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Breeding programme overview – aims and objectives
Primary aim : To reduce the dependency on chemical treatment for Varroa control by increasing the prevalence of Varroa tolerant colonies in Ireland.
To augment the feral/wild native Irish honey bee population with Varroa tolerant colonies.
The programme aims to reduce the amount of chemicals used to treat honey bees for Varroa infestation by increasing the number of colonies that can tolerate Varroa without beekeeper intervention. It is hoped that this can be achieved using selective breeding in much the same way beekeepers have done for traits such as docility and honey production.
The chief objective is to assist beekeepers to use a method by which they can achieve this. The more beekeepers that use the breeding method, the better. Within this, a core group will submit detailed reports on their colonies to NUIG to help the research into Varroa tolerance in Irish honey bees. These core group bees will be genotyped in order to obtain a genetic picture of the Irish honey bee population.
Simply put, colonies are assessed for Varroa and selection for breeding uses those assessments. Those with low Varroa levels are not treated for the mite and are preferentially used to breed from. Those colonies with Varroa levels above a certain threshold are treated and, when appropriate, re-queened with the offspring of low-Varroa queens from within the same apiary or from other participating beekeepers. This is not a fool-proof method, there is no such thing, therefore it is important that some free, altruistic, re-queening forms part of this programme in order to help beekeepers who lose colonies by not treating. In other words, beekeepers need to assist one another if the breeding programme is to help everyone.
Meanwhile research at NUIG will endeavour to uncover how some honey bees in Ireland can tolerate and even resist Varroa mites. This information will be fed back into the breeding programme to help steer the selection process. The research and the breeding programme also aims to assist the native Irish honey bee’s feral and wild population by augmenting it with colonies bred from Varroa tolerant queens. |
What to do when you run into trouble on the highway
EMERGENCY SITUATION: You and your fellow Scouts and Scouters are on your way to Northern Tier for a weekend of skill building. Suddenly, a deer darts into the road and collides with the car. The injured deer hobbles off into the woods, but the car crashes on the side of the road. What should you do?
Survive This Highway AccidentYOU CAN’T EXCHANGE insurance information with the deer. So immediately help your fellow Scouters and Scouts.
Car accidents—not lightning, forest fires, floods, or bears—are one of the leading causes of serious injuries to Scouts in the United States. This makes sense, because motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among 5- to 34-year-olds in this country. There are several steps you can take to not only increase the odds of survival for the victims, but also (equally important) to prevent a second accident and further injury.
1. PUT YOUR HAZARD LIGHTS ON as you move the car off the road. It should be as far from the travel lanes as possible. Moving the car will help to avoid a strike from an oncoming vehicle, while the lights will signal your position.
2. CALL FOR HELP on your mobile phone. Give your location and direction of travel, using approximate distance from the closest exit and/or a mile marker if one is visible. A GPS device, of course, will give your position to within a few meters. Stay on the phone as you check on any injured passengers. Tell the 911 operator whether the accident resulted in bumps and bruises or more traumatic injuries and tell her the number of people in the vehicle. This information will aid the response.
3. ALERT OTHER DRIVERS. Have another adult open a roadside emergency kit and set up emergency triangles, traffic cones, or road flares several hundred feet behind the accident scene. This is especially important at night. (Don’t have an emergency roadside kit? Pack these items: bit.ly/roadside.)
Place the warning signals in a line that angles away from the scene, across the shoulder, and toward the travel lanes. Avoid walking in the travel lanes. If a working flashlight is available, move it slowly in an up-and-down motion while the signals are positioned. For a car still in the travel lanes and unable to move, set up the warning signals in the appropriate lane, angling toward the open lane, to help warn oncoming motorists.
4. THINK BEFORE MOVING VICTIMS. In general, treating injured passengers should be left to emergency personnel and unbuckling the victims is not recommended. This is because even a conscious person who appears uninjured may have internal bleeding. Removing the victim may exacerbate injuries. If the car’s interior is intact—and all the passengers were belted in—use your best judgment to decide whether to remove them from the vehicle. Note that some spinal and neck injuries, such as whiplash, can occur even during minor accidents, so take extra care when treating the injured. In addition, airbag deployment often results in first-degree burns so be careful when touching the other people traveling in the car.
5. IF YOU DON’T HAVE CELL SERVICE, you may be unable to contact trained responders. In this situation, you might have to triage and treat the victims yourself. In these circumstances, you should remove injured passengers from the car, immobilize them on a backboard or suitable substitute, and then treat visible wounds with direct pressure to slow blood loss.
JOSH PIVEN is co-author of the Worst-Case Scenario Survival Handbook series. Find him online at facebook.com/jpiven.
To save money, many municipalities have recently passed laws limiting the police response to minor traffic accidents. This means that a fender bender with no injuries will not result in a police or ambulance arriving on the scene. You should still call 911 to report the accident; the operator will advise you on the next steps. Always document an accident—even a one-car accident—with photos. The BSA requires you complete an incident information report (No. 680-016) and turn this form in to your council service center.
Learn more about how to safely transport Scouts to events.
1. A Letter to the Editor received from Todd Long, a game warden from Gregg County, Tex.:
As a former scout, I enjoy reading Scouting magazine and supporting BSA via my local troops. Your recent “Deer in the Headlights?” article hit home for me as I work many of these accidents as a Texas Game Warden. Throughout the fall of each year wardens receive numerous calls from motorists who are unsure of what to do with the victim deer. I would like to add to this informative piece what to do (and not to do) with the deer.
Here in Texas, it is a state violation to be in possession of a deer, or any part of a deer that has been hit by a motor vehicle. I am aware of unscrupulous hunters who remove parts and antlers from these deer for profits and contest entries. Other times, innocent motorists pick up these deer unaware that they are in violation of the law.
As your article mentioned, many mucipalities have laws limiting their response to minor accidents. So if you have killed or wounded a deer or other wild animal along the roadway and unsure of what to do, try contacting your local warden as we are manytimes available to assist.
Wardens can sometimes facilitate the injured deer being rehabilitated by permitted individuals. Other times, wardens might partner with local processors, Feed-the-Hungry programs and others who donate the venison to food shelters and individual families in need.
I encourage scouts to get to know their local Game Wardens, conservation officers and other wildlife officials beforehand. As conservation law enforcement officers, much of what we do parallels the scouting program.
Thanks for your informative and timely article.
Todd Long
Game Warden, Gregg County, TX
2. One night years ago I came across on man in a car that had just hit and killed a deer. He was a paraplegic, wheelchair bound, and did not know what to do. I helped him load the dead deer into his station wagon.Told him to call the NY Dept on Conservation and report what had happened. This was long before cell phones. I believe he was allowed to keep the deer for the venison.
3. Since this was Northern Tier, let’s play by Minnesota rules. I have not lived there in close to 25 years, but I am pretty sure the law has not changed. In Minnesota any Minnesota resident may claim a road-killed animal by contacting a law enforcement officer. An authorization permit will be issued allowing the individual to lawfully possess the deer. You can then reprocess the deer. It is up to the officer to decide. If they suspect shananigans, then the deer goes elsewhere. Otherwise, as an emergency RN of over 40 years I pretty much agree.
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Why Asthma's on the Rise and the New Asthma Treatments
Friday, February 17, 2012
The incidence of asthma has more than doubled - from 3% to 7.5% since 1980. Believe it or not, nearly 25 million people in the United States are asthma sufferers. And while there's no shortage of theories about why asthma is becoming a major health concern, there is a shortage of definite answers. Which has led many people to ask why is asthma on the rise, especially in urban neighborhoods, and are there any new asthma treatments?
The two questions actually go hand in hand. Many new asthma treatments have been developed based upon the various theories doctors have come up with to explain asthma's rise. In this light, this article is a look at some of the answers to "why is asthma on the rise and are there new treatments?"
Let's start off with a theory that might sound odd the first time you hear it. Some doctors have come to believe asthma's growing prevalence is actually due to our better health. Because there are far fewer major diseases requiring the attention of our immune systems, these doctors believe our immune systems overreact to minor stressors such as allergens, which trigger histamines and other inflammatory agents in the lungs. Once the lungs become inflamed, bringing the condition under control again can be a major effort.
There are other theories, of course. Even though air quality in general has improved, there are more people than ever living in urban settings where they're overly exposed to the allergens that commonly trigger asthma - cockroaches, dust mites, mold and secondhand smoke. Add to that the fact that children lead far more sedentary lives than they used to, and spend far more time indoors where they're exposed to allergens, and we can begin to see that one reason asthma is on the rise maybe because children are exposed to the allergens far more often these days.
New asthma treatments go beyond medicine to a whole new way of looking at this disease and its management. Rather than focusing on crisis management of acute asthma attacks, new asthma treatments emphasize managing the disease by controlling the environment and daily medication to reduce the risk of acute attacks. These new treatments include once a day oral medications for children with chronic asthma, daily maintenance inhalers, education about asthma triggers and allergens for those dealing with asthma and outreach efforts that involve entire communities.
While there's been a great deal of research on asthma and asthma medications over the past twenty years, there have been few new drugs developed for treatment. This is primarily due to the success of the current inhaler drugs. They work extremely well as long as they're used everyday as prescribed. However, because so many asthma sufferers tend to ignore their doctor's instructions, a major component of this new approach to treating asthma is to educate patients and families about what asthma is and how to prevent asthma attacks.
The good news is that according to the Centers for Disease Control, this new approach to treating asthma with education as well as medication does pay off. In a recent study conducted by the National Institute of Environmental Health Services, researchers found that children whose families were taught about asthma and how to manage asthma through environmental control had 37.8 more days per year without any symptoms than those who were treated in the hospital, given a prescription, and sent on their way.
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Ellen Foster Quiz | Eight Week Quiz G
Buy the Ellen Foster Lesson Plans
Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Who comes looking for Ellen with money in hand asking her to come back to live with them?
(a) Her teacher.
(b) Her grandmother.
(c) Her father.
(d) Her aunt.
2. What present does Ellen receive from Starletta's family?
(a) A sweater.
(b) A saw.
(c) A coupon.
(d) A toy.
3. How many siblings does Ellen have at her new mother's house?
(a) 5.
(b) 0.
(c) 7.
(d) 2.
4. What happens to Ellen from working so hard in the fields?
(a) Nothing.
(b) She gets sick.
(c) She runs away.
(d) She makes a lot of money.
5. What other activities must Ellen do on Sundays in her new home?
(a) Wash, and do her homework.
(b) Nothing.
(c) Wash, and clean the dishes.
(d) Scrub the floors and vaccum.
Short Answer Questions
1. Where does Ellen tell her father to sleep when he passes out in the bathroom?
2. How does Ellen refer to her large head?
3. How does Ellen's father die?
4. Who takes Ellen into town for a new coat?
5. What is Nadine's response to the drive through this part of town?
(see the answer key)
This section contains 204 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)
Buy the Ellen Foster Lesson Plans
Ellen Foster from BookRags. (c)2017 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Playing music in operating theatres could affect communication
Music played in operating theaters was first introduced in 1914 as a way of making patients feel at ease. Today, though, background music is played during surgical procedures for the benefit of medical staff. However, a new study has revealed that this could impair communication.
It is estimated that music is played during 53-72 per cent of surgical operations, with many modern theatres equipped with devices such as portable speakers and MP3 players.
Researchers from the Department of Surgery and Cancer at Imperial College London set out to investigate the relationship between background music in operating theatres and communication among medical staff.
For the study, they looked at video recordings of 20 operations that had been carried out over a period of six months in two operating theatres in the UK.
Footage was taken from various angles, meaning the researchers could analyse both verbal and non-verbal communication in the theatre teams.
Sharon-Marie Weldon, co-lead author of the study, said: 'Music can be helpful to staff working in operating theaters where there is often a lot of background noise, as well as other distractions - it can improve concentration.'
However, it was found that requests made by staff were five times more likely to be repeated in cases where music was played than during operations without musical accompaniment. It was estimated that each repeated request could increase operating time by one minute, as well as cause staff to become frustrated.
What's more, the volume of the music impacted on communication, with issues arising more often when a popular song was turned up.
Terhi Korkiakangas, co-lead author of the research, added: 'In the operating theaters we observed, it was usually the senior medics of the team who made the decision about background music.
The study has been published in the Journal of Advanced Nursing.ADNFCR-554-ID-801796898-ADNFCR
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How to Recognize the Contaminated Water Sources and Treatment Measures ?
Recently, public opinion is extremely bewildered and nervous about the state of contaminated water, especially in urban centers and other crowded areas. The polluted water sources cause not only challenging and inconvenient conditions of daily living of the all residents, but also leave serious consequences to the health and the economic development, social of each country.
Besides, the infested water sources are the leading causes and favorable conditions for outbreaks of severe diseases such as diarrhea, polio, helminths, encephalitis, trachoma, fungal diseases and so on.
Therefore a smart water filter equipment would be the optimal solution for the problems mentioned above. If you intend to purchase a good product to produce clean water, you need to determine how polluted the water source is as well as the functions of each water filtration system to make more accurate decisions. The following article will mention the reverse osmosis reviews and other related issues.
How to identify the contaminated water
The taste of water likes a fishy smell. Besides, the water color turns into yellowish-green in color when exposing to the air. That means the domestic water is contaminated with iron and alum. Put a few drops of tea water or latex of banana tree into the water source, if the color turns into purple, which means it is polluted.
The water brings strong odors and unpleasant smell like disinfectant, which is a sign of chlorine. Almost all the tap water is treated with chlorine and ozone at the watershed so that we often smell the odor in the early morning due to the remained chlorine odor in the water.
You may get shortness of breath or nausea when smelling the water because it is contaminated with phenol. Besides, if having any H2S in the water, there is a bad smell of rotten eggs.
There is a black film on the water surface as well as the plaque on the cookware, which is the sign of hard water (the water sources contain calcium and magnesium salts).
However, the best method is to bring the water samples to the specialized units that are equipped full of modern machines to test the water and give the optimal resolutions.
The immediate treatment measures
– Boiling the water before using.
– Not to drink boiled water after 24 hours (because after 24 hours, the boiled water would become contaminated again).
– Using activated carbon to filter the water.
Notwithstanding, these are only the temporary solutions. Because although the water has no color, no smell, no residue, it does not mean that the water source your family using for drinking and cleaning is pure and clean. Arsenic and ameba are substances that can not be detected with the naked eye and cannot be removed by boiling method.
The membrane reviews
With modern technology, the filtration system with different membrane below will eliminate the various types of particles and impurities in the water.
Ultrafiltration membrane
Ultrafiltration membrane (abbreviated as UF) can remove the small elements with the pores 0.1 micrometers in size. Therefore, the ultrafiltration membranes cannot eliminate the solutes.
NANO membrane
The NANO membranes (abbreviated as NF) are designed to provide clean filtered water and hard water softening. Furthermore, it can eliminate the chlorine, multivalent ions, the single-molecule organic matter and other contaminants completely.
Reverse osmosis membrane
Water purified by reverse osmosis (abbreviated as RO) can remove up to 95 percent of dissolved ions, and 99 percent of most contaminants. This system is compact, but it supports for users requiring 2000 to 12000 gallons per day water production. The device is fully equipped with the instruments needed for the reliable long-term operation.
Depending on the needs and purposes of using water, we have to choose the most suitable water filtration system with different membranes to produce the pure and clean water with the highest quality. Thus, the health of individuals, families and the whole society can be guaranteed.
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A laptop combines the components, inputs, outputs and capabilities of a desktop computer, including the display screen, speakers, a keyboard, pointing devices (such as a touchpad or trackpad), a processor and memory into a single unit.The primary feature that attracts users to laptops over desktops is their portability.It is mostly for specialized field applications, such as in the military, for accountancy, or for travelling sales representatives.
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Detailed Description for Laptop
A laptop combines the components, inputs, outputs and capabilities of a desktop computer, including the display screen,speakers, a keyboard, and pointing devices (such as a touchpad or trackpad) into a single unit.
Basic Components
Hard Drives
Laptop hard drives are smaller and more expensive than their desktop counterparts. While a desktop computer often comes with a hard drive with between 500 gigabytes and 2 terabytes of capacity, most laptops get by with a standard-issue drive with only 100 to 500 gigabytes. That’s still enough for thousands of songs and pictures or dozens of movies.
laptop external hard drive
When a computer loads a program, it takes the information from the comparatively slow hard drive and temporarily stores it in its much faster Random Access Memory (RAM) drive. Having more RAM will allow you to open up more programs simultaneously without slowing down the computer.
RAM means a faster machine. Most laptops come with a minimum of one gigabyte of RAM. It’s worth paying for two or even four gigabytes of RAM if you can afford it. If higher RAM isn’t in your current budget, at least make sure that you’ll have the ability to upgrade.
installing laptop ram memory
Processor Speed
Today, most new computers feature processors that are more than sufficient for most everyday tasks including the use of office applications and Internet browsing.
If you’re going to use your laptop for major gaming, data processing, or video or graphic design, you’ll need to take a harder look at processor speed.
Laptops marketed as netbooks come with low-voltage processors that will extend your battery life, while traditional laptops will have standard processors. If you are looking for speed, look for the higher speeds in Gigahertz (Ghz) or multi-core options.
Screen Size
The smallest netbooks have screen sizes of eight or nine inches, while laptops built for presentations and large-scale viewing can have screens up to 17 inches. Eight or nine inches will be plenty for surfing and reading emails, but if you’re working with larger documents, photos, or movies, you’ll need at least 11 inches.
Screen Resolution
Resolution is the other critical factor determining how much information you will be able to see on your laptop’s screen. Selecting a higher resolution will allow you to see more text on your screen but it will be smaller. The limiting factor is the maximum resolution that your laptop’s screen can display.
The smallest available resolution is 640×480, which is barely adequate for most tasks. The majority of websites are optimized for a screen at 1024×768. A popular resolution for wide screens is 1280×800, and larger laptops can even feature an incredible 1600×1200.
laptop sizes
Graphics Cards
The graphics card you can expect from most portable computers will have a fraction of the power that a desktop will have. Unless you purchase a laptop for gamers, the video card will likely only be sufficient for using office productivity applications and viewing media files. However, if you are planning on utilizing one or more external monitors, you should ensure that the video system in your laptop is capable of supporting that configuration.
Key Components
Trackpads, which provide the functionality that mice provide for desktops, are made of various materials and have a wide spectrum of capabilities depending on the manufacturer and model.
laptop trackpad
The size of your laptop’s keyboard will depend on the screen size you choose. If you seek the portability of a small screen, you probably won’t have a full-sized keyboard. Small keyboards are tough to begin with if you have big hands or big fingers, but they’ll also be missing some of the shortcut keys you might be used to.
Lastly, the largest laptops now even come with a number pad on the right side, just like a standard keyboard. Keep in mind that if you’d prefer to carry a smaller laptop but work with a bigger keyboard at home, you can attach a full-sized external keyboard.
laptop keyboard
Battery Life
One of the limiting factors of any laptop is its battery life.
You need to consider your lifestyle and decide how important battery life is to you and how much extra you’re willing to pay for a computer with a long-lasting battery. Factors that can increase battery life include LED lit screens, solid state drives, and low-power processors.
These newer technologies consume less power, which is a far more convenient way to extend battery life than including a larger and heavier battery.
This can enable students to use their laptop throughout the day without ever having to plug it in. A longer battery life can also be very useful to work at coffee shops, or watch movies on long car rides and plane trips. With most laptops, you can also purchase a second battery to extend your computer’s battery life.
laptop battery
Connecting and Accessorizing
Wireless Capability
These days, wireless cards aren’t really an accessory. Nearly every laptop will come with wireless capability standard. Most come with Bluetooth as well. Wi-Fi will allow you to connect to the Internet, while Bluetooth enables you to use devices like headsets, wireless mice, and telephones, without wires.
You’ll likely find that the card in your machine conforms to the 802.11g standard, which should provide all the speed and bandwith you’ll need. If you want to invest in cutting-edge technology, the next standard on the way will be 802.11n, but it’s not worth spending extra to get this emerging technology at this time.
As teleconferencing, uploading photos, and recording videos become more popular, more and more laptops come with a small camera above the screen. It’s a cheap upgrade, but it’s easy to end up with a low-quality camera that won’t be of much value to you.
laptop camera
Your laptop is meant for portability, and you’ll probably want to carry with you plenty of peripherals, like that camera, when you travel. You’ll need an adequate number of USB ports, or else you’ll need to buy an additional hub. While some laptops come with only two USB ports, if you have a lot of devices to attach, upgrade to four ports.
The current USB standard is 2.0, but 3.0 is quickly becoming more popular. Finding a laptop with USB 3.0 will enable faster communication with external hard drives, cameras, and other devices. Other ports that you may need include Firewire and HDMI, both of which are used to transmit digital video.
Finally, some laptops come with memory card readers that you can use to access the popular formats used by digital cameras.
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AskDefine | Define laity
Dictionary Definition
laity n : everyone except the clergy [syn: temporalty] [ant: clergy]
User Contributed Dictionary
From laitas, from etyl grc λαός
1. people, people of a church who are not ordained clergy or clerics.
2. the common man or woman
3. the unlearned, untrained or ignorant as in "The Layman's Guide to Basket Weaving"
Related terms
Extensive Definition
In religious organizations, the laity comprises all persons who are not clergy. A person who is a member of a religious order who is not ordained clergy is considered as a member of the laity, even though they are members of a religious order (for example a nun or lay brother).
In the past in Christian cultures, the term lay priest was sometimes used to refer to a secular priest, a diocesan priest who is not a memeber of a religious order. Terms such as lay priest, lay clergy and lay nun were once used in Buddhist cultures to indicate ordained persons who continued to live in the wider community instead of retiring to a monastery. In recent centuries, the term is often used more generally, in the context of any specialized profession, to refer to those who are not members of that profession.
Christian laity
In Anglicanism, the term "laity" refers to anyone who is not a bishop, priest, or deacon, that is, the fourth order of ministers in the Church. In the Anglican tradition, all baptised persons are expected to minister in Christ's name. The orders of ministry are thus lay persons, bishops, priests, and deacons. The ministry of the laity is "to represent Christ and his Church; to bear witness to him wherever they may be; and, according to the gifts given them, to carry on Christ's work of reconciliation in the world; and to take their place in the life, worship, and governance of the Church". Much of the ministry of the laity thus takes place outside official church structures in homes, workplaces, schools, and so forth. Lay people also play important roles in the structures of the church.
There are elected lay representatives on the various governing bodies of churches in the Anglican communion. In the Church of England, these governing bodies range from a local Parochial Church Council, through Deanery Synods and Diocesan Synods. At the topmost level, the General Synod includes a house of Laity. Likewise, in the Episcopal Church in the United States the General Convention includes four lay persons from each diocese in the House of Deputies, and each diocesan convention includes lay delegates from the parishes. On the local parish level, lay persons are elected to a church council called a vestry which manages church finances and elects the parish rector.
Parish musicians, bookkeepers, administrative assistants, sextons, sacristans, etc., are all roles normally filled by lay people. At higher levels, diocesan and national offices rely on lay people in many important areas of responsibility. Often specialized ministries as campus ministers, youth ministers, or hospital chaplains are performed by lay people.
Lay people serve in worship services in a number of important positions, including vergers, acolytes, lectors, intercessors, ushers, and so forth. Acolytes include include torch bearers, crucifers, thurifers, and boat bearers. Lectors read the lessons from the Bible appointed for the day (except for the Gospel reading, which is read by a Deacon), and may also lead the Prayers of the People.
Some specialized lay ministries require special licensing by the bishop. Which ministries require a license varies from province to province. In the Episcopal Church, there are six specialized lay ministries requiring a license: Pastoral Leader, Worship Leader, Preacher, Eucharistic Minister, Eucharistic Visitor, and Catechist.
Roman Catholicism
The laity comprises all the faithful who have not received Holy Orders, whether living in religious orders or in the world. In the past, the term lay priest was sometimes used to refer to a secular priest, a diocesan priest who is not a memeber of a religious order.
The role of the laity in the Church includes lay ministers. Also, as a result of the priest shortage, members of the laity have had to take on some of the roles previously performed by priests.
The Lay Preacher in the Wesleyan / Methodist tradition
A very early tradition of preaching in the Wesleyan / Methodist churches was for a Lay Preacher to be appointed to lead services of worship and preach in a group (called a 'circuit') of meeting places or churches. The lay preacher walked or rode on horseback in a prescribed circuit of the preaching places according to an agreed pattern and timing, and people came to the meetings. After the appointment of ministers and pastors, this lay preaching tradition continued with Local Preachers being appointed by individual churches, and in turn approved and invited by nearby churches, as an adjunct to the minister or during their planned absences.
In addition to being appointed by members of their local churches, Local and Certified Lay Speakers of the United Methodist Church (more commonly in the United States) attend a series of training sessions. These training sessions prepare the individual to become a leader within the church. All individuals who are full members of the church are laity, but some go on to become Lay Speakers. Some preachers get their start as Lay Speakers.
In the Uniting Church in Australia, that was constituted in part from the Methodist Church, persons can be appointed:
• by the congregation as a Lay Preacher; and/or
• by the regional Presbytery to conduct Communion.
A well-known lay preacher was the late King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV of Tonga.
Buddhist lay persons
In Buddhism, a layperson is known as an upasaka (masc.) or upasika (fem.). Buddhist laypeople take refuge in the Triple Gem (the Buddha, his teaching, and his community of noble disciples) and accept the Five Precepts as rules for conduct. Laymen and laywomen are two of the "four assemblies" that comprise the Buddha's "Community of Disciples."
In Chinese Buddhism, there are usually laypersons, who are depicted wearing a black robe and sometimes a brown sash, denoting that they received the five precepts.
Laity as a surname
There are quite a number of people globally with Laity as a surname. This originates mainly from Cornish ancestry, with a great deal of emigration spreading the surname thinly across the globe.
External links
laity in German: Laie (Religion)
laity in Spanish: Laico
laity in French: Laïcat
laity in Italian: Laicato
laity in Hebrew: עמאי
laity in Dutch: Leek (Rooms-katholieke Kerk)
laity in Russian: Мирянин
laity in Swedish: Lekman
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Biomechanics of a Hockey Shot
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Ben Shapiro
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Transcript of Biomechanics of a Hockey Shot
Biomechanics of a Hockey Slapshot
Overview of Hockey
History of Hockey
5 Phases of
A Hockey Slapshot
1. Preliminary Movement
2. Backswing/Wind-Up
3. Force Producing Movement
4. Critical Instant
5. Follow Through
Expert Preliminary Movement
Expert Backswing/Wind-up
Expert Force Producing Movement
Expert Critical Instant
Expert Follow Through
Novice Preliminary Movement
Novice Backswing/Wind-up
Novice Force Producing Movement
Novice Critical Instant
Novice Follow Through
7 Principles of Biomechanics
Principle #1:
The lower the center of gravity, the larger the base of support, the closer the line of gravity to the center of the base of support, and the greater the mass, the more STABILITY increases.
Maximum Effort
Principle #2:
The production of maximum force requires the use of all the joints that can be used.
Principle #3:
The production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order – from the largest to the smallest.
Linear Motion
Principle #4:
Principle #5:
Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force.
Angular Motion
Principle #6:
Angular motion is produced by the application of force acting at some distance from an axis (or a torque).
Principle #7:
Angular momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air.
Principle 2
Principle 3
Principle 4
Principle 5
Principle 6 & 7
Principle 1
Expert Hockey Shot
Novice Hockey Shot
In the preliminary movement of a slap shot, the expert stands with his skates, hips, and shoulders square to the puck. He has a relaxed grip on his stick and the puck is cradled within the curve of his stick to place it in the ideal position for a shot. This ideal position is about one and a half feet ahead of him and in line with his back foot. One of his hands is on the end of the stick while the other is a third of the way down. He is in a balanced, slightly forward stance with his centre of mass just in front of him. His stick is also on the ice to provide a full range of motion for the backswing.
In the preliminary movement for the novice's slapshot, he is positioned very differently. His feet are pointed outwards and slightly too narrow. His back is hunched over, causing his centre of mass to be too far forward and throwing off his balance. His bottom hand is over halfway down the stick which is too far. Since it is so far down, he will have to hunch over even more than he already is to reach the puck during his shot, thus sacrificing more balance. He is holding his stick at his waist instead of on the ice, causing the puck to be way too far ahead of him and not in his control.
When the expert executes his backswing, he widens his stance to improve his base of support and balance. He pushes the puck forward so that the it will be in the exact spot that he strikes the ice on his shot. He shifts his weight to his right leg and slightly draws his left leg backwards to get a better angle on the puck. His torso completely rotates so his shoulders are perpendicular to his hips for maximum rotational velocity. His arm slides down the shaft of the stick, closer to the middle, so he can achieve more power and control on the downswing. His left hand is completely across his body to allow the stick to be as far back as possible. This will provide a larger distance to build up speed on the downswing.
When the novice winds up, he doesn't change his foot position. Because of this, he can't generate power from his legs for the shot through weight transfer. Since his preliminary movement didn't start with his stick on the ice, the puck is stationary and the position can't be adjusted to a place where he can contact it easily. The puck is now too far in front of him and too far to his left to hit from a balanced position. His right arm is at his left hip which is restricting the distance the his stick can wind-up. The novices barely rotates his trunk which will cause a sever reduction in power and backswing distance. As shown by the yellow lines on the pictures, the novice's stick doesn't even reach 90 degrees whereas the expert's stick is almost at 180 degrees.
In the expert's force producing movement, he uncoils his trunk completely while shifting his weight to his front foot. This generates the maximum amount of power possible. To maintain control, he slides his hand down the shaft of the stick to shorten the distance between his body and the point of contact with the puck. The blade of his stick connects with the ice just before the puck to allow for the stick to flex for more power. He digs his left skate into the ice to establish a base and to prevent his body from drifting. He strikes the puck with his hip and shoulders pointing in the direction that he wants the puck to go.
Hockey is a sport in which players from two opposing teams, each composed of 5 players and a goalie, attempt to shoot a rubber puck into into a net on either side of an arena using "L" shaped wooden or composite sticks. It is played on an ice surface with each player wearing skates (boot with sharpened metal underneath). Each time one team puts the puck in the back of the other team's net, it is a goal. The team with the most goals at the end of the game wins. The game is split into 3 periods, each 20 minutes. If the score is tied after 3 periods, the game goes into a 5 minute overtime. In overtime the rule is "golden goal", which means which ever team scores first in the 5 minutes wins the game. If both teams fail to score, then the game goes into a shootout if not playoffs, and if it is a playoff game, into another overtime. In shootout, each team takes turns taking shots, one player at a time, at the opposing team's goalie, in 3 rounds.
The novice doesn't start with his trunk coiled so all the power from the force producing movement comes from his left tricep extending. since he is far away from the puck, he has to lean forward and down, destabilizing him and sacrificing power and balance. Just before he strikes the puck, he has built up virtually no angular momentum on the blade of his stick. His hips and shoulders are still pointed perpendicular to the direction that he wants the puck to go, causing an awkward motion when he shoots.
The expert strikes the ice just before the puck, in line with his front foot. His shoulders and hips are facing the direction that he wants the puck to go and his torso is completely uncoiled. His hands have moved up the shaft of the stick towards him to provide more of a sling-shot effect on the puck. His stance is wide and his whole body is stabilized. All of the power from his body is focused on the blade of the stick.
During the critical instant, the novice hasn't generated much power or balance. He is hunched over because of the puck's distance from him and his hand's position on the shaft. He has an equal amount of weight placed on both feet so he is not generating power from his legs. His feet are also narrow which causes an unstable base of support. He used only his left arm to swing the stick and hit the puck instead of his whole body (which the expert used).
The expert has his bottom arm outstretched and forming a straight line because during the shot, he utilized his joints from largest to smallest and his wrist was the last joint to act. His hips and shoulders are rotated slightly more to the left to dissipate the force of his previous uncoiling. His front foot is still planted and stationary, keeping his stability and his back foot is outstretched to ensure a base so he won't fall during the follow through. His eyes and the blade of his stick are pointed in the direction that the puck went in order to transfer all of the force in that direction.
The novice is still facing perpendicular to the direction that the puck traveled. Because of this, the force that he used to swing the stick is being transferred in front of him and causing him to fall forward. He also has his trunk completely flexed, moving his centre of mass far in front of him and throwing off his balance. His feet have still not moved from their original position so it is evident that no weight transfer has occurred. His shoulders form a vertical line with the ice, making it very likely that he will fall and is a hard position to recover from.
As we can see with the expert, his stance is a lot lower than the novice. He bends his knees and makes sure he doesn't lean too far forward or backwards so that he keeps his center of gravity close to his center of the base of support. The novice, however, keeps his legs fairly straight, and even leans a bit forward, causing his center of gravity to shift forwards. Thus, the expert has much greater stability. As we can see in the video, the expert remains stable the entire time, while the novice almost falls forward after performing his slap shot.
With the novice, we see he uses his joints correctly, from largest to smallest, in the preliminary movement. However for the actual slap shot, he first swings with his arms and then his core follows, which does not produce maximum force in the shot. The expert on the other hand, makes sure to first lead the shot with his core. Once his core has reached a half way point, he then swings his arms downward. His core then twists to face where he wants the puck to travel, and his arms follow suit.
In order for maximum force to be applied in the slapshot, the athlete needs to undergo a large range of motion. Although the novice underwent a similar range of motion with his arms, momentum wasn't 'carried through' the exercise and because of his minimal arm strength, the shot wasn't effective. Additionally the legs and core went through a larger range of motion and worked in conjunction with the arms to help the expert produce maximal impulse. Without incorporating any range of motion with the core/legs, the novice relied solely on force produced by the arms.
The hockey stick almost acts as an extension of the arm. The length of the stick adds to the distance of the axis - the point where the sweet spot of the hockey stick meets the puck - from the force producing muscles of the body, thus generating torque. The torque produced by the rotation of the whole body, individual body segments and the puck itself will be explored:
1. The expert rotates his whole body, there is rotation of the feet, legs, core and shoulders about the longitudinal axis, whereas the novice's body seems to bend forward at the hip along the horizontal axis as opposed to the other axes.
2. Both the novice and expert undergo a considerable range of motion in the arms but the novice relies solely on that relatively minimal force production because he doesn't recruit the larger leg or core muscles.
3. The projectile, in this case the puck, always goes in a parabolic pathway, but there are more efficient ways to make it go faster. Backspin or topspin would be incredibly detrimental when trying to perform a slapshot as this would increase the nutation or 'wobbling' of the puck in the air, thus increasing air turbulence and friction against it and ultimately slowing it down.
Streamlining the puck, where the side of the puck slices through the air and not the top/bottom, minimizes surface area, air friction, turbulence and maximizes angular velocity. Successfully streamlining the puck in layman's terms is called shooting a 'saucer', and is dependent on the conversion of force at the critical instant from the hockey stick sweet spot to the puck and the follow through, both of which the expert accomplished.
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A slap shot causes the puck to head in the direction the stick strikes it. During a game situation, where the puck comes from a pass called a 'one-timer', the athlete can, with careful timing, redirect the puck in the opposite direction by exerting a greater force on it. The resistance of the puck against the hockey stick exemplifies the movement occurring in the opposite direction of the applied force.
For maximum production of force, all the joints that can possibly be used for a movement must be used. For example, the expert is able to create maximum force because he bends his knees, then uses his hips, and after that his shoulders and even elbows. With all of these joints working together he is able to produce the desired force from the slap shot. The novice, however, only uses his shoulders, and basically relies all on arm strength to produce a shot. We can see however that the expert produces much more force by engaging all possible joints.
Principle 6 & 7 (Angular Displacement/Angular Velocity
When comparing angular velocity and angular displacement of the elbow joint, there are significant differences between the expert and novice. The five reference points were the preliminary movement, back-swing, force producing motion, critical instant and follow through
Angular Displacement
Although both athletes undergo a similar motion, the expert does it in less time and consequently performs it faster. The expert also experiences goes through a more sudden increase from the force producing motion to the critical instant and follows through effectively. The novice on the other hand goes from the force producing motion to the critical instant in a significantly longer time and instead of following though, cuts off the velocity of his motion drastically.
Angular Velocity
The difference between the techniques is shown much better in the angular velocity graph, because although both go through similar motions, the speed at which they're doing it is very different. The spike in the expert's angular velocity to almost 600 degrees/second versus the novice's pitiful 180 degrees/second critical instant speed indicates a successive transfer of force into the puck. In order for the novice to improve he must work on transferring maximal force at the critical instant and following through.
sweet spot
After considerable analysis of the 5 phases and 7 principles of biomechanics of slapshot technique by a novice and expert, numerous differences serve to explain what makes the expert more proficient. Recruiting larger muscles, effectively producing a larger amount of force, transferring that through the puck, following through with a fluid motion, and having a strong, wide base were some of the major differences between the two athletes. The expert was stabilized and balanced throughout his whole motion whereas the novice was constantly off balance. Through practice of the right techniques and increased strength by not skipping leg day, the novice can fix the errors in his form and make it into the NHL.
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Hero by Siegfried Sassoon analysis Essay
Custom Student Mr. Teacher ENG 1001-04 8 August 2016
Hero by Siegfried Sassoon analysis
Sassoon titles his poem “The Hero,” so the reader assumes the poem will praise a soldier’s courage, however, the title deceives the reader as it is about a mother praises her son, fed by the lies of the military and government. The writer uses rhyming couplets and also some other rhyming patterns.
In the very first sentence, Sassoon highlights one of the main issues with the war. In the line, “Jack fell as he’d have wished,” reveals a delusion on not only the mother’s side but also on society’s. No one wishes to die violently, especially not in a war, and believing that they do makes parents send their children off blindly to the violence occurring on the front line. The mother in the story and many others of this time and place had been brought up to be patriotic and to respect authority, and so it would have been very unlikely that these mothers would have protested against the war as they felt it was a patriotic duty of their son. Later on in stanza two, it says, “her glorious boy.” This again references the idea that volunteering for the war is something to aim towards and is a noble thing to do.
By capitalizing “Mother”, Sassoon makes her not only the soldier’s mother but also makes her a personification of Britain and it’s soldiers, her children. Therefore, Sassoon is suggesting that it is Britain that is deluding itself about it’s ‘children’. She, “folded up the letter,” which suggests she resigns herself to the lie she has been fed, saying “the Colonel writes so nicely”. Here, the Colonel manages to lull the mother into a false sense of comfort by wrapping up a horrible truth in nice words. Officers twisted stories about soldier’s death during this time to keep moral and hope up at home.
When the mother, “bowed” her head, she takes the pose as if she has been defeated. Her body language and the way her voice began to, “choke,” suggest that although she tells everyone she is proud of her son and the way he died, she may have wished that she never encouraged him to sign up as she missed him so much. However, maybe the mother took pleasure and ‘joy’ in the way ‘her glorious boy’ had gone, as if some of his bravery reflects back onto her.
In the second stanza, the brother officer doesn’t want to upset the mother by telling her the painful truth about how her son died, but Sassoon himself wants to make sure that his own readers understand that World War I is not a glorious affair. He and Owen were two famous World War I poets that wanted to make people back in Britain aware that they were often being lied to by military authorities and government officials.
The Brother Officer is made part of the family, which again makes reference to Britain as a whole. The country is presented as a big family, suggesting that every loss of life, is a personal loss to Britain. This made the mothers, sisters and wives of the fallen soldiers feel their solider remembered and appreciated. Sassoon here may have been trying to convey his feeling that the war and the loss of lives was pointless. Women were happy to commemorate their soldier when they had been remembered as a hero, but what if the brother officer had told the truth about Jack? Would the mother still be as strong and happy about the war if she found out her son was a, “cold-footed, useless swine”?
Sassoon suggests that the soldier wasn’t comfortable or secure with the lie, when he describes that he ‘coughed and mumbled’, suggests that maybe not all military officials were happy with lying to relatives of the soldier.
We can assume that the soldier in the poem is called Jack, however by putting his name in quotation marks, it allows him to act as a representation for many other soldiers in World War I. This de-personifies him and makes him just another pointless death as a result of the war. The message the mother was given about the death of Jack is different from what is given to the readers. Jack had tried to injure himself in order to be, “sent home.” Instead of dying a hero and being admired by all, he died alone and miserable. Sassoon again tries to show that death on the battle field is not a glorious duty, but a lonely and terrifying thing; an ordeal that men should not be ostracised about and made to feel guilty and cowardly.
The poem also makes you feel empathy for the old woman because you know the truth and the lies she is being told. This is a clever technique from Sassoon; if she just knew the truth about how her son Jack had died, how he had, “panicked down the trench,” and how he just eventually died, you would not feel sympathy for the old woman.
The last two lines, “And no one seemed to care/Except that lonely woman with white hair,” are extremely powerful, especially the use of the rhyming couplet to end it. The women who are left behind alone, since all the men are off to war, are ageing with sorrow. Sassoon is considered one of the great War Poets because of the reality of the War he reveals in his poetry. Similarly to Wilfred Owen, he reveals the disconnect between the truth in the trenches and the truth at home. His poem leaves it perfectly in the middle where the blame could possibly lie.
While Jack lied about getting injured, and the Brother Officer lied to the mother, the newspapers are also lying to the people back in Britain. Propaganda was used back home to try and keep morale up and justify the war. Sassoon was a big critic of the way propaganda was falsely influencing the people, and the rest of the poem serves to underline the falseness behind official communication.
Overall, Sassoon clearly portrays the death, and pain associated with war. He also shows the fear related with fighting through Jack’s attitude in the poem.
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Behavior and Individual Success
Published: Last Edited:
Title of Assignment: “How Behavior Impacts Individual Success”
Everyone seeks to be successful, but not everyone accomplishes this goal. There are those of us who understand that success stems from our individual behavior and there are those that refuse to understand this concept. Behavior drastically affects one's individual success and there are several factors to point out when speaking of this. Successful individuals know that the foundation of personal and professional success lies in understanding yourself, understanding others, and realizing the impact of personal behavior on others.
The first thing to understand when speaking of behavior and individual success is that how you behave stems from your childhood or how you were raised. It comes from understanding where you are from and then transforming that into where you want to go. For some of us, this is easy, because we come from very successful families and have been taught nothing but success, since we can remember. For others, this can be extremely difficult, because you come from a very unsuccessful family and lived in an unsuccessful community. Therefore, you have to train your mind to think differently then how you were raised. Never the less, regardless of where you came from, there are far too many successful individuals that have conquered all types of backgrounds.
Everyone has a different definition of success, but the key to being successful is understanding what you define as success. For some of us, success is being a stay-at-home housewife, successfully raising your children. For others, success may be teaching or counseling. To others, success may be defined by the amount of education you achieved. You may feel that you have to get your doctorate degree, because everyone else in your family has done the same. No one can determine what success is to you, but you. There are far too many of us living unhappy lives, because we are successfully doing something to make someone else happy, which means that you are unsuccessful to yourself. “We talk frequently about the critical few behaviors that individuals need to change, but we should talk even more about our belief in the rights of those individuals to be free from others defining the keys to their success for them” (Lattal, 2003).
One of my favorite sayings that my grandmother taught me is to “watch the company you keep.” Individual success can be greatly affected by the people we associate ourselves with. If you are hanging around negative people, you will be seen to be negative. It is very important to pay close attention to the company you keep. When it comes to being successful, you should want to associate yourself with successful people. This all stems from what you define as success and most of us define success as making above and beyond what is needed to care for our loved ones.
Goldsmith claims that groups are a characteristic of all social situations and almost everyone in an organization will be a member of one or more groups (2003). Once you land a job with any company, it is very important to pay attention to informal groups. As mentioned by Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly & Konopaske (2009), informal groups are formed as a consequence of employees' actions and develop around common interests and friendships. These types of groups can be dangerous when trying to obtain success. Because the people within these groups are normally friends, it's sometimes challenging to see how one person within the group is negatively affecting the group overall (p. 10).
At my current job, I've seen several people that were qualified for a promotion, but did not receive it due to the informal group they were a part of. The main point of this is to understand that there is always a leader watching what everyone is doing, and these leaders are the ones that make the decisions for promotions. When it comes to individual success, we sometimes have to monitor these type of behaviors. In most cases, we all want to have the highest role within our current position, which normally leads to management, but managers have to understand formal and informal groups to obtain and retain their position.
This is where mentoring comes in to play with becoming successful. No matter what your definition of success is, there is someone that has already become very successful at that skill. Those that have challenges at becoming successful seek to find a good mentor that can help guide them into learning the skills needed for success. Even those that are already successful sometimes seek to have a mentor, because one can always become more successful.
“In work organizations, a mentor can provide coaching, friendship, sponsorship, and role modeling to a younger, less experienced protégé. In working with younger or new employees, a mentor can satisfy his or her need to have an influence on another employee's career” (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly & Konopaske, 2009, p. 45). Using myself as an example, my career tremendously grew once I was advised by a mentor. There were things about myself that I didn't even realize could affect my career, the main thing being that of the involvement within informal groups. After being mentored, I've mentored several new and younger employees, helping to prevent them from making the same types of mistakes. As with any other relationship, one has to be careful when mentoring, but it can provide a sense of being a part of the community; because you're helping someone else to be as successful, if not more successful than you.
There are those that have mastered obtaining a specific behavior to become successful, but that behavior is not a part of them. This can be easily related to people in the sales industry. There are several people within my family that are extremely successful at selling, but that does not define who they are. They have learned how to portray a certain behavior to reach the goals they want. When they leave work, they are back to their normal selves, but how they behave at work defines their definition of success. If behaving a certain way brings in the funds, then this is how they will continue to behave. This can assist several of us in becoming successful, but trying to behave in a manner that is not yourself, can be very difficult for most.
“The more we believe that our behavior is a result of our own choices and commitments, the less likely we are to want to change our behavior. One of the best-researched principles in psychology is called cognitive dissonance” (Goldsmith, 2003). This simply means that the more we genuinely believe that something is true, the less likely we will be willing to change that belief. My family members believe that behaving a specific way to obtain sales has made them successful, so they can't see behaving any other way. Goldsmith mentioned that their commitment encourages them to “stay the course” and to not “give up” when “the going gets tough”. This same principle can work against successful people when they should “change course” (2003).
There are several things to pay attention to when trying to become successful. We are normally our own worst enemy, because we overlook the behaviors that may be negative to constantly see ourselves in a positive manner. “Some of the personal individual attributes that we need to observe and control include our achievement attitude, emotional temperament, energy level, intellectual factors, material traits, maturity level, philosophical attitudes, physical features, risks actions, and task performance” (Taylor, 2006). All of these attributes work together to define one's version of success. Even if you're a stay-at-home mother, you have to learn these attributes before you can be fully successful at that job.
