text stringlengths 144 682k |
|---|
Navigation Links
Why exertion leads to exhaustion
Scientists have found an explanation for runners who struggle to increase their pace, cyclists who cant pedal any faster and swimmers who cant speed up their strokes. Researchers from the University of Exeter and Kansas State University have discovered the dramatic changes that occur in our muscles when we push ourselves during exercise.
We all have a sustainable level of exercise intensity, known as the critical power. This level can increase as we get fitter, but will always involve us working at around 75-80% of our maximal capacity. Published in the American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, this research shows why, when we go beyond this level, we have to slow down or stop altogether. This is the first time that scientists have looked at processes taking place inside the muscles when we exceed the critical power.
The study showed that when we exceed our critical power, the normally-stable pH level in our muscles, is quickly pushed to levels typical of exhaustion. Moreover, the level of phosphocreatine in the muscles, a high-energy compound which serves as an energy reserve, is quickly depleted when exercise intensity exceeds the critical power.
Professor Andy Jones of the University of Exeter, lead author on the paper, said: The concept of critical power is well known by sportspeople, but until now we have not known why our bodies react so dramatically when we exceed it. We were astonished by the speed and scale of change in the muscles.
The research team used a magnetic resonance scanner to assess changes in metabolites in the leg muscles of six male volunteers who exercised just below and just above the critical power.
The research offers a physical explanation for the experiences of exercisers of all levels of ability. Professor Jones concludes: The results indicate that the critical power represents the highest exercise intensity that is sustainable aerobically. This means that it is likely to be an important intensity for maximising training gains. Exercising above the critical power cannot be sustained for long because it is associated with changes in the muscle which lead to fatigue.
Contact: Sarah Hoyle
University of Exeter
Related medicine news :
1. Removing Ovaries Before Menopause Leads to Memory, Movement Troubles
3. AstraZeneca Leads Local Walking Movement
5. Support System Leads to Better Diet, Nutrition
Post Your Comments:
Breaking Medicine News(10 mins):
Breaking Medicine Technology: |
Tears of the Giraffe Test | Final Test - Hard
Alexander McCall Smith
Buy the Tears of the Giraffe Lesson Plans
Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________
Short Answer Questions
1. What role does Matekoni play for the orphans?
2. Where does Ramotswe take Matekoni to discuss the children privately?
3. Who reads the report written by Mma Makutsi and compliments her on doing a good job?
4. Who had an affair with the South African woman that Michael shared a room with at the farm?
5. Who tells Ramotswe to come to the house to hear the whole story about the student and the altered exam?
Short Essay Questions
1. How does Ramotswe respond to Matekoni's desire to adopt the orphans?
2. What does Matekoni dream about the orphan boy?
3. What is Florence's plan to frame Ramotswe?
4. What does the orphan girl feel she must do for Matekoni?
5. After Ramotswe reads the report, how does she decide to deliver the truth to Badule?
6. Why is it awkward when Matekoni tells Ramotswe about the children, and what does he fear?
7. How does Florence get what she deserves?
8. After Makutsi types up her report, why does she not tell Badule immediately?
9. What does Florence request from Paul, and how does he stop her?
10. What does Matekoni discover about the two orphan children when he takes them to his garage?
Essay Topics
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
Describe Andrea Curtin. What is her role in the story? What was Smith trying to accomplish by creating Andrea's character in the novel?
Essay Topic 2
Foreshadowing is the use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story. The objective of this lesson is to discuss the use of foreshadowing in the book. Why does Smith insert foreshadowing into the story? is it effective? Why or why not?
Essay Topic 3
Smith uses more than one iteration on the theme of loss. Identify at least two themes about loss in the book. Then cite an example to support your answer.
(see the answer keys)
This section contains 654 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Tears of the Giraffe Lesson Plans
Tears of the Giraffe from BookRags. (c)2016 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
Follow Us on Facebook |
Definitions for maximumˈmæk sə məm
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word maximum
Princeton's WordNet
1. maximum, upper limit(noun)
the largest possible quantity
the greatest possible degree
"he tried his utmost"
3. maximum(adj)
4. maximal, maximum(adj)
the greatest or most complete or best possible
"maximal expansion"; "maximum pressure"
1. maximum(Noun)
The highest limit.
2. maximum(Noun)
3. maximum(Noun)
4. maximum(Noun)
5. maximum(Noun)
A 147 break; the highest possible break.
6. maximum(Noun)
A score of 180 with three darts.
7. maximum(Noun)
A scoring shot for 6 runs.
8. maximum(Adjective)
To the highest degree.
Use the proper dose for the maximum effect.
9. Origin: French from maximum.
Webster Dictionary
1. Maximum(noun)
2. Maximum(adj)
3. Origin: [L., neut. from maximus the greatest. See Maxim.]
1. Maximum
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
1. Maximum
maks′i-mum, adj. the greatest.—n. the greatest number, quantity, or degree: the highest point reached: (math.) the value of a variable when it ceases to increase and begins to decrease:—pl. Max′ima:—opp. to Minimum.—adj. Max′imal, of the highest or maximum value.—adv. Max′imally.—v.t. Max′imise, to raise to the highest degree. [L., superl. of magnus, great.]
British National Corpus
1. Spoken Corpus Frequency
2. Written Corpus Frequency
3. Nouns Frequency
4. Adjectives Frequency
1. Chaldean Numerology
The numerical value of maximum in Chaldean Numerology is: 7
2. Pythagorean Numerology
The numerical value of maximum in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
1. Sinclair B. Ferguson (1948- ):
Love is not maximum emotion. Love is maximum commitment.”
2. Hilton Kramer:
The more minimal the art, the more maximum the explanation.
3. Zig Ziglar:
Success is the maximum utilization of the ability that you have.
4. Van Hollen:
I'm satisfied that she's putting maximum resources into the effort.
5. Robert Willens:
You're taking a large charge anyway so you might as well take the maximum.
Images & Illustrations of maximum
Translations for maximum
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for maximum »
Find a translation for the maximum definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these maximum definitions with the community:
Word of the Day
Please enter your email address:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"maximum." STANDS4 LLC, 2016. Web. 30 Jun 2016. <>.
Are we missing a good definition for maximum? Don't keep it to yourself...
Nearby & related entries:
Alternative searches for maximum:
Thanks for your vote! We truly appreciate your support. |
Describe the character of Mercutio and the role he plays in this work. Why is he an audience favorite, and why is his death so important to the plot?One of the major characters in "Romeo and...
One of the major characters in "Romeo and Juliet" is only alive for half of the play.
Asked on
2 Answers | Add Yours
mwestwood's profile pic
Posted on
Despite his only lasting through the first scene of Act III, Mercutio serves several purposes in "Romeo and Juliet." First of all, he is a foil [a character who by strong contrast underscores the distinctive qualities of another character] to Romeo who also provides comic relief. It is ironic, then, that he dies since he poses no real threat to anyone. It is this irony, however, that serves to advance the theme of fate throughout the rest of the play.
In the early part of the play--to the enjoyment of the audience--Mercutio banters with Romeo: "Nay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance (I,iv,3). His light-hearted and playful language is in sharp contrast to Romeo's heavy oxymoron's about love. While Romeo speaks of "brawling love" and "loving hate" and "heavy lightness" and "serious vanity" (I,i,149-150), Mercutio builds an entire monologue about a little fairy queen, Mab, who tickles lovers' brains and makes them dream of love until Romeo angrily bids him to be silent because he "talk'st of nothing (I,iv,73). Still, Mercutio teases Romeo in Act II after Romeo has fallen in love with Juliet:
Alas, poor Romeo, he is already dead! Stabbed with a white wench's black eye, shot thorough the ear with a love song, the very pin of his heart cleft with the blind bowboy's butt shaft [Cupid's bow]. (II,iv,12-14)
Likewise, his gestures are as exaggerated as his speech. When the Nurse arrives with her servant, Peter, attending her by holding her skirts up, Mercutio runs and shouts "A sail! A sail!" (II,iv,27). But, his exaggerated gestures with Tybalt are misunderstood by Romeo who seeks to stop what he believes is a serious fight, and Mercutio is stabbed. Yet, even then he retains his sense of humor as he puns, "Tomorrow you will find me a grave man." [grave=serious, grave=dead in the grave] Even in death, Mercutio dominates the scene that he is in as his quick wit draws the attention to him. More importantly, his death effects Romeo's killing of Tybalt which sets the wheels of Fate in motion.
marilynn07's profile pic
Posted on
Mercutio may be the prince's relative, but he aligns himself with Romeo and the Montagues. Mercutio is a dramatic counterpart to the nurse. He is Romeo's confidant and a source of bawdy humor in sharp contrast to Romeo's heavy love-sick dialogue.
Mercutio is a source of foreshadowing when he wonders aloud, "Where the devil should this Romeo be?" (II.4.1) He gives the audience hints about the next events in the play. This shows the audience that Mercutio has already lost Romeo to Juliet.
Mercutio is something of a counterweight to Romeo's being in-love. Mercutio turns Romeo's love into the simple desire for sex. And, in some versions of the play, Mercutio and the nurse's puns have been edited to be less bawdy (David Garrick felt himself obliged to remove as much obscenity from the play as possible.) Mercutio does poke holes in the dramatic self-love exhibited by Romeo and Juliet as well as Tybalt's adherance to fashion. Mercutio is the common sense and balance in the play.
Mercutio is a wit even to the end of his life and even makes a pun about the grave as he dies. He dies cursing all Montagues and Capulets. Once Mercutio dies, the play's action takes a more sharp downward spiral toward the tragic end.
Help me into some house, Benvolio,
And soundly too: your houses! (III.1.43-46)
We’ve answered 328,052 questions. We can answer yours, too.
Ask a question |
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean, By David Abulafia
The Arabs invaded Mediterranean Italy in the ninth century, leaving behind mosques and pink-domed cupolas. The Saracen influence remains strongest in the Mafia-dominated west of Sicily, where the sirocco blows hot from Tunisia. A joke told in the north of Italy (though scarcely a funny one) is that Sicily is the only Arab country not at war with Israel. For many northern Italians, Sicily is where Europe ends; beyond is an African darkness. The term "Mafia" probably derives from the Arab mahias, meaning bully or braggart. Yet, wonderfully, Sicily is the only place in Europe where they make jasmine ice cream. It was the Arabs who brought ices and sherbets to this part of the Mediterranean, and jasmine is surely a Saracen touch.
The Great Sea, Professor David Abulafia's magnificent new history of the Mediterranean, celebrates sea-faring nationalities of bewildering mixed bloods and ethnicities. Arab, Greek, Etruscan, Roman, Hittite, Assyrian and Phoenician have all intertwined to form an indecipherable blend of peoples. How to write a history of this fabulous pasticcio? The Mediterranean itself – a "sea between the lands" – defies easy definition. Rather than write a history of empires and nation-states, Abulafia has chosen to concentrate on the peoples who crossed this great sea and lived along its shores. Accordingly, his emphasis is on networks of commerce, on merchants, on human migration and conquest.
This is a quite an undertaking, and Abulafia's is not surprisingly an Everest of a book, running to almost 800 pages. Brocaded with studious observation and finely-tuned scholarship, The Great Sea is hard going at times, yet overall the effect is mesmerising, as detail accumulates meticulously.
Much of the book is taken up with Sicily. The vanished island-city of Motya, situated in a shallow lagoon off its western tip, was founded by Phoenicians in the eight century BC. Excavations began on the eve of the First World War and revealed a sacrificial burial ground, along with both Corinthian and Attic black-and-red figure vases. Scarab rings from Pharaonic Egpyt remind us that Sicily was on the Mediterranean trade route to Africa, says Abulafia.
Motya is just four kilometres square, yet only five per cent has been excavated to date. Archaeological investigations collapsed in 1987 owing to Mafia complicity in pilfering antiquities. In the nearby Sicilian town of Marsala (famous for its fortified wine) a small museum nevertheless displays artefacts. Marsla is incidentally named after the Arab Mars al Allah, "Harbour of God", after the Saracen invasion of the western Mediterranean in 831.
Most likely, the Phoenician people came from what is today Lebanon. In search of precious metals they sailed as far west as Cornwall, and may have circumnavigated Africa. For Homer they were a "shifty" trader people – in some ways, the Jews of antiquity – and not to be trusted. In 397BC, invading Greeks destroyed Motya and massacred its 15,000 inhabitants. Heinrich Schliemann, the German archaeologist who located Troy, held a fruitless dig in Motya in 1875. Silence fell, and the Phoenician outpost became a haven for migratory birds to Gaddafi's Libya.
Only with the fall of Troy in the 12th century BC did the ancient Greeks began to "wander" the Mediterranean. No other work conjures their wanderings better than Homer's Odyssey. The poem has come down to us from the dawn of Mediterranean literature, and passed from generation to generation, always enriched. Homer applies two words to Odysseus – "pollà plantke" - which explain why his sea-faring hero feels close to us today. They mean "much erring", or "driven to wander far and wide". In his homesick exile, separated from his wife Penelope after destroying Troy, Odysseus bears the hardest trials and solitude before finally returning home to Ithaka in present-day Greece.
It is tempting, says Abulafia, to see the Odyssey as a Baedeker guide for "early Greek sailors". Many of the places mentioned by Homer have been identified in Mediterranean waters. In Calabria on the toe of the Italian boot is a fishing village called Scilla, putative site of the giant rock Scylla and the ensnaring whirlpool Charybdis.
Hellenic trade in the Mediterranean is evident today in the Sicilian temple-cities of Segesta and Selinunte, whose uprooted columns and fallen capitals lie in fields of wild celery and saxifrage. Selinunte, on the trade route to Carthage, was once a bustling metropolis with a population of Berbers from North Africa ("Libyans"), as well as Greeks.
Trans-Mediterranean commerce was often as mysterious as it was far-reaching. Sardinia, settled by Carthaginians, as well as by Romans, Saracens, Genovese and Pisans, imported quantities of amber, which travelled by some "unknown route" all the way down from present-day Latvia.
Strikingly, Latin survives in the dialect of Sardinia, an island which DH Lawrence described as "outside the circuit of civilization". Shepherds use the archaism domus instead of the Italian casa and, bizarrely, yanna for "door", which may derive from the Roman god Janus. The terrain, says Abulafia, is scattered with Neolithic monuments shaped like truncated cones, called nuraghi, erected by Phoenician settlers as granaries or temples (or perhaps built by Canaanites expelled from Palestine). Scoured by African winds, Sardinia remains an "enigmatic" part of the Mediterranean.
With the ascendancy of imperial Rome after the Punic Wars, the Mediterranean became mare nostrum, "our sea". In Puteoli (site of the present-day Neapolitan suburb of Pozzuoli, birthplace of Sophia Loren), the Romans established a huge granary which traded with all points of their maritime empire from the Straits of Gibraltar to the coasts of Egypt, Syria and Asia Minor. The ruins of a macellum or city market attest to Puteoli's commercial importance.
Amalfi, near Naples, remains "one of the great mysteries of Mediterranean history". During the seventh century it became a maritime republic to rival Genoa, trading right across the Byzantine Aegean. The Emperor of Constantinople even established a court there.
Yet, intriguingly, Amalfi was a town without any past history; it grew up in medieval times around a lone watch-tower. With Islamic hegemony in the Mediterranean, Amalfi declined irrevocably. Muslim sailors came in the "unappetizing" form of slave-raiders, and pirates marauded in formerly Amalfitan waters.
In the Sicilian capital of Palermo, Arab rule was generally tolerant, its dolce far niente (sweet languor) evocative of sultans, minarets and the Arabian nights. Walking round parts of Palermo today, you are transported to a world of jasmine-scented delights. Sicily's closeness to the Muslim Mediterranean has not been without danger, though. In 1986, by way of retaliation for the US bombardment of Tripoli, a Libyan motor-launch fired rockets at the remote Sicilian island of Lampedusa, 90 miles from Tunisia. Muammar Gaddafi, Ronald Reagan's "mad dog of the Middle East", was aiming at a US Coast Guard station, but the projectiles fell harmlessly short of the beach.
Giuseppe di Lampedusa, author of the great Sicilian novel The Leopard, had aristocratic claims on the island. Today, according to Abulafia, Lampedusa is a main entry point for Muslim Africans seeking a better life in western Europe. Thus the Mediterranean continues to be criss-crossed by migrations and mixed bloods.
Ian Thomson's 'The Dead Yard: A Story of Modern Jamaica' won the 2010 Ondaatje Prize |
Saduria entomon
Distribution in scandinavian waters
Maximum length: The male can be up to 8,6cm long, while the female is somewhat shorter.
Appearance: The body has an oval shape with a length that is roughly 2,5-3 times its width. The anal plate is drawn out to a point. Has a grey-brown colour. In contrast to the Baltic isopod, Saduria entomon has small eyes on top of the head and notches on both sides.
Depth: From sea level and to a depth of 290m.
Environment: Saduria entomon lives on and in varying types of bottoms, e.g. sand, gravel, mud and clay. It also has the ability to swim upwards a bit.
Misc: Saduria entomon is a predator and eats amphipods such as Monoporeia affinis and mussels such as Baltic macomas , aswell as freshwater lice and chironomidae larvae. It also eats carrion and has been shown to be a cannibal, which eats other individuals of the same species. Saduria itself is also preyed upon by fish such as cod and the short-horned sculpin. Because saduria is relatively stationary and is senstive to lack of oxygen, it is used as an indicator of the environmental state in the Gulf of Bothnia.
It is believed that saduria wandered into the Baltic area from the Barents Sea for more than 7000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. Because they are found in many places in the Arctic, the population in the Baltic is known as an ice age relic.
Along the coast of Norrland, saduria causes problems for fishermen as it attacks netted herring.
Classification: Saduria is a member of the lice group, which is a crustacean under the arthropods.
