Instead of nails driven diagonally, these boxes have flaps which open and spread out behind the drywall. Once they’re opened, screws on the front of the box are tightened which cause the flaps to squeeze the drywall. This secures the box against movement without needing to remove extra drywall. Drywall Saw Since drywall is compressed gypsum powder covered with a thin paper, it isn’t difficult to saw through. In fact, a utility knife can be used to cut through drywall in a pinch, but I prefer to use a drywall saw. These saws are very sharp, and feature large serrated blades, designed to remove gypsum quickly. Safety and Construction Before we make the first cut into the wall, we need to make sure that the breakers for the circuits in the room we are working on are flipped off. Cutting through a live circuit is an effective way to get badly hurt and possibly killed. It wouldn’t be overkill to include an outlet tester in our kit to ensure that the circuits we’ve flipped off are connected to the outlets we thought they were. Eye and Lung Protection Drywall being sawed kicks up a lot of particulate matter. Good eye protection is a must, and safety glasses are cheap and effective. I also use them whenever I deal with drop ceilings, since the ceiling tiles are invariably dusty and fall apart. At the same time, when sawing through drywall, a simple particulate mask should be used. Gypsum dust exposed to the moisture in our lungs forms an excellent cement. It would be best to prevent this. Fish Tape / Rods Getting the cable from one end of the run to the other would be easy if the entire route were exposed. Unfortunately, this isn’t usually the case, and so the wire has to be able to be placed through openings smaller than we, ourselves, could fit in. Even this wouldn’t be impossible if the network cable were rigid, but as it is, we can’t push them the entire way. To get around this issue, we use fish tape to pull network cabling in places we can’t install it directly. Fish tape is a somewhat rigid wire, typically made of spring steel or fiberglass, which has been coiled in a convenient case. The exposed end of the wire has a loop that we can secure to an end of network cable. The way to use fish tape is to push (otherwise known as fish) it from one end of a run to the other while it’s empty, then once the tape is at the target, attach the cables and pull-strings to it, and then reel it back in, which pulls the cables into place at the same time. Fish tape works best in a relatively straight run, or one which makes a single ninety degree bend. In many cases, we’ll need to use the fish tape multiple times over the course of the run. In the case of our installation, we can use the fish tape to get the network cables up the wall and through the route in the ceiling that we need them to take. Because there are multiple bends in this run, we’ll need to take it in stages. We’re terminating the wire runs from the wall into a patch panel in the server room, and it is always good to leave a bit of extra cable near the termination point, so we’ll start the cable from the wall outlet to make it easier to leave extra cable on the patch panel end of the run. Since the fish tape should only make a single sharp bend at one time, we can’t just fish the tape from the patch panel to the wall outlet. This means that we’ve got to start our fish tape from the next logical step. To start off, we’ll take our fish tape reel, grab a ladder, and open the ceiling tiles. While we’re up on the ladder, we should take advantage of our view and check out the general status of the ceiling space (also called the plenum space). Are there old cables, signs of infestation, or anything else that looks unusual? The area should look relatively dusty, but uncluttered. The presence of things that don’t belong there might indicate the presence of pests, and should be further evaluated by a professional exterminator. We also need to check the path that we’re going to be fishing the tape through. In-ceiling fixtures like duct work and full-height walls will provide challenges for us, and we need to plan a route around these before we start fishing cable. Assuming we’ve got our path planned, we’ll feed the fish tape toward the wall with the hole for the jack cut into it. A straight line is better than one that weaves, and we should try to keep the network cable’s path at right angles to the in-ceiling power cables that snake through and run fluorescent lights. Once the tape has been fished to the wall, it’ll probably be necessary to leave the reel in the ceiling while we go to the wall and feed the far end down between the beams that form the studs. If there’s a horizontal beam sealing the top of the wall, a drill with a hole-saw bit will give us the access that we need. Once the tape end is being fed into the wall itself, feed some more line out to make sure the end is able to reach the hole cut for the jacks. Returning to the wall, it should be possible to extract the tape end. Once we’ve done this, we can attach the cables to the loop at the end of the fish tape. After the cables and pull string (see next section) are attached to the fish tape, go back to the ladder, retrieve the spool, and pull the bundle to yourself. Once the cables are to you, detach them from the fish tape, and move the tape (and your ladder) to the next spot, which in our case is the panel itself in the server room, where we’ll fish the tape back through to the midpoint where our bundle of cables is left. Creating a large ball of wire by directly attaching all of the cables to the fish tape itself would make an unmanageable mess while trying to pull the cables back through the run. Instead, we need to tape one wire to the tape itself, wrapping it around the hook at the tip, we should use electrical tape to fasten it so that it doesn’t come loose. If we need to attach more cables, we should tape them to the initial cable. As we add more cables to this run, we need to add some space between their ends, to prevent the aforementioned bunching up. Running Multiple Cables at Once Something that it’s important to remember when planning this phase of the cable run is that, in order to run multiple cables at once, multiple cable sources are needed. In the case of network cable, this will be one spool or box of cable for each wire being run. It sounds like common sense until you forget to account for it. It’s possible to hook several network cables to the fish tape, but for larger bundles, it’s better to tie pull string to the tape, because we can then pull as large of a bundle as we need. Pull String Suppose that we have large amount of network cables to run, around a dozen. We could do as we did above, and tape the first cable to the tape end, then attach the other eleven cables to the first, with some amount of distance between the ends. By the time you got the last cable on, you are pulling a significant amount of weight with a thin, flexible metallic (or fiberglass) wire, and there’s over a foot between the end of the first cable on the end of the fish tape and the last, taped onto the bunch. Instead of doing this, we can use pull string (also known as pull cord) to put less tension on the fish tape, and to pull nearly unlimited cables. Pull string is a very soft, very strong nylon rope. It’s typically sold in buckets measured in thousands of feet of length. This lightweight rope can be used in lieu of taping dozens of cables together. Rather than attaching network cable directly to the fish tape end, we secure the nylon pull string to the fish tape using a knot, then pull the string through just as we would the network cable bundle. After the pull string run is complete, we’re free to go back to the hole in the wall, make a cut in the pull string, and then tie it around the bundle of network cable that we need to run. It’s important to maintain the staggering of the cable ends, but a much larger number of cables can be attached. The method that I recommend is to bundle the cables together using tape as described above, then wrap the pull cord around the entire bundle, then use liberal amounts of electrical tape to ensure that the cord doesn’t pull lose. This method creates a strong bond and helps ensure that none of the cables are lost during the run. Whichever method we employ, it’s always smart to include pull string in with the bundle of network cables. This allows us to pull additional cables in the future without breaking out the fish tape. By guaranteeing that each cable run has a pull string, future expansion and upgrades are made much easier. Punch Down Tool Once the cable is completely run from the wall to the patch panel, it needs terminated at both ends. Permanent wiring needs to be installed such that patch cables can be used at each end to connect to hosts or networking equipment. To permit this, we need to use female receptacles which the patch cables can plug into. For cables near end users, wall plates featuring 8C8P (or RJ-45) ports. These wall plates are the same size as those made for electrical outlets, but feature square holes for clip-in female RJ-45 jacks. These female ports have metal contacts on the reverse side into which the individual wires can be pushed down. These metal contacts are in thin plastic slits, and are shaped such that they cut into the insulation of the wire and allow connectivity. In order for the wires to be forced into the slit, a special device is used. The punch down tool pushes the wires into the slits. In more expensive models, this action also cocks a gear, much like a gun, which, when released, slices off the wire which extended beyond the punch down block. When wiring to punch down blocks, ensure that the twists in the cable pairs are maintained as close as possible to the ends of the wires. These techniques eliminate additional cross talk. Punch down tools are available from many sources. Nearly all hardware stores that carry telecom equipment sell them. Most of the RJ-45 jacks that are sold come with extremely cheap versions that do more pushing down than punching down, but in a pinch, they’re better than nothing. If we’re stuck using these, we need to make sure that we take a box cutter or razor blade and remove the extra wire length. This gives the best, cleanest signal. As mentioned before, permanent installations should be terminated in jacks, either in-wall or to patch panels. The connection from these jacks and panels to the actual machines should be accomplished using patch cables with male 8C8P (RJ-45) ends. These cables are commonly sold almost everywhere now, but online bulk retailers typically have the best deals. Although I recommend buying them for everything important, they’re simple to make. The only hardware needed is a pair of scissors, the plastic ends, the cable itself, and a pair of crimpers. The plastic ends into which we put the wires are built such that the metal contacts on the outside are able to be pushed down into the copper core. Because there are both stranded and solid core wires and ends made for each, we should make sure that the end we’re using is made for the wire type we’re crimping it on. Crimpers come in a range of sizes and capabilities. Personally, I stay away from both extremes. The most inexpensive always feel cheaply made, and are sometimes made of plastic. On the other hand, the high-end crimpers have far more features than I would utilize, support more cable types than I need, and are way too expensive. Instead, I go with a moderately priced pair of crimpers which are metal, somewhat heavy, and are ratcheted, which means if my hand slips mid-crimp, there’s still a good chance that the end won’t be ruined; if my hand slips on non-ratcheted crimpers, I’m almost guaranteed to need to cut off the end and do it again. To prepare a cable for crimping, use a pair of scissors to lightly score the external sheathing an inch or so away from the end of the cable. It’s important not to score the cable so hard that we cut through sheathing and into the wires themselves. After the pairs are exposed, we need to untwist them and flatten them out as best we can. At this point, we can start arranging them in the proper order for the cable we’re making. Copper Cable Standards For CAT-5, the color order and composition of the individual wires are dictated by a standard known as TIA/EIA-568. There are numerous revisions to this standard, denoted with the A, B, C.0, C.1, and C.2 monikers, although only A, B, and C.2 deal with copper cables such as CAT-5e. A and B each dictate the order of the individual wires within the cable ends. The only difference between A and B are that the orange and green wires are reversed. Once the wires are arranged into the proper order, we need to pinch them between the thumb and first finger, while using the scissors to swiftly cut them a quarter inch from the sheathing, and at a right angle. This should leave a clean square cut. Without shifting our fingers whatsoever, slide the plastic end onto the wires pressing down firmly on the wire tips. The purpose behind this is to ensure that the wires don’t move in the slightest, because even a small shift can cause the wire order to be changed, which ruins the cable. Slide the plastic end on, and press firmly. The best way to make sure that the end is solidly on the wires is look directly at the tip to verify that we can see the eight individual shiny wire ends. If we can’t, the end is more likely to test wrong, because the metal teeth may not penetrate fully into the copper core. Once the plastic end is secure on the cable, with the wires in place, shove the end and cable into the crimper port, and look again at the tip of the plastic end to ensure that the copper wires are showing. Assuming that they are, squeeze firmly until the crimpers won’t move any further. Releasing should open the crimpers, and the cable can be removed. Cable Testers Even the best crimper out there will make mistakes. No matter how nicely the cable run goes, it’s possible to snag it on something and break one of the internal wires. Many times, it isn’t apparent that there’s a problem, even when inspecting the cable. In order to tell that there is an issue, the electrical properties of the wires themselves must be tested. Cable testers come in all shapes, sizes, and costs. They range from simple continuity testers to multi-thousand dollar units that report on every aspect of the wire. Most cable testers have a base unit, which is where the active electronics are stored, and a smaller remote unit, which plugs into the far end of the line. This remote unit communicates with the base unit to report statistics and performance data. The preferred wire testers will do continuity, plus report the order of the wires, and in the event of a problem with the cable, will report the distance from the end that the cable is damaged. The bare minimum we should look for in a cable tester is the ability to report crossed wires. It’s easy for a miscrimp or mispunch to ruin a cable’s ability to carry data, and without a cable tester, debugging that particular problem would take a long time. If possible, try to get one that will report supported bit rate. This data is important in debugging network performance problems. We’ll never get gigabit speed if our cables can’t even support 100Mb/s. In addition to testers that certify cable, tone generators are very useful. The idea of a tone generator is that one end of the cable is plugged into the device which generates an identifiable signal. Another device, the detector, or wand, is used to identify the specific cable in a bundle remotely from the generator. Touching the wand’s end against the specific cable generates a tone, alerting the user that they have found the proper cable. These devices are invaluable whenever a problem exists mid-run, or when mapping out an undocumented installation. Two people can make quick work of a relatively complex installation, and even one person can do the job given enough time. Networking Devices Networks exist to move information from one host to another. We use networking devices to facilitate this flow of data, and many types of devices are used to propagate the traffic to its destination. Networking devices are loosely arranged in tiers which correspond to build quality, feature set, price, and manufacturer support. The range of hardware between home and enterprise is frequently called Small Office / Home Office (SOHO) or Small / Medium Business (SMB) (sometimes called Small / Medium Enterprise, or SME). Small infrastructures don’t usually have a lot of financial resources, and we can’t afford to waste money by buying the wrong equipment, or worse, unreliable equipment that we’re going to have to replace too soon. For these reasons, the value and reliability of our hardware should be paramount. Don’t confuse price with value There are a great many inexpensive pieces of computer equipment that could be given to us for free, yet would still be too expensive to use on our network. Everything has a cost, even if it’s not tangible. Spending time to configure equipment costs money, since our efforts aren’t free. So, too, does downtime, because infrastructure operations may hinge upon unreliable hardware or software. At the same time, many “free” solutions are better in nearly every way than expensive supported solutions. Investigate everything, and don’t be afraid to beat the bushes to find people who have worked on the solution before. I’ve often had a difficult time finding reliability statistics (or even estimates) for SOHO equipment. The applicable term to look for when evaluating hardware is failure rate, although it is more common to see Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) quoted. This metric is the mean average of time a device operates correctly between failures. Of course, this being statistics, there is no guarantee that this time span will be borne out in our equipment, but it does give a good indication of the reliability of the hardware being purchased. Reliability and Mean Time Between Failure Devices primarily fail when they are very new or very old. Between those times, the failure rate is relatively consistent, and MTBF is drawn from this consistent rate. It should be expressed in machine-hours per failure or failures per machine year. Without an expression of a unit of scale, such as hour or year, the number is worthless. See for more details. Hardware Taxonomy Network devices can be divided into two general families. There are distribution devices, which connect end-nodes to the network, and there are transit devices, which allow, deny, or otherwise alter the flow of network traffic through connected networks. Distribution Devices Hubs / Repeaters / Taps Hubs and repeaters were among the first networking devices, and their operation is simple. They take all of the bits that enter a port and retransmit them out all of the other ports. Early in network computing, they were considered an asset because they increased the number of connections to the network, but with drawbacks such as the extension of a shared collision domain, there are much better solutions now. In the real world, a lot of small shops still use hubs. If we’ve got one in our network, it should be on the top of the list to be replaced. If we need a new distribution device, it doesn’t matter how cheap a hub is, it’s still too expensive, because the performance losses are immense. There is one exception to the “no hub” rule. If we are implementing a Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) then a small hub can be a simple way to monitor the traffic to a single node. Aside from this usage, it is in our best interest to keep hubs off of our networks. Network taps are related to this single use case for hubs. A network tap is essentially an extension of the cable connecting a host and a switch. Taps are either active or passive, and exist for both copper and optical cables. Passive taps are generally seen as the more reliable of the two, but often lack administrative abilities. Switches are the work horse of the network. Every one of our wired nodes will be connected to a switch, and they play an important role in the implementation of our network. There are two major varieties of switches, managed and unmanaged. Unmanaged are the generally the less expensive of the two, but have no configuration options whatsoever. We should try to avoid these, if at all possible. They are usually of lower quality than managed, as well, and eliminate our ability to perform vital monitoring of the network resources. Instead, we should try to buy managed switches. These include an additional controller inside the switch that allows us to set an IP address and log in, typically via serial console, web, or telnet. Typically, managed switches support Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), which allows us to view port status, counters, and in some cases, alter the configuration of the switch. Managed switches can be small, as small as 4 or 5 ports, or very, very large, including hundreds of ports housed in a tower the size of a small refrigerator. Typically, switches with more than 12 ports are in a 19″ rack mount chassis, as seen in Figure 2.1. This allows the switch to be mounted as part of a server rack installation, allowing optimum cable management and efficiency when networking servers or wall jacks. Smaller switches usually have a fixed number of ports, until you get above 48 or so. After that, switch chassis typically accept blades full of ports, which allows an organization to grow as needed. These smaller switches are sometimes stackable, which means that they can be connected such that together, they function as one single switch. The benefit of this is that all of the switches together may be less expensive than the equivalent large chassis switch. The drawbacks are that the bandwidth between the switches is somewhat limited, compared to the backplane of the larger chassis switch, and failure rates increase as the number of individual components go up. Larger switches are sometimes capable of handling add-in cards which provide some amount of routing capability. Effectively, this makes them “Layer 3” switches. Although these cards aren’t typically capable of dealing with as much routed traffic as a dedicated piece of hardware, these features can be used to our advantage if we have the budget for this class of hardware. Another feature of switches which is becoming very important is Power over Ethernet (PoE). This feature enables the switch to power compatible network devices at the other end of the network cable, through the cable. This is particularly handy whenever we need remote network connectivity in a spot where there may not be a readily available power source, such as when we install wireless APs and security cameras. Which Switch? There is no “best switch” or even “best class” of switches. Each site’s requirements are too different for any one standard. Instead, we need to look for switches that mesh with our existing infrastructure, or with the infrastructure that we’re building. The requirements for our network topology play a large part in dictating the feature sets we require in our routers. When it comes to selecting the size of your switch, your options are determined by the number of ports available and the speed at which they run. There are some considerations to be made, because as the number of ports increase, the cost goes up accordingly. With that in mind, it is usually more expensive to purchase a second switch than to purchase a switch with room for growth. There was a time not so long ago where every single host on your network needed its own network cable. Because of virtualization, that’s not necessarily true any longer. Not every infrastructure has implemented virtualization, but more and more are migrating to it. Small infrastructures are going to be among the last, because the comparative value is smaller for us, although there is still a value. One of the side effects of adopting this technology will be that the relative size of our server switches can be smaller, and the growth pattern of machines on the network may not be reflected physically. In the end, it’s just one of the many ways that virtualization can save money. If multiple machines can share the same network cable, that’s good, because big switches are expensive. Network growth has been matched by the size of the data needing ferried about the network. To accommodate this trend, port speeds have steadily increased. As of this writing, gigabit speeds are common, and 10GB is on the horizon, although primarily targeted at Storage Area Networks (SANs). Although common, high performance managed gigabit switches are still relatively expensive. The previous generation of 100Mb/s switches are very affordable and still quite adequate for end-users in many instances. One of the relatively recent features that is appealing to administrators is Power over Ethernet (PoE). This technology uses the brown/brown-white pair to transmit electricity through the Ethernet cable, which is then used to power the remote device. While the technology isn’t typically used to power computers themselves, it does go a long way toward simplifying the installation of wireless APs, cameras, and other remotely-installed network devices. Each site will have its own peculiarities and requirements, and deciding on the right switch will require analyzing the infrastructure and the prices available at that time. Wireless Access Points The term access point (AP) is not a misnomer, but the term doesn’t speak to what function the device really provides. A wireless AP is really a wireless switch. There are some particular configuration options and specific security concerns, both due to the networking medium, but essentially, the AP performs the same logical function, which is connecting end nodes to network resources. Wireless networking is a layer 1 technology. The radio waves take the place of network cables, and as mentioned above, this introduces some very important security considerations. We wouldn’t wire up the outside of our building with RJ-45 jacks so that anyone could connect to your network, yet that’s effectively what wireless does. It’s for this reason that a great many security controls have been put into place to specify who is able to connect and how. When we shop around for an AP, the two most important features to look for are speed and security options. Wireless technology is constantly getting faster, with current maximum speeds on consumer hardware reaching a bit over 100Mb/s. The equipment has, thus far, remained backwards compatible, meaning that our 802.11n radios will speak 802.11b, if we encounter a very old AP. This is good for us, because as if we purchase a new laptop with the latest and greatest wireless network card, we don’t immediately have to go upgrade our AP as well. Placement of the AP takes consideration. All of the frequencies used in the wireless signals are unlicensed, which means that other devices are free to use them. Bluetooth, microwaves, even remote controls for R/C airplanes, all can interfere with legitimate signal. In addition, the available speed of the network connection diminishes as the distance increases from the AP. Structural and operational elements also play a part in the degradation of wireless signal. Concrete walls and floors can wreak havoc on signal strength, electrical motors and wall boxes can cause interference, and too many users can overwhelm an AP to the point that the network is degraded for everyone. The use of a PoE switch will enable more placement options, since this precludes the necessity of installing the AP near a power outlet. When determining how many APs are necessary for the infrastructure to function correctly, the primary factor is signal propagation, which then gives us the number of users serviced. Most commercial APs can handle 30 or so connected users, although the number varies per model and manufacturer. Beyond this number, the network usage is such that the speeds decrease for each user and the access slows. A rule of thumb is that once you approach 25 users, plan to increase the number of APs. Best practices call for the AP to be installed on (or in) the ceiling. The increased height overcomes in-line obstacles, and accidental user interference by unplugging or moving the access point is nearly eliminated. AP Placement and Wireless Security Typical antennas on APs are omnidirectional, meaning they transmit in all directions. This may not be ideal, particularly from the standpoint of security. If the AP we’re using supports external antennas, we can purchase a unidirectional antenna, which only presents signal in a limited range of direction. This is useful when it’s necessary to present a wireless AP at the border of our space, where we’d rather not send signal beyond our external walls. When placing APs, leave the antennas vertically aligned or, if the AP has integrated antennas, mount the AP as though it were sitting on a table. The propagation of wireless signal isn’t perfectly spherical, and the signal range is greater at a right angle from the antenna’s rod. Wireless bridges exist which act very similarly to APs, except they are typically used in a point-to-point fashion, such as between buildings, or across gaps not able to be wired. The antennas used for bridges are typically high gain and unidirectional to focus the signal and minimize loss. Transit Devices Having discussed the distribution devices which ensure that nodes are part of the network, it is only logical to discuss those devices which work together to enable the interconnections between our networks. It seems as though almost everyone with a computer on the internet is at least passingly familiar with the term “router”. In a world where every household has one sitting behind their cable or DSL modem, how could they not be familiar, especially with the frequent troubles they give so many people. These home cable/DSL modems are low end consumer hardware, but they aren’t that much different from enterprise gear in terms of the goal they accomplish. Their task is to get packets from one network to another, and they contain hardware and software devoted to performing those tasks. There isn’t really a clear delineation between consumer and enterprise routers. Dozens of shades of grey exist between a cable/DSL router on the shelf of retail computer stores and those custom ordered from large vendors such as Cisco, Juniper, Foundry, and others. As with all of the advice in this book, the best option depends on the particular use the device will see. It may be that for our particular case, we don’t need an enterprise router. Maybe we have a small office that only has DSL. Is there any reason to spend hundreds of dollars on a highly available, redundant piece of rack mount gear that will probably never fail (nor will it be used for more than a fraction of its potential performance)? No. In that case, we would probably be best served by finding a suitable DSL router that supports SNMP and buying two, in case one fails. If, however, our network consists of many large, expensive machines whose failure couldn’t be tolerated, perhaps it’s worth the additional cost to ensure that the hardware connecting those machines to the outside world is at least as reliable as they are. When the internet was first designed, every node was known to all of the other nodes. As the size of the network grew, so too did the hosts file which kept track of machine names and addresses. Every computer attached to the network belonged to either the government or a trusted branch of a large university. It should be no surprise then, that since the underlying protocols of the internet matured in this environment, once the network spread outside of these trusted confines, the protocols themselves were ill-equipped to deal with malicious attackers. For this reason, software (and hardware to run it) was developed with the goal of explicitly (or implicitly) blocking (or allowing) traffic based on a predetermined rule set. This software and hardware combination is referred to as a firewall because it is designed to act as a control measure for hostile traffic. In small infrastructures, we typically deal with small firewalls that have two zones, denoted as trust and untrust. Larger firewalls allow more discretely-tuned settings, with more zones. Trust in a networked environment The terms “trust” and “untrust” are typically used to denote internal and external networks, but it has been apparent for some time now that many attacks come from inside the network, either in the form of malware or hostile company employees. For this reason, it’s important not to rely on our firewall as the only source of protection against intruders on our internal machines. A well-designed security policy always includes secure passwords, patched software, and good user training. When using the term firewall, there is some room for confusion. As mentioned above, a firewall can refer to a host-based firewall, which is a software program that runs on a computer to permit or deny traffic to that specific computer, or it can refer to a physical device that is placed on the network to act as a traffic cop, permitting or denying traffic to an entire section of the network. The complexities involved in configuring a host-based firewall are beyond the scope of this book, but best practices are generally recognized to strike a balance between security (i.e. the restriction of network access) and ensuring that the user is able to access the resources they need. A hardware-based firewall is an important part of a network security policy. Relying on your internal machines being on private IP addresses is not enough, because traffic with malicious content can easily be forwarded over Network Address Translation (NAT). In addition, network devices that are incapable of running software firewalls are susceptible to attack, as well. There have even been documented cases of network-accessible printers being exploited, and then used to attack other targets from inside the network. Network security devices such as firewalls started out being relatively simple, either blocking or permitting traffic based on its source and destination. Over time, they became more complex as computing speeds improved, and more software was being run on these machines that were well-placed to monitor cross-boundary traffic. One of the additions has been deep packet inspection, which looks at layer-7 traffic, and makes decisions based on the content of the data. This is useful for preventing traffic such as viruses and malicious web pages from even reaching a client machine. When shopping for hardware firewalls, there are nearly unlimited available options. Not only are there many vendors, each with a selection of available devices, but to confuse matters even further, every device usually accepts multiple licenses, each of which permits different behavior. Demo Units Large organizations have many benefits that we smaller companies don’t. Whenever a potentially large order comes in, many manufacturers will send companies evaluation units to play with, in order to ensure that their needs will be met. Although it’s more commonly done for larger companies, it’s not unheard of for the courtesy to be extended to smaller organizations, as well. Make sure to ask the salesperson if it’s possible. The worst they can say is no. The first decision to make is which manufacturer and product line to go with. If we have an existing relationship with a company (and the relationship is positive), then it’s definitely worth investing the time to check out their offerings. If we don’t have relationship, or do, but aren’t happy with it, then we need to do research. Online forums, other administrators and, in general, doing our homework is the best way to get a grasp of the current environment. Important considerations are ease of getting support, turnaround time for buying additional licenses, and lifetime of support for each of the devices. We don’t want to have to keep purchasing new pieces of hardware every year, just because last year’s model isn’t supported any longer. Different families of products often all have the same underlying code base, meaning issues such as compatibility remains the same, regardless of how fully featured a device is. A good case in point would be iPhones and VPN concentrators. As of this writing, the only device compatible with the iPhone’s built-in VPN client is the Cisco ASA 5500 series firewall. No matter how large of a Juniper Netscreen you buy, the iPhone still won’t be able to connect. Therefore, if one of the requirements of the device is that iPhones need to be able to VPN in, then none of the Juniper line will meet our needs, and we need to restrict ourselves to the Cisco ASAs. After deciding on the product line, choosing a particular model will largely be a function of the size of the environment. The most basic choice is typically how many users (or machines) are supported. This refers to the total number of devices being used in the trusted segment of the network. The number of supported users is a separate setting from the number of sessions that the device supports, as each user machine or server can (and will) utilize multiple communication channels with a number of network resources. Each web site that a user visits will create at least one session, although it can generate dozens due to included content. Knowing your resources Getting the appropriate license often means foretelling the future. Not only do you have to get the number right for now, you have to make sure that the device will be right for the future. The best way to know what the future will bring is to know what your requirements are right now. Before guessing at how many sessions you think you’ll need, find out how many you are using right now. If you currently have a device in line, use the reporting mechanisms it has to determine what your actual usage is. It would be wise to add these metrics to a centralized monitoring server, if we have one (and we should). After selecting the model of device, we need to evaluate what additional licenses will be needed on the firewall. Additional licenses are often available for enabling features such as enhanced encryption algorithms, additional user or session limits, deep-packet inspection tasks like virus scanning or URL filtering, and the like. Speaking with a sales representative to learn what options are available is important. When the time comes to order the device, clarify which model and options you want, and get an emailed quote from the sales representative. We need to make sure that the device and applicable licenses are clearly stated in the paperwork. This will be useful when we contact several other resellers, and get quotes from them. Making the most of our money is absolutely vital, and not shopping around is a big mistake. Physical networking is not a simple task. It takes an array of skills and tools to do the job well. Diligence and patience are the most useful traits when dealing with the physical infrastructure. An attention to detail is also useful, and follow- through ensures that our users have a physical network that they can depend on.