The last thing to focus on when speaking of how behavior can impact success is to mention job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is an attitude that individuals have about their job. It results from their perceptions of their jobs, based on factors of the work environment, such as supervisor's style, policies, and procedures, work group affiliation, working conditions, and fringe benefits” (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly & Konopaske, 2009, p. 106). It is extremely difficult to be successful if you don't like the job you're doing. A great example of this would be teachers. We are all aware that most teachers are underpaid for the job they do. At the same time, they teach, because they enjoy helping people learn. Therefore, success is defined by their students growing up to be successful and not by the amount of money they make.
There are several of us that work in jobs that we aren't satisfied with. When one understands how behavior impacts success, they understand the importance of learning all they can within that current job. At the same time, they take the necessary steps to land a new and even better job. But by not allowing that negative situation to overcome them, they normally become even more successful in the new job.
In conclusion, there are several factors that play into behavior and how it impacts success. The main thing is to define what success is to you. Once you have mastered that definition, you have to figure out the steps and attributes needed for you to become successful. We sometimes need help with this and that can't be overlooked. If a mentor will help you, take the help. There is always someone that has succeeded in what you want to do. It is important to study what they did to become successful and try to make the necessary adjustments. You can't be just like them, but you can learn how to be as successful as them.
Gibson, James L., Ivancevich, John M., Donelly, James H., Jr., & Konopaske, Robert. (2009). Organizations - Behavior, Structure, Processes. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Goldsmith, Marshall. (2003). Helping Successful People Get Even Better. Business Strategy Review - London Business School.
Lattal, Darnell, Ph.D. (2003). PMezine - The Performance Management Magazine. The Science of Success: Creating Great Places to Work. Retrieved October 11, 2009, from
Okolo, Sidney. Ezine Success Articles. Success Depends on Individual Attributes. Retrieved October 11, 2009, from
Taylor, Michael. (2006). Associated Content - Lifestyle. How Your Personality Affects the Success in Your Life. Retrieved October 11, 2009, from |
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Monday, July 1, 2013
Video games in the classroom; useful or a waste of time?
Many times in my career as an educational technologist, I have come across advocates of playing video games as part of a class assignment. I have always debated this idea both for the positive and the negative with colleagues and administrators. I am still undecided with the idea of allowing games into the classroom.
Below is a Youtube video my son Dallin created. He is 13 years old and plays Minecraft for a minimum of 2 hours a day and sometimes for much longer. You should watch it. He does an amazing job. The problem is that he seems to border an addiction to Minecraft.
Here is a little bit of info for those who don't know what Minecraft is. Basically it is a very low graphic style of gaming where players create an infinite amount of ideas by playing with blocks. Who would have ever guessed that playing with blocks would become as famous as Minecraft? Again watch the video below and you will be able to see what I am talking about.
Well back to my point. My administrators came back from a conference where there was an advocate of bringing Minecraft into the classroom as part of the curriculum. Even though my son has created a virtual world that is magnificent, extremely large, and architecturally amazing, would Minecraft be a tool that students could use to learn math, such as volume, area, perimeter, etc? I have been asking my son for the last couple of years what the point of the game is; to which I still haven't received an answer that satisfies my question. After all much of what he creates are zombie traps, and farm animals that he enjoys cooking with fire to make meat.
What do you, educators or students, think about the idea of bringing in a game like Minecraft into the classroom? Would there be some educational value or would students waste a bunch of time making roast beef? |
Tuesday, July 24, 2012
Namibian Aquifer: Who Benefits?
A recent BBC article reported on the discovery of major aquifer in Namibia. The new aquifer is called Ohangwena Il and it covers an area of about 70x40km (43x25 miles). The project manager, Martin Quinger, from the German federal institute for geoscience and natural resources (BGR) estimates that the 10,000 years old water could supply the current water consumption needs of the region for about 400 years.
The find could dramatically change the lives of the 800,000 people in the region who currently rely on a 40 year old canals for their water supply from neighbouring Angola. Martin Quinger states that sustainable use is the goal, with extraction ideally matching recharge. The easy (and cheap) extraction of the water under natural pressure is complicated by the presence of a small salty aquifer that sits upon the top of the newly discovered aquifer. Quinger states that if people undertake unauthorised drilling without following their technical recommendations then a hydraulic short-cut could be formed between the two aquifers contaminating the fresh water.
In terms of the use of the water he comments that:
The EU funded project also aims to help young Namibians manage this new water supply before their funding runs out.
The discovery is a great, potentially life-changing resource for the region but the question that arises in my mind is who is going to benefit from this discovery? The current socio-ecological system in the region is attuned to the amount of water available. The availability of more water could change this but will it be for the benefit of the current population? A key aspect is the last point made about the EU funded project – the management of the resource by those in the region. The skills required to manage a large water resource are context dependent. They depend on the uses to which that resource will be put. They require technical and resource allocation skills that presume a context of educational levels that are embedded within a culture and location. Acquiring these skills takes a while as people go through the appropriate training and gain the experience that helps management of this resource. If this expertise does not exist now within the region then the implication is that external support will be needed and, by implication, paid for.
Another issue is the assumption that the water will be used for improving agricultural production which I assume (maybe wrongly) means more intensive agriculture. The key questions are then what type of agriculture and what additional resources are required to ensure that it works? Thinking of the whole agricultural system as a complex network of relations, the question really is what network of relations will be overlaid onto the existing agricultural network to ensure the success of the new type of agricultural production. A more intensive agriculture implies fertilizers, investment, technical know-how as well as access to markets, regional, national and international, so that funds can be extracted from the new produce. Again is it likely to be the regional population that is able to conjure up the finance, technical knowledge and all the other bits of the network required to develop this new agriculture? In time, the answer might be yes, but will external agencies, such as the government and investors permit this time before developing the valuable resource?
This problem with development as seemingly envisaged by the project is illustrated in the comment concerning extraction. The implication is that only people with a specific level of technical ability can extract the water. This implies that a system of permits is likely to be implemented and so access to the resource will be controlled and restricted. It also implies that the permits will be allocated to operators able to meet the technical requirements outlined by the project, and if this expertise does not exist within the region then the operators will have to be external contractors. This system is likely to require financing so value will have to be extracted from the supply of water. To who will the funding flow and who will pay for it? How will the regional population receive the water and what will the price of the water? I would like to hope that the EU funded project will enable the management of the resource by the regional population for the benefit of that population in the manner that that poplulation sees fit for their own development.
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WolframTones Makes Beautiful Math
WolframTones is a website where you can compose ringtones based on simple programs from Stephen Wolfram’s computational universe, and using music theory and Mathematica algorithms to render them as music. Each program in effect defines a virtual world and WolframTones then turns it into a musical composition.
All the music is completely original and generated based on Wolfram’s mathematical formula. Sometimes it sounds familiar, othertimes it’s like nothing you’ve ever heard before. In fact most times it’s like that. It kind of reminds me of the MicroMusic movement where composers create electronic music that’s only 8 Bit. The site then digests whatever parameter you input, and then turns it into a downloadable ringtone.
WolframTones is based on a core discovery of Stephen Wolfram’s A New Kind of Science: that in the computational universe even extremely simple rules or programs can give behavior of great complexity. Wolfram first found evidence of this surprising fact in his experiments in the early 1980s on systems known as one-dimensional cellular automata (now often called Wolfram automata). WolframTones is based on these very same types of systems.
The basic setup for Wolfram’s cellular automata is very simple. There is a row of cells, each black or white. Then there is a rule that says what color each cell will be, based on the colors of a certain neighborhood of cells on the row above. What pattern one gets depends greatly on the rule one uses, which can be specified by saying what color a cell will be for every possible arrangement of neighboring cells.
WolframTones main goal is to demonstrate that in the computational universe it’s easy to find rules that make complex forms. And that’s how WolframTones manages to create so many different complex musical compositions. Each composition in a sense tells in music the story of some system in the computational universe. And because the system follows a definite consistent rule, the compositions inevitably have a certain internal consistency, which is probably what makes them so effective as music.
My mind begins to melt when the site goes Calculus, but please feel free to investigate and create your own unique ringtones based on Stephen Wolfram’s algorithms. WolframTones
Author: FutureMusic
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Author Archives: Lindsey
Wilderness ‘survival’ skills for young children
For families who spend a lot of time in the outdoors, having a child wander off and get lost is pretty unlikely. At the same time, it’s also a very real possibility. I often wonder if/how my child would survive a night in the wilderness. Or 2 nights, or even a few hours. So I’ve been thinking about what skills would be appropriate to start learning for the average 6-11 year old, before they are of age for hardcore Boy Scout techniques.
If your kids are older you can make them this more extensive survival kit. But for young kids you really can only pack what they know how and are developmentally able to use. A survival kit is something that can be built upon over time. As they get older you can add more and more items (like fire starting supplies) and teach them how to use them.
My oldest is 6, so we’re starting out with the following as a bare minimum:
Extra food
Flashlight and batteries
Water purification tablets
Small signaling mirror
Toilet Paper
Assuming they have these few basic tools, below are some good beginner skills to go over. The S.T.O.P. acronym (Stop. Think. Observe. Plan.) is a great place to start, and is a helpful tool for kids when it comes time to remembering what they should do.
STOP (Stay where you are)
The second your child realizes he/she is lost they should stop immediately and wait. Attach a whistle to your kids backpack, as soon as they realize they have become separated from the group tell them to start blowing that whistle like crazy.
THINK (Don’t freak out)
This is perhaps the hardest and most important wilderness survival skill to develop, especially if you’re a kid. A child however will be less likely to freak out if he/she knows what to do.
Talk to your child about how easy it will be to have a meltdown when they realize they’re lost. Then make sure they understand how important it is to stay calm, or become calm. It’s hard to think and plan unless you’re able to be rational. Try to recall everything your parents have taught you and go from there.
Look through your backpack. What do you have with you that can be of use. Whistle? Use it often. Food? Save it until you’re really hungry. Water? Save it until you’re really thirsty. Rope? That could be used for making a shelter. Knife? That might come in handy.
Also observe your surroundings. Does the place look at all familiar? Is there a good place for a shelter? Water nearby? A place where you can safely get up for a better view?
Now what? Take time to think about what you need to do first. Ok, You’ve blown your whistle for the last 20 minutes. Now what. It’s getting late, maybe you should think about a shelter…
Water is the most important survival item you can have, it’s also a hard one for little kids, which is why I always stock my kid’s packs with plenty of water and tell them to ration it if they become lost. Your body can still function with little or no food for weeks, but it can only last a few days without water.
The problem is, unless you find yourself lost next to a water source you shouldn’t exactly wander off looking for water and get even more lost. However, if it has been a day or two and you’re still lost and out of water, it’s going to be worth it to wander off and try to find some.
The easiest thing for little kids to use and carry is water purification tablets. Make sure they have some in their pack and know how to use them. Also make sure the know when to start venturing out to find water.
Next to having enough water, finding a shelter to protect you from the elements (either cold or hot weather) should be top priority. Take advantage of your surroundings. Rock overhangs would be ideal, but if you don’t have that, find some limbs, leaves and/or pine boughs to make a shelter. A lean-to is probably the easiest for kids. If your child is old enough to make one, it might be fun to practice out on the trail, or in your backyard. If they are still young encourage them to find a rock or a tree that they can sit next too to keep them out out of the sun/rain.
If you’re lost in the wild surviving is, of course, your first priority. Your second should be getting yourself out of there! There are several safe and easy ways your child can make a signal.
1. Use a mirror (If you have one) or some other shiny or metallic object.
2. Create a signal with rocks (that contrast with the ground color). Spell out “HELP” or “SOS”, or even a big smiley face our of rocks will get noticed! Make sure your child knows to make the letters big.
3. If you hear a plane or helicopter get into an opening and run around and yell like a crazy person.
I would image that the #1 concern for a lost child is the prospect of being eaten by a wild animal. Or maybe that’s just my kids. While unlikely, I think your child would be a little more at ease if they knew what to do when they encountered a wild animal.
I wrote a post a while back called what to know when encountering wild animals. Take a look, pick out the animals that live in your area and go over basic information with your kids. The point is not to make them even more freaked out, just to give them some confidence in their skills should they spend a night in the woods alone. Also good skills to have even if you’re not lost.
Making the perfect, transportable rope swing
We’ve started packing our homemade hammock and our rope swing on every campout and day trip. EVERY trip. In fact I tried to get my husband to leave it home a few months ago when we were packing for a trip to the Nevada desert. “Why are you packing these? You’re never going to hang a hammock, let alone a swing in the middle of nowhere.”
I was plesantly proven wrong on both accounts.
Joe has found places for hammocks and swings in just about every campsite we’ve been in this past year. It’s been a blast for the kids, so I asked him to write up a little tutorial on how to make and hang a rope swing.
We use a disc swing as opposed to a traditional swing because it’s easier to hang. Only having one rope to hang means you don’t have to mess around with getting ropes even.
You can use pretty much any type of wood, as long as it will hold up to having someone sit on it. We’ve used 3/4 inch plywood or 3/4 inch particle board, both worked equally well.
Step 1: Trace the seat onto the wood, a 5 gallon bucket lid is the perfect size. Just set the bucket lid onto the wood and trace a circle around it
Step 2: Using a jig saw or something similar cut out the circle you just traced.
Step 3: Drill a hole in the center. There is probably a good way to find the center of the circle so you can drill a hole exactly centered in the swing but we always just eyeball it and it turns out fine. We use a 1 inch drill bit but a slightly smaller bit would probably work too, depending on the diameter of the rope you plan on using.
Step 4: (Optional) Seal the swing seat with some polyurethane or something like that.
Step 5: Attach a rope. There are two different way to do this pictured to the right.
Swing 1: Using about 6 feet of rope fold it in half, put the ends through the hole and tie a big knot.
Swing 2: Attach a short section of rope (about 3 feet) to the swing by stringing one end of the rope through the hole you just drilled. Tie a large knot at each end of the rope. Be sure to tie a good knot that will not slip like a figure 8 or similar.
Step 6: On the other end of the rope tie a loop in the rope using a figure 8 or overhand knot (this loop will allow you to attach the swing to a fixed rope with a carabiner).
I’ve used several types of rope and most work equally well. Static rope (without stretch) is better than dynamic rope (with stretch). In our yard we often use 1 inch tubular webbing because there is very little stretch and it sits flat against the branch so it rubbs less than most ropes.
There are several ways you can get your rope up in a tree:
Method 1 (photo to the right): Our preferred way to hang a rope is to climb the tree and tie the rope to a branch. Tie a loop in one end of the rope with an overhand knot, hang the loop on one side of the branch with the long tail hanging on the other side. Then underneath the branch thread the long tail through the loop and pull it tight. This method seems to secure the swing and minimizes the rubbing of the rope against the branch because the pivot point of the rope is against the loop rather than against the bark of the tree.
Method 2: If you can’t climb the tree, throw one end of a long rope over a branch (photo 1 below) and secure the other end to the base of the tree (photo 2 below). The downside of this method is you have very little control over the exact location the rope hangs on the branch, and often this method leads to a lot of rubbing of the rope on the tree. Still, it work out fine in a pinch.
Once you have your rope up take the dangling end of the rope and tie another loop with an overhand knot and secure your swing to that loop with a carabiner. Depending on how permanent you want your swing to be, you can cut the rope to a desired length or simply tie up any extra rope above the swing.
We often tie several loops at the end of our rope at various heights (like this), the highest one for adults with long legs, a lower loop for middle sized kids, and a low loop for little kids. Then we use a carabiner to attach the swing to the desired loop.
10 cool kid facts for a Full Moon night.
10 Night Games to play while camping
Supervision. Barrier to Kids Playing Outside?
Awhile back The Heritage Council published the results of a survey that examines the differences in playing outdoors between generations. Parents were asked where they played when they were children and where their children (ages 7-11) now play. Although playing at home, in a friend’s home indoors, the garden and the school playground are still the most popular locations for playing across the generations, it’s no surprise that there were decreases in the number of kids who played in fields, wild spaces and the woods.
I was however a little surprised at first when “supervision” emerged as the number one barrier to children playing and experiencing the outdoors.
This is something I’ve thought about quite a bit in relation to how I was raised compared to how I’m raising my own kids. I feel like I ran wild (to which I will be forever grateful to my Mother), and although I want my kids to have the same experiences I did, I’m just not sure I’ll be comfortable with the same level of supervision my Mom was.
To make my point let me dissect the first paragraph in my About Me page.
• I grew up in Southern Utah.
My kids were, until recently, growing up in a gated community, in the biggest little city in the world, Reno Nevada. (more…)
Our favorite campgrounds in the Western US
Today I’m joining a a group of outdoor bloggers in listing our favorite campgrounds in the US and Canada (be sure to scroll to the bottom to see more lists of great campsites).
I’ve mentioned before that I’m not really a campground kind of girl, but every now-and-then I’ve found myself in a low key backwoods campground where I actually didn’t mind having a few neighbors and sometimes even a bathroom. Here, in no particular order, are my favorites (in the West, where I’ve most often found myself pitching a tent).
1) Kodachrome Basin State Park. Cannonville, Utah.
Kodachrome Basin is just outside of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, and just down the road from Bryce Canyon National Park. This campground tends to be relatively quiet (as in not a lot of people). They have toilets, showers and picnic tables and quite a few trails (many of which are good for kids). It’s a small park, but very picturesque and it’s close to all sorts of amazing exploring opportunities.
2) A Campsite near Lassen Volcanic National Park, California.
I have no clue what this the name of this campground is, but I can tell you that it’s between the Cinder Cone trail in Lassen Volcanic National Park and Highway 44. It’s a little Forest Service campground tucked away and apparently not advertised. It’s such a great little spot with big trees, a little stream running by and just a few miles outside of the park. I posted about this trip here.
3) Coast Camp. Point Reyes National Seashore, California. (more…)
Napping your kids outside. Everyday.
Have you heard of this?
When I say napping outside, I’m not talking about letting your child finish thier nap in the stroller after a walk or letting them fall asleep in a pack while you hike – although those are both great ideas. I’m talking about people who put their children outdoors to take nap every single day, no matter what the weather. No matter where they are, which is often right outside their own home.
I first read about this idea on DesignMom, in a post about a trip she’d taken to Sweden. She described the country as “one big Waldorf school” where kids spend a lot of time outdoors. They play outdoors, spend school time outdoors, and yes, their kids take naps outdoors. It’s sounds like the OutsideMom’s version of a utopian society to me. (more…)
Danielle: Stand Up Paddleboarding with kids.
I recently moved down the street from a lake. A bonafide honset-to-goodness lake. I’ve been toying with the idea of getting into stand up paddleboarding (SUP). Preferable with my kids. So I knew just just the person to go to for advise. Danielle and her husband own Sweetwater Paddle Sports in Southwest Florida and run a SupMommys group, a class where Moms AND their kids come to learn the ways of the paddleboard.
How did you get into Stand Up Paddleboarding?
What made you decide to start your SupMommys group? (more…)
I don't blog alone! Meet outsidemom contributer Olivia |
Assessment Purpose/Schedules
Assessments provide valuable information for students, parents and educators on whether or not students have mastered grade level content and are on track to graduate prepared for the 21st century. Assessments provide valuable information to improve curriculum, instruction and leadership in order to better serve your child. Each student gains from assessment data because teachers know what students need. Teachers gain from assessment data because they grow as educators and can meet those particular needs. Assessment data helps students grow, regardless of their academic level, contributing to the DPS vision of Every Child Succeeds.
The dates of CMAS (Colorado Measures of Academic Standards) assessments are listed below:
CMAS Testing Dates CMAS Testing Times |
London, United Kingdom - Marine biologist Robert Johansen gazes down with interest at the mud-grey toxic sea slug in front of him. It's true that this slimy mass of jelly, which induces blisters if touched with bare hands, has charms that are not immediately obvious to the naked eye.
Scientists hope that it may contain a new life-saving drug in the increasingly urgent race to discover new forms of antibiotics. It's a hunt that has taken a group of academics, researchers and industry experts within the international PharmaSea research team to the icy waters of Norway's fjords.
They are collecting samples from "some of the hottest, deepest and coldest places on the planet" in the hope of finding new forms of medicine. And they believe the rich sea life underneath the waves rocking their research boat might hold the key to a new group of wonder drugs.
The team's scientific lead, Professor Marcel Jaspars, describes his ultimate aim: "To discover a new antibiotic that can go into clinical trials and provide treatment for deadly infections for which there are currently no viable options." It's a search with high stakes - the introduction of commercially produced antibiotics in the 1930s revolutionised medicine, and underpinned many of the treatments we rely on today.
If nothing is done to combat the [misuse of antibiotics] problem we're going to be back to a 'pre-antibiotic-era' in around ten or twenty years, where bugs and infections that are currently quite simple to treat could be fatal.
Professor Marcel Jaspars
No completely new antibiotic has been registered in a decade, and no new original class of the drug has been discovered in 30 years. The growth of antibiotic-resistant organisms has resulted in the emergence of "superbugs" such as MRSA and C Difficile.
Bacterial adaptation
And it is a problem that has been recognised since the 1940s.
"One of the reasons resistance can emerge quickly in bacteria is that they evolve quickly and this is because they grow quickly," said Laura Piddock, the director of the group Antibiotic Action. "For example, the generation time of the human being is typically 20 to 30 years; for bacteria it is typically 20 to 30 minutes."
But it also means that new forms of antibiotics must be found. "If nothing is done to combat this problem we're going to be back to a 'pre-antibiotic-era' in around 10 or 20 years, where bugs and infections that are currently quite simple to treat could be fatal," said Jaspars.
This is where the PharaSea crew come in, a team of 24 members drawn from 13 countries and supported with 9.5m euros ($12.4m) in European Union funding. It is focusing on marine life from some of the Earth's most remote spots, including locations in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coasts of Chile and Peru, and in deep sea trenches near New Zealand and China.
"The chemistry of what is down there is so different from what is found on land that we suspect we will find something new," said Jaspars.
Extreme temperatures
"Northern environments have a highly shifting environment, and it can be extreme," explained Jaspars. "These northern organisms, and also these Arctic organisms - extremophiles, as we call them - tend to have through evolution adapted special mechanisms that organisms further south don't have. You have large amounts of organisms, high diversity - they must compete for space."
Researchers also know that life in the underwater trenches they are examining is hugely diverse - Jaspars described them as like "inverse islands", with life developing slightly differently in each one.
Jaspars said that researchers can quickly spot a "talented" organism that merits further research, and could provide a cure. The team hopes that by the end of the four-year project, they may have identified one or two compounds as potential antibiotics that could then be tested on animals.
They are also aiming to use the work to encourage big pharmaceutical companies to pick up the search for a new form of the essential drugs. "The discovery of an antibiotic with a new mechanism of action will show that there are new opportunities for the treatment of resistant bacterial infections," said the professor.
Follow Sonia Elks on Twitter: @SoniaElks
Source: Al Jazeera |
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View from a Turkish Monastery: An Introduction to the Early Byzantine Period
by James Allan Evans
Professor Emeritus, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Part I: High above the main route to Antalya in Turkey (fig.1), in the Isaurian region where the Göksu river gorge cuts deeply through the Taurus mountain range on the border of Rough Cilicia, stand the ruins of the Alahan monastery. For a hiker, it is a steep ascent, but fortunately we came on a bus. The gravel road forked off from the main highway and climbed two kilometers with many switchbacks to a narrow shelf which supported a minuscule parking lot before the site.
The monastery, clinging to the mountainside, has been deserted for some 1,400 years; yet time and the vicissitudes of this region’s past have left it remarkably untouched. The site was explored in the 1950s and 1960s by the late Michael Gough of St. Michael’s College, Toronto, but his work was cut short by his death, and the mystery of Alahan remains unsolved. Who were the monks who built this monastery and why did they desert it? There is no clear answer, but the attempt to find a solution takes us back to Byzantine Christianity in the centuries before the eastern provinces were lost to Islamic invasions.
The monastic movement burst suddenly upon the later Roman Empire just as Christianity was grasping victory over paganism, which began a long death struggle that took up all of the 4th century AD and still had secret adherents for two centuries longer. In AD 312, Emperor Constantine I won the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. The night before combat, according to a Christian tradition which ripened with time, he saw a vision in the sky telling him that the Christian insignia, the chi-rho symbol made from the first two Greek letters of the name “Christ,” would bring him success. His victory brought him control of the western Roman Empire. In the east, the persecution of the Christians had ended only in 311 with the death of the eastern emperor, Galerius, who was a committed pagan, although on his deathbed he had called off the persecution and asked the Christians to pray for him. His successor, Licinius, did not want war with Constantine; he had his own problem in the eastern provinces where Maximinus Daia was staking a claim to be Galerius’ heir, and he met Constantine at Milan where the two emperors framed an agreement. This “Edict of Milan” granted Christianity toleration. There would be no more persecutions. But Constantine was more than merely tolerant. He built and endowed churches, and helped himself to the wealth which the pagan temples had guarded. He regarded himself as a Christian champion.
Fig.1: Map of Turkey showing the location of the monastery at Alahan.
Licinius became increasingly suspicious. He had married Constantine’s sister to seal his alliance, but that did not take the edge off his brother-in-law’s ambition. Ten years after the Edict of Milan, Constantine and Licinius were at war, and when Licinius lost the struggle and his life as well, Constantine made a move which would influence the history of the Mediterranean world for the next millennium. He built a new capital on the Bosporus, a New Rome, modern Istanbul, which until the last century was still known as Constantinople, the “City of Constantine.” The Byzantine emperors were to rule there until 1453.
In this new empire the monastic movement spread like wildfire. It fed on an epidemic urge to abandon the norms of classical civilization. The first monk to seek solitude in the desert was St. Anthony. The son of well-to-do peasants in Egypt, he began his life of asceticism about 269, and he died at the age of 105. He soon had disciples, both men and women, who followed his example and sought out caves on the desert’s edge in Egypt where they might live as hermits. This was a grassroots movement which cut across the class and language barriers of the multicultural empire. The monks could be disorderly and fanatical, and blunt in their prejudices against Jews and Samaritans. But in particular, they were the spearhead of the Christian attack on paganism.
Possibly it was the offensive against paganism which first brought monks to Alahan. At the western end of the monastery site is a limestone outcrop and within it, a large cave. It was probably naturally formed, though human hands reshaped its interior. Caves were favorite sites for pagan sanctuaries. The divinities that inhabited them were generally gods of the countryside worshipped by the local peasants, and this low-level paganism which was centered on holy caves and sacred trees was persistent and hard to eradicate. The biographies of the Christian saints are full of tales of how they chopped down sacred trees while the local peasants protested and threatened, or drove devils from the grottos reverenced for centuries. Christians did not deny that these little gods existed, though they called them devils, and they waged war against them: they believed that if a holy man inhabited a cave that had been hallowed by generations of worship, the pagan spirit that lived there would be forced to abandon it, however reluctantly. A community of monks would be even more effective. The cave at Alahan might have been a little pagan shrine once upon a time. There are no traces of pagan worship to be discovered there, for the monks would have erased them long ago, and without them, we can only guess that determination to expel some pagan deity brought the monks here. Yet whether the surmise is right or not, it does seem that the first monastic colony at Alahan settled here in the cave and adapted it to Christian uses.
The disorganized grassroots movement begun by St. Anthony in Egypt had spread to all corners of the empire. Ascetics sought to win spiritual rewards by mortifying the flesh with a zeal which is excessive to modern eyes, but this was a time when people regarded the body as a prison for the soul, and by denying the needs of the body for food, or sex or even sleep, a devout Christian believed he would attain the spiritual life. A champion ascetic won enormous admiration. In Syria the famous St. Symeon the Stylite (ca.389-459) first tried to live in a dry cistern which he soon exchanged for a small cell and then an enclosure on the mountainside where he chained one leg to a stone. However, the local bishop protested that this was too extreme, and Symeon allowed the chain to be removed. But then he hit upon a satisfactory hermitage where he could have both the seclusion and the renown he wanted: he sat upon a pillar which he raised higher and higher until it reached sixteen meters, and there he remained, preaching whenever the spirit moved him to crowds of pilgrims. He had a host of imitators. Not all monks retired to the desert, however; some preferred the villages and cities where they often made nuisances of themselves. But in Egypt, while St. Anthony still lived, a development took place which would set the monastic movement on a new, more constructive path. Pachomios set up a monastic community where the monks followed a rule which assigned them definite tasks and ordained prayers at specific times. He founded nine monasteries for men and two for women around the deserted Tabennisi village in Egypt, and in 330, he set up a great abbey at Pbow which served as the administrative center for all the monasteries that followed his rule.
Most of the great cenobitic monasteries in the eastern Mediterranean countries are now in ruins, but even in their ravaged state, they are impressive witnesses to the allegiance which Christianity once commanded in countries such as Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Turkey where it has now lost the masses to Islam. Historians from Edward Gibbon to A. H. M. Jones have considered them an encumbrance on the Gross Domestic Product, but in fact, the monks and nuns made a considerable contribution to the economy. Monks worked as farmhands. Monasteries grew crops, raised livestock, and offered hospitality to wayfarers and sometimes, too, when law and order broke down, refuge from marauders. The holy man of a village often offered the only source of justice to which a peasant might appeal in his struggles with greedy landlords and rapacious tax collectors. Saints and hermits had clout, and landlords respected them. The power centers of the ancient Graeco-Roman world had been the cities with their theaters, schools, colonnaded streets and public baths which drew off water from the countryside, and once Christians no longer needed to fear persecution, it was in the cities that they built their cathedrals. But most of the people lived in rural villages and the taxes and rents from their farms supported the cities. In the early Byzantine world there was even a language divide: Greek was the language of the cities, and Latin the language of Roman law, but in the rural villages the native dialects were still spoken. In the economic and cultural struggle between the city and the countryside, the monasteries helped tip the balance in favor of the countryside.
Fig.2: Remains of the East Basilica at Alahan, along a rocky ledge (photo: J.A. Evans).
At Alahan, however, there was another factor at work. This corner of the world belonged to the Isaurians, tough mountain-dwellers who were known for their skill in stone-masonry. In 474, an Isaurian named Tarasis became emperor. He changed his name to Zeno, which was a respectable Greek name, and one which had belonged to an earlier Isaurian who had served under the emperor Theodosius II. Emperor Leo had recruited Isaurians into a new bodyguard which he formed to counterbalance the predominance of Aspar who was Master of the Soldiers: that is, generalissimo of the army, and a “barbarian” from one of the tribes on the imperial borders. He owed his power to the support of the German allied troops in Constantinople. Zeno married the emperor’s daughter, helped eliminate Aspar and his Germans in a putsch which earned Leo the sobriquet “The Butcher,” and produced an heir, Leo II, who lived only long enough to name his father co-emperor. Zeno’s reign brought Isauria imperial favor that lasted until his death in 491 (see timeline).
The monks at Alahan first built a free-standing basilica outside the mouth of the cave. Like the 5th century basilica of St. Demetrius at Saloniki and the ruined church of St. John Studion in Istanbul, there were arcaded internal colonnades and galleries over the side aisles (fig.3). The quality of the Isaurian stonework is remarkable. Then, in a burst of activity, which more or less coincided with Zeno’s reign, a church was built at the east end of the rocky ledge which held the monastery, and a colonnaded walk connected the two churches. The East Basilica hugs the cliff face which forms one of the side walls, but this is no ordinary basilica. Over its eastern section where later Byzantine architects would place a dome, there rises a tower, and the interior of the structure has been adapted to support it so that when we enter the west door, we see the apse at the east end through a progression of horseshoe-shaped arches (fig.2). Above the colonnade, midway between the two basilicas, was a spring which no longer flows, but when the colonnade was built it supplied water for a baptistery and living quarters built in the area. The number of monks had clearly increased.
Fig.3: Plan of the East Basilica at Alahan, with a cliff located along the north wall.
Then the monastery was deserted. Why? There is no sign of destruction by enemy raiders. It appears that one day in the early sixth century, the monks packed up their few belongings and left. We cannot know why for certain, but for a probable cause we must turn to the story of the religious schisms in the early Byzantine world.
Part II: Byzantine Christianity was beset by a series of theological controversies. Correct belief, that is, orthodoxy, was vitally important, everyone agreed, but how should orthodoxy be defined? In particular, how should Christians understand the mystery of the Trinity? In the Western Roman Empire, orthodoxy mattered too, but the heresies which the Latin church encountered lacked the subtleties of those that mushroomed in the Eastern Empire where the Greek language had been honed by philosophy with roots that went back to Plato and Aristotle. The genius of Rome had been law, not philosophy, and the Roman Church inherited the legal traditions of its empire. This inheritance made theological definitions easier for the pope than they were for the patriarchs of the eastern churches.
There were five patriarchal sees, and Rome claimed primacy, which the eastern patriarchs acknowledged somewhat jealously. The see of Alexandria which claimed St. Mark as its founder rivaled Rome in prestige and wealth, and though it grudgingly allowed Rome first place, it coveted second place for itself. But once Constantinople became the imperial capital, it staked a claim to second place, and the first ecumenical council of Constantinople in 381 proclaimed it the second see of Christendom because, as the canon law put it, Constantinople was New Rome. Neither Old Rome nor Alexandria recognized the claim. Then there was the patriarchate of Antioch which embraced Isauria, and until the mid fifth century, it also claimed Jerusalem. But at the Second Council of Ephesus at the end of the reign of Theodosius II, the bishop of Jerusalem, Juvenal, played his cards shrewdly enough to emerge with a patriarchate of his own as a reward for backing Alexandria, and then a couple years later he kept it by switching support to Constantinople. The patriarchs did not see eye to eye and behind their theological altercations lay resentments and rivalries which had little to do with theology.
When Constantine conquered the east and united the empire, he encountered Arianism, a heresy which centered on the nature of the Trinity. Arius, a priest in Alexandria, ran afoul of the patriarch by teaching that Christ was not co-eternal with God the Father. Arius’ Christ was a more human figure than orthodox theology admitted. But Arius’ superiors, the patriarch Alexander and his successor, the great Athanasius, found that Arius was a hard man to suppress. He was a spellbinding preacher who wrote hymns that were sung in the mills and on the streets, and he roused the enthusiasm of the masses. The church leaders appealed to Constantine who convened the first ecumenical church council at Nicaea which drew up a creed to serve as the touchstone of orthodoxy. But the Nicene Creed failed to solve all the problems. Arian missionaries made converts among the barbarians with the result that most of them - the Franks were an exception - became Arians. But after Arius himself died, Arianism lost ground within the empire, though two centuries later Constantinople still had wealthy Arian churches which the Emperor Justinian (527-565) plundered ruthlessly.
The next great heresy, Monophysitism, was more stubborn. Both the Monophysites and their opponents considered themselves orthodox. Monophysitism began as a reaction against one of the heresies which followed in the wake of Arianism: Nestorianism, named after a patriarch of Constantinople who taught that Christ possessed in himself two separate natures, one divine and the other human. An elderly monk in Constantinople, Eutyches (box, this page), who headed a monastery in the area, produced a new solution to the mystery of the Trinity which was a mirror image of Nestorianism. Instead of emphasizing the human element in Christ, Eutyches taught that God the Father and Jesus his son had the same nature and substance. This was monotheism taken to its logical extreme, and it is unsurprising that Monophysite Christianity would eventually lose ground to Islam, for Mohammed was also to teach a monotheist doctrine that is even more uncompromising. The slogan of the Monophysite churches was “God is One,” which is very little different from the Islamic statement of faith: “There is One God.”
Eutyches was condemned by a local synod but Eutychianism took on a life of its own. Eutyches was the godfather of the Emperor Theodosius II’s current favorite, a eunuch named Chrysogonos whose influence at court was immense. In Egypt, too, it encountered sympathetic listeners, for the doctrine of Eutyches developed the teachings of the great patriarch of Alexandria, Cyril. Cyril is best remembered now as the evil prelate who engineered the horrible death of the Alexandrian philosopher and teacher, Hypatia, but in the fifth century Cyril was known as a doughty opponent of Nestorianism and an equally fervent defender of the primacy of Alexandria against the pretensions of the Constantinople patriarchate. Cyril would have considered Eutyches’ doctrine too extreme, but he was dead by now, and his successor Dioscoros embraced it. Monophysitism, as Eutyches’ teachings were later called, became virtually the national religion of Egypt, supported by swarms of fanatical monks.
Christianity had unintentionally released long-submerged passions among the masses. The Roman Empire had been ruled by an elite which survived into the Byzantine world. It replenished itself with fresh graduates from the schools where the traditions of classical education were still carried on. An ambitious young man would study Greek literature and learn to appreciate classical style and write prose and verse in the manner of an educated Athenian living a thousand years earlier. Historians wrote like Herodotus and Thucydides, using elegant circumlocutions when they had to mention Byzantine officials or Christian clergy for whom classical Greek had no words. Ambitious students would study Latin too, for it was still the language of law, a profession that led to the imperial civil service where fortunes might be made.
But the church provided an alternative road to power. The ascetic who perched on a pillar and attracted crowds of pilgrims did not need a classical education. Among the hymns written by Romanus the Melode, the greatest hymnist of the reign of Justinian in the mid-sixth century, there is one that ridicules the wisdom of the Greeks and contrasts it with the true understanding that came from the Christian faith. In the western Roman Empire where the last Roman emperor was sent packing in 476 by a barbarian condottiere named Odoacer, the great families moved easily from positions of power in the state to positions of power in the church, but society was different in the east. Byzantium had a mosaic of ancient ethnicities lurking beneath its dominant Greek culture and the passions of the Monophysite mobs in Egypt expressed the irredentist, anti-imperial feelings of the native population.
Fig.4: View of apse at the eastern end of the East Basilica at Alahan Monastery (photo: J.A. Evans).
In 449, the Emperor Theodosius II summoned a church council to Ephesus to pass judgement on Monophysite doctrine. It was a brutal council, dominated by the patriarch of Alexandria, Disocoros, who was supported by a pack of fanatical monks. Pope Leo the Great called it the “Robber Council.” Pope Leo did not attend himself, but he sent the patriarch of Constantinople, Flavian, a letter in which he outlined his definition of orthodoxy. This was the famous Tome of Leo, and it set forth Rome’s position from which later popes would refuse to budge. At the “Robber Council,” however, Flavian considered it unwise to introduce the Tome, for Leo’s style was blunt and undiplomatic and Leo’s own legates spoke Latin which most of the eastern churchmen did not understand. The emperor, influenced by Chrysogonos, favored Eutyches whom Flavian had condemned, and though Flavian resisted, he was deposed, exiled, and died suspiciously soon after. The Monophysites carried the day. The “Robber Council” was a triumph for the see of Alexandria.
Then everything changed. Theodosius II died suddenly from a hunting accident. He had been a weak emperor, dominated first by his pious sister Pulcheria who chose a wife for him; then Pulcheria and his wife vied for power, and the wife, Eudocia, lost, and finally in his latter years it had been the eunuch Chrysogonos who dominated him. Pulcheria offered a soldier named Marcian the throne and herself as his wife with the understanding that she would retain her virginity. Marcian belonged to the staff of Aspar, the army generalissimo, and thus Pulcheria could count on his support. Chrysogonos was executed. Another church council was called at Chalcedon in 451, and with some imperial arm-twisting, the delegates rejected the verdict of the “Robber Council” and adopted the Chalcedonian Creed which made the Tome of Leo the definition of orthodoxy. It stated baldly that Christ had two natures, one divine and the other human, and it was so close to the Nestorian definition of Christ that only a subtle analyst could tell the difference. In fact, Nestorius himself, in exile and living out his final years at the oasis of El Khargeh in Egypt, could find nothing in the Chalcedonian Creed that he could not accept.
Christendom was now divided between Monophysites and Diphysites and the history of the Byzantine church until the rise of Islam is a tale of failed efforts to bridge the gap. Isauria was Monophysite, and the Emperor Zeno the Isaurian promulgated a carefully-worded creed called the Henotikon which was moderately Monophysite. Yet it failed to condemn the Creed of Chalcedon, and the doctrinaire Monophysites would accept no less, though the middle-roaders were satisfied. In Rome, the pope retorted by excommunicating Zeno and his patriarch who had devised the Henotikon. A schism opened between Rome and Constantinople, lasting until the Emperor Justin I came to the throne in 518.
At the Alahan monastery, the reign of Zeno was a period of swift expansion. The monks were almost certainly Monophysite, and no doubt embraced the Henotikon. Then suddenly this period of expansion came to an end. There is no sign of destruction, and yet the monks deserted the monastery. The date was about the time that Justin I became emperor. The Isaurian monks who had built the monastery were probably driven from it shortly after 518, when the persecution of the Monophysites by Justin I began. But at a later date, monks returned. We cannot be sure when. Did the Monophysite refugees come back, now under Theodora’s protection? Perhaps so, though the excavators noted that the returnees lacked the stonemasonry skills of the original monks, which may indicate that they were a different group. At least their repairs to the monastery seems comparatively slipshod, though the reason could be haste rather than lack of skill. Isauria, however, would abandon Monophysitism as the years went on, and it was to become the Christianity of the Syriac and the Coptic churches. Perhaps the monks returning to Alahan were orthodox.
Eventually these monks, too, deserted the monastery. The reason is obscure and the date uncertain. In the early decades of the seventh century an attack by the Persians and the Avars nearly overwhelmed Constantinople. The countryside around Alahan may have become unsafe and pilgrims stayed away. Or perhaps the water supply failed, and the number of monks which the monastery could support dwindled away to nothing.
Whatever the reason, the monastery returned to solitude. It is now a site where the visitor can still feel the awe early travellers felt a couple of centuries ago, when they visited ruins of the eastern Mediterranean before tourists drove away the ghosts of the past. We can still imagine a bearded monk pacing the colonnade at Alahan, pausing to drink from the spring, and pondering the mystery of the Trinity.
[part 2: Constantinople and the Basilica of Hagia Sophia]
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42 Cards in this Set
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developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and socail change througout the life span
the fertilized egg; it enters a two week period of rapid cell divison and devleops into an embryo
the developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through teh second month.
the developing humna organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
agents, such as some chemicals, adn viruses, that can reach teh embryo or fetus drugin prenatal development and cause harm
fetal alcohol syndrome
phsycial and cognitive abnomralities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking, in severe cases symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
rooting reflex
a baby's tendency, when touched on teh cheek, to open teh mouth and search for the nipple
decreasing responsiveness with repteated stimulation. as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they lok away sooner.
a concept or framework tha torganizes and interprets information.
interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
adapting one's currect understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
all the mental activites associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, adn communicating.
sensorimotor stage
in piaget's theory, teh stage (from birth to about two years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their senosry impressions and motor activities.
object permanence
the awareness tha tthings continue to exist even when not perceived.
preoperational stage
teh piaget's theory, the stage (from about two to six or seven years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend teh mental o perations of concrete logic.
the principle 9which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain teh same despite changes in teh forms of objects.
in piaget's theory, teh inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view.
theory of mind
people' ideas about their own and other's mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and teh behavior these might predict.
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication,k social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.
concrete operational stage
in piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development(from about 6 or 7 to 11 year s of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
formal operational stage
in piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginnign about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
stranger anxiety
an emotional tie with another person; show in young children by their seekign closeness to the caregiver and showing ditress on serparation.
critical period
an optimal period shorty after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
teh process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
basic trust
according to erik erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trust worthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
self concept
a sense of one's identity and personal worth
the transition period from childhood to adulhood, extending from puberty to independence.
teh period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
primary sex characteristics
teh body sturcutres that make sexual reporduction possible
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characterisitcs, such as female breasts and hips, male ovoice quality, and body hair
the first mentstrual period
one's sense of self according to erikson, teh adolescent's taks is to solidfy a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
in erikson's theory, teh ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary devlopmental task in late adolescence adn early adulthoo.d
the tiem of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to teh biological chanages a woman experiences as her abiltiy to reproduce declines.
alzheimer's disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally phsyuical functioning.
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
reserach in which teh same poeople are restudied and retested over a long period.
crystallized intelligence
one's accumlated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
fluid intelligence
one's ability to reason speedily an dabstractly; tends to decrease during late adult hood.
social clock |
Anything But A Dot
Even if what is seen, viewed from one’s location in space, is clearly visible; only the surface that distance allows makes it identifiable. It is what one thinks it is: a shiny dot that glows. Approaching it will not alter perspective much unless one is traveling faster then the speed of light, allowing other characteristics of what there is to see to be closer and observable.
From space, a dot is also an accurate way to describe a location and a destination. Movement towards it will not effect its shape because the distance will still be too great to see it as anything but a dot. But, if one could reach it, then a conclusion could be drawn: whatever the dot contains within its boundaries is everything that defines it.
All that is necessary to understand what is being seen, assuming that vision is within normal limits, is the ability to think. It is not necessary to have an extensive knowledge of Philosophy, Mathematics, Science or Theology to complicate what is seen. Descartes said it best when he wrote, “Je pense, donc je suis – I think, therefore I am.” He reasoned that if someone was there to think about whether they exist or not, it’s proof, not only that they do exist but they also have the capacity to think about and understand whatever there is to see. |
Stories of some of the great Ethiopians who have contributed to the country in their fields of expertise
King Lalibela
King Lalibela was one of the most prominent rulers of Ethiopia’s Zagwe Dynasty who reigned in the 12th century. He is the ruler credited with the construction of the world-famous rock-hewn ancient Churches in the town of Lalibela in northern Ethiopia. In fact, the town, previously known as Roha, was named after king Lalibela himself upon his death. According to an Ethiopian legend, God instructed king Lalibela to build the unique churches that have been a collective centre of pilgrimage over the centuries. This legend also states that the churches of Lalibela were built with the help of angles. The design of the churches is quite unique: they are carved out of a single piece of granite below ground level, are massive (several are in excess of 10 meters high); and they are connected to each other by a tangled maze of tunnels. Yet they are also different, in size and style, from one another.
Alula Abanega
Alula Abanega
Alula Abanega was the commoner who joined forces with Ethiopia’s ruling elite taking extraordinary leadership roles. He particularly worked with Emperor Yohannes IV and Emperor Minilik to fight some of the country’s toughest battles against Italy and Briton as well as Ethiopia’s opponents of the time in parts of the Sudan and Egypt. He is largely credited with being a heroic figure tirelessly defending his country from foreign aggression, and also with being the strategist during the Battle of Adwa when Ethiopia defeated the Italians under the leadership of Emperor Minilik.
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Infectious Disease in Pregnancy
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Patient Education
Most common maternal infections (eg, UTIs, skin and respiratory tract infections) are usually not serious problems during pregnancy, although some genital infections (bacterial vaginosis and genital herpes) affect labor or choice of delivery method. Thus, the main issue is usually use and safety of antimicrobial drugs. However, certain maternal infections can damage the fetus (for congenital cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus infection, rubella, toxoplasmosis, hepatitis, or syphilis—see Infections in Neonates; for HIV infection—see Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children).
Listeriosis is more common during pregnancy. Listeriosis increases risk of spontaneous abortion, premature labor, and stillbirth. Neonatal transmission is possible.
Bacterial vaginosis and possibly genital chlamydial infection predispose to premature rupture of the membranes and preterm labor. Tests for these infections are done during routine prenatal evaluations or if symptoms develop.