Saduria entomon Other names
Home Contents Inspiration Facts Collaboration
© Aquascope 2000 Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory, Strömstad, Sweden |
Marie Corelli was the invention of Mary “Minnie” Mackay, the daughter of Charles Mackay, a Scottish journalist, poet, and balladeer. She had a lonely childhood near Box Hill, but her father's indulgence was an important factor in creating her romantic temperament. She published her first novel, A Romance of Two Worlds, in 1886 when she was thirty (although she told her publisher she was nineteen). It was an unexpected popular success, launching a long and embattled career in which Corelli both pricked and mediated the tensions between the buying public and the masculine literary world. Marie Corelli is historically significant in that her novels participated in the Victorian machinery of the “bestseller” and the author/…
Federico, Annette. "Marie Corelli". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 11 December 2002
[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=1018, accessed 30 June 2016.]
Related Groups
1. Victorian Women's Writing |
Utah Addiction Center
Familly and Preventative Medicine - Case Nine
Dorothy is a 15 year old female high school sophomore. Drastic changes in her appearance and behavior, plus the development of significant tooth decay, have alarmed her parents (who are also patients of yours) and led them to wonder about methamphetamine use. She comes to clinic for treatment of a foot infection.
(The goal is to develop a positive, non-judgemental rapport with the patient.)
1. Use your rapport. Wait to address the methamphetamine issues until after you have discussed non-threatening issues.
2. Don't be afraid to explore the issue.
3. Display compassion and concern.
4. Ensure confidentiality
7. Be nonjudgmental. The more nonjudgmental you are the more likely the patient is to reveal information.
11. Phrase the question appropriately. For example, ask, "Tell me about your methamphetamine use," instead of "Do you use methamphetamine?" And "What kinds of drugs do you use?" instead of "Do you use drugs?" (Avoid the term "illegal drugs".)
B. What data do you need to collect or what initial screening should be done? (The goal is to gather relevant history and barrier information.)
1. This patient's use of methamphetamine is of great concern. At the minimum it is affecting her health.
2. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, an addiction is defined by the biopsychosocial consequences of use, not just frequency and amount. Ask the following questions and don't hesitate to inquire when encountering unfamiliar terminology or street language:
• a. When did you first start using methamphetamine? How often? How much?
• b. What is the route of administration?
• c. Have you tried to cut back before? What happened
• d. Does it take you more methamphetamine to feel the same effects than it used to?
• e. Have you ever had periods when you did something that you wish you hadn't when you were using methamphetamine?
• f. Has anybody ever expressed concern regarding your methamphetamine use?
• g. Have you ever been in treatment for alcohol or drug abuse?
• h. Have you ever had any alcohol or drug-related arrests?
• i. Have you ever missed work, school, or family responsibilities because of your methamphetamine use?
• j. Have you noticed any changes in your mood or sleep or appetite?
• k. Would you consider quitting methamphetamine use?
C. What other medications/drugs is the patient using?
1. Review the patient's medication use. Chronic methamphetamine use may render some medications, such as antidepressants, ineffective.
2. Review history of hyperkinetic disorders. Patients who have such disorders that are not being treated tend to gravitate toward stimulant use.
3. Ask specifically about "pills." Such as "Do you ever take any kind of pills?" and "Do you ever take anyone else's pills?" (Note: It is important to ask specifically about pills, as many people do not consider pills to be drugs of abuse.)
4. Review history of alcohol and other illegal drug use. (Reminder: Do not use the term "illegal drug". Instead ask "tell me about your other drug use." Or ask specifically about certain drugs such as "tell me about your marijuana use.")
(The goal is to determine how receptive/resistant the client will be to a discussion regarding her family situation. The physician needs to be aware of the internal/external stigma and biases that the patient faces. The physician will need this information to determine how best to approach the patient and/or his parents).
2. Embarrassment and shame
3. Fear of rejection by friends or culture
4. The patient's belief that her methamphetamine use is not problematic
5. Lack of insurance for treatment
1. Closest friends or someone else in the home also using methamphetamine
2. Transportation
3. Fear of legal ramifications if they feel they are divulging sensitive information
4. Society's stigma and blame
G. What do you do now?
1. In addition to treating the foot infection, this patient needs a comprehensive physical examination.
2. Discuss evidence for concern (appearance, any weight loss, tooth decay, origin of foot infection, and concern expressed by parents)
3. If using needles test for diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis C.
5. Provide reassurance that it is treatable
6. Ask the patient how he feels about your concerns
8. Tell the patient that her parents expressed concerns regarding methamphetamine use and that you would like to share your findings with them. (Because the parents asked you to see her due to their concerns regarding her methamphetamine use as well as the foot infection it is important to involve them even if the patient is uncomfortable with that decision.)
H. How does the physician make a referral?
Ideally the referral to treatment should be discussed with the patient while her parents are present. Because the patient is a minor, the parents can admit her to treatment without her consent. The patient should be referred to a substance abuse treatment provider for further evaluation and treatment.
3. Regardless of the specific referral, the physician should list the name of the agency and the phone number on a prescription blank and give to the patient and her parents.
4. Explore possibilities for support and/or counseling for the parents and any other affected family member(s), such as Alanon, Families Anonymous, or a private practitioner.
1. Physician should provide ongoing treatment for the physical problems.
4. In case of severe addiction, physician should coordinate directly with treating agency. |
In The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay, how is Sammy and Joe's creation different from the conventional super hero comic book story?
1 Answer | Add Yours
accessteacher's profile pic
Posted on
I think the best way of answering this question is to examine the way in which the comic book they produce and the kind of story lines that they create effectively parallel both of their own desires to escape the various chains that bind them and the oppressive forces that they face in their own life. Joe is of course a real life escapist, and one can see the way in which his artistic creations mirror the escapes that he has endured and continues to endure in his life: his escape from Europe, his escape from facing the reality of what has happened to his family, his escape from responsibilities and friendship. In the same way, Sammy is a character who spends most of his life trying to escape his own homophobia. Their creation is unique because it enacts the various escapes that these characters experience in their own lives.
Also, you might like to think about the way in which the Escapist as a superhero really stands as something of a device that is used to represent comic books as a genre. This genre really is all about escape and the prime audience of comic books is children and adolescents who are seeking themselves to escape the humdrum realities of their day-to-day existence. As a result therefore, we can see Joe and Sammy's creation not just as a mirror of their own lives and fantasies, but also as an example of what comic books are really all about.
We’ve answered 324,355 questions. We can answer yours, too.
Ask a question |
Unit VII Material Culture: The Stuff of Life
Lesson 6 Louisiana Crafts and Decorative Arts
Pricing Your Craft Worksheet
Name ___________________________________________ Date _______________
Task: Pretend you are a Louisiana craftsperson who wants to start marketing your handmade work at festivals in the state. How will you know how much you would have to charge to make a profit? Is it even worth your time and effort to enter this market? Use the definitions, example, and worksheet below to help you find out the true cost of making your craft items. Then decide whether to try to market your craft.
My craft is ______________________________________________
Cost of Materials __________
Labor cost __________
Overhead costs __________
Multiply by 2 to get a RETAIL PRICE __________
How to Figure the Cost of Producing a Craft Item
There are many "hidden" costs in producing a craft item. It is important to figure ALL expenses when deciding how much an item should cost. The Wholesale Price is the total of your labor, materials, and overhead. Craftspeople who want to ensure that their time and effort is profitable double the cost estimate to arrive at their Retail Price.
Pricing One Item
1. Determine the Cost of Materials __________
2. Determine the number of hours spent making the item __________
3. Multiply Hours X Wage for Labor cost __________
4. Determine overhead costs __________
5. Add Materials + Labor + Overhead to get WHOLESALE PRICE __________
6. Multiply by 2 to get a RETAIL PRICE __________
Some definitions to help you
Labor Costs
Production Time - The cost of your labor. For this exercise, use the Minimum Wage - $5.25 per hour and multiply that by the number of hours you worked plus the number of hours you spent on office time.
Office Time - The time you spend designing your product, collecting and looking for "free" items, ordering supplies, paying bills, record keeping, making repairs, and anything else related to producing the craft item.
Material Costs
Direct Costs - List the cost of all materials. For those that use only a portion of what you buy, figure the cost of that portion; i.e., paint is $4.00 a can and you use half, so figure $4.00/2 = $2.00.
Transportation Costs
The postage and shipping costs you pay when ordering materials.
Overhead Costs
This includes the costs for such things as your equipment, loan interest, rent, electricity, water, phone, insurance, postage, packing materials, promotional materials.
Equipment depreciation
All equipment wears out sooner or later and then it must be replaced. Figure how many years it will probably last and divide the cost by that number of years. This is the cost per year. Then divide that number by the number of hours you plan to work in a year. The number you get is the cost of using that equipment for that craft item for an hour. Multiply that answer by the number of hours you use it or one craft item to get the depreciation cost. For example, if you use a sewing machine for 12 hours to make a quilt, the depreciation on the sewing machine would be figured this way:
Sewing Machine
Cost $800.00
Expected life 20 years
Depreciation per year $800/20 = $40 per year
Hours worked per year 20 hours per week x 45 weeks = 900 hours
Depreciation per hour $40/900 = $ .04
Depreciation for this item 12 hours x $ .04 = $ .48
Rent, Electricity, Water, Phone
These expenses are paid every month for the house or shop where you make your crafts. You need to figure how much of each is used for producing your craft item. This is called Prorating. For each of these, figure how many hours are in a month, then divide the total hours into the amount of the bill to find out how much it costs per hour. Then figure how many hours per month you spend working on your craft, and multiply that by the cost per hour. For an individual craft item, multiply the cost per hour by the number of hours spent making the item.
Hours in a month - 31 days x 24 hours - 744 hours in a month
Hours worked per month (20 hours a week x 4 weeks = 80 hours per month)
If rent is $400, $400/744 = $ .5376 per hour (round it to $ .54)
Prorated Cost of Rent, 80 hours x $ .54 = $43.20 per month
Prorated Cost for 1 item, 6 hours x $ .54 - $3.24
If electricity bill is $75.00, $400/744 = $ .10 per hour
Prorated Cost of Electricity, 80 hours x $ .10 = $8.00 per month
Prorated Cost of 1 item, 6 hours x $ .10 = $ .60
If phone bill is $25.00, $25/744 = $ .033 per hour
Prorated Cost of Phone, 80 hours x $ .03 = $2.40 per month
Prorated Cost of 1 item, 6 hours x $ .03 = $ .18
Water, phone, insurance, postage, packing materials, promotional materials
Use the formulas as you used for Rent and Electricity to prorate any of these costs that you incur to produce your craft item.
Here is an example of how you would compute the Wholesale Price of a Duck Decoy.
Wholesale Cost for Making a Duck Decoy
Production time - (Multiply the number of hours by $5.25) 6 hours x $5.25 31.50
Office Time (Multiply the number by $5.25) 2 hours x $5.25 10.50
Materials (List them)
Direct Costs
Cypress block
Paint (6 -4oz cans, different colors, at $3.00 each)
Lt. Grey 1/2 can = $3.00/2 1.50
Green - 1/4 can - $3.00/4 .75
Black - 1/4 can - $3.00/4 .75
Blue - 1/4 can - $3.00/4 .75
Yellow - 1/8 can - $3.00/8 .37
White - 1/8 can - $3.00/8 .37
Sealer - $2.00 a can
1/2 can - $2.00/2 $1.00
2 @ .01 .02
Glass eyes
Glue - 1 tube - $1.25
Few drops .02
Transportation Costs
Postage for paint
Overhead Costs
Prorated Rent bill
$ .5376 per hour x 6 hours $3.24
Prorated Electricity Bill
$ .10 per hour x hours .60
Prorated Water Bill
$ .03 per hour x 6 hours .18
Total Wholesale Cost $57.14
Retail Price 2 x Wholesale cost $114.28
For a blank copy of the above Pricing Grid, click here
For Pricing Your Craft - Page 2: Factors That Affect the Final Price of a Craft, Click Here
For a PDF of this page click here. |
Sign up
Here's how it works:
1. Anybody can ask a question
2. Anybody can answer
The christology of the Apologists is known to be the Logos Christology. Their teaching is summarized as follows:
• Logos endiathetos - eternal reason within God
• Logos prophorikos - the spoken word of God ( the begotten Son)
The Son, according to the Apologists, was begotten in order to create all things. It means that there is neither eternal Father nor eternal Son. (source)
The Apologists believe that God became a Father when his logos became his Son. Although they are two persons, there is still one God because the Son is from God's being and hence, inseparable to him. They further teach that the Father and the Son are "of same nature" and even used analogies like the Sun and its light are of same nature. The Latin Apologists, Tertullian says:
Thus the connection of the Father in the Son, and of the Son in the Paraclete, produces three coherent Persons, who are yet distinct One from Another. These Three are one essence, not one Person, as it is said, I and my Father are One, John 10:30 in respect of unity of substance not singularity of number. Against Praxeas 25
On the otherhand, Athanasius taught that the Father and the Son are both eternal. He taught that the Son is without beginning because the Father who begot him is without beginning. (source)
So as I understand it we have:
• Athanasius ( Son = eternal) of one nature with the Father. I do believe this is logical.
• Apologists (Son = not eternal) of one nature with the Father. I can't understand how could they affirm the Son's consubstantiality with the Father when they affirm that the Son has a beginning of existence.
Now, my question is this:
In what sense do the Apologists mean when they affirm the consubstantiality of the Trinity? Both the Apologists and Athanasius ( + all of the Pro-Nicene Fathers) agree that the Three are "of one nature, essence, substance, being", but the former affirm that the Son has a beginning while the latter affirm that the Son has no beginning, so what's the meaning of their affirmation "of one nature"?
share|improve this question
It seems as if you have answered your own question in the description. Although we highly encourage people to answer their own questions, we also prefer that they actually place their own answers to their own questions in the Answer box and press "Post Your Answer". – Double U May 2 '14 at 14:08
@Anonymous I don't see the question answered here; maybe you got lost in the background data? I've formatted for it to be easier to follow. – Caleb May 2 '14 at 14:27
Where do the so-called "Apologists" say the Son is not eternal? – Simply a Christian May 2 '14 at 18:18
"was born" doesn't mean "began to exist". In fact, it's exactly when we talk about the "nature, essence and substance" that we can claim that ALL Three are Eternal, and ALL Three are ONE and the Same God. Being Father, that is, the divine Fatherhood, is neither the essence, nor the substance; being the Son, that is, the divine Sonship, is neither the essence, nor the substance. That's why it is okay to say that Father is distinct from the Son, and the Son is distinct fromthe Father. And why on earth the Spirit is not eternal?! The Bible says clearly that the Spirit is eternal (Heb. 9:14). – brilliant May 7 '14 at 5:05
"I totally believe that there exists an eternal Triad: Father, Son and Spirit" - Then the next step must be all the more easy: only God is eternal - if there is anyone who used to be not existing, then that one is a creature and not God. Now, Bible clearly states many times that there exists only One God. Hence, if Those Three are all eternal, and only God is eternal, and there is only One God, summing up these three prepositions in one syllogism, we come to the conclusion that Those Three are One God. Consequently, their nature is divine, i.e. that of God, not of creation. – brilliant May 7 '14 at 11:42
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Not all the Apologists taught the Trinity using the Stoic λόγος and not all of them have equal understanding of the divine substance.
The Following are facts about the belief of an Apologist who uses the Stoic λόγος in teaching the Trinity:
1) The λόγος is eternal just as God who has it is eternal. It means that λόγος is coeval with God.
2) In the beginning [ of creation]or before creation, God made his λόγος a subsisting person to be his Son.It means that the Son isn't eternal.
3) The begetting of the λόγος is not necessary but only happened because of God's will in creating all things and in saving people.
This sort of teaching is known as the "economic Trinitarianism."
The Latin Apologist Tertullian taught that the Son learned things in order to prepare for the incarnation and so that people might also be prepared for his incarnation( Praxeas 16:3).
This sort of theology makes the Son subordinate to the Father in its real sense of Father and Son relationship but also stretches into the divine life itself. What this means is that the Father does not lack any knowledge because he his λόγος in all his activities ad extra and hence, by having the Son, experience is not necessary for him but for his λόγος alone.
Notice the analogy used of Tertullian. He taught that the Sun cannot be seen except by its light and so is the Father by the Son ( cf:John 1:18).
The only eternal is the 'name' of God and 'God' himself as well as his substance.
The λόγος, being in God, is eternal but as proceeding from God he is still of same substance, having been of same origin but now, with God's name and subsistence as the Son.
Athenagoras ( AD. 133-190) is an Apologist yet he did not subscribe to the Stoic λόγος in teaching the Trinity:
If … it occurs to you to inquire what is meant by the Son, I will state briefly that he is the first product of the Father, not as having been brought into existence, for from the beginning God, who is the eternal mind, had the Logos in himself, being from eternity instinct with Logos. ( Plea for the Christians, Chap. 10)
Irenaeus (AD. 120-200)too is an Apologist yet he believed in an eternal Son:
180 AD Irenaeus "But the Son, eternally co-existing with the Father, from of old, yea, from the beginning, always reveals the Father to Angels, Archangels, Powers, Virtues..." (Against Heresies, Book II, ch. 30, section 9)
Also, Clement of Alexnadria ( AD. 150-215) teaches the same thing, that is, that the Son is eternal:
When [John] says, "from the beginning," the elder explained to this effect, that the beginning of generation is not separated from the beginning of the Creator. For when he says, "That which is from the beginning," he touches on the generation without beginning of the Son, who is co-existent with the Father. There was, then, a Word importing an unbeginning eternity, as also the Word itself, that is, the Son of God, who being by equality of substance one with the Father, is eternal and uncreated.(Fragments of Clement of Alexandria: Comments on the First Epistle of John from The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. II)
These received the teachings of the Apostles about theology in its purest form and in the next century ( 3rd century) , we see this continuation of teaching an eternal Trinity as opposed to the economic Trinity, by Gregory of Thaumaturgus, Novatian and Dionysius of Rome and in the next century( 4th century), Alexander of Alexandria and Athanasius ( + the Cappadocian fathers) all defended this ancient teaching of an eternal Trinity against the error of some of the Apologists that resulted into Dynamic Monarchianism and Arianism.
The theological speculation of some of the Apologists were clearly an error. The adoption of the Stoic λόγος , therefore, is not a wise thing to do.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
|
Search This Blog
Sunday, February 21, 2010
RICHARD FREEMAN: The folklore of Morris Dancing
During a recent clear-out of the CFZ archives I found this, written nine years ago when Richard and I were doing freelance work for a folk music record label.