How do nurse help us? How do nurse help us? What is the essence of being a nurse? Presence and vigilance are key elements of the essence of nursing. But along with the privilege of being “the one who’s there” comes a tremendous responsibility and accountability. Nurses are, and always have been, the patient’s first and last line of defense. Who said caring is the essence of nursing? Jean Watson What is the focus of nursing? Many nursing theorists claim caring as the aspect of nursing that differentiates it from other health care professions. Newman et al defined the focus of nursing as “the study of caring in the human health experience,” yet there is little consensus among nurses about the validity of this statement. What do you believe the core of nursing is? Nurses have a commitment to keep current in knowledge and skills and seek self-enhancement through perpetual learning. I believe that the core of nursing is caring, knowledge, and integrity. The focus of nursing is on patient needs, patient healing, patient safety, and patient empowerment. What are the 5 C’s in care? According to Roach (1993), who developed the Five Cs (Compassion, Competence, Confidence, Conscience and Commitment), knowledge, skills and experience make caring unique. Why is it important for nurses to be caring? When caring is present patients experience feelings of comfort and hospitality, of being at ease and of being healed. Nurses that offer heartfelt acts of kindness evoke caring, an important element of the healing process. Being a Cardinal Nurse means to bring caring to the bedside. What is the purpose of caring? Taking care of someone else forces us to learn about the proper ways to do something, whether it’s preparing finances, or planning for the future. It also teaches important virtues such as patience, understanding and loyalty that benefit individuals in both their personal and professional lives. Back To Top
Download Article Download Article All puppies need a series of immunizations prior to 12 weeks of age. These shots protect them from a wide variety of ailments, including rabies. However, it's not always necessary to visit a vet for shots. You can give your puppy its shots at home. Start by consulting with your vet to determine whether or not home vaccinations are a good idea for your particular puppy. Then, buy a shot packet from a reputable dealer. To give a shot, hold your puppy still, sink the needle under the skin, and push the plunger downwards. Part 1 Part 1 of 3: Creating a Vaccination Plan 1. 1 Talk with your veterinarian. Not all dogs are good candidates for home vaccination. Call or meet with your vet to determine if your dog meets the basic health criteria. If you are concerned about how to give the shots, your vet can also talk you through the process or even let you watch a demonstration in-office.[1] • Vets technically lose money by having you home vaccinate. However, most are more than happy to help you learn if it is in the best interest of your puppy. • You'll also want to check the laws for your area regarding animal vaccinations. Some locations do not recognize self-administered rabies vaccinations and may even issue fines.[2] 2. 2 Decide which non-core vaccinations to give. Veterinarians generally recognize certain vaccinations as central or “core” to your puppy's health, such as rabies and parvovirus. Other vaccinations can be helpful for puppies in certain environments. Leptospirosis, coronavirus, bordetella, and borrelia burgdorferi are all optional vaccines.[3] • For example, if you live in a wooded area where your puppy may be exposed to ticks, then a borrelia vaccine is a good idea as it reduces the risk of Lyme Disease. • It's a good idea to consult your local veterinarian if you're not sure which non-core vaccinations are right for your dog. They'll be able to give you an idea of what shots are necessary and which shots you can skip out on. 3. 3 Purchase a puppy vaccination pack. These packets contain all of the vaccination materials from needles to vials for the full series of puppy shots. Feed store owners, specialty pet stores, and online pet outlets may carry the shot packets. Only get your vaccines from reputable retailers or they could be worthless or even cause harm to your puppy.[4] • Expect to pay somewhere between $75-100 for a full series of puppy vaccinations. • Before you buy a vaccination pack, ask the vendor how they store the packs before they're purchased. Avoid buying packs that have been stored in excessive heat or cold or the vaccinations might not be as effective. 4. 4 Keep the shots cold. As soon as you get the vaccines, place them in the drawer of your refrigerator. If you buy online, the company should also ship your shots in a cold container. Some companies will even require that you pay extra for overnight shipping. If the shots drop below a certain temperature, they may become less effective.[5] 5. 5 Give the first combination vaccine between 6 to 12 weeks of age. To reduce the total number of shots for puppies, between 3 to 5 viruses are usually combined into a single dosage. Your puppy should receive this first major shot fairly early on, so that there is enough time for boosters before they mature.[6] • A standard first-round combination vaccine may container parvovirus, parainfluenza, adenovirus, and distemper. • If your puppy has been exposed to some of these illnesses early in life, your vet may recommend that you vaccinate as soon as possible. 6. 6 Give boosters every 3 weeks until 16 weeks of age. The vaccination packet that your purchase will provide instructions regarding the frequency of each shot and what they each contain. Distemper, for example, requires an initial shot and a series of boosters thereafter. Not giving the boosters or delaying them reduces or eliminates any protections for your puppy.[7] 7. 7 Do not alter the injection amounts. The manufacturer of the shots will provide specific dosage instructions on or in the vaccination package. Read these instructions carefully and do not alter them to fit your puppy's age, weight, or breed. Large puppies should get the same dose of vaccine as small ones and vice versa.[8] Part 2 Part 2 of 3: Getting Ready to Inject 1. 1 Make sure your puppy is healthy before you vaccinate them. Vaccinating your puppy when they're sick will prevent the vaccines from working properly. If your puppy shows signs of being sick, take them to the vet and wait until they're healthy again to administer the vaccinations. 2. 2 Plan to inject in your puppy's neck for subcutaneous shots. When you receive your shot kit, you'll notice that each of the shots will be labeled according to the preferred injection site. For shots that need to be injected subcutaneously (under the skin's surface), it's usually easiest to use the back of your puppy's neck as the injection site, as it contains a fair amount of extra skin.[9] 3. 3 Plan to inject in your puppy's thigh for intramuscular shots. Identify those shots in the kit that are labeled “intramuscular” or that require an injection directly into muscle tissue. For these shots, the best choice is usually your puppy's upper thigh because the muscle lies close to the skin's surface.[10] • Vaccines rarely require intramuscular injection, and it can be more painful for your puppy. Read the instructions on your vaccines carefully, and inject vaccines subcutaneously whenever possible. 4. 4 Fill up the syringe from the diluent vial. Remove the protective cap from the syringe. Push the needle into the top opening of the vial of liquid diluent. Draw the liquid up into the syringe until it reaches the suggested limit.[11] • The liquid diluent helps to break up the powder of the vaccine, so it's important to measure this exactly. 5. 5 Release the vial liquid into the powder vial. Position the syringe over the vial with the powder inside. Push the needle into the top opening. Then, press down on the plunger until all of the liquid is pushed into the powder vial. Slowly pull out the syringe.[12] 6. 6 Shake the vial. Grasp the powder vial with the liquid added. Hold it firmly with your fingers and gently shake it for 2-3 minutes. Look inside the vial to see if there is any powder visible. If so, keep going until it is fully dissolved.[13] 7. 7 Pull up the mixture into the syringe. Set the newly shaken vial onto a firm surface. Get a new syringe and remove the protective top. Push the tip into the vial. Pull up the plunger until the syringe is filled to the right level with the vaccine. Set the vaccine aside in a safe location where it is reachable, but won't roll off.[14] Part 3 Part 3 of 3: Giving the Injection 1. 1 Position the puppy laying down. Either set the puppy on the ground or lift them on to a sturdy table. Use your non-dominant hand to hold them still by gently grasping the scruff at the back of their neck. You can also tuck them slightly under your arm and exert a little bit of downward pressure to hold them in position.[15] • Some puppies behave better when placed on a high table for shots. However, you must keep a secure grip on them at all times. Or, they could fall to the ground and be injured. Ask a friend to assist you with the injections. You can also place the puppy on the table and then use your upper body weight to securely pin them down. 2. 2 Raise the skin slightly up. Continuing to hold the puppy in position, move your fingers to the injection site. Grasp the puppy's loose skin and fur and pull slightly upwards. If you are injecting behind the neck, then you'll pull up a good amount of skin. For the thigh, the skin won't be as much, which is okay since you are injecting into the muscle anyway.[16] • Once you've practiced lifting up the skin, wipe down the area with an alcohol wipe or a cotton ball dipped in alcohol. It's okay if you get some alcohol on the fur as well. 3. 3 Slide the needle tip into the skin. Grasping the syringe firmly in one hand, separate your dog's fur with your free hand. Set the needle against the raised skin and push it gently inside. If you are injecting the neck, keep the skin raised. If you are injecting the thigh, release the skin as the needle starts to enter.[17] 4. 4 Check for a vein hit. Once the needle is in place, pull back on the syringe's plunger just a very small amount. Look to see if any blood drained into the syringe. If this happens, then your needle might have hit a vein. Pull the entire needle out and re-insert in once more with a slightly different angle. • Inserting vaccination medication directly into a vein creates more of a risk of a reaction on the part of your puppy. 5. 5 Push the syringe plunger down. After you've verified that the needle is in a good position, apply steady pressure at the end of the plunger. Go slowly and don't rush this step. Continue until the syringe is empty and the vaccine is fully injected. Pull the needle out of the skin.[18] • Once you are done, carefully dispose of the needle in the sharps container provided within the kit. If your kit doesn't include a sharps container, then place cap the used needle and place it in a sealed, hard plastic container for disposal. 6. 6 Massage the site. The injection might leave a little bump in your dog's skin. This is just from the liquid sitting under the skin's surface and doesn't mean that anything is wrong. To make your puppy feel better, take 2 fingers and gently rub this area for 30 seconds or so.[19] 7. 7 Monitor your puppy for an allergic reaction for 24 hours. Most puppies experience no reaction to their vaccinations whether they are given them at home or in a vet's office. However, some puppies do experience mild reactions, such as loose stools or a loss of appetite. Other puppies have a more severe reaction characterized by difficulty breathing, heavy panting, and loss of consciousness. If you are worried about your puppy, take them to an emergency vet immediately.[20] • Vaccines can come with a risk of anaphylactic shock. If your dog shows signs of experiencing anaphylactic shock, including vomiting, diarrhea, shock, seizure, cold limbs, or pale gums, take them to an emergency vet immediately. Expert Q&A Ask a Question 200 characters left • If you need to board your puppy or if they will be exposed to other animals, make sure to give the vaccinations at least 2 weeks in advance. This gives the vaccine enough time to kick in and start working.[21] • Offer praise and words of encouragement to your puppy throughout this whole process. • Each needle and injection packet should be used only a single time. Storing and reusing the needle can cause a serious infection.[22] About This Article Pippa Elliott, MRCVS Co-authored by: 34 votes - 94% Co-authors: 7 Updated: January 11, 2020 Views: 58,205 Categories: Puppy Care Article SummaryX Before you give your puppy shots, talk to your veterinarian about a vaccine plan, and ask if your puppy is a good candidate for home vaccination. Next, purchase a puppy vaccination pack from a specialty pet store, online outlet, or feed store. Plan on giving your puppy its first combination vaccine between 6 and 12 weeks of age and giving it boosters every 3 weeks until it's 16 weeks of age. When it’s time for shots, make sure to follow the packet instructions carefully, including the timing of the shots, the amount, and where they should be injected. To learn how to watch your puppy for an allergic reaction to the shots, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 58,205 times. Did this article help you?
home \| 1945-21st century previous \| next John Searle, Matter and Mind John R. Searle John R. Searle, lecturing at U.C. Berkeley. One of the differences between believers and godless non-believers is the following: believers see consciousness as connected to an eternal soul that survives death; the godless, on the other hand, see some connection between the mind, human emotions and human chemistry and they assume that when the body dies the mind dies. This brings us to the work of John R. Searle, Professor of Philosophy at U.C. Berkeley since 1959. Searle wrote a book, published by Oxford University Press in 2004, titled Mind: A Brief Introduction. In it Searle criticizes the seventeenth century philosopher René Descartes for his dualism: Descartes' idea that humanity's consciousness is its spiritual being and that this "being" is completely separate from the material body – that we are ghosts (spirits) in a machine (materiality). Searle finds no basis for concluding such a separation. He writes that Descartes' kind of dualism appears inconsistent with modern physics: Physics says that the amount of matter/energy in the universe is constant; but substance dualism seems to imply that there is another kind energy, mental energy or spiritual energy, that is not fixed by physics. So if substance dualism is true then it seems that one of the most fundamental laws of physics, the law of conservation, must be false. (p. 42) Seale recognizes the role that neurobiology plays in memory, consciousness and intentionality. Your body tells your brain that you are thirsty, you become conscious of it and get a drink of water. But rather than leap into assumption by reducing consciousness to any kind of materialist essence, Searle takes the agnostic position common to science. He is suspicious of isms, including "materialism." He writes of humans having intentions rather than just being conscious, and he writes that what matters about the mind is its "capacity for information processing." Searle holds that material causality regarding consciousness is one of those questions that science and mathematics cannot answer. Searle does not make the mistake of claiming knowledge that he does not have. He writes that we don't know how free will in the brain "could possibly work," and he adds: But we also know that the conviction of our own freedom is inescapable. We cannot act except under the presupposition of freedom. (p. 234) Searle believes in freedom of choice insofar as he believes in intentionality. He separates the randomness of quantum mechanics and the question of free will. "Free will, he writes." is not the same as randomness. Quantum mechanics gives us randomness but not freedom." (p. 231)
Sugar – Friend or Foe It is helpful to know which foods contain a lot of sugar so that you can avoid them. There are plenty of foods that are low in sugar and are suitable for a low carb diet. The list of allowed foods includes seeds and nuts, fruit and vegetables, fish, and meats. Eggs and dairies contain small amounts of sugar. Whole grain breads and products contain healthy fiber, a small amount of fat, and some carbohydrate. Whole grains include brown rice, barley, and bulgar. Eggs are high in fat and protein and low in carbs and sugar. Meats contain essential minerals, fat, and protein and are low in carbohydrate content and sugar. If you are on a low carb diet, you can eat duck, lamb, bison, chicken, and other types of meat. It is recommended to eat fish meat and seafood, including perch, trout, mussels, and oysters. Except for cold-water fish, fish is low in carbohydrates and sugar and high in protein.cookies Check the label before buying and avoid foods that list sugar as one of their main ingredients. Avoid products that contain agave sugar, beet sugar, brown sugar, and raw sugar. Avoid desserts with lots of sugar – you can create your own recipe, reduce the amount of sugar, or modify it to make it low carb friendly. You can make low-carb, low-sugar desserts such as jello, fruit smoothies, and sorbets. You can buy sugar-free jello and combine with fruits. It may come as a surprise but many products contain sugar, including breads, crackers, salad dressings, ketchup, and mustard. To cut down on sugar, you should know which products have added sugar and in what amount. A serving of diced pears or mandarins has a total of 17 grams of sugar. Cookies, and chocolate chips have 21 grams of sugar per serving. Some muffin mixes, pies, and snack cakes also contain a lot of sugar. Soft drinks and drink powders have large amounts of added sugar. While most soft drinks contain about 11 percent, lemonade tops the list with over 90 percent. Other foods that are packed with sugar include nougat and candies, pies, cakes, and dried fruits. Dried fruit and fruit roll ups are loaded with sugar. Dates have 66 percent sugar, raisins are 59 percent sugar, dried pears have 62 percent, and dried prunes – 38 percent. Cereal bars and ready-to-eat cereals are high in sugar. Granolas, fruit and nut bars and cereals contain up to 55 percent sugar, especially the low-fat versions. They contain even more sugar. Flavored yogurts have more sugar than plain yogurt. You can have plain yogurt with fresh or frozen blueberries or strawberries instead of flavored yogurt.
Aroma Sense PH Aroma SCIENCE: How a Showerhead Makes a Difference Aroma SCIENCE: How a Showerhead Makes a Difference Like airplanes and cars, our daily showers also contribute to carbon footprints. On the average, each of us uses roughly 70 liters of hot water over our bodies in order to be clean. The daily routine of taking a shower requires two scarce resources – water and energy. Energy use is just as problematic as the showers’ high water consumption. A 9-minute shower is estimated to consume about 9 liters per minute. Aside from its impact on climate change, the scarcity of these two resources is equally a cause of concern. An energy efficient showerhead might just be the solution. Studies have shown that showers with spray settings use between 4 to 6 liters of water per minute, which is almost half the consumption of an ordinary showerhead. That is why environmentalists encourage people to take shorter showers and use showerheads with spray settings. Undoubtedly, being a responsible inhabitant of our own planet also entails choosing the most water and energy efficient showerheads. The Aroma Sense showerheads were designed to reduce water consumption through the patented technology of triangular spray plate, which also helps generate more than 400,000 negative ions. Apart from its energy and water saving benefits, it provides the most gentle and the cleanest shower water through its 3-step filtration system. Our showerheads not only have ceramic balls and micro fiber filter to remove bacteria and trap rusts and water contaminants, but also have incorporated the use of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) to neutralize chlorine in shower water. The use of chlorine in water treatment has been popular not because it is the best way to purify our water, but because it is the cheapest way to treat our water systems. However, chlorine, which absorbs into our skin 4 to 6 times faster during a shower, can cause skin irritation and eczema. That’s why water purification systems that use Vitamin C in treating chlorine was popularized in more advanced countries. On top of the aforementioned benefits, it also has comes with relaxing scents that not only relaxes your body but also contributes in boosting your energy. So, before thinking that we are just another fancy showerhead, better think twice. This is not hard-selling, I challenge you to try before you conclude. :) Join the Aroma Sense PH Community Sign up to get notified about our latest blog posts, and get updates about Aroma Sense and our latest Aroma Therapy Scents!