• When women have visible herpetic lesions
Cephalosporins are generally considered safe.
Macrolides are generally considered safe.
Penicillins are generally considered safe.
Tetracyclines cross the placenta and are concentrated and deposited in fetal bones and teeth, where they combine with Ca and impair development (see Table: Some Drugs With Adverse Effects During Pregnancy); they are not used from the middle to the end of pregnancy.
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
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NSW telescope captures Earth-like planet
AAP logoAAP 8/11/2016
Australia's Parkes telescope has set eyes on a recently-discovered Earth-like planet as part of an international search for intelligent life in the universe.
The telescope in central west NSW has captured Proxima Centauri, 4.3 million light years away, and the planet has the potential to hold liquid water, the CSIRO says.
Andrew Siemion, the leader of the project Breakthrough Listen, says while there's a "miniscule" chance of finding intelligent life on other planets, "once we knew there was a planet right next door, we had to ask the question".
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A Salute to the man who changed air travel
The man called “the father of the 747”, Joe Sutter, passed away on August 30th. Joe was the chief engineer at Boeing assigned the task of building a brand new airplane that could hold twice as many people as the leading passenger jet at that time, the 707. Joe and his team designed and built what became the first twin aisle “jumbo jet”. Like most engineers, he toiled in the background. Like most engineers he didn’t care about fame, only doing the best possible job. And like most engineers his remarkable achievements are taken for granted by almost everyone.
The 747 debuted in 1969 and very quickly revolutionized air travel. It made flying cheaper, safer, and could travel twice as far as any other passenger plane. The worldwide long-distance travel we all take for granted these days is due to the success of the 747. Most planes look the same and few can tell them apart, but everyone knows the iconic 747 when they see one. Its nickname “Queen of the Skies” is well deserved .
Not many people can claim that they changed the world. Joe Sutter changed the world for the better. We salute you Joe! |
Getting up and down from the ground is essential to health and independence. This exercise gives you the opportunity to get on the ground at your own pace and work your back muscles. You will use arm and leg movements while trying to keep your core still. Also this exercise is another great way to practice a sequence through four distinct steps.
Use caution getting up and down from the ground. If you feel like you “plop” down to the ground, first work on this technique with a stable chair or object close at hand. It’s safer to lower yourself to the ground from a seated position than lowering yourself from standing. Always be aware that standing up quickly can cause a sudden drop in your blood pressure and can make you dizzy or faint which can cause injury.
Simple Equipment:
A soft non-slip exercise mat and a small hand towel rolled under your forehead are good for this exercise. You can also add small weights (1-2lbs.) to your hands, which will make it easier to get the sensation of reaching down the length of your body. If you have difficulty getting up and down from the ground, place a stable chair nearby.
Add Physical Challenge:
To increase the intensity, place your hands out in front of you and make it more of a superman looking exercise. All principles remain except the hands reach out in front as the chest comes up. You can also lift opposite arms and legs with your exhalation.
Add Mental Challenge:
This whole exercise is a mental challenge. Using opposite limbs moving in opposite directions is very challenging. |
King Limhi and His People Escape
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Nephites pay taxes to Lamanites
When the Lamanites attacked his people, King Noah and some of his men fled. The Lamanites took the rest of the Nephites away, gave them land, but made them pay heavy taxes. Mosiah 19:11–15, 26
Limhi was not wicked
The Nephites made Limhi their new king. Limhi was King Noah’s son, but he was not wicked like his father. He was a good man. Mosiah 19:16–17
Lamanites cruel to Nephites
Limhi tried to make peace with the Lamanites, but the Lamanites kept the Nephites under guard and were cruel to them. Mosiah 19:27–28; Mosiah 21:2–3
Strangers outside city put into prison
Limhi saw some strangers outside the city. Thinking that they were men who had fled with King Noah, Limhi had them put in prison. Then he found out that they were Nephites from Zarahemla. Mosiah 21:23–24
Limhi happy to see Ammon
Their leader was named Ammon. King Limhi was happy to see him. He hoped that Ammon could help his people escape from the Lamanites. Mosiah 7:12–15
People in bondage due to wickedness
Limhi called his people together. He reminded them that they were in bondage because they had become wicked. Mosiah 7:17–20
If they repent, God would help them escape
Limhi said that if his people would repent, have faith, and obey the commandments, God would help them escape. He and many of the Nephites promised to do so. Mosiah 7:33; Mosiah 21:32
Gideon had a plan to escape
The Nephites wanted to escape, but there were too many Lamanites for them to fight. A man named Gideon pointed out that at night the Lamanite guards were usually drunk. Mosiah 22:1–2, 5–6
Nephites prepared to escape
The Nephites gathered their flocks, and Limhi sent extra wine as a present to the guards. Mosiah 22:10
Guards were drunk, Nephites escaped
That night, King Limhi and his people walked quietly past the drunken guards and escaped. Mosiah 22:11
Ammon and people of Limhi return to Zarahemla
Ammon and his brethren led Limhi and his people through the wilderness to the land of Zarahemla. King Mosiah and the people of Zarahemla were happy to welcome them. Mosiah 22:13–14
[illustrations] Illustrated by Jerry Thompson |
Train Your Brain For Monk-Like Focus
To get a better understanding of how focus and concentration work, I talked with Susan Perry, PhD, a social psychologist and writer for of the Creating in Flow Blog at Psychology Today. It's important to know what's happening in your brain when you're focused on something and what happens when you get distracted. From there we can look at minimising those distractions and training your brain to focus better. After all, focusing is a skill and takes practice to develop.
What's Happening in Your Brain When You're Focused (and Distracted)
The Two-Step Process: What Happens When You Focus
This is the same essential process for voluntary and involuntary focus. When you're focused your perception of the world around you changes and you have a heightened ability to ignore things around you. This is being in "the zone" or "the flow". It's when you're focused and don't notice events around you unless something initiates your bottom-up attention system (which we'll get to in the next section).
From a psychological standpoint, Dr Perry describes these moments:
Photo by Mike Warot.
This Is What Happens in Your Brain When You Break Focus
Two outside events cause us to break focus: bright colours or lights, and loud noises. Your focus is drawn to things that might be dangerous or rewarding, like the growl of an animal or the sound and lights of a police siren.
Pinpoint What Breaks Your Concentration and Remove Those Triggers
Minimise the External Distraction Triggers We All Have
For external distractions, two prime candidates break your concentration no matter how involved you are in what we're doing: loud sounds and blinking lights. Minimising these common distractions is a sure way to ensure no outside forces will break your focus.
A lot of different ways exist to easily block outside influences. Entire businesses and apps are built on the very idea. Here are a few simple suggestions to help you minimise the risk of outside influences breaking your focus.
Pinpoint Your Internal Distractions and Stop Them Before They Start
We all get distracted by different internal things throughout the day. Those thoughts might be about what you're eating for dinner, why the girl at the cafe didn't want to go out on a date, or that stupid thing you said to you boss. You can, however, limit those brain wanderings when you need to focus on a task by simply putting the brakes on the thought process. Dr Perry notes:
Maximise Your Focus with the Power of Science
Increase the Relevance of the Task You Need to Complete
To increase the relevance of a task, assign a due-date (if one isn't assigned) and tap into the reward centre of your brain and offer up a reward for completing a task. For instance, "When I finish writing this article, I get a cookie." Prioritise with a to-do list, organise everything, and focus only on the top-most goal. The goal is to add weight to the project you want to focus on so that it's easier to do so.
Meditation as a Focusing Boot Camp
Focusing on something productive triggers the same parts of the brain as focusing on entertainment. Using entertainment as a training program is a great way to teach yourself to break free of distractions, enjoy a good story, and learn what it takes to focus. Dr Perry suggests getting lost in a story isn't all that different from getting lost in something productive:
You can use any type of entertainment you like, but the key point Dr Perry points out is that it's challenging and you're doing it actively. Television doesn't work so well because ads break focus, but books, movies and games are all ways to utilise your escapism as a means to calibrate your brain to focusing. The key is that you actively pay attention and absorb what you're consuming. That means no Twitter breaks, phone calls or anything else. Turn off the lights, huddle up on the couch and enjoy your media without distractions.
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Great content, but I have to say that there's something wierd about the font that you've used in this article (well, at least as it appears in my browser) that continually breaks my concentration in just trying to read it.
It's hard to pinpoint exactlywhat that is, but it's like some characters are wider than expected for example the letters o, p and c, and some characters are shorter than expected, for example the letters t and f. The letter a gives me a headache. The way that these all fit into the words seems uneven, almost as even each letter is a tiny point size different to the others around it.
This is exacerbated in the quotes, which appears to be the same font but at a large point size.
I like to do dual-n-back games before I study. I find it helps me get my mind focusing on one thing and my performance is a good indicator of how well my study is going to go (such as how many times i have to go back and read the same thing because i drifted off). If you google around there are studies about how it helps your fluid intelligence etc but I haven't done it regularly enough to say if its helped me in that department.
There are lots of free versions around such as this one:
I sometimes find it hard to sleep because I am thinking about everything I need to do tomorrow, and I am sure that is a common problem for a lot of people. One way that I combat the internal distractions when all the lights are out and I'm left to my own thoughts is to simply block them out, or focus on one distraction to the exclusion of all others - usually mental visualization. I picture a detailed landscape, a forest with many trees or an ocean with waves constantly rolling in, but also with a great sunset on the horizon. Not only does my mind totally focus on the trees (or water), but I am also able to see many different colors in the sunset as well as birds flying in the sky. I have to focus though, on blocking every other thought out before the entire picture comes into perfect focus. Every thought, every "under" thought that only takes a fraction of a second to become complete has to be shut down much like this article says. -And- with practice in this comes skill. I find that I can add more details (I've been using this trick for years) and sometimes even incorporate other senses in with the picture. It is truly amazing, and it has helped me come up with scenery in my every day hobby - writing.
I am a mostly-for-myself writer on wordpress ( - that was -not- for me, lol) and focusing on one book or another to the exclusion of everything else also helps me brainstorm, and it helps me do work more thoroughly and efficiently during the day because writing once I am done is usually a reward. It is in the details and the exact quoting that I am making up that give me the most "distraction" (even though, or possibly because I wont remember every exact wording) it helps my subconscious brain concentrate on say, cleaning the garage, the kitchen, or rearranging the upstairs furniture after I already have a plan on what I'm going to do or how I'm going to do it. This site is truly amazing! I am a new & permanent visitor.
You really hit the nail on the head by mentioning that focus has to be an active thing. Of all the workplace distractions, I've found my own wandering mind is the most detrimental. I have Post-It notes by my keyboard, which I use to remember work-related ideas and tasks, and the Keep app on my phone for ideas to implement at home. Writing down tasks and thoughts gets them out of my head and reduces the anxiety that comes from attempting to remember it all. Being aware of your escaping thoughts gives you the chance to catch them and physically focus on what's important. I've also found that drinking a lot of water, eating healthy snacks like fruit and nuts, and getting enough sleep go a really long way toward having more control over your focus, as you aren't worried about trying to stay awake or satisfying the rumble in your tummy (urges that your brain is going to force you to fulfill, regardless of when that 20 page report is due!)
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huff and puff
Definition of huff and puff
1. 1 : to breathe in a loud and heavy way because of physical effort He was huffing and puffing when he got to the top of the stairs.
2. 2 : to show one is annoyed or angry She'll huff and puff for a while, but she'll calm down later.
Word by Word Definitions
1. : to emit puffs (as of breath or steam)
: to proceed with labored breathing
: to make empty threats : bluster
1. : a usually peevish and transitory spell of anger or resentment
1. : to blow in short gusts
: to exhale forcibly
: to breathe hard : pant
1. : an act or instance of puffing : whiff
: a slight explosive sound accompanying a puff
: a perceptible cloud or aura emitted in a puff
1. : of, relating to, or designed for promotion or flattery
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up huff and puff? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
a favoring of the simplest explanation
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Friday, November 1, 2013
Food Intolerance
Many people experience unpleasant reactions to foods they have eaten and suspect they have a "food allergy". However, only 2-5% of adults and 2-8% of children are truly "allergic" to certain foods.
The remainder of people may be experiencing food intolerance, or food sensitivity, rather than true food allergy.I think a quick lesson is in order...
Food intolerances are often caused by stress! Food-intolerant people often have low levels of secretory IgA, a class of protective antibodies found in the gut. IgA antibodies protect the body against the entry of foreign substances. Stress leads to a decrease in secretory IgA... a bit of vicious cycle really, but it certainly explains the relationship between stress and food intolerance!Underlying digestive problems (e.g. low stomach acidity, gut bacterial overgrowth, a "leaky" or damaged gut lining, yeast infection or poor digestive enzyme production) are common "causes" of food intolerance and must be addressed before avoiding foods unnecessarily.
Gallbladder disease, gallstones, and pancreatitis may also be underlying causes of reactions to foods, but these will produce other symptoms too.It is usually large food particles that cause allergic reactions, so proper breakdown of food (especially protein) via cooking and chewing is vitally important. Digestive enzymes or probiotics can often help too to ensure complete digestion, and once digestion is corrected, things can improve quite dramatically.Signs and symptoms of food intolerance can be quite diverse, depending on how long the person has been ingesting food allergens and how the body has "adapted". Common symptoms include bloating, stomach cramping, diarrhoea or constipation - yes commonly known as "IBS"!
Long term food intolerance may produce symptoms totally unrelated to the digestive system and may include fatigue, joint and muscle aching, depression, headaches and migraine, hyperactivity in children, and even certain autoimmune disorders.Diagnosing a food intolerance rather than an allergy (via IgE antibody blood testing) is not easy, simply because reactions to foods can occur from anywhere between 12-36 hours after eating... coupled with the fact that an individual may be reacting to more than one food!
Exclusion/reintroduction diets are the "gold standard" of tests and the most useful when done properly. They do need to be adhered to for at least 2-4 weeks initially, and are always best done under the guidance of a registered nutritionist or dietician with experience in food allergy and intolerance.Various blood tests are now available (most useful are IgG antibody tests - available now via pin-prick blood sample) which may prove useful in many cases - but only when there are noticeable symptoms.
Vega testing (measuring energy flow) and kinesiology (muscle strength testing) are entirely reliant on the skill of the practitioner, so how effective they actually are is very difficult to measure. Whatever the test, none are 100% accurate, and changes to a person's diet based purely on the results of a test cause more confusion than clarity, and very often lead to unbalanced eating, unnecessary food phobias, and possible nutrient deficiencies.What to do if you suspect you have a food intolerance1) Keep a food diary and note when symptoms occur2) Try and identify the possible problem foods3) Seek advice on how to adapt the diet to improve digestion4) Eat a varied, fresh and nutritious dietThe most commonly allergic foods...
Young children can often re-introduce foods after three months of avoidance, whereas adults may require six to twelve months of avoidance.Much food intolerance and even some food allergy problems settle down after long-term avoidance, and especially when digestion is improved.
When a problem food is only eaten sparingly, symptoms are less likely to return. The importance of rotating foods varies from person to person and may be related to the severity of the allergies.The following foods are the least likely to provoke allergic reactions:Beverages:Almond milk, Quinoa milk, herb teas, apple juice and other pure or freshly squeezed fruit juices without sugar or additives (dilute 50:50 with water).Roasted grain beverages may be used as coffee substitutes. If you like fresh coffee, Dandelion root which you can grind in a coffee grinder.Soya milk is fine UNLESS you have an allergy to soya!Cereals:Oats (unless you have diagnosed Coeliac disease or are known to be "sensitive" to gluten)Oatmeal and OatbranQuinoa porridgePuffed rice and millet cerealHomemade mueslisGrains and flours:Chick pea flourPotato flourBuckwheat flourRice flourCooked whole gains:Oats, millet, pearl or pot barley, buckwheat groats (also known as Kashi), brown rice, basmati rice, amaranth, quinoa, 100% buckwheat soba noodles, rice noodles.Breads:Sprouted grain breads, rice bread, 100% rye or spelt bread (often fine with wheat-sensitive individuals), other wheat and yeast-free breads100% rice cakes100% rye crackersLegumes:Haricot beansChickpeasBlack-eye beansKidney beansLentilsNavy beansPinto beansPeasString beansTofu (soya bean curd)Dried beans should be soaked overnight. Pour off the water and rinse before cooking for allotted time. Canned beans often contain added sugar or other potential allergens, so if used they must be rinsed well.Nuts and seeds
Almonds, pumpkin seeds and sunflower seeds - eat raw with no salt etc.
Nut butters are highly nutritious spreads to use in place of butter or margarine, e.g. Tahini, almond butter, hazelnut or cashew butter.Oils:Use cold-pressed or expeller-pressed oils (available from health food stores), as they are safer. Do not use corn oil or "vegetable oil" from an unspecified source, as this is usually corn oil.Rapeseed oilLinseed (edible linseed or flaxseed) oilOlive oilSafflower oilSesame oilSoya oilSunflower oilProtein:Fresh white fish, salmon, mackerel and tuna and most canned fish, lamb, poultry and fowl.Vegetables and fruitAll vegetables except corn are generally acceptable on a low-allergen diet, as is all fruits with the exception of citrus fruits. Tomatoes can often cause problems and should be avoided by susceptible individuals. Other food members of the nightshade family (potatoes, aubergine, peppers) may prove problematic with arthritis sufferers. |
Programming Utilities Guide
Chapter 6 m4 Macro Processor
m4 is a general-purpose macro processor that can be used to preprocess C and assembly language programs. Besides the straightforward replacement of one string of text by another, m4 enables you to perform
You can use built-in macros to perform these tasks or you can define your own macros. Built-in and user-defined macros work exactly the same way except that some of the built-in macros have side effects on the state of the process.
The basic operation of m4 is to read every alphanumeric token (string of letters and digits) and determine if the token is the name of a macro. The name of the macro is replaced by its defining text, and the resulting string is replaced onto the input to be rescanned. Macros can be called with arguments. The arguments are collected and substituted into the right places in the defining text before the defining text is rescanned.
Macro calls have the general form:
name(arg1, arg2, ..., argn)
If a macro name is not immediately followed by a left parenthesis, it is assumed to have no arguments. Leading unquoted blanks, tabs, and newlines are ignored while collecting arguments. Left and right single quotes are used to quote strings. The value of a quoted string is the string stripped of the quotes.
When a macro name is recognized, its arguments are collected by searching for a matching right parenthesis. If fewer arguments are supplied than are in the macro definition, the trailing arguments are taken to be null. Macro evaluation proceeds normally during the collection of the arguments, and any commas or right parentheses that appear in the value of a nested call are as effective as those in the original input text. After argument collection, the value of the macro is returned to the input stream and rescanned. This is explained in the following paragraphs.
You invoke m4 with a command of the form
$ m4 file file file
Each argument file is processed in order. If there are no arguments or if an argument is a hyphen, the standard input is read. If you are eventually going to compile the m4 output, use a command like this:
$ m4 file1.m4 > file1.c
You can use the -D option to define a macro on the m4 command line. Suppose you have two similar versions of a program. You might have a single m4 input file capable of generating the two output files. That is, file1.m4 could contain lines such as:
if(VER, 1, do_something)
if(VER, 2, do_something)
Your makefile for the program might look like this:
file1.1.c : file1.m4
m4 -DVER=1 file1.m4 > file1.1.c
file1.2.c : file1.m4
m4 -DVER=2 file1.m4 > file1.2.c
You can use the -U option to ``undefine'' VER. If file1.m4 contains
if(VER, 1, do_something)
if(VER, 2, do_something)
ifndef(VER, do_something)
then your makefile would contain
file0.0.c : file1.m4
m4 -UVER file1.m4 > file1.0.c
file1.1.c : file1.m4
m4 -DVER=1 file1.m4 > file1.1.c
file1.2.c : file1.m4
m4 -DVER=2 file1.m4 > file1.2.c
m4 Macros
Defining Macros
The primary built-in m4 macro is define(), which is used to define new macros. The following input:
name, stuff)
causes the string name to be defined as stuff. All subsequent occurrences of name are replaced by stuff.The defined string must be alphanumeric and must begin with a letter (an underscore is considered to be a letter). The defining string is any text that contains balanced parentheses; it may stretch over multiple lines.
As a typical example
define(N, 100)
if (i > N)
As noted, the left parenthesis must immediately follow the word define to signal that define() has arguments. If the macro name is not immediately followed by a left parenthesis, it is assumed to have no arguments. In the previous example, then, N is a macro with no arguments.
A macro name is only recognized as such if it appears surrounded by non-alphanumeric characters. In the following example, the variable NNN is unrelated to the defined macro N, even though the variable contains Ns.
define(N, 100)
if (NNN > 100)
m4 expands macro names into their defining text as soon as possible. So
define(N, 100)
define(M, N)
defines M to be 100 because the string N is immediately replaced by 100 as the arguments of define(M, N) are collected. To put this another way, if N is redefined, M keeps the value 100.
There are two ways to avoid this result. The first, which is specific to the situation described here, is to change the order of the definitions:
define(M, N)
define(N, 100)
Now M is defined to be the string N, so when the value of M is requested later, the result is always the value of N at that time. The M is replaced by N which is replaced by 100.
The more general solution is to delay the expansion of the arguments of define() by quoting them. Any text surrounded by left and right single quotes is not expanded immediately, but has the quotes stripped off as the arguments are collected. The value of the quoted string is the string stripped of the quotes.
Therefore, the following defines M as the string N, not 100.
define(N, 100)
define(M, `N')
The general rule is that m4 always strips off one level of single quotes whenever it evaluates something. This is true even outside of macros. If the word define is to appear in the output, the word must be quoted in the input:
`define' = 1;
It is usually best to quote the arguments of a macro to ensure that what you are assigning to the macro name actually gets assigned. To redefine N, for example, you delay its evaluation by quoting:
define(N, 100)
define(`N', 200)
Otherwise the N in the second definition is immediately replaced by 100.
define(N, 100)
define(N, 200)
The effect is the same as saying:
define(100, 200)
Note that this statement will be ignored by m4 since only things that look like names can be defined.
If left and right single quotes are not convenient, the quote characters can be changed with the built-in macro changequote():
changequote([, ])
In this example the macro makes the "quote" characters the left and right brackets instead of the left and right single quotes. The quote symbols can be up to five characters long. The original characters can be restored by using changequote() without arguments:
undefine() removes the definition of a macro or built-in macro:
Here the macro removes the definition of N. Be sure to quote the argument to undefine(). Built-ins can be removed with undefine() as well:
Note that after a built-in is removed or redefined, its original definition cannot be reused. Macros can be renamed with defn(). Suppose you want the built-in define() to be called XYZ(). You specify
define(XYZ, defn(`define'))
After this, XYZ() takes on the original meaning of define(). So
XYZ(A, 100)
defines A to be 100.
The built-in ifdef() provides a way to determine if a macro is currently defined. Depending on the system, a definition appropriate for the particular machine can be made as follows:
ifdef(`pdp11', `define(wordsize,16)')
ifdef(`u3b', `define(wordsize,32)')
The ifdef() macro permits three arguments. If the first argument is defined, the value of ifdef() is the second argument. If the first argument is not defined, the value of ifdef() is the third argument:
ifdef(`unix', on UNIX, not on UNIX)
If there is no third argument, the value of ifdef() is null.
So far you have been given information about the simplest form of macro processing, that is, replacing one string with another (fixed) string. Macros can also be defined so that different invocations have different results. In the replacement text for a macro (the second argument of its define()), any occurrence of $n is replaced by the nth argument when the macro is actually used. So the macro bump(), defined as
define(bump, $1 = $1 + 1)
is equivalent to x = x + 1 for bump(x).
A macro can have as many arguments as you want, but only the first nine are accessible individually, $1 through $9. $0 refers to the macro name itself. As noted, arguments that are not supplied are replaced by null strings, so a macro can be defined that concatenates its arguments:
That is, cat(x, y, z) is equivalent to xyz. Arguments $4 through $9 are null since no corresponding arguments were provided.
Leading unquoted blanks, tabs, or newlines that occur during argument collection are discarded. All other white space is retained, so
define(a, b c)
defines a to be b c.
Arguments are separated by commas. A comma "protected" by parentheses does not terminate an argument. The following example has two arguments, a and (b,c). You can specify a comma or parenthesis as an argument by quoting it:
define(a, (b,c))
In the following example, $(** is replaced by a list of the arguments given to the macro in a subsequent invocation. The listed arguments are separated by commas. So
define(a, 1)
define(b, 2)
define(star, `$(**')
star(a, b)
gives the result 1,2. So does
star(`a', `b')
because m4 strips the quotes from a and b as it collects the arguments of star(), then expands a and b when it evaluates star().
$@ is identical to $(** except that each argument in the subsequent invocation is quoted. That is,
define(a, 1)
define(b, 2)
define(at, `$@')
at(`a', `b')
gives the result a,b because the quotes are put back on the arguments when at() is evaluated.
$# is replaced by the number of arguments in the subsequent invocation. So
define(sharp, `$#')
sharp(1, 2, 3)
gives the result 3,
gives the result 1, and
gives the result 0.
The built-in shift() returns all but its first argument. The other arguments are quoted and returned to the input with commas between. The simplest case
shift(1, 2, 3)
gives 2,3. As with $@, you can delay the expansion of the arguments by quoting them, so
define(a, 100)
define(b, 200)
shift(`a', `b')
gives the result b because the quotes are put back on the arguments when shift() is evaluated.
Arithmetic Built-Ins
m4 provides three built-in macros for doing integer arithmetic. incr() increments its numeric argument by 1. decr() decrements by 1. So, to handle the common programming situation in which a variable is to be defined as "one more than N," you would use:
define(N, 100)
define(N1, `incr(N)')
That is, N1 is defined as one more than the current value of N.
The more general mechanism for arithmetic is a built-in macro called eval(), which is capable of arbitrary arithmetic on integers. Its operators, in decreasing order of precedence, are
+ - (unary)
(** / %
+ -
== != < <= > >=
! ~
| ^
Parentheses may be used to group operations where needed. All the operands of an expression given to eval() must ultimately be numeric. The numeric value of a true relation (like 1 > 0) is 1, and false is 0. The precision in eval() is 32 bits.
As a simple example, you can define M to be 2(**(**N+1 with
define(M, `eval(2(**(**N+1)')
Then the sequence
define(N, 3)
gives 9 as the result.
File Inclusion
A new file can be included in the input at any time with the built-in macro include():
inserts the contents of filename in place of the macro and its argument. The value of include() (its replacement text) is the contents of the file. If needed, the contents can be captured in definitions, and so on.
A fatal error occurs if the file named in include() cannot be accessed. To get some control over this situation, the alternate form sinclude() ("silent include") can be used. This built-in says nothing and continues if the file named cannot be accessed.
m4 output can be diverted to temporary files during processing, and the collected material can be output on command. m4 maintains nine of these diversions, numbered 1 through 9. If the built-in macro divert(n) is used, all subsequent output is appended to a temporary file referred to as n. Diverting to this file is stopped by the divert() or divert(0) macros, which resume the normal output process.
Diverted text is normally placed at the end of processing in numerical order. Diversions can be brought back at any time by appending the new diversion to the current diversion. Output diverted to a stream other than 0 through 9 is discarded. The built-in undivert() brings back all diversions in numerical order; undivert() with arguments brings back the selected diversions in the order given. Undiverting discards the diverted text (as does diverting) into a diversion whose number is not between 0 and 9, inclusive.
The value of undivert() is not the diverted text. Furthermore, the diverted material is not rescanned for macros. The built-in divnum() returns the number of the currently active diversion. The current output stream is 0 during normal processing.
System Commands
Any program can be run by using the syscmd() built-in. The following example invokes the operating system date command. Normally, syscmd() would be used to create a file for a subsequent include().
To make it easy to name files uniquely, the built-in maketemp() replaces a string of XXXXX in the argument with the process ID of the current process.
Conditional Testing
Arbitrary conditional testing is performed with the built-in ifelse(). In its simplest form
compares the two strings a and b. If a and b are identical, ifelse() returns the string c. Otherwise, string d is returned. Thus, a macro called compare() can be defined as one that compares two strings and returns yes or no, if they are the same or different:
define(compare, `ifelse($1, $2, yes, no)')
Notice the quotes, which prevent evaluation of ifelse() from occurring too early. If the final argument is omitted, the result is null, so
is c if a matches b, and null otherwise.
ifelse() can actually have any number of arguments and provides a limited form of branched decision capability. In the input
if the string a matches the string b, the result is c. Otherwise, if d is the same as e, the result is f. Otherwise, the result is g.
String Manipulation
The len() macro returns the length of the string (number of characters) in its argument. So
is 6, and
is 5.
The substr() macro can be used to produce substrings of strings. So
substr(s, i, n)
returns the substring of s that starts at the ith position (origin 0) and is n characters long. If n is omitted, the rest of the string is returned. When you input the following example:
substr(`now is the time',1)
it returns the following string:
ow is the time
If i or n are out of range, various things happen.
The index(s1,s2) macro returns the index (position) in s1 where the string s2 occurs, -1 if it does not occur. As with substr(), the origin for strings is 0.
translit() performs character transliteration [character substitution] and has the general form
that modifies s by replacing any character in f by the corresponding character in t.
Using the following input:
translit(s, aeiou, 12345)
replaces the vowels by the corresponding digits. If t is shorter than f, characters that do not have an entry in t are deleted. As a limiting case, if t is not present at all, characters from f are deleted from s.
Therefore, the following would delete vowels from s:
translit(s, aeiou)
The macro dnl() deletes all characters that follow it, up to and including the next newline. It is useful mainly for removing empty lines that otherwise would clutter m4 output. The following input, for example, results in a newline at the end of each line that is not part of the definition:
define(N, 100)
define(M, 200)
define(L, 300)
So the new-line is copied into the output where it might not be wanted. When you add dnl() to each of these lines, the newlines disappear. Another method of achieving the same result is to type:
The built-in macro errprint() writes its arguments on the standard error file. An example would be
errprint(`fatal error')
dumpdef() is a debugging aid that dumps the current names and definitions of items specified as arguments. If no arguments are given, then all current names and definitions are printed.
Summary of Built-In m4 Macros
Table 6-1 Summary of Built-In m4 Macros
Built-In m4 Macros
changequote(L, R)
Change left quote to L, right quote to R.
Change left and right comment markers from the default # and newline.
Return the value of the argument decremented by 1.
define(name, stuff)
Define name as stuff.
Return the quoted definition of the argument(s)
Divert output to stream number
Return number of currently active diversions
Delete up to and including newline
dumpdef(`name', `name', . . .)
Dump specified definitions.
errprint(s, s, . . .)
Write arguments s to standard error.
eval(numeric expression)
Evaluate numeric expression.
ifdef(`name', true string, false string)
Return true string if name is defined, false string if name is not defined.
ifelse(a, b, c, d)
If a and b are equal, return c, else return d.
Include contents of file.
Increment number by 1.
index(s1, s2)
Return position in s1 where s2 occurs, or -1 if s2 does not work.
Return length of string.
maketemp(. . .XXXXX. . .)
Make a temporary file.
m4 exit
Cause immediate exit from m4.
m4 wrap
Argument 1 will be returned to the input stream at final EOF.
Remove current definition of argument(s).
Save any previous definition (similar to define())
Return all but first argument(s)
Include contents of file -- ignore and continue if file not found
substr(string, position, number)
Return substring of string starting at position and number characters long
Run command in the system
Return code from the last call to syscmd()
Turn off trace globally and for any macros specified
Turn on tracing for all macros, or with arguments, turn on tracing for named macros
translit(string, from, to)
Transliterate characters in string from the set specified by from to the set specified by to
Remove name from the list of definitions
undivert(number, number,. . .)
Append diversion number to the current diversion |
by Dinesh Thakur
The control unit fetches one or more new instructions from memory (or an INSTRUCTION CACHE), DECODES them and dispatches them to the appropriate FUNCTION UNITS to be executed. The control unit is also responsible for setting the LATCHES in various data paths that ensure that the instructions are performed on the correct operand values stored in the REGISTERS.
In a CISC processor the control unit is a small processor in its own right that executes MICROCODE programs stored in a region of ROM that prescribe the correct sequence of latches and data transfers for each type of macroinstruction. A RISC processor does away with microcode and most of the complexity in the control unit, which is left with little more to do than decode the instructions and turn on the appropriate function units. |
Who Was Michael Servetus?
Block print of Michael Servetus
Michael Servetus was born in Spain most likely on September 29, 1511 (his patron saint's day), although no specific record exists. He was a Spanish (Aragonese) theologian, physician, and humanist.*
His interests included many sciences, astronomy, meteorology, geography, jurisprudence, study of the Bible, mathematics, anatomy and medicine. He is renowned in several of these fields, particularly medicine and theology.
Servetus was very gifted in languages and studied Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. At the age of fifteen, Servetus entered the service of a Erasmian Franciscan friar, Juan de Quintana. He read the entire Bible in its original languages from the manuscripts available at the time. Servetus later attended the University of Toulouse in 1526 where he studied law. There he became suspected of participating in secret meetings and activities with Protestant students.
In July 1531, he published De trinitatis erroribus ("On the Errors of the Trinity"). The next year he published Dialogorum de Trinitate ("Dialogues on the Trinity") and De Iustitia Regni Christi ("On the Justice of Christ's Reign"). He took on the pseudonym Michel de Villeneuve (i.e., "Michael from Villanueva"), in order to avoid persecution by the Church because of these religious works.
Servetus built a theology which maintained that belief in the Trinity was not based on biblical teachings but rather on what he saw as the deceitful teachings of Greek philosophers. In part he hoped the dismissal of the Trinitarian dogma would make Christianity more appealing to Judaism and Islam which had remained as strictly Monotheistic religions. In 1553 Servetus published yet another religious work with further Antitrinitarian views. It was entitled Christianismi Restitutio ("Christianizing Restitution"), a work that sharply rejected the idea of predestination and the idea that God had condemned souls to Hell regardless of worth or merit. God, insisted Servetus, condemns no one who does not condemn himself through thought, word or deed.
Servetus was the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, although it was not widely recognized at the time for several reasons. One reason was the description appeared in a theological treatise, Christianismi Restitutio ("Christianizing Restitution"), not in a book on medicine. Further, most copies of the book were burned shortly after its publication in 1553. Three copies survived, but they remained hidden for decades. It was not until William Harvey performed dissections in 1616 that the function of pulmonary circulation was widely accepted by physicians. It is increasingly recognized that the discovery of pulmonary circulation was made 300 years earlier by Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi (known as Ibn Al-Nafis) who was born in 1213 A.D. in Damascus.
Due to his rejection of the Trinity and his eventual execution by burning for heresy, Servetus is often regarded as the first (modern) Unitarian martyr. His strong influence on the beginnings of the Unitarian movement in Poland and Transylvania has been confirmed by scholars. One Unitarian Universalist congregation in Minnesota is named after him. A church window is dedicated to Servetus at the First Unitarian Congregational Society of Brooklyn, NY. In 1984, a Zaragoza public hospital changed its name from José Antonio to Miguel Servet. It is now a university hospital. Most Spanish cities also include at least a street, square or park named after Servetus. The Geneva district Servette is also named after Servetus.
On October 27, 1553 Servetus was burned at the stake just outside Geneva with what was believed to be the last copy of his book (Christianismi Restitutio) chained to his leg. Historians record his last words as: “Jesus, Son of the Eternal God, have mercy on me. |
Wednesday, September 9, 2015
Andree Virot-Peel (1905-2010)
Andrée Marthe Virot was running a beauty salon in the port city of Brest when the Nazis invaded in 1940. She joined the Resistance, initially distributing clandestine newspapers. Under the code name Agent Rose, she helped over 100 British and American pilots escape from Nazi-occupied territory onto submarines and gunboats, and also guided Allied planes to secret landing strips.
Her first act of defiance took place as German troops entered her town of Brest, when she gave shelter to a group of fleeing French soldiers and begged her neighbors for civilian clothes for them so they would not be captured.
When General de Gaulle declared in his famous broadcast of June 18 1940 that "France has lost a battle, but she has not lost the war," Andrée and some friends got together to type out the message and slip copies through people's letterboxes. At this point she became more involved in the Resistance, circulating the organization's newspaper. Within weeks she was made head of an under-section of the organisation, responsible for sending information to the Allies.
During the war, Brest was an important naval base, and information about shipping movements was vital to the Allied war effort. By establishing contacts in the dockyard, Andrée was able to pass on information about naval installations, as well as about troop movements and the results of Allied aerial attacks.
These were mainly directed at the harbor area, but many bombs missed their target and fell on the town. No one blamed the Allies. She recalled one man whose house had been destroyed leaping with joy when he found that his precious radio, on which he listened to the BBC, had survived intact. On another occasion she came across a group of teenage boys singing "What joy, Tommy, now that we are united at last" to a well known tune, as British bombs rained all around.
Andrée Marthe Virot was born on February 3 1905 into a religious and deeply patriotic French family. Her father was a civil engineer who specialized in building bridges. When she returned to a devastated Brest after the war, she learned that he had been killed after walking too close to a German soldier who was fishing using hand grenades. A brother had also lost his life in Germany while fighting in the ranks of the Free French.
Andrée left Brest and returned to Paris where she became the manager of La Caravelle, a restaurant near the Luxembourg Gardens specializing in "first class cuisine at acceptable prices." News that she was a former Resistance worker attracted many clients including leading politicians and former Allied servicemen.
One day a young English student called John Peel came into the restaurant. He was supposed to be learning French, but his accent was so comical that Andrée offered to give him lessons. Though he was 20 years her junior, a relationship developed, and they ended up getting married. Her husband made his career as a neuropsychologist at Barrow Gurney mental hospital in Bristol and they settled in a village nearby.
The Work of the Resistance
The work Andrée assumed was extremely dangerous. Any family found harboring an Allied airman risked being shot and in 1943 Andrée herself was forced to leave Brest after a comrade (who had been forced to watch his family being tortured by the Gestapo) informed on her.
She fled to Paris and assumed another identity, but a week after D-Day she was again betrayed by a comrade, who confessed under torture. She was arrested and taken to Gestapo headquarters where she was stripped naked, interrogated and subjected to a series of tortures, including simulated drowning and being savagely beaten around the throat. As a result her gullet was displaced and her tonsils crushed. She continued to suffer pain for the rest of her life.
Ravensbrück Camp
Eventually she and other prisoners were transported to the women's concentration camp at Ravensbrück where, on arrival, they were forced to strip and frogmarched into what she later realied was a gas chamber. She never discovered why they were released since many others lost their lives. She noticed later that the camp did a brisk trade with local farmers who bought the ashes from the camp crematorium to spread on their fields.
Andrée narrowly escaped death on several more occasions. She fell ill with what a doctor told her was meningitis, but recovered. Then, during the daily roll call, she was selected for the gas chamber but was saved by a Polish fellow inmate who crept up to a table and snatched up the piece of paper with Andrée's number on it without being seen by the SS.
Eventually she was transferred to Buchenwald concentration camp where life seemed easier, initially at least, and she was able to send messages to her family in Brest via French prisoners-of-war working in the fields outside. But, as the Allies closed in towards the end of April 1945, it became obvious that the Nazis were determined to obliterate evidence of their crimes. By the time she and a group of fellow prisoners were lined up against a wall, they had heard that some prisoners had been shot and others killed with flame throwers, so they had little doubt what was in store.
As a firing squad drew near, she wrote later, the terrified prisoners heard a telephone ringing in the camp commandant's office. It was a message from the Americans to the effect that the firing squad had been seen entering the camp and that if they wanted to live, they would spare the lives of the prisoners. The soldiers fled.
Mrs. Peel Speaks of the War
Mrs. Peel, who says she was 'too old' to have children by the time the war had ended, said, "The war is a time I will never forget. I don't think anybody who lived during that period ever really can, but I lived a different life to many women as I fought like a man. There weren't many women in the sort of role which I had. In my house in Brest I used to hide the British and help them with their orders. I'd also tell them what they should be doing next and passed on information. This was extremely dangerous as the Germans had occupied France during this time. Under the Germans everyone had to be at home and have their curtains closed by 6 pm and it used to terrify me that the comings and goings at my house would be discovered."
Her first role was distributing clandestine newspapers, but within weeks she was made head of a section in the Resistance reporting on troop movements, naval installations and the results of Allied attacks. "Agent Rose" and her team used torches to guide Allied planes and smuggled fugitive airmen on to submarines and gun-boats on remote parts of the coast. She fled to Paris and assumed another identity when the Gestapo closed in on the Resistance network in Brest. Captured by the Nazis, she was imprisoned at the Ravensbrück and Buchenwald concentration camps. She later recalled how she was being lined up to be shot by a firing squad when U.S. troops arrived to liberate the inmates in April 1945.
Mrs. Peel kept the striped blue and grey camp uniform she was forced to wear in the concentration camp as a reminder and said, "It was a terrible time but looking back I am so proud of what I did and I'm glad to have helped defend the freedom of our future generations." She continued, "You don't know what freedom is if you have never lost it. Everybody was ready to contribute to the fight and to risk their lives. It was a kind of fear that was not really fear. We had accepted we would die. The only fear we had was of being tortured and of speaking under torture. I rarely thought of my personal safety, I just acted and did what I believed was the right thing."
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Formats can be confusing with submini cameras. It's not like 35mm cameras where there is only one size of film used. And to top it off, there are several formats in addition to several film sizes.
Subminiature cameras use a variety of film from 35mm on down. But, there are so many formats, one can get lost pretty easily. In addition, even with one particular brand of camera, such as Minolta, different film formats may be available -- and you may not know it!. On some cameras, the useful format size varies with the film perforations used. For example, with the Mikroma (with single perforated 16mm film) the useful negative size is 11.5x14.7mm. With double perforated 16mm film, the useful negative size is dropped to 10x14.7mm. You can use the double perf film, but the usable size is smaller, due to the sprocket holes.
Camera manufacturers complicate it by changing formats with their cameras. For example, older Minoltas, such as the 16 and 16II use a 10x14mm format on double perforated 16mm film. One their newer cameras, Minolta was able to expand the format to 12x17mm by using single perforated 16mm film. You are able to use double perforated film in the newer cameras (if you are willing to accept the smaller usable negative size) or use the single perforated film in the older cameras (knowing that the format size will not increase). So just because you've always used a particular film with your camera does not mean that that is the ONLY format that will work with your camera.
Be careful when changing formats. Some cameras need sprocket holes to advance the film, and if you move to single perf or unperforated film, it may not advance in your camera. You can usually tell by checking your camera and film spools for sprocket teeth.
There are so many submini formats that they cannot all be listed here. Please see the individual descriptions of the cameras in the CAMERA SHOP section of the SUBCLUB for more details. But here is a summay of the various formats and the major cameras that used them. At the top of the page is a visual comparison of the most popular submini formats:
24x36mm -- standard 35mm format. Sometimes called the miniature format.
16.7x30.2mm -- the new APS format
18x24mm, 17x24mm, 18x23mm -- referred to as Half-frame or Single-frame this format was 1/2 the size of the 35mm format and used by Olympus, Yashica, Fuji, Riccoh and many others.
14x21mm -- Tessina cameras
18x28mm -- Expo Police camera
16x22mm -- Expo watch camera
13x17 -- Used by all 110 cameras sold by Kodak, Minolta and many others. It's also the size of Kiev and Vega Russian 16mm cameras
12x17mm -- USed by the GaMi, Minolta MGs and QT cameras
11.5x14.7mm -- Mikroma cameras
14x14mm -- numerous 17.5mm cameras
10x14mm -- This is referred to as the standard 16mm format and was used by numerous cameras
10x10mm -- used in several 16mm cameras
8x11mm -- Used by Minox and others using the Minox cassette
8x10mm -- USed by the Kodak disc and others
6x6mm -- Echo 8 cameras
16x16mm -- Robot SC
10x10mm -- Minicord and Stylophot cameras
Here's a website that offers a historical perspective on many film formats -- http://www.xs4all.nl/~wichm/filmsize.html
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Category:Big Science
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Big science refers to the change in the style of scientific research which occurred during the Second World War. This change in style refers to the establishment of large-scale research facilities funded through extensive government funding, in contrast to the earlier methods which involved individual research funded by philanthropy or industry.
Some of the products of big science include military inventions (the atom bomb), development in astrophysics (expensive satellites and telescopes, like the Hubble Space Telescope) and extensive research in biology (the Human Genome Project).
For more information, see the article about Big Science.
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Home » Korean culture, arts and heritage
Korean Culture: Have you heard the phrases our country and our house?
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In Korea, You have probably noticed that Korean always use the term우리 (our) such as 우리 나라 (our country), 우리 회사 (our company), 우리 집 (our house), 우리 남평 (lit, our husband), 우리 엄마 (our mother) etc. Even though it is same as English word – our but it has many more meaning in Korean. It is not because everyone has multiple personality disorder or that there is joint ownership of everything!
Have you heard the phrases our country and our house?
우리 집? Our House?
The use of 우리 emphasizes community over individuality. In daily life, Koreans prefer to do even trivial things together, rather than do things alone. Koreans dislike having even a light meal or coffee alone. Koreans feel safer an happier when together, and feel that activities done together strengthen relationships. This is the reason you will rarely find someone eating or drinking alone in a restaurant in Korea.
Despite how much Koreans like to use our, in term can’t be used all the time. When it’s necessary to show possession of something by an individual, the possessive my is used. To say our bag or our cellular phone, for instance, would be very odd. But when expressing possession, Koreans will often say our in order to stress their affiliations, rather than saying my, which expresses individuality. Terms such as 우리 나라 and 우리 회사 consciously or unconsiously reinforce a sense of unity.
It may feel strange at first to use the collective our, but like spicy Kimchi, repeated use can acclimate your tongue for it.
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Aesop's fable experiment highlights how differently children and crows learn about the world
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In the story, a thirsty crow drops pebbles into a pitcher of water. Eventually the water levels rises high enough for the crow to drink.
Studies have shown that crows really do understand Archimedes's principle. Faced with a food reward floating out of reach in a flask, they will select weighty objects over light ones to displace the water and bring the food within reach.
In the new study, scientists compared the ability of human children and jays - a type of crow - to perform similar tasks.
The experiments involved displacing water in tubes to obtain prizes or food rewards.
From age five to seven the children were no better than the jays, completing the tasks after about five tries. From eight years old onwards, they succeeded with their first try.
However, there was one task that consistently defeated the crows, though not their human rivals.
A water-filled U-shaped tube was buried so that its two open ends looked like two separate tubes, one of which was too narrow to drop objects into. This tube also contained the reward.
Children were not fazed by the fact that they were doing something apparently impossible - making the level of water in one tube rise by dropping an object into a different tube.
But the jays could not handle the conundrum and failed at the task.
The results, published in the online journal Public Library of Science ONE, show that children and crows go about problem solving in a different way, scientists said.
While the jays had to make sense of the task mechanism during their trial and error attempts, children were more driven by simple cause and effect.