By Richard Freeman
Few people who have seen Morris men dancing on a village green or in a pub garden can realise the complexity and antiquity of the dance they are witnessing. The pleasant spectacle has a history that stretches back thousands of years and is peopled by grotesque and sometimes disturbing characters. Morris is a dance of gods and monsters, of forgotten rituals, and secret brotherhoods. Once you have studied the background of Morris you will never look on this 'quaint' English custom in quite the same way again.
One of the commonest explanations for the name 'Morris' is that it is derived from 'Moorish.' Some Morris men, such as those in the Cotswolds town of Bampton, dance with blackened faces, possibly representing the Arab foes from the time of the crusades. We must remember that in those days an average Englishman had never set eyes on a non-European. Hence, a dark-skinned man would be a thing not easily forgotten.
In England true Morris dancing is confined to the counties that fall under what was the kingdom of Saxon Mercia. This includes the Cotswolds and the Welsh borders. Danish Mercia and Northumberland have the radically different sword dances (although many still retain mummer-type characters) so it is to pre-Christian Britain we must now turn.
The Morris dance seems to have links to the Celtic goddess Rhiannon, a fertility goddess, queen of the underworld, and the mother of Celtic heroes. She is one of the many manifestations of the triple-faced goddess who can appear as a maid, a mother or a hag. This reflects both changing seasons and the 3 ages of womanhood. Rhiannon is usually portrayed as a beautiful young woman in white, adorned with bells and ribbons. She is the 'fair lady' in the rhyme `Ride a cock `oss`
Ride a cock `oss to Banbury Cross
To see a fair lady upon a white horse
With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes
She shall have music were ever she goes.
Rhiannon was linked to fertility cults and fairs held on Beltane at Crouch Hill in Oxfordshire and on April 13th at Giant`s Cave. The Morris men`s attire may have been inspired by Rhiannon`s. The first proto-morris dances in England may have been held at these fairs. The dance was probably a form of ritual worship and the garb, that of priests of Rhiannon. After the Christanisation of England such events would have been dammed as 'witches sabbats' and the like. To survive they had to change.
The ancient rituals carried on in disguise. A good Cotswolds example is found at the town of Charlton on Ottmoor. The Celts paraded a figure of Blodeuedd, the flower maiden created by Gerydion to be the wife of Lleu in Celtic mythology. Under the Christians Blodeuedd became the Virgin Mary and her rituals a dance. In later centuries the rite incurred the wrath of the puritans who destroyed a fine figure of the Virgin that graced St Mary`s church. The dance and procession survived, however. Today a female figure is made from branches and carried through the streets on May Day.
On May Day the Morris men of Oxford are accompanied by a gigantic verdant figure; a towering wicker framework covered in a shaggy coating leaves and vines. This is the Green Man or Jack-in-the-Green, one of the dramatis personae of Morris. He is an old archetype, a spirit of the woods and wild places. He is seen as a protector of the wilderness and forest. One Celtic tradition was the battle of the Oak King and the Holly King who fight with clubs for dominance. The Oak king wins in spring the Holly King with the onset of winter. His transition into the Christian era was seamless. He graces many churches and cathedrals in the form of bosses, carvings and miserycords. Here he is generally portrayed as a green face spewing leaves and vegetation. There are many Green Man pubs whose signs show a vegetable giant, usually wielding a great club.
Another important character is the fool. Most Cotswold Morris teams are accompanied by a jester, clown or fool. Usually he is armed with a bladder on a stick. His purpose is to remind us of the essentially silly nature of existence with his capering. Self-mocking he often plays other characters like old men and the doctor in mumming plays. It is often the fool who is killed and resurrected. Despite his clownish nature the fool is the leader of the whole affair. We can track his geniuses back to various trickster gods. Most pantheons have such a deity who delights in chaos and pranks. These include Loki in Norse mythology, Pan from Greece and the Coyote from the legends of the American Indians.
Many Cotswold Morris dancers have a sword bearer who dances outside of the ring with a cake impaled upon a large sword. He gives slices of the cake to all women in the audience. Some have suggested that the sword bearer is of Phoenician extract. The Phoenicians traded with the ancient Britains for tin and had several settlements. They also practised human and animal sacrifice. In the city of Carthage hundreds of victims were butchered to appease Bal-Hamoron, god of the city. Victims would fall into the bloody upturned palms of a gigantic statue of the ram-horned god. This sacrifice was not alien to early Morris men. A stag was hunted on Whitsun in the forest of Wychwood and its flesh eaten sacramentally by the Morris men.
One could easily write a whole volume on the folklore of Morris and I have only scratched the surface. What seems to us now a jolly bit of fun on a sunny day once had deep religious meaning. Within the dance hide many mysteries like the beasts of the wild wood and only by pushing deeper in to the tangled forest that is the Morris dance can we begin to unravel them.
Richard Freeman said...
This is the abbridged vertion. The origianal was about twice as long.
Mac McCoig said...
Wonderful stuff! I can't remember reading anything more lacking in fact or understanding of the subject. Classic! I can't wait to read the full version - please send it to me by email. And - please, please don't read anything which may tarnish your utter lack of knowledge about Morris Dancing. Mac McCoig |
See through walls via wireless network
Researchers at the University of Utah have been able to detect movement in a room based on variations in wireless signals. Accurate to about a meter, they are using a 34 node wireless network to do their sensing. As a person moves, they change the signals, and can therefore be detected. They state one possible application being rescue workers deploying multiple wireless nodes around a building to find people located inside.
[via Gizmodo]
22 thoughts on “See through walls via wireless network
1. First:cool as hell
Second: Maybe I am missing something but I wonder if this could be implemented with standard wifi, if not could some one give me an explanation as to why not, I am thinking to much interference.
2. Perhaps a RADAR but based on communications modules available to anyone. From the article:
“They’ve even tested the idea with a 34-node wireless network using the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless protocol, the protocol for personal area networks employed by home automation services such as ZigBee.”
Now I’m wondering how thick the walls can be; and would it eventually be possible to build a georadar with useful range (yes, a lot sexier than a metal detector).
3. Not really radar though is it, as that uses phase scattering, this uses intensity measurement? Still an interesting use of existing kit, I like it. Maybe its RIMDAR? (Radio intensity motion detection and ranging) :-)
4. in batman they had a much more complex problem, the positions of the receivers were not known with fine granularity beyond gps/cell triangulation, where in this case it seems the locations were fairly well known.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Google+ photo
Connecting to %s |
Virus may cause obesity
Published: Saturday, December 02, 2000
As bizarre as it sounds, growing scientific evidence points to a common virus as a potential cause of at least a small percentage of human obesity. While the research has mostly been in animals, preliminary results from human studies appear to support the animal findings.
"It's very provocative and intriguing," says John Foreyt, director of the nutrition research clinic at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. "The data are very strong and I wouldn't be surprised if a virus does play a role."
The most likely culprit is a human adenovirus known as Ad-36 that is believed to spread much like the common cold. In a series of studies, researchers led by Richard Atkinson, director of the Beers-Murphy Clinical Nutrition Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, have shown that chickens, mice and, most recently, monkeys got fat after being injected with the virus.
The same team has also screened 52 obese individuals in Bombay and found that about 20 percent of the group had antibodies against the virus. That suggests a previous infection, although researchers are quick to note that it does not yet prove that the virus causes obesity. "It's still premature to say that, but all the data point that way," says Atkinson.
No one knows how infection with the fat virus might add pounds. But the idea that a virus could cause obesity has been brewing for decades, since scientists at New York' s Rockefeller Institute showed that distemper virus produced fat mice. Since then, some viruses have been linked to obesity in animals.
Making the leap to humans has been a struggle, however. Although bacterial infection has been fingered as the culprit in stomach ulcers and several different microbes are suspected in heart disease, the idea that a virus could cause obesity has been viewed with great skepticism. "I've literally been laughed at," says Atkinson, whose latest work was published in the well-regarded International Journal of Obesity. "This has not been fun. We've suffered a lot of persecution and ridicule."
Funding has been a struggle and there is the problem of recruiting study subjects. "It's very difficult to find volunteers willing to squirt this stuff up their nose and see if they get fat," Atkinson says.
So Atkinson and Nikhil V. Dhurandhar, professor of nutrition and food science at the University of Wisconsin, have turned to obese people to see if they could find evidence of the virus. They've found positive results among a group of obese people in India and now are looking at twins in the United States and elsewhere. Preliminary evidence continues to point to a link between the adenovirus infection and obesity.
Another unusual feature of the fat virus is that it appears to lower cholesterol and trigylceride levels in both animals and humans. "If anything, that seems consistent with infection," says Stephen B. Heymsfield, professor of medicine at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital in New York. "Inflammation or infection can produce sizable changes in many blood measures."
Even if the scientific data continue to accumulate in favor of a fat virus, odds are that it won't explain all obesity.
|
Definition of Put
1. A pit.
2. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Put, contracted from putteth.
3. A rustic; a clown; an awkward or uncouth person.
4. of Put
8. To lay down; to give up; to surrender.
10. To incite; to entice; to urge; to constrain; to oblige.
11. To throw or cast with a pushing motion "overhand," the hand being raised from the shoulder; a practice in athletics; as, to put the shot or weight.
12. To convey coal in the mine, as from the working to the tramway.
13. To go or move; as, when the air first puts up.
14. To steer; to direct one's course; to go.
15. To play a card or a hand in the game called put.
16. The act of putting; an action; a movement; a thrust; a push; as, the put of a ball.
17. A certain game at cards.
18. A privilege which one party buys of another to "put" (deliver) to him a certain amount of stock, grain, etc., at a certain price and date.
19. A prostitute.
More "Put" Quotations
Put Translations
put in Afrikaans is sit
put in Dutch is aanspannen
put in Finnish is panna
put in German is legen, bitte/legen, ausgeben, setzen, stellen
put in Italian is mettere, posare, mettere, dare
put in Latin is pono posui positum, colloco, loco
put in Portuguese is colocar, posto, meter, por
put in Spanish is sentar, meter
Copyright © 2001 - 2016 BrainyQuote
Disable adblock instructions
I have disabled Adblock |
Definitions for SANGsæŋ
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word SANG
Princeton's WordNet
1. American ginseng, sang, Panax quinquefolius(noun)
North American woodland herb similar to and used as substitute for the Chinese ginseng
Webster Dictionary
1. Sang
imp. of Sing
2. Sang
of Sing
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
1. Sang
sang, pa.t. of sing.—n. a Scotch form of song.
2. Sang
sang, n. blood, in heraldic use.—adj. Sang′lant, bloody or dropping blood.—n. Sang-de-bœuf, a deep-red colour peculiar to Chinese porcelain.
3. Sang
sang, n. a Chinese wind-instrument.
Anagrams for SANG »
1. AGNs gans, nags, snag
2. AGNs
3. Nags
1. Chaldean Numerology
The numerical value of SANG in Chaldean Numerology is: 3
2. Pythagorean Numerology
The numerical value of SANG in Pythagorean Numerology is: 5
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
1. Auma Obama:
I'm surprised he sang so well.
2. Eugene Bullard:
Tout le sang qui coule rouge; All blood is red.
3. Galina Tumasova:
The audience cried, you cannot stay silent about history, that's why Jamala sang about her own people.
4. Henry Van Dyke:
Use what talent you possess the woods would be very silent if no birds sang except those that sang best.
5. Unknown:
Use the talents you possess -- for the woods would be a very silent place if no birds sang except for the best.
Images & Illustrations of SANG
Translations for SANG
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for SANG »
Find a translation for the SANG definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these SANG definitions with the community:
Word of the Day
Please enter your email address:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"SANG." STANDS4 LLC, 2016. Web. 28 May 2016. <>.
Are we missing a good definition for SANG? Don't keep it to yourself...
Nearby & related entries:
Alternative searches for SANG:
Thanks for your vote! We truly appreciate your support. |
Definitions for wall street
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word wall street
Princeton's WordNet
1. Wall Street, Wall St.(noun)
2. Wall Street, the Street(noun)
used to allude to the securities industry of the United States
1. Wall Street
A street towards the southern end of the borough of Manhattan, New York City, extending from Broadway to the East River; -- so called from the old wall which extended along it when the city belonged to the Dutch. It is the chief financial center of the United States, hence the name is often used for the money market and the financial interests of the country; -- in American financial publications, also referred to as the street.
1. Wall Street(ProperNoun)
: American financial markets, financial institutions as a whole or by extension, big-business interests.
2. Origin: From the name of a street located in Manhattan, where many financial institutions are located.
1. Wall Street
1. Chaldean Numerology
The numerical value of wall street in Chaldean Numerology is: 9
2. Pythagorean Numerology
The numerical value of wall street in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
1. Wylie Stecklow:
Occupy Wall Street is the gift that keeps on giving.
2. Bernie Sanders:
Wall Street and other big corporations have won again.
3. Flemming Ornskov:
Some Wall Street analysts internal synergy goals are much higher.
4. Bernie Sanders:
Corporate America and Wall Street are going to bring that bill back.
5. Moffett Nathanson analyst Craig Moffett:
It ’s a sensible strategy, wall Street analysts are buying characters.
Images & Illustrations of wall street
Find a translation for the wall street definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these wall street definitions with the community:
Word of the Day
Please enter your email address:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"wall street." STANDS4 LLC, 2016. Web. 28 May 2016. < street>.
Are we missing a good definition for wall street? Don't keep it to yourself...
Nearby & related entries:
Alternative searches for wall street:
Thanks for your vote! We truly appreciate your support. |
A Definitive Reply To Evolutionist Propaganda
Download (DOC)
Read Online
Download (PDF)
Buy The Book
< <
8 / total: 26
The Dino-Bird Fantasy On The Discovery Channel
dinobird fantasy
A documentary about dinosaurs was broadcast on The Discovery Channel in January 2003. Most of the film was devoted to the way dinosaurs lived. Various dinosaur fossils were presented, and speculations advanced regarding their feeding habits and whether they were carnivorous. In the light of major fossil discoveries, particularly on the continents of Asia and America, the program tried to establish the migratory routes that these giant creatures might have followed.
The last 10 minutes of the film consisted of an introduction to the matter of "feathered dinosaurs," so frequently alluded to in evolutionist propaganda. It was maintained that feathers had been found on one fossil, called Caudipteryx, and that this fossil represented an intermediate form in the so-called evolution of birds.
The claims made on The Discovery Channel about the fossils are unfounded. The dino-bird theory, based on two fossils, flies in the face of the scientific facts. A wider consideration of the scientific findings that totally undermine the dino-bird theory can be found at our website www.darwinismrefuted.com.
The first of the two fossils given in the film is Sinosauropteryx. When this fossil was first found, in 1996, it was claimed that it had structures similar to feathers. However, later detailed analysis in 1997 revealed that these structures had nothing at all to do with feathers. The evolutionists therefore abandoned their claims that the creature had been feathered.
The second species alleged in the documentary to have been feathered is Caudipteryx. Evolutionists are unanimous that Caudipteryx lacked the power of flight. The creature had short arms and long legs, and possessed an anatomy far better suited to running.
Archaeopteryx drawing and fossil
Archaeopteryx drawing and fossil
The main feature to invalidate the thesis that Caudipteryx might have been the ancestor to the birds is its age. Caudipteryx, which Phil Currie attempts to portray as a transitional species, is some 120 million years old. Archaeopteryx, the oldest known bird, is 30 million years older than that. The 150-million-year old bird Archaeopteryx is solid evidence that Caudipteryx was not an intermediate species. Archaeopteryx lived long before Caudipteryx and was able to fly perfectly, just like modern birds.
The dino-bird theory actually constitutes a rather superficial propaganda tool, which is why even some evolutionist scientists reject it. In an article in New Scientist, the famous ornithologist Alan Feduccia sets out the anatomical differences between birds and dinosaurs and states that from the paleontological point of view the theory is a disgrace:
Well, I've studied bird skulls for 25 years and I don't see any similarities whatsoever. I just don't see it... The theropod [a bipedal, meat-eating dinosaur] origins of birds, in my opinion, will be the greatest embarrassment of paleontology of the 20th century.1
Caudipteryx drawing and fossil
Caudipteryx drawing and fossil
Another ornithologist, Larry Martin, makes this comment in the same article:
Birds are the origin of birds. It is out of the question for dinosaurs or any other land animal to have come by the power of flight as a result of gradual mutations. That is because birds' bodies are specially designed to fly. When one examines the bird wing, feather, lung, and other structures, one encounters particular features peculiar to flight that are not found on any land creatures. The most important feature of this design is its irreducible nature. The wing, lung, and feather need to be present in perfect form in order for flight to be possible. One Turkish evolutionist, Engin Konur, says:
In the light of scientific findings, the theory that birds evolved from dinosaurs, as broadcast by The Discovery Channel, is invalid. Evolutionist sources such as The Discovery Channel shut their ears to the scientific facts and continue to portray this piece of fantastic fiction as if it were a scientific theory. We call on The Discovery Channel to abandon this deception, described by the famous ornithologist Larry Martin as "embarrassing," and to look upon birds and dinosaurs as separate species.
3.Engin Korur, "Secret of Eyes and Wings," Bilim ve Teknik (Science and Technology), October 1984, No. 203, p. 25
8 / total 26
© 1994 Harun Yahya. www.harunyahya.com - info@harunyahya.com |
The BiPed robot V-3 was designed to get as close to the freedom of movement of the human lower body, it has 12 degrees of freedom. The frame is made of acryl-sheets and model servos are used as actuators.
For now the robot is controlled via PC, autonomous behaviour when development finished. The software allows to generate motion-patterns, replay them and view actual sensor data.
Used sensors are a two-axis accelerometer for the orientation of the hip and four force-sensing resistors at the bottom of each footplate. A kind of torque feedback of the servos is realized by measuring the driving signal of the servo motor.
Further information at www.austrobots.com.
Step 1: Framework
The framework is made of acryl sheets. The parts get cut by a CNC milling machine, the first parts for testing were cut with a fretsaw.