Your question: How do you select a single line in AutoCAD? How do you select only one line in AutoCAD? To select all instances of a similar type in a drawing: 1. Enter SELECTSIMILAR on the command line. How do you select a single object in AutoCAD? To Select Objects 2. Press Enter to end object selection. Why can’t I select a line in AutoCAD? How do I draw a specific line in AutoCAD? To Draw Lines 3. Continue specifying additional line segments. … IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: How do I plot multiple windows in AutoCAD? How do you select overlapped lines in AutoCAD? How do I select the same block in AutoCAD? Select all instances of a block 1. Open the Properties palette. 2. Click the Quick Select button to open the Quick Select dialog box. 3. For the Object Type, choose Block Reference. … 4. For the Property, choose Name. 5. For the Operator, choose = Equals (the default). 6. For the Value, choose the block’s name from the drop-down list. Can you select only one item in Autocad? Only one selection set is kept at a time. 2. This issue occurs with all commands that require selecting objects: ERASE, COPY, TRIM, EXTEND, and so on. How do I select in Autocad? Hold down the SHIFT key, and while holding, left-click with the cursor pick box over the entity you want to un-select. You may also hold the SHIFT key and use a window or a crossing window to un-select objects. Any entity you pick while holding the SHIFT key is removed from your selection set. Can’t select multiple lines Autocad? Either hold down the shift key to select the other line or go to options, use the Selection Tab, On the left side, remove the check mark from “Use Shift to add to selection” option. If this post solves your problem, clicking the ‘accept as solution’ button would be greatly appreciated. IT IS INTERESTING: How do I export a 2D DWG file to Revit? Why is AutoCAD not snapping? What is OOPS command in AutoCAD? OOPS restores objects erased by the last ERASE command. You can also use OOPS after BLOCK or WBLOCK because these commands have options that can erase the selected objects after creating a block. You cannot use OOPS to restore objects on a layer that has been removed with the PURGE command. Which command is used to draw a line? Special Project
How big does a bald eagle get? How big is the biggest bald eagle? How tall is a bald headed eagle? Can a bald eagle kill a human? IT IS INTERESTING: Question: Are acne and hair loss related? What bird can kill a bald eagle? A bird-eat-bird world At over 10 pounds, adult loons are generally too large for a bald eagle to kill and wing back to its nest. However, loon chicks are perfect prey for bald eagles, and scientists are only recently beginning to document how the return of eagles might be affecting loon populations in New England. Can an eagle pick up a human? Can a bald eagle kill a bear? The eagle can’t kill the bear while the bear can’t fly so the eagle can’t be killed by it. What happens if you kill a bald eagle? What is a female eagle called? Eagle is the name for both male and female members of the species. Baby eagles are called fledglings or eaglets, and a group of eagles is referred to as a convocation or aerie. Female eagles mate for life after initiating courtship between 4 and 5 years of age. Can you kill a bald eagle if it attacks your dog? IT IS INTERESTING: What helps baldness on forehead? Can an eagle crush a human skull? No. They can seriously injure human, if they are flying on high speed, but they cannot CRUSH human skull. Eagle’s power is often exaggerated like people often do when they are talking about animals. They are strong for a flying bird, but they are not killing machines. Can an Eagle kill a cat? A Bald eagle can kill a cat because they have very large, hooked beaks and very large talons or claws. … Since a cat normally weighs less than 5 pounds, the eagle could swoop down and pick up the cat and capture it without much of a fight. Most of the time, Bald eagles will not normally go after a cat. Can I keep an eagle feather I found? Can I keep eagle feathers and eagle parts? No, it is illegal for any individual to keep a bald or golden eagle, including its parts (feathers, feet, egg shells etc.) without a federal permit. State, tribal, and other permits may be needed as well. Is it illegal to own a stuffed bald eagle? Why is it illegal to shoot a bald eagle? Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. IT IS INTERESTING: How can I stimulate hair growth after hair loss? Effective June 8, 1940 Beautiful hair
The Sphinx The Sphinx The Great Sphinx of Giza is a giant 4,500-year-old limestone statue situated near the Great Pyramid in Giza, Egypt. Measuring 240 feet (73 meters) long and 66 feet (20 meters) high, the Great Sphinx is one of the world’s largest monuments. It is also one of the most recognizable relics of the ancient Egyptians, though the origins and history of the colossal structure are still debated. What Is a Sphinx? A sphinx (or sphynx) is a creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human, with some variations. It is a prominent mythological figure in Egyptian, Asian, and Greek mythology. In ancient Egypt, the sphinx was a spiritual guardian and most often depicted as a male with a pharaoh headdress—as is the Great Sphinx—and figures of the creatures were often included in tomb and temple complexes. For instance, the so-called Sphinx Alley in Upper Egypt is a two-mile avenue that connects the temples of Luxor and Karnak and is lined with sphinx statues. Sphinxes with the likeness of the female pharaoh Hatshepsut also exist, such as the granite sphinx statue at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the large alabaster sphinx at the Ramessid temple in Memphis, Egypt. From Egypt, the sphinx imported to both Asia and Greece around 15th to 16th century B.C. Compared with the Egyptian model, the Asian sphinx had eagle wings, was frequently female, and often sat on its haunches with one paw raised in depictions. In Greek traditions, the sphinx also had wings, as well as the tail of a serpent—in legends, it devours all travelers unable to answer its riddle. How Old Is the Sphinx? The most common and widely accepted theory about the Great Sphinx suggests the statue was erected for the Pharaoh Khafre (about 2603-2578 B.C.). Hieroglyphic texts suggest Khafre’s father, Pharaoh Khufu, built the Great Pyramid, the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in Giza. When he became Pharaoh, Khafre constructed his own pyramid next to his father’s; though Khafre’s pyramid is 10 feet shorter than the Great Pyramid, it is surrounded by a more elaborate complex that includes the Great Sphinx and other statues. Residues of red pigments on the face of the Sphinx suggest the statue may have been painted. Given the organization of the pyramids and the Sphinx, some scholars believe there may have been a celestial purpose to the Great Sphinx and temple complex, that is, to resurrect the soul of the pharaoh (Khafre) by channeling the power of the sun and other gods. Several lines of evidence exist that tie the Great Sphinx to Pharaoh Khafre and his temple complex. For one thing, the head and face of the Sphinx are strikingly similar to a life-size statue of Khafre that French archaeologist Auguste Mariette found in the Valley Temple—the ruins of a building situated adjacent to the Great Sphinx—in the mid-1800s. Additionally, Mariette discovered remnants of a causeway (processional road) that connect the Valley Temple to a mortuary temple next to Khafre’s pyramid. In the early 1900s, French archaeologist Emile Baraize dug up another building (the Sphinx Temple) directly in front of the Sphinx that’s similar in design to the Valley Temple. In the 1980s, researchers uncovered evidence that the limestone blocks used in the walls of the Sphinx Temple came from the ditch surrounding the great statue, suggesting workmen hauled away quarry blocks for the Sphinx Temple as they were being chipped off the Great Sphinx during its construction. Researchers estimate that it would have taken 100 people 3 years to carve the Great Sphinx out of a single mass of limestone. But there’s some evidence that these workers may have suddenly quit before fully finishing the sphinx and temple complex, such as partially quarried bedrock and remnants of a workman’s lunch and tool kit. Other Theories Over the years, researchers have put forth many other theories for the Great Sphinx’s origins, though most are refuted by mainstream Egyptologists. Some theories suggest the face of the sphinx actually resembles Khufu and, therefore, Khufu built the structure. Alternatively, Pharaoh Djedefre—Khafre’s older half-brother and Khufu’s other son—built the Great Sphinx in commemoration of his father. Other theories hold that the statue depicts Amenemhat II (around 1929 to 1895 B.C.) based on the style of the stripes on the sphinx’s head cloth. Some scientists also contend that the Great Sphinx is far older than is widely believed, based on the potential age of the causeway or various patterns of erosion of the statue. Riddle of the Sphinx What Egyptians called the Great Sphinx during its prime remains a riddle, because the word sphinx originates from Greek mythology some 2,000 years after the statue was built. It’s also unclear in what regard Egyptians held the Great Sphinx during the Old Kingdom (c. 2613-2181 B.C.), as there are few texts that discuss the statue. However, Khafre associated himself with the god Horus and the Great Sphinx may have been known as Harmakhet (“Horus on the Horizon”), as it was during the New Kingdom (1570-1069 B.C.). Whatever the case, the statue began to fade into the desert background at the end of the Old Kingdom, at which point it was ignored for centuries. Inscriptions on a pink granite slab between the Great Sphinx’s paws tell the story of how the statue was saved from the sands of time. Prince Thutmose, son of Amenhotep II, fell asleep near the Sphinx, the story goes. In Thutmose’s dream, the statue, calling itself Harmakhet, complained about its state of disarray and made a deal with the young prince: It would help him become pharaoh if he cleared away the sand from the statue and restored it. Whether or not the dream actually occurred is unknown, but when the prince did, in fact, become Pharaoh Thutmose IV, he introduced a Sphinx-worshipping cult to his people. Statues, paintings, and reliefs of the figure popped up across the country and the sphinx became a symbol of royalty and the power of the sun. Great Sphinx Restoration Sphinx-lined road unearthed in Egypt; PhysOrg. The Great Sphinx of Giza; Ancient History Encyclopedia. The Mystery of the Great Sphinx; Ancient History Encyclopedia. Old Kingdom of Egypt; Ancient History Encyclopedia. What happened to the Sphinx’s nose?; Smithsonian. Saving the Sphinx; PBS/NOVA. What Is the Great Sphinx? The Great Sphinx is a massive statue with the body of a lion and the face of a man. Don't get worried if you mix this one up with the Greek monster that riddled Oedipus at Thebes - they share the same name and are both mythical beasts that are part-lion. Just how big is the Sphinx? It measures 73.5 m. in length by 20 m. in height. In fact, the Great Sphinx is the earliest known monumental sculpture, although the statue has been missing its nose since at least Napoleonic times. It resides on the plateau of Giza, where the most famous - and biggest - of the Old Kingdom pyramids are located. The Egyptian necropolis at Giza contains three monumental pyramids: 1. the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops), who may have ruled from about 2589 to 2566 B.C., 2. the Pyramid of Khufu's son, Khafra (Chephren), who may have ruled from about 2558 B.C. to about 2532 B.C., 3. the pyramid of Khufu's grandson, Menkaure (Mycerinus). The Sphinx was probably modeled after - and built by - one of these pharaohs. Modern scholars think that guy was Khafre - although some disagree - meaning the Sphinx was built in the twenty-sixth century B.C. (although some archaeologists maintain otherwise). Khafre probably modeled the Sphinx after himself, meaning that famous head represents this O.G. pharaoh. What was the point of a king showing himself as a half-lion, half-human mythical creature, especially if he'd already built a pyramid to commemorate his life? Well, for one, having a giant god version of yourself watching over your pyramid and temple for eternity is a pretty good way to keep tomb robbers away and impress future generations, at least in theory. He could watch over his tomb complex forever! The Sphinx was a special creature whose crafting showed how the man he represented was both royal and divine. Both lion and man, he wore the names headdress of the pharaoh and the long "false beard" that only a king wore. This was the representation of a god king above and beyond his usual depiction, a creature beyond normal comprehension. A History of the Great Sphinx of Giza When the ancients first came into the contact with this statue, a massive creature with the body of a lion and the head of a man they called it a Sphinx. In Greek mythology a sphinx is a winged creature with the body of a lion and the head of a woman. Gender differences withstanding the name Sphinx has been applied to the lion-man statue at Giza and to all similar statues found in Egypt. What name the Egyptians originally gave the Sphinx is unknown. The earliest Egyptian writings mentioning the Sphinx come from almost a millennium after its original building and refer to it by several names: Hor-em-akht (Horus in the Horizon), Bw-How (Place of Horus) and Ra-horakhty (Ra of Two Horizons). No other sphinx statue found in Egypt is either as old or as large as the Great Sphinx of Giza. It stands 65 feet tall, 20 feet wide and an astounding 260 feet long. Estimates of its weight (not precisely known) range upwards of 200 tons, making it one of the largest single stone sculptures in the world. Origins of the Great Sphinx of Giza Who Built the Great Sphinx? Most dates for the Great Sphinx of Giza place the time of its building during the 4th Dynasty of Egypt in the 3rd millennium BCE. It is believed by most that the sphinx was built by the pharaoh Khafre, and that the face seen on the Sphinx is carved in his image. Some have argued that the Sphinx was actually built by Khafre’s father Khufu, builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza, largest pyramid of the world. More recently there has been speculation and some evidence that the statue was actually built by Khafre’s nephew, a lesser known pharaoh by the name of Djedefre. As of yet there has been no conclusive evidence found to prove once and for all who built the Great Sphinx or whose image is recorded in the face. How was the Great Sphinx Built? Although we refer to the building of the Great Sphinx the word “build” is somewhat of a misnomer. The Great Sphinx was not actually built but carved straight into the limestone bedrock on which it stands. Limestone was removed from the area block by block until only a single very large block was left, from which the Great Sphinx was carved. The surrounding blocks of limestone were used in various construction projects around the Giza plateau. The limestone surrounding the head was stronger and more solid and most likely went into building the pyramids. The lower, softer limestone surrounding the body of the Sphinx most likely was used in building the two temples that lay directly in front of the Sphinx. History of the Great Sphinx of Giza For all its glory the history of the Great Sphinx has been that of a forgotten and neglected monument. From the time of its original carving it has spent most of its life buried to the neck by sand. The first restoration of the Sphinx came about 1400 BCE. The pharaoh Thutmose IV, sleeping beneath the head of the statue, was told in a dream to dig up the body of the Sphinx. In reward he was told he would be made a great king. Thutmose immediately began digging up the Great Sphinx, restoring it to its former glory. He also left evidence of this activity in what is called the Dream Stele, locating between the Sphinx’s paws. Despite Thutmose’s restoration the Sphinx was once again neglected and buried by sand. Although travelers from across the world saw the face of the Sphinx, it was not until the turn of the 20th century that the statue would once again be uncovered and restored, a process that took decades to complete. The Sphinx’s Missing Nose One of the most notorious features of the Great Sphinx is its missing nose. Many interesting theories have been brought forward to explain its disappearance. One tale has it that the nose was blown off by a cannon fired by one of Napoleon’s soldiers during his Egyptian expedition. Another popular tale is that the nose was accidentally blown off during target practice by Turkish Janissaries sometime during the Turks rule over Egypt. Neither of these stories appears to be true, however, as evidence has shown that the nose was missing long before either of these time periods. An Egyptian historian by the name of al-Maqrizi, writing in about the 15th century, says that the nose was destroyed by a Sufi fanatic by the name of Muhammad Sa’im al-Dahr. Enraged by the lifelike representation of a human face, something that is expressly forbidden by Islam, Sa’im al-Dahr ordered the nose removed. Some evidence suggests that this may very well be the case, as it appears that two bars were inserted into the nose and used as levers to pull it off, most likely sometime between the 10th and 15th centuries. Al-Maqrizi dates the removal of the nose as 1378 CE. Legacy of the Great Sphinx The Great Sphinx of Giza stands as one of the lasting symbols of Egypt from ancient times to the present day. It is almost synonymous with Egypt, along with the pyramids, and is one of its most recognizable symbols. Although buried for millennia, it today is restored and preserved by Egypt, and is one of that country’s most popular tourist attractions. Despite its somewhat mysterious origins, it is a larger-than-life monument to the greatness of Egypt. The Great Sphinx The Great Sphinx at Giza was built somewhere between 2520 and 2494 BCE during the 4 th Dynasty on the west bank of the Nile, part of the necropolis of ancient Memphis (Haughton). At 73.5m in length, and in parts 20m in height, the Great Sphinx is credited for being one of the largest surviving sculptures and sphinxes in the world. The statue is constructed out of limestone. The royal head symbolizes the enormous power of the pharaoh or ruler a form of propaganda (British Museum), and the extensions on the side of the statue depicts the royal head cloth. During the 4 th Dynasty, Khafre, also known as Chephren, was reigning, and is believed to be the one to whom the Great Sphinx was attributed (British Museum). Egyptian rulers later worshiped the statue as Horus, the sun god. During the time of the 4 th dynasty, Egypt was prosperous and stable which is what allowed the many years and countless resources necessary for the building of the great pyramids and sphinxes as monuments to the pharaohs. A Brief History of Earth As most of my readers know I&aposm fascinated with alternative views of ancient human history, mainly because ever since I was a little kid in elementary school I simply refused to accept the conditioned narratives spoon fed to us through our mainstream education system. Needless to say this lead to quite a bit of rebellious behavior on my part and some frustration for my teachers. However it did allow me to begin my search for the truth at an early age and I continue to do so to this day. Below is my conception of human history gleaned from years of research and since I have never limited my paradigm to the quaint notion of proof or evidence, it allows me to continue to modify my paradigm as information presents itself. Our planet has a very complicated history and did not evolve like most planets do, nor did the humans that were seeded on this planet. In the beginning and for almost 225 million years humans on Earth lived in immortal bodies, without disease or old age and Ascended much like the rest of the Universe did. But because of the unusual circumstances of our planets creation and the competition for its resource (including humanity), developments beyond humanities control forced the Earth&aposs Guardians, the Elohim to implement a series of mechanisms and defensive measures to protect humanity and the Earth. To be brief all the planets in our solar system Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Maldak (which later imploded and became the asteroid belt), Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and Nibiru were planetary fragments from a higher Harmonic Universe (HU-2) that broke off from a planet called (Tara) and were sucked into its Sun. All Suns have sets of white and black holes at their core that can be used to portal energy to other dimensional fields (Universes). These fragments were vaporized and the morphogenetic fields, carried by these fragments were pulled into the black hole as well. These planetary fragments, from the planet Tara in HU-2, entered into the Harmonic Universe 1 (HU-1) in one large gaseous form, which separated into 12 fragments. One of these fragments fused with a nearby Star and became our Sun and the other eleven pieces began to build up matter density and re-manifest their forms through their portion of the original morphogenetic field of Tara and became the planets in our solar system. However some of the souls that lived on this planet Tara, were also pulled along with these fragments, ripped from their morphogenetic field at Tara&aposs core and disengaged from their original soul matrices which they needed, to continue to evolve. They literally became trapped in time inside the Unified Field of Harmonic Universe 1, as formless consciousness and there they would have remained for all time had not a group of higher dimensional beings, known as the Palaidorians created a rescue plan. This group consisting of many HU-2 races, such as the Sirians, Pleiadians, Ur-Tarranates, Elohim, Lyrans, Ceres, Lumians and Alanians (which were one of the races of Tara) formed an agreement to rescue these trapped souls that was called the Covenant of Palaidor. The covenant petition even higher dimensional beings to assist them, such as the Breneau Rishi (beings of pure consciousness) and the entity known as Ra or the Ra Confederacy. Through this covenant, a rescue plan was developed and set into motion to allow these trapped souls to Ascend back to their original planet Tara, from Earth. The Ur-Tarranates, using inter-dimensional time portal mechanics developed by the Ceres civilization transported into HU-1 at a time/space coordinate just after the Tara Cataclysm (which incidentally is the event known as the Fall of Man). Once on Earth they transmuted their body forms into a pure energy gestalt field of consciousness, with the help of the Sirian Council. In essence they gave up their own evolving life forms in a higher dimensional state to save the souls trapped in the Unified Field of HU-1. This pure energy field of consciousness served as a morphogenetic field for the 12 strand DNA Turaneusiam race prototype. This morphogenetic field of consciousness took on the form of a sphere and was subsequently named the Sphere of Amenti after a region on Tara. The Sphere of Amenti was then placed at the Earth&aposs core and served as a two dimensional portal to Tara&aposs core in dimension 5. This portal stabilized many other portals between Earth and Tara and also served as link to Tara&aposs past and allowed the trapped souls to Ascend back to Tara in due time. To avoid confusion it must be understood that the First Seeding or First Race would be considered the original souls that came from Tara through its Sun and began incarnating on Earth 250 million years ago. I won&apost go into all the details of how this morphogenetic process works but suffice to say, it allowed the trapped souls in the Unified Field of HU-1 the opportunity to re-evolve on Earth and Ascend back to Tara. The Sphere of Amenti entered Earth&aposs core about 550 million years ago but the birthing of the trapped souls didn&apost begin until about 250 million years ago. This began what is known as the Turaneusiam-2 or T-2 experiement. All 12 morphogenetic fields became a different tribe of humans, out which our present human lineage has emerged. Originally five races began the Covenant of Paliador, these races did not possess gender nor did they possess the degree of matter density we do now. 1. Ur-Antrians- Brown skinned. 2. Breanoua- Red skinned. 3. Hibiru- White skinned. 4. Melchizedeks- Yellow skinned. 5. Yunaseti- Black skinned. These races populated the Earth for untold generations, creating various racial mixtures through which many of the lost souls of Tara were able to Ascend. They did reproduce but not as we understand it, through the physical reproduction process of sexual intercourse but through a melding of morphogenetic particles. Known as the Second World by Native Americans, this great civilization lasted for 225 million years (250-25 million years ago). There are no remnants of this civilization left on Earth. The Sphinx - HISTORY T he Great Sphinx at Giza, near Cairo, is probably the most famous sculpture in the world. With a lion's body and a human head, it represents Ra-Horakhty, a form of the powerful sun god, and is the incarnation of royal power and the protector of the temple doors. B etween the enormous paws is a stele that records a dream Tuthmosis IV had when he was a prince. He dreamt that he stopped to rest in the shadow of the Sphinx during a hunting expedition in the desert. While asleep, the Sphinx spoke to him, saying that he would become king if he cleared away the sand that all but buried the Sphinx. When he became king, Tuthmosis IV cleared the sand and erected a stele that tells the story of his dream. After the work was completed, a chapel was built next to the Sphinx to venerate this sun god. D own through the ages, attempts have been made to protect the Sphinx from the effects of wind and sand erosion. A restoration project is currently under way to replace the stone casing that once protected this monument. S phinxes are sometimes represented with a female face. For example, a sphinx of Queen Hatshepsut was sculpted with her face and a pharaoh's beard. Queen Tiy, wife of Amenhotep III, was the first to have a truly female sphinx sculpted in her likeness. Besides a female face without a beard, her sphinx had breasts and wings. T he Sphinx differs from other deities in that it has an animal body and a human head, whereas most other deities have human bodies and animal heads. One explanation for this anomaly is that the Sphinx is the earthly representation of the constellation Leo, which has a lion's body. Images of the sphinx are found in various sizes and shapes, as the collection at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and the temples throughout Egypt attest. T he Giza Pyramids and Sphinx have been the focus of attention for New Age seekers, following a pronouncement by the American psychic Edgar Cayce. In a trance state, Cayce spoke of vaults at the base of the Sphinx and a Hall of Records . He suggested that a secret passage exists under the Sphinx. This is supposed to lead to a tomb where the annals of the lost continent of Atlantis are hidden for safe keeping. D espite the intrigue surrounding this psychic reading, modern archaeologists have not yet found any evidence of a secret passage under the Sphinx. This story, however, continues to stir the imagination and contribute to the mystique of ancient Egypt. Construction of the Great Sphinx © Cary Bass-Deschenes - Detail of the Great Sphinx Medieval Arab writers, including al-Maqrīzī, call the Sphinx balhib and bilhaw, which suggest a Coptic influence. The modern Egyptian Arabic name is أبو الهول (ʼabu alhōl / ʼabu alhawl IPA: [ʔabu alhoːl] , "The Terrifying One" literally "Father of Dread"). Creation Edit The Sphinx is a monolith carved from the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. [12] The archaeological evidence suggests that the Great Sphinx was created around 2500 BC for the pharaoh Khafre, the builder of the Second Pyramid at Giza. [13] The stones cut from around the Sphinx' body were used to construct a temple in front of it, however both the enclosure and this temple were never completed and the relative scarcity of Old Kingdom cultural material suggests that a Sphinx cult was not established at the time. [14] In order to construct the temple, the northern perimeter-wall of the Khafre Valley Temple had to be deconstructed, hence it follows that the Khafre funerary complex preceded the creation of the Sphinx and its temple. Furthermore, the angle and location of the south wall of the enclosure suggests the causeway connecting Khafre's Pyramid- and Valley Temple already existed before the Sphinx was planned. The lower base level of the Sphinx temple also indicates that it doesn't predate the Valley Temple. [5] New Kingdom Edit . the royal son, Thothmos, being arrived, while walking at midday and seating himself under the shadow of this mighty god, was overcome by slumber and slept at the very moment when Ra is at the summit [of heaven]. He found that the Majesty of this august god spoke to him with his own mouth, as a father speaks to his son, saying: Look upon me, contemplate me, O my son Thothmos I am thy father, Harmakhis-Khopri-Ra-Tum I bestow upon thee the sovereignty over my domain, the supremacy over the living . Behold my actual condition that thou mayest protect all my perfect limbs. The sand of the desert whereon I am laid has covered me. Save me, causing all that is in my heart to be executed. [17] which we bring for him: oxen . and all the young vegetables and we shall give praise to Wenofer . Khaf . the statue made for Atum-Hor-em-Akhet. [18] Classical antiquity Edit Pliny the Elder describes the face of the Sphinx being colored red and gives measurements for the statue. [20] Middle Ages Edit Some ancient non-Egyptians saw it as a likeliness of the god Horon. The cult of the Sphinx continued into medieval times. The Sabians of Harran saw it as the burial place of Hermes Trismegistus. Arab authors described the Sphinx as a talisman which guarded the area from the desert. [21] Al-Maqrizi describes it as the "talisman of the Nile" of which the locals believed the flood cycle depended upon. [22] Muhammad al-Idrisi stated that those wishing to obtain bureaucratic positions in the Egyptian government gave incense offering to the monument. [23] European travellers Edit Modern excavations Edit In AD 1817 the first modern archaeological dig, supervised by the Italian Giovanni Battista Caviglia, uncovered the Sphinx's chest completely. One of the people working on clearing the sands from around the Great Sphinx was Eugène Grébaut, a French Director of the Antiquities Service. [25] Opinions of early Egyptologists Edit Prior to thorough excavations and evaluation of the evidence that was yet to be unearthed, Egyptologists and excavators were of divided opinion regarding the age of the Sphinx and the associated temples. In 1857, Auguste Mariette, founder of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, unearthed the much later Inventory Stela (estimated to be from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, c. 664–525 BC), which tells how Khufu came upon the Sphinx, already buried in sand. Although certain tracts on the Stela are likely accurate, [27] this passage is contradicted by archaeological evidence, thus considered to be Late Period historical revisionism, [28] a purposeful fake, created by the local priests as an attempt to imbue the contemporary Isis temple with an ancient history it never had. Such acts became common when religious institutions such as temples, shrines and priests' domains were fighting for political attention and for financial and economic donations. [29] [30] James Henry Breasted reserved his opinion on the matter. [32] Selim Hassan reasoned that the Sphinx was erected after the completion of the Khafre pyramid complex. [32] Recent restorations Edit In 1931, engineers of the Egyptian government repaired the head of the Sphinx. Part of its headdress had fallen off in 1926 due to erosion, which had also cut deeply into its neck. [34] This questionable repair was by the addition of a concrete collar between the headdress and the neck, creating an altered profile. [35] Many renovations to the stone base and raw rock body were done in the 1980s, and then redone in the 1990s. [36] The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion (mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. [12] [37] The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. [1] The body of the animal up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. [38] The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder. [38] [39] A number of "dead-end" shafts are known to exist within and below the body of the Great Sphinx, most likely dug by treasure hunters and tomb robbers. Prior to 1925, a large gaping shaft similar to these existed on the top of the Sphinx's head. It is believed to have possibly been an anchoring point for a sculpted crown or headdress added during the period of the New Kingdom. [ citation needed ] Missing nose and beard Edit Drawings of the Sphinx by Frederic Louis Norden in 1737 show the nose missing. [43] Many folk tales exist regarding the destruction of its nose, aiming to provide an answer as to where it went or what happened to it. One tale erroneously attributes it to cannonballs fired by the army of Napoleon Bonaparte. Other tales ascribe it to being the work of Mamluks. Since the 10th century some Arab authors have claimed it to be a result of iconoclastic attacks. [42] Ancient Astronauts/Atlantis Edit • The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis contends that the main type of weathering evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive rainfall, [52] and must therefore predate the time of the pharaoh Khafre. The hypothesis was championed by René Schwaller de Lubicz, John Anthony West, and geologistRobert M. Schoch, The theory is considered pseudoarchaeology by mainstream scholarship due to archaeological, climatological and geological evidence to the contrary. [53][54][55] Racial characteristics Edit Until the early 20th century, it was suggested that the face of the Sphinx had "Negroid" characteristics, as part of now outdated historical race concepts. [58] [59] Hogenberg and Braun (map), Cairus, quae olim Babylon (1572), exists in various editions, from various authors, with the Sphinx looking different. Jan Sommer, (unpublished) Voyages en Egypte des annees 1589, 1590 & 1591, Institut de France, 1971 (Voyageurs occidentaux en Égypte 3) George Sandys, A relation of a journey begun an dom. 1610 (1615) François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz, Les Voyages et Observations (1653) The Sphinx does not feature any form of inscriptions Although there are many stelae hidden within the temple of the Sphinx, the actual structure is an anomaly in Egypt. Every other pyramid, tomb, or temple that was built in Ancient Egypt has featured some form of inscription that hints towards the builders, the Pharaoh who instigated the build, or stories of their culture. However, the Sphinx is the only structure from Ancient Egypt that does not have any of these additions. That’s one of the reasons why it is still so mysterious, and why there are so many questions surrounding it. Sphinxes in contemporary culture The sphinx continues to captivate people, whether as an echo of their former mythology or in new forms. Per the Dungeons & Dragons Monster Manual, sphinxes, like their ancestors, are monsters that guard entranceways, though in this modern capitalist world, they can be seen accepting payments for their help on particularly tricky riddles. The Neverending Story by Michael Ende also contains a timeless description of two sphinxes who guard the first gate to the Southern Oracle, appropriately called the Riddle Gate. These sphinxes stare stonily ahead, eyes locked with one another, as they share the riddles of the universe back and forth. The movie version gets especially wild, with the sphinxes basically shooting lasers out of their eyes to destroy anyone unworthy who tries to pass. Though its form may change, the sphinx is always a protector, associated with mysterious knowledge. While the frenzy for the sphinx has died down since 19th-century Egyptomania, the impenetrable gaze of the sphinx continues to mystify and intrigue. Sphinxes lend their names to cats and moths and even software documentation programs. The riddle of the sphinx has become an interest in its enduring appeal, a fascination that holds fast despite, or perhaps because of, its inscrutability. Watch the video: 10 ΠΑΝΑΚΡΙΒΑ ΛΑΘΗ που έμειναν στην ιστορία - Τα Καλύτερα Top10
Water and light stresses drive acclimation during the establishment of a timber tree under different intensities of rainforest canopy coverage Main Article Content Ana Paula Moretti Flavia Yesica Olguin Martín Alcides Pinazo Corina Graciano The loss of structure, diversity and functions in the rainforests make it necessary to develop active strategies to restore their economic and ecological values. Planting selected species can help to catalyze ecosystem restoration. The capacity of the plants to survive and grow in the rainforests, where the canopy coverage changes stochastically, is associated with the intrinsic requirements of the species and their phenotypic plasticity. We used a mid-succession subtropical tree (Cabralea canjerana) to describe the morphological and physiological changes in plant acclimation to full sun and under a closed canopy, and to evaluate the establishment of this species under different intensity of canopy coverage in the rainforest. Traits related with light and water use were analyzed to identify if plants were suffering light or water stresses. Plants changed several morphological and physiological traits related with water and light use, to acclimate to different coverings. Water deficit stress drove acclimation under full sun while the stress by excess of light was irrelevant. However low light availability limited growth under the closed forest canopy. Consistently, the better growth and physiological performance were observed in the center of the gaps. The capacity of this species to acclimate both to high and low coverage and to survive makes it appropriate for enrichments programs in tropical and subtropical rainforests. The evaluation of morpho-physiological traits, even in a pot experiment, is useful to know the capacity of the species to survive and grow in different environments in the rainforest. Article Details
How is your house performing? Have you put in insulation into your home, but yet it is still cold and draughty in winter and too hot in summer? Do you know where the heat is escaping? Draughts + air-leakage Older style buildings commonly have draughts and air-leakages due to unsealed windows and doors, and unsealed vents and exhausted fans, therefore, heat and air can escape. It is difficult to control the air movement. Other sources for draughts are gaps within or around insulation, vented skylights, gaps between floorboards, open fire places, around air conditioners and heaters, gaps around other wall penetrations, such as down lights, pipes, cables etc. . Thermal bridges A thermal bridge is an element or part of a building, which allows heat to travel through it more quickly than through other parts and is therefore responsible for unwanted heat loss or gain. A thermal bridge arises for instance when poor insulation materials touch each other, when gaps occur between insulation materials and structural surfaces, and when materials with different R-values/U-values come in contact with each other. These thermal bridges allow heat transfer from a warmer to a cooler material. The main thermal bridges in a building are located at the junctions of the floor to the wall, wall to the roof, balconies and window and door frames. How to locate draughts? – Are there any visible gaps? For example is light coming through gaps around windows and doors? – Are blinds or curtains moving when the windows are closed? A lit candle can be used to check air movement, such as around windows and doors, vents, floorboards, junctions of floor to wall and wall to roof connections Obviously, when building a new home or when renovating your home you want to make sure that you don’t have any air-leakage or thermal bridges. Avoiding thermal bridges is extremely critical when you are aiming for a passive house standard. A good way to access the air-tightness of a house is a blower door test. A blower door is a powerful fan that is mounted into the frame of an exterior door. The fan pulls air out of the house, lowering the air pressure inside. The higher outside air pressure then flows in through all unsealed cracks and openings. This tests determine the air infiltration rate of a building and how much air can escape.