Study leader Lucy Cheke, from Cambridge University, said: "This makes sense because it is children's job to learn about new cause and effect relationships without being limited by ideas of what is or is not possible.
"The Aesop's fable paradigm provides an incredibly useful means by which to compare cause-effect learning with understanding of underlying mechanisms, ie folk physics.
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Review The Classification Of Skills To Include The Differences Between Individual, Co-active And Interactive Skills
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Review The Classification Of Skills To Include The Differences Between Individual, Co-active And Interactive Skills Introduction: There is a large range of sporting activities each requiring a set of skills. Skills have many characteristics that can change in different situations, which makes classifying them difficult. Accepting that skills cannot be neatly labelled, we place them on a continuum. Most skill classification systems are based on the view that motor skills are affected by three factors: * how precise a movement is * whether the movement has a definite beginning and end * whether the environment affects the performance of the skill SKILL = ABILITY + TECHNIQUE A skill is the performers ability to choose and perform the right techniques at the right time, successfully and at the right time with minimum effort. Performers use their skill to achieve certain objectives for them. E.g. sprinting a 10.0 second 100m. Skill is acquired and therefore has to be learnt. There are three types of skill: 1. Cognitive (involves thought processes) 2. Perceptual (involves interpretation of information) 3. Motor (involves movement) Techniques are the basic movements of any sport or event e.g. ...read more.
These skills are usually closed skills, for example the javelin throw where the performer can within a reasonable amount of time take as long as he or she wants. The performer such as in the golf drive instigates self-paced skills; a player hits the ball when they are ready and not because they have been told to play the shot within a certain time range. Externally paced: skills are when an outside instigator such as the environment or opponent controls the timing of the performance of the skill by the performer. To control the rate of movement by the performer they must pay attention to the external events. Usually open skills involving alot of reaction on the performers part i.e. in football the performer must time his or hers actions with their opponents and teams mates as well as the ball. When a player passes a football he becomes the starter whom controls the start and when the return ball is played when it reaches his partner. The return ball though is not fully externally paces as his partner is able to choose whether he shall take the ball late or early. ...read more.
Therefore open skills are usually externally paced, and continuous e.g. a pass in rugby. Closed: skills are performed in more stable environments. They are self-paced and discrete skills. An example of this is in football: a penalty is a closed skill because the conditions are the same each time; the goal is 12 yards away. But in some situations the conditions are different such as in a free kick where the kick can be taken from many different positions on the pitch. This means that conditions are always changing. Because there are no outside physical influences on the performer, the closed skills can be improved which also makes training very easy. One a closed skill has been learnt they should be performed in exactly the same way each time. For example in football the penalty takers skill is exactly the same each time they take the penalty, because of no outside physical factors interfering. It all takes place in a stable, predictable environment so skills aren't affected and tend to be habitual. A closed skill such as this has a clear beginning and end, is self-paced and follows set patterns. Skills can be categorised on the continuum [right], between 0 (closed) and 10 (open), depending on the degree to which outside factors influence the performance of a skill. ...read more.
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Charts: How Likely Is Another Superstorm Sandy?
As climate change causes the seas to rise, experts predict that billion-dollar disasters could become the new norm.
When my editors assigned me to fact check Kate Sheppard's feature "Under Water," part of my task was to come up with accompanying visuals that would illustrate how sea level rise could destroy coastal cities as we know them. Initially, I set out looking for flood maps of the entire Eastern Seaboard with apocalyptic illustrations of the Atlantic crashing against the foothills of the Appalachians.
I quickly discovered, though, that sea level rise measured in the course of our lifetime isn't a matter of miles, but of feet. Wait, I thought. A few feet? That didn't sound so bad. Inconvenient, sure—a flooded basement here, a muddy field there, nothing to freak out about. But once I began digging into reports and talking to experts, I quickly discovered that even inches can make all the difference.
To see what I mean, type your city, state, or zip code into the search bar of Climate Central's Surging Seas interactive tool below and move the Water Level bar to see the potential impact of these storm surges over the next century.
The Surging Seas model is based on projected sea level rise and historic storm data and doesn't factor in larger, more powerful, and more frequent storms fueled by climate change which has been predicted by the 2013 National Climate Assessment. In other words, the chances of these devastating storm surges could be much worse than these tools show.
These next maps show the encroaching water after another hypothetical Superstorm Sandy in Lower Manhattan, and a Hurricane Isabel-sized storm in Gloucester County, Virginia. The charts below them, based on National Climate Assessment data wrangled by the folks at Climate Central, show the increasing probabilities of this kind of storm surge-induced flooding over the next century.
Sandy, as we know, was the result of a combination of horror movie-like conditions: a slow moving hurricane colliding with a Nor'easter over the most populous region of the country, at high tide, under a full moon. It was a situation that, given current sea levels, Climate Central predicted had a less than a one in 10,000 chance of happening in the year 2012. But as you can see above, when we look ahead another 80 years, the chance in a given year of a another Sandy-like storm—one that brings nine-foot storm surges to New York City—approaches 50 percent.
The news is worse yet for places like coastal Virginia which saw $1.9 billion worth of damage after Isabel hit in 2003. In another 25 years, there will be a 25 percent chance that an Isabel-sized storm surge will occur in a given year. After that, the probability rises exponentially every year until that kind of flooding becomes the norm by 2060.
And, of course, it goes without saying that superstorms come with hefty price tags:
NOAA, FEMA, Congressional Research Service, White House Federal Budget
The takeaway: Whether you live in Gloucester, Virginia, or Columbus, Ohio, as a taxpayer, you're shelling out for high priced, climate-change-fueled floods—and unless we reform our current flood insurance policy, we may just end up drowning in debt.
Front page image: Anthony Quintano/Flickr |
Scientists confirm presence of mysterious striped currents in our oceans
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Washington, April 17 : Scientists have confirmed the presence of mysterious striped pattern of currents on every ocean of the planet.
As expected, the buoys' movements were influenced mainly by known global currents, which are driven by wind and by differences in the temperature and salinity of seawater.
But when the team analysed the data, it emerged that something else had been subtly influencing the buoys' paths. It turned out that there were alternating strips of water running eastward or westward, a bit like parallel moving sidewalks.
"Their existence is so surprising that we had to prove first that they are not an artefact of satellite data," said Nikolai Maximenko of the University of Hawaii.
Sure enough, they recorded currents flowing in opposite directions at around 40 metres per hour. This is slower than most previously known ocean currents, which may explain why the striped flows have remained undiscovered until now.
The flows extend right down to the ocean floor, and the boundaries between currents are alternately associated with peaks and troughs in temperature as well as sea level. This suggests that they influence processes such as nutrient and energy flow around the oceans, but this has yet to be proven," said Niiler.
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Amistad Essay
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In the 1997 movie Amistad, Steven Spielberg illustrates the events that took place in 1839 on the Spanish ship, The Amistad (La Amistad). The movie travels through the events with vivid and powerful emotion. The slaves, even though they could not speak English, undoubtedly demonstrated their intense longing for freedom in Spielberg’s version of the historical event. The setting of Amistad proved to be frequently accurate. The backdrop of the movie was unfailing to the period in which it occurred . There are a few mistakes, though, that went unseen in the making of the film. The American flag that swayed proudly throughout the film carried too many stars. It is the present day American flag that the viewer notices waving through the air, while the flag should have contained less stars. Not all of the states that construct the U.S. had been added to the flag in the early 1800s. Another inconsistency with the environment around the movie took place during the scene with John Quincy Adams standing outside the Capitol building talking with Theodore Jeadson. There is a dome on the Capitol, which was not truly constructed onto the building until 1863. This is a apparent blemish, since the movie was set in 1839 - 1840s. Spielberg revealed the characters in the movie with massive accuracy. The feeling that the actors exulted beautifully exemplified how the slaves, attorneys, townspeople, and even the President was reacted at that moment in time. The lone character that was conflicting with the actual person was the slaves’ attorney, Roger Baldwin. In reality, Roger Baldwin was not youthful and inexperienced. He was actually about fifty years old, and a exceedingly esteemed lawyer. A few years after the Amistad case, he was elected governor of Connecticut. Other than that one instance of character change, the movie did well in the character aspect to reenact the strong feelings and thoughts that commenced during the Amistad incident. The plot of the movie was astonishingly...
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Solar Power in Tanzania: Why is it important?
Installing Solar Panels in Tanzania
By Margo Brookfield
What do you think of when you turn on a light in your home? Have you ever stopped to think about how fortunate you are to have electricity, the ability to watch TV at any hour of the day, charge your electronics, have a light to read by? Most of us have probably never given it a second thought. But the unfortunate reality is that approximately 1.1 billion people in the world do not have access to electricity. That is roughly 17% of the global population. Meanwhile, another 2.9 billion people burn wood or other biomass fuels for light, to cook food and to heat their homes. This results in harmful indoor air pollution that causes millions of deaths each year. Electricity is such a privilege, and one which many people in the world do not have access to.
The downside to not having electricity in Tanzania
In Tanzania, there are many benefits for a family to have electricity in their home, and a lot of negative side effects for the entire family if they do not. In Tanzania, only 15% of the population has access to electricity. That is far, far below the average for the rest of the world. When families in Tanzania do not have electricity, their children are unable to continue their studies after daylight. Since Tanzania is very close to the equator, the sun rises and sets at around 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. every day, respectively. Without light, families are confined to the hours of daylight to do what they need to do.
Many families utilize kerosene lanterns for light. Though this does allow families to have light after sunset, kerosene is expensive, often costing nearly 1 dollar per liter. For families living in poverty, often on less than 1 dollar per day, this is quite a bit of money out of their daily budget. Kerosene is not only expensive, but the emissions from kerosene lanterns can be very harmful to the health of the family. And if it is not kerosene, it is wood burning stoves or the burning of other fuels for lighting, heating, and cooking that have shown to have incredibly harmful health hazards, causing over 4 million deaths annually from indoor air pollution.
Benefits to Electricity
For a local family the benefits to having solar power in Tanzania are abundant. There are immense health and monetary benefits to electricity, including the elimination of indoor air pollution from kerosene lanterns or burning wood, and money saved from not having to purchase these sources of fuel. When given light, children are able to study after the sun has set and finish their homework for the following day in school. Furthermore, many women make beautiful beaded jewelry and trinkets to be sold in the market. This is a valuable source of their income, and if they cannot work beyond 6 pm this significantly cuts down on their profits and the number of bracelets or necklaces they are able to create and sell.
One of the most important reasons that electricity is important in East Africa is a thing called M-Pesa. M-Pesa is a mobile phone-based money transfer system, where essentially all transactions are done via cell phone. Nearly everyone in Tanzania uses M-Pesa, as you can make deposits, withdrawals, transfers, or even pay for goods and services with a simple text to someone else’s mobile device. Mobile phones are such a crucial part of life in Tanzania, and nearly everyone has one. The problem is, when someone has nowhere to charge their mobile phone then they are unable to access their money, or pay for their food at the market. Often people will walk for miles to a “pay-to-charge” station, which not only is costly but also takes a lot of time out of someone’s day to walk to and from this charging station. With electricity in the home, they can charge their mobile devices and have access to their money at any time.
But how to get electricity to remote Tanzanian villages? Answer: solar power
Solar power is energy harnessed from the sun. It is not only a wonderful source of sustainable and renewable energy, but it is a relatively low maintenance way of lighting your home. As long as the sun is still shining, humans can utilize this resource. This is important because in much of Tanzania, there is not a power grid for families to use. Therefore they need a source of energy that is independent of any power grid, and ideally one that is free of cost. Solar power covers both of these bases. With these solar systems, families are provided with two or three light bulbs (usually one indoor and one outdoor), a charging station for their phones, and the capability to hook up a television if they so desire. The battery for this system can last for 8-10 years if they are well maintained, giving families a phenomenal opportunity and a sustainable solution to their lack of light.
How can you make a difference?: ARCC Tanzania summer trip!
On the ARCC Tanzania: Safari and Solar trip, you could have the opportunity to provide this much needed solar power in Tanzania by helping install systems for families in need. Working with ARCC’s wonderful partners, you have the opportunity to learn more about solar energy. Students learn how to build the solar batteries, complete the wiring for the systems, and actually go install them in the home of someone who has never had electricity before. ARCC’s partner does a day-long workshop with the students to teach them about how solar works, how the batteries work, how to go about constructing and wiring all of these parts, and even has every member of the group calculate how much energy their household uses at home in order for them to gain perspective. Not only will you gain valuable skills in learning how to use power tools, and wire the light bulbs into a home, but you can have the opportunity to change someone’s life forever by giving them light.
Tanzania Solar Project 1
And if you are interested in learning more about ARCC’s Tanzania summer trip? Check out the Tanzania: Safari and Solar summer program for more information on how to get involved
ARCC Programs has offered summer travel programs for teens for over 30 years. With travel programs for teens on six continents, there is something for everyone. Find a summer program on our website or request a catalog today.
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Grading Higher Education: Giving Consumers the Information They Need
Bridget Terry Long
Introduction and Summary —
A college degree bestows numerous benefits upon individuals and society, including higher earnings, a lower likelihood of unemployment, an increased tax base, and greater civic engagement. For many, postsecondary training is the gateway to a secure job, nice home, and good schools for their children.
The problem is that going to college is an expensive investment. The cost of four years of college can exceed $100,000, and over a quarter of four-year college students graduate with over $25,000 of student loan debt. Moreover, the college investment is a high-risk proposition. While the average return on a postsecondary credential is substantial, justifying the cost in most cases, there is no guarantee that a person will benefit. Only half of college entrants complete a bachelor’s degree and so many students forfeit the potential returns of such a degree.
At the same time, student needs are changing. A majority of those attending college are no longer the traditional students attending immediately after high school graduation who are reliant on their parents for support. Instead, many are working learners who are trying to gain a variety of college-level skills while balancing family and employment demands.
In addition to being a costly and uncertain endeavor, attending college also requires one to make a complicated set of decisions that must be done in the appropriate order and at the right times. These decisions include whether and how to prepare, where to apply, which institution to choose, and how to finance the costs. There are numerous resources to help students understand and improve their preparation for college, but there are far fewer tools or aids to help families navigate the college selection process.
Indeed, with little help families must sort through a complex menu of postsecondary institutions that differ in terms of level, sector, and focus as well as costs, admissions standards, and credentials and majors offered. Then they must put this information in perspective with their own personal situations and preferences.
Families must also discern differences in quality, or the likelihood that the school will impart learning, support student success, and result in future benefits. Such differences are hard to detect because measurements of quality in higher education tend to rely more on the characteristics of the entering student body rather than the value added by the higher education institution or the benefits realized by graduates. The difficulty in sorting colleges by characteristics and quality is compounded by complicated pricing structures, in which the net price each student pays often differs due to government and institutional financial aid.
In summary, the process of college choice involves simultaneously ranking options in multiple ways, relying on incomplete and uncertain information, and receiving little or no support for interpreting the facts that are available. These choices carry on throughout the enrollment experience as students must constantly reevaluate whether their enrollment decision is likely to pay off. |
Compare The Examination Of Abnormal Psychology English Literature Essay
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The abnormal mental state of the narrators in both Browning's poetry and in Banks' novel, The Wasp Factory, is intrinsic in achieving the gothic style. Whilst the protagonists' insanity is more implicit in Browning's poetry, the narrators, nevertheless, display similar characteristics of psychosis and delusion. Indeed, this madness disconnects the characters from the rest of society, and this element of monstrosity is vital in creating the intrigue and terror that ensues. Inclusion of such monstrous figures destabilises the 'natural order': it challenges the fixed social structures and ideology, and becomes inconsistent with what the majority considers both acceptable and intelligible. Yet, whilst on the surface gothic works may appear to reinforce these seemingly grotesque characteristics, in many respects, through exposing the 'unnatural', they deconstruct the illogical, and thereby attempt to create a set of social norms.
The first chapter of The Wasp Factory, The Sacrifice Poles, serves as a warning to the reader that they are entering into the domain of Frank's psyche. The unconventional behaviour she displays is evident through her intentional replacement of common nouns with proper nouns: for instance, the capitalisation of words such as 'Factory' and 'Poles'. Essentially this represents the objects which Frank views as significant in the private world that she has constructed for herself. Frank's tendency to fantasise is further demonstrated through the naming of her catapult- "The Black Destroyer". In fact, Frank goes beyond symbolism- for instance she assigns the house with humanistic attributes through personification: "powerful body buried in the rock". Of course, this description may well be representative of the dark life she lives, in regards to both her social isolation and the sinister lifestyle that she leads. The conflicting behaviour that Frank exhibits, that is her seemingly child-like behaviour and her meticulosity with rituals, underlines her highly unusual mental state.
The initial lines of Porphyria's Lover similarly imply the protagonist's unusual frame of mind. The use of pathetic fallacy and personification, for instance, "the sullen wind" is not only effective in creating a cold and melancholy atmosphere, but may be representative of the narrator's mind; consequently, there is a strong sense of foreboding. The abnormal psychology of the narrator is further exemplified through the description of how the wind "did its worst to vex the lake". Likewise, the wind is "awake" and tears down "the elm-tops for spite". Thus, the wind is perhaps an emblem of the narrator's destructive capacity: it could be argued that the lake is representative of Porphyria, and the wind is representative of the narrator's anger towards Porphyria. In this sense, the narrator's anger is possibly a consequence of his inability to possess the femininity that Porphyria exudes. Similarly, in The Fall of the House of Usher, Poe's imagery describing the decadence of the house is perhaps an attempt to symbolise the narrator's degenerating mental state. Also, the "Haunted Palace" that is occupied by "evil things... (that) assailed the monarch's high estate" is possibly an allusion to how his mind is being possessed by the malevolent forces that ostensibly surround the house.
In The Wasp Factory, Frank's father also displays an abnormal state of mind, which is demonstrated through his efforts to exert constant authority over his daughter. Mr Cauldhame has ultimately left Frank excluded from society through his decision to conceal his identity and home educate him. More sinisterly, however, Angus, through experimentation, has essentially created a contemporary Frankenstein. Fundamentally, Angus has suppressed Frank's innate feminine characteristics through experimental hormone therapy and has indoctrinated her with misogynistic views. This enables Mr Cauldhame to think that he is in control of what he views as the correct "father- son relationship". Of course, normality has no association with Frank's life: the child-like mentality that she exhibits through his fantasy, perhaps signifies that, in reality, Frank is scared of the 'real world' in a multitude of ways. Alternatively, this fantasy world may keep Frank at least partially sane: Eric shows the stark consequences that may result from the 'real world'. Moreover, their use of imperial measurements is not only indicative of Mr Cauldhame's compulsive disorder, but accentuates the concept that the island does not progress with time. In this respect, the Cauldhame family is a microcosm of the demise of the empire and the island is a last remnant of it. Accordingly, it can be argued that it was the demise of Angus' position as a patriarch that has ultimately brought about his decision to devise an all male enclave. Angus' obsession with control, therefore, stems from his fear of being replaced as the 'monarch' of the 'empire' because of the emergence of the new feminist movement. Thus, Angus Cauldhame's behaviour is synonymous to the description found in Jerrold Hodge's gothic textbook: Angus has created a "patriarchal enclosure... designed to contain and even bury... a potentially 'unruly female principle'". The way in which Banks presents the reader with a typical boy's story whose protagonist is, in truth, a girl is perhaps a critique of the way in which society devises fixed binary gender stereotypes, and thus is an attempt to undermine these traditional gender expectations. Frank, however, conforms to the typical gothic female character, who is suppressed by a domineering male; the irony is that Frank is both the subjugated female and the tyrannical male.
A similar desire for control is displayed by the narrator in Browning's My last Duchess. This element of control, that the narrator wishes to possess over his wife, is exemplified through the poem's iambic pentameter. With twenty-eight rhyming couplets, the very tight structure of the poem is possibly representative of the level of authority and control that he expects to exert over his wife. The curtain that he has drawn over his late wife's picture is again perhaps symbolic of the level of authority that he desires to exercise over his female partners. Indeed, he "gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together". The underlying sense of threat signifies his expectations of how his wife should behave. Ironically, however, the Duke can only, when his wife is dead, counteract what he perceives as her "earnest glance". Fundamentally, his wife has been objectified from subject to object; she is simply one of his possessions. Similarly, the narrator in Porphyria's Lover demonstrates a notion of control. The sibilance in the sentence, "she shut the cold out" stresses how she is able to alleviate the narrator's mental anguish. However, it also stresses the narrator's dependency on Porphyria and this concept is reiterated through the way "she was mine, mine". The use of repetition thus highlights the possessive nature of the protagonist. Certainly, it is possible that the narrator is resentful of both her social superiority and of her more commanding presence. In the nineteenth century, society was characterised by patriarchal codes, which women had to adhere to; ultimately, men typically exerted absolute control over their female partners. Thus, Porphria's "gay social life" may also be a source of the protagonist's bitterness and the only way to free himself of such powerlessness is to kill her. Browning may be attempting to indicate a reversal of gender roles; the male is the 'weak' character through his inability to keep control of himself- let alone Porphyria. In this sense, the protagonist's obsession with maintaining control is similar to that displayed by Mr Cauldhame in The Wasp Factory.
Frank's aggressive behaviour also illuminates his abnormal psychology. In many ways, the buck, which Frank encounters, is symbolic of all the things that she wishes to possess: that is, ironically, an 'alpha-male' persona. This concept of masculinity is maintained through the way that Frank "hissed". This animalistic imagery, once again, highlights Frank's aggressive and territorial nature, which reveals her very apparent abnormal mindset. In essence, though, this encounter is an externalisation of Frank's internal battle. This externalisation of an internal conflict is perhaps representative of Frank's struggle with her dual gender identity. Additionally, this attack of revenge on the buck reinforces that Frank has the capability to kill and in fact clarifies her monstrosity. More disturbing, however, is Frank's admittance that "it felt good"; this compounds her mental disposition. This scene provides the reader with a very clear image of Frank's ability to inflict suffering and destruction whilst chillingly deriving pleasure out of it. The externalisation of internal conflicts is equally manifested in Poe's work. For instance, in The Tell-Tale Heart and The Black Cat the narrator's attempt to bury the corpse symbolises their attempts to conceal the problem. In The Black Cat, the narrator's attempt to hide the corpse under the wall is ultimately representative of his desire to contain his problems within. Alas, for the narrators, their failure to deal with their problems effectively, leads to the resurfacing of the initial problem, and, inevitably, their downfall.
However, despite Frank's seemingly grotesque and in many ways nauseating behaviour, the reader can, nevertheless, sympathise with her. Certainly, Frank's manipulative nature may well be an attempt to expose her abnormal mind further. However, an encounter with this element of monstrosity is sometimes known to provoke paradoxical emotions. This notion of 'abjection' as Julia Kristeva describes is the "in-between, the ambiguous, the composite". Thus, the monstrous element has the ability to induce sentiments of horror and desire, disgust and fascination. Indeed, Frank's mix of monstrosity and humanity possibly provide us with a forewarning of the transgression of which we may all be capable of; this, of course, presents a poignant and unsettling dimension. The Inclusion of animals is evident in Frank's encounter with the buck, and in Poe's The Black Cat. Poe's story, like Banks' novel, perhaps includes these animalistic aspects to reiterate that by undertaking such vicious acts the narrators are in complete deficiency of a logical human psyche, and are more comparable to animals, who ultimately do not work in such moral frameworks. The authors are perhaps attempting to demonstrate that the narrators are deficient in human ethics: as philosopher Daniel Dennett states, many regard human ethical knowledge as a "marvellous perspective that... no other creatures have".
The unconventional behaviour displayed by the narrator in Porphria's Lover, is implied further through the way he "debated what to do". This uncertainty accentuates that when he kills Porphyria, it is a conscious decision and not an impulsive act. The composure, which the narrator exhibits is also shown through the very orderly 'ABABB' rhyme scheme which is ultimately suggestive of the attitude, albeit this makes him appear all the more dangerous. However, alliteration in the sentence "Blushes beneath my burning kiss" presents a degree of desire for Porphyria. The paradox may nonetheless simply epitomise his psychosis. In The Wasp Factor, Frank's casual admittance that his killings were "Just a stage (he) was going through", stress his lack of remorse; in fact, like the narrator in Porphria's Lover, Frank is essentially justifying his actions. Hence, it reveals the very apparent psychosis of both narrators. In addition, despite Browning's clues towards the protagonist's madness, it is never evident through the tone or diction of the poem. Instead of being presented with a stereotypical mad character, like Eric in The Wasp Factory, it is more implicitly implied. Alternatively, his madness is suggested through what the narrator does not say and the fact that he perceives Porphyria as being happy and at peace: "The smiling rosy little head"; the narrator's portrayal of events can simply not accord with reality. Undoubtedly, the narrative of Porphria's Lover could well be a figment of the protagonist's imagination; if this is the case, then it clearly reinforces that the narrator exhibits an element of abnormal psychology. The concept of the narrator justifying their actions is illuminated in The Tell-Tale Heart. Certainly, the narrator is essentially justifying the murder of the "old man" through the notion that he had an "evil eye": "I think it was his eye!- yes, it was this!" In essence, the narrator's uncertainty alludes to the concept that it is simply an attempt to justify the sinister and irrational behaviour that the reader is about to witness.
A parallel can be drawn between the way in which the narrators justify their behaviour and the notion of self-deception. In The Wasp Factory, Frank's self-deception is exemplified through the way in which she has essentially created her own fantasy. Frank's propensity to self-deceit is apparent through the final chapter: "the factory was my attempt to construct life, to replace the involvement which otherwise I did not want". Moreover, the level of deception is explicitly expressed through her engagement in rituals, which is an attempt to affirm her position as man. Frank's repetition of the "secret catechisms" thus helps her to create the illusion of her male persona. Ultimately, though, her attempts are futile: the juxtaposition of the bowie knife and comb that Frank carries around presents the reader with a subtle intrusion of Frank's 'real' gender identity. These two contrasting objects possibly symbolise Frank's conflicting personality: the knife is representative of the destructive behaviour that she asserts to conform to her male persona, whilst the comb is representative of her inherent, albeit more restrained, feminine character. This lingering uncertainty regarding sexual identity, as Boris Kühne argues, is a "source of the uncanny" and presents us with a "pervasive gothic feeling"; this ostracises Frank from societal norms and is inevitably the major source of her monstrosity.
This is also evident in Browning's Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister. Essentially, the narrator soliloquises his own inadequacies and attributes them to Brother Lawrence. Stanza four illustrates the narrator's perception of his own self-righteousness, and indeed his dedication to denouncing Brother Lawrence's commitment to his faith. The narrator describes Brother Lawrence's ostensible lusting over the two nuns, Dolores and Sanchicha. Yet he goes on to explain that "that is, if he'd let it show"; crucially, there is no evidence that Brother Lawrence has been looking at the nuns lecherously. Rather, the detailed account of the nuns' activities must be a product of the narrator's own impure thoughts, and his attempts to attribute these unchastely thoughts to Brother Lawrence can only serve to accentuate his self-deceptive and manipulative personality. The monk's attempt to describe himself as the epitome of morality continues with his comment regarding the symbolic divide between their table etiquette. The crossing of his silverware, the narrator argues, symbolises his remembrance of Christ's death on the cross; Brother Lawrence displays no such gesture. Additionally, the narrator's absurd suggestion that Brother Lawrence's drinking of the "watered orange pulp in three sips" supposedly denies the Arian doctrine again provides us with an illustration of the narrator's attempts to reaffirm to himself that he is morally superior to Brother Lawrence. Ironically, despite the narrator's belief of his superiority, his attempt to condemn Brother Lawrence into eternal damnation reiterates his spiritual inferiority. More unsettling, though, is the time-consuming effort the narrator has carried out to consolidate his hatred into structured stanzas. Undoubtedly, his behaviour appears wholly illogical to the reader; this irrational behaviour provides an indication that Browning's narrator in Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister also exhibits an elementary characteristic of abnormal psychology.
The quasai-religion that Frank constructs reiterates the depth of her delusion and, correspondingly, her abnormal psychology. However, Frank's religion has not stemmed from an intrinsic religious belief, but arguably out of a necessity to harbour some control, whilst denying any element of responsibility. Frank, because of the absence of any family archetype to follow, relies on inanimate powers to guide and ironically protect her. Frank creates a polytheistic religion: Water, fire and death are all pseudo-Gods and perhaps compose Frank's trinity. Indeed, Frank's monstrosity is a result of his indifference with moral expectations. The sea has "destroyed what (she has) built... wiping clean the marks (she) made". Thus, Frank deduces that this permits her to inflict suffering on animals, which are below the pseudo-hierarchical order that she has created. Frank's quasai-religion naturally has many Christian elements: the lighting of the candles in Frank's religions, however, contrastingly symbolises a destructive power. Banks notes that this was an attempt to satirise religion, and expose the ways in which we are all "deceived, misled and harking back to something that never existed". Consequently, Banks ridicules all religions perhaps in a bid to create a society that is free from religious doctrine, and one that advocates logic and equality. Certainly, the gothic genre was originally thought to be a response to The Age of Reason, a radical notion that criticised religion and challenged the legitimacy of the bible. It was in relation to the rise of rationalism over religion; the very notion that Banks advocates in The Wasp Factory.
Religious overtones are similarly apparent in Browning's The Laboratory. The poem employs a quintessential gothic setting with the narrator's laboratory providing a frequent allusion to the devil's 'workshop'; this indicates the narrator's malevolent intent. The anapaestic meter of the poem possibly reflects her enthusiasm and engagement in producing the poison. Additionally, the tricolon "Grind away, moisten and mash up thy paste" is representative of her increasing exhilaration as the poison approaches completion, whilst active verbs such as "grind" and "pound" convey violent connotations, which present us with an ambience of foreboding. The "exquisite blue" and the "gold oozings" of the poison, however, are possibly an allusion to the opulence of the French court. There is a stark contrast between the murky laboratory, which is arguably representative of the decadent aristocrats, and the affluence of the court; this is perhaps symbolic of the widespread corruption that encompassed the French aristocracy. Of course, during the emergence of the gothic literary movement, the period was characterised by widespread terror namely from the French Revolution. Subsequently, the genre became very popular with writers as it enabled them to express sympathy and moral concern over such movements. Poe's work also contains religious undertones. For instance, in The Tell-Tale Heart, the narrator essentially ascribes himself the role of God; this is reinforced by the way he describes his supremacy: "the extent of my powers- of my sagacity". The notion of grandeur that the narrator assigns himself, however, ultimately reveals his very clear mental dilapidation. |
The Disaster Movie Approach to Fuel Efficiency
Remember in movies like “Armageddon” and “Independence Day,” when the world united to combat asteroids and aliens…well, why can’t we do this in the sustainable energy movement?
• Transcript
Question: How can nations unite to battle climate change?
Felix Kramer: I sometimes wonder why the world can’t unite the way you see in movies when you… when there is an asteroid heading toward the earth and we know it’s coming in a few years we all get together somehow or when we’re about to be invaded by some aliens the world cooperates and we have that kind of an asteroid heading toward us. It’s called climate change or global warming or global weirding, which is what some people talk about, extreme temperatures and the world is changing and we need all to get together on this and we don’t and we don’t declare an end to business as usual. The biggest challenge at this point is for people to realize that the next generation is going to be living in a very different world and if we don’t’ get together and do something about it we will be committing a great crime to our descendants by plundering the world and by not fixing it and we still have time to do that, but the time is running out.
Question: Do you think that the government should focus or prioritize certain R & D projects?
Felix Kramer: For a long time everyone said, “Let’s promote all alternatives.” “Let’s not lose the chance that maybe some good technology will turn out to be much more promising than we thought.” “We can’t afford to pick winners.” But in fact, we’ve been picking winners for years. For centuries the US government has been… We started financing Samuel Morris’ telegraph and ever since then we’ve been pouring money into technologies. Aerospace helped the computer industry grow and radio technology and now a lot of people are starting to realize that it’s time to pick winners. We don’t have the resources to support everything and electricity has emerged as that kind of a solution, which is… which solves many, many problems and exists… and using existing technology. We have to put the pieces together differently. That means we don’t have to wait for breakthroughs. All the breakthroughs are welcome when they happen, but we can get started and go very far with today’s technology, so there seems now finally to be a recognition that this a time to choose one primary route for transportation in particular and that is electrification.
Question: How can we overcome the huge costs of creating sustainable energy is America?
Felix Kramer: It’s a big question when whether we will declare business as usual and if we did we would say it’s time to spend the money to make this transition as rapidly as possible. Some people have estimated it would cost 600 billion dollars to rapidly accelerate the growth of the electrification of transportation. That happens to be the same amount of money we send overseas every year for imported oil, so it sounds like a lot of money, but we’ll be way ahead of the game if we do it and if it involves spending a little more on electricity and if it involves a complicated system where people who need to drive for work are subsidized and where we have maybe a… what’s called a fee based systems where the big heavy vehicles are highly taxed and the more efficient vehicles are less taxed. There are a lot of solutions here, but we have to have the will to do it and to say we can’t be afraid of calling for a gas tax. We can’t be afraid of saying that some things are going to have to change. |
Bedeutung von “set” im Essential American English Dictionary
verb us /set/ present participle setting, past tense and past participle set
B1 to arrange a time when something will happen:
Should we set a date for the next meeting?
The next meeting is set for 6 February.
B1 to make a piece of equipment ready to be used:
He set the alarm for 7 a.m.
It’s a historical adventure set in India in the 1940s.
set someone free
to allow someone to leave prison
set fire to something
to make something start burning
set the table
to put plates, knives, forks, etc. on the table before you have a meal
If a liquid substance sets, it becomes solid.
(Definition von “set verb” aus dem Webster's Essential Mini Dictionary © Cambridge University Press) |
Selecting Nested Data for a Column
The following queries show how to access the nested data inside the parts of the record that are not flat (such as topping). To isolate and return nested data, use the [n] notation, where n is a number that points to a specific position in an array. Arrays use a 0-based index, so topping[3] points to the fourth element in the array under topping, not the third.
0: jdbc:drill:zk=local> select topping[3] as top from dfs.`/Users/brumsby/drill/donuts.json`;
| top |
| {"id":"5007","type":"Powdered Sugar"} |
1 row selected (0.137 seconds)
Note that this query produces one column for all of the data that is nested inside the topping segment of the file. The query as written does not unpack the id and type name/value pairs. Also note the use of an alias for the column name. (Without the alias, the default column name would be EXPR$0.)
Some JSON files store arrays within arrays. If your data has this characteristic, you can probe into the inner array by using the following notation: [n][n]
For example, assume that a segment of the JSON file looks like this:
The following query would return 6 (the third value of the second inner array).
select group[1][2] |
Online Encyclopedia
Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 217 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Spread the word: it!
VOTE and VOTING. The Latin votum, derived from vovere, not expressly make provision for concealing the identity of the to vow, meant a solemn promise, hence a wish, desire or prayer, , person registering the vote is " open." Some methods of in which senses the doublet " vow," derived through French, voting still employed (as in the case of parliamentary elections is used now chiefly. " Vote " is specially employed in the sense for some of the English universities, where votes may be sent of a registering of one's choice in elections or on matters of by post) must necessarily reveal the manner in which the elector debate, and the political meaning is the only one which requires has recorded his vote. It is in connexion with the election comment. of members of representative bodies—especially legislative Ancicnt.—In ancient Greece and Italy the institution of bodies—that the qualifications for and methods of voting suffrage already existed in a rudimentary form at the outset become especially important. Practically every civilized of the historical period. In the primitive monarchies it was country has accepted and put in force some form of representacustomary for the king to invite pronouncements of his folk I tion, which may be defined as the theory and principles on on matters in which it was prudent to secure its assent before- which the obtaining of a vote is founded. These are dealt hand. In these assemblies the people recorded their opinion with in the article REPRESENTATION, and it will be sufficient by clamouring (a method which survived in Sparta as late as to give here the various qualifications which are considered by the 4th century B.C.), or by the clashing of spears on shields. different countries as sufficient to give effect to the principle This latter practice may be inferred to have obtained originally of representation and the methods of recording votes. In in Rome, the word suffragium meaning literally a responsive detail these are given for the United Kingdom and the United crash. Owing to the lack of routine in the early monarchies States in the articles REGISTRATION of Voters and ELECTIONS, and aristocracies of Greece and Italy the vote as yet lacked and for other countries under their respective titles in the importance as ah instrument of government. But in the days sections dealing with the Constitution. of their full political development the communities of these The first consideration is the age at which a person should countries had firmly established the principle of government be qualified for a vote. This in a large number of countries according to the will of majorities, and their constitutions is fixed at the age of manhood, namely, twenty-one years of age, required almost every important act to be directed by a formal but in Hungary the age is fixed at twenty years, in Austria vote. This rule applied equally to the decisions of general twenty-four years, while in Belgium, Baden, Bavaria, Hesse, assemblies, administrative councils and law courts, and obtained Prussia, Saxony, Japan, the Netherlands and Norway the age alike in states where suffrage was universal and where it was is twenty-five years, and in Denmark thirty years. Some restricted. countries (e.g. Austria, Germany, France) have adopted the In every case the taking of votes was effected in the form of principle of what is often termed " manhood or universal a poll. The practice of the Athenians, which is shown by suffrage," i.e. every male adult, not a criminal or a lunatic, being inscriptions to have been widely followed in the other states entitled to a vote, but in all cases some further qualifications of Greece, was to hold a show of hands (xetporovi.a), except than mere manhood are required, as in Austria a year's residence on questions affecting the status of individuals: these latter, in the place of election, or in France a six months' residence. which included all lawsuits and proposals of ostracism (q.v.), A common qualification is that the elector should be able to were determined by secret ballot (+'ipfrwper, so called from the read and write. This is required' in Italy and Portugal and >Ooi or pebbles with which the votes were cast). At Rome some of the smaller European states, in some states of the the method which- prevailed up to the and century B.C. was United States (see ELECTIONS) and in many of the South that of division (discessio). But the economic and social depend- American republics. But the most universal qualification of ence of many voters on the nobility caused the system of open all is some outward visible sign of a substantial interest in the suffrage to be vitiated by intimidation and corruption. Hence state. The word " substantial " is used here in a comparative a series of laws enacted between 139 and 107 B.C. prescribed sense, as opposed to that form of suffrage which requires nothing use of the ballot (" tabella," a slip of wood coated with wax) g more for its exercise than attainment of manhood and perhaps for all business done in the assemblies of the people. a certain qualifying period of residence. This tangible sign For the purpose of carrying resolutions a simple majority of of interest in the state may take the form of possession of votes was deemed sufficient. Regulations about a quorum property, however small in amount, or the payment of some seem to have been unusual, though a notable exception occurs amount of direct taxation, indeed in some cases, as will be in the case of motions for ostracism at Athens. As a general seen, this is rewarded by the conferring of extra votes. rule equal value was made to attach to each vote; but in the In the United Kingdom possession of freehold or leasehold popular assemblies at Rome a system of voting by groups was property of a certain value or occupation of premises of a certain in force until the middle of the 3rd century B.C. by which the annual value gives a vote. This qualification of property may richer classes secured a decisive preponderance (see COMITIA). be said to be included in what is termed the " lodger " vote, As compared with modern practice the function of voting was given to the occupier of lodgings of the yearly value unfurrestricted in some notable ways. (i) In the democracies of Greece nished of not less than £1o. In Hungary, the payment of a the use of the lot largely supplanted polling for the election of small direct tax on house or land or on an income magistrates: at Athens voting was limited to the choice of officers sproperty with special technical qualifications. (2) In accordance with the varying with occupation is necessary. So in Prussia, Saxony, theory which required residence at the seat of government as a Bavaria, Hesse, Italy (unless a certain standard in elementary condition of franchise, the suffrage could as a rule only be exercised education has been reached), Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal in the capital town. The only known exception under a centralized government was a short-lived experiment under the emperor (unless the elector is able to read and write) and Russia. Some Augustus, who arranged for polling stations to be opened at election- of the states in the United States also require the payment of time in the country towns of Italy. In federal governments the a poll tax. On the other hand, in Russia, students, soldiers, election of deputies to a central legislature seems to be attested governors of provinces and police officers are disqualified from by the practice of the Achaean League, where the federal Council voting; in Portugal, bankrupts, beggars, domestic servants, was probably elected in the several constituent towns. But little is known as to ancient methods of electing delegates to representa- workmen in government service and non-commissioned officers tive institutions, and in general it may be said that the function are not electors; it must be noted, however, that the governmen4 of the new Portuguese republic promised in 1910 a drastic revision of the existing franchise. Italy disfranchises non-commissioned officers and men in the army while under arms, as do France and Brazil. The United Kingdom and Denmark disqualify those in actual receipt of parish relief, while in Norway, apparently, receipt of parish relief at any time is a disqualification, which, however, may be removed by the recipient paying back the sums so received. In some countries, e.g. Brazil, the suffrage is refused to members of monastic orders, &c., under vows of obedience. Apart from those countries where a modicum of education is necessary as a test of right to the franchise, there are others where education is specially favoured in granting the franchise. In the United Kingdom the members of eight universities (Oxford, Cambridge, London, Dublin University, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and St Andrews) send nine members to parliament; in Hungary members of the professional, scientific, learned and other classes (over 8o,000) are entitled to vote without any other qualification; in Brunswick the scientific classes elect three members to the legislative chamber; in Saxony, members of scientific or artistic professions have extra votes; in Italy, members of academies and professors are qualified to vote by their position; while in the Netherlands legal qualifications for any profession or employment give a vote. Many objections have been urged of late years to the principle of according a plurality of votes to one individual on account of superior qualifications over others which he may be considered to possess. In the United Kingdom, where, roughly speaking, the principle of representation is that of taxation, the possession of qualifying property in any number of electoral districts will give a vote in each of those districts. Whether those votes can be actually registered will of course depend on certain circumstances, such as the distance of the districts apart and whether the elections are held on the same day or not. The Radical party in the United Kingdom have of late years been hostile to any system of plurality of votes (whether gained by educational, property or other qualifications), though it may be said that the tendency of some recent electoral systems has been to introduce a steadying principle of this nature. In 1906 a bill was introduced for reducing the system of plural voting in the United Kingdom; it passed through the House of Commons, but was rejected by the House of Lords. The most remarkable system of plural voting was that introduced in Belgium by the electoral law of 1894. Under it, every citizen over thirty-five years of age with legitimate issue, and paying at least 5 francs a year in house tax, has a supple-mental vote, as has every citizen over twenty-five owning immovable property to the value of 2000 francs, or having a corresponding income from such property, or who for two years has derived at least roo francs a year from Belgian funds either directly or through the savings bank. Two supplementary votes are given to citizens over twenty-five who have received a diploma of higher instruction, or a certificate of higher secondary instruction, or who fill or have filled offices, or engaged in private professional instruction, implying at least average higher instruction. Three votes is the highest number allowed, while failure to vote is punishable as a misdemeanour. In 1908—9 the number of electors in Belgium was 1,651,647, of whom 981,866 had one vote, 378,264 two votes and 291,517 three votes. In some other countries weight is given to special qualifications. In the town of Bremen the government is in the hands of a senate of 16 members and a Convent of Burgesses (Burgerschaft) of 150 members. These latter are elected by .the votes of all the citizens divided into classes. University men return 14 members, merchants 40 members, mechanics and manufacturers 20 members, and the other inhabitants the remainder. So in Brunswick and in Hamburg legislators are returned by voters representing various interests. In Prussia, representatives are chosen by direct electors who in their turn are elected by indirect electors. One direct elector is elected from every complete number of 250 souls. The indirect electors are divided into three classes,the first class comprising those who pay the highest taxes to the amount of one-third of the whole; the second, of those who pay the next highest amount down to the limits of the second third; the third, of all the lowest taxed. In Italy electors must either have attained a certain standard of elementary education, or pay a certain amount of direct taxation, or if peasant farmers pay a certain amount of rent, or if occupants of lodgings, shops, &c., in towns, pay an annual rent according to the population of the commune. In Japan, voters must pay either land tax of a certain amount for not less than a year or direct taxes other than land tax for more than two years. In the Netherlands, householders, or those who have paid the rent of houses or lodgings for a certain period, are qualified for the franchise, as are owners or tenants of boats of not less than 24 tons capacity, as well as those who have been for a certain period in employment with an annual wage of not less than X22, 18s. 4d., have a certificate of state interest of not less than roo florins or a savings bank deposit of not less than 50 florins. The method now adopted in most countries of recording votes is that of secret voting or ballot (q.v.). This is carried out sometimes by a machine (see VOTING MACHINES). The method of determining the successful candidate varies greatly in different countries. In the United Kingdom the candidate who obtains a relative majority is elected, i.e. it is necessary only to obtain more votes than any other candidate (see REPRESENTATION).
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A Best Help Guide To Writing Sonnet Poem
The word “sonnet” comes from the Occitan word sonet and also the Italian word sonetto, meaning “little song” or “little seem”. It developed right into a poem composed of 14 lines through the thirteenth century, carrying out a strict rhyming plan and particular structure. Fundamental Forms and kinds of Sonnet Italian or Petrarchan Sonnet
An Italian Man , or Petrarchan sonnet is among the earliest sonnet forms in the realm of literature. This sonnet is further made up of two kinds of stanza forms. The audience of first 8 lines is known as the Octave using the rhyming structure abba abba .
The rest of the 6 lines is known as the Sestet and may have either 2 or 3 rhyming sounds, arranged in a number of ways. Common rhyming designs for any sestet is abcabc or abccba. Illustration of Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet Poem
Milton! thou shouldst be living only at that hour: England hath necessity of thee: she’s a fen Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen, Fireside, the heroic insightful hall and bower, Have forfeited their ancient British dower Of inward happiness. We’re selfish males Oh! raise us up, go back to us again And provide us manners, virtue, freedom, energy. Thy soul was just like a Star, and dwelt apart Thou hadst a voice whose seem was such as the ocean: Pure because the naked heavens, regal, free, So didst thou travel on life’s common way, In cheerful godliness but thy heart The lowliest responsibilities on herself did lay. -London, by Wordsworth Spenserian Sonnet
The Spenserian sonnet, introduced by Edmund Spenser is definitely an outgrowth from the stanza pattern, utilized in his famous work The Faerie Queene (a b – a b – b c b c c), has got the pattern:
Format of the Spenserian sonnet follows a abab pattern, composed of independent 4-line groups, each that contains a particular concept. The very first 12 lines contain lines by having an overlapping abcd rhyming plan, split into 3 separate quatrains as the last 2 lines contain a rhyming couplet.