The actuators integrated in the framework are servos used in RC-modeling. In general one servo is responsible for one degree of freedom. For a better mechanical stability two servos (at the top) are combined for lifting each leg. The servos actuating the footplate are working parallel.
<p>What force sensing resistors did you use? I've been doing a little work with them and finding that getting a consistent reading with them is a little bit of a challenge. </p>
<p>Great Design! Would love to see more!</p>
I am planning to buy a new DC motor driver board which can run 5amp motor but I don't know how to connect it with Atmega 8A chip. Please see the pdf I attached for Atmega 8A.<br> <br> Here are the 7 pins in DC motor controller:-<br> <br> Pin No. Pin Functionality<br> 1 GND Ground<br> 2 IN-1 Logic input for the motor direction.<br> 3 Diagnostic 1<br> (DG-1) Output pin with logic 1 output in normal operation. Represents side of the internal<br> H bridge corresponding to IN-1. Pin is pulled to logic low by the motor driver in<br> case of over temperature or overload due to short circuit.<br> 4 PWM Used to apply Pulse Width Modulation to control motor velocity<br> 5 Diagnostic 2<br> (DG-2) Output pin with logic 1 output in normal operation. Represents side of the internal<br> H bridge corresponding to IN-2. Pin is pulled to logic low by the motor driver in<br> case of over temperature or overload due to short circuit.<br> 6 IN-2 Logic input for the motor direction.<br> 7 CS* Current Sense output to measure the current flowing through the driver
yes schematic please
Reminds me of the Walker thing from robocop :P
Sell it ti the military :P I don't see why they cant do this on a larger scale ,and make a walker.
Calibration :P no point in making a multi million dollar walker if it constantly trips and falls :3
lol yeah, but if there were a pilot maybe controlled kinda like in teh avatar movie... it could be possible some day.
and yet none of you see the flaw, too many parts+ too many hing points+ small peice of shrapnel = dead robot :/
addtionally to that, there would be too much maintenace necessary to make it an effective design during "in-field" use. at the present time this concept (the walker in general) presents too many complexities and complications, and is easily superceded by its wheeled counterparts, due to the relative ease of maintenance, and lack of complexity.
Yeah but... but... mechs are so awesome. <br>
I suppose. their could be a covering you know.
it would need ALOT of gyroscopes and it would need to move faster.
Can You post the cnc files?
Ummm...... Why are you posting this instructable? This is a kit that you can buy... not something you just create... Also, I saw the main picture... in a book about buying robots.. Plz don't post a kit as something you designed
You are right, you saw the main picture in a book from Daniel Ichbiah (ISBN3896602764, german ed.) because I provided it. Why should he mention my name in the paragraph next to the picture ?<br> <br> Your false accusation is incredible ! Why don't you simply ask before writing such nonsense !<br> <br> However, would be nice If you could tell me where I am able to buy a kit of my robot ... possible because the design exists since 2001 ...
I'm not being a "knowitall" but look up military walker suit on google. they have made a suit to wear that can lift thousands of pounds.(=
little slow but not bad for a biped
nice robot <br>
how much does it cost to make one of those?
thats amazing!! how many servos did you use??
I'm really interested in this design. Is there any way you'd make it open-source and release all the part files? I will soon have access to a CNC machine, and I've love to build this! I'd even be willing to pay a small fee for the blueprints, but free would be nice :)<br />
<pre>thats cool how long did it take you to think and to make it?</pre>
i have access to a<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.plasmacam.com/indexfla.php">plasmacam</a> plasma cutter can u post the blueprints of all the plates<br/>
good work ! :D
I will buy it for 200 dollars
I agree with the other comments, the idea behind instructables is to show others how they can do the same as you, I bet if you improve this you could get a lot of votes.
What 's version is this? IS vb2008 or vb2005 vb2003 !!!!
VB Code? Pseudo code? Algorithms?
Would need blue prints of some time with dimensions to actually construct this.
AWESOME! it's a sumo wrestler. It is extremely difficult to build a biped with such balance. You need to patent this.
make a humanoid
how about I just say this and walk away AMAZING!!!
me want details!!!! I really want to build this!!!!
amazing project please post more info!!!! I really want to make something like this I'll vote for u if you post up a nice instructable.....
nice robot, poor instructable!
I have to agree Great Bi-Ped but poor instructable. Need more information to remake it. GWJax
full project and make please :) plans, code and whatnot if possible ;)
very nice
I was going to vote for this, but you should really add some more details to this instructable, like servos, wires etc. so that other members and users can make they're own.
About This Instructable
More by alex.v:BiPed robot V-3
Add instructable to: |
Merriam-Webster Logo
• Dictionary
• Thesaurus
• Scrabble
• Spanish Central
• Learner's Dictionary
adjective fea·si·ble \ˈfē-zə-bəl\
Simple Definition of feasible
• : possible to do
Source: Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary
Full Definition of feasible
1. 1 : capable of being done or carried out <a feasible plan>
2. 2 : capable of being used or dealt with successfully : suitable
3. 3 : reasonable, likely
feasibility play \ˌfē-zə-ˈbi-lə-tē\ noun
feasibly play \ˈfē-zə-blē\ adverb
Examples of feasible in a sentence
1. Egyptian hieroglyphics … are also usually assumed to be the product of independent invention, but the alternative interpretation of idea diffusion is more feasible than in the case of Chinese writing. —Jared M. Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 1997
2. … there do not appear to be any remedies for this situation that are at once politically feasible and likely to work. —Richard A. Posner, Times Literary Supplement, 1 Sept. 1995
3. The '70s was the era in which it seemed more important, or more feasible, to reform our bodies than to change the world. —Barbara Ehrenreich, Utne Reader, May/June 1992
4. The government has now made it feasible for tourists to spend as long as a month in the country … —Fred C. Shapiro, New Yorker, 22 Oct. 1990
5. looking for a feasible way to create new jobs
6. <would it be feasible to build a cabin in so short a time?>
Origin of feasible
Middle English faisible, from Anglo-French faisable, from fais-, stem of faire to make, do, from Latin facere — more at do
First Known Use: 15th century
Synonym Discussion of feasible
possible, practicable, feasible mean capable of being realized. possible implies that a thing may certainly exist or occur given the proper conditions <a possible route up the west face of the mountain>. practicable implies that something may be effected by available means or under current conditions <a solution that is not practicable in the time available>. feasible applies to what is likely to work or be useful in attaining the end desired <commercially feasible for mass production>.
Rhymes with feasible
FEASIBLE Defined for Kids
adjective fea·si·ble \ˈfē-zə-bəl\
Definition of feasible for Students
1. : possible to do or accomplish <a feasible goal>
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up feasible? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
to manage or play awkwardly
Get Word of the Day daily email!
Take a 3-minute break and test your skills!
Which of these is a synonym of nonplus?
perplex soothe disapprove reduce
Name That Thing
Test your visual vocabulary with our 10-question challenge!
|
Timeline created by Kat Templeton
Event Date: Event Title: Event Description:
Nov 18th, 0600
Germanic Longships From the 7th century to around the 11th century, Germanic tribes used longships to raid other ships.
Nov 18th, 1100
Chinese "Junk" Between the 12th and 15th centuries, the Chinese "junk," or djong, is perfected. This is the later Song dynasty
Nov 18th, 1400
Multiple Masts In the 15th century, multiple masts on European cargo ships were added. They quickly became standard for large ships.
Nov 16th, 1571
Battle of Lepanto This is the last recorded naval battle powered by oarsmen.
Timeline New Warship Invented Between 260 and 255 BC, Romans capture a Carthoginian ship with 5 banks of oarsmen. It was large and heavy, ideal for battle use to batter other boats.
Phoenician%202%20bank%20boat The Bireme Boat Around 700 BC, Poenicians invented a boat with two banks of oarsmen, one above the other, for faster travel. This was called a bireme.
Timeline Two Different Designs By 1100 BC, the Phoenicians had invented two diffent types of boats. One, squat and tubby with rounded ends for passengers and cargo. The other was longer and sharp at one end for battle.
Giza%20boat Boat at Giza In 2500 BC, Ancient Egyptions buried a boat made of planks of cedar next to the Giza pyramid. |
Edit Article
Four Methods:Behavioral signsEmotional signsPhysical signsTaking ActionCommunity Q&A
Child abuse is a very serious and important matter, especially when dealing with babies and small toddlers because they often cannot talk about their situation and are therefore more helpless and at a greater risk than school-age children. If you suspect a child is the victim of abuse, be aware of any of the following warning signs.
Method 1
Behavioral signs
1. 1
An abused child may exhibit a sudden fear of a particular location, gender, or physical appearance (e.g. women with long brown hair, men with beards, etc.) They may cry when being dropped off at daycare or seem uncomfortable and avoidant around caregivers and other adults. Conversely, they may exhibit greater fear of being left alone or separated from a parent when in the presence of the abusive party.
2. 2
Sexual abuse victims may be afraid of getting undressed for bathing, or abnormally uncomfortable with doctor visits. They may also show signs of regression, i.e. a potty-trained child going back to wetting his pants; thumb sucking; decrease in verbal skills.
3. 3
Toddlers may have interruptions in their sleep pattern and more frequent nightmares.
4. 4
Be aware of increased interest in sexuality or an age-inappropriate knowledge of sexual behaviors.
5. 5
Abused toddlers may be unable to engage in normal, interactive play with their peers.
Method 2
Emotional signs
1. 1
Look for sudden, drastic personality changes. A normally outgoing and assertive child may become unusually compliant and passive, while a generally mild child may act in a demanding and aggressive manner. The child may become less talkative or stop communicating almost completely, or display signs of a speech disorder such as stuttering.
2. 2
Abused toddlers may be experiencing trauma symptoms and lash out at other children, adults, or animals with uncharacteristic anger and aggression.
Method 3
Physical signs
1. 1
Watch out for external signs of physical abuse such as bruises, burns, black eyes, cuts, abrasions, and other injuries. It's normal for children to bruise their knees, shins, elbows, and forehead as they interact with the physical environment -- but bruises are more suspect if they appear in unusual places such as the face, head, chest, back, arms, or genitalia.
2. 2
Sexual abuse victims may have pain, itching, bleeding, or bruises in or around the genitals, difficulty walking or sitting, or signs of a urinary tract infection.
3. 3
Infants may display changes in appetite, a total loss of interest in food, unexplained gagging and vomiting, and other symptoms related to emotional stress.
Method 4
Taking Action
1. 1
Consider talking to the caregiver, (or parents if you are a concerned family friend) about the baby or toddler in question. Find out if they have been frustrated with the child and/or why the child is acting differently. Be aware that this could be a tense situation.
2. 2
Alert police or the correct authorities in your state. You do not need to have proof. They will investigate it for themselves. It's their job to determine whether or not something happened, not yours. This is crucial since the child cannot speak for himself in most cases, and is depending on someone to help him.
Community Q&A
Answered Questions
Add New Question
• If a child is abused at age 2, will the child remember the abuse later in life?
• He/she probably won't remember specific events. However, the sense of anxiety, fear and lack of care will most likely negatively affect the child's brain development and impact future behavior and development. This is too large a topic to cover in a simple answer, so it is best discussed with your therapist or psychoanalyst.
Helpful? Thanks! 8 0
• I suspect my 11 month old grandchild is being emotionally and physically abused. What should I do ?
• Bring it up gently with the parents: "I've repeatedly noticed that Trevor has bruises under his knees frequently" or "Trevor has seemed a little frightened and moody recently." Ask the parents about possible causes for his abuse symptoms. (If the child were old enough to talk, don't take it up with the child. The trauma could be too much for him, and he will likely be forced to tell his parents if you ask him anything specific.) If the signs are strong enough, contact a child welfare authority. It is their job to investigate, and it cannot hurt to ask early. You don't need proof to call an authority. If the child is seriously injured or emotionally shattered, ask the parents about therapy. Their response should give a clue.
Helpful? Thanks! 6 0
• Is it a sign of abuse if a two year old puts objects in her private areas?
• Toddlers also like to explore and experiment, and they obviously have little to no moral notions, so possibly it's natural exploration. On the other hand, it might be a sign of being shown this behavior, so follow the article's suggestions.
Helpful? Thanks! 4 0
• Is it wrong to leave my partner if I suspect him of abuse, but I can't prove it?
• Keep security cameras around the house and do not tell him that they are there. Then you'll get some proof. If you have suspicions, then don't leave the house without your toddler or baby.
Helpful? Thanks! 6 1
Ask a Question
• Since every child develops at a different rate, it can be difficult to determine whether a developmental delay stems from abuse or complaining of headaches or stomachaches that have no medical cause.
• Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a common form of abuse in which the infant is subject to forceful, violent shaking that can lead to long-term disability and even mortality. Depending on the duration and intensity of the episode, signs of SBS can include retinal damage, lethargy, tremors, vomiting, irritability, seizures, decreased appetite, an inability to lift the head, and difficulty breathing. [1]
• When you are confronting someone about child abuse, remember that this is a tense situation, as no one wants to be accused of abuse. If at any point you are threatened, immediately alert police to the matter. This is important since the child might also be in danger after the confrontation.
Article Info
Categories: Child Abuse
In other languages:
Español: reconocer señales de abuso en menores, Italiano: Riconoscere i Segni di Violenza su un Neonato, Português: Reconhecer Sinais de Abuso em Crianças ou Bebês, Русский: распознать признаки насилия над младенцем или малышом, Deutsch: Anzeichen für Kindesmisshandlung bei einem Baby oder Kleinkind erkennen
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 354,250 times.
Did this article help you? |
Dog Biting
Dog Biting - Meaning
Uncontrolled dog biting can be the ultimate expression of dog aggression - which we have discussed under German Shepherd aggression. Dog biting leaves a wound, a laceration.
Dog biting vs Dog nipping
Conversely, dog nipping has a playful intention, at most it leaves teeth marks but never a laceration. All healthy puppies nip, but very very few puppies bite (if raised reasonably well). With a puppy however, the temporarily spiky teeth can leave small punctures that may even bleed a bit (subject to how thick your skin is). Still, dog nipping never results in a laceration in the common sense. Dog nipping never needs stitching or medical wound care. Most times, dog nipping leaves no more than a mild surprise that it... leaves nothing. ;-)
Uncontrolled dog biting vs Controlled dog biting
Another necessary clarification in order to understand dog biting is the difference between controlled and uncontrolled biting. This article will address uncontrolled dog biting: The owner, trainer, or handler does not control the biting dog. The person may not even be aware that the dog just bit someone (a person or another animal).
Conversely, controlled dog biting means: The owner, trainer, or handler has the dog under control, and yet the dog bites. The person may even want that the dog bites, whether because it's part of a dog bite training session, or because he or she feels being attacked, or whatever.
Dog Biting - Causes
Now that we have clarified the meaning of dog biting in the context of this article, next is the causes of dog biting: Why dogs bite.
Uncontrolled German Shepherd biting may happen because:
1. The dog may be ill
2. The dog bite may be a reflex to a particular stimulus
3. The dog may feel threatened and uses biting as defense
4. You or someone else is intruding the dog's assumed territory and you have not yet been accepted as the Pack leader
5. The dog bite may be a symptom of a trauma suffered at some point earlier (possibly with a prior owner or handler, or with another dog)
6. The dog bite may result as a consequence of mistakes made during puppy socialization!
7. Or (most of the time), the dog bite results from a combination of stress and fear!
You see that the potential CAUSES of uncontrolled dog biting are similar to the potential causes of German Shepherd aggression, and this is no surprise: As said at the top, uncontrolled dog biting can be the ultimate expression of dog aggression - yet often dog biting has a different cause.
Dog biting - Seeking clues
In order to identify the particular CAUSE of dog biting in a given situation, you can seek out clues. For example, ask yourself:
• WHEN does your German Shepherd bite?
• WHO is your German Shepherd biting?
• WHERE is your German Shepherd biting?
• WHAT triggered the dog bite?
• Can you identify some systematic in any of these factors?
If your dog has repeatedly bitten, it's sensible and worth the effort that you take records for all of the above clues. This will help you over time to pinpoint the true cause of dog biting. Only when you have identified the CAUSE of biting, you can reliably stop dog biting!
On MYGERMANSHEPHERD.ORG we have an entire series of Periodicals that address all the different topics of dog biting: Dog bite inhibition, dog bite risk assessment, dog bite treatment, dog bite prevention, what to do when your dog injured someone, how to save the relationship when your dog bit you, etc. The MYGERMANSHEPHERD PERIODICAL is free to join.
• 4K
Comments via our New Facebook Page Managed by Krystal! - Thank you xx
Just Note:
1. To fight SPAM anything with a link lands in SPAM
2. To go live your comment must be relevant to this page
3. Be polite, introduce yourself with what you found, not a help request
15 Site Comments, ZERO SPAM Add one
My standard poodle was bit by a German Shepard this morning. It left bite marks in the high back leg almost to the tail. Why I have no idea as we were walking in a family neighborhood. The handler(not sure if its the owner)had two full grown gsd on leashes. As we passed her dogs began to bark then one of them got away from her and attacked my dog. She gathered her dogs and ran away?? Really??? What happened? Can you shed any light on this situation.
Not sure if I understand, your post sounds like a dialogue of TWO people, not one poodle owner.
But I try to answer the (seconds person's?) questions:
- She gathered her dogs and ran away??
Apparently so.
- Really???
Not sure, better ask the first person who was present.
- What happened?
Apparently a GSD bit a poodle. For sure, the GSD owner is not a member of our site (or totally ignorant as to our German Shepherd training advice)! So sorry for the poodle owner! Avoidable situations like these shed bad light on our breed!
I have a GSD that we rescued from a city shelter. He was 2yo when we got him and have had him for approximately 5 years. We follow a regular feeding and walking routine. He is not the alpha in our house. He gets along with other dogs. our problem is he is aggressive to the UPS, FedEx, and USPS drivers. He nipped one of the FedEx drivers on the foot yesterday. Partly my fault for not having put the shock fence back across the driveway after I arrived from work. The driver said he was okay but I could tell he was a little shaken up as I would have been. With our two wire shock fence he will not attempt to leave the yard. He did nip (bite) my wifes cousins little boy after the bot came into our yard and grabbed the GSD around the neck from the back. The GSD was letting the boy know to back off IMHO. Nothing negative came out of that altercation but the boy was taken to a clinic for treatment of a puncture on his chin from the dog.