Question: Why do potatoes become soft when boiled osmosis? How does boiling a potato affect osmosis? The boiled potato has half dead cells, so no process of osmosis occurred. What is osmosis in potato? Osmosis refers to the movement of water molecules across a membrane trying to achieve equilibrium. • Because there are no salts in distilled water, there is a higher concentration of water molecules in the distilled water compared to inside the potato. Therefore water moves INTO the potato. How do potatoes investigate osmosis? Osmosis in potatoes 1. cut equal-sized pieces of potato. 2. blot with tissue paper and weigh. 3. put pieces into different concentrations of sucrose solution for a few hours. 4. remove, blot with tissue paper and reweigh. Why do potato sticks become soft and floppy? When a potato chip is put into salt water, the potato cells become flaccid (soft and floppy). This is because there is a higher concentration of water molecules inside the potato cells than outside. … The cell contents become plasmolysed and the cell collapses. What happens to a potato when boiled? THIS IS FUN: How long does it take to cook an egg in the oven at 350? What happens to potatoes in water? The process that happens to both potato slices is called osmosis, which is a diffusion of water across the semipermeable membrane the potato slice cells possess. … The water will diffuse into the cells of the potato, causing them to swell; the cells may be characterized as being “turgid”, or swollen. What precaution should be followed while conducting osmosis experiment with potato? Precautions. The cavity should be deep enough to keep only a thin layer of tissues at the base of the potato. The sugar solution should be of sufficiently high osmotic concentration as compared to the cell sap of potato cells. How long does it take for osmosis to occur in potatoes? Leave one of the potato slices in each of the salt solutions for up to 24 hours so that they may gain (or lose) water by osmosis. (Keep them all in the salt water the same amount of time–leaving them overnight is likely to give the best results). Why does osmosis occur? Osmosis occurs until the concentration gradient of water goes to zero or until the hydrostatic pressure of the water balances the osmotic pressure. Osmosis occurs when there is a concentration gradient of a solute within a solution, but the membrane does not allow diffusion of the solute.
New research has found that people with diabetes who eat more at dinner compared to breakfast have greater health risks. In this study, eating more calories at dinner compared to breakfast was linked to diabetes and heart disease risks. These findings are not related to the occasional missed breakfast nor quality of the food. Overall, this study provides evidence that eating a heavy dinner can lead to negative effects in the body, emphasizing the importance of energy distribution across meals. Moving as little as 5% of your total calorie intake from dinner to breakfast can reduce these health risks. Photo by Ivan Timov at Unsplash.
riposte in a sentence pronunciation: [ [ ri'pəust ] ] riposte meaning in Hindi 1. More than half a century later, corn-growers have their riposte. 2. Which, perhaps coincidentally, they did ( call it rapid riposte ). 3. From the foes of flab, study gets a riposte 4. So where have we heard this particular riposte before? 5. Haider's remark was not just the riposte of an embattled politician. 6. Milbrett riposted, but nothing less than five carats. 7. For every Boeing charge, Airbus has a riposte. 8. I will never riposte and they will stay safe and sound and free. 9. They made no remarks about Israel's riposte. 10. No mention was made of the Israeli riposte that left nine people dead. More: Prev Next PC Version हिंदी संस्करण Copyright © 2021 WordTech Co.
Spring break During this period about 80% of the annual precipitation falls. Tourist arrivals Best annual events Best time to go snorkeling. ... For instance, Jamaica receives an average of 450 centimeters of rainfall, while Barbados receives an average of 160 centimeters. Barbados is part of the Lesser Antilles chain of islands. What Type Of Climate Does The Caribbean Have? Barbados has become justifiably famous as a world-class tourist destination thanks to its incredible beaches and fantastic climate. According to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification Barbados has a tropical monsoon climate (type Am). Best time to visit Bridgetown would be from December till June when less rain falls. You can typically find this type of climate near the equator from 15°N to 15°S latitude. Note that, in the islands and in Belize, the wet season generally coincides with the Atlantic hurricane season, officially running from June 1st till November 30th of each year. For example, tropical rainforests are hot, moist regions easily distinguishable by their enormous trees, diverse species and thick soils. Given the tropical front that characterizes the Caribbean from about mid-August to the end of October, these months receive the highest amounts of rainfall. In this article on the Sandals Blog: The best time to visit Barbados Seasonality & crowds Climate. Tropical monsoon climate, occasionally also known as a tropical wet climate or tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate in climate classification, is a relatively rare type of climate. Their daytime highs are usually 75 - 85 degrees Farenheit, and the nights are slightly cooler. Barbados has mainly residual soils. Capital of Barbados in the Caribbean, Bridgtown account for just under 100,000 inhabitants. Tropical (A) It’s warm all year-round for tropical climates. BarbadosWeather.org providing quality, reliable weather news, forecasts and oceanic information from the Barbados Meteorological Services Tel: 1-246-535-0023 Weather Hotline: 1-246-976-2376 Barbados has a moderate tropical climate with more or less constant temperatures and … 1. It is the perfect escape from cold US winters (if at all you need a reason to go!). Temperatures are always high in Bridgetown. Compared to the more recognized "mutton type", Barbados Blackbelly sheep are less "squatty" and are slower growing. Barbados has warm and sunny weather year round. The island of Barbados is situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, north of the coast of Venezuela and northeast of Trinidad and Tobago. Observation indicates that while Barbados Blackbelly withstand either heat or cold well part of this adjustment to extremes is behavioral rather than physiological. Barbados’s economic freedom score is 61.4, making its economy the 92nd freest in the 2020 Index. The wet season lasts from June to December. Bridgetown , on the south-west coast, is … The climate in the Caribbean is tropical and therefore year-round warm to hot, with one or two distinct wet seasons per year. They are clayey and rich in lime and phosphates. Soil type varies with elevation; thin black soils occur on the coastal plains, and more-fertile yellow-brown or red soils are usually found in the highest parts of the coral limestone. Barbados is characterized by sunny skies throughout the year, with very few exceptions. Barbados has a wet season (rainy season or monsoon) and a dry season. The city has few tourist attractions. Bridgetown, Barbados Köppen Climate Classification. Here are some average weather facts we collected from our historical climate data: 2020 barbados climate type
Driving Forces Emotions and Motivations Behind Suicide Category: Writing Date added Pages: 5 Words: 1363 Order Original Essay How it works Suicide is a universal epidemic that impacts families regardless of their background or upbringings. The World Health Organization estimates that 800,000 people die from suicide every year, which comes to one death every 40 seconds (Crowder, 2018). Programs were created to combat this issue: websites listing suicide prevention hotlines and information about people who may commit suicide give resources to people who need it. Unfortunately, until more people are educated on the psychology of suicide, it will continue to be a prevalent problem in our society. It’s important to assess the motivation behind a person’s suicide, as well as the emotions they may have reported before the tragedy. Our OpenStax Textbook for Psychology describes emotion and motivation in a psychological context that can then be applied to suicide for further analysis. Motivation is defined as the needs of an individual required to attain a goal. OpenStax College lists two kinds of motivation: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic motivation is doing things to get something from other people while intrinsic motivation is for self-gain. If you let your extrinsic motivations become your priority, you may lose interest in what makes you happy, leading to stress and confusion. People are usually in a healthy middle, with both extrinsic and intrinsic motivations inspiring them. Lack of motivation at all, though, can lead to low emotional energy, and it’s that low emotional energy that can drive people to suicide. According to the article Elevated Translocator Protein in Anterior Cingulate in Major Depression and a Role for Inflammation in Suicidal Thinking: A Positron Emission Tomography Study, a study conducted by researchers led by Peter S. Talbot found that suicidal thoughts can affect the brain. In their research they discovered that people who have suicidal thoughts have a type of inflammation in the brain. “The researchers found that activation of the microglial cells was particularly strong in the anterior cingulate cortex. This part of the brain is known to be involved in mood regulation and depression.” The article also discusses how many people who suffer from depression are more likely to have suicidal thoughts. In their study they found that people with higher level of depression are the ones with inflammation in the brain. When there is inflammation in the brain, a person’s thoughts are more likely to lead to suicide. All over the world depression is one of the top reasons for suicide deaths. People can get help when they suffer from depression, but not everyone has the motivation to seek help. A significant amount of people who commit suicide never have a mental illness. As a result, many never receive professional help and are never screened or assessed to be at-risk. In the article Health and Psychosocial Service Use among Suicides without Psychiatric Illness by Yik Wa Law, Paul W. C. Wong, and Paul S. F. Yip , those who committed suicide despite not having a diagnosed mental illness experienced more negative life events than those in the living control group. This shows that environment and the social support that a person receives can have a substantial effect on whether certain traits are expressed, but this study suggests that these factors aren’t as effective in predicting if someone will commit suicide, regardless of if they have a mental illness or not. Even people we view as currently successful may have been a victim of suicide. Artists, for example, have at some point been surrounded by a phenomenon called the “doomed artist.” Existential Nihilism is the belief that humans and even the world around them have no meaning, and it enabled and inspired artists to turn to suicide as their relief from pain. Meyers (2016s) assesses that “They thought that creative genius was closely connected to mental illness, and that the greater the genius, the greater the suffering.” (p. 3) Imagine a mindset where you’re convinced that the only way to truly succeed is to finish your own life. Famous artists like Vincent van Gogh, Alfred Henry Maurer, and Arshile Gorky all committed suicide, catching fame a year before or sometime after their death. In the article Pursued by Demons by Jeffrey Meyers, 4 artists that committed suicide are discussed. Meyers discusses a man named Jules Pascin, a wealthy Bulgarian artist who was born in 1885 and was a victim of suicide in 1930. “On June 2, 1930, in his Montmartre studio on the boulevard de Clichy, he made doubly sure of his death by slashing the veins in his wrists… tired of waiting for a slow death, he hanged himself with a thin cord that cut deeply into his neck.” (Meyers, 2016). Though he had been known to be critical of his art, Pascin’s disappointment in his work wasn’t the main reason for his death. A painter named Mo??se Kisling believed his suicide was because of childhood drains and heavy drinking. “Pascin suffered from diabetes, insomnia, despondency, and an obsession with suicide…He could not stand it anymore.” (Meyers, 2016). Another person Meyers talks about is a man named Arshile Gorky, who had the most traumatic background out of the four artists. He moved to Van city in 1915 from eastern Anatolia, where he was born. He had witnessed 55,000 Armenians cruelly starved, tortured, raped, mutilated and slaughtered by the Turkish. His family had escaped, but had little food, and his mother had died in his arms after giving all of her food to her children. He had gotten married, but the marriage was short lived. He then decided to start his painting career but had limited resources and very little practice. He became an apprentice to many artists and had created a masterpiece called “The Artist and His Mother”, expressing his deep-rooted guilt and anguish over the loss of his mother. The last two years before Gorky’s suicide were the worst and could be a motive for his death. After being unable to overcome his childhood traumas, his studio in Connecticut burnt down. Two months later, he had an operation for rectal cancer. Then in a rage he had beat his wife, and that same month got in a car accident, and broke his neck. He was paralyzed in the right arm unable to paint again. “On July 21… he stood on a champagne crate and threw a rope over a rafter, removed his neck brace and replaced it with a noose.” All these artists died in different ways, “but their lives followed a similar pattern of early trauma.” (Meyers, 2016). According to the article Cultural Differences in Shame and Guilt as Understandable Reasons for Suicide by Marisa K. Crowder and Markus Kemmelmeier, research has shown that one of the main reasons for suicide is shame and guilt. There has been studies where “individuals associate shame and guilt with suicide ideation and behavior according to their cultural background.” One of the reasons people feel guilt and shame is because they are being judged based on their background. In the United States, the highest suicide ideation rates are on non-Americans. The emotions behind these deaths are often a feeling of displacement. Feeling like they don’t belong in the country you live due to cultural differences can drive many to suicide. Immigrants often struggle with feeling like they have a place in the US when they move here due to cultural differences, and this can often contribute to the motivation of suicide. Prevention programs may be more effective if they addressed the community by promoting awareness and seeking help. This could help people with suicidal ideation but without mental illness from being overlooked since they are not already receiving individual care. With more education to destigmatize suicide, we may see more people reaching for the help that they need and more cautious attention from the people around them. It’s important for people to know that they do not have to have a mental illness to receive help for having thoughts considering suicide. Regardless of whether or not someone suffers from a mental illness it is important for everyone to understand their motivations that led them to suicide, and what caused the emotions that brought them there. Only once this happens will it be possible for suicide to become less of a widespread societal problem. Did you like this example? Cite this page Driving Forces Emotions and Motivations behind Suicide. (2019, Oct 19). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/driving-forces-emotions-and-motivations-behind-suicide/ The deadline is too short to read someone else's essay
How To Use The Usenet Usenet has been around as long as Internet connections have. The technology of PPP servers enables Internet users to create their own Usenet Newsgroups, thereby allowing them to discuss topical items that are relevant to their interests and experience. This sort of content is normally called “udo journalism,” since it is informal in nature. However, more newsgroups (and file systems) have been developed that enable the posting of more formal newsgroups (called newsgroups) to an Internet connection. In a sense, these newsgroups function much like social networks, as they are typically populated by like-minded people who are interested in the same sorts of topics. An example of a newsgroup is compuserve, which is an archive distribution service for newsgroups and other online discussion forums. Usenet is also famous for being the place for computer technicians to meet. Computer networking has become important to nearly everyone who lives in a metropolitan area. Usenet and the other newsgroups are places where computer technicians and network administrators can exchange technical information. The popularity of Usenet has also led to an increased interest in the technology behind it. New users often inquire about how to get started using the technology, and more frequently, they look to experienced users to answer their questions. Many people use Usenet Newsgroups to share information on current events, with the intent of staying abreast of world politics, world news, science, technology, medicine and more. This sort of content is usually quite dense, since newsgroups are used to distribute highly technical information. As a result, many large-scale IT networks maintain several backup servers that are used to backup all of the Usenet content that is part of their Newsgroups. In addition to the computers at major internet service providers, news servers are often located close to large campuses or cities. There are two basic types of Usenet providers: self-hosting providers and host providers. Self-hosting providers are typically small businesses that provide their own servers, or computers on which to run the Usenet software. These are typically the most affordable option available to users, and they offer many benefits. The advantage to this type of service is that you do not have to be an expert in computer technology to set up your own newsreader or to download files from the Usenet. Host providers typically have their own servers, computers, phones, broadband connections and other network communications equipment. They typically have thousands of computers that are all linked to each other, forming a large network of computers. Because of the size of the network, this is the most reliable way to get Usenet data into and out of your home or business. Host providers typically have faster upload and download speeds than self-hosting newsgroups. Downloading files from Usenet is one of the best ways to avoid slowing down your internet connection. The Usenet has a high bandwidth for data transfer, and the amount of data transferred in a day is almost unlimited. This means that you can get your news quickly if you use this medium. Most news servers have a very fast upload speed and a moderate download speed. You don’t have to wait hours to download the latest document; you can literally get it done in minutes. If you are interested in choosing a provider for the free usenet service, there are several considerations to keep in mind. First, does the Usenet provider offer varied bandwidth speeds? Bandwidth is used to measure the speed at which data is transferred. Different service providers usually charge different rates for different levels of speed, so be sure to inquire about these prior to signing up. Secondly, are the Usenet providers experienced? The experienced ones usually have databases with large amounts of news information. Usenet providers that are popular often update their databases regularly, and they make changes on a regular basis to their services, as well. Make sure that the Usenet provider you choose is able to keep up with the changing times; often it takes a new service just as a new software program to obtain the most recent news on the net.
Best Answer The word "modern" distinguishes the games since 1896 from the ancient Greek Olympic games from 776 BC. There are two Olympics games, summer and winter, referring to the season of year the games are held in and the sports contested therein. User Avatar Wiki User 2012-07-09 13:47:03 This answer is: User Avatar Study guides 20 cards What does the word Olympic mean How did the athletes prepare for the ancient olympic games See all cards 24 cards How did badminton originate How do you make inline skates wheels How are snow mounds removed at South Pole See all cards 29 cards Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary From what country did the Munich Massacre hostages originate What does the karate word gi mean What experienced increased popularity due to a movie named after the sport See all cards Add your answer: Earn +20 pts Q: Why are the Olympic games called modern summer Olympic Games? Write your answer... Related questions In what year were the first Modern Summer Olympic Games? The first Modern Summer Olympic Games took place in 1896, in Athens, Greece. What number is this 2008 Summer Olympics? The modern Summer Olympic Games was started in 1896. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held. The modern Winter Olympic Games were started in 1924. There have been 20 Winter Olympic Games held. How much rest do Olympics get? Is the summer Olympic games and the Olympic games the same? Yes. The Olympic Games include the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. Summer Olympic Games is said to separate it from the Winter Olympic Games. What year did the modern summer Olympics start? The modern summer Olympic Games were first held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. What are the origins of the modern olympic games? The modern Olympic Games was initiated by Pierre de Coubertin, who was from France. In 1894, he set up the IOC or International Olympic Committee in Paris. The first summer Olympic games was held in 1896 while the winter Olympic games was held in 1924. How often are the Olympic games held modern Olympic games? The summer Olympics and winter Olympics are held every four years. Which country has won the most summer olympic medals? The United States has won the most medals at the Summer Olympics in the history of the Modern Olympic Games. Who orgaises the Olympics? The "International Olympic Committee" (IOC) organizes the modern Olympic Games and the Youth Olympic Games, held in Summer and Winter, every four years. Is Mexico in the Olympics? Yes, its participation at the modern Olympic Games began since 1928, and has hosted the Summer Olympic Games once, in 1968. Which sporting event is held every leap year? What major sporting event takes place in every leap year What was the date of the first Summer Olympic games? The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens between April 6 and April 15, 1896. When and where was the first rebirth of the ancient Olympic? 1896 was the year of the first modern olympic games (summer) and was held in Athens, Greece When was Summer Olympic Games created? Summer Olympic Games was created in 1896. What year did the first summer Olympics take place? Where was the first olympict torch first lit? For the modern Olympic games, the first Olympic torch was lit in 1936 in Berlin, Germany. Those was the first Summer Olympic games in history. When was the very first summer Olympic games held? The first modern Summer Olympics were held in 1896, in Athens, Greece. When was the fifth summer Olympic games? The fifth summer olympic games were in berlin 1916. How often are the summer Olympic games held? Which 5 countries have competed in all modern summer olympic games? When did the olympic games start again? The olympic games were stated up again in 1896, and it was called the 1st modern olympaid. Has Jamacia held the summer Olympic games? Jamaica has never held the Summer Olympic games. Where will the 2024 Summer Olympic Games be held? The 2024 Summer Olympic Games host city will be announced in the summer of 2015. What Olympic Games has Australia participated in? Australia has had representatives at every modern summer Olympic Games, although they competed as 'Australasia' in 1908 and 1912 combined with New Zealand. Australians have won medals at every modern summer Olympics except for 1908 in St Louis. When did the acient games end and the modern games begin? The ancient olympic games ended in 393AD on the orders of the emperor Theodosius I. The modern olympics began in the summer of 1896. They were held in Athens.