The very first 3 quatrains contain separate but loosely related idea as the last couplet professes a completely different idea. Illustration of Spenserian Sonnet Poem
What guile is that this, that individuals her golden tresses She doth attire within internet of gold With sly skill so cunningly them dresses, What is gold or hair, may scarce find out? One thing men’s frail eyes, which gaze too bold, She may entangle for the reason that golden snare And being caught may craftily enfold Their less strong hearts, that are not knowledgeable? Take heed therefore, mine eyes, how ye do stare Henceforth too rashly on that guileful internet, By which when ye entrapped are, From her bands ye in no way shall get. Folly it were for just about any being free, To covet fetters, though they golden be. -Amoretti by Edmund Spenser (c. 1552-1599)
British or Shakespearian Sonnet
An British or Shakespearean is among the easiest form in most sonnet poems and includes 14 lines where each line consists of ten syllables and it is designed in iambic pentameter.
The format of the Shakespearian sonnet includes a pattern of the unstressed syllable then a stressed syllable that is repeated five occasions. The British sonnet consists of 3 quatrains of alternating rhyme as the latter line is a rhyming couplet.
The rhyming plan inside a Shakespearean sonnet is abab, cdcd, efef, gg. Each quatrain within the British sonnet forms a particular concept that is carefully related or follows the idea of another quatrains. Illustration of British/Shakespearian Sonnet Poem
Allow me to to not the wedding of true minds Admit road blocks. Love isn’t love Which alters if this alteration finds, Or bends using the remover to get rid of: O no! it’s an ever-fixed mark That appears on tempests and it is never shaken It’s the star to each wandering bark, Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be used. Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheekbones Within his bending sickle’s compass come: Love alters avoid his brief hrs and days, But bears it even going to the advantage of disaster. If the be error and upon me demonstrated, Irrrve never writ, nor no guy ever loved. -Shakespearian Sonnet 116
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Battle of Anegawa
Anegawa (SW4)
Date August 9, 1570
Location Ane River, near Lake Biwa in Ōmi Province
Result Oda and Tokugawa victory
Nagamasa Azai
Yoshikage Asakura
Nobunaga Oda
Ieyasu Tokugawa
The Battle of Anegawa (姉川の戦い), also called the Nomura Conflict and the Mitamura Conflict, is one of the decisive battles between the Azai family and the Oda family. Each leader calls upon their family allies to assist in the campaign. The exact details of the conflict are unknown since it is given mixed details from the various parties involved. The Nobunaga Kouki only gives it a brief mention at best.
In the games, it is often dramatized as a tragic battle between both parties, who have family ties due to Oichi's marriage to Nagamasa.
Role in GamesEdit
Samurai WarriorsEdit
Samurai Warriors has the battle used for various parties and at various times. It also doubles as the map for the Echizen conflicts with the Honganji Rioters and the escape at Kanegasaki in the Xtreme Legends expansion.
Ranmaru's version of the stage takes place after saving his lord from Honnoji. Mitsuhide flees from death and rallies several anti-Nobunaga forces to join him, including Ieyasu, Masamune, and Keiji. To counter, Nobunaga joins forces with the Yoshikage and Nagamasa, thanks to Oichi helping him escape. After stopping the initial attacks from enemy generals, Magoichi appears and threatens to snipe Nobunaga. Ranmaru may choose to prevent the sniping and is one of the steps needed to decide which path his story shall take. As he rushes into Mitsuhide's camp, he struggles to overcome his feelings for his mentor whilst staying true to his duty. In their duel, Mitsuhide either retreats or dies at Ranmaru's hands, deciding which path Ranmaru will take for his last scenario.
The stage also serves as Mitsuhide's dream stage where he battles the Tokugawa, Uesugi, Sanada, Date, Fūma, remaining Oda forces, and various ronin such as Okuni, all led by Ieyasu Tokugawa, as Mitsuhide's last step to unify Japan after defeating Nobunaga and Hideyoshi.
For Samurai Warriors 3, the Asakura are stationed in the west with the Azai in the east. In Hanbei's story, he can get one of the Asakura officers, Naofusa Haguchi to mutiny. Once he defects, he can be escorted, to Keijun Miyabe and another officer to also make them defect to the Oda as well.
Warriors OrochiEdit
In the first Warriors Orochi game, this battle is among the many side story stages available to Wu. It uses the same exact layout unchanged from Samurai Warriors 2. The battle has Sun Ce come to the aid of his wife who is being cornered by both Dong Zhuo and Sima Yi for secretly defying Orochi. The mission will end in failure if Sun Ce, Da Qiao, or the main camp are lost.
This stage makes a return in both Musou OROCHI Z and the PSP version of Warriors Orochi 2 as another additional dream mode stage featuring San Zang and the army of Wei as they seek to capture Sun Wukong who helped release Da Ji and Himiko. The player must overcome various traps and sorcery set up by the enemy forces in order to ensure the arrival of reinforcements from Shu. Da Ji's defeat results in the appearance of Kiyomori.
Warriors Orochi 3 makes use of the Samurai Warriors 3 version of Anegawa albeit with some radical changes based on modern-era Japan. While Ma Chao, Yukimura Sanada and Ranmaru Mori pursue Kiyomori and Guo Huai guards the main camp, the demon commands the brainwashed officers under his control to annihilate their former allies. Ryu, Benkei, and Zuo Ci appear as reinforcements and allow the coalition to free the enslaved.
Ultimate shows the same battle, but this time, from the perspective of Ryu Hayabusa's forces. It also reveals how Ryu, Benkei, and Zuo Ci managed to breach Kiyomori's defense.
Game Nihonshi KakumeijiEdit
The Battle of Anegawa is one of the more intense stages in terms of unit count. This skirmish tests the player's ability to coordinate attacks from different sides, thus patience and careful planning are necessary to win the battle. To lessen the amount of active foes, make liberal use of Tokichiro's tactic to disable them for several turns.
Historical InformationEdit
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Our Universe & Beyond: Truth Stranger than Fiction?
Matt Lowry
Have you ever been so engrossed in a science fiction novel that, once you put it down, you wondered: What if? Well, as we head into the 21st-century, modern science is beginning to reach the point where we might wonder if our universe is right out of a science fiction novel.
In the early 1900s, Albert Einstein provided a comprehensive view of gravity, called general relativity, which looked at gravity as a warping of the fabric of space-time. In fact, general relativity predicted that the universe was in a state of expansion. In the 1920s, Edwin Hubble's observations of the red-shift of galaxies provided the evidence for an expanding universe. And in the 1960s, yet more evidence confirming this fact was provided by the accidental discovery of the cosmic background radiation by Penzias & Wilson.
All three lines of evidence led to the inescapable scientific conclusion that the universe started out some time in the past, about 14 billion years ago, in a super-hot, super-dense state now commonly referred to as the big bang. But I, like many of you, cannot resist the obvious question: What happened before the big bang? Is there something beyond even our own universe - perhaps other universes?
Such questions, up until recently, seemed to be the stuff of philosophy at best or crackpot pseudoscience at worst. However, within the last few decades, there has been a respectable, though incomplete, scientific framework that has evolved for potentially addressing these questions.
For example, one view of quantum mechanics - the physics of the atomic and subatomic scale where all things are uncertain and ruled by chance - is commonly referred to as the "many worlds interpretation (MWI)". In this view, which has become more popular among scientists, the different outcomes for a particular measurement are seen as reflecting different world-lines. For example, suppose you make a measurement of quantum spin of a simple system, like an electron - a result of "spin up" leads to one world-line, whereas a result of "spin down" leads to another. MWI is often called a view of parallel universes, where the differing probabilities of chance measurements in quantum mechanics leads to different universes.
Could it be that our own universe is merely one among a multitude? If so, how much alike, or different, are those other universes from our own?
Another contemporary area of study in physics is so-called string theory. String theory, which would be more aptly named "string hypothesis" since is has yet to be tested, posits the notion that all forms of matter - protons, electrons, quarks, gluons, gravitons, etc - are merely expressions of ultra-tiny vibrating strings of energy. Vibrate a string in a different frequency or pattern, and you get a different fundamental particle. In string theory, our universe exists in not 4 dimensions, but a whopping 11!
An extension of string theory, also known as M-theory, postulates that our universe could very well exist on a membrane, or "brane", which floats within the higher-dimensional space of string theory. It has been proposed by some string theorists that the parallel universes of MWI could exist on similar branes floating within this higher-dimensional space. And, they say, if two branes collide, the amount of energy released would be truly immense - enough, say, to cause a big bang and get an entire universe started. Not only that, but this "brane-big-banging" process could take place multiple times between two or more branes as they drifted past one another.
Needless to say, these are heady topics, causing even the most seasoned scientist's head to spin. And none of these more controversial hypotheses have yet been tested, though they may someday. I find that these scientifically motivated speculations are more fascinating than any science-fiction novel. The truth could indeed be stranger than fiction.
Ad Astra - Matt Lowry |
Wednesday, March 23, 2011
Presentation Tools for Teachers (& Students)...
...that aren't overdone.
This year, my colleagues and I moved into a renovated building. One of the upgrades that every teacher experienced was a classroom equipped with a ceiling-mounted computer projection unit, a Mobi (mobile whiteboard), and a Laptop. As a result, the number of us using PowerPoint for every lesson has grown exponentially. The explosion of Power Point aided lessons has in some cases led to an exponential growth in students placing Power Point on the same level as thick worksheet packets and lengthy standardized assessments. Further, many teachers are starting to feel the same way after being subjected to poorly constructed and delivered presentations by students. What happened to this tool that at the start seemed so engaging and dynamic?
Essential Question:
How do teachers navigating this new world of projection screens, Smartboards, etc. keep things fresh? Let's look at some presentation tools and techniques available to any teacher with an Internet connection.
Friday, March 11, 2011
Candy Bar Templates
Hey Mr. Reck's Candy Unit kids,
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Traits include such personality characteristics as introversion,aggressiveness, generosity, nervousness, and creativity. Systems that address personality as a combination of qualities or dimensions are called trait theories.
The first comprehensive trait theory was that of Gordon Allport (1897-1967). Over a period of thirty years, Allport investigated over 18,000 separate traits, proposing several principles to make this lengthy list manageable for practical purposes.
One was the distinction between personal dispositions, which are peculiar to a single individual, and common traits, which can be used for describing and comparing different people.
Gordon Allport - Yangya Xi (ಠ_ರೃ)
Gordon Allport
While personal dispositions reflect the individual personality more accurately, one needs to use common traits to make any kind of meaningful assessment of people in relation to each other.
All port also claimed that about seven central traits dominated each individual personality (he described these as the type of characteristic that would appear in a letter of recommendation).
Another concept devised by Allport was the cardinal trait—a quality so intense that it governs virtually all of a person’s activities (Mother Theresa’s cardinal trait would be humanitarianism, for example, while that of the fictional character Ebenezer Scrooge would be avarice). Secondary traits, in contrast, are those that govern less of a person’s behavior and are more specific to certain situations.
Raymond B. Cattell - Study hard
Raymond B. Cattell
Using the statistical technique of factor analysis, Raymond B. Cattell reduced Allport’s list of traits to a much smaller number and then proceeded to divide these into clusters that express more basic dimensions of personality (for example, the pairs talkative-silent, open-secretive, and adventurous-cautious can all be grouped under the overall source trait of extroversion).
Eventually he arrived at 16 fundamental source traits and developed a questionnaire to measure them—the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF)—which uses the answers to over 100 yes-or-no questions to arrive at a personality profile.
personality profile - Amel Alvi
personality profile
Hans Eysenck has also proposed a factor-analytic trait model of human personality. However, Eysenck’s model focuses on the following three dominant dimensions that combine various related traits: psychoticism (characterized by various types of antisocial behavior), introversion-extroversion, and emotionality/neuroticismstability.
Eysenck has also combined the introversion-extroversion and emotionality-stability scales into a model containing four quadrants whose groupings of traits correspond roughly to the four types of personality outlined by the physician Hippocrates over 2,000 years ago in ancient Greece—sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, and melancholic.
Hans Eysenck - Angel Lelga
Hans Eysenck
Other trait-oriented theories include those of J.P. Guilford and David McClelland. Currently, a number of psychologists interested in a trait approach to personality believe that the following five factors, rather than Eysenck’s three, are most useful in assessing personality: extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience.
A questionnaire called the NEO Personality Inventory, often called “the big five,” has been developed to assess these factors.
David McClelland - Nia Ramadhani
David McClelland
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Zenobia, Warrior Queen of Palmyra {Tara Reynolds}
Herbert Schmalz ~ Zenobia
In honor of Women’s Herstory Month, I wanted to write about Zenobia, one of my favorite warrior queens in history. Zenobia was born Around 240 CE in the Palmyrene Empire, which was known as Roman Syria. She was thought to be of Arab descent and claimed to be related to Queen Cleopatra and Queen Dido of Carthage. She became wife to Septimius, the King of Palmyra, in 258 CE. Septimius had a son from his first wife when he married Zenobia, and then he and her had a son of their own, Vaballathus. This name is said to have come from an Aramaic term meaning “The Gift of the Goddess”. The city of Palmyra was built around an oasis in the desert situated in the middle of the Roman and Persian Empires. It was a city filled with trade and culture from the Greeks, Romans, and Mesopotamians.
Septimius, Zenobia’s husband, and his son end up being mysteriously murdered and Zenobia assumed the throne, with an infant son. She gave herself the title Augusta and her son the title Augustus. Zenobia was known to be a real Warrior Queen to her people. She would ride out to battle, in the lead, and fight alongside her fellow warriors. Around 270 C.E. Zenobia conquered Egypt which at the time was under Roman rule. When her forces approached Egypt, the Roman Prefect, Probus, and his men tried to fight off the army of Zenobia, but she conquered them, captured Probus, and beheaded them. She then claimed Egypt for her own and Alexandria as being “her ancestral city”.
Zenobia continued matching with her army, conquering other lands such as, areas of Anatolia, Syria, Palestine and Lebanon. She was successfuly creating her own empire and domain outside the rule of the Roman Empire and openly declared her empire independent to that of Rome. Queen Zenobia’s strength and warrior power reminds me of Queen Boudicca; ready to fight with her army, and ready to revolt against those who restrained her and her culture. It takes true courage and complete confidence to try and take over those who currently rule your country. Zenobia was also known to be very beautiful with long dark black hair, beautiful dark eyes, as well perfect skin and a “harmonious” voice much like her claimed ancestress, Cleopatra.
It was around 273 C.E that the Roman Emperor Aurelian, after fighting the Gauls, decided that it was time to take back his empire from Zenobia. He and his large army met Zenobia with her warriors at Antioch, an area of modern day Turkey, to fight. Zenobia was there with her army, proud and confident and ready for war. Unfortunately, the Romans end up defeating the Palmyrenes and Zenobia with the rest of her remaining warriors fled to Emesa. Aurelian and his army chased after them and captured the soldiers by force. It is said that Zenobia fled from her army back to Palmyra, where Aurelian eventually caught, and captured her. She and her son Vaballathus were then taken as hostages of Rome. On the journey back to Rome, Zenobia’s son died and, to add insult to injury, Zenobia was shackled with golden chains for the military victory parade through the streets of Rome.
After this, her life becomes somewhat of a mystery. Some say she committed suicide, to emulate her favorite declared ancestress, Cleopatra. Others say, that she was married off to a Roman Senator, lived with him in Tivoli, and even had children. There may be evidence of this story from an inscription found in Rome, naming a descendant of hers.
It’s great learning about stories of warrior women and warrior Queens in history. Women certainly had their place in history, and it’s nice to learn their stories and gain some encouragement and confidence from them. A woman like Zenobia was not afraid to fight for what she believed in, and she did so victoriously.
I hope you liked learning about this famous Warrior Queen!
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Travel Yunnan China:Yunnan Minorities:The Nu Nationality
Travel Yunnan China : Yunnan Minorities : The Nu Nationality
The Nu Nationality
The Nu nationality has a population of only 27,000. They stay mainly in Lushui, Fugong, Gongshan, and Lanping counties of Nujiang Prefecture. Those in northern Fugong and Gongshan called themselves "Along" and "Anu", and had kinship with the Dulong nationality in ancient times. Those living in southern Fugong and Gongshan areas called themselves "Nusu" and were regarded as the descendants of the Lu-lu people of the Tang Dynasty, who were called "Luman" in the Yuan dynasty and "Nuren" in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The ancestors of these two tribes lived in the same regions together for a long tome in the Nujiang Cangyou, and combined to form one nationality as time passed by.
The language of the Nu nationality belongs to the Tibeto-Burman Branch of sino-Tibetan Language family. Since they have been living together in the same area with the Lisu people, most of them can speak the Lisu langgage. But they use the Han writing system. the majority of them believe in primitive religion, and worship their ancestors, but some believe in Lamaism and Christianity.
The Nu people are good at playing musical instruments. their major musical instruments are pipa, kouxuan, dizi (Chinese flute) and hulusheng. Young people express their love by means of pipa and kouxan. On these occasions, lovers use music instead of words to communicate with each other.
Both men and women wear linen clothes. The Nu men usually wear long linen gowns with blue broche patterns. When they go out, they always bring their cutting swords, bows and fur arrow-bags. The women in Lushui and Fugong counties usually wear coats with buttons on the right, and ling skirts decorated with colorful laces. They wear coral and plastic beads on their heads and chests as ornaments. But the women in Gingshan only wear chest ornaments.
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Birth Registration
The International Women’s Suffrage Alliance, the predecessor of the International Alliance of Women, was founded to get women the vote. The women who did this took several things for granted: that there would be a system to find out who could vote, that the voters would be sufficiently educated. They departed from the European or North American context. Where a birth was registered, and thus people could prove their existence, where there was a universal school system, at least for primary education.
The founders of IWSA were not aware that there were millions and millions of people who were not registered at birth and thus could not be traced in case they were eligible to vote.
In the beginning of this year I got an email from ESCAP, the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. I read that the countries had met and promised to make a plan for birth registration. Then another email announced a resolution of the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/22/L.14/Rw.1) about birth registration, showing that it was a recurring concern. It gave a number of international instruments that gave the State parties the obligation to register all children immediately after birth, as provided for in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and other relevant international instruments to which they are party.
I decided to look up more about it, after all this did not sound as if much progress was made.
And indeed, UNICEF has conducted surveys 1)“in order to estimate levels of registration in 64 countries and to understand which factors are associated with children who obtain a birth certificate and thus realize their right to a name and a legal identity.”
Birth registration is a fundamental human right that opens the door to other rights, including education and health care, participation and protection. And more than fifty million babies are not registered each year, two fifths of the children born!
The reasons are poverty, lack of education, living in rural areas, not knowing that children have to be registered, or not knowing where.
The consequences are dying before the age of 5, if the children survive they have no right to health care, or education. They are prone to abuse: child labour, sexual offences, child marriage because their age can not be ascertained. When they are adult they can not open a bank account, get a marriage license, they can’t vote.
So if we take the reason for which we were founded seriously, we have our work cut out for us. Plan International has a campaign to sign a petition to the UN about every child having the right to a birthday. Sign it ( and send an e-card to your friends.
When I visited our Swiss affiliate at their yearly meeting last month, I bought a pencil from the daughter of the co-president. All over it was written: ‘Every day is a birthday’.
I didn’t know then that for so many children there is no birthday.
1) Innocenti Digest No 9.March 2002
Lyda Verstegen IAW President |
Standard Science Books
The scale of the universe mapped to the branches of science , with formal sciences as the inspiration. Therefore the vast structures of personnel and resources that constitute modern ‘science’ usually are not real science but as an alternative merely a professional analysis paperwork, thus pretend or pseudo-science; regulated by peer assessment (that is, committee opinion) relatively than the search-for and repair-to reality.
The time period affordances has become an important explanatory concept for our understanding of social media engagement and use , including by the way in which, in science communication But the concept of Affordance explored in the record is the cognitive idea launched by psychologist James J. Gibson within the seventies.
These communicating science for a living are likely familiar with the criticism of dumbing down.” It is an accusation that means simplification is inevitably a bad thing, and that it’s doable to communicate a message with out not directly shaping its which
Far from being frowned-upon, such gross and treacherous misapplication of research effort is positively encouraged, nay enforced, and never simply sometimes however as the norm in lots of locations and by many individuals, including what are alleged to be the most effective places for analysis (universities and different establishments); as a result of careerism is a more reliable route to excessive productivity than actual
Describing the level of awareness of these challenges in South Africa and the necessity for inclusion of different social groups, Michael Ellis (Science Communication Supervisor, South African Agency for Science and Technology Development, South Africa) talked about the instance of the Sq. Kilometre Array Telescope, a world partnership to build the world’s massive telescope in South Africa and Australia and the importance of local communities getting on board” such |
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Security expert Gary McGraw, author of Software Security: Building Security In, explains why the rush to upgrade our power grid may lead to security vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure.
Like this article? We recommend
Why the Rush to Embrace Technology Always Makes Security Harder
What is a Smart Grid?
The electric grid is almost like a living organism. Electricity flows through the grid as controllers work to keep things working properly — bringing power plants online, estimating load, balancing the peaks and valleys of demand, and so on.
You can think of today's existing grid as a "broadcast" system intended to get electricity from central power plants to the houses and businesses where it is needed. The idea behind smart grid is to do a much better job routing power so that it is available where it is needed when it is needed with much more efficient transmission (think superconducting wires, better substation routing, better load estimation, and so on).
Half the battle here is removing information latency from the consumption data stream. Knowing how much power the endpoints consumed last month, yesterday, or even eight hours ago is not fast enough. The smart grid requires faster propagation of data from the consumer end, and much quicker reaction time from the production and transmission end. That means a different sort of communication feedback loop is required.
What is a Smart Meter?
Part of the solution to the information latency problem is to build smart meters designed to measure power consumption and communicate those measurements back to "central services" quickly. Propagation of the data may happen over a separate information network (perhaps the Internet) and, in fact, different smart meter designs use different data networks, but the convergence of data and power transmission into one set of lines proceeds apace.
In 2008 Europe already had over 39 million smart meters installed (with Italy leading the charge). Some of these already-installed smart meters have advanced capabilities that go well beyond measuring exactly when electricity is consumed. They can also turn power on and off, ferret out unauthorized use, detect outages, and determine billing parameters. (If you put on your black hat and start thinking like a bad guy, you can see that this could get fun fast.)
Figure 1
Figure 1: A typical smart meter.
Obviously, the key challenge for smart meters is to get information regarding power consumption back to central services in a secure and reliable manner. There are many ways to transmit these data, but there is a clear trend toward the use of the TCP/IP standard (familiar to Internet geeks everywhere).
Data transmission turns out to be a hard problem from a reliability perspective (think of all of the disparate conditions and distinct locations where these meters need to perform, not to mention network outage, latency, and so on); but the real kicker is security. As usual, it appears that security is playing second fiddle to functionality in the rush to adopt technology. So, who would attack the power grid, and what would they do?
Smart Meters and Dumb Security
Believe it or not, software security has a huge impact on smart meters. For the sake of simplicity, think of a smart meter as a little computer hung on the outside of your house that is connected to both the power grid and a communications network. The question is, what is the state of security supported by the software in the meter? Is it riddled with vulnerabilities? Or was it built to withstand malicious adversaries? What happens when smart grid software is attacked?
There's bad news, of course. Some smart meter software appears to be riddled with software vulnerabilities. In July 2009, Mike Davis, a computer consultant from IOActive, gave a talk at Blackhat entitled Recoverable Advanced Metering Infrastructure in which he clearly described very serious security problems with smart meters. Davis and company procured some smart meters from eBay and proceeded to reverse the software and discover a number of vanilla software security problems and vulnerabilities. Building on a buffer overflow attack, Davis created a rootkit and a worm to propagate the rootkit between meters, revealing a scenario in which a botnet of compromised meters could be created.
It gets worse. Not only was the (broken) software susceptible to Davis' attack, but in some cases the data transmission and software update features in the smart meters were not properly protected with simple security mechanisms such as cryptography and authentication. We all know by now that software security is not a thing and that paying attention to the way the entire system is put together is critical, but no crypto?!
What all this technical risk really means in the end is not pretty. If you can root a smart meter through a buffer overflow exploit and built a botnet of compromised meters, the power grid itself is in trouble. Given the ability to turn compromised meters on and off all at once through a botnet controller, even a simple attack involving 50,000 meters could cause a 30 megawatt stability problem. That is the kind of problem that can bring the entire system down in a cascading failure. This is completely unsettling. And it's real.
In March, I gave a keynote talk to hundreds of executives who operate rural electric cooperatives throughout the country as part of the NRECA annual conference. Worry about the scenario above was palpable in the room as I described the attack. This is something that can actually happen.
Cyberwar, Terrorism, and Critical Infrastructure
The New York Times, in a story by John Markoff, describes a peculiar situation in which a Chinese academic paper about reliability and power grids is setting off alarm bells in the US government. According to Markoff, the academic paper was presented during a House Foreign Affairs Committee hearing as "describing how to attack the US power grid." Clearly, things are already on edge when it comes to cyber attacks and the critical infrastructure.
The problem is that our critical infrastructure really is at risk, and our foray into more advanced technology for the grid appears to be moving things in the wrong direction. There is a decent answer to addressing cyber risks in the power grid, but it is complex. The companies who purchase smart grid technology need to ask their suppliers for some evidence that their products are properly secure. The suppliers themselves (think Siemens) need to practice reasonable software security as described in the BSIMM.
This is an issue that major banks have already been addressing as "supply chain" software security. It's high time the embedded systems manufacturers and power grid operators did the same thing.
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Brown Trout, Salmo Trutta
Brown trout have an olive to golden brown back and lightening to a white belly. Sea run and large lake individuals have a silvery colouration. The body has numerous black spots on the back and sides which extend below the lateral line mostly near the head, and the sides also have red spots with bluish halos. Juvenile brown trout have 9 - 14 parr marks and red spots along the lateral line. The adipose fin is generally a redish-orange, dorsal fin yellowish with black spots, the caudal is squared and caudal peduncle roboust. Maxillary to below last half of eye on 5-inch fish, and extending well beyond eye in larger fish; gill cover usually with many spots; branchiostegals usually 10; dorsal fin rays usually 9; vomerine teeth well developed.
Brown trout prefer well oxygenated streams and lakes, and have a optimun temperature of 18.3 - 23.9 C. Spawning occures in late fall in headwater streams and over rocky shoals in lakes. The female excavates a shallow nest (redd) for egg and sperm deposition, and then covers it with gravel. The diet of brown trout include aquatic and terrestrial insects, crustaceans, amphibians, rodents, and fish. |
Disable SELinux without reboot
To disable the SELinux by modifying /etc/sysconfig/selinux file, we have to perform a reboot. In some cases, we may not be able to perform a reboot because this involves a downtime of the system. In this situations we can disable SELinux by using a simple command. This will not disable SELinux permanently. The effect will last until the next reboot, but you have the option to edit the selinux file so that it will be in the disabled state even after the reboot also. The steps for disabling selinux permanently are explained in my previous post.
The command the check the status of SELinux is given below.
This may show enforcing or permissive or disabled. In permissive mode, SELinux will not block anything, but merely warns you. The line will show enforcing when it’s actually blocking.
To disable the SELinux temporarily we can use the following command. This has to be executed as root or using sudo.
setenforce 0
After this command execution we can check the status of selinux using sestatus command. If it is permissive, we are good to go. 🙂
Disable SELinux in CentOS and RHEL
Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a security architecture integrated into the 2.6.x kernel using the Linux Security Modules. It is a project of the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and the SELinux community. SELinux integration into Red Hat Enterprise Linux was a joint effort between the NSA and Red Hat.
Most of the application needs SELinux to be turned off. Turning off selinux is simple. You can use the following steps to turn off selinux in RHEL or CentOS 6 and 7 operating systems.
Open the file /etc/sysconfig/selinux . The contents will be similar as below.
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - SELinux is fully disabled.
# targeted - Only targeted network daemons are protected.
# strict - Full SELinux protection.
The contents are self explanatory. Change the value of SELINUX as disabled and save the file. Then reboot the system. |
AQA AS Physical Education - Skills
AS Physical Education - Skills Revision cards. Exam Board AQA.
HideShow resource information
Skill; Learned behaviour to bring about the pre- determined results with maximum certainty often with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both as a result of evaluating information and decision making.
skilled performance shares the same characteristics :-
- skill actions have an objective
- skill is learned not generic
- Skilled movements are economic and efficient (dont waste energy)
- Skilled action ma be describe as the use of a technique at the right time and place.
- Skilled actions are consistently succesful
- skilled actions are often the result of receiving and evaluating information and then making the correct decision.
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Difference between skill and ability
Ability - Inherited, innate, stable traits that determine a person's potential to acquire skills, e.g. co-ordination, balance, agility, speed of reaction.
Simply, Abilities are generic, you are born with them and they only change due to growing and maturing. Where as skills are learned and improved.
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Types of Abilities
Perceptual -
To be able to take in information, recognise it and make sense of it.
The perceptual abilities that allows us to process the info in the display are:
- speed of perception
- being able to see various things in the display
- Analysing movement of other performer or object
- selecting the needed the stimuli.
genetic traits that help you 'percept' the environment like seeing things, knowing how to respond to certain things etc.
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Types of Abilities
Motor -
a series of genetically inherited traits that determine an individual's coordination, balance and speed of reactions.
They contribute to moving a limb or limbs successfully.
Motor abilities aid your movement by determining the essential abilities needed for it. like balance and coordination.
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Type of skill
For us to act in a skilled way we must receive information from our environment, select relevant and irrelevant information and then understand the information we have received and attended to. We then use and select the correct physical response.
This uses 3 different skills :-
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The use of the brain to reason and problem solve as a result of learning and experience.
Decision making skill.
Develops as we keep practising and learned from different situations.
For example,
Tennis play can play better against a player they have played before.
This is because the tennis player has learnt their opponents weaknesses and strengths. so they can change how they play and concentrate on certain movements to beat their opponent.
Player has DECIDED to change style of play because he has LEARNT from past exp.
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Selecting, interpreting and making sense of the information from our senses.
built on perceptual abilities
developed as we mature and from practice.
we learn how to extract the relevant information from our environment and discard the irrelevant information.
e.g playing football at a full stadium. You learn to blank out the chants and shouts of the fans inside the stadium and concentrate on the shouts from you team players.
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movement decided upon and controlled by the brain.
our movements, controlled by the brain towards a pre-determined goal or objective.
E.g. Learning to co-ordinate muscle contractions and relaxations in the leg to pass the ball.
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Classifying Skills
skill analysis and classification concerned with 4 factors -
- how much the performance of the skill is affected by the enviroment.
- how much control the performer has over the rate and the timing of the action.
- Level or precision or fine control the performer uses when performing the skill.
- whether it is possible to determine whether the movement has a clear start or finish.
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Open skill - A skill that is affected by the environment, or performed in a dynamic changing situation or environment.
Closed skill - A skill that is performed in a stable, unchanging environment, where the environment has little or no impact on the performance of the skill.
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External and Self
Externally paced skill - A skill that is performed when initiated by a stimuli in the environment. The rate at which the skill is performed is dictated by the factors in the environment.
Self Paced Skill - A skill that is performed with little dictation if any from the factors in the environment. Performer decided when the movement starts and the rate of it.
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Gross and Fine
Gross Skill - A strong powerful movement requiring the use of the major muscle groups. Think as gross meaning all. All muscles groups are used.
Fine Skill - A small precise movement where high accuracy and coordination is shown using small muscle groups.
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Discrete skill - movement with clear beginning and end.
Serial skill - series of specific movements (often discrete) chained together in a sequence
Continuous skill - No clear beginning or end. One end phase blends into the next phase.
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natalie mease
These are soo helpful! Thankyou! :D
Similar Physical Education resources:
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This documentation is archived and is not being maintained.
WebClient.OpenRead Method (Uri)
Opens a readable stream for the data downloaded from a resource with the URI specified as a Uri
Namespace: System.Net
Assembly: System (in system.dll)
Public Function OpenRead ( _
address As Uri _
) As Stream
Dim instance As WebClient
Dim address As Uri
Dim returnValue As Stream
returnValue = instance.OpenRead(address)
public Stream OpenRead (
Uri address
public function OpenRead (
address : Uri
) : Stream
Not applicable.
The URI specified as a Uri from which to download data.
Return Value
A Stream used to read data from a resource.
Exception typeCondition
The URI formed by combining BaseAddress, address is invalid.
An error occurred while downloading data.
The OpenRead method creates a Stream instance used to read the contents of the resource specified by the address parameter. This method blocks while opening the stream. To continue executing while waiting for the stream, use one of the OpenReadAsync methods.
If the BaseAddress property is not an empty string ("") and address does not contain an absolute URI, address must be a relative URI that is combined with BaseAddress to form the absolute URI of the requested data. If the QueryString property is not a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic), it is appended to address.
You must call Stream.Close when finished with the Stream to avoid running out of system resources.
.NET Framework
Supported in: 3.0, 2.0 |
Researchers Observe What Happens During a Quantum Phase Transition
Researchers Observe What Happens During a Quantum Phase Transition
Phase diagram of the material TlCuCl3 at low temperatures. The quantum critical point (QCP) separates the phases without and with a magnetic order (at low and high pressures, respectively). Quantum fluctuations decrease with increasing pressure. The colors represent the neutron intensities measured and reflect the excitations in the material. (Graphic: Paul Scherrer Institute / Christian Rüegg)
In a newly published study, researchers observe what happens during a quantum phase transition, and compare the “quantum melting” of the magnetic structure with the classical “thermal melting” phase transition.
Quantum-physical state
This “classic” melting is triggered by changes in temperature, but a comparable and equally fundamental phenomenon is determined by the laws of quantum physics. Quantum mechanics informs us that certain properties of particles in a material cannot be known exactly. This uncertainty is often referred to as quantum fluctuations: analogous to the classical fluctuations described above, the position of particles or the alignment of magnetic moments fluctuates over time. While the origin of the two kinds of fluctuations is completely different, in some situations they may have rather similar effects. A “melting” of the net ordered state of a system triggered by quantum fluctuations – a quantum phase transition – is the quantum-physical counterpart of the classical, thermal phase transition. Quantum-mechanical phase transitions are the key to many of the most exotic phenomena in solid-state physics, including high-temperature superconductivity.
The challenge of quantum fluctuations
Disorder is not necessarily disorder
The researchers studied the arrangement of the magnetic moments. In TlCuCl3 the moments come in pairs, and at low pressures the magnetic forces between pairs are at their weakest, giving a state with no magnetic order. “However, this disordered state looks completely different from a classical disordered magnet, where the directions of the magnetic moments are simply random,” explains Christian Rüegg, a laboratory head at the Paul Scherrer Institute and supervisor of the research project. “Here, on the other hand, two neighboring moments form a magnetic pair, with the two moments pointing in exactly opposite directions. The interplay between neighboring pairs, however, is not strong enough, so no long-range order is formed.” In this case, the laws of quantum physics do not stipulate which of a pair’s moments points in which direction and this complete uncertainty about the orientation of the individual moments corresponds to the strongest quantum fluctuations. If the pressure is now increased, the magnetic moments move together so that the moments from neighboring pairs feel each other more and more strongly until the paired state is replaced by a long-range magnetic order: a quantum phase transition comes about due to the pressure.
Quantum dynamics of the magnetic moments
In their experiment, the researchers focused primarily on the magnetic “excitations” inside the material, which provide extremely accurate information about the quantum states of the moments. These excitations can be imagined as a common, coordinated oscillation of the magnetic moments, much like a water wave or the vibration of a guitar string. The excitations are linked to magnetic “disorder” in the material as the more excitations there are, the more vigorously the magnetic moments fluctuate. Quantum physics dictates that most magnetic excitations in TlCuCl3 require a minimum energy to excite, and how easily these can be triggered depends on the interactions between the magnetic moments – controlled in this experiment by the temperature and by the pressure exerted on the sample. The researchers demonstrated that some excitations at both low and high pressures require rather high energy levels and are rarely occupied. However, if the pressure is adjusted towards the value where the quantum phase transition occurs, the minimum energy decreases and a number of different excitations can be observed. These also include one whose origin and mathematical description is exactly analogous to the Higgs boson in elementary particle physics, with the result that some researchers refer to the Higgs particle in solid materials. Rüegg explains: “We were absolutely astonished to find that these excitations played a key role, irrespective of whether the order was destroyed by quantum-mechanical or by classical fluctuations – a fascinating feature of quantum phase transitions.”
Neutrons reveal excitations
The researchers conducted neutron spectroscopy experiments using neutron sources at the Paul Scherrer Institute and the Institut Laue-Langevin. In their measurements, they passed a stream of neutrons through a sample of TlCuCl3 and observed how the flight path and speed of the neutrons changed. This enabled the team to study both the magnetic order and the excitations: if the neutron emerges moving more slowly than it entered, it must have lost its energy by triggering an excitation. “These fluctuations can only be observed with neutrons and it’s vital that you have the opportunity to study the sample at different pressure and temperature levels,” explains Martin Boehm, who supervised the measurements at the ILL. “In doing so, we benefit from one of the essential characteristics of neutrons: they can fly through the walls of the pressure cell where the sample is located practically unimpeded.”
Miracle material
“This type of spectroscopic experiment can be conducted for the first time with TlCuCl3 because the magnetic interactions are so sensitive to the applied pressure,” explains Rüegg. “In all the other materials we know you need a far greater pressure, which means you can only use very small samples – much too small for spectroscopic experiments with neutrons. Alternatively, you could try to produce many different samples that vary slightly in their structure but this would take a very long time and still would not yield a complete overview of the behavior.”
Publication: P. Merchant, et al., “Quantum and classical criticality in a dimerized quantum antiferromagnet,” Nature Physics, 2014; doi:10.1038/nphys2902
Source: Paul Scherrer Institute
Image: Paul Scherrer Institute / Christian Rüegg
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Users, roles, and permissions
User accounts
Students, instructors, graders… they are all users. Each person usually has one account, even if they use the account for multiple purposes, e.g., as an author and an instructor.
Each user has a username and password. The username can be the same as the person’s name, but doesn’t have to be. Many people like to use usernames like “jsmith” rather than “John Smith”. Cyco accepts either form.
When people create accounts, they can give extra information about themselves, like first and last names, and their interests (dogs, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, etc.). They can also upload an image.
Time zones
Each account can have a time zone associated with it. CyberCourse will adjust times to whatever time zone each user is in. Suppose a student in the US submits an exercise solution at 4 p.m. (student’s local time). A grader in the UK will see that the solution was submitted at 8 p.m. (grader’s local time). This matters when, for example, exercises have due dates and times.
CyberCourse will nag you if you don’t set your time zone.
Roles and permissions
Each account has one or more roles. Cyco defines the following roles:
• Administrator
• Author
• Reviewer
• Instructor
• Grader
• Student
Each role has a set of permissions, defining what users with that role can do. For example, authors can create course pages. Students cannot.
A user account can have more than one role. For example, it’s common for an instructor to also be a grader. In that case, the account has the combined permissions of both roles.
You can add more roles, if you want. For example, you could create a role called “Teaching assistant.”
You can also change the permissions each role has. For example, you can give authors access to exercise submissions.
If someone is using a Cycourse site without having logged in, they are using the “anonymous” account. (Although it isn’t an account, not really.)
User 1
When you install Cyco, you are asked for a username and password for “user 1,” also known as the superuser. User 1 can do anything, regardless of other permission settings. You should not use this account for normal operations.
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From the Publisher
Night and day, month after month, year after year, our ancestors dutifully recorded the passage of time on clay tablets, watching the heavens from stage towers and pyramids and from megalithic monuments whose incredible size and precise architecture boggle the mind. . . . Who were the builders of these mysterious structures? What was their purpose? Whose signature is indelibly written on these timeless stones, and who was the Divine Architect? Why was Stonehenge and its likes built by ancient civilizations at the very same time--4,100 years ago? What is their message for our time? With these questions in mind, Zecharia Sitchin, renowned researcher of past ages, takes us on a journey through the records of time in this, the fifth book of his Earth Chronicles series. Drawing deeply on Sumerian and Egyptian writings, millenia-old artifacts, and sacred architecture ranging from ancient Mesopotamia to pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas, this bestselling scholar provides astounding insights into the origins of the calendar, astronomy, and astrology. He takes readers to the climax circa 2100 b.c. when Marduk, the Babylonian national god, attained supremacy on Earth and proclaimed the New Age of Aries--after which society, religion, science, and the status of women were never the same.
Published: Inner Traditions on
ISBN: 9781591439158
List price: $24.00
Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.
Availability for When Time Began (Book V)
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Meet Raymond Nonnatus, the saint who was “not born”
St. Raymond Nonnatus surrendered his life for that of Christians captured by Muslims
In addition to the traditional vows of poverty, chastity and obedience, the Mercedarians also vow to willingly trade their lives for the lives of others. One of the original Mercedarians, St. Raymond Nonnatus, did just that.
If his surname, “Nonnatus,” seems strange, it’s because it is Latinized and means “not born.” In 1204 his father brought him into the world with a dagger, opening the womb of his mother, who died in labor.
Raymond’s father owned several farms and he wanted Raymond to manage one of them. Raymond, however, was drawn to the religious life. He possessed a deep devotion to God and the Blessed Virgin. Nearby was the ancient chapel of St. Nicholas and he would frequently go there to pray and meditate. Eventually his father realized that his son would not be a farmer and gave in to the boy’s wishes to join the Mercedarians, in Barcelona.
Emboldened by his father’s permission, Raymond told the Mercedarians that he had already taken a private vow of perpetual virginity and was determined to join them. He was accepted and (legend has it) St. Peter Nolasco, the founder of the Mercedarians, was the one who presented Raymond with the Order’s habit.
Still in his 20s at ordination, Father Raymond, in 1224, began his first redemption journey to Valencia, which had been conquered by the Moors. Raymond Nonnatus managed to gain the freedom of 233 captive Christians. He was just beginning his work.
In 1226, he traveled to Algiers, in Northern Africa, offering to become a prisoner in order to free another 140 captives. Three years later he went back to Algiers again. This time he was accompanied by his friend, Friar Serapion.
Friar Serapion had become a Mercedarian after having fought alongside Richard the Lion-Hearted during the Crusades. He had decided he would rather surrender his life for captives than kill. Together Serapion and Raymond managed to free 228 captives from the prisons and dungeons of Tunis.
St. Raymond’s last redemption was in 1236. It was in Algiers again and this visit is not known for the number of freed prisoners. Rather, it is known for the torture Raymond was forced to endure. Having exhausted all funds, Raymond stayed behind as a hostage. He spent his time in the dungeons preaching the message of Jesus and Christianity. His captors would have none of it.
Raymond Nonnatus died toward the end of August 1240; the exact day is unknown. He was 36 years old. Tradition has it that the villagers, the local count, and the friars all claimed his body. They resolved the dispute by placing Raymond’s body across the back of a blind mule. The mule was let loose and wherever it stopped would be Raymond’s burial place.
St. Raymond Nonnatus was canonized a saint by Pope Alexander VII in 1657. He is the patron saint of childbirth, children, and pregnant women. He is also patron for priests defending the seal of confession.
Read about St. Raymond’s brother Mercedarian, St. Peter Armengol, here .
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About Jules et Jim: Some Figures of Matriarchy from Bachofen to Truffaut via Benjamin, Roché and Hessel
Michael Hollington
p. 57-74
Cet article essaie de relever quelques aspects d'un mouvement de pensée « matriarcale » du XXe siècle, parfois plutôt souterrain, et de montrer dans quelle mesure cette pensée fait partie du contexte du grand film des années soixante de François Truffaut. Il s'agit des hypothèses de Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815-1887), juriste et archéologue suisse, qui proposait la théorie d'un matriarcat primitif à l'origine de la société humaine. Dans un premier temps, en Méditerranée par exemple, existait selon lui un système communiste où l'idée de propriété privée était absente, fondé sur l'« hétaïrisme », où les rapports sexuels, organisés selon les vœux des femmes, étaient complètement libres.
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Texte intégral
1The purpose of this paper is, first, to provide a brief sketch map of a comparative nature of some linked, formative appropriations in Germany and elsewhere in the early part of this century of the Swiss jurist and archaeologist Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815-1887), famous for his influential but controversial theory of the precedence of primitive matriarchy over patriarchy in the Mediterranean and elsewhere. On the one hand we shall look briefly and fragmentarily at two figures who formed the core of the Munich Kosmische Runde at the turn of the century: Alfred Schuler and Ludwig Klages, reactionary anti-modernists and anti-semites whose ideas associating matriarchy with the health and vigour of the European and Aryan races and the introduction of patriarchy with a decadence inspired by Judaism and the Semitic races form part of the background to Hitler, who at a formative stage frequented the salon of Else Bruckmann-Cantacuzène, a fervent admirer of Schuler's ideas (see Schlößer 136). On the other hand are a whole series of Jewish or part-Jewish writers and intellectuals - Karl Wolfskehl, a leading apostle of the Munich Bohème, his disciple Franz Hessel, Walter Benjamin, Hessel's close friend and collaborator, and, perhaps at first surprisingly but not essentially unrelated, François Truffaut, whose biological father seems to have been Jewish (see de Baecque and Toubiana 360-61) - whose work reflects a range of ambivalent tensions and contradictions which Bachofen's theories seemed destined to produce in the first two-thirds of the twentieth century.
2The mention of Truffaut's name serves also to indicate that the second purpose here is thus to examine part of the complex and again ambivalent intellectual context of his film Jules et Jim, where the 'archaic smile' of the heroine Catherine indicates that she is to be seen in one perspective as a 'heathen Madonna' or primitive matriarch, and where the subordinate role of her two male lovers also seems to be in consonance with Bachofen's theories. It is based on a novel of the same title by Henri-Pierre Roché, the Modernist Don Juan and art connoisseur, which draws directly upon his affair in the 1920s with Helen Hessel - the origin of Catherine, as Hessel and Roché are of Jules and Jim respectively. Roché had met Hessel in 1907, when the latter had decided to exchange the Munich Bohème for that of Paris in its heroic modernist phase. He himself can be seen as another ambivalent disciple of Bachofen - in particular, through Otto Weininger, to whom he was introduced by Gertrude and Leo Stein - and is treated as such here, his approach, as we shall see, perhaps somewhat closer to that of Klages and Schuler than are Hessel and Benjamin.