The GSD is loving and our best friend. Just a wonderful addition and I do not want to lose him for any reason. He just gives so much love to my wife and I. Wou
Hi, A few months ago I got a german shepherd from a friend. I don't know his background and she refused to tell me anything other than she couldn't keep the puppy and it was a black lab. When I revieved him he was less than 8 weeks. After we took him to his first appointment we found out that he was a GS. Over the past 4 months we've been struggling with obedience and biting. He bites all the time and since we have a four year old it has become a bigger issue because as the dog is growing his bite is getting stronger. We don't really know what to do in this situation. Is there anything we can do?
Yes Amy, there is. A lot.
1) I would subscribe to the renowned MYGERMANSHEPHERD PERIODICAL while it's still free.
2) I would download the New Puppy Checklist and APPLY it to the letter. It also is free.
3) After that, I would be extremely nice to someone called Tim, and maybe I am lucky for the third time and he gives me free, early access to Puppy Training in a NUTSHELL. Then I would APPLY that to the letter as well. ;-)
And schwupps!, like magic, the "biting" problem is gone! - As well as pretty much all the other "dog problems" too! :-)
But if for some reason I don't do 1 to 3 above, I would NOT leave my four-year old alone with the dog, ever!
I hope that made it clear.(?)
I have a 7 months GSD and we had gone to two dog training obedience classes, one with other dogs and one private. His name is Regalo and he is doing well with the sitting, laying down, wait but only when we are walking. When we get to the backyard and I let him loose he kind of bites my hand. It seems that the backyard is his territory, I have not been able to stop him from doing in it, I say no bite when he does it.
My 4 year old GS bit a neighbor this morning. This is the 4th person he has bittenin a month. My son-in-law was walking Dax and this neighbor generally walks with them. All of a sudden my dog bit her and she had to go to the ER and get stitches. I am struggling with this. I posted beware of dog signs on my home and my fence, but this occurred on the road outside my property (we live in a lake community and people are always walking around the lake). Please give me some advice. I can't stand the thought of ever having him put down or gettting rid of him.
Sally, what of my published advice have you applied so far, for how long, and what were your observations?
Recently, I bought one month old GSD. This is rather early to get it, but we did it so that he can become well acquainted and accustomed to us at an early age and be our friend for a long time. Me and my wife, together we fed him lovingly with our own hands and in plentiful including half kg milk,rusks and bread etc.. I also spent most of my after office time with him. We played with him. We brought ball and stick, toy car, toy baby and so many other things.Also,hardly ever we scolded him. Yet he bites both of us so much without any visible reason,to the extent of having become a nightmare for us, making us a prisoner in our own house. Both of my hands and ankles are full of his bite marks.My wife has to sit with his legs on the chair. First thing I do in the morning is to put on shoes so that there is less pain when he bites me. He has torn sleeves of several of my shirts and lower portion of gowns of my wife.Belatedly however, it has lessened after I started taking him out for a 2 km morning walk. We love him so much that we don't want him away. But we are paying a heavy price for our desire to keep a GSD.A very heavy price indeed.
We have always said: NO ONE should get a GSD (and indeed any dog) without PRIOR adequate education. Your desperate message reinforces this advice! Almost everything you wrote you did you wouldn't have done given PRIOR adequate education. Your puppy would be as well behaved as my new puppy. And certainly you and your wife wouldn't have bite marks anywhere!
You didn't say for how long this has been ongoing and whether you are willing to LEARN how to behave with a puppy right, such that the things you mention won't happen?
Where's a will, there's a way! Even an easy way!
But you aren't even subscribed to our Periodical, and this although it's FREE and you'd have learned everything you need to know how to behave right with a puppy.
I won't ask "Why not???" because I learned in life: One cannot force people, they must WANT it. :roll:
Once you are subscribed (IF) you may refer me to this post and I would help you get up to speed as fast as TODAY.
I have a 8 week old male German shepherd and a 11 month male German shepherd. They get along great. I also have a 5 year German shepherd female that we rescued and she is biting both of them. We have been to the vet three time already with the 8 week old. Almost lost his eye with her biting. I have no idea what her background is. I really don't want to get rid of her but I don't want my pups hurt anymore either! I don't want to muzzle her like the vet said or cage her. Anything that you can help with?
Please go through the above advice IN DETAIL and NOW, then add your precise(!) and succinct(!) answers to your Dog Problem Consultation here.
You know, it's all here, you just need to WANT to find help. Also be aware that your UNformatted essay is insulting, no one else would try so hard to read it!
My 1 year old German shepherd keeps attacking my wife, reasons are random. Never attacked me before, but my wife, family, friends etc.. This morning she went to hand me a coffee and he jumped over a couch to bite her. She's terrified. What do I do?
"What do I do?" - Brian, the menu IS your friend, you confirmed you read that before you clicked submit. You find EVERYTHING you need via the menu. It wouldn't become any better if I tried to repeat so much here in this box.
Oh, from what you write I notice you've missed a LOT if not all that we teach new puppy owners! So start with the New Puppy Checklist TODAY.
Your turn! ...Just Note:
1. To fight SPAM anything with a link lands in SPAM
Post Your Comment
|
More titles to consider
Shopping Cart
You're getting the VIP treatment!
Mappings explores what mapping has meant in the past and how its meanings have altered. How have maps and mapping served to order and represent physical, social and imaginative worlds? How has the practice of mapping shaped modern seeing and knowing? In what ways do contemporary changes in our experience of the world alter the meanings and practice of mapping, and vice versa?
In their diverse expressions, maps and the representational processes of mapping have constructed the spaces of modernity since the early Renaissance. The map's spatial fixity, its capacity to frame, control and communicate knowledge through combining image and text, and cartography's increasing claims to scientific authority, make mapping at once an instrument and a metaphor for rational understanding of the world.
Among the topics the authors investigate are projective and imaginative mappings; mappings of terraqueous spaces; mapping and localism at the 'chorographic' scale; and mapping as personal exploration.
With essays by Jerry Brotton, Paul Carter, Michael Charlesworth, James Corner, Wystan Curnow, Christian Jacob, Luciana de Lima Martins, David Matless, Armand Mattelart, Lucia Nuti and Alessandro Scafi
• IOS |
Planet Venus
Look low in southwest as the sky darkens in early December. That brilliant “evening star” is actually not a star, but the planet Venus.
Venus is at its brightest now, in part because it’s relatively close by, only about 35 million miles from Earth. Venus is so very bright that it can cast shadows, and it’s sometimes confused with airplane landing lights, or even reported as a UFO. |
Standard Article
Inert Gas Transport in Blood and Tissues
1. A. Barry Baker1,
2. Andrew D. Farmery2
Published Online: 1 APR 2011
DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100011
Comprehensive Physiology
Comprehensive Physiology
How to Cite
Baker, A. B. and Farmery, A. D. 2011. Inert Gas Transport in Blood and Tissues. Comprehensive Physiology. 1:569–592.
Author Information
1. 1
Department of Anaesthesia, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
2. 2
Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics and Wadham College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Publication History
1. Published Online: 1 APR 2011
This article establishes the basic mathematical models and the principles and assumptions used for inert gas transfer within body tissues—first, for a single compartment model and then for a multicompartment model. From these, and other more complex mathematical models, the transport of inert gases between lungs, blood, and other tissues is derived and compared to known experimental studies in both animals and humans. Some aspects of airway and lung transfer are particularly important to the uptake and elimination of inert gases, and these aspects of gas transport in tissues are briefly described. The most frequently used inert gases are those that are administered in anesthesia, and the specific issues relating to the uptake, transport, and elimination of these gases and vapors are dealt with in some detail showing how their transfer depends on various physical and chemical attributes, particularly their solubilities in blood and different tissues. Absorption characteristics of inert gases from within gas cavities or tissue bubbles are described, and the effects other inhaled gas mixtures have on the composition of these gas cavities are discussed. Very brief consideration is given to the effects of hyper- and hypobaric conditions on inert gas transport. © 2011 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 1:569-592, 2011. |
Allergy testing - skin
Allergy skin tests are used to find out which substances cause a person to have an allergic reaction.
How the Test is Performed
There are three common methods of allergy skin testing.
The skin prick test involves:
The intradermal skin test involves:
Patch testing is a method to diagnose the cause of skin reactions that occur after the substance touches the skin:
How to Prepare for the Test
Before any allergy testing, the health care provider will ask about:
Allergy medicines can change the results of skin tests. Your doctor will tell you which medicines to avoid and when to stop taking them before the test.
How the Test will Feel
Skin tests may cause very mild discomfort when the skin is pricked.
You may have symptoms such as itching, a stuffy nose, red watery eyes, or a skin rash if you allergic to the substance in the test.
In rare cases, people can have a whole-body allergic reaction (called anaphylaxis), which can be life-threatening. This usually only occurs with intradermal testing. Your health care provider will be prepared to treat this serious response.
Why the Test is Performed
Allergy tests are done to determine what substances are causing your allergy symptoms.
Your doctor may order allergy skin tests if you have:
Allergies to penicillin and closely related medicines are the only drug allergies that can be tested using skin tests. Skin tests for allergies to other drugs can be dangerous.
The skin prick test may also be used to diagnose food allergies. Intradermal tests are not used to test for food allergies because of high false-positive results and the danger of causing a severe allergic reaction.
Normal Results
A negative test result means there were no skin changes in response to the allergen. This negative reaction most often means that you are not allergic to the substance.
In rare cases, a person may have a negative allergy test and still be allergic to the substance.
What Abnormal Results Mean
A positive result means you reacted to a substance. Your health care provider will see a red, raised area called a wheal.
Often, a positive result means the symptoms you are having are due to exposure to that substance. In general, a stronger response means you are more sensitive to the substance.
People can have a positive response to a substance with allergy skin testing, but not have any problems with that substance in everyday life.
Skin tests are usually accurate. However, if the dose of allergen is large, even people who are not allergic will have a positive reaction.
Your health care provider will consider your symptoms and the results of your skin test to suggest lifestyle changes you can make to avoid substances that may be causing your symptoms.
Review Date: 5/18/2014
|
Brain Teasers
Brain Teasers Trivia Mentalrobics Games Community
Personal Links
Your Favorite Articles
Browse Articles
All Topics
Search Articles
Advanced Search
Popular Articles
Letter to Yourself
Mental Smells III
Peripheral Vision
Clear Your Mind
Relax the Jaw
Levels of Learning
Add to Google Add to
More ways to get Braingle...
Start a box or folder for clippings of interesting articles, pictures, or notes. Any time you see something in a magazine or newspaper that sparks your imagination, tear it out and put it in your box. If you can't tear it out, take a photo or make a little sketch and put that in your box instead.
Whenever you need inspiration for something, dig through your box of clippings for ideas that you can apply to your current project. If you have the space, you could pin the clippings up on the wall instead of storing them in a box. This way, you can be reminded of an idea whenever you walk by the wall.
From time to time, go through your clippings and get rid of ideas that are out of date or no longer interest you.
Look around and find an ordinary object nearby. Try to come up with a dozen different names for that object. Be creative and silly. For example a stapler may be a 'Metalbendulator'.
Sometimes, a creative idea is very similar to an existing idea, but has subtle differences. In order to express your idea, you'll need to be able to come up with words to describe these nuances.
This exercise will help. How many creative synonyms can you find for the following words? As you come up with each word, try to picture in your mind the small differences between the synonym and the original word.
Happy: Jolly (having a little more humor than happy), tickled pink (having a lot more humor than happy)... there are least 30 more synonyms for you to discover.
Red: Blood-red (darker red), magenta (a little purpler than red)...Try for 20 more similar colors.
Pick any word and repeat this exercise as many times as you wish.
This exercise will test your ability to recall and recreate sounds in your mind. This stretches the part of the brain where audio is stored. Close your eyes and try to hear the following sounds:
1. Opening a can of soda
2. A jackhammer
3. A bee buzzing around you head
4. A harmonica
5. Your best friend's voice
How well did you do at reproducing these sounds in your head? With practice you'll get better at imagining sounds.
- Add To My Favorites
This exercise will help build your mental endurance and concentration. Each line contains a common phrase that has been printed backwards. See how long it takes you identify and read the phrase correctly.
1. nietsniE treblA- .wen gnihtyna deirt reven ekatsim a edam reven ohw nosrep A
2. nosidE .A samohT- .noitaripsrep tnec rep enin-ytenin dna noitaripsni tnec rep eno si suineG
3. eraepsekahS mailliW- .loof a eb ot flesmih swonk nam esiw a tub ,esiw eb ot flesmih skniht loof A
4. setracseD eneR- .llew ti esu ot si gniht niam eht ;dnim doog a evah ot hguone ton si tI
5. ybsoC lliB- .ecivda eht deen taht seno diputs eht s'ti - yrassecen t'nia esiw eht ot drow A
Users in Chat : None
Online Now: 12 users and 581 guests
Custom Search
Sign In A Create a free account |
You can use Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) in your web pages in three ways: external, internal, and inline. Which you use is dependent on how you want your design to work.
External CSS
External is the preferred way of using CSS. Ideally, you place all your CSS styles into an external CSS file, and then add a link to it in all of your site’s pages. This is the most efficient way to work, as all the pages will rely upon a single CSS file, which makes your job easier when it comes to editing your styles across an entire website.
A link to an external CSS file is added to the code on each page before the closing </head> tag:
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" media="all">
To import an external style sheet instead of linking to one, insert style and comment tags before the closing </head> tag:
@import url("stylesheet.css");
Internal CSS
Internal is good for single-page use and during development, but not for finished websites. Sometimes designers include internal CSS on a single page to override any links to external CSS files. To add CSS internally to a single page, place your CSS styles between a pair of <style> tags before the closing </head> tag on your page:
<style type="text/css">
body { background-image: url("images/pattern.gif"); }
p { font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif; }
Inline CSS
Occasionally, you may need to override both external and internal CSS styles using inline CSS. Inline is not advised unless it is the best or only way to apply a style to an object or element in the HTML. To add CSS inline with your code, add the style definition to your opening HTML tag:
<p style="color: #3399CC; font-size: 18px;">The Solar System</p> |
tutorStudy Options
Vocabulary Quiz
a long way • on the bench • something
whole life • grow up
1. He sat the whole game.
2. We played for like ten hours.
3. I did not in a nice place.
4. She has come since she first arrived.
5. He spent his looking for true love.
Comprehension Quiz
Answer the following questions about the interview.
Superbowl Party
Mixer 119 Best Sports Memory
Six people talk about their best memory either playing or watching sports.
• Transcript
• Audio Slide Show
• Vocabulary
come a long way
I came a really long way.
Here, the phrase 'come a long way' means to work hard and improve a lot at something. Notice the samples.
• Raj's English has come a long way since he moved to Sydney.
• Tom Cruise has come a long way from being an unknown actor to a superstar.
• sit on the bench
I sat on the bench.
A member of a sport team who goes to the game but does not play is said to 'sit on the bench.' Here are two examples
1. Beckham was healthy, but he sat on the bench the whole game.
2. In high school, I was terrible at football so I just sat on the bench most of the time.
something like
We were losing something like 17-0
Here, 'something like' is similar in meaning to 'about'. Notice the samples.
1. Last night I studied for a test and went to bed at something like 3:00 AM.
2. The salary is something like 2000 pounds per month to start.
whole life
I only played one rugby game in my whole life.
The phrase 'whole life' talks about your life from when you were born until today. Notice the sample sentences.
1. I've been studying English my whole life, but my speaking is not so good.
2. He has lived in Jakarta his whole life.
grow up
Where I grew up.
The phrase 'grow up' talks about getting older. It's a time in life that starts when we are very young to when we become a young adult. Look at the examples below.
1. My dad grew up on the east coast but moved to the west coast after university.
2. My girlfriend grew up in Paris. She now lives in Nice.
brought up to
my culture were brought up to think that that's really bad.
In this case, "brought up" means to be raised from childhood.
1. I was brought up to believe it is impolite to eat with your elbows on the table.
2. Many boys are brought up to believe they should hide their feelings.
on your record
If you do anything wrong then it's on your record.
"Record" in this case means a criminal history or some other official record of your behaviour.
1. If you are late for work more than 3 times, it will be noted on your record with the Personnel section.
2. Many countries will not issue a visa if you have a criminal conviction on your record.
pull over
The policeman asked me to pull over.
In this case, "pulling over" is an action taken when you are driving a car and it means
to move your car to the side of the road and stop.
1. Thanks for giving me a lift home. You can pull over at this corner and let me off.
2. In Japan, you should pull over to the left and wait if you hear an ambulance coming.
The policeman in Dubai was very straight and honest.
When we are talking about people, "straight" means to be honest and not evasive nor to hide
1. It is important to have people who are straight working in positions of authority, so that their power is not abused.
2. When my sister had an accident, my father was completely straight with me about her condition and didn't try to protect me from the difficult truth.
turned me down
He turned me down, it is really bad in the Arab culture.
To be "turned down" is to be denied something.
1. I asked Jack if he would go out for coffee with me, but he turned me down. I was so disappointed.
2. When I asked my mum if I could get a motor bike, she turned me down because it was too dangerous. |
In Chapter 11 of "Lord of the Flies," what is it that Samneric fears about the savages' warpaint? Why does Ralph refuse to paint faces?
3 Answers | Add Yours
andrewnightingale's profile pic
Posted on
Samneric's fear can be traced back to chapter four when they first witnessed Jack painting over his face with clay and charcoal:
"Beside the pool his sinewy body held up a mask that drew their eyes and appalled them. He began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling. He capered toward Bill, and the mask was a thing on its own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness."
The highlighted sections indicate the effect the mask had not only on the other boys, but also on Jack. The boys were intrigued and horrified at the same time. The mask changed Jack and the mask was something behind which he could hide. It provided Jack freedom from guilt and self awareness, it made him unconscionable, he could do whatever he wanted when he had painted it. The boys distress at witnessing Jack wearing the mask made them imagine that his laughter was a bloodthirsty snarl. The boys were thoroughly frightened and intimidated, so much so that Sam And Eric felt pressured to obey Jack's command.