Steemit Crypto Academy Season 4 Beginners' course - Homework Post for Task 7: DEX, CEX, popular exchanges and trading cryptos in SteemitCryptoAcademy3 months ago Can cryptocurrencies and exchanges be regulated? How do regulations affect the crypto world? Name some countries with regulations. Task 7.jpg Can cryptocurrencies and exchanges be regulated? Cryptocurrencies are not regulated by any central authority, but they are still subject to regulation in most countries. Exchanges can also be regulated in some countries, but this is dependent on the exchange's activity - if it's not exchanging fiat currencies for cryptocurrency (and vice versa), then it is likely unregulated. The problem with regulating cryptocurrencies and exchanges alike is that there is no one governing force in charge of them - making them very difficult to regulate correctly. Blockchain technology also makes any type of regulation-related tampering or censoring virtually impossible. This is the reason why most exchanges operate outside regulatory jurisdictions, which makes them much more difficult to regulate. Some exchanges will offer their clients the ability to trade in US Dollars, Euro or other fiat currencies for Bitcoin, Ethereum or other cryptocurrencies. While this may seem like a convenient service for those looking to trade cryptocurrencies easily, it's not without its drawbacks. Exchanges that do this are essentially offering their services as money transmitters and should be regulated just like other marketplaces where you can buy goods and services under certain conditions. This means that any type of financial crime that occurs on these exchanges should be considered just as serious as if it takes place on a regular exchange or marketplace where you are buying goods or services directly from the seller. How do regulations affect the crypto world? All the money in the world pales in comparison to blockchain innovation. For this reason, cryptocurrencies like bitcoins are now slowly coming under regulation. Many countries want to know how to properly regulate cryptocurrencies, and take into account their taxation policies, capital gains/losses, and circulation of value between different currencies. In 2014, countries like China and Japan banned trading of bitcoins. Such action came from the fear that bitcoins' dominance over the market might lead to a catastrophic collapse of prices, which would leave people with a huge loss. However, this fear was soon lifted after bitcoin became popular in 2013, and its value began to once again climb. In middle of 2016, former US Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke published a paper titled 'Cryptocurrencies: What they are, how they work and why they matter'. In this paper Bernanke explained that blockchain technology can be used to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing. This is because when you exchange physical bills for virtual coins on the blockchain network, it is easy to trace it back to an identity. In 2016, the Bank of England said that bitcoin could be a good way to store value. In early 2017, a group of lawmakers from Japan's parliament held a meeting with the Financial Services Agency, the country's financial watchdog. The agency was interested in how to regulate cryptocurrencies as they come under 'financial instruments' and 'securities', which are considered as property under Japanese laws. In March 2017, China banned ICOs or Initial Coin Offerings. In June 2017, South Korea issued a set of rules for ICOs by regulating exchanges and applying capital gains tax on them. In August 2017, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton said that digital tokens may not be securities because they lack clear legal boundaries between security and utility tokens. Name some countries with regulations. Some countries that have regulated crypto currencies are: • USA - can trade bitcoins, but not without taxes. ICO's are banned by the SEC. • China - ICO's are banned by the Chinese government. • Russia - ICO's are banned by the Russian government. • Australia - only trades bitcoins through exchanges, but not many coins are traded there. • Dubai- connects with all exchanges in the world for transactions of any sort of digital currency. 2 months ago @steemcurator02 @dilchamo @cryptokannon please look into this post. It has its 6th day, it'll expire tomorrow:(( Coin Marketplace STEEM 0.64 TRX 0.10 JST 0.074 BTC 56391.30 ETH 4542.59 BNB 621.90 SBD 7.22
Why is it important that the family stands together for the lottery? What do the households symbolize in the lottery? Lots are drawn by household. The traditional, patriarchal family unit, with the father at the head, symbolizes authority and hierarchy in the town. The residents’ fate is determined by their family name, rather than any actions they take as individuals. What is the significance of the role of children in the lottery? The children are probably intended to represent the next generation of citizens who are being taught how to participate in the annual lottery. It is because each new generation of children is taught to participate, and sees their parents and parents’ parents participate, that the lottery continues. What happens to family bonds in the lottery? In the midst of this collective ritual, though, it’s during the lottery that the emotional bonds that connect mother to child, husband to wife, and friend to friend, become completely insignificant. Once the lottery has ended, family bonds reassert their importance, and the families who have lost members mourn them. THIS IS IMPORTANT: Question: Why is gambling banned in Japan? How does the lottery affect Tessie and her family? Answer: Near the end of “The Lottery,” Bill draws the slip with the black spot in the first round, which means that someone in his family will be stoned to death. This immediately begins to cause tension within the family and between Bill’s wife Tessie and some of people in the assembled crowd. Family ties form the lottery’s basic structure and execution. … Family relationships are essential to how the actions of the lottery are carried out, but these relationships mean nothing the moment it’s time to stone the unlucky victim. Which members of each family draw for the lottery? In “The Lottery,” the family that draws the “winning” piece is the Hutchinson family, which includes Bill, his wife Tessie, and the children Dave, Nancy, and Bill Jr. The one who receives the final paper with the fatal black spot is Tessie Hutchinson. What does the village represent in the lottery? What is the significance of the village square in the lottery? But, the square itself is symbolic because it is the center of town. This is the place where all rituals occur: The lottery was conducted–as were the square dances, the teenage club, the Halloween program–by Mr. Summers, who had time and energy to devote to civic activities. THIS IS IMPORTANT: How large is the wheel on Wheel of Fortune? What do the children represent? The energy of a child is pure and charged with joy and willingness to learn and explore. Let’s amplify those feelings and give our children the tools they need to flourish in this world. Children show us the law of reciprocity. What are the children doing in the beginning of the lottery? What were the children doing in the beginning of the story? men talking of work and taxes; women talking of gossip. men go up to get the paper, then old boy, and then the woman. What does the story imply about family loyalty and human nature support your opinion from the story? Expert Answers In “The Lottery ,” the story implies that there are no family loyalties, only self-preservation. This is evidenced by the way that the Hutchinson family behaves when they are required to select slips, as the chosen family, to determine which member of their family will win the lottery.
Question: Do students have 4th Amendment rights? Does the Fourth Amendment apply to school officials? The Fourth Amendment applies to searches conducted by public school officials because “school officials act as representatives of the State, not merely as surrogates for the parents.”350 However, “the school setting requires some easing of the restrictions to which searches by public authorities are ordinarily subject. … How does the 4th Amendment apply to students? The Fourth Amendment, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures, applies to searches conducted by public school officials. … In general, the search of a student by a school official must be reasonable under all the circumstances. Do students have constitutional rights in school? Does the 4th Amendment apply to kids? Although it is virtually undisputed that children have some Fourth Amendment rights independent of their parents, it is equally clear that youth generally receive less constitutional protection than adults. IT IS INTERESTING: What percentage of students get into medical school? Can teachers search your bag? Yes — provided you’re not a student. If you’re in a school environment, teachers and administrators can search without either permission or a warrant. Even so, students still have rights, and knowing which searches are illegal might just save your child some time in front of the school board. What’s my Fourth Amendment right? Can teachers confiscate personal items? Can teachers confiscate the personal property of a student? Yes. … a risk to the safety or wellbeing of students, staff or other people. contrary to any reasonable direction given by school staff about the use of the item. Can students plead the Fifth? Do students have the right to “plead the Fifth” when being questioned at school by law-enforcement officials? … In 2011, the Supreme Court found that the Fifth Amendment rights of a 13-year-old student interrogated by a police officer at school were violated because he wasn’t warned of his right to remain silent. What are my rights as a student? Be in a safe and supportive learning environment free from discrimination, harassment, bullying, and bigotry; Receive a written copy of the school’s policies and procedures,including the Disciplinary Code and the school district’s Bill of Student Rights; … Have your school records kept confidential; and. IT IS INTERESTING: What percentage of millennials went to college? Is a Homework illegal? How is the Fourth Amendment used today? Today the Fourth Amendment is understood as placing restraints on the government any time it detains (seizes) or searches a person or property. … The way that the Fourth Amendment most commonly is put into practice is in criminal proceedings. What’s the Fourth Amendment for kids? The Fourth Amendment was part of the Bill of Rights that was added to the Constitution on December 15, 1791. It protects people from unlawful searches and seizures. This means that the police can’t search you or your house without a warrant or probable cause.
What Does Avant-garde Mean In Fashion? What is a example of avant-garde? The definition of avant garde is new and innovative in style or method, usually describing something in the arts. An example of avant garde is a up-and-coming painter who is using a new, modern painting style. A group that creates or promotes innovative ideas or techniques in a given field, especially in the arts. Who created avant-garde fashion? Avant Garde fashion traces back its roots to Japanese designers and is claimed to have began in the 1920’s. Yohji Yamamoto, Rei Kawakubo and Junja Watanabe are few Japanese designers whose designs have been a great source of inspiration to many designers. What is the difference between avant-garde and couture? Avant-Garde design is to fashion what the concept car is to the automobile industry. Couture fashion houses like Dior, Coco Chanel, Elie Saab, and others are required by the French Department of industry to showcase exclusive runway shows annually. What is avant-garde in simple words? The term avant-garde refers to innovative or experimental concepts or works, or the group of people producing them. In French, avant-garde means the “vanguard” or the “ advance guard ” — basically the people and ideas that are ahead of their time. You might be interested: Often asked: Where To Study Fashion? Is avant-garde a style? In fashion terms, avant-garde spanned generations of notable designers who reshaped the way people perceive and wear clothes. Characterized as progressive and forward thinking, the once eyebrow-raising avant garde fashion style is now a worldwide phenomenon. What is the importance of avant-garde? Avant garde art became a symbol of progress, exploration and innovation, of everything and anyone ahead of their time and ways of doing. Picture of the 1898 Salon de Refuses in Paris, the “salon of the rejected” established in 1863. Why is avant-garde important? The avant-garde pushes the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, as distinct from postmodernism. The avant-garde also promotes radical social reforms. What is avant-garde makeup? The word avant garde itself is a French term meaning ‘advance guard,’ and refers to things that are unique and new; experimental or innovative in nature. Applied to makeup, this term represents very artistic looks that are often exotic and high fashion makeup styles. How do you dress in avant-garde? Thanks to the minimalistic approach of the avant-garde aesthetic, you can leave out most prints when planning your look and instead focus on the weight and weave of the material. Look for cotton, linen and leather clothes, as well as sheer or lace pieces that can add value to your composition. What are the rules for creating avant-garde looks? When creating an avant garde look, avoid putting too much in one image. Keep the focus on the hair and don’t over do the styling. I’ve seen some collections that are more millinery than hairdressing, which defeats the object in my opinion. Producing striking hair should always be front of mind. You might be interested: Often asked: What Is A Fashion Watch? What do you mean by avant-garde? What does avant-garde mean? From the French, avant-garde describes experimental or innovative art or design, or the group of people who make them and push the envelope in their field. It can also more generally refer to anything considered “unorthodox” or “radical.” How do you describe avant-garde? French for “advanced guard,” originally used to denote the vanguard of an army and first applied to art in France in the early 19th century. In reference to art, the term means any artist, movement, or artwork that breaks with precedent and is regarded as innovative and boundaries-pushing. What is avant-garde mean in English? : an intelligentsia that develops new or experimental concepts especially in the arts the avant-garde in the film industry. avant-garde. Leave a Reply
TL;DR — The task is to figure out how to look at problems in a way that would fit them into quantum algorithms for speedup. This does not mean that this is simple at all, or possible for all problems, due to caveats that will not give the full anticipated speedup. This is the “fine print” of quantum machine learning. Recently, Dr. Scott Aaronson, a professor at MIT, published an essay about quantum machine learning. (Thanks to Nature for participating in the #OpenScience initiative, to allow everyone to read this article). It’s a great, approachable read to the challenges behind the application of quantum algorithms. Shor’s algorithm, breaking RSA cryptography, is the “killer app” that everyone knows, but the applications of quantum computing extend so far beyond that. Breaking encryption is the least interesting thing a quantum computer can do. Quantum Machine Learning Aaronson focuses on a class of algorithms called the Harrow-Hassidim-Llyod (HHL) algorithms, just discovered in 2008, which has become the template for additional classes of machine learning algorithms; the paper is a fantastic review of the specific workings of the algorithm and how it can be applied to machine learning. In general, HHL will give (at best) an exponential speedup. Questions beyond just the mathematics behind the algorithm will affect the eventual applicability, like hardware limits of the quantum computer, or user/problem settings, might reduce speedup to something more modest.The caveats Aaronson outlines for HHL: 1. the existence of a ‘quantum RAM’ that will allow the vector that is analyzed for HHL to be efficiently loaded 2. quantum computer has to be able to apply unitary transformations to the matrix 3. the matrix values need to be fairly uniform to make the system robustly invertible 4. carefully choosing the read out data so that calculation does not have to be repeated n times None of these caveats are killers, as of now, but they do pose a significant challenge. To whatever extent we care about quantum computing at all, I’d say we should be excited indeed: HHL and the later algorithms represent real advances in the theory of quantum algorithms, and in a world with quantum computers, they would probably find practical uses. -Dr. Scott Aaronson The task is to figure out how to look at problems in a way that would fit them into a known quantum algorithm for speedup. This does not mean that this is simple at all, or possible for all problems. A quantum computer will most likely never be a standalone system; it will be integrated with a supercomputer and run quantum routines on the quantum processor for subsets of problems that have a speedup advantage. We do not get a universal speedup for all problems, or even a guaranteed exponential speedup. That means it is fine if the computer can’t have full speedup for all problems or all steps of a problem, but can just outsource the tasks that are more efficient on a quantum computer to the quantum processor. A big positive of articles like this is explicitly connecting the quantum algorithm world with “real world” applications. Another implication of these studies is that there’s so much to still be discovered, and quantum physicists and computer scientists need to find a common language in order to work together to create killer apps for a quantum computer, once the hardware exists. One thing I keep reiterating is we don’t know how far the impact of quantum computing will reach. We can’t know. In the 1800s, Lord Kelvin declared that, okay, now we are finally done learning all physics. Then Einstein discovered the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Here’s the original paper by Harrow, Hassimid, and Lloyd detailing their HHL "quantum machine learning" algorithm.
Photo/Illutration "Kinmokusei" fragrant olive flowers in bloom in Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture, in October 2016. (Asahi Shimbun file photo) As someone who has a relatively weak sense of smell, with or without the novel coronavirus, I am not quite well-equipped to enjoy the olfactory pleasures of the seasons. One exception, however, is the fragrance of “kinmokusei” or fragrant olive flowers. As in every autumn, I recently encountered the delicate (powerful for many people) fragrance of the flowers of kinmokusei wafting in the wind and saw their bright tangerine-colored blossoms. When the Japanese name of this fall flowering shrub is written in kanji, the “kin” indicates the golden color of its flowers. Its botanical name, “Osmanthus fragrans,” means “fragrant osmanthus,” with osmanthus coming from the Greek words osme (smell) and anthos (flower). In China, the home of this species of plant, it is also known by the name of “jiulixiang,” which literally means “nine Chinese miles fragrant,” because its fragrance reaches far and wide. Now, as in ancient times, people usually detect the fragrance before they find the flowers. Does this sweet smell attract bees and butterflies? Not necessarily. This smell rather repels many insects, according to “Kaguwashiki Shokubutsu-tachi no Himitsu” (Secrets of fragrant plants), a book coauthored by botanist Osamu Tanaka and Kunikazu Tanji, a neurologist. But that does not matter to kinmokusei in Japan. Most of the fragrant olive trees in this country are male plants, which cannot be pollinated. Though they bear flowers, they do not yield fruit. They give off fragrance but do not need to attract insects that act as vectors to move pollen. Pondering these facts, I am inclined to think that we, the human race, could at least enjoy their fragrance. Japanese haiku poet Fusae Fubasami (1914-2014) composed a piece about the sweet smell of fragrant olive flowers. “I inhale (the scent of) mokusei/ So deeply that/ I feel pregnant (with it).” There are signs of autumn that can be captured by the eyes, nose or ears. The loud chorus of cicadas has gradually given way to the gentle chirping of autumn insects. Japanese author, playwright and poet Mantaro Kubota (1889-1963) composed a short poem about the singing of insects. “Chirping insects/ Take a rest/ At a regular interval.” The way these insects make sounds by scraping together their wings and take a rest regularly helps calm our minds. Needless to say, there are also signs of autumn that should be tasted and enjoyed with the tongue. But it is a little sad that these days we seldom find “sanma” (Pacific saury) that is neither expensive nor very thin. --The Asahi Shimbun, Sept. 12 * * *
Anesthesia Flashcards Preview 😴 Anesthesia > Anesthesia > Flashcards Flashcards in Anesthesia Deck (10) Loading flashcards... Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical ventilation improves oxygenation by providing an increased fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to prevent alveolar collapse. The goal is to maintain arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) at 55-80 mm Hg, which roughly corresponds to oxygen saturations >88%-95%. Invasive mechanical ventilation may be required in hypercapnic patients with poor mental status (eg, somnolence, lack of cooperation, inability to clear secretions), hemodynamic instability, or profound acidemia (pH <7.1). 💻 Modes Volume-cycled (controlled) ventilation (VCV): Ventilator will deliver a set tidal volume irrespective of the pressure that it generates. Assisted VCV - Mode of ventilation where the ventilator is triggered by an initiated breath from the patient ❗ The ventilator will not generate a breath without the patient’s effort. Controlled VCV - Requires the operator to assign a set minute ventilation by determining an appropriate tidal volume and respiratory rate ✅ This mode will generate breaths whether the patient is spontaneously breathing or not. Assist-controlled (ACV) volume-cycled ventilation - Combination of the aforementioned two. (ii) The ventilator will generate breaths whenever triggered by the patient’s spontaneous breathing. (iii) Will also deliver set tidal volumes to make sure the predetermined minute ventilation is achieved Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) - Essentially ACV + spontaneous ventilation (SV) (ii) The ventilator will allow SV, assist with spontaneous breaths, and generate its own breaths. Advantage of IMV: When SV occurs, muscle atrophy is reduced. 2. Risk of lung hyperinflation and the generation of intrinsic PEEP is minimized. Disadvantage of IMV: Spontaneously breathing through a breathing circuit and mechanical ventilator is difficult. A patient typically requires a pressure support of 10 cm H2O to overcome that resistance. Because of this, IMV becomes much more similar to ACV, as there is no longer any truly SV occurring. Pressure-cycled ventilation (PCV): Indicates that the ventilator generates a constant pressure that is applied to inflate the lungs (i) This principle is important to remember anytime someone is on PCV, as one can see variability in the inflation volumes depending on the patient’s lung compliance. Advantages of PCV: Generates a decelerating inspiratory flow pattern. This effectively decreases the peak inspiratory pressure (PiP) and can thereby improve gas exchange. Disadvantages of PCV: Changes in lung mechanics will change the resultant inflation volumes. Therefore, it is imperative that the delivered tidal volumes are monitored to prevent the occurrence of volutrauma💥. Pressure support ventilation (PSV) The spontaneously ventilating patient has each tidal volume “supported” with a set pressure. When the patient initiates a spontaneous breath, the ventilator is triggered to apply a positive pressure and augment each tidal volume. Pressure support settings (i) Typically range from 5 to 20 cm H2O depending on the patient’s needs. Common indications for PSV: Weaning a patient from ventilatory support This can be particularly beneficial when a patient has a minimal oxygen requirement but may be deconditioned and require additional pressure support for adequate ventilation. (ii) The amount of pressure support can be reduced on a regular basis until the patient is then able to ventilate without the need for pressure support and possibly ready for discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Contraindication to PSV: A patient receiving neuromuscular blocking agents. Since PSV has no backup set respiratory rate, ventilating a paralyzed patient with this mode would be catastrophic. "T Piece" for weaning 🔢 Settings Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2): The concentration of oxygen in the gas mixture with which the patient is ventilated. Immediately following an endotracheal intubation and the initiation of mechanical ventilation, most patients should be placed on 100% inspired oxygen. An FiO2 of 1.0 should be used until adequate arterial oxygenation is documented. A short period of ventilation with a FiO2 of 1.0 is not dangerous to the patient and offers some clinical advantages. (1) Protects the patient against hypoxemia if unrecognized problems occur as a result of the endotracheal intubation (2) Using the FiO2 measured with a FiO2 of 1.0, a clinician can more easily estimate the shunt fraction and calculate the next desired FiO2. (a) The degree of shunt while receiving a FiO2 of 1.0 can be estimated by applying the rule 700—FiO2. (b) For each difference of 100 mm Hg, the shunt fraction is 5%. (i) For example, if the FiO2 is 500 mmHg while receiving a FiO2 of 1.0, then the shunt fraction is estimated at 10%. (ii) A shunt fraction of 25% should remind the clinician to consider the use of PEEP. (iii) A low FiO2, despite a FiO2 of 1.0, should prompt a search for complications related to endotracheal intubation and positive-pressure ventilation. Tidal volume: The volume of gas the ventilator will deliver to the patient with each breath. For a patient without preexisting lung disease, 10 to 12 mL/kg is a commonly used tidal volume for the assist-control mode. For patients with a history of obstructive pulmonary disease, such as COPD, a smaller tidal volume of 8 to 10 mL/kg is commonly used. In the setting of ARDS, it is suggested that the lungs may function best, and volutrauma may be minimized, with a lower tidal volume of 6 to 8 mL/kg in the assist-control mode (1) These lower volumes may lead to slight hypercarbia. (2) However, this elevated PCO2 is typically recognized and accepted without correction, leading to the term permissive hypercapnia. Peak airway pressure: The pressure measured by the ventilator in the major airways. Strongly reflects airway resistance. As the tidal volume increases, so too does the pressure required to drive that volume into the lung. Persistent peak pressures higher than 45 cm H2O are a risk factor for barotraumas and should be avoided. (1) Therefore, tidal volumes suggested by the above rules are only estimates. (2) May need to be decreased in some patients in order to keep peak airways pressures < 45 cm H2O Plateau pressures Pressures measured at the end of the inspiratory phase of a volume-cycled tidal volume. Most modern ventilators are programmed not to allow expiratory airflow for a set time, typically a half of a second. The pressure measured to maintain this lack of expiratory airflow is the plateau pressure. It has been suggested that the plateau pressure should be monitored as a means to prevent barotraumas in patients with ARDS. (1) Barotrauma can be minimized when the plateau pressure is maintained < 30 cm H2O. Respiratory rate The frequency of breaths delivered per minute during mechanical ventilation. Minute ventilation (MV)MV = RR × TV Typical respiratory rates range from 8 to 16 breaths/min but really depend on the desired PCO2 (a) Higher respiratory rate decreases PCO2. (b) Lower respiratory rate increases PCO2 (2) A situation where a higher-than-normal PCO2 may be desired is in the case of weaning a patient from mechanical ventilation. (a) The higher PCO2 is required for the patient’s drive to breathe. (3) A situation when one may desire a lower-than-normal PCO2 is in the case of elevated intracranial pressure. (a) The low PCO2 causes cerebral vasoconstriction and a decrease in cerebral blood flow and a theoretical decrease in intracranial pressure. (b) If a respiratory rate is too high, the risks include the following: (i) Inadequate expiratory time (ii) “breath stacking” (iii) The development of intrinsic PEEP can occur. (iv) In order to minimize this risk, the I:E ratio can be adjusted to allow more expiratory time and completion of the expiratory phase. I:E ratio Defined as inspiratory time + inspiratory pause time:expiration. This ratio is usually set to 1:2 or 1:2.5 in an attempt to mimic the usual pattern of spontaneous breathing. A higher I:E ratio is the equivalent to a longer inspiratory time. (1) This adjustment may improve oxygenation by increasing the mean airway pressure and allowing redistribution of gas from more compliant alveoli to less compliant alveoli. (2) However, this also increases the risk of “breath stacking” (leading to intrinsic PEEP), and barotrauma by reducing the expiratory time. (3) It is important to keep in mind, however, that a higher I:E ratio is generally less well tolerated by the patient and typically necessitates a deeper level of sedation. A lower I:E ratio is the equivalent to a longer expiratory time. (1) This can be particularly useful when obstructive pulmonary disease is present such as asthma or COPD. (2) It is also useful in settings where high minute ventilation is required, necessitating a higher-than-normal respiratory rate (a) The risk of breath stacking must be minimized. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) A positive pressure applied at the end of the expiratory cycle. PEEP is generally effective when used in patients with diffuse lung disease that results in a decrease in FRC. PEEP works by increasing end-expired lung volume and preventing airspace closure at the end of expiration. Essentially “splinting” the alveoli open. Most patients who require mechanical ventilation may benefit from the application of 5 cm H2O of PEEP. It can limit the amount of atelectasis that frequently accompanies endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in the supine position. More importantly, PEEP can be utilized to permit lower levels of FiO2, while preserving adequate oxygenation. This is important in limiting lung injury that may result from prolonged exposure to high inspired oxygen concentrations (FiO2 > 0.6). The addition of PEEP is typically justified when a FiO2 of 60 mm Hg cannot be achieved with a FiO2 of 0.6. The addition of PEEP is also justified when the estimated initial shunt fraction is >25%. Therefore, the use of PEEP should have a well-defined indication. Higher levels of PEEP, in the range of 5 to 15 cm H2O, have been shown to improve oxygenation in more severe alveolar filling disorders such as cardiogenic pulmonary edema in ARDS. The mechanism behind this is likely redistribution of fluid from the alveoli to the interstitium and opening up collapsed alveoli. ❗ Cx: In the hypovolemic patient, PEEP increases intrathoracic pressure and can impede venous return. This commonly results in hypotension and hemodynamic instability. PEEP also increases intra-alveolar pressures and thus places patients at increased risk for barotrauma. The PaO2, an important measure of oxygenation, is influenced mainly by FiO2 and PEEP. The arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), a measure of pulmonary minute ventilation, is affected mainly by the respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (TV). Immediately following intubation, a high FiO2 (eg, >60%, or 0.6) is usually provided, and ventilator settings can subsequently be adjusted based on the results of the first arterial blood gas analysis. Cx: Prolonged, high FiO2 can cause oxygen toxicity as it can lead to the formation of proinflammatory oxygen free radicals and predispose to atelectasis as alveolar nitrogen is displaced, resulting in worsened oxygenation. Although there is no strict cutoff FiO2 value for oxygen toxicity, FiO2 levels <60% are considered generally safe. Airway Pressures Measurement of airway pressures can be useful in mechanically ventilated patients. The peak airway pressure (the maximum pressure measured as the tidal volume is being delivered) equals the sum of the resistive pressure (flow x resistance) and the plateau pressure. Peak airway pressure = resistive pressure + plateau pressure The plateau pressure is the pressure measured during an inspiratory hold maneuver, when pulmonary airflow and thus resistive pressure are both 0. It represents the sum of the elastic pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Plateau pressure = elastic pressure + PEEP Elastic pressure is the product of the lung's elastance and the volume of gas delivered. Because elastic recoil is inversely related to lung compliance, the elastic pressure can be calculated as tidal volume/compliance. Decreased compliance (eg, pulmonary fibrosis) causes stiffer lungs and higher elastic pressure. Airway Pressure Centrally from the brain, such as oversedation Injury to the spinal cord near levels C3, C4, or C5 is associated with the potential loss of diaphragmatic function. Injury to peripheral nerves can also be associated with ventilatory failure as is the case when phrenic nerve loss occurs following certain surgical procedures. Additionally, any lower motor neuron disease such as Guillain-Barre, poliomyelitis, or amylotrophic lateral sclerosis can contribute to muscle weakness and impending ventilatory failure. Autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis can create a state of increasing muscle weakness that can lead to the inability to expire CO2. Damage to structures of the chest wall such as rib fractures or flail chest may impair adequate ventilation Morbid obesity, abdominal hypertension, or the presence of restrictive dressing (abdominal binders) can all bring about this effect. Pleural effusions, pneumothoraces, and hemothoraces Any patient with evidence of laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, or the presence of a foreign body is at an increased risk for ventilatory failure. Any process that thickens the alveolar membrane where gas exchange occurs Thickened alveolar membranes can be the result of pulmonary fibrosis, where an abnormal and excessive amount of fibrotic tissue is deposited in the pulmonary interstitium. Thickened alveolar membranes can also be the result of the accumulation of fluid in the area of gas exchange, as in the case of pulmonary edema. Anatomic deadspace (i) An example would be something as simple as rapid, shallow breathing. (ii) Since the conducting airways typically occupy 150 mL or 1 to 2 mL/kg, when one takes breaths of 150 to 200 mL, these small tidal volumes do not reach the alveoli. Shunt: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/ALI, airway collapse, pneumonia, or pulmonary contusion. Delayed Emergence Return to consciousness after anesthesia (emergence) typically occurs within 15 minutes of extubation; at a minimum, patients should be responsive with intact protective (eg, gag) reflexes within 30-60 minutes of the last administration of an anesthetic or adjuvant agent (eg, opiate, muscle relaxant). Delayed emergence occurs when a patient fails to regain consciousness within the expected window. The etiology is typically multifactorial but generally occurs due to 1 of 3 major causes: • Drug effect: Preoperative drug ingestion (eg, opiates, benzodiazepines, illicit drugs, anticholinergic drugs, antihistamines) may potentiate anesthetic effects. Prolonged anesthesia duration or higher medication doses may also delay emergence. • Metabolic disorder: Common etiologies include hyper- or hypoglycemia, hyper- or hypothermia, hyponatremia, and liver disease. • Neurologic disorder: Intraoperative stroke, seizure (or postictal state), or elevation of intracranial pressure can cause prolonged alterations in mental status. Management of acute respiratory failure includes ventilatory support (eg, bag and mask, reintubation); reversal agents (eg, naloxone) may also be indicated. Malignant hyperthermia • Genetic mutation alters control of intracellular calcium • Triggered by volatile anesthetics, succinylcholine, excessive heat • Masseter muscle/generalized rigidity • Sinus tachycardia • Hypercarbia resistant to increased minute ventilation • Rhabdomyolysis • Hyperkalemia • Hyperthermia (⌛late manifestation) • Respiratory/ventilatory support • Immediate cessation of causative anesthetic • Dantrolene MH is an autosomal dominant or sporadic skeletal muscle receptor disorder marked by excessive calcium release following exposure to succinylcholine or a volatile anesthetic (eg, halothane). In MH, sustained muscle contraction leads to: • Hypercarbia (due to increased levels of cellular metabolism) that does not improve with increased minute ventilation (tachypnea) • sinus tachycardia • masseter/generalized muscle rigidity • Myoglobinuria, with dark urine (due to muscle breakdown) 🍖 • hyperthermia (late manifestation due to the sustained contractions generating more energy than the body can dissipate; not usually present initially). Most cases arise shortly after induction or during maintenance of anesthesia, but symptoms can occur soon after anesthetic cessation. Urgent treatment with dantrolene (a skeletal muscle relaxant) and supportive care are required to prevent death. Airway deterioration Severe hypoxemia (eg, PaO2 <60 mm Hg on room air) In patients unable to maintain adequate oxygen saturations, bag-valve-mask ventilation (BVM) with 100% oxygen (to keep oxygen saturation ≥ 88%) should be initiated. If BVM does not result in adequate oxygenation (ie, oxygen saturation remains low, as in this patient), endotracheal intubation using a video laryngoscope (to facilitate direct visualization of the epiglottis) should be attempted. However, given the risk of rapid respiratory deterioration, failure of a single attempt at endotracheal intubation with a video laryngoscope (as in this patient) should immediately prompt the establishment of a surgical cricothyrotomy by the most experienced provider available (preferably an otolaryngologist or general surgeon). Cricothyrotomy establishes an airway below the epiglottal swelling and potential obstruction. Pheochromocytomas and paraganglionomas Pheochromocytomas and paraganglionomas are catecholamine-producing tumors arising from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. Hypertension in pheochromocytoma can be intermittent or sustained. Paroxysms of severe hypertensioncan be precipitated by increases in intra-abdominal pressure (eg, tumor palpation, positional changes), surgical procedures, and a number of medications, particularly anesthetic agents. In addition, nonselective beta blockers can cause a state of unopposed alpha adrenergic stimulation leading to vasoconstriction and paradoxical hypertension. For this reason, alpha adrenergic blockers (eg, phenoxybenzamine) should be administered prior to beta blockers in patients with pheochromocytoma. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation is the application of positive airway pressure using a mechanical ventilator, without the presence of an endotracheal tube. (1) Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) (a) A noninvasive form of positive-pressure ventilation that is used to increase oxygenation by providing high-flow positive airway pressure (b) Cycles between high positive pressure and a lower positive airway pressure depending on its timing in the respiratory cycle (2) Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (a) Another form of NPPV that is used for increasing ventilation by providing CPAP
Orthodontist Treatments for Crowded Teeth Orthodontist Colts Neck, NJ Crowded teeth, in which too-closely spaced teeth result in overlapping, bunching, and twisting, can be both an aesthetic and a practical problem. An orthodontist may recommend several treatments to reduce crowding and improve tooth alignment. What causes crowded teeth? Genetics are a major factor in whether an individual has crowded teeth. Some individuals have unusually large teeth or atypically small jaws, which can lead to crowding as adult teeth grow in. Crowding can also result due to abnormalities around loss of baby teeth, including losing baby teeth unusually early or having baby teeth fail to fall out in a standard fashion. In some cases, crowding can be the result of prior injury or unique dietary habits. The type of tooth crowding is distinct for different individuals. Crowding can be either mild, moderate, or severe. In cases of mild crowding, only one tooth is improperly rotated; in cases of severe crowding, this may apply to the majority of teeth in the mouth. How can orthodontic treatment fix crowded teeth? An orthodontist is a dental professional who focuses on misalignment in the teeth and jaw. Orthodontists use various techniques to treat teeth crowding, depending on the nature and severity of a specific patient's issue. Braces are among the most common and well-known methods of treating crowded teeth. In their most typical form, metal braces involve brackets bonded to teeth, connected by wires, and may include supplementary features, such as rubber bands. Individuals of any age may wear braces, but they are particularly common in adolescents, when jaws and facial bone structure are developing. Braces may be worn for anywhere from several months to several years, depending on the seriousness of an individual's misalignment. Retainers are custom-made devices, often made of plastic and wire, designed to hold teeth in place. While retainers can be helpful in managing mild crowding and are frequently prescribed after braces are removed, they are insufficient to address more serious teeth crowding. Clear aligners Clear aligners are an alternative to braces that have grown in popularity over the last several decades. These plastic trays are worn for most of the day and, like standard metal braces, work to correct teeth crowding. Their removable and transparent nature makes them popular as a less visible form of teeth correction. Veneers are composite additions to teeth that essentially provide a more aligned appearance. However, veneers do not significantly move teeth and are unlikely to affect substantial crowding. Dentofacial orthopedics Dentofacial orthopedics comprise more intense interventions for severe crowding issues. Treatments may include headgear, or in some cases, oral surgery. An orthodontist can be very helpful in addressing issues around tooth crowding. It is important to remember that crowded teeth are not just an aesthetic issue; crowding can lead to gum and mouth diseases, jaw strain, headaches, and even problems with basic functions like chewing and speaking. Individuals who are struggling with teeth crowding should consult an orthodontist to discuss available treatment options. Request an appointment here: https://www.coltsnecknjsmiles.com or call Colts Neck Center for Orthodontics & Invisalign at (732) 795-6097 for an appointment in our Colts Neck office. Check out what others are saying about our dental services on Yelp: Orthodontist in Colts Neck, NJ. Related Posts Are You Considering Ceramic Braces? Ceramic braces are a fantastic way to straighten the misalignment of teeth without making the fact that you are wearing braces blatantly obvious. Ceramic braces, which in essence serve the same role as traditional braces, are designed to be the same color as teeth to hide the brackets from being visible.While ceramic braces most certainly… Eating With Braces: Tips From Our Orthodontist Office If you are experiencing some sensitivity to your teeth while eating with braces, your orthodontist can suggest ways to make eating easier. It is normal to feel that way immediately after you first have your braces put on or have them tightened. Braces aim to change the positioning of the teeth and could possibly even… Are There Different Types Of Braces? As dentistry has progressed significantly, there are now so many different options for people who are seeking straighter teeth. Having straighter teeth is something that almost everyone hopes to achieve at some point in their lives.Braces have been around for ages and they’re used to straighten teeth that are naturally crooked. Often times when people’s… 4 Reasons To Visit An Invisalign Orthodontist An Invisalign® orthodontist helps patients achieve a straighter, more attractive smile by fixing minor to moderate complications with teeth and jaw alignment. There are many reasons to consider visiting an orthodontist, and many patients find that the benefits can help them with relationships, their profession and the way they view themselves each day.By understanding the…
Do Plants Need UV (Ultraviolet Light) Light to Grow? Most gardening enthusiasts are aware of the different types of lights and the kind of impact they have on plants. All of these lights exude a specific range of wavelengths that are instrumental in the growth of plants. For instance, you’ll find red wavelengths that primarily aid in flowering; blue wavelengths that are best for growing vegetables; and practically a huge rainbow of wavelengths that boost the photosynthesis process in your plants. Among all of these wavelengths, there is one specific wavelength that always invites a degree of deliberation. For the uninitiated, we are talking about ultraviolet lights. While some cultivars claim that they haven’t noticed any major change in their plants when under the influence of UV lights, others believe that these lights can perfectly bring out the natural flavor and fragrance of plants. Snowbank False Aster plant So, do plants need UV lights at all? Well, ultraviolet light might be beneficial for your plant’s overall development: but that’s only true when you understand how exactly to use these lights. So, in this article, we have tried to clarify all your burning queries about UV light while also shedding some light on the UV technology in detail. Is UV Bad For Plants? When used in the correct amount, UV light is certainly useful to plants. However, this only holds true when you use the correct amount of light and the correct kind of light. Certain types of UV light like tanning lamps for instance are potentially dangerous to your plants and may even end up yielding negative results. So, even before anything else you need to invest in a type of UV light that is safe to be kept around your plants. Ideally, you should avoid using UV-C light as it is extremely dangerous to plants. Since UV-C light is entirely absorbed by the outer layers of the earth even before it reaches the surface, it is not a natural form of UV light and is therefore deemed detrimental. Even the tiniest amount of UV-C light can damage the DNA of your plant and it should be therefore duly avoided. See also Do Deer Eat Lilies? (And How To Keep them Away?) While deliberating about UV light and its impact on plants, you should also focus on the amount of light. In case the light is extremely intense or is positioned in proximity to your plants, it might end up harming them. The worst impact is bleaching which can almost ruin your plant. Bleaching usually happens when a plant’s cell receives excessive amounts of light. In instances like these, they end up becoming either damaged or fully discolored. Overexposure can make this worse, finally resulting in your plant’s early demise. Very often, bleaching hinders leaves from absorbing the light. Over time, this stunts the plants’ growth and impacts the quality and the quantity of yield. Overexposure to UV light might also damage the flavonoids thereby affecting the quality of the harvest. So, regardless of the light you choose, make sure it is only exposed in limited quantities. What Type of UV Light do Plants Need? Both UV-A and UV-B are known to be beneficial for plants and you can use either or both these lights in your garden area. UV-B light, for instance, is best known for altering the DNA of the fungi that are known to potentially attack or hurt plants. When the DNA is finally altered, the fungus can no longer spread, and the plant is duly protected. Exposure to this light also improves the texture and color of the plant and boosts the nutrient level in fruits. With that said, you should still avoid extensive exposure to UV-B light since it can also affect the plants’ DNA that further turns out to be problematic. Assess the instructions of the grow light’s box to further ensure that the light isn’t kept on for a longer time. For the uninitiated, the earth receives less than 2% of the UV-B light naturally. Unlike UV-B Light which has minor side-effects, UV-A Light is excellent without any cons. If you introduce your plants to this light during the growth cycle, it will lead to strong and more beautiful plants that are susceptible to fungus and every other form of pest-related attack. In some instances, it is also known to improve the appearance and taste of fruits and veggies. UV-A light is naturally present on earth and we are known to receive around 98% of this light. When exposed to the right kind and amount of UV light, plants are known to produce a chemical known as a glycoside. This further makes way for better plant growth and the crops and vegetables produced also tend to taste better. The best part: this inherent chemical or glycoside is also known for keeping insects at bay. This way your crops are both delicious and healthy simultaneously/ See also Can You Compost Ginger? (And Ginger Peel?) While introducing or exposing plants to UV lights we should also consider the case of trichomes. Usually, plants have trichomes that cover their exposed surfaces. They appear like small hairs and are known to reflect away UV-C and trace amounts of UV-B. However, even then, you should regulate the amount and type of UV light that your plant is exposed to. Privets plant Do Plants Grow Better Under UV Light? When used in controlled amounts, plants tend to grow significantly better under UV-A and UV-B lights. Some of the many benefits of UV light on plant growth are listed below: 1. Quicker Photosynthesis UV-A light is known to boost the photosynthesis process in the plant. Over time, it leads to better and faster plant growth. This is further backed by studies that claim exposure to UV-A light increases the photosynthesis in plants by a whopping 12%. Experts have further added that UV-A exposure boosts the leaf size, growth levels, and overall dry weight. So, if you are expecting higher yields from your plants, we would certainly recommend a complete spectrum of light that includes both UV-A and UV-B. 2. Higher Production of Resins Another defining quality of UV lights lies in the fact that they boost the production of resin in plants. This further enhances the content and quality of flavonoids and terpenes in your crops. For the initiated, Flavonoids are known for rendering a rich and vibrant shade to the plant, while terpenes contribute to their smell and taste. When hit by an intense UV wavelength, your plant will naturally respond by developing a unique substance known as the resin. This is a protective element that prevents plants from losing excess water. It is also known to protect them from infection, pests, and many other factors that tend to put their health at risk. 3. Better Tasting Food If you grow your own food at home, you will probably expect it to taste fresh. Luckily, with the right UV light in place- this can be an easy reality. Post secretion, resins bring up beautiful flavonoids and terpenes which collectively make way for rich and better-tasting yield. So, if a rich flavor is what you seek, UV light exposure is certainly an excellent option. See also 30+ Indigenous Desert Plants That Can Grow in Harsh Climate 4. Protection from Pest As you probably know at this point, UV light production boosts resin production which in turn protects your plants for pesky pests and ailments. And if your plant isn’t being nibbled by the pests or they aren’t trying to naturally heal their health from a foreign ailment, they are certainly on the path of achieving yielding healthy harvests. 5. Enhanced Root Development Yes, UV light is also known to contribute to your plant’s root development. This light can reach the roots of the plants and owing to its limited exposure, the root mass of your plant will significantly increase. This is especially useful when you are looking to move the plants in a relatively intense light (for instance from indoors to the outdoors and vice versa). When exposed to the right amount of UV light your plant won’t require any additional supplements even when you are planting it in a foreign setting. They thrive better and the roots are observed to be healthier. How Does UV Light Affect Plant Growth? As previously mentioned, UV-A and UV-B light produce a form of resin that makes way for the development of your plants’ roots. Since the roots are duly developed, the plants turn out to be healthier and fresher. Since UV light also boosts the process of photosynthesis, the overall development of your plant is likely to be faster when exposed to the right amount of this light. However, as every kind of plant does not produce resin, it is vital to check whether your plant will indeed benefit from the same. Besides, you should also check the position, structure, intensity, and height of the UV light around your plants to ensure that it safely secretes resin. Well, now that you are at the end of this article, you probably understand that UV light will not stunt your plant’s growth or affect it negatively in any way. However, for that to happen, you need to follow our guidelines and choose the right type of light for your plant. Once you take this small step, you will be a step closer to growing your plants safely and healthily. Share on: About Susan Miller Susan is inspired by gardening, gardens, plants and flowers. She started her journey into the world of plants when she was 12 years old. She holds a bachelor of science degree in environmental science from the University of North Carolina. She is a fanatical gardener, and is passionate about growing and enjoying organic food.
Epistemological Notes on Mathematics Epistemological Notes on Mathematics DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-5718-1.ch001 OnDemand PDF Download: No Current Special Offers This chapter is an attempt to show how mathematical thought has changed in the last two centuries. In fact, with the discovery of the so-called non-Euclidean Geometries, mathematical thinking changed profoundly. With the negation of the postulate for “antonomasia,” that is the uniqueness of the parallel for Euclid, and the construction of a geometric theory equally valid on the logical and coherence plane, called non-Euclidean geometry, the meaning of the word “postulate” or “axiom” changes radically. The axioms of a theory do not necessarily have to be dictated by real evidence. On this basis the constructions of arithmetic and geometry are built. The axiomatic-deductive method becomes the mathematical method. It will also highlight the constant link between mathematics and the reality that surrounds us, which tends to make itself explicit through an artificial, abstract language and with clear and certain grammatical rules. Finally, you will notice the connection with the existing technology, that is the new electronic and digital technology. Chapter Preview “Mathematics is the main language of science and technology, as such, it is the key to understanding and shaping the world around us.” ~C. F. Gauss 2. The Crisis Of Geometry And The Birth Of Geometries During the nineteenth century one of the main moments of the evolution of Mathematics was certainly the invention of the non-Euclidean Geometries by Gauss (1777-1855), Schwelkart (1778-1859), Lobachevski (1792-1856), Bolyal (1802-1860) and Riemann (1826-1866), together with the demonstration of their intrinsic coherence (Boyer, 1968). The first logical consequence was the radical change in the way in which we conceive of Geometry. In fact, if we suppose that there exists an entity external to us, which is the object of this science, it could not be described or studied with contradictory doctrines among them, such as Euclidean Geometry and any of the non-Euclidean ones. This is of course rests on the principle that every scientific theory is based on the internal coherence of the reality being studied. To better understand what we want to affirm, it is opportune to reflect on the “Elements” of Euclid (Fitzpatrick, 2007), the first scientific treatise in the history of humanity. It is a sequence of propositions; some of which describe the entities that will be discussed later. Other propositions express some truths that are considered incontrovertible and for this reason Euclid calls them “common notions”. Finally, other propositions are presented as requests for consent, which is why they are called “postulates”. The postulates concern properties of geometrical entities, or of the operations that we can do on them. These include the so-called postulate “par excellence” which basically affirms the uniqueness of a parallel to a given straight line for a point outside of it. Statements, common notions and postulates are given without proof while the subsequent propositions are rigorously demonstrated with procedures and reasoning based on the previously expressed statements. Key Terms in this Chapter Symbolic Language: The symbolic language of mathematics is a special-purpose language. It has its own symbols and rules of grammar that are quite different from those of natural languages. Non-Euclidean Geometry: Non-Euclidean geometry consists of geometries based on axioms closely related to those specifying Euclidean geometry. The traditional non-Euclidean geometries are: hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry, where the parallel postulate is replaced with an alternative one. Mathematization of Reality: Use of any mathematical object to formalize some relationships between the variables that describe a real-world phenomenon. We see, also, that we are using a mathematical model of this phenomenon. Complete Chapter List Search this Book:
Earth Day Illustration. Earth smiling and reveals a hug. "HappyEarth Day is April 22. Did you know you can help protect the planet when you brush your teeth? Here are some “green” tips for your daily oral care routine: 1. 1. Only run the water when you need to rinse. 2. 2. Recycle all plastic bottles such as your mouth wash 4. 4. Reuse an old toothbrush for household cleaning. You can also purchase a recycle toothbrush! 5. Little by little we can all do a part to help preserve our planet – even in the bathroom!
(Drew Angerer/Getty Images) (Drew Angerer/Getty Images) Relatively high library use by Millennials might be related to changes that many public libraries have undergone in the past 20 years. Previous Pew Research Center surveys have documented how extensively people use computers and internet connections at libraries, as well as how interested they are in extra services such as literacy programs for young children, meeting spaces for community groups, and technology “petting zoos” that provide opportunities to explore 3-D printers and other tech gadgetry. Across all generations, use of public library mobile apps is less common than use of libraries and their websites. The survey found that just 8% of Millennials used a library app in the past 12 months, as did 9% of Gen Xers and 9% of Boomers. Beyond demonstrating generational differences in library use, the survey showed other demographic differences in library use. For instance: • Women are more likely than men to say they visited a public library or bookmobile in the past 12 months (54% vs. 39%). And women are similarly more likely to use library websites (37% vs. 24%). • Parents of minor children are more likely than non-parents to have used a library in the past 12 months (54% vs. 43%). Read more about Americans’ specific engagement with libraries and library resources in a 2016 Pew Research Center report.