3But we shall begin with a brief outline of some of the major ideas of Bachofen with the aim of showing both how these were capable of interesting the Kosmische Runde and at the same time of showing how much that group distorted him. Bachofen's work is informed with what Foucault identifies as the dominant nineteenth century episteme - that is to say, it adopts throughout a cognitive model drawn from organic nature, and thinks the progression of human history entirely through this metaphor. Thus at the beginning of human society, according to Bachofen, the régime of promiscuity that then prevailed is seen as a kind of ritual imitation of and harmonic accompaniment to the proliferation of plant-life in swamps and marshes seen as the model, not only of the principle of fertility, but of a life-cycle in which death is thought of as slow decomposition rather than violent cessation, and thus vitally interlinked with life. He calls this « the lowest, purely Aphroditean stage of tellurian life. This stage is characterized by an unregulated sexual relation, the absence of all individual possessions or private rights of any kind, by the communal holding of women, children, and consequently of all property; it is a stage of formless, orderless freedom, and the only bond between creatures is that of Aphroditean love. » (Bachofen 190)
4At a certain stage of human evolution, however, recorded for Bachofen by the Demeter myth, this primitive form of matriarchy was replaced at the time of the Second Punic wars by a purer, more classical and Apollonian kind of matriarchy, in which property was acknowledged and its descent passed through the mother; as he wrote of the Epizephyrian Locrians, « nowhere do we find more noteworthy manifestations of the gradual rise of Demetrian matriarchy over the original Aphroditean ius naturale; the history of no other people shows so clearly how all political development is contingent on the defeat of hetaerism. » (Bachofen 98-99) In time this later stage was itself overthrown by a successful patriarchal revolt, establishing a new system of property and inheritance which Bachofen now saw as in decline. He certainly made his own anti-democratic contribution to the widespread theories of decadence at the end of the 19th century: « when every scoundrel counts for as much as the orderly citizen, » he wrote, « it's all out with rational government » and elsewhere that « the supreme aim of archaeology... consists in communicating the sublimely beautiful ideas of the past to an age that is very much in need of regeneration. » (Bachofen xxxvii) But he was not sure what would replace the patriarchal system, and certainly did not subscribe to any simple cyclical scheme of alternance between matriarchy and patriarchy.
5Nevertheless, it was the earliest phase of Bachofen's schema that proved to be most influential in the early 20th century, with Klages and Schuler and others amongst the Kosmische Runde in Munich, but not only with them. Their racist reading - that the original matriarchy (which they conveniently tended to forget had in Bachofen's account been lorded over by a powerful male tyrant) had been sullied by a patriarchy which had been introduced by Jews - was clearly a thorough misreading of Bachofen, who saw patriarchy as the most spiritual phase of human development (he affirmed that « Roman is the idea through which European mankind prepared to set its own imprint on the entire globe, namely, the idea that no material law, but only the free activity of the spirit determines the destinies of peoples » - Bachofen li), as an advance even over the period of classical matriarchy, which in turn he strongly favoured over the period of chthonian promiscuity. The preference of Klages and Schuler and Wolfskehl for this latter, which they saw in Nietzschean terms as « Dionysiac » (against the latter Apollonian periods), was in fact shared by Friedrich Engels in The Holy Family, who fixed upon the idea of a primitive communism and the absence of private property as the essential element to be retained from this primeval stage of human society.
6Thus Bachofen's theories were thoroughly contested, the site of a struggle between left and right for their interpretation and control. For Klages and other Nietzschean Schwabingers Bachofen was a profound analyst of modern technological decadence. He and Schuler and other members of the Kosmische Runde were distinguished by the intensity of their reaction against the massive industrial development of Germany in the period after 1870, fuelled in part by French war reparations; as Plumpe notes, they came from small towns, and experienced the rapid growth of cities like Munich with alarm (the bohemian world of Schwabing functioning for them in this respect as a kind of village city counter-culture). Their intellectual profile was made up of positive and negative poles: Klages, as a mother-earth worshipper, later to become a hero for German ecologists, was clearly also an anti-Semite and proto-fascist who promoted the by now familiar attitude towards the enlightenment as a cultural disaster, and embraced fully the potentially sinister anti-intellectualism of such a view (Fritz (145) observes that « Schuler und Klages sahen die Aufklarung in Gegensatz zum « Blut »). Their temperament also responded to Bachofen's evocation of « the sublimely beautiful ideas of the past » by turning nostalgically to pre-Enlightenment utopias - Schuler to the world of classical antiquity, to Rome and the Mediterranean, and Klages to primitive and authentic Germanic society and the world of Teutonic myth. « Die heutige Flugmaschine war Wodans Untergang, » wrote Klages (Plumpe 81). Their way of fitting Bachofen into their schema was to regard him as the harbinger of a Nietzschean historical return to the benign stage of development represented by primitive matriarchy.
7Apart from being half Swiss, Schuler had additional reasons for being attracted to Bachofen. His phallus-worship was a more thinly disguised expression of homoerotic tendencies than that of D.H. Lawrence. Encouraged by suggestions in Bachofen's work that the earliest stage of human development was marked by the prevalence of androgyny, he liked to dress up as a Magna Mater and preside as a Mother Goddess at the carnivals and ritual maskings that were beloved of the Munich Bohème. He was an intense anti-Semite, and yet, remarkably, shortly before his death in 1923, when he actually became familiar with Hitler and his methods and ideas, he saw him as an enemy of 'pure' anti-Semitism, and delivered one of the first and most strikingly prescient condemnations of what this further appropriation of Bachofen would entail: « Der nationalsozialistische Tumor auch in München rapid im Steigen, droht in der Hitlergruppe den Antisemitismus - 'So geben Sie mir ein anderes Schlagwort, womit ich die Masse gewinne' (Hitler) - aus dem Zentrum drängend, ist die trunkene Todesfackel, welche den Völkern ins Schlachthaus voranleuchtet. » (Plumpe 179)
8But at this point we may encounter the first truly ambivalent figure who stands in relation to the Bachofen heritage. This is Karl Wolfskehl, who saw himself (and most others have since seen him, despite possible counter-arguments advanced in favour of Alfred Schuler) as the person who, having encountered Bachofen via his father's library of religious and anthropological writings, had introduced the theory of matriarchy into Munich at the turn of the century: « ich darf sagen dass dieser völlig Verschollene durch mich wieder in die Welt des deutschen Geistes eingeführt wurde » (Schlößer 119). Wolfskehl was a Jew, yet he shared some of Klages's pan-Germanic enthusiasms, and unlike Schuler was more influenced by the world of Nordic mythology than by the Mediterannean - « weit mehr als die mir verekelten griechischen Altertümer von früh an Seelensubstanz, » he wrote (Schlößer 117).
9Up to a point, too, Wolfskehl accepts the anti-Semitic tendencies of Klages's manner of appropriating Bachofen. Yet he seeks to make a crucial non-racial discrimination. Although at some point Judaism may be connected with the race of patriarchy, it is not endemic to it: at an earlier stage Jews too were matriarchs and worshippers of the chthonian powers. In other words, there is nothing inherent in their race and character that produces patriarchal patterns of society. His arguments refine the anti-Semitic view of paternity, so that it is a late addition to Judaic experience: « dass die erdfremde, zerstörerische Tendenz des Judentums tatsachlich erst nach der Rückkehr aus dem babylonische Exil bei den Propheten zu bemerken sei. Er verherrlichte in Versen die prä-jahwistische Substanz » (Plumpe 169) This way of reconciling contradictions, of finding ways of submitting dubious and recalcitrant points of view to a Brechtian 'Umfunktionierung', will have later parallels, perhaps, in Hessel, and most particularly in Benjamin's dialectical way of dealing with material shot through with contradictions. Wolfkehl's closeness to Franz Hessel can be seen in the fact that is was he who took him to the station at Munich and saw him off when Hessel first left for Paris in 1906: he was one of the two figures of that Bohème whom Hessel most admired. The other was Franziska zu Reventlow, in whom we meet the first person actually to attempt to live out, or to have thrust upon her, the role of the primal earth goddess mother figure, which meant combining the role of Madonna with that of promiscuous pagan man-consumer. She discharged the former task with passionate commitment, bringing up her son Rolf without support and without ever naming anyone as his father: « so ganz unselig kann ich nie mehr werden, denn der tiefste Grund meines Lebens ist doch das Muttersein » she wrote (Fritz 95). She fulfilled the latter role with equal enthusiasm, but also with a humorous detachment which is of the essence in defining her attitude to the great myths of Bachofen and matriarchy and hetaerism at the turn of the century.
10For the 'heathen Madonna', as she was known, moved through a seemingly never-ending series of lovers that included both Klages and his deadly enemy Wolfskehl, though not of course the homosexual Schuler. Hessel shared a ménage à trois in Schwabing with her and the Polish painter Suchocki, a kind of trial run for the later, longer relationship with Helen and Roché, and Roché himself had a spell in Munich when he too became her lover. However, zu Reventlow was an essential mocker of the Kosmische Runde in Munich: « Sie war eine sehr scharfe Kritikerin und sah die Verstiegenheit dieser Leute um Klages, Schuler und George, sah sie sehr genau » said her son, many years later (Fritz 122). The Schwabing satirical magazine of which she and Hessel produced four numbers together in 1904 saw more immediately and clearly through Klages on physiognomy than (as we shall see) Benjamin or Roché. Zu Reventlow returned his exalted compliment on her racially pure Bachofen exterior (« in dieser Frau begegnete mir, gestaltet und verkörpert, das Element nordischen Heidentums in unvermischter Reinheit, strahlend, unbesieglich ») by calling him « Doktor Langschedel », in reference to his preference for supposedly Aryan features, and by writing satiric parodies of his disturbingly prophetic witch-hunt against supposedly Jewish ones:
um ein für alle mal mein Volk zu wahren
Von runden Schadeln und brunetten Haaren. (Fritz 62, 142).
11And so on to Hessel himself, who shared zu Reventlow's sense of humour and irony, which was indeed one of the grounds of his reverence for her. We may capture it here in the critical, mock-heroic element in his relation to the classics, which he shares with Joyce, as well as with earlier figures like Dickens and Daumier. Like most of the figures discussed here, he was in essence a pagan admirer of Mediterranean antiquity, expressing a European-wide, Nietzsche-inspired turning against Christianity and toward paganism at the end of the 19th century (in England, for instance, dissimilar figures like D.H. Lawrence and Rupert Brooke described themselves as pagans, and in Ireland, Joyce joined forces for a while with Oliver St. John Gogarty, inhabiting a Martello Tower which the latter regarded as the omphalos of a new pagan sun-worshipping cult). Here, for example, is Stéphane Hessel's account of his father's classicism, in which we cannot fail to observe the Munich-inspired anti-patriarchal note - « Franz m'a inculqué le goût du polythéisme, qui ne réduit pas le divin à l'entité unique et un peu angoissante du Père éternel, mais nous livre à l'arbitraire émouvant d'Athéna, d'Aphrodite, d'Apollon et d'Hermès » (Stéphane Hessel 13) - and which we can readily compare with Rolf Reventlow's memory of how his mother Franziska gave him a classical education outside of all conventional schooling: « hat sie mir viel aus dem Homer vorgelesen, die griechischen Götter und Odysseus sind mir heute noch ein Begriff. « (Fritz 95) Franz and Franziska were obvious fellow-pagans.
12Yet the astringent side of Hessel is present not only in his mockery of the Kosmische Runde but also, at moments, in his attitude to the Roché/ Helen Hessel affair, with its avowed classical model, the relationship between Achilles and Penthesilea. One comment recorded in Helen's journal is particularly striking in its deflation of the pretentions involved, in modem times, in the attempt to live heroic, 'cosmic' lives, in Munich as later in Paris: « Il ne faut pas toujours mêler les Grecs dans tes affaires. Tu en fais un usage abusif. Leur monde est autre. Et pour toi, c'est trop facile. » (Helen Hessel 107)
13Roché's own attitude is clearly different here - he notes in his journal how « l'après-midi elle me et nous lit superbement Penthesilea de Kleist, comme si elle était Penthesilea (elle l'est) et moi Achille (je voudrais l'être). » (Roché (1) 61) Taking himself, his masculinity, and his relation to Bachofen rather more seriously than Hessel, he tended to follow Klages's belief in the possibility of judging someone from the observation and decipherment of signs apparent in their visible external existence and appearance (something, we shall see, he had in common with Benjamin). One of the chief spheres in which this operated, for Roché, was in the divination of physical auguries in the bodies of women that might indicate whether they could give birth to and nurture strong male children. In other words, with Roché the search for the woman with the « archaischer Mundwinkel » is the search for the woman fit to bear his son. It was in part because for a time at least she appeared to have passed every test in this respect that Roché embarked on what was easily the most intense affair of his career as a Don Juan, that with Helen Hessel.
14As we have said, Roché came at Bachofen through Weininger, whose relation to the source of the theory of matriarchy, and rôle in the elaboration of its central ideas, is well described by Jacques Le Rider, even if his assumption that Bachofen shared Nietzsche's ideas of an 'eternal return' is questionable, and seemingly indicates an uncritical acceptance of the parti pris of the Kosmische Runde:
Weininger part du constat angoissé qu'à l'époque moderne la féminisation de la culture triomphe et sape les valeurs masculines... Il explique le matriarcat contemporain par une périodicité historique (proche de celle qu'analysait Bachofen) qui fait osciller la civilisation occidentale entre le féminin et le masculin. La modernité serait dominée par les valeurs féminines : la majorité des hommes s'était efféminée, le virilité se trouve réduite à une idée de 'virilité héroique.' Sexe et caractère s'avère au contraire sur la prophétie d'une montée en force de la féminité, sous le double visage de la mère et de la putain, de la magna mater et de l'hétaïre. (Le Rider, 152)
15Thus we see that Weininger (who is in the line of descent from the Sacher-Masoch of Venus im Pelz, himself as Deleuze observes influenced by Bachofen) takes an opposite but complementary view to that of Klages and Schuler in studying signs of the féminisation of culture, and associating this - not patriarchy - with decadence and the rise to cultural prominence of behavioural features characteristic of the Jewish race. This seems to have corroborated Roché's own observations of Jewish character: he endorsed Weininger's typology of the different races of humanity, and the gender assignments that he concocted, according to which Jews were associated with 'feminine' weakness and passivity. It seems difficult not to conclude that this, in fact, informed his attitude to Hessel, and that in their long and close friendship there were elements, not only of a repressed homosexual attachment, but also of a fantasised master/slave relationship. Right at the start of Jules et Jim we learn that it is the moment when Jules chooses (fetishistically, it seems) a slave costume to wear at the ball that inaugurates the relationship between the pair - « C'est pendant que Jules fouillait doucement parmi les étoffes et choisissait un simple costume d'esclave que naquit l'amitié de Jim pour Jules » (Roché (2) 11) - and perhaps establishes its essential tenor.
16But the most deeply protected secret behind Roché's dealings with Bachofen, I think, is that his attraction to the ideal matriarch masks an anxiety about paternity. He is clearly obsessed with male health - sharing with Brecht and others that cult of boxing which was widespread in the 1920s, and seeing it as a means of keeping in combative shape for the Amazon with whom he must procreate - and with all forms of physical and cultural degeneracy: with his own degeneracy, in fact, part of the symptom of which to him is his own obsession with the question itself. A Strindbergian anxiety about fatherhood becomes explicit at times, undercutting and contradicting his Don Juanism, or at least revealing the double standard at its base: he is indeed anxious that the son borne by his seed shall not be contaminated by Helen Hessel's sexual relations with other men.
17And it is ironic, perhaps, that this anxiety should surface most explicitly in connection with Herbert Koch, another of that endless series of lovers that Helen Hessel, like Franziska zu Reventlow, seems to have needed to take on in order to carry out her own role as primitive hetaera and matriarch. Again it was Hessel who had first known him in Munich, but in 1911 Hessel and Roché went to Greece, and there at Tanagra Koch showed them the statuette of a satyr abducting a young girl upon whose lips the archaic smile played, even in the moment of rape. (Flügge 76-77) Roché shows himself a good deal less phlegmatic at the moment of the revelation that their 'son' may in fact be Koch's, or even sired by a completely anonymous male:
C'est ainsi qu'elle m'a avoué Hulle à Munich, puis l'inconnu dans le train et l'hôtel, ainsi qu'elle a avoué, devant moi, à Franz, qu'elle était peut-être enceinte de Koch. - C'est le premier soupçon qu'elle me donne sur la paternité du fils probablement conçu en elle. Je pense au Père de Strindberg. Je pense froidement : « Si c'est ainsi, ouf ! Je m'en vais... » Le fils ! On verra plus tard à qui il ressemble. Mais il ne sera jamais pleinement mon fils. » (Roche (1) 404)
18So that despite regarding himself and Helen as on another plane ('enorm', in the jargon of the Kosmische Runde), and seeing Hessel by contrast as the embodiment of a passivity which would also at times enrage Helen herself - when in the 1920s Roché passed Weininger on to her to read, she too was repelled by its account of 'femininity' - the inherent tension and ambivalence in their relationship undermined his sense of heroic superiority. The very combativeness of Helen, which, if turned in the right direction was the sign that, as a suitably regenerate Bachofen mother-figure, she might be fit to bear his 'son,' was also, if turned against him, a threat to his male identity. On another, more literary plane, the whole Jules et Jim project that he conceived - the idea that all three members of the ménage à trois should write their own accounts of the affair - involved the threat of textual contradictions, or at least unreconciled overlappings and mergings, that perhaps in itself carried the danger of upsetting his will to dominate and control the situation so as to produce a son of maximum masculine prowess.
19Helen Hessel, meanwhile, perhaps saw herself, like Franziska zu Reventlow, as most essentially a mother-figure. « Et puis, j'avais la conviction que de Franz, Pierre et moi, le plus aimé d'Helen, c'était moi, » writes Stéphane Hessel (Stéphane Hessel 24). Like zu Reventlow, who wouldn't even let on who the father of her child was, she downplayed, as we have seen, the role of the male as patriarchal father-figure. In the good hetaera tradition, though he had an indispensable part to play at the moment of conception, the existence of multiple lovers meant that he could never be sure even that he was indeed father of his own child. Here Franz, through acceptance of a radically scaled-down role as father and patriarch, possessed a paradoxical power over the other members of the trio - the power of he or she in the relationship who tolerates everything.
20Walter Benjamin's entrée into this web of relations occurs in the important year 1926. In 1925 he had finished Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels, concluding what he was to call the first cycle of his philosophical career. In March of 1926, Benjamin went to Paris, the move that marks the opening of his second cycle of preoccupation with French culture, which was to have culminated in the Passagen- Werk. The activity that characterises the transition is translation from French into German, and he went to France to work with Hessel on the Proust translation for which, with Hofmannsthal's help, a contract had just been secured. Yet most fundamentally in these years - as his Proustian tribute in Berliner Chronik acknowledges - he was indebted to Hessel, whom he had met in 1924. In Paris, Hessel introduced him to flânerie and to the leading literary figures of Surrealism and other movements, thus helping to launch the second phase of his career. He also, as reader for Rowohlt, gave Benjamin regular reviewing work for the magazine Literarische Welt from October 1925 onwards.
21What we can see at this precise moment in time is that the trio Jules et Jim et Catherine might easily have expanded to include Walter as well. It was because of her passion for Roché that Helen Hessel and her two sons settled in Paris in 1925, after which Hessel was drawn there himself the following year to continue the ménage à trois for a while longer. This time it also involved using Roché as a kind of native-speaker adviser for the Proust work, and Benjamin was initially invited to share the Hessels' house in Fontenay aux Roses, which would obviously have put him in regular close contact with Roché. He declined because of Helen Hessel's habit of flirting with him, perhaps with the aim of enlisting him as a pawn in her struggle with Roché, which consisted in part, as we have seen, in outdoing her lover in the art of seduction. Thankmar von Münchhausen, one of her earlier conquests, who acepted the rôle of accompanying him to various literary salons during this initial period of his introduction to Paris, may have given him an additional feel of the lie of this land.
22But despite his refusal of further intimacy with the household, we can note that Benjamin did go as far as to read two books by Roché that summer, one of them, his Don Juan of 1921, with an obvious bearing on the issues examined here, the other a book that Benjamin lists as Six semaines à la conciergerie pendant la bataille de la Marne, which Flügge identifies correctly as Deux Semaines. (Flügge 95) It was a rarity, published in 1916 in an edition of 150 copies, and must have come via Hessel from the horse's mouth. Hessel also influenced Benjamin's reading and writing in other Munich-inspired ways at that time - Benjamin read, for instance, Franziska zu Reventlow's Von Paul zu Pedro in that same period, thus making the acquaintance of the work of his friend's Schwabing heroine, as well as some of the early novels of Hessel himself. Scholem recounts that Hessel at this « gave Benjamin much inside information about that period in Munich (1903-4), which he could not have received from anyone else. » (Scholem 126) And in November 1927 he would introduce him to Wolfskehl, who was also in Paris at this time.
23Nonetheless, Benjamin did in fact already know quite a lot about Munich and the Kosmische Runde. During the First World War he had gone to Munich, not only to follow his friend Jula Cohn, but to study and seek contact with Klages, only to discover that he had gone to Switzerland to evade military service. Benjamin had in fact already met him, for Klages had been one of the tutelary geniuses of the Youth Movement, with which Benjamin was associated before the first world war, and had spoken in 1914 in Berlin at a Youth Movement meeting that Benjamin organised. Benjamin also in some measure shared the classical enthusiasms of Schuler and Hessel and zu Reventlow, if not of Klages and Wolfskehl - we find, for instance, that at his future wife's house he read aloud « an ode by Pindar in Hölderlin's translation and in the original Greek » (Scholem 28), expressing there, and in his essay on Hölderlin, his solidarity with the Munich Hölderlin cult of the time.
24It is surely in this general context that we should approach Benjamin's first significant Bachofen text, the review of Bernoulli's Johann Jakob Bachofen und das Natursymbol, one of the first that Benjamin wrote at Hessel's instigation for Literarische Welt, which appeared in September 1926. It is a piece written clearly under the influence of Klages, whose name Benjamin had already bracketed with Bachofen's in January of the same year (« Die Auseinandersetzung mit Bachofen und Klages ist unumganglich, » he wrote in a letter to Scholem, Benjamin Briefe 1,409). We can in fact see evidence in this review of the significance Klages would hold for Benjamin's later work, where, to quote Bischof and Lenk drawing on Adorno, « il ne serait pas toujours facile de discerner en quoi l'approche de Benjamin se distingue de celle d'un Klages ou d'un Jung » (Bischof and Lenk 183). What they mean is that some part of the method of the Passagenwerk, the idea of resurrecting the past and reanimating the soul of things through the use of a « collective unconscious » expressing itself in myth as well as in dream, seems to borrow elements from Klages and Jung.
25But the trio Bernoulli, Klages and Bachofen had also made a previous appearance in Benjamin's work, in his essay on Die Wahlverwandschaften, first published in January 1925. This work, in fact, lays considerable interpretative emphasis on telluric and chthonic powers over life and death in Goethe's novel, and so it is no surprise that Ottilie's death is compared to that of the symbolic cricket of Bachofen's Mutterrecht, « dem Tiere, das ursprünglich nur der dunklen Erde eigen vom mythischen Tiefsinn der Griechen in den Verband der uranischen Sinnbilder hinaufgehoben ward, » (GS I, 192-3) who sings of the mysteries of the earth as he dies, expressing again the intertwining of life and death in the chthonic phase of human development. Benjamin's discussion of the absence of surnames in Die Wahlverwandschaften may also carry echoes of Bachofen: no patronymics implies no consciousness of ontological origin other than mother earth, and we may notice that the absence of surnames is also a marked feature of Roché's Jules et Jim.
26However, despite these interesting details, one is tempted to conclude that at this point in his development Benjamin had not yet fully come to grips with Bachofen himself other than as mediated through Klages and Bernoulli - perhaps in part because the discussions with Hessel about Munich had not yet properly broached the subject. Though he certainly seems to know something about the controversies surrounding him - he mentions both Engels and Weininger for instance - he draws here, much more uncritically than he was later to do, on the Kosmogonische Eros of Klages, « dieses grossen Philosophen und Anthropologen. » Most eye-catchingly, he seems as yet less than fully aware of the capital significance in Bachofen of matriarchal theory, for he says of Klages that « sein Buch entwirft ein System der natürlichen und anthropologischen Tatsachen, auf denen die Grundschicht der antiken Kultur beruht, als welche Bachofen die patriarchalische Religion der 'Chthonismus » (Erd- und Totenkultus) erkennt » (GS HI, 44; my italics).
27That Benjamin's debt to Klages, like Roché's, had something to do with the Kosmiker 's energetic promotion of various 'sciences ' of reading the internal essence of a person's character from visible external signs (physiognomic, graphological and the like) - practices that were to make their own sinister contribution to Nazi ideology - is apparent in his second major Bachofen piece, the essay written in French in 1934 for Jean Paulhan and the Nouvelle Revue Française. Here he seems to follow Klages once more in commenting on the portrait of Bachofen which had accompanied Bernoulli's work, claiming that in the writer's physiognomic appearance one can read signs of his intellectual propensities: « une largesse presque maternelle répartie dans l'ensemble de la physiognomie lui confrère une parfaite harmonie. » (Benjamin GS H, 232)
28Yet the emphasis on harmony here in itself suggests that he is beginning to qualify Klages's « Dionysiac » approach to Bachofen. As he wrote to Scholem in July 1934, he was now in fact directly confronting Bachofen for the first time (« So komme ich zum ersten Male dazu ihn selbst zu lesen; bisher war ich vorwiegend auf Bernoulli und Klages angewiesen gewesen. » Benjamin Briefe II, 614) Partly in consequence of this fact, the1934 essay is a much more politically aware piece of work than the earlier Bachofen piece; it is consciously and explicitly anti-fascist, and discriminates carefully between different ways of appropriating Bachofen. We may also speculate, though, that Hessel's account of Munich in 1903-4, in particular of how Klages and Schuler had denounced Wolfskehl as a Jewish 'Molochite' fifth columnist who had infiltrated the ranks of 'correct' cosmic Bachofen-disciples, and of their definitive rupture with the George-Kreis, could have influenced his new approach.
29For in fact the essay shows many signs of Benjamin now distancing himself from the Kosmiker's misreading of Bachofen. « En regard des théories d'un Klages, » he writes, « rien ne mérite d'être souligné autant que le manque de tout néopaganisme chez Bachofen ; » the harmony Benjamin discerns in his work really more or less bypasses the Munich pagan approach to Bachofen, being composed on the one hand of respect for Swiss patrician democracy and for the communism of the matriarchal era. This latter gets respectful attention here, partly as a way of highlighting that there are other aspects of the era of primitive matriarchy to be considered in addition to the unbridled promiscuity that fascinated Klages and Schuler (« cet ordre différait foncièrement de l'ordre patriarcal du point de vue juridique ainsi que du point de vue sexuel. ») And though he still clearly finds much of value in Klages, particularly where his theory of mythic and symbolic survives of the past into the present is concerned, and discriminates between his and Schuler's proto-fascism and the fullblown fascist reading of Bachofen he finds in Baeumler, it is clear now how sharply he perceives the interweaving of sexual desire and political fantasy in the world of Schwabing and elsewhere: « Partout ces théories ont provoqué une réaction dans laquelle la vie intime de l'affectivité et les convictions politiques semblent unies indissolublement. » (Benjamin GS II, 232, 227, 231)
30Further corroboration of this new approach to Bachofen is to be found in Benjamin's Kafka essay, also written in 1934. « Seine Romanen spielen in einer Sumpfwelt. Die Kreatur erscheint bei ihm auf der Stufe, die Bachofen als die hetarische bezeichnet, » he writes. Once more it is clear that he is moving away from a Klages-derived idealisation of the era of primitive matriarchy, which survives into the present in the subliminal perceptions of Kafka's mind and art - « eine Erfahrung, die tiefer geht als die des Durchschnittbürgers » - as a token that twentieth century humanity has made no progress from its earliest beginnings. Here too he seems to endorse Bachofen's pessimistic, patriarchally oriented characterisation of primitive matriarchy as an era « deren regellose Üppigkeit den reinen Mächten des himmlischen Lichts verhaßt ist und die Bezeichnung luteae voluptates, deren sich Arnobius bedient, rechtfertigt » (Benjamin GS II 428, 429).
31But I conclude with a brief attempt to leap the gap between Benjamin and Truffaut, which may be greater in appearance than reality. We first require some simple factual links between Truffaut and Roché, which involve tangentially, as we have seen, links with Hessel and Benjamin. Truffaut in the early part of his career was a right-wing film-critic who worked for the right-wing magazine Arts, of which Roché in his old age was a regular reader. Conversely, Truffaut read Roché soon after the appearance of his novel, and, finding its narrative method exactly suited, formed straight away the desire to make a film of Jules et Jim: it was in fact to have been his first film.
32At this stage, we should not neglect to mention, Truffaut was an apologist for Pétain and the Vichy régime, as Roché had been. Roché in fact wrote Jules et Jim at Dieulefit in the Drôme in Vichy France during the war, roughly simultaneously with a proposed replacement for the Marseillaise as the appropriate anthem of the new collaborationist government, his Germanophilia, admirable in the 20s, when there was near-total aversion in France to all things German, having clearly taken a more unattractive turn. Truffaut, already at this stage, and Roché earlier, also unknowingly shared other character traits, in particular a marked Don Juan propensity.
33But Truffaut's politics began a leftward tack at the time of the Algerian war - that is to say, before Jules et Jim was actually made. So the film can be studied in a dual optic - as a fable with a strong sediment of right-wing ideology handled now from a more liberal perspective consonant with the 60s revolution in sexual behaviour and personal morality. Even Truffaut's earliest films had expressed a revolt against the classical institution of the bourgeois family (« mes films sont une critique de la façon française d'élever les enfants » - de Baecque and Toubiana 395), and reflected the traumas of his childhood: his mother's coldness and indifference, and her family's hushing up of his illegitimacy by having her marry a man who became to the outside world at least his 'father,' but whose most significant relationship was to strongly masculine outdoor activities like mountaineering and swimming. Later in 1968 he would hire private detectives to identify his 'real' father - a certain Roland Lévy, born in Bayonne in 1910, was the man they uncovered. The revelation of his Jewish origins was profoundly troubling - on the one hand, « il s'est toujours senti Juif » (de Baecque and Toubiana 361); on the other, he could not bring himself actually to make contact with the man whose existence and rôle in his life his profoundly right-wing family had sought to suppress.
34Approached from these two sets of ambivalences - personal and political - Jules et Jim can be seen to align itself less with Roché than with Hessel and Benjamin. Its unconsciously 'Jewish' portrayal of an alternative matriarchal family set-up that must end in disaster not only reflects Truffaut's deepest anxieties about his mother, and the identity of his 'real' father; it also seems to reactivate and reanimate collective aspects of the earlier Bachofen problematic sketched in above. Though, like Benjamin, it is likely that he would have quoted with approval Paul Lafargue on patriarchy - nous voyons que la famille paternelle est une institution relativement récente ; son entrée dans le monde est caractérisée par des discordes, des crimes et de viles niaiseries » (Benjamin GS II, 231) - its alternative remains, in Jules et Jim, a utopia.
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Bachofen = Ralph Manheim, trans., Myth, Religion and Mother Right: Selected Writings of Johann Jakob Bachofen. Introduced by Joseph Campbell. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967.
Benjamin Briefe = Walter Benjamin, Briefe. Gershom Scholem and Theodor W. Adorno eds. 2 vols. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1978.
Benjamin GS = Walter Benjamin, Gesammelte Schriften. Eds Rolf Tiedemann and Hermann Schweppenhauser. 7 vols. Frankfurt am Main : Suhrkamp, 1980ff.
Bischof and Lenk = Rita Bischof and Elisabeth Lenk, « L'intrication surréelle du rêve et de l'histoire dans les Passages de Benjamin. » In Heinz Wismann, ed., Walter Benjamin et Paris. Paris : Les Editions du Cerf, 1986. pp. 179-200.
de Baecque and Toubiana = Antoine de Baecque and Serge Toubiana, François Truffaut. Paris : Gallimard, 1996.
Flügge = Manfred Flügge, Le Tourbillon de la vie. La véritable histoire de Jules et Jim. Paris : Albin Michel, 1994.
Fritz = Helmut Fritz, Die Erotische Rebellion. Das Leben der Franziska Gräfin zu Reventlow. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Verlag, 1980.
Helen Hessel = Helen Hessel, Journal d'Helen. Lettres à Henri-Pierre Roché. 1920-1921. Marseille : André Dimanche Editeur, 1990.
Stéphane Hessel = Stéphane Hessel, Danse avec le siècle. Paris : Editions du Seuil, 1997.
Le Rider = Jacques Le Rider, 'Weininger,' in Jean Clair, ed., Vienne 1880-2938 : L'Apocalypse joyeuse. Paris : 1986.
Plumpe = Gerhard Plumpe, Alfred Schuler. Chaos und Neubeginn. Zur Funktion des Mythos in der Moderne. Berlin : Agora Verlag, 1978.
Roché (1) = Henri-Pierre Roché, Carnets. Les Années Jules et Jim. Première partie : 1920-1921. Marseille : André Dimanche Editeur, 1990.
Roché (2) = Henri-Pierre Roché, Jules et Jim. Paris: Gallimard, 1953.
Schloßer = Manfred Schlößer, Karl Wolfskehl: Leben und Werk in Dokumenten. Darmstadt: Agora Verlag, 1969.
Scholem= Gershom Scholem, Walter Benjamin. The Story of A Friendship. London : Faber and Faber, 1982.
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Michael Hollington, « About Jules et Jim: Some Figures of Matriarchy from Bachofen to Truffaut via Benjamin, Roché and Hessel », Babel, 2 | 1997, 57-74.
Référence électronique
Michael Hollington, « About Jules et Jim: Some Figures of Matriarchy from Bachofen to Truffaut via Benjamin, Roché and Hessel », Babel [En ligne], 2 | 1997, mis en ligne le 14 mai 2013, consulté le 28 mars 2017. URL : ; DOI : 10.4000/babel.2770
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Top 10 Poorest Countries In The World 2017
0 16
10: Ethiopia
Another African country Ethiopia which is officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it has border connected with Somalia, Kenya and other prominent countries, it is consist of large area which is 1,100,000 square kilometers and population is also is not far less than with respect to Area that is 100 million inhabitants therefore largest landlocked country and second in population after Nigeria in this Continent. Despite of rich in area and population but overall considered to be poorest country because it has income per capita less than $730 which is much developed from last year that was $505.
9: Guinea
The country of the west coast of Africa, Guinea which is officially known as Republic of Guinea but sometimes country called as French Guinea, this region is not such a short country but has total area 245,860 Square kilometers and has total population of 10.5 million, this country is prominently an Islamic country because it has more than 85 % of total population is Muslim. This country is rich in deposit of Gold and Diamonds but despite of this very poor in income per capita which is $558, after their independence from France, country is facing large problems of Finance therefore due to poverty death rate also increase.
8: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Congo which is officially known as Democratic Republic of the Congo, country is located in Central Africa, it is only country that has most names because from 1908 to 1960, it was called as Belgian Congo and till 1997 named as Zaire, this country is second largest country of Africa in respect of area, fourth largest in population in this region therefore it has population more than 77 million. As interesting to know that, country is richest in natural resources but due to political instability, corruption and misuse of these resources below the poverty line because income per capita is much low that is $499.
7: Liberia
Country located on the coast of West Africa, Liberia that is officially known as Republic of Liberia, country is consist of total area 111,369 square kilometers with population 4,503,000 inhabitants, Liberia gained independence from United States of America in 1847. But after independence, country is not stable in every walk of life including income per capita $478 which is less than international poverty rate. According to reports, before the civil wars of this country, Liberia was such a developed country but these wars not only destroyed the economy of the country but also caused more 0.5 million deaths.
6: Niger
Landlocked country of the Western Africa, Niger is officially known as Republic of Niger, this country is named after the Niger River, Niger is largest country by area in West Africa with total area 1,270,000 square kilometers but more than 80 % area is totally consist of Sahara Deserts, despite of large area, it has also large population which is about 17,138,707 inhabitants. Country is so far called as the developing but it has much lower income per capita which is $420 therefore included in poorest countries, this country has also majority of Muslim community but income in not enough to fulfill even basic needs.
5: Central African Republic
Central African Republic is also landlocked country situated in Central Africa; this region is rich in many resources and minerals including gold, diamonds, crude oil, uranium, hydropower and lumber but despite of all these resources included in the poorest countries with miserable conditions of inhabitant. Country has total area about 620,000 square kilometers and population more than 4.7 million but far less income per capita that is $376, the Central African Republic Bush War has bulldozed the growth while also transferred enormous population in which most of people left on the streets because they have no house to live.
4: The Gambia
The Gambia is another small Islamic country which is known as Islamic Republic of Gambia, this country is also located in African continent but country is smallest mainland of this region, The Gambia is small in all respects including small area which is 10,689 square kilometers, small population just about 1.9 million and also very low income per capita that is $371. Income of people is totally depends upon fishing, farming and tourism. According to reports this country is also below the international poverty line, they use old techniques of farming and fishing therefore their income is not increasing as hard work.
3: Madagascar
Madagascar is another one of the huge nation of Africa, country is officially known as Republic of Madagascar, island is known as fourth largest in the world, country gained independence in 1960 but country is officially governed by constitutional democracy since 1992. According to reports population of this country is just over 22 million but shocking to know that more than 90 % of the total population has $2 per day which is absolutely due to political instability, income per capita is about $368 that is totally depends upon the agriculture, so their living standard will absolutely increase with this income.
2: Burundi
Burundi is landlocked country that is officially known as Republic of Burundi, situated in East Africa but also considered as the part of Central Africa, about 200 years ago, country gained independence from United Kingdom but it was under the rule of Germany and Belgium so it gained independence from these countries permanently in 1962. But country is never woke up at the level of developed country because of weak infrastructure, poor education services, weak access to health, corruption and more important hunger because of very low income per capita that is $287 therefore more than 11,178,921 inhabitants are living the life much below international poverty level.
1: Malawi
Malawi is officially known as Republic of Malawi, a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, Lake Malawi is most prominent in this country which separates this from Tanzania and Mozambique, region consist of 118,000 square kilometers with total population more than 16,777,547. This is one of the smallest countries of Africa because more than one third area is occupied by only Lake Malawi; country is also called as Warm Heart of Africa, country is also leading in the world which is poverty because income per capita of this country is $226 therefore people’s have very low life expectancy, there are seen some improvements but these are not enough for people.
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5 Things You Didn't Know About Being a Prison Doctor
Doctors Give Better Care for Less
Under the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, correctional facilities must provide medical care to inmates. It's a right all Americans have when they find themselves in the correctional system.
Essential standards of care in a correctional facility include an initial health assessment, which includes a questionnaire to collect information on prisoners' medical, dental and mental health histories, as well as vital signs, a physical exam, screening for communicable diseases and immunizations [source: NCCHC]. Does this sound more thorough than your own annual physical? It likely is. And because health care is constitutionally mandated for inmates, it's likely they didn't have a co-pay (or bill) or have to wait very long for an appointment.
"People's social situations affect the way people take care of themselves, and I think a lot of people have just been dealt a really bad hand. Sometimes there's no getting out of it," says Bonaparte. "We provide such exceptional care. It's the right thing to do, no matter why they are here."
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Sample Application Diagram:
For this design the output of RNG is decoded by a 4-bit 7-Segments Decoder and the output is displayed in numerical visual form via a twin 7-segments LED display. Many other uses of the RNG output are possible.
Additional Applications:
RNG is useful for:
• Hardware testing - useful for generating random test patterns
• Cryptography - randomness prevent recognizable patterns in signals
• Noise simulation - useful for adding noise to signals when simulating transfers
• Networking Applications - some routing and flooding algorithms are based on randomness
• Games - many games (such as playing-card games) require randomness
A 4-bit RNG generates a random output inclusively between 0 and 15. Likewise, a 5-bit RNG generates a random output between 0 and 31. By simply replacing the counter and the register within the RNG circuit, we can control the range of the random outputs.
But what if we want to have a random range that is not a power of 2? In this case additional logics are required.
For example, if we want to have a random range of 0 to 200, we will need to have an 8-bit counter and register (at least 8-bit, that is). However, since an 8-bit number is ranged from 0 to 255, we will need to have additional logics to reset the counter (not the register!) when the count reaches 201 (that is, the counter will need to have a clear input). In this case, the counter will count from 0 to 200, and back to 0 again. 201 in decimal is equivalent to 11001001 in binary.
Basic Flow:
Using logic gates:
Another design, if you have an 8-bit comparator handy (don't forget to set the parameter!): |
Let’s Take A Cue From Eisenhower: It’s Time For Bold Steps Towards Water Distribution
FEMA - 37218 - Resident pushing a car through flood waters in Texas
The national highway system built by the Eisenhower administration provides a blueprint on how to deal with water issues related to climate change.
While watching the news this week regarding the wildfires raging in California, I thought about a story I saw the other night about a thousand-year rainfall event that took out the entire main street of Ellicott City, Maryland. An idea came to me like a bolt from the blue!
Back in the early 1950s, President Dwight Eisenhower transformed transportation in this country by building a national highway system. It put people to work and gave us mobility we had never experienced before. We can apply that same kind of thinking to our current climate woes.
Some places, like California and the American southwest are experiencing serious drought conditions. In other places, flooding decimates large swaths of land and sometimes even entire towns, leaving thousands homeless.
Why not build a national water distribution system? We have the technology. Already, as indicated by the map below, we have pipelines throughout the nation delivering oil, natural gas and products like gasoline, propane and ethylene. Along the way, there are storage facilities. The same system of distribution can be built for water. In areas that are prone to flooding, overflow systems have to be built anyway to avoid street flooding. That can be expanded upon and the overflow directed into the pipeline. Along the way, there would be holding tanks and reservoirs to contain excess water collected during events like the one that flooded Ellicott City. There has been recent flooding in West Virginia that devastated huge parts of the state. We all remember the destruction wrought during Hurricane Sandy. Even drought stricken Texas was the victim of horrific flooding that destroyed property and took lives. Building drainage systems that feed into a pipeline system would have the effect of lessening and perhaps even completely negating flood damage, depending on the intensity of the event. That water can then be directed to the parts of the country where water is desperately needed.
pipeline map
The millions of jobs created would cover the expense, thus providing a huge boost to the economy. In the long run, it would save billions in property damage, possibly save lives, and keep insurance costs down.
Some still deny the reality of the climate crisis we are facing and dismiss as cyclical the increasing incidence of severe weather that is the direct result of our rapidly changing global climate. The fact is, climate change is real; and it is here and affecting all of us in some way or another right now.
There are those who get angry if you say climate change offers great opportunities. They get really pissed off when a mounting catastrophe is billed as an opportunity. Why not embrace those opportunities? Why not take those lemons and make lemonade?
Moving towards alternative energy is creating millions of good paying jobs while helping to combat the effects of climate change. In the same vein, tackling the problem of water, whether it is too much or too little, offers an opportunity to put people to work on jobs that can’t be outsourced, while mitigating the effects of climate change. The water we need is literally falling from the sky. We just have to capture it.
It’s a win-win. All we need is the will to take a cue from President Eisenhower and think big and bold.
Ann Werner is the author of thrillers and other things.
Visit her at Ann Werner on the Web
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Bose-Einstein Condensates Interfere and Survive
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Science 25 Mar 2005:
Vol. 307, Issue 5717, pp. 1883-1885
DOI: 10.1126/science.1110247
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A Bose-Einstein condensate in a dilute gas is a collective state of atoms that acts like a quantum mechanical wave with a phase. In his Perspective, Javanainen highlights the demonstration by Saba et al. that the phase difference between two condensates can be measured without destroying the condensates. The experiments open up new ways to manipulate condensates, which are macroscopic objects, as if they were quantum mechanical entities. Measurement devices based on matter-wave interferometry are a potential application.
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10 Picture Books for Older Children (8-11)
Picture books aren't just for wee ones!
Picture books are for everyone, from toddlers to adults. If you're an older reader, the books below will give you a rich reading experience, ranging from dark explorations of xenophobia to whimsical parodies of popular folk tales.
1. I am Thomas
Libby Gleeson & Armin Greder
2. The Black Book of Colours
Menena Cottin, Rosana Faria
War Game cover
3. War Game
Michael Foreman
Zoo cover
4. Zoo
Anthony Browne
Mirror cover
5. Mirror
Jeannie Baker
Michael Rosen's Sad Book by Michael Rosen
6. Michael Rosen's Sad Book
Michael Rosen, Quentin Blake
7. Varmints
Helen Ward, Marc Craste (Illus)
FArTHER cover
Grahame Baker-Smith
List created by
Brianne Moore
Brianne is a website editor with Scottish Book Trust |
Medical ethics
How a child suffering from Kala Azar in rural Bangladesh went on to become a renowned oncologist
Dr Fazlur Rahman, who has authored a book on his journey, speaks to '' about the importance of empathy in medical sciences.
In this book, The Temple Road: A Doctor’s Journey, Dr Fazlur Rahman talks of his life story – from a boy born to in rural East Bengal (now Bangladesh) to a leading oncologist in the US.
Growing up as a childhood in a small village in Pora Bari, he experienced at first hand the vulnerability of a person suffering from a potentially fatal disease. As a child, Rahman had Kala Azar, a parasitic illness spread by sand flies that causes a greyish discolouration to the skin, bouts of fever and enlargement of the spleen, among other symptoms, whihc almost killed him.
But he managed to beat it, going on to study in the Dhaka Medical College, the biggest medical college in Bangladesh and later win a scholarship to St John’s Hospital in New York. After becoming a US citizen, he wrote essays on medical ethics and other social issues related to medicine.
In an interview to Dr Rahman talks about how his childhood shaped not just his personality but also his practice and the need for doctors to be empathetic.
How your childhood in Bangladesh has shaped the way you practice? You fell sick when you were child, lot of premature deaths, no medical facilities. How something like that impacts the way you work as a doctor
In the book you have read, my mother died when I was only seven. A child remembers some things more than the others. She had a brother who was very dear to her. He died also of malaria. She said someday you will be a doctor, Fazlur. Then she also died suddenly, that thing is stuck in my mind. If she had lived for a long time, perhaps I would have forgotten that.
After she died, and when I was recovering from the grief and sadness, I developed Kala Azar. it is a parasitic illness. It almost killed me. When you become a doctor, you get a sense – I have been through that. When I see a person who is a patient, I have some understanding about their difficulties.
I am not saying I am any better or worse than any other doctor. But because of my upbringing and because of life experiences, I have developed some sensibilities [that help me understand these patients]. Can I practice [it] every single day every single hour? I am sure sometimes I fail. But I try to understand the patient and their suffering – show empathy.
You write about your training in Dhaka Medical College where your teachers, emphasised the importance of speaking to the patient and taking their history. This practice, one could say, has taken a setback. Now doctors stress more on getting tests done.
We have to accept change. Technology is an important part of medicine. But my concern is that simply having MRI or CAT scan or PET scan alone [is not enough]. You still have to talk to the patient. You cannot replace bed-side understanding of the profession. I am not the only one, many other doctors talk about this, here in India too.
We are getting more impersonal because of technology. It is not the fault of technology. It is simply because we rely on it too much. In the past we did history and physical [examination] because we did not have as much technology. Now, if someone complains of chest discomfort, it is easy to order a CAT scan rather than checking a person thoroughly. It is expensive too. We have to use technology, but with restraint and when we need it. Not indiscriminately. Simply because it’s available, you should not use it very quickly. Bedside medicine is still important despite technology. That is my point.
What is the importance of compassion in medicine? Do we need to take another look at how students are trained in medicine?