"'Come on! I’ll creep up and stab—” The mask compelled them."
It is clear that Sam and Eric fear the savagery that wearing the mask brings about, that it changes those who hide behind it. They have now seen it with Jack and are not keen to be confronted by their fears again. In chapter 11, the twins voice their fears:
He’ll be painted,” said Sam, timidly. “You know how he’ll be—” “—he won’t think much of us—” “—if he gets waxy we’ve had it—
Later in the chapter we learn that the boys:
"... understood only too well the liberation into savagery that the concealing paint brought."
They are clearly afraid of the consequences brought about by the wearing of "war paint". The twins realise that the 'savages' would have no qualms to hurt them. We later learn that their fears are justified for Piggy gets killed and they are captured and tied up.
Ralph refuses to have their faces painted because, as he says:
“ ... we aren’t savages.”
Ralph's primary objective is rescue. He therefore wishes to maintain order and get the signal fire going again. If he should become a savage himself, all hope would be lost, there would be complete anarchy and they would never be rescued.
ladyvols1's profile pic
Posted on
“The others nodded. They understood only too well the liberation into savagery that the concealing paint brought.” Eric again suggests painting themselves and Ralph yells “No paint!” He screams at them that they need smoke." (pg 206)
Samneric are afraid of what the savages in warpaint will do to them. They are afraid of the evil which has taken over the boys in Jack's tribe. Ralph refuses the paint because it does stand for savagery and he wants to try and keep the "civilized" order that he has tried to create through the whole story.
wwjd's profile pic
Posted on
Samneric realize that when Jack and his tribe are wearing warpaint, they are liberated from acting civilized. Their fear is how the tribe will act when they are painted. Ralph says that he, Piggy, and Samneric must not paint their faces because he wants so badly to maintain a civilized way of life for them. He realized that if they become like Jack and his tribe, there will be no chance of rescue.
We’ve answered 324,342 questions. We can answer yours, too.
Ask a question |
Current Issue
This Month's Print Issue
Follow Fast Company
We’ll come to you.
2 minute read
Does Money Buy Happiness? Up To A Point
Both individuals and nations as a whole get a little happier once they stop being poor. But true happiness depends on more than wealth.
[Source photo: extradeda via Shutterstock]
As nations become richer, they tend to become happier. But only up to a point. At a certain level of wealth—when our basic needs are met—people cease becoming happier overall. Money leads to happiness, but not always.
In happiness economics, this phenomenon is known as the Easterlin Paradox, which was first used to explain why Americans were not becoming happier in the 1970s, despite rising incomes. And you can see it at work around the world in a major new international survey.
The Pew Research Center interviewed people in 43 countries and found a strong correlation between increased wealth and reported happiness. Many emerging nations are a good deal happier now than they were seven years ago, when Pew last asked them. For example, life satisfaction in China, where GDP has increased by an average of 10% since 2007, grew by a whopping 26%. But then there's little difference in life satisfaction in China and Germany, despite big differences in income per person. And rich countries like the U.S. and France have seen no difference since 2007. In fact, in several high wealth countries, the percentage of people reporting the highest levels of happiness (7, 8, 9 or 10 on a scale of 1 to 10) has actually declined slightly.
Here's a chart plotting life satisfaction on the vertical axis and GDP growth since 2007 on the horizontal axis. Advanced economies are in brown, emerging economies are in yellow, and developing economies are in gray. As you can see, China is far out to the right hand side:
Now look at this chart plotting actual income per person. You can see that the U.S. is way out to the right as the richest country on Earth. But it's far from the happiest country. Israel, Venezuela, and Mexico, for example, all have lower incomes per person, but more people reporting themselves highly satisfied (7 to 10 on the scale).
The survey matches U.S. research showing that happiness improves little after people start making $75,000 a year (the exact number may vary by state, with people in Hawaii needing much more than people in Mississippi, according to one study).
In general, the Pew research found that women tend to be happier than men, and that people with higher incomes, education, more household goods and employment are happier than those with lower levels. Also, married people and younger and older people were happier than single or middle-aged people.
See more results here. |
All Articles Fitness Nutrition
Weight Loss Myth? Skipping Meals is a Good Way to Lose Weight
food choices.jpg
In order to lose weight, we must cut calories from our diet. So does this mean that skipping meals and therefore cutting even more calories from our diet can help us lose weight even faster? While this theory has been in circulation for years, it is not necessarily the optimal way to lose weight. This article discusses the truth behind how weight loss and metabolism work, and answers the question of whether or not it is a good idea to skip meals in order to lose weight.
How Weight Loss Works
In order to lose one pound of weight, you must eliminate 3,500 calories. This can be done a variety of ways, the most common of which is by dieting. If you want to lose one pound a week, you must cut 500 calories from your diet every day. 500 calories is a lot of calories! Most of us only eat between 1,500 and 2,500 calories per day. However, by skipping meals, many women are so hungry by the time that dinner rolls around that they eat everything they can get their hands on! This not only prevents weight loss, but can in fact lead to weight gain. Women are so starved that they mindlessly eat whatever is placed in front of them, and end up eating more calories by the end of the day than if they had not skipped one of the meals to begin with.
How Metabolism Works
Skipping meals is not a good way to lose weight because you'll simply overeat at the next meal. But what does this do to your body long term? Your metabolism is the process that is responsible for burning fuel, and keeping the body in proper working order. When your body gets food, it typically digests it rapidly. This time is coveted by many people who are trying to lose weight, because the body is using fat stores to burn the food that has been digested. However, after the food has been digested, the metabolism goes into a kind of "sleep mode." This means that the body is not burning as many calories. The longer you wait between meals, the more time your body will be in this sleep mode, and the fewer calories you will burn. Eventually, if you chronically skip meals, your body will get used to being inactive, and it will slow to a crawl, resulting in significant weight gain.
The Verdict
Obviously, this weight loss myth is just that - a myth. Skipping meals is not only ineffective in the goal of weight loss, but when meals are regularly skipped for a long period of time, it can actually lead to weight gain. Avoid this tactic when trying to lose weight! Not only is it unhealthy, but you can damage your metabolism beyond repair.
Article Comments |
Inverted Market
DEFINITION of 'Inverted Market'
In the context of options and futures, this is when the current (or short-term) contract prices are higher than the long-term contracts.
BREAKING DOWN 'Inverted Market'
This usually occurs because a good is currently in short supply, which drives up prices in the short term.
1. Options On Futures
An option on a futures contract gives the holder the right to ...
2. Contract Unit
The actual amount of the underlying asset represented by a single ...
3. Limit Move
The largest amount of change that the price of a commodity futures ...
4. Contract Month
The month in which a futures contract expires. The contract can ...
5. Fixed Income Forward
A contract to buy or sell a fixed income security in the future ...
6. Cash Contract
A financial arrangement that requires delivery of a particular ...
Related Articles
1. Term
The Difference Between Forwards and Futures
Both forward and futures contracts allow investors to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and price.
2. Options & Futures
How to Trade Options on Government Bonds
A look at trading options on debt instruments, like U.S. Treasury bonds and other government securities.
3. Options & Futures
Examples Of Exchange-Traded Derivatives
We look at some of the most common exchange-traded derivatives.
4. Futures Traders
Futures are financial contracts giving the buyer an obligation to purchase an asset (and the seller an obligation to sell an asset) at a set price at a future point in time. Futures are also ...
5. Options & Futures
How to Trade Futures Contracts
Futures is short for Futures Contracts, which are contracts between a buyer and seller of an asset who agree to exchange goods and money at a future date, but at a price and quantity determined ...
6. Options & Futures
ES Weekly Options and E-Mini Options
Weekly options on futures are often used for day trading and short-term swing trading. They don't require a futures account, offer limited risk, and pattern day trading rules don’t ...
7. Investing
How Do Futures Contracts Work?
Futures contracts are one of the most important financial innovations in history, but they are often misunderstood. Find out this contract is used to transfer risk between different parties. ...
8. Investing
The Best Strategy For Reliable Income In A High-Risk Market
<p>The covered call strategy is a reliable way to generate income in your investment account on a monthly basis. Basically, this investment ...
9. Options & Futures
Beginner's Guide To Trading Futures: The Basic Structure of the Futures Market
In this opening section, we will take a look at how the futures market works, how it differs from other markets and how the use of leverage impacts your investing. How Futures WorkYou are probably ...
10. Options & Futures
Getting A Handle On The Options Premium
1. How do the investment risks differ between options and futures?
Learn what differences exist between futures and options contracts and how each can be used to hedge against investment risk ... Read Answer >>
2. How can a futures trader exit a position prior to expiration?
A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a commodity at a pre-determined price and quantity at a future date in ... Read Answer >>
3. What is the difference between open interest and volume?
Learn more about options, what options' volume and open interest are and the difference between volume and open interest ... Read Answer >>
4. Why do futures' prices converge upon spot prices during the delivery month?
It's a fairly safe bet that as the delivery month of a futures contract approaches, the future's price will generally inch ... Read Answer >>
5. What do the S&P, Dow and Nasdaq futures contracts represent?
Every morning before North American stock exchanges begin trading, TV programs and websites providing financial information ... Read Answer >>
6. How do I set a strike price for a future?
Find out why futures contracts don't have set strike prices like options or other derivatives, even though price change limits ... Read Answer >>
Hot Definitions
1. Goldilocks Economy
An economy that is not so hot that it causes inflation, and not so cold that it causes a recession. This term is used to ...
2. White Squire
3. MACD Technical Indicator
4. Over-The-Counter - OTC
5. Quarter - Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4
6. Weighted Average Cost Of Capital - WACC
Trading Center |
Food Prices Continue to Rise
by Dr. Wayne Curtis: Why are food prices so high? That question is on the minds of most consumers today.
With many people still unemployed and others underemployed, this hits many families especially hard. And, unfortunately, economists expect prices to go higher.
The answer to the question is rooted in basic economics. Several factors are working together to push food prices higher.
First, as the international economy has begun to recover from the recession, the demand for grains such as corn, wheat, and soybeans has increased substantially. More U.S. grain is being exported to foreign nations at the same time that domestic demand is increasing, pushing prices upward.
Second, the use of corn to manufacture ethanol is climbing. It has been estimated that corn orders for ethanol production will rise 8 percent this year.
The increased use of corn for ethanol has caused prices to rise even more. This is impacting food prices because most of the items in grocery stores are affected by higher corn prices. Corn, for example, is a key feed ingredient for cattle, hogs, and chickens.
A third factor is the increasing price of oil and the uncertainty as to future price increases. Turmoil in the Middle East has roiled the oil markets. Further disruptions could cause prices to escalate.
Higher oil prices translate into higher fuel costs. This causes most aspects of food production to be more expensive. It affects farmers and ranchers, food processors, and food distributors.
To further exacerbate the grain markets, a severe drought in China—the world’s largest producer of wheat—could push food prices even higher. Economists note that the drought has already driven up prices in China.
If the Chinese have to purchase wheat in the world markets to support their domestic needs, this will further increase the demand for wheat. And as demand increases without commensurate increases in supply, prices have to go up. It’s basic economics. |
Objection: Global warming is happening on Mars and Pluto as well. Since there are no SUVs on Mars, CO2 can’t be causing global warming.
The only relevant factor the earth and Mars share is the sun, so if the warming were real and related, that would be the logical place to look. As it happens, the sun is being watched and measured carefully back here on earth, and it is not the primary cause of current climate change.
See Global Warming on Mars? from RealClimate for much more detail about this issue.
Turning to the outer reaches of the solar system: in the icy cold and lonely Kuiper Belt was observed a difference in Pluto’s atmospheric thickness, inferred from two occultation observations 14 years apart. But a cursory glance at Pluto’s orbit and atmosphere reveals how ridiculous it is to draw any conclusions about climate, much less climate change, from observations spanning less than even a single season, let alone enough years to even establish the climate’s normal state.
Back to Mars for a quick summary:
Forgive me for not being reassured. |
While behavioral and educational data characterize a fourth grade shift in reading development, neuroscience evidence is relatively lacking. We used the N400 component of the event-related potential waveform to investigate the development of single word processing across the upper elementary years, in comparison to adult readers. We presented third graders, fourth graders, fifth graders, and college students with a well-controlled list of real words, pseudowords, letter strings, false font strings, and animal name targets. Words and pseudowords elicited similar N400s across groups. False font strings elicited N400s similar to words and letter strings in the three groups of children, but not in college students. The pattern of findings suggests relatively adult-like semantic and phonological processing by third grade, but a long developmental time course, beyond fifth grade, for orthographic processing in this context. Thus, the amplitude of the N400 elicited by various word-like stimuli does not reflect some sort of shift or discontinuity in word processing around the fourth grade. However, the results do suggest different developmental time courses for the processes that contribute to automatic single word reading and the integrative N400. |
Join them; it only takes a minute:
Sign up
Join the Stack Overflow community to:
1. Ask programming questions
2. Answer and help your peers
3. Get recognized for your expertise
In this insightful article, one of the Qt programmers tries to explain the different kinds of smart pointers Qt implements. In the beginning, he makes a distinction between sharing data and sharing the pointers themselves:
First, let’s get one thing straight: there’s a difference between sharing pointers and sharing data. When you share pointers, the value of the pointer and its lifetime is protected by the smart pointer class. In other words, the pointer is the invariant. However, the object that the pointer is pointing to is completely outside its control. We don’t know if the object is copiable or not, if it’s assignable or not.
Now, sharing of data involves the smart pointer class knowing something about the data being shared. In fact, the whole point is that the data is being shared and we don’t care how. The fact that pointers are being used to share the data is irrelevant at this point. For example, you don’t really care how Qt tool classes are implicitly shared, do you? What matters to you is that they are shared (thus reducing memory consumption) and that they work as if they weren’t.
Frankly, I just don't undersand this explanation. There was a clarification plea in the article comments, but I didn't find the author's explanation sufficient.
If you do understand this, please explain. What is this distinction, and how are other shared pointer classes (i.e. from boost or the new C++ standards) fit into this taxonomy?
Thanks in advance
share|improve this question
This Qt thing is still confusing me :) – Johannes Schaub - litb Apr 17 '10 at 12:34
In a later comment, he clears up the matter a bit
This is the important point I tried to get through in the first section. When you use QSharedPointer, you’re sharing the ownership of the pointer. The class controls and handles the pointer only — anything else (like access to the data) is outside its scope. When you use QSharedDataPointer, you’re sharing the data. And that class is intended for implicit sharing: so it may split up.
Trying to interpret that:
What's important to see is that "pointer" does not mean the object storing the address in this case, but it means the storage location where the object is located (the address itself). So strictly, i think, you have to say you are sharing the address. boost::shared_ptr is thus a smart pointer sharing the "pointer". boost::intrusive_ptr or another intrusive smart pointer seems to share the pointer too, albeit knowing something about the object pointed to (that it has a reference-count member or functions incrementing/decrementing it).
Example: If someone shares a black box with you and he doesn't know what is in the black box, it is similar to sharing the pointer (which represents the box), but not the data (what is inside the box). In fact, you can't even know that what is inside the box is sharable (what if the box contains nothing at all?). The smart pointers are represented by you and the other guy (and you aren't shared, of course), but the address is the box, and it is shared.
Sharing the data means the smart pointer knows sufficiently enough of the data pointed to that it may change the address pointed to (and this needs to copy over data, etc). So, the pointers now may point to different addresses. Since the address is different, the address isn't shared anymore. This is what std::string does on some implementations, too:
std::string a("foo"), b(a);
// a and b may point to the same storage by now.
std::cout << (void*)a.c_str(), (void*)b.c_str();
// but now, since you could modify data, they will
// be different
std::cout << (void*)&a[0], (void*)&b[0];
Sharing data does not necessarily mean you have a pointer presented to you. You may use a std::string by pure means of a[0] and cout << a; and never touch any of the c_str() functions. Still sharing may go on behind the scene. The same thing happens with many Qt classes and classes of other widget toolkits too, which is called implicit sharing (or copy on write). So i think one may sum it up like this:
• Sharing the pointer: We always point to the same address when we copy a smart pointer, implying that we share the pointer value.
• Sharing the data: We may point to different addresses at different times. Implying that we know how to copy data from one address to the other.
So trying to categorize
• boost::shared_ptr, boost::intrusive_ptr: Share the pointer, not the data.
• QString, QPen, QSharedDataPointer: Share the data it contains.
• std::unique_ptr, std::auto_ptr (and also QScopedPointer): Neither share the pointer, nor the data.
share|improve this answer
Say we had this class
struct BigArray{
int operator[](size_t i)const{return m_data[i];}
int& operator[](size_t i){return m_data[i];}
int m_data[10000000];
And now say we had two instances:
BigArray a;
a[0]=1;//initializaation etc
BigArray b=a;
At this point we want this invariant
The default copy ctor ensures this invariant, however at the expense of deep copying the entire object. We may attempt a speedup like this
struct BigArray{
BigArray():m_data(new int[10000000]){}
int operator[](size_t i)const{return (*m_data)[i];}
int& operator[](size_t i){return (*m_data)[i];}
shared_ptr<int> m_data;
This will also meet the invariant, without making the deep copy, so all is good so far. Now using this new implementation we did
Now we want this to work the same as the deep copy case assert(a[0]!=b[0]); But it fails. To solve this we need a slight change:
struct BigArray{
int& operator[](size_t i){
shared_ptr<int> _tmp(new int[10000000]);
return (*m_data)[i];
shared_ptr<int> m_data;
Now we have a class that is shallow copied when only const access is needed, and deep copied when non-const access is needed. This is the idea behind the "shared_data" pointer concept. const calls will not deep copy (they call it "detach"), while non-const will deep copy if it is shared. It also adds some semantics on top of operator== so that it is not just comparing the pointer but the data as well, so that this would work:
BigArray b=a;//shallow copy
b[0]=a[0]+1;//deep copy
b[0]=a[0];//put it back
This technique is call COW (Copy on Write) and has been around since the dawn of C++. It is also extremely brittle -- the above example seems to work because it is small and has few use cases. In practice it is rarely worth the trouble, and in fact C++0x has deprecated COW strings. So use with caution.
share|improve this answer
So you're implying that what he means by sharing the data is COW, and by sharing the pointer is the simple shared_ptr / reference counted pointer idioms? – Eli Bendersky Apr 17 '10 at 14:37
yes. And if you read the QT docs is says as much. grep "copy on write" – Lance Diduck Apr 18 '10 at 2:08
In the first case, you add a level of indirection to the pointer, such that the object that is represented by the smart pointer wraps the original pointer. There is only one pointer to the object and it's the wrapper's job to keep track of the references to the original pointer. A very simplistic bit of code might look like this:
template<typename T>
struct smart_ptr {
T *ptr_to_object;
int *ptr_to_ref_count;
When you copy the struct, your copy/assign code will have to make sure that the reference count is incremented (or decremented if the object gets destroyed) but the pointer to the actual wrapped object will never change and can just be shallow copied. As the struct is pretty small, it's easy and cheap to copy and "all" you have to do is to manipulate the reference count.