Main menu Eat spinach during your pregnancy.. it protects the fetus from deformities and reduces the chances of miscarriage Spinach is one of the most foods rich in vitamins and minerals necessary for health, especially during pregnancy, which is one of the most difficult stages that women go through. It plays an important role for the health of the mother and proper nutrition for the growth of the child. It is rich in protein, carbohydrates, iron, folic acid and calcium. Spinach is also rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B1 and B3, phosphorous, sodium, potassium and magnesium, which contribute to bone growth and blood flow to the body. According to a report published in the "Times of India" website, there are some benefits of spinach during pregnancy: 1. Supporting the health of the reproductive system: Research shows that spinach is a good source of vitamin A, which supports the health of the reproductive system, which effectively protects against problems during pregnancy, and vitamin A deficiency can lead to dry conjunctiva in pregnant women, and increases the risk of anemia. 2. Maintaining the health of the fetus During the first trimester of pregnancy, it is recommended to take folic acid as much as 400 micrograms, as folic acid is useful for the fetus, which increases the production of red blood cells, leads to increased brain and spine development, and prevents malformations in the fetus. 3. Avoid abortion Because spinach is rich in folic acid, which reduces miscarriage in pregnant women, and helps support the brain development of the fetus. 4. Prevent heart disease Since it is rich in folic acid is also a substance that can help prevent heart disease, as a pregnant woman can have a heart attack if she does not get enough folic acid. 5. Prevent depression A woman experiences depression during pregnancy, which affects the condition of the fetus in the womb. 6. Maintaining a healthy brain One of the main functions of folic acid is to maintain a healthy brain, and the folic acid content can help in the development of the fetus.
About WVSS This author has not yet filled in any details. So far WVSS has created 5 blog entries. Restless Legs Syndrome Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a condition that causes an uncontrollable urge to move your legs, usually because of an uncomfortable sensation. It typically happens in the evening or nighttime hours when you’re sitting or lying down. Moving eases the unpleasant feeling temporarily. Restless legs syndrome, now known as restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED), can begin at any age and generally worsens as you age. It can disrupt sleep, which interferes with daily activities. The chief symptom is an urge to move the legs. Common accompanying characteristics of RLS/WED include: • Sensations that begin after rest. The sensation typically begins after you’ve been lying down or sitting for an extended time, such as in a car, airplane or movie theater. • Relief with movement. The sensation of RLS/WED lessens with movement, such as stretching, jiggling your legs, pacing or walking. • Worsening of symptoms in the evening. Symptoms occur mainly at night. • Nighttime leg twitching. RLS/WED may be associated with another, more common condition called periodic limb movement of sleep, which causes your legs to twitch and kick, possibly throughout the night, while you sleep. People typically describe RLS/WED symptoms as abnormal, unpleasant sensations in their legs or feet. They usually happen on both sides of the body. Less commonly, the sensations affect the arms. The sensations, which generally occur within the limb rather than on the skin, are described as: • Crawling • Creeping • Pulling • Throbbing • Aching • Itching • Electric Sometimes the sensations are difficult to explain. Affected people usually don’t describe the condition as a muscle cramp or numbness. They do, however, consistently describe the desire to move their legs. It’s common for symptoms to fluctuate in severity. Sometimes, symptoms disappear for periods of time, then come back. When to see a doctor Some people with RLS/WED never seek medical attention because they worry they won’t be taken seriously. But RLS/WED can interfere with your sleep and cause daytime drowsiness and affect your quality of life. Talk with your doctor if you think you may have RLS/WED. Often, there’s no known cause for RLS/WED. Researchers suspect the condition may be caused by an imbalance of the brain chemical dopamine, which sends messages to control muscle movement. Sometimes RLS/WED runs in families, especially if the condition starts before age 40. Researchers have identified sites on the chromosomes where genes for RLS/WED may be present. Pregnancy or hormonal changes may temporarily worsen RLS/WED signs and symptoms. Some women get RLS/WED for the first time during pregnancy, especially during their last trimester. However, signs and symptoms usually disappear after delivery. Risk factors RLS/WED can develop at any age, even during childhood. The disorder is more common with increasing age and more common in women than in men. Restless legs syndrome usually isn’t related to a serious underlying medical problem. However, RLS/WED sometimes accompanies other conditions, such as: • Iron deficiency. Even without anemia, iron deficiency can cause or worsen RLS/WED. If you have a history of bleeding from your stomach or bowels, experience heavy menstrual periods, or repeatedly donate blood, you may have iron deficiency. • Kidney failure. If you have kidney failure, you may also have iron deficiency, often with anemia. When kidneys don’t function properly, iron stores in your blood can decrease. This and other changes in body chemistry may cause or worsen RLS/WED. • Spinal cord conditions. Lesions on the spinal cord have been linked to RLS/WED. Having had anesthesia to the spinal cord, such as a spinal block, also increases the risk of developing RLS/WED. Although RLS/WED doesn’t lead to other serious conditions, symptoms can range from barely bothersome to incapacitating. Many people with RLS/WED find it difficult to fall or stay asleep. Severe RLS/WED can cause marked impairment in life quality and can result in depression. Insomnia may lead to excessive daytime drowsiness, but RLS/WED may interfere with napping. Restless Legs Syndrome2018-11-21T22:17:09+00:00 At some point, many adults experience short-term (acute) insomnia, which lasts for days or weeks. It’s usually the result of stress or a traumatic event. But some people have long-term (chronic) insomnia that lasts for a month or more. Insomnia may be the primary problem, or it may be associated with other medical conditions or medications. You don’t have to put up with sleepless nights. Simple changes in your daily habits can often help. Insomnia symptoms may include: • Difficulty falling asleep at night • Waking up during the night • Waking up too early • Not feeling well-rested after a night’s sleep • Daytime tiredness or sleepiness • Irritability, depression or anxiety • Difficulty paying attention, focusing on tasks or remembering • Increased errors or accidents • Ongoing worries about sleep When to see a doctor Common causes of chronic insomnia include: • Travel or work schedule. Your circadian rhythms act as an internal clock, guiding such things as your sleep-wake cycle, metabolism and body temperature. Disrupting your body’s circadian rhythms can lead to insomnia. Causes include jet lag from traveling across multiple time zones, working a late or early shift, or frequently changing shifts. Additional common causes of insomnia include: • Mental health disorders. Anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, may disrupt your sleep. Awakening too early can be a sign of depression. Insomnia often occurs with other mental health disorders as well. Insomnia and aging • Changes in activity. You may be less physically or socially active. A lack of activity can interfere with a good night’s sleep. Also, the less active you are, the more likely you may be to take a daily nap, which can interfere with sleep at night. Insomnia in children and teens Risk factors Complications of insomnia may include: • Lower performance on the job or at school • Slowed reaction time while driving and a higher risk of accidents Good sleep habits can help prevent insomnia and promote sound sleep: • Stay active — regular activity helps promote a good night’s sleep. • Avoid or limit naps. • Avoid or limit caffeine and alcohol, and don’t use nicotine. • Avoid large meals and beverages before bedtime. In addition, medical devices and surgery are available that may reduce disruptive snoring. However, these aren’t suitable or necessary for everyone who snores. • Witnessed breathing pauses during sleep • Excessive daytime sleepiness • Difficulty concentrating • Morning headaches • Sore throat upon awakening • Restless sleep • Gasping or choking at night • High blood pressure • Chest pain at night • Your snoring is so loud it’s disrupting your partner’s sleep • In children, poor attention span, behavioral issues or poor performance in school When to see a doctor See your doctor if you have any of the above symptoms. These may indicate your snoring is associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). If your child snores, ask your pediatrician about it. Children can have OSA, too. Nose and throat problems — such as enlarged tonsils — and obesity often can narrow a child’s airway, which can lead to your child developing OSA. The following conditions can affect the airway and cause snoring: • Sleep position. Snoring is typically most frequent and loudest when sleeping on the back as gravity’s effect on the throat narrows the airway. Risk factors Risk factors that may contribute to snoring include: • Having a family history of snoring or obstructive sleep apnea. Heredity is a potential risk factor for OSA. Habitual snoring may be more than just a nuisance. Aside from disrupting a bed partner’s sleep, if snoring is associated with OSA, you may be at risk for other complications, including: • Daytime sleepiness • Frequent frustration or anger • Difficulty concentrating Sleep-Related Eating Disorder Sleep-related eating disorder involves frequent episodes of out-of-control eating and drinking behaviors while in a state of sleep. You may be partially or fully unaware of your behavior while preparing and eating food, with little or no memory of these actions the next morning. Sleep-related eating disorder can be dangerous because you could injure yourself during food preparation or eat inedible or toxic items. Sleep-related eating disorder can also have an impact on your health due to weight gain and obesity from eating high-carbohydrate and high-fat foods. Sleep-related eating disorder can be associated with certain medications, eating disorders and other sleep disorders. Addressing these issues often resolves sleep-related eating disorder. Sleep-related eating disorder is a parasomnia — abnormal activity or behavior that occurs while you’re falling asleep, sleeping or waking up. Episodes of sleep-related eating disorder occur in the first half of the night after you’ve been sleeping and include: • Frequent episodes, generally nightly, of eating and drinking in an out-of-control manner • Impaired consciousness while preparing and eating food • Little or no memory of these actions the next morning • Eating high-carbohydrate and high-fat foods or odd combinations of food • Possibly eating inedible or toxic substances, such as frozen foods, coffee grounds, cleaning solutions or cigarette butts • Possibly experiencing injuries or engaging in dangerous food preparation activities • Not being easily awakened or redirected during the episode • Experiencing a negative impact on your health from the nighttime eating When to see a doctor Sleep-related eating disorder can be dangerous and impact your health and safety. If you have any of the symptoms listed above, see your doctor. Sleep-related eating disorder usually occurs during non-rapid eye movement sleep in the first half of the night and is associated with the transition from non-rapid eye movement to arousal during sleep. The exact mechanism for why it occurs is not known, but sleep-related eating disorder often occurs in people who have a history of sleepwalking, so these conditions may be related. Risk factors Sleep-related eating disorder is more common in women and typically starts in the teenage years or the early 20s. Increased risk of developing sleep-related eating disorder is associated with: • Other sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, sleepwalking, narcolepsy and restless legs syndrome • Hypnotic sleep medications, such as zolpidem (Ambien, Edluar, Intermezzo, Zolpimist), and certain other medications, such as antidepressants or antipsychotics • Having a daytime eating disorder, such as bulimia or anorexia • Having a mental health disorder, such as stress, anxiety or depression • Having a first-degree relative — a parent, child or sibling — with sleep-related eating disorder or sleepwalking • Experiencing sleep deprivation A sleep-related eating disorder can result in: • Dangerous use of kitchen appliances, falls, cuts, burns, choking, injury from eating something inedible or toxic, or eating something you’re allergic to • Health problems, such as weight gain, poor diabetes control or dental cavities • Feelings of guilt and helplessness over the lack of control • Daytime tiredness from disrupted sleep Sleep-Related Eating Disorder2018-11-21T21:03:25+00:00 Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea is a potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts. If you snore loudly and feel tired even after a full night’s sleep, you might have sleep apnea. The main types of sleep apnea are: • Complex sleep apnea syndrome, also known as treatment-emergent central sleep apnea, which occurs when someone has both obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea If you think you might have sleep apnea, see your doctor. Treatment can ease your symptoms and might help prevent heart problems and other complications. The signs and symptoms of obstructive and central sleep apneas overlap, sometimes making it difficult to determine which type you have. The most common signs and symptoms of obstructive and central sleep apneas include: • Loud snoring • Episodes in which you stop breathing during sleep — which would be reported by another person • Gasping for air during sleep • Awakening with a dry mouth • Morning headache • Difficulty staying asleep (insomnia) • Excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnia) • Difficulty paying attention while awake • Irritability When to see a doctor Loud snoring can indicate a potentially serious problem, but not everyone who has sleep apnea snores. Talk to your doctor if you have signs or symptoms of sleep apnea. Ask your doctor about any sleep problem that leaves you fatigued, sleepy and irritable. Obstructive sleep apnea Illustration showing soft tissues of the throat Obstructive sleep apnea When the muscles relax, your airway narrows or closes as you breathe in. You can’t get enough air, which can lower the oxygen level in your blood. Your brain senses your inability to breathe and briefly rouses you from sleep so that you can reopen your airway. This awakening is usually so brief that you don’t remember it. You might snort, choke or gasp. This pattern can repeat itself five to 30 times or more each hour, all night, impairing your ability to reach the deep, restful phases of sleep. Central sleep apnea This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to transmit signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. Risk factors Sleep apnea can affect anyone, even children. But certain factors increase your risk. Obstructive sleep apnea Factors that increase the risk of this form of sleep apnea include: • Excess weight. Obesity greatly increases the risk of sleep apnea. Fat deposits around your upper airway can obstruct your breathing. • Neck circumference. People with thicker necks might have narrower airways. • A narrowed airway. You might have inherited a narrow throat. Tonsils or adenoids also can enlarge and block the airway, particularly in children. • Being male. Men are two to three times more likely to have sleep apnea than are women. However, women increase their risk if they’re overweight, and their risk also appears to rise after menopause. • Family history. Having family members with sleep apnea might increase your risk. • Use of alcohol, sedatives or tranquilizers. These substances relax the muscles in your throat, which can worsen obstructive sleep apnea. • Smoking. Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who’ve never smoked. Smoking can increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway. • Nasal congestion. If you have difficulty breathing through your nose — whether from an anatomical problem or allergies — you’re more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea. Central sleep apnea Risk factors for this form of sleep apnea include: • Being male. Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. • Heart disorders. Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. • Stroke. Having had a stroke increases your risk of central sleep apnea or treatment-emergent central sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a serious medical condition. Complications can include: • Daytime fatigue. The repeated awakenings associated with sleep apnea make normal, restorative sleep impossible, making severe daytime drowsiness, fatigue and irritability likely.You might have difficulty concentrating and find yourself falling asleep at work, while watching TV or even when driving. People with sleep apnea have an increased risk of motor vehicle and workplace accidents.You might also feel quick-tempered, moody or depressed. Children and adolescents with sleep apnea might perform poorly in school or have behavior problems. • High blood pressure or heart problems. Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during sleep apnea increase blood pressure and strain the cardiovascular system. Having obstructive sleep apnea increases your risk of high blood pressure (hypertension).Obstructive sleep apnea might also increase your risk of recurrent heart attack, stroke and abnormal heartbeats, such as atrial fibrillation. If you have heart disease, multiple episodes of low blood oxygen (hypoxia or hypoxemia) can lead to sudden death from an irregular heartbeat. • Metabolic syndrome. This disorder, which includes high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, high blood sugar and an increased waist circumference, is linked to a higher risk of heart disease. • Complications with medications and surgery. Obstructive sleep apnea is also a concern with certain medications and general anesthesia. People with sleep apnea might be more likely to have complications after major surgery because they’re prone to breathing problems, especially when sedated and lying on their backs.Before you have surgery, tell your doctor about your sleep apnea and how it’s being treated. Sleep Apnea2018-11-21T21:12:48+00:00 Go to Top
What happens with a female canine in the “heat period”? Dr. Weil's Vitamin Advisor Question by headonskate: What happens with a female canine in the “heat period”? When a female dog has what we would call “a menstruation” she is actually fertile. Human menstruation is characterized by the rupture of the inner wall of the uterus. The wall is full of blood vessels and therefore the rupture of this wall causes blood loss. My question is how could a female dog be fertile when her uterus is basically unable to carry a baby due to this rupture of the inner wall? Or perhaps the process of this regeneration is just a part of the canine “heat period”. What is happening in the interior of a female dog? How does this process work? Is this process in fact, before the “heat”? Best answer: Answer by LizzyB Canine reproduction is unique in the world of mammals. You need to google and do some research. In no way can you compare it to human menstruation. In fact, every time a dog comes in “heat” their body and hormones go through the entire pregnancy cycle even if they are not bred. This is why false pregnancies are possible. Myra Savant Harris has some really good books that even a novice can understand. I’ve been breeding show dogs for over 20 yrs and I still have things to learn. Give your answer to this question below! about the author Leave a Reply
In the lead up to the titipounamu/rifleman nesting season, it’s not uncommon to find Barry Pethybridge in the forest sitting in a camping chair, camera and tripod in hand, waiting for the native bird to make an appearance. He’s collecting data about titipounamu for Aongatete Forest Project by monitoring the 75 nesting boxes that he, and other Forest Project volunteers, have made and placed throughout the forest. “I’ll sit out there for hours just observing them,” says Barry. “There’s very little, if any, research about them in the Bay of Plenty.” This is because titipounamu weren’t seen in Aongatete, a lowland forest in the Kaimai Range, until 2013. The species is thought to have been living in the upper Kaimai for many years prior to their discovery in Aongatete. “They must have been surviving in conditions so cold and dismal that even the rats and possums didn’t want to live there. After 14 years of predator control, the rifleman population in Aongatete has gone from zero, to an estimate of 85 birds.” The tiny 12cm by 12cm nesting boxes provide titipounamu, their eggs and their chicks a safe haven from from predators. The entry hole is only 2.5cm so rats and other pests can’t get in. Barry looks forward to when titipounamu are “in your face” when walking through the Aongatete Forest. “Rifleman have a very high pitched call, so I can’t hear them, but younger people can. Hopefully we’ll eventually be able to take school groups through and the students will be able to easily see them, not just hear them. “The rifleman is our famous and precious little bird that no one ever really gets to see.”
Skip to main content What We're Learning Divisibility Rule Poetry Every good student who goes to school, Needs to know every divisibility rule. 1 If it's a whole number, you're done, It's divisible by one. 2 If it's even, it's true It's divisible by two. 3 Add the digits to see If it's divisible by three. 4 Divide the last two digits by four, And you'll get four for sure. 5 If it ends with five or zero, It makes five a hero. 6 If you got two and three You get six for free! 9 Add the digits, that's fine To check on the nine. 10 A zero at the end And we'll feel good about ten. Memorize each and every single rule, And you'll feel even better about coming to school. Ciera Woodruff Upcoming Events Contact Ciera Woodruff Classroom Number:
Pusillanimous Definition: 1. lacking courage and resolution 2. timid, cowardly, or irresolute; fainthearted 3. weak and cowardly You can describe someone who lacks courage as pusillanimous, such as a pusillanimous student who is too afraid to speak out against someone who is bullying others. The pusillanimous person stays quiet, doesn’t get involved, waits for someoneContinue reading “Pusillanimous” Vapid Definition of vapid: 1. lacking liveliness; dull 2. offering nothing that is stimulating or challenging 3. lacking flavor, zest, interest, animation, or spirit Part of Speech (POS) adjective If you describe someone or something as vapid, you are critical of them because they are dull and uninteresting. – Collins Dictionary Vapid means “not livelyContinue reading “Vapid” dfoww Obsequious Definition: 1. showing too great a willingness to serve or obey; fawning 2. excessively submissive; overly obedient If you disapprove of the overly submissive way someone is acting — like the teacher’s pet or a celebrity’s assistant — call them by the formal adjective obsequious. Obsequious people are usually not being genuine; theyContinue reading “Obsequious”
Our Blog Catching them before they fall: MU gait study aims to predict fall risk in elderly About one in three people age 65 and older will fall every year according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Falls are a leading cause of injury and death for this age group. With the baby boomer generation entering old age, safety issues that affect the elderly are becoming more important than ever. What if there was a way to pick out physical factors that predict a fall and stop it before it happens? Skubic head shot Marjorie Skubic said the study found that the speed of a person’s walk translated to how likely they are to fall. That’s the focus of MU research that studied gait patterns in order to assess a subject’s risk of falling. And the results are promising. Marjorie Skubic, an MU electrical and computer engineering professor who worked on the study, said the study found that the speed of a person’s walk translated to how likely they are to fall. It was something many had assumed, she said, but with the study, they were able to definitively show the correlation. The study, “Estimation of Human Walking Speed By Doppler Radar for Elderly Care,” was recently published in the Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments. The researchers teamed up with GE Global Research Center and deployed Doppler radar technology in homes at the independent senior living community TigerPlace, studying subjects’ gait patterns over the long term in order to assess their fall risk. Doppler radar measures velocity. It’s the same technology meteorologists use when tracking weather patterns and cops use when clocking the speed of cars. The radar devices were placed in non-intrusive boxes in the subjects’ homes, where they could pick up motion and collect the gait data needed. The study found that increased fall risk correlated with changes in gait such as gait speed decline, stride frequency increase and stride length decrease. Dominic Ho, an MU electrical and computer engineering professor, said engineering is used to analyze the collected data. Since the radar picks up all motion, it also picks up a lot of useless data — the pacing of a pet Chihuahua, the abnormal gait of a person who’s vacuuming. Dominic Ho head shot. Dominic Ho said engineering is used to analyze the collected data. Since the radar picks up all motion, it also picks up a lot of useless data. His job is to find the key information within the noise. Ho’s job is to find the signal in the noise. “Now you have to process the radar signal so you can separate the human walking from all these other motions,” Ho said. “This is our task. To analyze what’s being captured and pick out the information hidden.” Once that information is plucked out, Skubic said the gait can be translated to a score that tells patients whether they are at a low, medium or high risk of falling. This frequently updated information is useful to patients who may not see doctors very often. “Maybe some of these people will get an assessment from a doctor every six months, perhaps if they’re lucky,” Skubic said. “So being able to see something on a continuous basis so you can immediately tell when there’s a fall risk that’s occurring makes a really important impact on being able to address this fall risk, and being able to do something about it.” For example, if a person is having knee problems, the walking pattern will change. The walking pattern will continue to change over time if the knees get worse, perhaps warning the person to the increased risk of falling. “The sensors can predict more than just falls,” Ho said. “They can also predict early signs of health changes that occur before older subjects would have time to see a physician.” Skubic said the ultimate goal for this technology would be able to introduce some sort of therapy or intervention as a preventative measure against a predicted fall. “That’s what our end game is; we would like to be able to prevent the fall in the first place,” Skubic said. This issue isn’t just an abstract project for those on the team. Almost everyone has someone older in his or her life, which makes this a personal issue, too. For example, Skubic related the story of her mother-in-law, who once fell and broke her shoulder in the middle of the night and lay there for hours. She experienced pain for the rest of her life. “Many on our research team have these personal stories that make it concrete to us,” Skubic said. “This is why we’re doing this work in the first place. It’s really personal to us.” Skubic hopes the sensors can one day go into private homes and be able to help many elderly people live more freely, including her own parents. “That’s my motivation for much of this,” Skubic said. “To help my mom and dad age in place, with a high quality of life. Being independent. Being as healthy as possible.” Enter your keyword
Jennifer Fay and Imaging Deep Time in the Present “How do we live in the present with the sense of being geological subjects?” asked Dr. Jennifer Fay, director of Cinema and Media Studies at Vanderbilt University. Anthropocene: The Human Epoch (2018) attempts to help us imagine the deep time of both the future and the past and consider the relative scale of human action. The Anthropocene is a designation that has been proposed to label our current geological epoch. It is defined by the evidence of human life that has been left in the layers of the earth’s crust. The Anthropocene, according to some, is most clearly marked by traces of radioactive particles from nuclear testing and bombing. When future geologists return to the rock layers that categorize the planet’s geological history, billions of years in the making, they will be able to precisely locate when humans left their mark, a time when humanity was at both its most inhumane and unnatural. Fay questioned how we can make the overwhelming scale of our geological pressure on the planet interesting and understandable to movie audiences. We do not live our daily lives on the scale of climatary or planetary cycles, so how can we wrap our minds around the massive space and time considered in these geological definitions. Some films present natural disasters, didactic messages, evil villains, or political strikes, all of which reduce the size of climate change to specific areas or people. But Anthropocene takes a slightly different approach focusing on particular examples that are presented in such a way so as to allow the audience to draw their own conclusions. For example, the Carrara Quarry in Italy where the marble for Michelangelo’s David was sourced is still active today, but now with fossil fueled machinery they can extract in a matter of days what used to take months with man power. The use of fossil fuels has led to an acceleration in human capacity to destroy. Only a few days were needed to remove what took millions of years to form. Fay argued that this quarry is a prime example of how Anthropocene: The Human Epoch attempts to relate the scale of geological time to the human scale. What about space? How do we imagine the massive amount of land that has changed because of humans. Fay pointed to another example in the film, that of a brown coal mine in Germany. This brown coal will be used to fuel other industries, perhaps like that of the Carrara Quarry, and will release more carbon into the atmosphere. In order to dig up this coal, this mine makes use of the largest terrestrial machine ever. By showing human figures dwarfed by this massive machine and then cutting to an even longer shot of the machine dwarfed by the larger landscape around it, the film relays how rapidly we extract what took millions of years to form. We could not undo in a life-time what our machines do in days. The film, according to Fay, also asks if we know what destruction looks like? The mines and the quarry are clear examples of human disruption and the Pacific Northwest is often the poster child for nature, but what about biomes like deserts? If there is no green, can we differentiate a natural image from one shaped by human activity? For example, lithium pools, created in the process of lithium extraction, are clearly catastrophes, but these are the byproduct of the lithium batteries needed in electric cars. We recognize some images of unnatural, like the lithium pools, but we celebrate rows of alfalfa for being natural when those massive, industrial farms are also catastrophic for the environment. According to Fay, “We don’t know what it is we have lost… We are the first humans to experience a geological epoch change.” Humanity does not recall what the world looked like before the groundwork of the Anthropocene was laid. Does such a thing as a “natural image” even exist? How can we learn to live with ourselves recognizing that collectively we have become nothing short of a planetary force?