I teach humanities and medical ethics in the Angelo State University, Texas. I start with empathy and compassion. My own feeling after practicing all these years is that you cannot study empathy.
We have too much emphasis on science (in medical schools). We need science to be a doctor. But you also have to understand empathy, compassion, and human rights. If you get a patient with lung cancer, he is not just a lung cancer patient. The same patient may have other problems. He has a family and children who are suffering too. As a doctor, we have responsibility to understand the patient and show sympathy. We need technology, but we are becoming a little more impersonal. When patients feel like they don’t care, they get upset and angry.
In India, there are often reports of resident doctors getting beaten up, many times by relatives of patients. Could this be because of lack of communication?
We do not have that (in the US). We do not know that. That’s part of the communication problem. We have a tendency to not give bad news. If a patient has lung cancer, we need to tell his relatives – sir, your father has lung cancer, he may not get better. He may not get cured.” If you do not explain anything, they will feel – what have you done?
Medicine has become business and you mentioned that you were uncomfortable taking fees.
Yes, I didn’t know about business side of it. But I do feel that when medical students are trained, they need to know about business side.They don’t have to be a MBA, but they need to understand that when they order a CAT scan, it costs thousands of rupees. When you drain the patient’s resources without explaining to them what the purpose is, and then the patient dies, the relatives do not feel good about it. Residents need to think twice before ordering a CAT scan.
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Famous Quotes About Involves
Browse 361 famous quotes and sayings about Involves.
Top Quotes About Involves
1. "There is a ruthlessness to the creative act. It often involves a betrayal of the status quo."
Author: Alan Watt
2. "If I could stomach the awful part of being a veterinarian, which involves sticking your hand up animals' behinds, I would be a vet."
Author: Allison Janney
3. "I think that acting involves doing your job so well that you are able to help the viewer identify with the character."
Author: Ally Sheedy
Author: Angela Davis
5. "The speculative thinker makes Christianity into theology, instead of recognizing that a living relationship to Christ involves passion, struggle, decision, personal appropriation, and inner transformation.' (Moore's summary of Kierkegaard)"
Author: Charles E. Moore
6. "Becoming "awake" involves seeing our confusion more clearly."
Author: Chögyam Trungpa
7. "Just fully being skillful involves total lack of inhibition. We are not afraid to be. We are not afraid to live. We must accept ourselves as being warriors. If we acknowledge ourselves as warriors, then there is a way in, because a warrior dares to be, like a tiger in the jungle."
Author: Chögyam Trungpa
8. "The first stage of camping always involves a trip to an outdoor equipment store like REI. These stores are well known for their abundance of white customers and their extensive inventory of things for white people to buy and only use once."
Author: Christian Lander
Author: Christopher Hitchens
10. "I think comedy as an art involves the audience as a participant as much as is involves the artist."
Author: Craig Ferguson
11. "The current fashion in belligerent atheism usually involves flinging condemnation around with a kind of gallant extravagance, more or less in the direction of all faiths at once, with little interest in precise aim."
Author: David Bentley Hart
12. "Being truly happy in life involves you feeling more in control of the direction your life is going."
Author: Deborah Day
13. "But even though disciplining yourself is sometimes diffcult and involves struggle, self-discipline is not self-punishment. It is instead an attempt to do what, prompted by the Spirit, you actually want in your heart to do."
Author: Donald S. Whitney
Author: Edith Schaeffer
15. "Even the 'Today' programme involves a balance between the worthy-but-heavy items with the worthless-but-entertainingly-light ones."
Author: Evan Davis
Author: Evelyn Underhill
Author: Geoff Downes
Author: Hans Jürgen Eysenck
19. "Faith is indeed intellectual; it involves an apprehension of certain things as facts; and vain is the modern effort to divorce faith from knowledge. But although faith is intellectual, it is not only intellectual. You cannot have faith without having knowledge; but you will not have faith if you have only knowledge."
Author: J. Gresham Machen
Author: J.G. Ballard
Author: James L. Buckley
Author: Jean Francois Lyotard
Author: Jiddu Krishnamurti
24. "There was no one to be seen so she gave in freely to her sobs as she made her way home, pressed her arms against her stomach; the pain lodged in there like an ill-tempered foetus.Let a person in and he hurts you. There was a reason why she kept her relationships brief. Don't let them in. Once they're inside they have more potential to hurt you. Comfort yourself. You can live with the anguish as long as it only involves yourself. As long as there is no hope."
Author: John Ajvide Lindqvist
25. "If the adjustment made by a court can be accepted or not, it will be refused whenever the men can gain more by continuing the strike, with whatever of violence that involves."
Author: John Bates Clark
Author: John W. Gardner
27. "Parenthood involves massive sacrifice: money, attention, time and emotional energy."
Author: Jonathan Sacks
28. "Macroeconomic policy can never be devoid of politics: it involves fundamental trade-offs and affects different groups differently."
Author: Joseph Stiglitz
29. "Nicole can do anything that involves a ball and whistle."
Author: Laurie Halse Anderson
30. "Becoming limitless involves mental agility; the ability to quickly grasp and incorporate new ideas and concepts with confidence."
Author: Lorii Myers
31. "His wife's a brand of Christian that forbids a gathering that involves young women dancing in the streets but not races where men die"
Author: Maggie Stiefvater
32. "I exercise three to four times a week, doing the Tracy Anderson Method, which involves toning and strengthening our small muscle groups."
Author: Natalie Imbruglia
Author: Noam Chomsky
Author: Paul David Tripp
Author: Paul Rand
36. "Abortion is inherently different from other medical procedures because no other procedure involves the purposeful termination of a potential life."
Author: Potter Stewart
37. "With such a complicated and crucial part of a child's education in jeopardy, there are many forces at work -- a sort of conspiracy of mediocrity that denies children the chance to develop a love of reading and become good readers. It is a pattern that involves our system, parents, teachers, and sometimes even librarians."
Author: Rafe Esquith
38. "Learning to stop sweating the small stuff involves deciding what things to engage in and what things to ignore. From a certain perspective, life can be described as a series of mistakes, one right after another with a little space in between."
Author: Richard Carlson
Author: Richard Rohr
Author: Rollo May
Author: Sarah Dunn
Author: Søren Kierkegaard
43. "Your fate involves a dark assailant"
Author: Sylvia Plath
Author: Terry Eagleton
45. "It was then that Marvin got religion. Not the quiet, personal kind, that involves doing good deeds and living a better life; not even the kind that involves putting on a suit and ringing' people's doorbells; but the kind that involves having your own TV network and getting people to send you money."
Author: Terry Pratchett
46. "Hardly a pure science, history is closer to animal husbandry than it is to mathematics in that it involves selective breeding. The principal difference between the husbandryman and the historian is that the former breeds sheep or cows or such and the latter breeds (assumed) facts. The husbandryman uses his skills to enrich the future, the historian uses his to enrich the past. Both are usually up to their ankles in bullshit."
Author: Tom Robbins
47. "Thus if we know a child has had sufficient opportunity to observe and acquire a behavioral sequence, and we know he is physically capable of performing the act but does not do so, then it is reasonable to assume that it is motivation which is lacking. The appropriate countermeasure then involves increasing the subjective value of the desired act relative to any competing response tendencies he might have, rather than having the model senselessly repeat an already redundant sequence of behavior."
Author: Urie Bronfenbrenner
48. ". . . chronosophy does involve ethics. Because our sense of time involves our ability to separate cause and effect, means and end. The baby, again, the animal, they don't see the difference between what they do now and what will happen because of it. They can't make a pulley, or a promise. We can. Seeing the difference between now and not now, we can make the connection. And there morality enters in. Responsibility. To say that a good end will follow from a bad means is just like saying that if I pull a rope on this pulley it will lift the weight on that one. To break a promise is to deny the reality of the past; therefore it is to deny the hope of a real future.If time and reason are functions of each other, if we are creatures of time, then we had better know it, and try to make the best of it. To act responsibly."
Author: Ursula K. Le Guin
Author: Vera Nazarian
Author: William Barclay
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I slid Mallory a glance. "He's (Jeff) your test? He thinks anything with breasts looks good." "Since you don't qualify, that's why I asked him over."
Author: Chloe Neill
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Looking Back - Looking Forward
Paper presented at the 2000 Traunwalchen Symposium
Fifty years of Orff-Schulwerk: Music for Children gives us time to feel again the intentions Carl Orff expressed in 1963 as "ideas placed in time" and to give critical thought to ideas that have been developing, growing and in flux. At a conference at the newly founded Orff Institute in 1963, Orff gave a speech entitled: "The Schulwerk Past and Future".1 What are the underlying intentions that Carl Orff, well ahead of others at that time, expressed with his collaborators including Dorothee Gunther and Gunild Keetman and Maja Lex that led to the development and publishing of the volumes Music for Children ? What did Orff "wish"? How was it possible that such a concept of music pedagogy unlike any other spread and extended all over the world?
In the speech mentioned above, Carl Orff described the Schulwerk as a "garden of wildflowers", as ideas that lay in the times which effectively found their suitable ground. He meant that it was a well known fact that wildflowers flourish strongly while carefully laid out gardens are often disappointing. Such insight captures the advantages of the Schulwerk. Those people preferring pure methodology would have little joy but the artistically inclined and impetuous improviser would grow. Orff continued: The Schulwerk wants, in all its phases, to promote self-reliance, to strive to "activate the student through his own music making, through improvising, discovering and designing his own music".2 Music that is closely bound with movement, coming from the unity of speech sound and movement, should reawaken the need for expression.
To make this effective, Orff set up a suitable instrumentarium consisting of instruments that were "indigenous and exotic". The way music was composed for these instruments came from playing them. 3 In his 1931 publication, Music from Movement, Orff spoke about improvisation coming from "playing with the instrument". This penetrating insight describes a back-and-forth dialogue between the player and the instrument, a dialogue that relates to expressive playing and the creative process. 4 The only possibility Orff saw for a new pedagogy was for music education to emerge from movement with their combined roots of rhythm. It should above all achieve "a strong influence on building a personality," attainable through a special form of transmitting a "mode of accomplishment".5
The first volume of Orff-Schulwerk: Music for Children was printed in 1950, the result of practical work with children at the Bavarian Broadcasting Company. However, in 1931 an earlier Schulwerk was given to Schott for printing, based on the experiences at the Guntherschule (founded in Munich in 1924). It was intended to "introduce a revolution in music education". This planned edition could not be published because "the political wave flushed all the ideas in the Schulwerk away as undesirable and some misunderstandings were washed up as flotsam and jetsam which delayed its coming into being.6
In the auturnn of 1951 Gunild Keetman began her work with children's classes at the Mozarteum. Here, according to Orff's report, she could develop the movement aspects that were not possible in the radio broadcasts. "Now, for the first time, it was possible to teach the Schulwerk as we wished to present it".7 Orff's starting point was that "the unity of music and movement is natural to children". This fact gave him the key to his work: moving, singing and playing come together as a unity. This kind of new child-oriented music education fascinated him. Searching for the lost unity between movement, music, speaking and singing led Orff to take hold of the impulses from other cultures in which spontaneous forms of music had developed with styles of playing in which the physical attachment to the music was still vivacious. These impulses came to fruition in both his pedagogical and compositional works.
Interpreting the Schulwerk
Looking back, could it have been the publication of the volumes Music for Children that led to a misunderstanding that the music was a completed "work" in the sense of "opus" by Orff for teachers? Moreover, the word "school" in the word Schulwerk (school work) was not considered in its original meaning of "quietness" and "be at leisure" but was interpreted as "boring school business".
These pieces are designed to be understood as models that came from improvisation and should lead back there again (to one's own improvisation). However, this idea did not take hold because, among other things, this demand could not be fulfilled by many teachers.
Whoever looks at the volumes to find something contemporary must be disappointed. However, the volumes remain a document - a sort of protocol of results - that can be seen as a basis for improvisation and elemental music making with an abundance of material.
If the Schulwerk were to be assessed only on the basis of notated material, the resulting physical orientation of forms for transmitting it all would die along the way.
Orff-Schulwerk is not a method. Except for the remarks at the end of each volume of Music for Children the teacher does not get any advice for the pedagogical handling of the material. However the sequence of the volumes uncovers the approach: coming from simple elements, from rhythmic and melodic "building blocks" leading to the whole; from the simple to the complex; from the pentatonic through modal progressions advancing to cadential harmonies.
Metric pieces predominate in the volumes but that does not mean that rhythm is to be understood as a "rhythmic pattern". Similarly, the use of bordun and ostinato do not imply that repetition is always the same.
It is valid to "resume gestures of searching" as Rudolf zur Lippe said exquisitely at the symposium "A Continuing Heritage" in 1990. To be involved with Orff-Schulwerk and to accept Music for Children is to investigate phenomena in sound and movement. This means a study of sources, examining the social and cultural requirements of the time. According to Orff, "Time needs its time". This involves having time, granting time needed for all procedures, and allowing a suitable amount of time for quietness and perceiving one's own time. And what does Orff mean when he says, "Don't strike the drum, be the drum"? Are not such words alone reason enough to reflect, to take on these "gestures of searching" for the context?
Perhaps you might take a moment and reflect. You are a drum... You even feel perhaps the nature of the material; you feel the weight, hardness, pointed or rounded forms, the edge of the frame. Maybe you are a bass drum, the inside a hollow place; you feel the movement of air, the vibrating membrane; perhaps you are waiting first to be put in motion, awaiting the vibration physically; or you feel locked in, cut off from the outside, anxious about being hit. Perhaps you are thinking about how much strength will be used for the impact. At this moment you are activating and bringing forth an enormous treasury of unspoken experiences making them newly available. You feel rhythmically moving energy, diving the waves of the vibrations, diving into a pulsating time. According to Orff, rhythm cannot be taught. Rhythm is life itself. Rhythm can only be born. 8
Expressions like "being a drum", "being a flute", or "being a cello" initiate my activity and produce a response with sound, showing a new perspective from this background. Orff speaks about being absolutely united with the instrument. 9 This means to be completely involved with body and soul, diving into the pulsating process of vibrating, the undulation of movement. For Orff and his collaborators, movement and sound, along with the materials for making sounds, were the starting points for one's own experiences, just as works for newer music took their sources for compositions and improvisation directly from the structure of sound materials.
Today, are we able to support the 'unity of speech, music and movement' commanded by Orff'? Is it still as Orff meant, natural to children?
Living through elemental worlds
Even today we start with the premise that the child catches hold of objects, grasps them with his/her hand, and "holds on to them" also in an intellectual sense. We imagine a child who investigates blocks, sand, mud, dirt, one who investigates his world, searches for information, fights with problems and resistance, a child who persists toward practical usage, who wants to work out and try out his cognition. New research especially in the areas of brain research, embryology, prenatal psychology and developmental psychology - acknowledges, supports and confirms our endorsement: the child adapts his/her view of life in the real world in which unalterable physical laws are valid.
Our ideal child builds on her cognitive growth in logical sequences from simple to complex structures building successively on her view of life. She experiences that time passes, that divisions of time (getting up, dressing, going out...) are not exchangeable, that the way from the kitchen to the garden means a spatial change that also needs time. In the real and tactile environment she learns, with no trouble at all, how to establish spatial references, to walk and run through space. She can "scuffle around with material", can shape it, reshape it and change it.
However, we have overlooked the fact that the video media creates a second world, a second reality in which the child becomes more and more distance from the "Alpha world" that is described above. A generation is growing that is developing its world view rather passively through the media rather than through active participation in events. According to Michael Millner, 10 the whole new world of multi-media creates a second reality for the child, a so-called "Beta world". Conquering the world physically and intellectually ends abruptly when the play-pen is too small. It is then that sitting in front of the screen starts. Very early on, the child becomes accustomed to the racing flood of pictures, ultimate snatches of time. The experience of three-dimensional space is missing. The movement of one's own body through the room is missing. The two sensory canals of seeing and hearing are wide open, the perceptive senses of touch and smell are turned off. "Centered looking" is activated. Missing are the movements of the eye to the periphery of the field of vision, as well as adapted movements of the head and body in space.
In stories, children miss the sequence of the plot; the time and space continuum is chopped up. Computer games reduce play to an exciting reaction-training game. The computer plays its game with the child.
In a documentary that was broadcast in 1992, "Walking Backwards Has To Be Learned", German television brought attention to the "declining senses" in children of preschool and kindergarten ages. Children who have never been rocked and who have not balanced themselves or learned how to manipulate objects are of course in the minority. However, about one half of all the students in the first grade are sent to special classes in order to learn the simple basic movements of skipping, sliding or rocking from side to side. The goal is not only to master the body but to co-ordinate the senses, the parallels of physical and mental basics. The most important thesis of this film is that the coordination of the senses is required for important intellectual skills.
The latest edition of Orff Schulwerk Informationen (June 2000) 11 is dedicated to the theme "50 Years Music for Children". The challenge of Orff is the challenge for "many-sided demands" on the child and adult: many-sided being the transference, from the movement to the music, from the movement to dance, to speech and then to language of pictures, to the imagination, the systematic building up of technique as well as opening the artistic potential; spirit and soul, "head, heart and hand", the majority of the senses which grasp the human being in all her/his dimensions.
In addition, Orff encourages a special "mode of accomplishment", a special kind of transmission. In my opinion, this aspect has not been given enough attention up to now. Ultimately, it falls to the teacher whose role it is to guide processes, to solve them or even to accept them. The main challenge to teachers must be to develop their own abilities to play, to play with the child and not to "drum around him". Children are the most wonderful playing partners if we can let ourselves be involved with them. It is with them that we learn. It is not in their interests for children to be subjected to constant "'spoon feeding" according to a pre-structured plan. "Knowing how not to know" is a part of guiding processes in Orff pedagogy.
Educating people feeds on being attentive to all that is alive, and is nourished by turning to the child and her possibilities for expression, his needs, the objects of her strong willed insistence on having her way, his feelings for form, spontaneity and for what is creative. Teaching according to the Schulwerk must take seriously the desire of people to shape their own nature. Teachers must be ready to relinquish their needs for security and for absolute control. What Orff pointed out as "wild flowers" - as ideas that "lay in the times" that "found suitable ground" - are to be transplanted "knowingly" by us.
1. Carl Orff: Das Schulwerk - "Ruckblick und Ausblick" (Looking Back and Looking Forward), in Orff-Institut und der Akademie "Mozarteum Salzburg Jahrbuch 1963. Mainz (Scott) 1964. pp.13-20.
2. Carl Orff, 1964, p. 13 ff
3. Carl Orff, 1964, p.14.
4. Carl Offf, "Music from Movement" in Deutsche Tonkunsterlerzeitung, 1931.
5. Carl Orff, Memorandum, Wien 1974.
6. Carl Orff, 1964, p.15.
7. idem, p.17.
8. Carl Orff. Documentation vol.3
9. Carl Orff. "Elementare Musikubung, Improvisation and Laienschulung" in Die Musikpflege, vol 6, 1932
10. Michael Millner, Das Beta Kind. Fernsehen und kindliche Entwicklungaus kinderpsychiatrischer Sicht, Bern, 1996.
11. Universitat Mozarteum in Salzburg, Orff Institut und Orff-Schulwerk Forum Salzburg (ed.), Orff Schulwerk Informationen, Nr. 64. Summer, 2000.
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How to write a great Young Adult (YA) novel
1. Read In the spirit of “Write what you know,” you should read YA novels in order to get to know both what is trending and what are the foolproof, timeless elements that YA readers love. To that end, check out NPR’s poll of the best teen novels ever and The Atlantic Wire’s YA/Middle-Grade Book Awards for a list of great titles. Compare and contrast the best and the worst in order to refine your expectations for yourself as a writer. And if longevity is your goal, particularly pay attention to the titles that are still popular even after a few decades have passed.
2. Create Although derivative works can make you a tidy sum, we must face facts: the next Harry Potter is not going to be a story about a young boy going to wizard school and, let’s all say it together, now, “No. More. Vampires.” Now that you’ve done the research and you understand what makes a successful YA novel, it is time to create something new—something that no one has seen, but that everyone wants.
3. Get Real Whether your protagonist is a kid just trying to survive high school or a dog that lives on Nebulon 5, your YA novel must have elements of authenticity in order to create strong bonds that will connect your readers to the story. That means real emotion, real conflict, real relationships, and real people. Young readers know better than anyone how confusing, cruel, and bizarre life can be, and they will reject characters and stories that do not reflect the real human experience.
4. Write Up Young adults hate to be talked down to and, since over half of the people purchasing your YA novel are likely to be adults, there is no reason to protect your reader from adult themes. A great part of the success of movies such as Shrek and books such as Harry Potter is that they include hidden jokes for the adults that many younger people don’t understand on the same level (and if the younger people do understand, it’s because they are already informed). Furthermore, the experience of being an adolescent adult is characterized by the transition from childhood into dealing with “adult” issues such as sex, death, and personal responsibility. You want to acknowledge and speak to this experience. Walking the line between adult content and age appropriate expression of that content creates a tension and realism that all audiences enjoy.
Now, it is time for you to go forth and write! If you get stuck, don’t forget that there are services available to help you develop an outline for your book or provide developmental feedback on your first draft. To get started, go to: Submit your job. |
Six-column engine by Napier of London (1859). One of the first beam engines in Spain, it drove coining presses at the Royal Spanish Mint until the end of the 19th century. Now preserved at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Six-column beam engines are a means of constructing a beam engine, where the beam's central pivot is supported on a cast iron frame or 'bedstead', supported on six iron columns.[1]
These engines were a development after the house-built engine. Their cast iron frames could be built and test-assembled at a factory before delivery, allowing rapid assembly or 'erection' once on site. Their main advantage was that they avoided the need for complex masonry foundations in their engine house, merely a simple level platform to which the iron frame could be bolted. The difficult alignment between their cylinder, the beam pivot and the crankshaft was all taken care of by the factory-made frame.[2] Although the upper part of the frame only supports the beam's central pivot and any Watt's parallel motion gear, it also has an important function in stiffening the frame overall against vertical bending forces between the cylinder and crankshaft. Cast iron is weak against bending and a shallow frame alone would need either rigid masonry support, or would soon fracture.
One of the oldest surviving six-column engines is a small engine of 1820, possibly by Boulton & Watt, preserved at the Birmingham Museum of Science and Industry.[2] Another six-column engine was within that collection, an Easton & Amos engine of 1864. This engine is rather larger and a Woolf compound.[3][4]
Six-column engines were most popular for the smaller sizes of engine. They were all rotative beam engines, with a flywheel and rotating output shaft. These were used to drive machinery, as diverse as sugar cane crushing mills,[5] winding engines in coal mines and sawmills. Many beam engines, working into the late 20th century,[note 1] were non-rotative and drove vertical water pumps directly. These did not use the six column layout.
The small six-column engine may be considered as an early form of semi-portable engine.[2] Its pre-fabricated nature and avoidance of foundations made it quicker, thus cheaper, to first install. It also encouraged the re-use of engines on other sites. The small Birmingham engine is known to have worked on at least three different sites as a winding engine, grinding fireclay and finally as a farm chaff cutter, a working life of around 130 years.[2][6] The Cobb's Brewery engine (1825) at Margate was one of a batch built for a sugar plantation in the West Indies, but owing to their bankruptcy before shipping it was sent instead to South America. Its ship then foundered on the North Foreland and it was purchased from the wreck for use locally.[7] The versatility of this design meant that they could be used easily by a variety of industries.
Dancers End twin six-column engine
The twin six-column engine was used where two engines drove a shared flywheel. Typical cast-iron six-column frames were used over each engine, but joined by additional frames between them. An example of such an 1867 Kay & Co. engine from Dancers End pumping station in the Chiltern Hills is now at Kew Bridge[8]
Larger engines rarely used the six-column form, as the upper framework would become unwieldy. The weight of their large beams was more than the slim columns supporting the beam pivot could cope with. A rare form was the eight-column engine, where the pivot was supported by four close-set pillars rather than two. An example of such an engine survives at Markfield Road.[9] With the extra power of the largest engines, the bending forces on the frame would become too much altogether and these engines used either masonry beds, or a deep iron bed casting, set at the base of the engine.
Tank-bed engines
Tank-bed engine at Middleton Distillery[10]
A further development as a semi-portable engine was the tank-bed engine. This replaced the flat lower frame with a deep cast iron 'bath tub'.[10] This improved the rigidity of the frame, such that the engines could be placed on the very weakest foundations. Many of these engines, in colonial use, were merely staked down to timber baulks, rather than being built onto masonry.
Most beam engines were also condensing. Fittings such as the hot well and air pump could be conveniently placed within such a water-tight tank, so that their efflux water was contained.
A model of a tank-bed engine was the basis of Tubal Cain's model beam engine design, Lady Stephanie.[11]
1. ^ The six pumping engines of the Severn Tunnel at Sudbrook were only replaced in 1962.
1. ^ Storer, J.D. (1969). A Simple History of the Steam Engine. London: John Baker. p. plate 6.
2. ^ a b c d Crowley, T.E. (1982). The Beam Engine. Senecio Publishing. p. 70.
3. ^ Crowley 1982, p. 106
4. ^ "The Six Column Woolf Compound Beam Engine". The Stationary Steam Engines Website.
5. ^ "A Surviving Beam Engine".
6. ^ "The Semi-portable Beam Engine". The Stationary Steam Engines Website.
7. ^ Crowley 1982, pp. 64-65
8. ^ Watkins, George (1978). "Independent Rotative Beam Engines". The Steam Engine in Industry 1. Moorland Publishing. pp. 36,38.
9. ^ Crowley 1982, p. 124
10. ^ a b Crowley 1982, p. 99
11. ^ "Lady Stephanie" beam engine |
Lists of Jazz Dance Steps
The birth of American jazz dance sprang from Afro-Cuban and Caribbean roots. Dancer-choreographer Katherine Dunham traveled to the West Indies in 1936 to do field work in anthropology and dance and became fascinated by the indigenous dances she saw. Her exploration of this movement style eventually lead to the development of American Jazz dance. Other jazz dance pioneers like Lester Horton and Bob Fosse expanded on this dance vocabulary. Throw in a little ballet and you have jazz dance.
Ballet Influenced Steps
• Many jazz dance steps come straight from ballet. The jazz pirouette looks like the ballet turn of the same name minus turned-out feet. Battements such as high leg kicks and chasses, are movements where one foot chases the other across the floor. In the developpe, your toe slides up the side of your calf and then straight out to the side exactly as it is performed in ballet. 'The Falling Over the Log' step is a pique passé where you come up on one toe and bring your other toe to your knee, then fall forward.
Afro-Cuban Influenced Moves
• The Alvin Ailey Dance Company's technique pulls heavily from early jazz influences like the Dunham technique. Another jazz style they perform--known as Horton technique---is the creation of dancer-choreographer Lester Horton in the 1940s and the '50s. Afro-cuban jazz steps the troupe performs include the 'primitive squat', which is hopping to the front with legs in second position--the 'funky four corners' moving the hips front, side, back and side in a large circle and the shimmie-a very fast shoulder shake. The shiver--shaking the whole body quickly--is another jazz move the troupe uses. The limbo is probably the most famous Afro-Cuban jazz move--you shimmie your shoulders while walking bent backwards. Ailey's signature dance piece, "Revelations," is full of shimmies and the limbo steps.
Jazz Walks
• One of the most difficult steps to perform in dance is simply walking, and jazz walks are no exception. To jazz walk, move across the floor with your legs in plie--or bent. Dragging your leg after each step makes it the jazz drag. To perform the catwalk, bend forward and walk on your tiptoes--just like the Jets do in the movie "West Side Story." Another very popular theatrical jazz move is the kick-ball-change. Kick your foot about one foot off the ground, then step back on the same foot, then forward on the opposite foot and you are doing one of the most popular walking steps in jazz.
Jazz Hands
• People joke about jazz hands, but dancer-choreographer Bob Fosse perfected them. The articulation of the hands, feet and body in jazz begin with Fosse. Seductive shoulder roles and languid body gestures are all part of his repertoire. In one of Fosse's signature steps---"The Rake"---the dancer leans back with pelvis forward, toe pointed out, one hand touching the brim of a bowler while the other hangs limply from the wrist at the waist. In his Academy Award winning movie "All That Jazz," a favorite Fosse step known as "The Stack"---begins when one dancers sits on a chair with legs and arms in second position and at least one other dancer sits on his lap with legs together and arms lower---is in several dance sequences.
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Mind and Body
Cholera Outbreak Spreads to Haiti's Capital
A woman suffering from cholera symptoms is carried by a volunteer at the hospital in Archaie, Haiti, Monday Nov. 8, 2010.
PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti -- Health workers feared a surge of cholera cases in the shantytowns and muddy tent camps of Haiti's capital as suspected cases piled up Tuesday and a laboratory confirmed cases that originated in the overcrowded city.
Hundreds of people suffered the cholera symptoms of fever and diarrhea in hospitals and shacks built along the putrid waste canals of slums like Cite Soleil and Martissant.
At least 73 cholera cases had been confirmed among people living in Port-au-Prince, but nearly all those were infected outside the capital. Physicians with the aid group Doctors Without Borders reported seeing more than 200 city residents with severe symptoms at their facilities alone over the last three days.
Following Monday's confirmation that a 3-year-old boy from a tent camp near Cite Soleil had contracted the disease before Oct. 31 without leaving the capital, the Pan-American Health Organization said the epidemic's spread from river towns in the countryside to the nation's primary urban center was a dangeorus development.
At least two more capital-originated cases were confirmed Tuesday at the same hospital where the boy was treated.
Damage to Port-au-Prince's already miserable pre-earthquake sanitation and drinking water systems make the city "ripe for the rapid spread of cholera," Dr. Jon K. Andrus, the organization's deputy director, told reporters Tuesday.
"We expect transmission to be extensive and we have to be prepared for it, there's no question," Andrus said. "We have to prepare for a large upsurge in numbers of cases and be prepared with supplies and human resources and everything that goes into a rapid response."
The disease, primarily spread when infected fecal matter contaminates food or water, is preventable and treatable, mainly by rehydrating the sick with safe water mixed essentially with salt, sugar and potassium or intravenous fluids, and sometimes using basic antibiotics.
But decades of failing and often regressing infrastructure -- wracked by political upheaval, unbalanced foreign trade, a 1990s embargo and natural disasters -- have left millions of Haitians without access to clean water, sanitation or medical care.
Haitian and foreign aid workers continued campaigns to tell people to wash their hands, cook food thoroughly and take other precautions against the spread of cholera. Treatment centers were being set up across the capital to handle the expected rising case load.
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Technical Report 2002-024
Time Accurate Simulation: Making a PC Behave Like a 8-Bit Embedded CPU
Jakob Engblom and Magnus Nilsson
July 2002
When developing embedded systems, developers often use simulation techniques to allow development to proceed without access to the target hardware. To make use of the high quality development tools available on the PC platform, one popular simulation method is to compile the code intended for the target system to run on the PC, allowing the development of the software to proceed on the PC without use of the final target system. For a distributed system, each target node is given its own process on the host PC, with software on the PC simulating the communications network.
We have extended one such simulation environment to include the aspect of relative and absolute processing speed of the target systems, allowing for a more accurate simulation where not only functional but also timing-related bugs can be found and diagnosed. The absolute time mode makes the software on the PC run at the same speed as the real target, thus allowing the mixing of simulated nodes with real target hardware in the same system setup. The method is applicable to any embedded processor, as long as it is significantly slower than the PC. The system has been implemented and tested on standard PCs running the Windows NT operating system, and is currently being used in industrial projects.
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Russell Scott Sanders: a Feminist Past
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A feminist is a theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. Russell Scott Sanders, “The Men We Carry in Our Minds,” discusses his personal observation of the conflict of gender equality that grew in his mind after seeing the harsh lives of his surrounding class of people. It deals with the problems that exist between sex and social class issues. He reveals that the men in this class had no choice over their own destiny in life. Their only ways of making money to barely survive were as factory workers or soldiers. He had envied women for what he thought they had a pleasant lifestyle, spent time in the home looking after the children, compared to the difficult lives of the men having to work at the factories and go to war in the foreign land. This essay demonstrates troubles that lie between rich and poor, males and females. Sander's was born into a poor, low-class family that had only known hard labor. During his childhood he witnessed many men go to the same job day in and day out to do back breaking labor so as to support their families. From his yard he had a view of the prison and watched black prisoner's slave away against the land. Watching them were guards dressed in white that didn't raise an arm or bend their backs to do their job. Sanders claimed that, “As a boy, [he] also knewof another sort of [man], who did not sweat and break down like mules” (Sanders). He saw soldiers, who didn't work in the factories or the fields, as far as he could tell they didn't work at all. He watched these soldiers from his house on a military base in Ohio. He knew the life of the soldier conceived of little excitement except for in the time of war. Either way, he knew that he neither wanted to inherit his father's life, though after time he prospered, or join the military. As a youngster, he also saw the difference in men and women in the workplace. His ideas of women were ladies who sat around the house reading, tidying up and running errands. To...
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Senecio rowleyanus
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Senecio rowleyanus leaves.jpg
fleshy leaves of Senecio rowleyanus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Senecio
Species: S. rowleyanus
Binomial name
Senecio rowleyanus
Senecio rowleyanus, commonly known as string-of-pearls or string-of-beads, is a creeping, perennial, succulent vine belonging to the family Asteraceae. This plant was named after British botanist Gordon Douglas Rowley who specialized in Cactaceae and succulents. It is native to the drier parts of southwest Africa. In its natural environment its stems trail on the ground, rooting where they touch and forming dense mats. It often avoids direct sunlight by growing in the shade of other plants and rocks.
Senecio rowleyanus receives its common name from specialized leaves which are the size and shape of small peas (about ¼ inch diameter).Its trailing stems can grow 2–3 feet (60–90 cm). There is a small tip on at the distal point of each leaf and a thin band of dark green tissue on the side known as a "window" (see below). It blooms during the summer and, like all asterids, it has a compound flower. The trumpet shaped flower forms clusters (about ½ inch diameter) of small white flowers with colorful stamens. The flower will last about a month and is said to smell like cinnamon and other spices.
Leaf Morphology[edit]
The odd shape of the leaves is an adaption to arid environments and allows for the storage of water while exposing a minimum amount of surface area per volume to the dry desert air. This greatly reduces water loss due to evaporation relative to the typical dorsi-ventrally flattened leaves of most angiosperms.[1] Although its spherical leaf morphology contributes to minimizing water loss, it also dramatically reduces the area available for the absorption of light and could be potentially detrimental to the plant's rate of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. An adaptation that may help compensate for this reduction in light interception is a narrow, translucent, crescent-shaped band of tissue on the adaxial side of the lamina. This specialized structure is known as a “epidermal window” and it allows light to enter and irradiate the interior of the leaf, effectively increasing the area of leaf tissue available for photosynthesis.[2] This is a trait shared with Senecio radicans, a close relative of Senecio rowleyanus. A similar morphology is observed in species of the genus Fenestraria as well as the species Haworthia cooperi and Frithia pulchra, which grow underground and only expose their leaf tips to absorb light radiation.
Senecio rowleyanus is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is typically displayed in hanging baskets with the leaves cascading over the edge of the container. It can be grown indoors or outdoors (above freezing temperature) and is considered to be low maintenance. Like most succulents, it requires very infrequent watering (about once a month), a few hours of direct sunlight and is not affected by humidity. Good soil drainage is essential to prevent root rot, so sandy soil is recommended (cactus mix or 3:1 potting soil to sharp sand). This plant can be easily propagated by cutting or pinching off 4 inches of healthy stem tip and lightly covering them with moist potting mix. The roots will quickly develop from where the leaves are attached to the stem.
The vegetation of S. rowleyanus is somewhat poisonous and should not be consumed. In humans the string of pearls plant is rated as toxicity classes 2 and 4 by the University of California, Davis. Class 2 is defined by minor toxicity; ingestion of string of pearls may cause minor illnesses such as vomiting or diarrhea. Class 4 is defined by dermatitis; contact with the plant’s sap may cause skin irritation or rash. Likewise, if consumed by animals it can cause vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, skin irritation or lethargy.[3]
1. ^ Hillson, Charles (1979). "Leaf Development in Senecio rowleyanus (Compositae)". American Journal of Botany. 66 (1): 59–63. doi:10.2307/2442625.
2. ^ Kaul, R.B. (1980). "Light Transmission in Window-leaved Plants". Can. J. Bot. 58: 1591–1600.
3. ^ "Safe and Poisonous Garden Plants" (PDF). University of California, Davis. Retrieved 2014-10-20.
• Ombrello, T. "Senecios". Retrieved 2014-10-18.
• Perl, Philip (1978). Cacti and Succulents. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books. pp. 124–125. |
july 2007
at the end of the Civil War, photographers discarded most of the glass plate negatives used for capturing their historic images. The art form was in its infancy, and the future value of these glass negatives could not be imagined at the time.
in the period of Reconstruction which followed, the southern plantation economy was in ruins with the flow of commerce and means of production having been disrupted during the war. those living on plantations reused the discarded glass negatives to construct greenhouses as a way to produce any food they could for sustenance. over time, constant exposure to the sun caused the glass panels to fade, losing any trace of the history they had documented. the greenhouse- a metaphor for the loss, memory, and history of the South, was all that was left.
the concept of the greenhouse endures as a compelling vehicle for communicating the pictorial history of the South. re-conceived as a contemporary structure it serves as a testament to the cycle of destruction and renewal that the region has experienced up to the recent devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina. the social structure that has persisted over this history received significant national exposure during the flooding of New Orleans and importunes the use of the greenhouse for telling this story in its historical context.
in its original form the imagery was unintentional; a happenstance addition to a utilitarian structure. but its role as a time capsule transcends this functionalism in a dramatic inversion which is captured in the updated design. as the part of image and vegetation are reversed thematically so too are they reversed spatially: the images fill the volume of the greenhouse, hanging from its structure in a dense pattern that recalls the great chandeliers of the old South. The vegetation, stripped of its utility, is sandwiched within the glass enclosure and serves as a vestigial reminder of the greenhouse's own history.
in modernizing the structure with new technologies for embedding and printing images on glass, the form of the greenhouse remains as a typological necessity, providing continuity with the past. the enduring form allows us to view the contemporary South through the lens of its own history. |
A&P Lab 1
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The flashcards below were created by user rwischnewski on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
1. The only place that the bones of the arm join the bones of the rest of the body is _______.
sternoclavicular joint
2. The most important stabilizer of the shoulder girdle is ________.
coracoclavicular ligament
3. List the four muscles of the rotator cuff and their actions.
• Supraspinatus- abduction
• Infraspinatus- lateral rotation
• Teres major- lateral rotation
• Subscapularis- medial rotation
4. Abduction of the arm requires what two muscles?
• Deltoid
• Supraspinatus
5. What are the two extensors of the shoulder?
• Teres major
• Latissimus dorsi
6. The glenoid process is a very shallow cup for the head of the humerus. What is the advantage of this?
Increased range of motion
7. What is the disadvantage?
Easy to dislocate
8. Most shoulder dislocation occur in which direction?
9. The structure that provides the most security for the glenohumeral joint is ______.
The tendon of the long head of the biceps
10. What nerve may be damaged in the anterior shoulder dislocations?
11. What muscle does this nerve supply?
12. Why do we need muscles that fixate the scapula?
Because it is not fixed itself
13. When is it important to fixate the scapula?
For the forceful movements of the arm
14. Only two skeletal muscles below the neck are supplied by a cranial nerve. What are they and what is the nerve?
• Trapezius, Sternocleidomastiod
• Accessory nerve- cranial nerve XI
15. The pectoralis major flexes, adducts and medially rotates the arm. What exercise strengthens this muscle?
16. The tendon of the long head of the biceps fortuitously passes across the lateral head of the humerus, holding it in place. Where does the short head of the biceps originate?
Coracoid process
17. Where does the biceps insert?
Radial tuberosity
18. The insertion of the biceps tendon allows it to flex the elbow joint. What other motion does it allow?
Supination of the forearm
19. The most powerful flexor of the forearm is ________.
20. Where does it insert?
Ulnar tuberosity
21. What nerve supplies both brachialis and biceps?
Musculocutaneous nerve
22. The triceps brachii originates at the shoulder and back of the humerus. Where does it insert?
Olecranon process of the ulna
23. This insertion allows what action?
Extension of the elbow
24. The ulna is on which side of the elbow joint?
25. What is the range of motion of the ulna?
Flexion, extension
26. The radius has what additional range of motion?
Supination, pronation
27. The muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm _______ the wrist and fingers.
28. Most of the muscles on the posterior forearm that extend the wrist and fingers originate in a common tendon that is attached to the _________.
lateral epicondyle of the humerus
29. Moving from radial to ulnar (lateral to medial), what are the bones of the proximal row of the carpals?
• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• Triquetrum
• Pisiform
30. What bones are in the distal row?
• Trapezium
• Trapezoideum
• Capitate
• Hamate
31. The flexor tendons for the fingers and the median nerve pass into the hand through the ________.
Carpal tunnel
32. The muscles that allow you to pinch are the _______.
33. How do you test for the intact motor function of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves?
• Ulnar- adduct and abduct the fingers
• Median- opposition of the thumb
• Radial- extension of the fingers
34. How do you test the intact sensory function of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves?
• Ulnar- 5th finger
• Median- palm
• Radial- back of hand
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A&P Lab 1
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6 Common Causes of Automobile Crashes in the U.S.
February 22, 2010
Who would have ever guessed that since the first automobile-related fatality reported in London in 1896, that we would be faced with over 25 million peoples death, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). However, the number of deaths continues to rise, even with all the advancements in vehicle safety technology. The WHO has reported that close to 1.2 million people die each year all over the world as a result of automobile accidents. This number is expected to rise by 65 percent by 2020.
The question now is what is causing all these accidents?. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), there are six major cases for automobile accident related fatalities among people aged 3 to 33:
1. Distracted Drivers
The Director of Traffic Safety at the American Automobile Association, Mark Edwards stated, “The Research tells us that somewhere between 25-50 percent of all motor vehicle crashes in this country really have driver distractions as their root cause.”
The most common distractions are rubbernecking (the slowing down to look at another accident), cell phone use, looking at scenery, other passengers and/or children, adjusting the radio/cd player and reading newspapers, books, maps and other documents. Out of these distractions, cell phone use quadruples the risk of automobile accidents, and is therefore being fined by Police Departments in Maryland, DC and Virginia.
2. Driver Fatigue
100,000 accidents each year in the United States are caused by drowsy drivers, according to the U.S. National Traffic Safety Administration, this risk is greatest between 11 p.m. and 8 a.m..
3. Drunk Driving
An estimated 16,654 people were killed in 2004 as a result of alcohol-related crashes, according to the NHTSA. This means that every half-hour a person dies as a result of drunk driving.
4. Speeding
Speeding increases the risk of crashing, the severity of the impact and reduces the time necessary to avoid a collision. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), reports that when speed is increased from 40 mph to 60 mph, the energy released in the crash more than doubles.
5. Aggressive Driving
Tailgating, flashing lights at other drivers, aggressive/rude gestures, verbal abuse, disregarding traffic signals and changing lanes frequently/unsafely are some examples of aggressive driving.
6. Weather
Heavy rain, hail, snowstorms, ice, high winds and even fog can make driving more difficult. Inclement weather increases our chances or being involved in a collision, therefore, one must take more time to get to where you are going, drive more attentively and make sure and keep enough room between you and the vehicle in front of you. This will decrease your chances of being another fatality.
In conclusion, driving is a responsibility we all must take seriously and try and avoid these six common causes of automobile related fatalities into consideration every time we get behind the wheel. |
Interpersonal Communication Essay
Submitted By JRooks21
Words: 725
Pages: 3
In order to effectively communicate, we need to distinguish the difference between inferences and facts. Inferences are usually based on interpretations that are outside the facts and end up in big misunderstandings. Facts are based on truths. In the conversations I’ve participated in during the past twenty- four hours, some clear examples of the distinctions between facts and inferences that will be shown.
One of the conversations I’ve had recently was between me and a male friend who is single. Our conversation was about relationships and he was telling me that he needs to be in a relationship because he misses intimacy, having someone to count on and that he feels lonely. I explained to him my feelings about his so called needs. I told him, “you should be happy because you have a lot of family and friends and a great job with great pay; what else could you be looking for?” He just got out of a very intense relationship with an older woman almost twice his age that he was living with and before that he had a girlfriend that cheated on him with his friend. I just basically trying to protect his feelings told him that he needs to stay single and enjoy his life. After I made those statements, he completely changed the conversation.
Within this conversation, I made inferences as to what in though were facts and what I felt he needs when in reality I had no idea. I should’ve made statements like, “I feel like you’d benefit from some space” or “I understand how you feel”. I could’ve asked a question like, “Why do you feel like you need those things from a female?” Those statements would’ve been more accurate and would’ve brought out his thoughts. If I let him speak, the conclusion of the discussion would’ve ended with an understanding instead of an uncomfortable change in topic.