In the second case, it reads to me more like an object repository. The 'implicitly shared' part suggests that you might ask the framework for a FooWidget by doing something like BarFoo.getFooWidget() and even though it looks like the pointer - smart or not - that you get back is a pointer to a new object, you're actually being handed a pointer to an existing object that's held in some sort of object cache. In that sense it might be more akin to a Singleton-like object that you get by invoking a factory method.
At least that's what the distinction sounds like to me, but I might be so far off the mark that I'd need Google Maps to find my way back.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
|
Reading with Silly Seals
Growing Independence and Fluency
Laura Davis
Materials: Class set of What Will the Seal Eat? By Cushman and Kornblum with marks after every ten words; Class set of laminated banana tree illustrations with words per minute written on them and accompanying Velcro monkey; one stop watch for every pair of students; paper and pencils.
Say, before we begin our new lesson, how do we figure out a word that we have trouble reading? Right, we use cover-ups. Which part of the word do we look at first? Yes, the vowel. Then what do we add? That���s right, the beginning sound.
Say, I'm going to figure out this word as an example of our vowel-first cover-ups (write the word salt on the chalkboard). First, I'm going to cover everything other than the vowel up. Okay, this vowel says /a/. Now I'm going to look at the beginning- s. S says /s/. So far I have /s/ /a/, and now we���re adding l. So I have, /s/ /a/ /l/, /sal/. Now the end, it says t. T says /t/. So /sal/ /t/, salt. So don't forget to use the vowel-first cover-up method when you need help figuring out a word.
Realizations Index |
Type a new keyword(s) and press Enter to search
Danger in Betraying Trust ( Scarlet Letter Theme Paper)
In Nathaniel Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter the failure to be true always leads to a painful consequence. Hester, Dimmsdale, and Chillingworth all withhold truth from someone else, and in doing so they all manage to cause someone else some sort of pain.
Hester breaks the trust of her husband when she cheats on Chillingworth with Dimmsdale. This, however, would have never come to pass if Chillingworth had never thought that he could make her marry an older, deformed man she could never love and have the marriage work. Even Chillingworth knew it beforehand: "I might have known that ¦ [as I] entered this establishment of Christian men the very first object to meet my eyes would be thyself, Hester Prynn, standing up, a statue of ignominy, before the people (51). The direct result of her sin was being cut off from the community, which would be the start of the painful consequence, and the birth of Pearl, which, although painful, is not part of the painful consequence.
Dimmsdale betrays the trust of his church and community by hiding his sin of adultery and not telling them that he is the one who committed adultery with Hester. This causes Dimmsdale to live an unhealthy life of guilt. Soon after Hester is publicly humiliated "The health of Mr. Dimmsdale evidently began to fail (82). Chillingworth worsened Dimmsdale's health throughout the book. Because of his lie he suffered and never was free until he was a few seconds prior to his death. Dimmsdale realizes this near his end: " ¦I am a dying man. So let me make haste to take my shame upon me. (174).
Chillingworth is the one character who attempts to mislead in order to cause someone to suffer. This puts him in a different category, because he tries to do evil. His torture of Chillingworth turns him into some sort of demented parasite. After Dimmsdale dies Chillingworth soon follows and dies. "All his stren
This Essay is Approved by Our Editor
Essays Related to Danger in Betraying Trust ( Scarlet Letter Theme Paper) |
Skip to content
Lung Disease & Respiratory Health Center
Font Size
10 Signs of a COPD Exacerbation
From time to time, people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have what’s known as an exacerbation. Think of it as a flare.
You may suddenly have trouble breathing, or make more noise when you do. You may cough a lot and feel bad all over.
Recommended Related to Lung Disease/Respiratory Problems
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) causes scar tissue to grow inside your lungs. Usually, when you breathe in, oxygen moves through tiny air sacs into your bloodstream. This oxygen-rich blood then travels back to your heart. From there, it travels to all the other organs in your body. IPF scar tissue is thick, like the scars you get on your skin after a cut. It slows oxygen flow from your lungs to your blood, which can keep your body from working as it should. Low oxygen levels and the stiff...
Read the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis article > >
Exacerbations are often linked to a lung infection that results from a virus or bacteria, like a cold or some other illness. Spending time in smoggy or dirty air can also make your symptoms get worse quickly.
Don’t ignore the warning signs. If you don’t get to a doctor ASAP, you could wind up in the hospital or lose some of your lung function.
Call your doctor if you have one or more of the following symptoms. If you have medications (like antibiotics or oral steroids) at home, he’ll tell you when and how to use them. He can also let you know whether you need to go to the hospital for quicker treatment.
1. Shortness of breath. You feel like you can’t get enough air. You might notice it when you’re at rest or during light physical activity.
2. Noisy breathing. Your breath makes strange noises. Wheezing suggests mucus or pus is blocking your airways. Gurgling or rattling means fluid in your lungs.
3. Worry. When you’re not getting enough air, it’s easy to feel anxious or panicked. You tense your muscles, which makes it even harder to breathe.
4. Irregular breathing. You feel like you have to use your chest muscles to breathe instead of your diaphragm. Your breathing gets uneven. Sometimes your chest moves a lot faster; sometimes it’s much slower.
5. Cough. It’s more severe or frequent than usual. It could be dry or bring up yellow, green, or bloody phlegm. It gets worse when you lie down -- so much that you have to sit in a chair to sleep.
6. Changes in skin or nail color. You see a bluish tint around your lips or notice that your nails seem blue or purple. Your skin looks yellow or gray.
7. Trouble sleeping and eating. You can’t get to sleep, and you don’t feel like having food.
8. Can't talk. You're unable to get any words out. You have to use hand gestures to let someone know something is wrong with you.
9. Early morning headaches. You start the day with a throbbing head, because low oxygen levels cause a buildup of carbon dioxide in your blood.
10. Swollen ankles or legs or belly pain. These symptoms are linked to problems with your heart or lungs.
WebMD Medical Reference
Reviewed by Jennifer Robinson, MD on August 23, 2015
Today on WebMD
man coughing
You may not even know you have it.
blood clot
Signs of this potentially fatal complication.
man coughing
When a cold becomes bronchitis.
human lungs
Causes behind painful breathing, fluid buildup.
chest x-ray
Bronchitis Overview
Copd Myth Fact Quiz
Energy Boosting Foods
woman coughing
Lung xray and caduceus |
How does sinusitis affect the body?
A Answers (1)
• Sinusitis affects the sinus cavity with inflammation and tenderness in the nasal passageway. Your eyes and face may swell and throb with pain. Nasal congestion, tenderness, ear pain, fever, and sore throat are also bodily effects of sinusitis.
Did You See? Close
What are the symptoms of sinusitis? |
Sign up
Here's how it works:
1. Anybody can ask a question
2. Anybody can answer
I am complete newbie on linux and ubuntu. So my apologies for the dumb question. I have written python code in windows and want to run it in ubuntu, it uses an text file for input. the 'path-to-file' in windows looks as follows c:user\documents\python\file.txt, how is the location written for ubuntu?
share|improve this question
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Rather than hardcoding paths in your Python script we should make use of the path operation from the module os.
os.path.expanduser(path) expands the path to the user's home directory
os.path.join(path1,*path2*,...) joins path elements with the appropriate separator
os.sep gives the OS dependent path separator (/ for Linux/Unix, \ for Windows)
os.getcwd() gives the current working directory
os.path.abspath(path) gives the OS dependent absolute path of a given path
>>>import os
>>>path = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'), 'documents', 'python', 'file.txt')
>>>print (path)
/home/user/documents/python/file.txt ## when on Ubuntu
C:\Users\user\documents\python\file.txt ## when running Windows
share|improve this answer
Thank you. This answer is going to help me a lot – Jaffels Oct 1 '13 at 10:42
I don't have permission to add I will just try to answer.
The path at UNIX will be like: /home/user/file.txt
When you at any folder and want to get the absolute path of a file, you could use the readlink command:
readlink -f file.txt
example at our server:
$ readlink -f format.log
share|improve this answer
File paths are written as-
Everything in your home folder is located inside /home/username/
So, if you have a file on your desktop, it is located in /home/username/Desktop/
Other partitions are mounted in /media by default.
If you directly want to get the path of a file, you can copy the file, and paste it into your text editor, this should give you the path to your file. Put a \ before every space in the path to 'escape' the space. e.g. "/media/myuseraccount/Desktop/an awesome file" would be written as -
/media/myuseraccount/Desktop/an\ awesome\ file
Another thing to note is that in Linux, your file names are case sensitive, so 'desktop' is not the same as 'Desktop'.
Finally, a shortcut to your home folder is to type ~
So, you can access your desktop by typing -
and you can access your home folder by typing -
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
|
Skip to Content
New To Chronic Myeloid Leukemia? Get Information Today >>
Arteriovenous Malformation
What is an arteriovenous malformation?
An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins. Blood flows too quickly from the arteries and pushes on the walls of the veins. This can damage or weaken the veins and cause them to bulge and get twisted. An AVM that has not burst usually causes no symptoms. If it bursts, blood will leak into surrounding tissue, and may cause a stroke.
How is an AVM diagnosed?
An AVM that has not burst may be found only when your healthcare providers are doing tests for other conditions. Your healthcare provider will ask about your medical conditions and examine you. You may also need any of the following tests. You may be given contrast dye to help arteries and veins show up better in the pictures. Tell the healthcare provider if you have ever had an allergic reaction to contrast dye.
• An angiogram is used to check for problems with blood flow in your brain. X-rays are taken as contrast dye goes into blood vessels in your brain.
• A CT or MRI scan may be used to take pictures of blood vessels and tissue in your brain. You may be given contrast dye before the pictures are taken. Do not enter the MRI room with anything metal. Metal can cause serious injury. Tell the healthcare provider if you have any metal in or on your body.
How is an AVM treated?
• Surgery may be needed to repair or remove your AVM, repair burst blood vessels, or remove blood from your brain. Your healthcare provider will use the size, location, and depth of the AVM to decide whether surgery is right for you.
• Endovascular embolization may be the only treatment for your AVM. Sometimes it is done before surgery or radiation to make the AVM smaller and easier to treat. A catheter (tube) is put into a large blood vessel in your groin, and guided up to the AVM in your brain. Dye and an x-ray machine may be used to locate the AVM. Healthcare providers use the catheter to put chemicals, metal coils, or plastic beads in the AVM to stop the blood flow to it.
• Radiation therapy , also called radiosurgery, uses x-ray machines, such as a gamma knife, to treat the AVM. You may have to go back several times to complete this therapy.
When should I contact my healthcare provider?
• Your blood pressure is higher than you were told it should be.
• You have questions or concerns about your condition or care.
When should I seek immediate care or call 911?
• You have any of the following signs of a stroke:
• Part of your face droops or is numb
• Weakness in an arm or leg
• Confusion or difficulty speaking
• Dizziness, a severe headache, or vision loss
• You have chest pain that spreads to your arms, jaw, or back.
• You have trouble breathing.
Care Agreement
|
Additional Titles
Return to
Earth Worship,
Part 1
The Smart Growth Fraud
How Government Regulations Threaten America
By Dr. Michael S. Coffman Ph. D.
January 22, 2004
As the United Nations restructures itself to become a world government vis-a-vis global governance, it is being formed around the principles of sustainable development as defined by Agenda 21. Signed by the U.S. during the Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro in 1992, Agenda 21 is a 40-chapter manifesto to reorganize the world using socialist and pantheistic principles to protect Earth .
Agenda 21 represents a major fundamental change in the role of government in social and land-use policy. Under its concept of sustainability, the primary purpose of government will no longer be to serve the people. Rather, the focus of Agenda 21 is to protect nature from people. Governance will be by consensus among "stakeholders and partnerships." The concept of elected representation that holds the government accountable to the citizens will be eliminated.
Agenda 21 requires that by 2000 "All States...have designed and initiated costed and targeted national action programmes, and to have put in place appropriate institutional structures and legal instruments� to implement Agenda 21. The Clinton Administration responded creating the President's Council on Sustainable Development which published its report entitled Sustainable America in 1996. Chapter 18 of Agenda 21 requires that all States implement integrated watershed management plans "for the protection and conservation of the potential sources of freshwater supply, including � protection of mountain slopes and riverbanks and other relevant development and conservation activities.�
The Clinton Administration eagerly took up the challenge. In the U.S. State Department's 1997 report on its progress to the UN, the U.S. proudly stated, �Agenda 21 sets ambitious objectives [for the United States to] � move toward integrated water resource management, a holistic approach that treats water resources as an integral part of the ecosystem.� Among the many programs spawned by Sustainable America to fulfill the fresh water protection requirements of Agenda 21 include the American Heritage Rivers (AHRI), and the Clean Water (CWI) initiatives. Neither program was voted on by the U.S. Congress. Instead, they are being implemented through executive order.
The American Heritage Rivers (AHR) program is designed to restore and protect rivers using non-elected authorities within portions of, or "entire watersheds," potentially including all of the Mississippi watershed. Over 50% of the entire U.S. could technically come under the 1998 program.
Although both federal programs no longer are front-burner issues, they nonetheless are sleeping giants designed to gradually give the federal government power to control land use throughout America. For instance, the AHRI also makes it clear that "entire watersheds" are likely to be impacted by a designation of just a portion of them as an AHR. Technically, the entire Mississippi River watershed, covering 40 percent of America ? the breadbasket of America ? is now under the AHR program! While no effort is presently underway to extend this jurisdiction to watersheds upstream from the designated rivers, the option remains for future bureaucrats to gradually extend their jurisdiction.
The CWI has had a far greater, and more immediate impact. The CWI�s 1998 Clean Water Action Plan called for obliterating 5,000 miles of roads each year on federal land, and setting aside a whopping "two million miles of conservation buffers on agricultural lands." The potential impact of this program is enormous. Tens of thousands of miles of road have now been withdrawn from public use on federal land. In just one consequence, many of the huge forest fires experienced since 1998 were greatly magnified when firefighters and equipment could not immediately access the fires using formerly existing roads. These roads were typically closed by digging huge holes in the roads called tank-traps, and ripping out bridges and culverts ? often causing major erosion and siltation to the very streams the road closures were supposed to protect.
The Department of Agriculture�s Stream Corridor Plan called for conservation corridors to equal the 100 year flood plain for a river in width, which could be many miles wide for some rivers. While seemingly innocuous, even a 100 foot buffer strip along two million miles totals a staggering 76,000 square miles (48 million acres), an area equivalent to the entire state of Nebraska! Much of this land contains some of the most productive land in America. In many cases the corridors would have an enormous economic impact on farmers and other landowners. Court challenges to this and other onerous provisions of the clean water initiative finally forced the federal agencies to back down when they realized they had no legal authority to force private citizens to obey their arbitrary and capricious regulations.
Ostensibly done to protect water quality, the road obliteration and river corridor plans create defacto wilderness reserves and corridors very similar to the requirements of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The treaty came within an hour of being ratified in 1994 when Sovereignty International, an educational and UN watchdog organization, provided irrefutable evidence to the U.S. Senate that the treaty would have required up to one-half of America be put into wilderness reserves and corridors!
Promoted as a plan to "reinvent government," both the AHRI and CWI are touted as "ground up," "community based" efforts under the control of local people called "River Communities" and "Watershed Councils." In fact, each step is under the "top down" control of the feds. By definition, a River Community under the AHRI is "self-defined by the members of the community." In practice, River Communities and Watershed Councils include anyone, especially environmental NGOs (Non Governmental Organizations). They are self-appointed, not elected. They are accountable to federal bureaucrats, not local and state elected officials.
These sometimes special interest non-elected entities are empowered to prioritize federal programs, and therefore funding. In doing so, agenda-driven non-elected people within the AHRI and CWI have the power to withhold monies from communities that don�t toe the federal line, while rewarding those that do. History has provided clear proof to the age-old adage of "he who controls the money controls the people."
Protecting Mother Earth from use by humans in this way is not God ordained stewardship. Rather, it is regulation based on the desire to control people and their activities in a misguided belief that Mother Earth's needs are more important than human needs.
� 2004 Michael Coffman - All Rights Reserved
Order Michael Coffman's Book
"The Birth of World Government"
Call 1-800-955-0116
Dr. Michael S. Coffman received his BS in Forestry and MS in Biology at Northern Arizona University at Flagstaff, Arizona and his Ph.D. in Forest Science at the University of Idaho at Moscow in 1966,1967, and 1970 respectively. Since then he has become a respected scientist and ecologist who has been involved in ecosystem research for over twenty years in both academia and industry. He taught courses and conducted research in forest ecology and forest community dynamics for ten years at Michigan Technological UniversityCa leading forestry school in the Midwest. While there, he published a book on forest ecosystem classification in Upper Michigan and Northern Wisconsin, which has become the standard for classification in the region. He also assisted the U.S. Forest Service in developing an Ecological Land Classification System for each of the National Forests in Region-9.
Until 1992 Dr. Coffman was a manager for Champion International, a leading forest and paper products company in the United States. During his tenure with Champion, he became Chairman of the Forest Health Group within NCASI (National Council for the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement), a respected scientific research group for the Paper Industry. In this, and other related responsibilities, he was responsible for millions of dollars of research and became intimately involved in such national and international issues as acid rain, global climate change, wetlands, cumulative effects and biological diversity. During this time he was a spokesperson for the Paper Industry for the media.