The Good People of the Three Gorges By \| News Still Life (2006)–literally: Good People of the Three Gorges in the original Mandarin title–was the first big break for one of China’s most popular directors today, Jia Zhangke. In his IC lecture, Dr. Steve Riep (Department of Asian and Near Eastern Languages) explained that film historians use the term “generations” to define periods in Chinese film history. Jia, like the others of the sixth generation, often make underground or independent films and use digital photography and location shooting to facilitate their low budgets. They are also interested in real life subjects as Jia is in both his documentaries and his narrative features. His films are grounded in actual problems faced in the wake of China’s rapid modernization, and his social critiques focus on the alienation and disorientation stemming from environmental, demographic, and social change. Still Life is set against the backdrop of the construction of the Three Gorges Dam, the world’s largest power station, on the Yangtze river in Fengjie. The dam was a project first proposed by Sun Yat-sen in 1919, picked up by the nationals, then by the Japanese occupiers, then the Americans supporting the nationalist government, then finally after Mao’s death the project was approved in 1992. Despite this seventy year period of surveying and mathematical projections, the dam’s construction caused about 1.3 million people to be relocated as the reservoir behind the dam filled. Still Life is shot on location in Fengjie as the water level rises. Riep drew attention to how often what is most significant in the frame is happening behind or around the characters rather than with the characters themselves. The rising levels of water and rubble in the film’s backgrounds command our attention and almost treat this destruction as a character in its own right. “Who might be the ‘good people’ in this movie?” asked Prof. Riep. The film begins by following a man from Jia’s home province Shanxi who comes to Fengjie to find his ex-wife. He gets a job as a part of the city’s demolition working to dismantle the thousands of buildings needed to be raised or moved for the reservoir. Modernizing China, Riep suggested, has led to the tearing down of many old areas to relocate them and usually to replace them with more dense high-rises to accommodate the country’s urbanization. Unlike the sort of creative destruction suggested by Western modernists, these buildings are destroyed not to be replaced with anything other than water. Riep suggested looking for commonalities among the main characters and how the inter-titles are used. The film has four vignettes with inter-titles: Cigarettes, Tea, Alcohol, and Candy. Some have read these as being poor replacements for food rations, but Riep suggests that it may have something to do with those items’ use in social lubrication in Chinese society. Bruce Lee’s Ligaments, Life, and Legacy By \| News “Here are my Jeet Kune Do gloves and my nunchucks.” Dr. Matt Ancell began his lecture on Bruce Lee’s legacy and Enter the Dragon (1973) by pulling out evidence of Lee’s influence on him as a young boy. Ancell gave a brief outline of Lee’s life and works leading up to Enter the Dragon, then offered an explanation as to why this film might be screened at the International Cinema. Bruce Lee was of European and Chinese descent but was born in America. His family returned to Hong Kong when he was still young, and he worked as a child actor while being raised by his father, a famous Opera singer. He never garnered much attention as a child actor, but nor did he ever lose the desire to make films. Because Lee got into many fights in Hong Kong, his parents eventually moved him back to America to continue his education. Lee stopped working in film for a time as he trained in Wing Chun style martial arts and studied philosophy and drama at the University of Washington. Lee was found to be training non-Chinese people in Chinese martial arts, an affront to the Chinese community and was challenged to a duel. Because he had only studied the Wing Chun style, a very sedentary, immobile tradition, he was quickly worn out by his opponent’s fleeting movements. This fight was the impetus for Lee’s new philosophically based style: Jeet Kune Do (the way of the intercepting fist). Jeet Kune Do is characterized as a style without a style. Lee described it in an interview as, “Be[ing] formless, like water.” In Jeet Kune Do, one choses to utilize whatever would work best for an actual fight rather than sticking exclusively to one style. You can use the arm movements from Wing Chun or boxing, the leg movements from Judo or Karate, and any brawler techniques (such as when Lee rips off Chuck Norris’s chest hair in The Way of the Dragon [1972]). Lee eventually began working in Hollywood playing almost exclusively stereotypical and subservient characters, much to his dissatisfaction. After butting heads with a number of studios and having his ideas rejected or stolen, Lee decided to return to Hong Kong, where unbeknownst to him, he was already a huge star. The TV series, The Green Hornet (1966), in which Lee played Kato the martial artist/chauffeur/sidekick, was being shown in Hong Kong under the title The Kato Show. While Lee had been in America, the types of films made in Hong Kong had radically changed. Due to the increased violence of the 1960s riots, the Hong Kong film industry had become more realistic in its depictions of violence. No longer were the martial artists using such fancy tricks with the camera helping to avoid their failures. These new films that appeared immediately before Lee returned, featured more authentic fights that mirrored the types of violence the protesters faced under the British police force. Lee was perfectly suited to this type of filmmaking because he truly was a phenomenally powerful martial artist. According to Ancell, Lee was just an okay actor, but he had an “incredible screen presence.” After two back-to-back record-breaking hits with Golden Harvest (a production company), Lee wrote, directed, and starred in The Way of the Dragon. Hollywood then took note of how marketable Lee was and struck a deal for a co-production between Golden Harvest and Warner Bros. for a new film called Enter the Dragon. Enter the Dragon was originally billed as something of a James Bond film, where the British star, John Saxon, was to lead a team of three and infiltrate the antagonist’s island base. Of course, Hong Kong did not like seeing the British take all the credit, nor did Bruce Lee, so Lee strong-armed the production into letting him direct the opening scenes of the film which set his character as the central protagonist. What the film became is something of a genre-blending picture. Lee introduces elements of the martial arts genre, Saxon the spy genre, and Jim Kelley the blaxploitation genre. We are left with three characters working together but who approach the narrative almost as if they each carry their respective genres with them. Enter the Dragon, then presents viewers with a fascinating example of how international financing, the star system, and film genres all push and pull when making popular movies. Just one month before the release of Enter the Dragon, Lee died. The film went on to be a huge success world-wide. Because of his unparalleled skill and charisma, Lee’s image continued in the popular imagination. Dozens of imitators immediately sprang up, leading to what have been coined as “Brucesploitation” films. His masculinized and sexualized, Asian, male body also led to a change in desired American, male bodies in film, and he is popularly known as “the grandfather of MMA” for his Jeet Kune Do style.
Wednesday, September 21, 2016 Peacemaker Catechism All verses will be English Standard Version unless otherwise noted. 1. Who is the great Peacemaker? God, through the gospel, makes peace with rebellious sinners. 2. What is conflict? Conflict is when two or more people have opposing desires. 3. What are the different responses to conflict? Escape, attack, or work it out. 4. What does it mean to escape conflict? Blaming, denying, or running from a conflict. 5.What does it mean to attack? To harm others with your words or hands. 2 Timothy 2:24-25 "... the Lord's servant must not be quarrelsome but kind to everyone, able to teach, patiently enduring evil, correcting his opponents with gentleness. God may perhaps grant them repentance leading to a knowledge of the truth, 6. What does it mean to work it out? To make peace through confession, forgiveness, talking it out, or getting help. Romans 12:18 (NIV84) "If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone." 7. What are your responsibilities in responding to a conflict? The 4 G’s which are glorify God, Get the log out of your eye, gently restore, and go and be reconciled. 8. What is it to glorify God? When my chief desire is for God to be honored in handling a conflict. Or on YouTube... 11. What is a helpful guide in how to confess? The 7 A’s which are Address everyone involved; Avoid if, but, and maybe; Admit specifically; Acknowledge the hurt; Accept the consequences; Alter your behavior; Ask for forgiveness. 1 John 1:9 (NIV84) 9 If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness. 13. What does it mean to go and be reconciled? It means to forgive another's sins that have come between your relationship. or YouTube... 14. What is forgiveness? It is a promise to not allow sin to come between your relationship by bringing it up the other person, other people, and yourself. 15. What should you do if you have sought to do the 4 G’s with a brother or sister and there is still no peace? You should seek help from others in the church. 16. Is it right for believers to resolve conflicts with other believers in civil courts? No, wise persons within the body should help resolve conflicts. 17. How should you treat a person if all attempts at reconciliation have failed? I should keep loving my enemy. Luke 6:27-28 "...I say to you who hear, Love your enemies, dogood to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who abuse you." Or YouTube... 18. What are some attitudes that will promote life-long peacemaking? The Christian attitudes of love, humility, gentleness, and patience. Galatians 5:16 16 But I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh. Ephesians 5:1–2 1 Therefore be imitators of God, as beloved children. 2 And walk in love, as Christ loved us and gave himself up for us, a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God. Or on YouTube... 20. How does love promote peace? Love promotes peace by enabling forgiveness and equipping gentle restoration. 21. What is humility? Humility is honestly seeing ourselves in light of God’s holiness and our sinfulness. Or on YouTube... 22. How does humility help promote peace? Humility is quick to confess and counts others as more important. 23. What is gentleness? Gentleness is loving control over your emotions, words, and actions. James 3:13–15 (NKJV): Who is wise and understanding among you? Let him show by good conduct that his works are done in the meekness of wisdom. 14 But if you have bitter envy and self-seeking in your hearts, do not boast and lie against the truth...17 But the wisdom that is from above is firstpure, then peaceable, gentle, willing to yield, full of mercy and good fruits,without partiality and without hypocrisy. Or at Amazon Music... 24. How does gentleness promote peace? Gentleness can kill conflicts and restores others with kind words. 25. What is patience? Patience is enduring poor treatment without revenge. 26. How does patience promote peace? Patience stays calm and steer toward a righteous response. Unknown said... This comment has been removed by a blog administrator. Unknown said... This comment has been removed by a blog administrator. Unknown said... This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
the national interest Elizabeth Warren Violates Republican Gag Rule by Criticizing Jeff Sessions Senator Elizabeth Warren. Photo: BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/AFP/Getty Images In 1836, at the behest of slave interests in the South, Congress created a rule prohibiting any debate over slavery in either House. The putative rationale for the rule was that Congress had no authority over slavery, therefore the issue was irrelevant, and any petition addressing slavery would be immediately tabled. John Quincy Adams, a former president turned member of the House and anti-slavery activist, called this the “gag rule.” The U.S. Senate in 2017 has applied a version of this rule to the debate over the nomination of Alabama senator Jeff Sessions for attorney general. Sessions’s candidacy is obviously not the moral equivalent of slavery. It is, however, a faint echo of the same political tradition. Sessions is not an advocate of restoring slavery or even legal segregation. But he has labored during his career to restrict African-American voter registration, and is the senator mostly closely identified with Trump’s ethno-nationalist themes. Sessions was the first senator to endorse Trump, and served as a valuable adviser to him and a platform between traditional Republicanism and the president’s brand of populist white identity politics. The rule in question, Rule 19, is a longstanding, though selectively enforced, ban on senators ascribing “to another senator or to other senators any conduct or motive unworthy or unbecoming a senator” in a floor speech. Last night, Senator Elizabeth Warren denounced Sessions, and read from a 1986 letter by Coretta Scott King opposing Sessions’s candidacy for a federal judgeship (which was denied). The Republican majority halted her speech on the grounds that she “impugned the motives and conduct of our colleague from Alabama.” The rule against impugning fellow senators is a slightly absurd imposition of etiquette designed to protect the swollen senatorial ego. What makes it not merely silly but utterly absurd in this instance is the fact that the senator being protected in this case is not only a party to the debate, along with 99 other senators, but also the subject of the debate. And the very argument of Sessions’s critics is that he is unworthy of the office to which he has been nominated. The application of Rule 19, which has not always been enforced, prevents opponents of his candidacy from making their case. Many historians of the 19th century believe the gag rule backfired against the South. It dramatized the undemocratic nature of the “Slave Power,” changed the subject from the merits of slavery to the merits of being allowed to debate slavery (thus broadening the opposing coalition), and ultimately created far more publicity for anti-slavery petitions. Mitch McConnell’s gag rule on Elizabeth Warren will likely have the same effect. Sessions has the votes for confirmation, but the grossness with which his colleagues have suppressed criticism of his record has given the opposition a platform, and a cause. Elizabeth Warren Violates Gag Rule by Criticizing Sessions
Need help? We are here Watch the video on Yoga and Mental Health. If you are able, practice the yoga poses that the instructor introduces. Once you are complete, answer the following questions. 1. Describe the research study the yoga instructor provides as an example. What were the results of the study? 2. What is the reason the yoga instructor gives for pursuing yoga as a healing technique? What medical benefits can yoga have for patients? 3. From what the instructor describes in the video, which patients do you believe would benefit the most from practicing yoga and why? 4. If you were able to participate, how did the yoga practice make you feel? Describe the emotional and physical effects it had for you. If you are not able to participate, describe the emotional and physical effects you would expect to find. 5. Describe how yoga could be used in your practice to treat your patients and minimize stress among healthcare providers.
Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Share on pinterest Asterina Starfish (Pros, Cons, & How To Get Rid Of) Julien Renoult, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Julien Renoult, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Asterina Starfish is a marine invertebrate that prefers a coarse substrate such as stones, rocks, and sand. Due to this preference often makes its way into home aquariums by hitchhiking the live rocks that reefers buy from shops or other reefers. Most people will define it as a pest or parasite, while others see it as a harmless and attractive addition to a reef aquarium. While some species of Asterina Starfish can live in harmony with corals, there are plenty of cases when they start preying on them due to the lack of other food. This article will teach you everything you need to know about this starfish, including if you should keep it or not and how to remove it if that’s the case. What eats asterina starfish? The Harlequin shrimp is a known predator that only munches on starfish, and introducing this shrimp to your tank will help you get rid of Asterina starfish easily. Bumblebee shrimp and Six Line wrasse can eat Asterina starfish as well, but it’s not their only source of food, and they might prefer to munch on something else more accessible. Asterina starfish identification There are 15 known species in the world of this starfish. In general, the body shape of Asterina Starfish reminds you of a pentagon. The arms are short, and the tips are rounded. The legs are usually asymmetrical due to their method of reproduction (asexually by splitting in half). The general color depends on the species, but it can be white, yellow, red, and grey. Sometimes reefers might see a blue Asterina starfish, but that is primarily a visual result of lights with a blue spectrum. The size of Asterina Starfish is relatively small, being around 1/4” – 1/2” across and reaching a maximum size of 3/4” or 2 cm. How to get rid of Asterina starfish As we mentioned, the first tactic of removing this pest is by reducing the amount of food you add to the tank. This won’t help you remove them entirely, but it will help you stop their overgrowth. If you don’t reduce the amount of food inside the aquarium, they will reproduce faster than the removal rate. Also, keep in mind that a massive die-off will produce a lot of ammonia as they rot, so you need to keep your water parameters in check and remove dead Asterinas. Manual removal Getting rid of Asterina starfish using some tools is one way to do it. Since they are too small to be grabbed by hand, some people remove them with tweezers. However, I find that extremely difficult, and you can easily injure it, which will only leave a leg or two behind, which will result in more starfish to deal with. If you have the skills and accuracy to do it this way, go ahead. Turkey baster is another popular tool for sucking up Asterinas, and you can do it gently that it doesn’t harm them. You suck them up in the baster and get them out of the tank. This is my favorite way as well. Manual removal can work but requires a lot of dedication. Depending on the level of infestation you have, you might need to do it for weeks to get it all out. And you need to hunt them at night or early in the morning when there is more Asterinas present. Technological removal Some reefers use high-tech equipment such as Lasers to remove pests from their tank, including the Asterina starfish. Lasers work at removing pests from the tank because they create a point of high temperature that burns the creatures you are pointing it at. However, these lasers should be used with extreme care, only using protective glasses since they can cause blindness, and one should be very careful where to use them because they can refract on the glass and burn other inhabitants. Biological removal The most efficient and effortless way of removing Asterinas from your tank is to introduce natural predators inside the reef tank. The Harlequin shrimp is a known predator that only munches on starfish, and introducing this shrimp to your tank will help you get rid of Asterina starfish easily. The Harlequin shrimp is very popular in the reefing community for its ability to only eat starfish. There aren’t many predators known to prey on Asterina starfish, but sometimes a Six Line Wrasse will eat them up. The efficiency of harlequins is given by the fact they prey exclusively on starfish. If you have any decorative starfish in the tank, you should get it out if you introduce this predator because they will eat it too, no matter the size. The shrimp’s ability to eat starfish is also a downside because once all the starfish are gone from the tank, the Harlequin shrimp will starve if you don’t give it other starfish to feed on. After the job is done and the Harlequin does all the cleaning, you can give it to a friend that needs it or feed it with a Chocolate Chip starfish that you place in a sump. You can cut a leg off it each week and use it to feed the Harlequin shrimp. By next week the starfish will grow its legs back, and you can do it again. Therefore you can repeat the cycle without having to buy starfish anymore. If you don’t have the heart to do this, you can return the Harlequin shrimp to the pet store, although constant aquarium switches can’t be suitable for any invertebrate. Other Asterina starfish predators There aren’t many reliable predators that you can use to get rid of Asterina starfish. Bumblebee shrimp and Six Line wrasse can eat Asterina starfish as well, but it’s not their only source of food, and they might prefer to munch on something else more accessible. Sea urchins are opportunistic omnivores and theoretically can eat a starfish, but they certainly won’t kill one. Therefore it is not a suitable predator either. That’s why Harlequin shrimp are the best Asterina starfish predator you can have since they only eat starfish. Considering you only have to think about what to do with them after they are done with the job, it’s a small price to pay to have such a hard-working invertebrate doing the pesky job of cleaning up the Asterinas from your tank. harlequin shrimp Image Credit: Live Aquaria Asterina starfish - good or bad? Most aquarists will say that Asterina starfish is not reef safe, firmly calling it a pest that needs removal. And there are good reasons to see them as such. They are like weeds in your garden. They might be pretty at sight, but they can quickly get out of control and attack the precious livestock. Some people have had this starfish in their tank for years without encountering any problems. In contrast, others have experienced the havoc it can bring if Asterina starfish gets a taste of corals. You should consider if it’s worth taking a chance and risk the life of your precious corals by keeping them around. Some reefers like having Asterina starfish because they clean their tank from the overgrown algae on the glass and because some species are docile. However, you can never know what type of Asterina you have in your tank, and once they grow out of control, they will be hard to stop. Do starfish clean tanks? Yes, starfish are excellent cleanup crew members, munching on overgrown microalgae that spread all over the reef aquarium. What do Asterina starfish eat? There are a few species of Asterina Starfish that are known to be “non-selective omnivorous.” That means they will eat anything they can find and grab on, including algae, corals, and polyps. Palm Tree Polyps, Corky Sea Fingers, and Zoas are the most frequent prey of Asterina Starfish. The majority will also eat cyanobacteria, coralline algae, tiny worms, detritus, and diatoms. Which Asterina Starfish eat coral? The species of Asterina Starfish that will attack your corals are: • Asterina gibbosa – this starfish will eat everything inside your tank that can’t swim away, including corals and coralline algae. • Asterina stellifera – non-selective omnivorous feeders, sometimes even engaging in cannibalism if there is a high density of adults. Should I remove Asterina starfish? Considering some Asterinas can grow up to become coral predators, you should consider removing this starfish or keeping their number in check. If you start to notice damage on your coral’s polyps and there’s no other predator in the reef tank, then you should remove it from the tank immediately. As soon as it gets a taste from your corals, it only gets worse. There could be mistaken cases when another predator damages the coral. The starfish only does the cleaning, but that is only plausible when other predators are in the tank. How do Asterina starfish reproduce? Asterina stars have a fissiparous reproduction (fragmentation) where they split their bodies and lose one leg or two. Those legs will regrow as new starfish in the aquarium. That’s why Asterina starfish usually have an asymmetrical appearance, where each leg has different sizes. The way they reproduce can also make them outgrow the tank very fast if they have enough nutrition and no natural predator to keep them in check. Asterina starfish care Asterina starfish don’t need anything special to thrive in your aquarium. The only thing that you need to worry about is having a good supply of food available, so they don’t turn on your corals for nutrients. Asterinas are very hardy and can survive even in low temperatures. As long as it is a source of nutrition in your reef tank, they can thrive on it. The number of Asterina starfish will be proportional to the bioload in the tank. That’s why one method of removing them is by reducing the amount of food you add to your tank. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Share on pinterest Recent Posts
Satellite phones How do satellite phones work Satellite networks operate under proprietary protocols , making it difficult for manufacturers to independently make handsets. ICO Global Communications : An American satellite-phone company which has launched a single geosynchronous satellite, not yet active. Radio cross-links are used between satellites to relay data to the nearest satellite with a connection to an Earth station. The company operates eleven satellites. There are many solutions out there, so the first step is determining how you want to connect using satellite communications. Importation and operation of all other satellite services, including Thuraya and Iridium , is illegal. But which is the right one for you to buy? Since the satellites are not geostationarythey move with respect to the ground. Orbcomm : An American network. Another disadvantage of geostationary satellite systems is that in many areas—even where a large amount of open sky is present—the line-of-sight between the phone and the satellite is broken by obstacles such as steep hills and forest. A given satellite is only in view of a phone for a short time, so the call must be "handed off" electronically to another satellite when one passes beyond the local horizon. best satellite phone 2018 Similarly, handset prices will increase when calling rates are reduced. The GMR-2 standard introduced a new encryption algorithm which the same research team also cryptanalysed successfully. Importation and operation of all other satellite services, including Thuraya and Iridiumis illegal. satellite phone iridium Iridium GO! Thus satellite phones are not recommended for high-security applications. Satellite phone in india The Iridium GO! Your plan also gets you a phone number so you can make and receive calls. This will give you an allowance of minutes and texts, or data, and there are prepaid and regular plan options available. Through talk and text, the Iridium and Iridium Extreme can save lives. Such promotions are usually bound to a particular geographic area where traffic is low. The company operates eleven satellites. Orbcomm : An American network. Because many members of the media brought satellite phones with them to report on the hurricane, many shared their phones with locals affected by the storm. The advantages include providing worldwide wireless coverage with no gaps. Geostationary satellite phones can only be used at lower latitudes, generally between 70 degrees north of the equator and 70 degrees south of the equator. Best satellite phone 2019 Globalstar : A network covering most of the world's landmass using 44 active satellites. But which is the right one for you to buy? Whichever product fits your needs, our partners can help you find the right device and service! Use in disaster response[ edit ] See also: Cascading failure Most mobile telephone networks operate close to capacity during normal times, and large spikes in call volumes caused by widespread emergencies often overload the systems when they are needed most. When the alert is received on the satellite phone it must be taken to an area with better coverage before the call can be accepted. Do you want a handheld satellite phone, or would you prefer to turn your smartphone into a satellite phone? Unfortunately, many were unable to connect through traditional cell phone lines; for example, according to the Federal Communications Commission , in the immediate aftermath of the hurricane, Aransas County in Texas reported nearly 95 percent of its cell towers were out of commission. A startup is proposing the use of standard mobile phone technology in satellites to enable low bandwidth text message with satellites from cheap mobile phones. Globalstar provides a one-way data uplink service, typically used for asset tracking. Inmarsat has satellites in high earth orbit. Rated 6/10 based on 113 review Why, When and How to Buy a Satellite Phone

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.