Another interesting conversation was with me and my mate. We live together and he hadn’t been home in a week and I had no idea why or where he was. I confronted him asking, “What’s going on and why haven’t you come or called me!?” I told him that if he doesn’t want to be with me, he needs to tell me so that I can go. He said nonchalant things like, “I know I haven’t been home in a week, I was hanging out with my friends clearing my mind”, “Sometimes I want to be with you and sometimes I don’t, I don’t know anymore”. He asked me questions like, “What are you doing here? Why do you have an attitude?” and I was so angry and upset that I simply stopped talking to him. He kept saying that I was being rude and that I wanted it to be over. When we got home we were still talking and I asked him |
Alexander Knyazev
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ern populations of G. bimaculatus [9, 10]. Wild progenitors of the colony used in our experiments descend from the crickets caught in the environs of Dushanbe (Tajikistan). In the laboratory, the insects were reared at a temperature of 26°C and 12:12 h light:dark photoperiod [11]. Since the penultimate molt onwards, larvae were kept separately from each(More)
Development of Phaeophilacris bredoides Kalt. was studied under stable laboratory conditions: temperature of 26°C, air humidity 60%, and 12L: 12D photoperiod (Knyazev, 1985). The life cycle of Ph. bredoides includes four stages: egg, pronymph, nymph, and adult. The duration of embryonic development is 28 days. The nymphal ontogeny lasts 230 days and(More)
The development of Gryllus argentinus Sauss. was studied under stable laboratory conditions: the temperature of 26°C, the air humidity of 60%, and the photoperiod of 12h light: 12 h dark. The life cycle of Gryllus argentinus includes four stages: egg, pronymph, nymph, and adult. The duration of embryonic development is 18 days. The depth of egg bedding in(More)
Female crickets (Gryllidae) often rely on the quality of male acoustic signals when choosing a potential mate. This quality can be determined by the frequency and temporal structure of the calling song, and both these characteristics are known to change as males grow old. In addition, female choice is influenced by call amplitude, which is primarily a(More)
Topographic anatomy of ascending (AN) and descending (DN) neurons of the supraesophageal and thoracic ganglia in the nervous system of winged insects (Pterygota), representatives of the infraclasses Palaeoptera (Odonata, Aeschna grandis, dragonfly) and Neoptera (Blattoptera, Periplaneta americana, cockroach), was studied. These insects differ in ecological(More)
The intraspecific behavior of the non-singing cricket Phaeophilacris bredoides Kaltenbach, 1986, which has no tympanal system, stridulatory apparatus, and classical acoustic communication, was studied. Even though this cricket has no song, its intraspecific behavior can be differentiated into reproductive and agonistic (defensive and aggressive), as this(More)
We studied the relationship between G197A polymorphism of IL-17A gene and changes in morphometric echocardiography parameters and physiological parameters in skiers (19 examinees). Genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and echocardiography using a Nemio MX ultrasound scanner (Toshiba). Association of 197A allele of(More) |
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Telomeres are specialized chromatin structures that protect chromosomal ends. Protection of telomeres 1 (Pot1) binds to the telomeric G-rich overhang, thereby protecting telomeres and regulating telomerase. Mammalian POT1 and TPP1 interact and constitute part of the six-protein shelterin complex. Here we report that Tpz1, the TPP1 homolog in fission yeast,(More)
Telomeres are essential for genome integrity. scRap1 (S. cerevisiae Rap1) directly binds to telomeric DNA and regulates telomere length and telomere position effect (TPE) by recruiting two different groups of proteins to its RCT (Rap1 C-terminal) domain. The first group, Rif1 and Rif2, regulates telomere length. The second group, Sir3 and Sir4, is involved(More)
DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b cooperatively regulate cytosine methylation in CpG dinucleotides in mammalian genomes, providing an epigenetic basis for gene silencing and maintenance of genome integrity. Proper CpG methylation is required for the normal growth of various somatic cell types, indicating its essential role in the basic(More)
BACKGROUND The telomere is a specialized heterochromatin conserved among eukaryotes. However, it remains unknown how heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is recruited to telomeres and how telomere heterochromatin is formed. In fission yeast, the RNAi (RNA interference)-RITS (RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional silencing) pathway initiates heterochromatin(More)
Dendrites allow neurons to integrate sensory or synaptic inputs, and the spatial disposition and local density of branches within the dendritic arbor limit the number and type of inputs. Drosophila melanogaster dendritic arborization (da) neurons provide a model system to study the genetic programs underlying such geometry in vivo. Here we report that(More)
Various stimuli, such as telomere dysfunction and oxidative stress, can induce irreversible cell growth arrest, which is termed 'cellular senescence'. This response is controlled by tumor suppressor proteins such as p53 and pRb. There is also evidence that senescent cells promote changes related to aging or age-related diseases. Here we show that p53(More)
Cellular senescence is a tumor-suppressing mechanism that is accompanied by characteristic chromatin condensation called senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHFs). We found that individual SAHFs originate from individual chromosomes. SAHFs do not show alterations of posttranslational modifications of core histones that mark condensed chromatin in(More)
We have cloned and characterized the rat telomerase protein component 1 gene (TLP1), which is related to the gene for Tetrahymena p80. The cDNA encodes a 2629 amino acid sequence and produces the TLP1 proteins p240 and p230. The anti-TLP1 antibody specifically immunoprecipitated the telomerase activity. Moreover, p240 and p230 were copurified with(More)
With the steadily growing number of service providers the competition becomes more and more intense. In order to find a distinctive edge over other competitors, automatic service composition can be applied to further adapt to the requirements of the users. Most of the current composition approaches can be categorized as either planning or selection(More) |
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2. 2. GROUP II<br />TEAM MEMBERS<br />VINEETHA<br />CINDHYA<br />DEEPA<br />RENJU<br />SUJIN<br />THOMSON<br />
3. 3. MAIN CONTENTS<br />Definition of MNC ;<br />Multinational corporate structure ;<br />Corporate hierarchy ;<br />Factors leading to the growth of MNC;<br />Benefits of MNC ;<br />Code of conduct ;<br />
4. 4. MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION<br />Multinational corporation (or Transnational corporation) (MNC/TNC) : is a corporation or enterprise that manages production establishments or delivers services in at least two countries . <br />
5. 5. Definition: A multinational corporation is an enterprise that engages in foreign direct investment (FDI) and that owns and controls value added activities in more than one country.<br />
6. 6. Multinational corporations play an important role in globalization ; some argue that a new form of MNC is evolving in response to globalization: the 'globally integrated enterprise'. <br /> MNC’s have existed since1602, in which year the first MNC, the Dutch East India Company, was established.<br />
7. 7. According to MNCs,it represents a cluster of affiliated firms located in different countries that:<br /><ul><li> Are linked through common ownership
8. 8. Draw upon a common pool of resources
9. 9. Respond to a common strategy</li></li></ul><li> MULTINATIONAL CORPORATE STRUCTURE<br /> Multinational corporations can be divided into three broad groups according to the configuration of their production facilities:<br />1.Horizontally integrated multinational corporations<br />2. Vertically integrated multinational corporations<br />3.Diversified multinational corporations<br />
10. 10. PROCESS OF EVOLUTION<br /> <br />MNCs did not merge overnight.<br /> Domestic firms after going through various stages of the evolution process, qualify for being called as an MNC.<br /> The process of evolution can broadly be grouped in three successive stages. They are:<br /><ul><li>Trade
11. 11. Assembly or production
12. 12. Integration</li></li></ul><li>MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS<br />The Multinationality of MNCs increase with<br /><ul><li>Number of countries in which it has subsidiaries or affiliate firms
13. 13. Number of countries in which the firm has operations of various sorts
14. 14. Foreign assets, revenues, employees over total
15. 15. Proportion of foreign employees, managers, </li></ul> stockholders<br />
16. 16. HIERARCHY OF MNC ACTIVITIES<br /><ul><li>Sales or marketing Office
17. 17. Simple assembly plants
18. 18. Full-Scale manufacturing (final products and components manufacturing abroad)
19. 19. R & D operations</li></li></ul><li>FACTORS LEADING TO GROWTH IN IB<br /> The factors leading to the growth in IB are:<br /><ul><li>Rapid technological advancement
20. 20. Emergence of supportive institutions
21. 21. Openness of economic policies among large number of countries
22. 22. Increase in competition</li></li></ul><li>BENEFITS OF MNC<br />Benefits from MNCs can be studied under two broad heads:-<br /><ul><li>Benefits to the host
23. 23. Benefits to the home countries</li></li></ul><li>CODE OF CONDUCT<br />The multinational corporation shall :-<br /><ul><li>Respond affirmatively to the social and economic plans of the host country.
24. 24. Seriously consider credible complaints and try to eliminate them .
25. 25. Confirm to the established policies and the laws of the host country .</li></li></ul><li><ul><li>Supply appropriate information to local authorities about health, safety and environment effects of company‘s products .
26. 26. Be concerned about human rights in decision making.
27. 27. Provide clear statement of the basic mission and policies of the company </li></li></ul><li>WHAT MNC HAVE TO DO ?<br />MNCS need to respond in the following ways :-<br /><ul><li>Provide employment .
28. 28. Train managers .
29. 29. Provide products and services that raise the standard of living .</li></li></ul><li><ul><li>Introduce and develop new technical skills .
30. 30. Introduce new managerial and organisational practices
31. 31. Raise the GDP .
32. 32. Increase productivity .
33. 33. Helps build up foreign exchange reserves .</li></li></ul><li>CONCLUSION<br />To conclude, we would opine that MNC’s having a wide ambit is enviable to us, as to the fact that, there exists lots of job opportunity paves a path for the increase in National Income.<br /> And also to create a better society,<br /> with better standard of living,<br /> and it increases labour productivity ,<br /> decrease in unemployment, <br /> and also increases the net national income of the country. <br />This will help the government and this will lead to increase in the export and imports in the country.<br />
34. 34. Wipro Technologies<br />Type :Public (NYSE: WIT)<br />Founded :1945 (Pre Independence)<br />Headquarters :Bangalore<br />Key people: Azim Premji, Suresh Vaswani, Girish S. Paranjpe<br />Industry: Information technology services<br />Revenue: ▲$5.0 billion (2008) USD<br />Net income:▲$677 million (2007) USD<br />Employees:100,000+ (2008)<br />Website<br />
35. 35. Aditya Birla Group<br />Type :Private Conglomerate/Listed Companies.<br />Founded :1900s<br />Headquarters :Mumbai, India<br />Key people: Kumar Mangalam Birla (Chairman)<br />Industry: Metals and several others.<br />Products:Aluminium, Copper, Cement, Fertilizer, Textile, Fibre, etc.<br />Revenue:▲ $24 billion<br />Employees:100,000+<br />Subsidiaries: Several.<br />Website:<br />
36. 36. TATA<br /> <br />Type: Private Conglomerate (BSE)<br />Founded :1868 by Jamshedji Tata<br />Headquarters :Mumbai, Maharashtra, India<br />Key people: Ratan Tata, Chairman<br />Industry: EngineeringMaterialsInformation technologyCommunicationAutomotiveChemicalsEnergy<br />
37. 37. TATA<br />Products: SteelAutomobilesTelecommunicationsSoftwareHotelsConsumer goods<br />Revenue :US$ 62.5 billion[1](Feb 2008)<br />Net income: ▲ US$ 4 billion (FY 2007)<br />Employees:2,89,500 (2007)<br />Website :<br /><br />
38. 38.
39. 39. Thank you<br /> |
Tuesday, August 21, 2012
What You Should Know About the iPhone SMS Spoof Attack
SMS text messaging is certainly not exclusive to Apple or its iconic iPhone smartphone. But, apparently there is something unique about the way Apple delivers SMS messages that makes the iPhone particularly vulnerable to spoofing or smishing (SMS phishing) attacks.
iOS security researcher wrote a blog post detailing the discovery. When an SMS text message is sent, part of the header information contains the actual number the message originated from. However, there is also an optional header called the UDH (User Data Header) which allows for a different Reply To address to be entered.
Some mobile platforms display both the actual originating number and the information from the Reply To field, hopefully raising some red flags for the recipient if the two are different. Apple’s iOS only displays--and responds to--the address specified in the Reply To field.
Why is that a problem? Well, if an attacker knows the phone number of your financial institution, or your Mom, or your boss, he (or she) could send a text message to your iPhone that appears to originate from that number. On an iPhone, the SMS text message would seem to be from a legitimate source, and you’d be much more likely to respond, or comply with requests for sensitive information you normally wouldn’t share.
More here: http://www.pcworld.com/article/261118/what_you_should_know_about_the_iphone_sms_spoof_attack.html
1 comment:
Gainesville sms marketing said...
Great way to promote products and services is through sms marketing.
Gainesville sms marketing |
My ePortfolio Register
Scientists identify protein interaction that defines an aggressive brain tumor subtype
The research appears today in the scientific journal Cancer Cell.
The subtypes - group 3 and sonic hedgehog (SHH) - are among four that make up medulloblastoma, the most common malignant childhood brain tumour.
Working in genetically engineered mice, researchers showed that the Miz1 protein plays a pivotal role in determining tumour identity.
"This study not only demonstrates that the Myc-Miz1 interaction is required for development of group 3 medulloblastoma, but also showed that inhibition of that interaction dramatically reduced the tumour's aggressiveness," said Martine Roussel, Ph.D., a member of the St. Jude Department of Tumor Cell Biology.
"The findings suggest it may be possible to suppress the spread of group 3 tumours using small molecules to target Miz1 and inhibit binding with Myc," Roussel said.
At St. Jude, the drug discovery effort has begun.
The SHH subtype is named for the SHH signalling pathway, which is abnormally activated in tumour cells.
Previous research from Roussel and others showed that overexpression of Myc in developing brain cells called granule neuron progenitors induced group 3 tumours, while overexpression of MycN in granule neuron progenitors led to the SHH subtype.
This study helps to explain why.
Researchers showed that the Myc/Miz1 complex drives group 3 tumours by repressing expression of genes in the SHH pathway.
The suppression helps group 3 tumours cells remain more like stem cells in their ability to divide and proliferate.
Group 3 tumours in mice and humans lack primary cilia, but SHH tumours do not.
When researchers mutated Myc to inhibit binding with Miz1 in genetically engineered mice, fewer mice developed brain tumours and the tumour formation took longer.
In genetically engineered mice, inhibition of MycN/Miz1 binding blocked SHH tumour development.
Source: St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Founding partners
European Cancer Organisation European Institute of Oncology
Founding Charities
Foundazione Umberto Veronesi Fondazione IEO Swiss Bridge
Published by
Cancer Intelligence |
Carnaval de Tambobamba
Carnaval de Tambobamba
martes, 29 de marzo de 2011
Antonio José de Sucre
Antonio José de Sucre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Antonio José de Sucre
In office
29 December 1825 – 18 April 1828
Preceded bySimón Bolívar
Succeeded byJosé María Pérez de Urdininea
In office
23 June 1823 – 17 July 1823
Preceded byJosé de la Riva Agüero
Succeeded byJosé Bernardo de Tagle
BornFebruary 3, 1795
Cumaná, Viceroyalty of New Granada (in present-dayVenezuela)
DiedJune 4, 1830 (aged 35)
Pasto, Colombia
Resting placeCathedral of Quito
Spouse(s)Maríana Carcelén y Larrea
ChildrenTeresa Sucre y Carcelén
Honorary titleGran Mariscal de Ayacucho
Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá (Spanish pronunciation: [anˈtonjo xoˈse ðe ˈsukɾe i alkaˈla]; February 3, 1795 – June 4, 1830), known as the "Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho" (English: "Grand Marshal of Ayacucho"), was a Venezuelan independence leader. Sucre was one of Simón Bolívar's closest friends, generals and statesmen.
The aristocratic Sucre family can trace its roots back to origins in Belgium. It arrived in Venezuela through Charles de Sucre y Pardo, a Flemish nobleman, son of Charles Adrian de Sucre, Marquess of Preux and Buenaventura Carolina Isabel Garrido y Pardo, a Spanish noblewoman. Charle de Sucre y Pardo served a soldier in Catalonia in 1698 and was later named Governor ofCartagena de Indias and Captain General of Cuba. On December 22, 1779, Charles Sucre y Pardo arrived inCumana, Venezuela having been named Governor ofNew Andalucia, present day Sucre state.
Antonio José de Sucre was born in Cumaná, then part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada and the Captaincy-General of Venezuela, son of Colonel Vicente de Sucre y García de Urbaneja and wife María Manuela de Alcalá y Sánchez Ramírez de Arellano. The Sucres were a wealthy and distinguished family and his father was a military officer in the Spanish armies.
[edit]Military life
In 1814, Sucre joined the battles for South American independence from Spain. He proved himself an able military leader; in 1818, he was promoted to the rank ofcolonel and in 1821, at the age of 26, he was given the rank of brigadier general, making him one of the youngest Generals in the army. After the Battle of Boyacá, Sucre was made Bolívar's chief of staff.
In 1821, Bolívar put him in charge of the campaign to liberate Quito, and Sucre won a decisive victory at the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822. Shortly after the battle, Sucre and Bolívar entered the newly-liberated Quito and Sucre was named President of the Province of Quito.
After the victory at Ayacucho, Bolívar would write his Resumen Sucinto de la Vida del General Sucre, or "Short Review of the Life of General Sucre" a short biography full of flattering comments about his lieutenant. In a letter telling Sucre of the biography he had written, Bolívar said:
[edit]Post-independence period
Sucre was elected president of Bolivia in 1826, but he became dissatisfied with local political developments. In 1828, when a strong movement arose against Bolívar, his followers and the Bolivian constitution, Sucre resigned. He was never really happy in as a politician and intended to retire from politics. He moved to Quito, the home city of his wife, Mariana de Carcelén y Larrea, Marquess of Solanda (July 27, 1805 - December 15, 1861), daughter of Felipe de Carcelén y Sánchez de Orellana and Teresa de Larrea y Jijón. He had an illegitimate son by Manuela de la Concepción de Roxas y Iñíguez (b. December 13, 1809) named Pedro César de Sucre y Roxas on June 7, 1828. He had a daughter by his wife, who was born in Quito on June 30, 1829 but died there on November 15, 1831.
In late 1828, urged by Bolívar, the Congress of Gran Colombia named Sucre President of Congress. They also intended to name him Bolívar's successor, but this came to nothing because Sucre likely would have it turned down. Sucre was named to a commission, headed by José Antonio Páez, that traveled to Venezuela in 1829 to quell political separatism among local authorities. The difficulty of this task added to Sucre's continuing dissatisfaction with Gran Colombia's political environment.
Death of Antonio José de Sucre by Arturo Michelena.
[edit]Death and legacy
In early 1830, Sucre heard the news about Bolívar's resignation and intention to leave the country, so he decided to return Quito in order to resume his private life. However, he was fatally ambushed near Pasto, at the Sierra de Berruecos in southern Colombia on June 4, 1830.
The details of the murder were unclear and theories about it abound. One of the older and better documented theories says that José María Obando masterminded the assassination, and one of the alleged assassins named in this theory was later executed for his apparent role. Later theories implicated different (or additional) individuals, such as Juan José Flores,Agustín Gamarra and Francisco de Paula Santander.
The department of Sucre in Colombia and the city of Sucre in Bolivia are named after him. The former currency of Ecuador was the sucre. In 1909 the State of Venezuela in which he was born, Cumaná, was renamed Sucre. A large neighborhood in the city of Caracas is named Sucre, and there are several Venezuelan municipalities named Antonio José de Sucre Municipality or Sucre Municipality. ABolivarian Mission, Mission Sucre, is named for him. The Macagua Dam in Ciudad Guayana was named after him as well.
Some of his descendants in Venezuela, Ecuador and U.S.A have followed in his military and political footsteps.
[edit]Further reading
[edit]External links
Preceded by
Simón Bolívar
President of Bolivia
December 29, 1825 – April 18, 1828
Succeeded by
José María Pérez de Urdininea
Preceded by
José de la Riva Agüero
President of Peru
June 23, 1823 – July 17, 1823
Succeeded by
José Bernardo de Tagle
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Glossary of Sailing and Weather Terms
Official information issued by tropical cyclone warning centers describing all tropical cyclone watches and warnings in effect along with details concerning tropical cyclone locations, intensity and movement, and precautions that should be taken. Advisories are also issued to describe: (a) tropical cyclones prior to issuance of watches and warnings and (b) subtropical cyclones.
Toward the rear of the vessel.
Apparent Wind:
The perceived wind direction of a moving yacht. When the yacht goes faster, the perceived wind direction moves forward, just as the wind always seems to hit a car only from head-on as it drives at high speeds.
A mast support that runs from the top of the mast to the stern of the yacht; it may be adjustable in order to bend the mast backward or to increase tension on the forestay.
Weight in the keel of a boat to add stability (righting moment).
A boat's greatest width.
Sailing (or pointing) at an angle into the wind or upwind. Since sailboats cannot sail directly into the wind, "beating" is the closet course to the wind they can sail.
• place where you but the boat on a dock.
• bunk or sleeping quarters.
The lowest part of a boat's hull.
A deck or track-mounted pulley device through which ropes such as jib and genoa sheets are strung.
A spar to which a sail's lower edge or "foot" is attached. The boom is attached to the mast at the gooseneck.
Bosun's Chair:
A seat, usually made of canvas, used to hoist a person up the mast.
The front of the boat.
The crewmember in charge of sail changes and keeping a lookout on the bow at the start.
When a keelboat sailing on a run capsizes from a strong puff of wind or gets knocked down by a wave. Also called a Knockdown or a Wipeout.
The lead-torpedo shape on the bottom of the keel.
A partition to strengthen the frame of a yacht.
A marker used for navigation, mooring, or racing around.
Cam Cleat:
A mechanical cleat used to hold a line automatically. It uses two spring-loaded cams (teeth) that come together to clamp the line, which is placed between them.
To turn upside down.
Central North Pacific Basin:
The region north of the Equator between 140W and the International Dateline. The Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) in Honolulu, Hawaii is responsible for tracking tropical cyclones in this region.
The metal or composite attachments for shrouds and stays. Part of the hull, connecting the hull with the rig.
A spinnaker.
A fitting, typically with projecting ends, that holds a line against the tension from the sails, rigging or mooring.
The lower corner of a mainsail, jib or genoa and either lower corner of a spinnaker attached to the sheet.
A recessed area in the deck in which the crew works.
Code Ø:
A tight luff, upwind spinnaker developed by EF Language during the 1997-98 Whitbread race, also called "the Whomper".
An instrument that uses the earth's magnetic field to point to the direction of the magnetic North Pole; used by navigators to determine the direction a yacht is heading and to set a course.
The direction a yacht is sailing.
The team of sailors that sails the yacht.
A white woven sailcloth made of polyester fiber. Brand name by DuPont.
Dead Downwind:
Sailing straight with the wind.
Horizontal surface or platform of a yacht.
A failure of the bond between either of the hull's outer and inner skins, and the "sandwich" spacing material in between-allowing either of the two outer layers to become unstuck from the core.
To lose, through breakage, part or all of the mast.
An area between the weather systems of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres characterized by frustrating light winds, major shifts in wind direction and sudden violent squalls.
The point of sail when the wind blows from aft of the yacht's beam.
Eastern North Pacific Basin:
The portion of the North Pacific Ocean east of 140W. The National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida is responsible for tracking tropical cyclones in this region.
Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon. There are two types of beacon. One is a transmitter that all commercial vessels are required to have on board. Pleasure crafts are recommended to carry one. The second type is a personal EPIRB that sailors wear on themselves, either as a watch, within their clothing, or around their neck so they can be located should they be washed overboard.
Line of latitude at 0 degrees -- equal distance from both poles.
Eyewall / Wall Cloud:
An organized band or ring of cumulonimbus clouds that surround the eye, or light-wind center of a tropical cyclone. Eyewall and wall cloud are used synonymously.
Extratropical Cyclone:
Flash Flood Warning:
A weather warning issued when a flash flood is imminent and immediate action is necessary.
Flash Flood Watch:
A weather watch issued when there is a potential for flash flooding in a given area.
The bottom edge of a sail.
The area of a yacht's deck that is in front of the mast; also a crew position aboard a racing yacht.
Any sail used between the mast and the forestay.
A mast support that runs from the top of the mast, or near the top of the mast, to the bow.
Fractional Rig:
A rig where the headstay does not go to the bottom of the mast.
Furious Fifties:
An area between 50 degrees and 60 degrees latitude noted for very strong winds and huge seas.
Fujiwhara Effect:
Gale Warning:
A warning of 1-minute sustained surface winds in the range 34 kt (39 mph or 63 km/hr) to 47 kt (54 mph or 87 km/hr) inclusive, either predicted or occurring and not directly associated with tropical cyclones.
A cross between a genoa and a spinnaker, a foresail used for reaching.
A large foresail that overlaps the shroud base used for sailing upwind; also called a "genny".
Global Position System. Satellite navigation, which gives yachts exact latitude and longitude position. The update race is one second.
A rope used to adjust the position of a spinnaker pole.
See Jibe.
The mechanical device connecting the boom and the mast.
A line used to hoist and hold up a sail.
• Toilet/Basin/Shower.
• The top corner of a sail that is connected to the halyard.
A wind shift during which the wind enters the boat more forward.
A sail flown between the mast and the bow of the yacht.
The steering station of a yacht; the tiller or wheel by which the rudder is controlled.
The crewmember who steers the yacht; usually also the skipper; also called the "driver".
High Wind Warning:
A high wind warning is defined as 1-minute average surface winds of 35 kt (40 mph or 64 km/hr) or greater lasting for 1 hour or longer, or winds gusting to 50 kt (58 mph or 93 km/hr) or greater regardless of duration that are either expected or observed over land.
The attachment points for the shrouds up the mast.
The body of a yacht.
Hurricane / Typhoon:
Hurricane Local Statement:
Hurricane Season:
Hurricane Warning:
Hurricane Watch:
Indirect Hit:
Generally refers to locations that do not experience a direct hit from a tropical cyclone, but do experience hurricane force winds (either sustained or gusts) or tides of at least 4 feet above normal.
A digital store and forward messaging service, using satellites for transmission.
A foresail that fits in between the forestay and the mast.
The process of turning the yacht so the stern turns through the wind, thereby changing the side of the yacht on which the sails are carried (opposite of tacking); also spelled gybe.
Emergency rigging with available gear, usually due to a broken mast.
A ballasted appendage projecting below the boat that keeps it from capsizing, which also supplies the hydrodynamic lateral force that enables the boat to sail upwind.
Man-made, yellow/brown aramid fiber that is used to make sails or composites for building hulls. In sails it retains its shape better and is lighter than Dacron, but is more expensive. Kevlar is the brand name from DuPont and is also used in bullet-proof jackets. It loses its good properties when exposed to the sun for extended periods of time.
A spinnaker.
See Broach.
• One nautical mile per hour.
• Connection of lines.
Angular distance north or south of the equator, measured from 0 to 90 degrees north or south.
An imaginary line projecting at an angle corresponding to the wind direction from either side of a racecourse marker buoy that defines the optimum sailing angle for a yacht to fetch the mark or the finish line. When a yacht reaches this point, it is said to be "on the layline". Going beyond the layline means the yacht is sailing a greater distance to reach the mark or finish line.
The trailing edge of a sail.
Away from the wind. A leeward yacht is one that has another yacht between it and the wind (opposite of windward).
Life Raft:
An inflatable craft into which the crew of a yacht transfers if the yacht intends to sink.
Cables that are held in place by stanchions and go around the boat to prevent people from falling overboard. A "fence" around the boat on the edge of the deck.
A wind shift during which the wind enters the boat from further back. It allows the helmsman to head up or alter course to windward, or the crew to ease the sheets.
A nautical term for ropes.
Angular distance east or west of the Greenwich Meridian, measured from 0 t 180 degrees east or west.
• To change course toward the wind.
• The leading edge of a sail.
Mainsheet Trimmer:
A device that controls the position and shape of the mainsail, the large triangular sail behind the mast.
Major Hurricane:
A hurricane that is classified as Category 3 or higher.
The vertical spar that holds up the sails.
The crewmember who works the lines on the mast when hoisting sails, and who assists the bowman with the work on the foredeck.
Masthead Rig:
A rigging scheme in which the forestay is attached near the top of the mast. See Fractional Rig.
Match Racing:
A racing format where only two yachts compete at a time, like a boxing match, as opposed to "fleet racing" where more yachts sail at once.
A boat designed to the maximum rating allowed under the International Offshore Rule, or more recently, the international measurement system.
Numerical computer models which attempt to forecast the state of the atmosphere and future storm intensity/movement.
National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 [NGVD 1929]:
A fixed reference adopted as a standard geodetic datum for elevations determined by leveling. The datum was derived for surveys from a general adjustment of the first-order leveling nets of both the United States and Canada. In the adjustment, mean sea level was held fixed as observed at 21 tide stations in the United States and 5 in Canada. The year indicates the time of the general adjustment. A synonym for Sea-level Datum of 1929. The geodetic datum is fixed and does not take into account the changing stands of sea level. Because there are many variables affecting sea level, and because the geodetic datum represents a best fit over a broad area, the relationship between the geodetic datum and local mean sea level is not consistent from one location to another in either time or space. For this reason, the National Geodetic Vertical Datum should not be confused with mean sea level.
Nautical Mile:
The unit of geographical distance used on "salt-water" charts. 1 nautical mile corresponds exactly to 1 minute of angular distance on the meridian (adjacent left and right side of a sea chart). This facilitates navigation as it avoids a complicated conversion from angle to distance. 1 nautical mile equals 1.852 kilometers. 60 minutes equal 1 degree.
The crewmember who monitors the yacht's location and progress relative to the racecourse and the other yachts.
Off the Wind:
Sailing away from the wind, also downwind, reaching or running.
Changing from one spinnaker to another.
Putting the bow into a wave and cart-wheeling forward.
Crewmember who controls the halyards and mast winches and assists the mastman.
The spinnaker pole.
Nautical term for the left side of a yacht when facing forward.
Port Tack:
Sailing with the wind blowing onto the port side and the mainsail on the starboard side.
Post-storm Report:
A report issued by a local National Weather Service office summarizing the impact of a tropical cyclone on its forecast area. These reports include information on observed winds, pressures, storm surges, rainfall, tornadoes, damage and casualties.
Post-tropical Cyclone:
A former tropical cyclone. This generic term describes a cyclone that no longer possesses sufficient tropical characteristics to be considered a tropical cyclone. Post-tropical cyclones can continue carrying heavy rains and high winds. Note that former tropical cyclones that have become fully well as remnant lows...are two classes of post-tropical cyclones.
Preliminary Report:
Now known as the "Tropical Cyclone Report". A report summarizing the life history and effects of an Atlantic or eastern Pacific tropical cyclone. It contains a summary of the cyclone life cycle and pertinent meteorological data, including the post-analysis best track (six-hourly positions and intensities) and other meteorological statistics. It also contains a description of damage and casualties the system produced, as well as information on forecasts and warnings associated with the cyclone. NHC writes a report on every tropical cyclone in its area of responsibility.
Present Movement:
Radius of Maximum Winds:
The distance from the center of a tropical cyclone to the location of the cyclone's maximum winds. In well-developed hurricanes, the radius of maximum winds is generally found at the inner edge of the eyewall.
Rapid Intensification:
An increase in the maximum sustained winds of a tropical cyclone of at least 30 kt in a 24-h period.
All angles against the wind that are not beating or dead downwind. A close reach has the wind forward of abeam; a beam reach is when the wind is perpendicular to the boat; and a broach reach is when the wind is aft of abeam.
A term used in an advisory to indicate that a vector drawn from the preceding advisory position to the latest known position is not necessarily a reasonable representation of the cyclone's movement.
Remnant Low:
A post-tropical cyclone that no longer possesses the convective organization required of a tropical cyclone...and has maximum sustained winds of less than 34 knots. The term is most commonly applied to the nearly deep-convection-free swirls of stratocumulus in the eastern North Pacific.
The general term used to describe a yacht's mast and sail combination.
The wires, lines, halyards, and other items used to attach the sails and the spars to the boat. The lines that do not have to be adjusted often are known as standing rigging. The lines that are adjusted to raise, lower, and trim the sails are known as running rigging.
Roaring Forties:
The area between 40 degrees and 50 degrees latitude noted for strong winds and large seas.
Dead downwind.
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale:
The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 categorization based on the hurricane's intensity at the indicated time. The scale provides examples of the type of damage and impacts in the United States associated with winds of the indicated intensity. The following table shows the scale broken down by winds:
Category Wind Speed (mph) Damage
1 74 - 95 Very dangerous winds will produce some damage
2 96 - 110 Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage
3 111 - 129 Devastating damage will occur
4 130 - 156 Catastrophic damage will occur
5 > 156 Catastrophic damage will occur
For a detailed description of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, click here.
A satellite telephone. Unlike cellular phones that relay on networks of local antennae, sat-phones send and receive their signals directly to and from orbiting satellites. Though significantly more expensive than cellular phones, with calls costing from $4 to $9 a minute, sat-phones can operate from almost anywhere on earth.
Screaming Sixties:
The area between 60 degrees and 70 degrees latitude noted for exceptionally strong wind, huge seas, and frequent icebergs.
A line that controls sails and adjusts their angle of attack and their trailing edge.
A cable or rod that supports the mast sidewise. Shrouds run from the chainplates at deck level on the port and starboard side, to the hounds just below the top of the mast.
A position report issue every 6 hours.
The person in charge of a vessel.
Southern Ocean:
The ocean surrounding the Antarctic continent. The largest uninterrupted water on the earth with the most dynamic weather systems, the highest waves, and the strongest winds (apart from tropical storms).
A large ballooning sail that is flown in front of the yacht when the wind comes from aft of abeam. Spinnakers are used when running or reaching, sailing downwind. Also called Kite or Chute. The head is pulled to the top of the mast, using the halyard; the tack is at the spinnaker pole, projecting it away from the yacht; and the clew is connected to the sheet, trimming the sail.
Spinnaker Pole:
A pole that is attached to the lower front of the mast to hold one corner of a spinnaker out from the yacht. On high-performance yachts, spinnaker poles are usually made of strong but lightweight carbon fiber composite material. When a spinnaker is not being flown, the pole is tethered to the deck.
The sudden, short-term burst of wind with passing clouds. May be accompanied by rain.
Vertical poles that stand on the outer edge of the deck to hold the lifelines.
Standing Rigging:
The non-moving rods and lines that support the mast and sails.
Nautical term for the right half of the yacht when facing forward.
Starboard Tack:
Sailing with the wind blowing onto the starboard side, and the mainsail on the port side.
A rod or wire that supports the mast in a fore/aft position.
A small sail flown between the mast and the inner forestay.
The rear of the boat.
Storm Surge:
Storm Tide:
Storm Warning:
A warning of 1-minute sustained surface winds of 48 kt (55 mph or 88 km/hr) or greater, either predicted or occurring, not directly associated with tropical cyclones.
Subtropical Cyclone:
A non-frontal low pressure system that has characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones. This system is typically an upper-level cold low with circulation extending to the surface layer and maximum sustained winds generally occurring at a radius of about 100 miles or more from the center. In comparison to tropical cyclones, such systems have a relatively broad zone of maximum winds that is located farther from the center, and typically have a less symmetric wind field and distribution of convection.
Subtropical Depression:
Subtropical Storm:
• The process of turning the bow of the yacht through the wind and changing the sides of the sails.
• The lower corner of a sail that is attached to the yacht.
Traditionally the piece of wood the helmsman holds to control the rudder. Now it can be made of aluminum, titanium or a composite material in order to save weight.
The high end of the mast.
Trade Wind:
Northeast and southeast winds in the Atlantic blowing continually toward the equator. Named after the traditional trading ships, which sailed a course using these winds to their advantage.
The flat rear end of a boat, the upper part of which tends to lean forward on modern racers.
To adjust the sail to make it the right shape and angle to the wind.
Tropical Cyclone:
Tropical Depression:
Tropical Disturbance:
Tropical Storm:
Tropical Storm Warning:
Tropical Storm Watch:
Tropical Wave:
A triangular loose-footed sail fitted aft of the mast, often used to replace the mainsail in heavy weather.
Sailing against the wind at an angle a certain yacht can achieve.
Velocity Made Good (VMG):
The speed of a yacht relative to the waypoint it wants to reach, or toward or away from the wind.
Teams within which the crew operates, taking turns to work, sleep and eat.
Watch Leader/Captain:
The person in charge of a watch.
Watertight Hatch:
Watertight doors. In the event of a hull breach, the hatches can be closed to seal off compartments on the affected portion of the boat.
A specific location as defined by GPS, the Global Positioning System.
A device used to give a mechanical advantage when hauling on the lines.
Winch Pedestal:
An upright winch drive mechanism with two handles to increase purchasing power.
Against the wind.
See Broach. |
Saturday, January 03, 2009
Marvelous Pre-Cambrian Fossils
If like me, you love the Burgess Shale fossils, you'll be taken with this news item: Eight-armed animal preceded dinosaurs. It's remarkable enough to find so many beautiful fossils of soft-bodied animals, but to find they are older than the "Cambrian explosion" is quite wonderful. Really, it makes dinosaurs seem recent and mundane.
[Zhu, Gehling and their colleagues] believe the animal was a soft-bodied, dome-shaped organism that lived on seabeds and fed by absorbing dissolved nutrients from the ambient environment.
Before the latest fossils were found, some researchers identified the creatures as lichens or fungus-like organisms, but Zhu and his team suspect that at least some Ediacara fossils represent now-extinct diploblastic animals, or creatures that possess only two cellular layers separated by a jelly-type substance.
"Diploblastic animals are common creatures on present day earth," he said, mentioning that jellyfish, corals and sea anemones belong to the group.
"These animals (display) radial symmetry but lack complex organs, as shown by E. octobrachiata," he adds.
The multi-armed creature, and several other early life forms, went extinct around 542 million years ago, which Zhu says, "left empty niches for the subsequent Cambrian explosion of complex animals."
Representatives of nearly all existent animals emerged at this time, when a rapid increase in oxygen made respiration and metabolism possible.
The Discovery News report includes links to the scholarly articles, and lovely photographs.
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It's likely that at some distant point in the future, lead-acid starter batteries will go the way of the dodo, at least in green cars. The fact is that newer technologies like nickel metal hydride and lithium ion are much lighter than the lead-acids currently underhood of nearly every car in the world. Still, advancements in lead-acid technology are being made, and as more and more vehicles begin demanding more from their batteries, the humble lead-acid battery is changing with the times. For instance, BMW's new efficient dynamics technology required a new battery capable of supporting high loads. Banner Batteries stepped up to the plate by offering a 90Ah AGM battery, which is capable of offering the necessary power for the stop/start micro-hybrid BMW.
Fortunately, nearly everything that goes into the lead-acid battery is recyclable. Over 95 percent of the lead-acids currently underhood will end up recycled, most likely into another battery. Europe takes up the slack for some other countries by recycling nearly 100 percent of their starter batteries. New sensors are also being added to lead-acid batteries in order to make them last longer. It's good to know that old dogs like lead-acid batteries are still learning new tricks.
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The recent birth of Dobby, a baby giraffe at the Denver Zoo in Colorado, and the live stream of a pregnant giraffe named April at Animal Adventure Park in Harpursville, New York have been making headlines and filling our social media feeds. People are obsessed, sharing photos of adorable Dobby and wondering when April will finally give birth. And while we all certainly love baby animals and are in awe of the miracle of birth, there’s something rather sad about these stories. Because instead of watching these animals enjoy a sprawling natural habitat, we’re watching them from behind glass, fences and indoor enclosures.
Giraffes are the world’s tallest mammals, reaching a height anywhere from 14 to 19 feet and weighing up to 2,800 pounds. A gentle and social creature, giraffes live in small herds and can be found throughout the central, eastern, and southern portions of Africa. Their height allows them to feast on leaves from tall trees, and their long legs help them reach speeds anywhere from 10 to 35 miles per hour.
It’s no wonder people find them impressive and want to see these magnificent creatures in person. But for giraffes in captivity, life isn’t quite the same as their wild counterparts. Instead of days consisting of roaming freely, socializing, and enjoying a variety of foliage, they’re placed on display in unnatural environments where they’re unable to exhibit all of their natural behaviors.
Life in Captivity Isn’t a Life
When talking about captivity, it’s important to understand the difference between rescuing animals and taking them to a sanctuary or wildlife refuge and keeping them in a zoo. Sanctuaries exist to protect animals who have been injured, kept as a wild pet, or rescued from defunct zoos or roadside attractions. As a result of their prior life, they are unable to be returned to the wild so a sanctuary is the only option. Wildlife refuges exist to protect animals living in their natural habitat. Both share a common goal of rehabilitating and protecting wildlife.
Zoos display animals for entertainment purposes and often participate in breeding programs, allowing the cycle of captivity to continue. Even accredited zoos that strive for top-notch care and provide animals with room to roam aren’t giving animals what they truly deserve: a life of freedom.
The most heartbreaking impact of life in captivity is when animals begin to suffer from zoochosis, a condition where they exhibit compulsive behaviors as a result of environmental stress. Symptoms of zoochosis include pacing, circling, swaying back and forth, self-mutilation, excessive grooming, and excessive chewing or biting. Those who are unfamiliar with the condition might think an animal dancing around is being cute, but that’s not the case. And when an animal is stressed, they become a danger to themselves, as well as others.
Dangerous Encounters
In zoos, animals can be placed in danger when people try to interact with them, feed them, taunt them or throw unsafe items into their enclosure. When humans try to get too close and the animal naturally reacts, that animal often ends up being killed. One example is the sad case where a gorilla named Harambe was shot by zookeepers after a child fell into his enclosure. And there are countless other cases where captive animals been killed after attacking spectators or handlers who get too close.
The animals are trying to tell us something, but are we listening? Perhaps instead of practicing “conservation” efforts that keep animals caged in unnatural situations, we should place our focus on preserving their existence in the wild.
Focus on Habitat Preservation, Not Captive Breeding
Why the Birth of a Giraffe at the Denver Zoo Isn’t Something We Should Be Celebrating
Giraffes are listed as “vulnerable,” meaning they are only one step away from becoming an endangered species and facing extinction. Like countless other wild species, their habitat is being destroyed by fragmentation as a result of agriculture, construction, and development. In fact, the actions of humans are causing species to go into extinction at a rate 1,000 times faster than normal.
One of the misleading claims made by zoos is that breeding animals in captivity is part of conservation efforts, guaranteeing that the world’s species are around for future generations. We all know that animals, especially baby animals, help draw large crowds to zoos, so is the motivation really conservation — or is it profit?
How You Can Help
We can teach our children compassion by showing them that animals belong in the wild, not behind fences and concrete enclosures for our entertainment. Instead of spending money to visit a zoo, donate to an organization that’s working to protect animals and their habitats. If you still want to interact with animals, there are plenty of humane alternatives to visiting a zoo.
You can also protect habitats by being a conscious consumer. Purchase recycled paper products to help decrease deforestation, buy products made from sustainable resources, and avoid packaged foods that contain palm oil, a product that’s contributing to habitat fragmentation and threatening the existence of several species. And never buy products made from animal hides, horns, tusks or any other body part.
Lead image source: Yuli4kaSergeevna/Shutterstock
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0 comments on “Why the Birth of a Giraffe at the Denver Zoo Isn’t Something We Should Be Celebrating”
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Cenk Tekin
2 Days ago
It is a thing to be celebrated because "if it isn\'t in the wild it should be extinct" mindset is hideous. Yes we should make transition towards sanctuary like facilities, but realism is needed. The habitat destruction isn\'t going to be easily reversed at all.
Also thank you for once again being dishonest snake-oil sellers Arianna and OGP.
12 Days ago
Dobby would be dead if born in the wild.
13 Days ago
since capelle mom was on homonal birth control, has anyone determined any effects of this on the baby
Vasu Murti
14 Days ago
I took a stand against zoos in a letter to the editor of my local newspaper, the Tri-Valley Herald, in March 1992, which they entitled "Equal Rights for Animals."
Giraffe conservationist in Kenya
15 Days ago
I am LIVID because you are so awfully ignorant. It is not an either/or argument. If you were to ask ANY giraffe keeper whether they believe giraffes belong in zoo\'s or the wild, they would all respond that they belong in the wild. We don\'t live in that perfect world where giraffes aren\'t poached, and humans aren\'t destroying their habitat.
Just FYI - the director of Giraffe Conservation International works for a zoo in Europe. The leaders in giraffe conservation in the field are also working in zoo \'conservation\'. Your anger is misguided and harmful to the actual work being done to conserve wild giraffe populations - you are missing the point. Zoo\'s are doing more for giraffe conservation than any other institution. No animal deserves life in a cage, and zoo\'s are working tirelessly to make sure wild animals stay wild you prick.
15 Days ago
Good point about life in a cage vs life in the wild. As an American who has lived in Africa 20 years, however, I\'ve seen how difficult it is to protect this beautiful animal. Giraffes are regularly poached about 50 miles from my African home. Corruption contributes (law enforcement ignores the atrocity for a bribe). The reckless violence of poachers. Two expat anti-poaching aquaintances have been killed on the job over the past 4 years. So yes, we need to increase measures to protect these amazing animals from being poached. But anti-poaching gets VERY complicated on the ground. So to me, the birth of any giraffe - in the wild, or in a secure, albeit caged environment, is cause to celebrate . . .
14 Mar 2017
When I was born there were 2 billion people on the planet. That has more than tripled. So, to me, the birth of another human baby is no cause to celebrate.
The Population Reference Bureau estimates that 237,211 more people are added to the planet every day as every second worldwide, five people are born and two people die, leaving three more humans to infest Earth. Human population growth is the single largest threat to animal life. Wherever and whenever human population growth expands and competes with other animals for resources, the other animals are "culled" to reduce THEIR population! NOT FAIR!
As for the giraffes, most of the world\'s population growth is taking place throughout Africa (and India).
16 Mar 2017
Carol, does this mean you won\'t be having children? I would hate for someone as passionate as you to go against your beliefs and reproduce.
16 Mar 2017
Lisa I agree!! Carol, ANY birth, human especially is to be celebrated. What a miracle - whether planned or not planned. So when you were born there were 2 billion people. So you and I should not have been born, we will no longer celebrate birth in the world? Yes there are so many births a year that are not celebrated, but there are so many more that are celebrated. We will never change that.
We need to be so thankful for a baby, for a new life. What an incredibly sad point of view your have. This giraffe birth was not known and was not planned. The mother giraffe was on birth control! So you can say maybe the zoo keepers were irresponsible, or didn\'t know what they were doing. I totally disagree. This giraffe was born, he came into the world unplanned. So what would you have done? Not tried to save this baby? Because it is better for him to die than live in captivity? This is such a beautiful animal and you tell me these animals do not have a good life. Yes they should be in the wild, absolutely! But this did not happen that way, and it was not planned to happen this way.
We are going to see this beautiful baby tomorrow, and we are going to celebrate his life.
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Cigarette smoking is considered a leading cause of preventable death worldwide and implicated in as many as 440,000 deaths in the United States each year by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
In the United States, about 20 percent of people still smoke cigarettes and half claim they try to quit each year, though only 10 percent do so and most change their minds within 48 hours. Learning about withdrawal and difficulty of quitting can lead to more effective treatments to help smokers quit and so a new study on nicotine addiction measured a behavior that can be similarly quantified across species like humans and rats; the responses to rewards during nicotine withdrawal.
Response to reward is the brain's ability to derive and recognize pleasure from natural things such as food, money and sex. The reduced ability to respond to rewards is a behavioral process associated with depression in humans. In prior studies of nicotine withdrawal, investigators used very different behavioral measurements across humans and rats, limiting our understanding of this important brain reward system.
Using a translational behavioral approach, the researchers found that nicotine withdrawal similarly reduced reward responsiveness in human smokers - particularly those with a history of depression - as well as in nicotine-treated rats.
Co-author Michele Pergadia, Ph.D., associate professor of clinical biomedical science at Florida Atlantic University, notes that replication of experimental results across species is a major step forward, because it allows for greater generalizability and a more reliable means for identifying behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms that explain the complicated behavior of nicotine withdrawal in humans addicted to tobacco.
They plan to pursue future studies that will include a systematic study of depression vulnerability as it relates to reward sensitivity, the course of withdrawal-related reward deficits, including effects on relapse to smoking, and identification of processes in the brain that lead to these behaviors.
Pergadia emphasizes that the ultimate goal of this line of research is to improve treatments that manage nicotine withdrawal-related symptoms and thereby increase success during efforts to quit. "Many smokers are struggling to quit, and there is a real need to develop new strategies to aid them in this process. Therapies targeting this reward dysfunction during withdrawal may prove to be useful."
Published in JAMA Psychiatry.
Source: Florida Atlantic University |
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