Dr. Coffman is currently President of Environmental Perspectives, Inc. He also serves as Executive Director of Sovereignty International, Inc and the Local Environment and Resource Network (LEARN). He provides professional guidance and training in defining environmental problems and conflicts, and developing solutions to specific issues as well as the hidden dangers of international treaties and agreements that threaten our Constitutional protections, especially property rights. He played a key role in stopping the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Biodiversity Treaty) in the U.S. Senate one hour before the ratification vote by anticipating and exposing the unbelievable agenda behind the treaty. He has written three books exposing the environmentalist phenomenon; The Birth of World Government, Saviors of the Earth? The Politics and Religion of Environmentalism, and Environmentalism! The Dawn of Aquarius or the Twilight of a new Dark Age?
In his present capacity as Exec. Director of Sovereignty International, Inc. he is intimately involved with the science that drives the issue of global warming and sustainable development and global political agenda behind the effort to create global governance. Dr. Coffman speaks to a variety of groups nationally who are interested in the scientific truth and political agenda behind global warming and other environmental issues to advance global governance.
LEARN provides knowledge to local citizens on how to help local government attain equal powers with the federal and state governments in implementing environmental laws in order to protect both the environment and the rights of local citizens. E-Mail: mcoffman@adelphia.net
Rather, the focus of Agenda 21 is to protect nature from people." |
26.1 sys -- System-specific parameters and functions
This module provides access to some variables used or maintained by the interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter. It is always available.
The list of command line arguments passed to a Python script. argv[0] is the script name (it is operating system dependent whether this is a full pathname or not). If the command was executed using the -c command line option to the interpreter, argv[0] is set to the string '-c'. If no script name was passed to the Python interpreter, argv[0] is the empty string.
An indicator of the native byte order. This will have the value 'big' on big-endian (most-significant byte first) platforms, and 'little' on little-endian (least-significant byte first) platforms. New in version 2.0.
A triple (repo, branch, version) representing the Subversion information of the Python interpreter. repo is the name of the repository, 'CPython'. branch is a string of one of the forms 'trunk', 'branches/name' or 'tags/name'. version is the output of svnversion, if the interpreter was built from a Subversion checkout; it contains the revision number (range) and possibly a trailing 'M' if there were local modifications. If the tree was exported (or svnversion was not available), it is the revision of Include/patchlevel.h if the branch is a tag. Otherwise, it is None. New in version 2.5.
A tuple of strings giving the names of all modules that are compiled into this Python interpreter. (This information is not available in any other way -- modules.keys() only lists the imported modules.)
A string containing the copyright pertaining to the Python interpreter.
_current_frames( )
Return a dictionary mapping each thread's identifier to the topmost stack frame currently active in that thread at the time the function is called. Note that functions in the traceback module can build the call stack given such a frame.
This is most useful for debugging deadlock: this function does not require the deadlocked threads' cooperation, and such threads' call stacks are frozen for as long as they remain deadlocked. The frame returned for a non-deadlocked thread may bear no relationship to that thread's current activity by the time calling code examines the frame.
This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only. New in version 2.5.
Integer specifying the handle of the Python DLL. Availability: Windows.
displayhook( value)
If value is not None, this function prints it to sys.stdout, and saves it in __builtin__._.
sys.displayhook is called on the result of evaluating an expression entered in an interactive Python session. The display of these values can be customized by assigning another one-argument function to sys.displayhook.
excepthook( type, value, traceback)
This function prints out a given traceback and exception to sys.stderr.
When an exception is raised and uncaught, the interpreter calls sys.excepthook with three arguments, the exception class, exception instance, and a traceback object. In an interactive session this happens just before control is returned to the prompt; in a Python program this happens just before the program exits. The handling of such top-level exceptions can be customized by assigning another three-argument function to sys.excepthook.
These objects contain the original values of displayhook and excepthook at the start of the program. They are saved so that displayhook and excepthook can be restored in case they happen to get replaced with broken objects.
exc_info( )
This function returns a tuple of three values that give information about the exception that is currently being handled. The information returned is specific both to the current thread and to the current stack frame. If the current stack frame is not handling an exception, the information is taken from the calling stack frame, or its caller, and so on until a stack frame is found that is handling an exception. Here, ``handling an exception'' is defined as ``executing or having executed an except clause.'' For any stack frame, only information about the most recently handled exception is accessible.
If no exception is being handled anywhere on the stack, a tuple containing three None values is returned. Otherwise, the values returned are (type, value, traceback). Their meaning is: type gets the exception type of the exception being handled (a class object); value gets the exception parameter (its associated value or the second argument to raise, which is always a class instance if the exception type is a class object); traceback gets a traceback object (see the Reference Manual) which encapsulates the call stack at the point where the exception originally occurred.
If exc_clear() is called, this function will return three None values until either another exception is raised in the current thread or the execution stack returns to a frame where another exception is being handled.
Warning: Assigning the traceback return value to a local variable in a function that is handling an exception will cause a circular reference. This will prevent anything referenced by a local variable in the same function or by the traceback from being garbage collected. Since most functions don't need access to the traceback, the best solution is to use something like exctype, value = sys.exc_info()[:2] to extract only the exception type and value. If you do need the traceback, make sure to delete it after use (best done with a try ... finally statement) or to call exc_info() in a function that does not itself handle an exception. Note: Beginning with Python 2.2, such cycles are automatically reclaimed when garbage collection is enabled and they become unreachable, but it remains more efficient to avoid creating cycles.
exc_clear( )
This function clears all information relating to the current or last exception that occurred in the current thread. After calling this function, exc_info() will return three None values until another exception is raised in the current thread or the execution stack returns to a frame where another exception is being handled.
This function is only needed in only a few obscure situations. These include logging and error handling systems that report information on the last or current exception. This function can also be used to try to free resources and trigger object finalization, though no guarantee is made as to what objects will be freed, if any. New in version 2.3.
Deprecated since release 1.5. Use exc_info() instead.
Since they are global variables, they are not specific to the current thread, so their use is not safe in a multi-threaded program. When no exception is being handled, exc_type is set to None and the other two are undefined.
A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform-dependent Python files are installed; by default, this is also '/usr/local'. This can be set at build time with the --exec-prefix argument to the configure script. Specifically, all configuration files (e.g. the pyconfig.h header file) are installed in the directory exec_prefix + '/lib/pythonversion/config', and shared library modules are installed in exec_prefix + '/lib/pythonversion/lib-dynload', where version is equal to version[:3].
A string giving the name of the executable binary for the Python interpreter, on systems where this makes sense.
exit( [arg])
Exit from Python. This is implemented by raising the SystemExit exception, so cleanup actions specified by finally clauses of try statements are honored, and it is possible to intercept the exit attempt at an outer level. The optional argument arg can be an integer giving the exit status (defaulting to zero), or another type of object. If it is an integer, zero is considered ``successful termination'' and any nonzero value is considered ``abnormal termination'' by shells and the like. Most systems require it to be in the range 0-127, and produce undefined results otherwise. Some systems have a convention for assigning specific meanings to specific exit codes, but these are generally underdeveloped; Unix programs generally use 2 for command line syntax errors and 1 for all other kind of errors. If another type of object is passed, None is equivalent to passing zero, and any other object is printed to sys.stderr and results in an exit code of 1. In particular, sys.exit("some error message") is a quick way to exit a program when an error occurs.
This value is not actually defined by the module, but can be set by the user (or by a program) to specify a clean-up action at program exit. When set, it should be a parameterless function. This function will be called when the interpreter exits. Only one function may be installed in this way; to allow multiple functions which will be called at termination, use the atexit module. Note: The exit function is not called when the program is killed by a signal, when a Python fatal internal error is detected, or when os._exit() is called.
Deprecated since release 2.4. Use atexit instead.
getcheckinterval( )
Return the interpreter's ``check interval''; see setcheckinterval(). New in version 2.3.
getdefaultencoding( )
Return the name of the current default string encoding used by the Unicode implementation. New in version 2.0.
getdlopenflags( )
Return the current value of the flags that are used for dlopen() calls. The flag constants are defined in the dl and DLFCN modules. Availability: Unix. New in version 2.2.
getfilesystemencoding( )
Return the name of the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames into system file names, or None if the system default encoding is used. The result value depends on the operating system: New in version 2.3.
getrefcount( object)
Return the reference count of the object. The count returned is generally one higher than you might expect, because it includes the (temporary) reference as an argument to getrefcount().
getrecursionlimit( )
Return the current value of the recursion limit, the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack. This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C stack and crashing Python. It can be set by setrecursionlimit().
_getframe( [depth])
Return a frame object from the call stack. If optional integer depth is given, return the frame object that many calls below the top of the stack. If that is deeper than the call stack, ValueError is raised. The default for depth is zero, returning the frame at the top of the call stack.
This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.
getwindowsversion( )
Return a tuple containing five components, describing the Windows version currently running. The elements are major, minor, build, platform, and text. text contains a string while all other values are integers.
platform may be one of the following values:
Constant Platform
0 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32s) Win32s on Windows 3.1
2 (VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT) Windows NT/2000/XP
This function wraps the Win32 GetVersionEx() function; see the Microsoft documentation for more information about these fields.
Availability: Windows. New in version 2.3.
The version number encoded as a single integer. This is guaranteed to increase with each version, including proper support for non-production releases. For example, to test that the Python interpreter is at least version 1.5.2, use:
if sys.hexversion >= 0x010502F0:
# use some advanced feature
# use an alternative implementation or warn the user
This is called "hexversion" since it only really looks meaningful when viewed as the result of passing it to the built-in hex() function. The version_info value may be used for a more human-friendly encoding of the same information. New in version 1.5.2.
These three variables are not always defined; they are set when an exception is not handled and the interpreter prints an error message and a stack traceback. Their intended use is to allow an interactive user to import a debugger module and engage in post-mortem debugging without having to re-execute the command that caused the error. (Typical use is "import pdb; pdb.pm()" to enter the post-mortem debugger; see chapter 24, ``The Python Debugger,'' for more information.)
The meaning of the variables is the same as that of the return values from exc_info() above. (Since there is only one interactive thread, thread-safety is not a concern for these variables, unlike for exc_type etc.)
The largest positive integer supported by Python's regular integer type. This is at least 2**31-1. The largest negative integer is -maxint-1 -- the asymmetry results from the use of 2's complement binary arithmetic.
An integer giving the largest supported code point for a Unicode character. The value of this depends on the configuration option that specifies whether Unicode characters are stored as UCS-2 or UCS-4.
This is a dictionary that maps module names to modules which have already been loaded. This can be manipulated to force reloading of modules and other tricks. Note that removing a module from this dictionary is not the same as calling reload() on the corresponding module object.
A list of strings that specifies the search path for modules. Initialized from the environment variable PYTHONPATH, plus an installation-dependent default.
As initialized upon program startup, the first item of this list, path[0], is the directory containing the script that was used to invoke the Python interpreter. If the script directory is not available (e.g. if the interpreter is invoked interactively or if the script is read from standard input), path[0] is the empty string, which directs Python to search modules in the current directory first. Notice that the script directory is inserted before the entries inserted as a result of PYTHONPATH.
A program is free to modify this list for its own purposes.
Changed in version 2.3: Unicode strings are no longer ignored.
This string contains a platform identifier, e.g. 'sunos5' or 'linux1'. This can be used to append platform-specific components to path, for instance.
A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform independent Python files are installed; by default, this is the string '/usr/local'. This can be set at build time with the --prefix argument to the configure script. The main collection of Python library modules is installed in the directory prefix + '/lib/pythonversion' while the platform independent header files (all except pyconfig.h) are stored in prefix + '/include/pythonversion', where version is equal to version[:3].
Strings specifying the primary and secondary prompt of the interpreter. These are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode. Their initial values in this case are '>>> ' and '... '. If a non-string object is assigned to either variable, its str() is re-evaluated each time the interpreter prepares to read a new interactive command; this can be used to implement a dynamic prompt.
setcheckinterval( interval)
Set the interpreter's ``check interval''. This integer value determines how often the interpreter checks for periodic things such as thread switches and signal handlers. The default is 100, meaning the check is performed every 100 Python virtual instructions. Setting it to a larger value may increase performance for programs using threads. Setting it to a value <= 0 checks every virtual instruction, maximizing responsiveness as well as overhead.
setdefaultencoding( name)
Set the current default string encoding used by the Unicode implementation. If name does not match any available encoding, LookupError is raised. This function is only intended to be used by the site module implementation and, where needed, by sitecustomize. Once used by the site module, it is removed from the sys module's namespace. New in version 2.0.
setdlopenflags( n)
Set the flags used by the interpreter for dlopen() calls, such as when the interpreter loads extension modules. Among other things, this will enable a lazy resolving of symbols when importing a module, if called as sys.setdlopenflags(0). To share symbols across extension modules, call as sys.setdlopenflags(dl.RTLD_NOW | dl.RTLD_GLOBAL). Symbolic names for the flag modules can be either found in the dl module, or in the DLFCN module. If DLFCN is not available, it can be generated from /usr/include/dlfcn.h using the h2py script. Availability: Unix. New in version 2.2.
setprofile( profilefunc)
Set the system's profile function, which allows you to implement a Python source code profiler in Python. See chapter 25 for more information on the Python profiler. The system's profile function is called similarly to the system's trace function (see settrace()), but it isn't called for each executed line of code (only on call and return, but the return event is reported even when an exception has been set). The function is thread-specific, but there is no way for the profiler to know about context switches between threads, so it does not make sense to use this in the presence of multiple threads. Also, its return value is not used, so it can simply return None.
setrecursionlimit( limit)
Set the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack to limit. This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C stack and crashing Python.
The highest possible limit is platform-dependent. A user may need to set the limit higher when she has a program that requires deep recursion and a platform that supports a higher limit. This should be done with care, because a too-high limit can lead to a crash.
settrace( tracefunc)
Set the system's trace function, which allows you to implement a Python source code debugger in Python. See section 24.2, ``How It Works,'' in the chapter on the Python debugger. The function is thread-specific; for a debugger to support multiple threads, it must be registered using settrace() for each thread being debugged. Note: The settrace() function is intended only for implementing debuggers, profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and thus may not be available in all Python implementations.
settscdump( on_flag)
Activate dumping of VM measurements using the Pentium timestamp counter, if on_flag is true. Deactivate these dumps if on_flag is off. The function is available only if Python was compiled with --with-tsc. To understand the output of this dump, read Python/ceval.c in the Python sources. New in version 2.4.
File objects corresponding to the interpreter's standard input, output and error streams. stdin is used for all interpreter input except for scripts but including calls to input() and raw_input(). stdout is used for the output of print and expression statements and for the prompts of input() and raw_input(). The interpreter's own prompts and (almost all of) its error messages go to stderr. stdout and stderr needn't be built-in file objects: any object is acceptable as long as it has a write() method that takes a string argument. (Changing these objects doesn't affect the standard I/O streams of processes executed by os.popen(), os.system() or the exec*() family of functions in the os module.)
These objects contain the original values of stdin, stderr and stdout at the start of the program. They are used during finalization, and could be useful to restore the actual files to known working file objects in case they have been overwritten with a broken object.
When this variable is set to an integer value, it determines the maximum number of levels of traceback information printed when an unhandled exception occurs. The default is 1000. When set to 0 or less, all traceback information is suppressed and only the exception type and value are printed.
A string containing the version number of the Python interpreter plus additional information on the build number and compiler used. It has a value of the form 'version (#build_number, build_date, build_time) [compiler]'. The first three characters are used to identify the version in the installation directories (where appropriate on each platform). An example:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.version
'1.5.2 (#0 Apr 13 1999, 10:51:12) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)]'
The C API version for this interpreter. Programmers may find this useful when debugging version conflicts between Python and extension modules. New in version 2.3.
A tuple containing the five components of the version number: major, minor, micro, releaselevel, and serial. All values except releaselevel are integers; the release level is 'alpha', 'beta', 'candidate', or 'final'. The version_info value corresponding to the Python version 2.0 is (2, 0, 0, 'final', 0). New in version 2.0.
This is an implementation detail of the warnings framework; do not modify this value. Refer to the warnings module for more information on the warnings framework.
The version number used to form registry keys on Windows platforms. This is stored as string resource 1000 in the Python DLL. The value is normally the first three characters of version. It is provided in the sys module for informational purposes; modifying this value has no effect on the registry keys used by Python. Availability: Windows.
See Also:
Module site:
This describes how to use .pth files to extend sys.path. |
The University of Alabama
UA Engineering Professor Quiets Combustion with Patented ‘Noise Sponge’
Dr. Ajay Agrawal, right, with graduate students Justin Williams, left, and Joseph Meadows, center, examine the noise reduction device, or noise sponge.
TUSCALOOSA, Ala. — A sponge-like material employed by a University of Alabama engineering professor can significantly quiet combustion, possibly making work environments safer and extending the life of equipment.
Dr. Ajay K. Agrawal, the Robert F. Barfield Endowed Chair and professor of mechanical engineering, was recently granted a patent for the breakthrough technology for noise reduction in combustion.
The combustion process in several engines, especially those of jets, produces a deafening noise that can also be devastating to the engine. Because the noise level is so high, the sound waves produced can cause intense pulsations. These pulsations shake the engine and result in mechanical failure. The more the engine is exposed to these intense acoustic pulsations, the more likely it is to break down.
So far, noise reduction has been addressed after-the-fact, suppressing the noise outside the engine after the combustion process takes place. Agrawal’s technology eliminates the noise at the source, during the combustion process.
The challenge of cutting the sound level during the combustion process is that combustion happens at extremely high temperatures and pressure. Most material cannot withstand such conditions. However, Agrawal found a porous material that can tolerate the conditions of jet engine combustion.
This porous inert material, or foam, is a composite material made of hafnium carbide and silicon carbide. It can withstand intense levels of heat and pressure. The material is placed directly into the flame and acts like a sponge for the noise.
|
Definitions for lammas day
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word lammas day
Princeton's WordNet
1. Lammas, Lammas Day, August 1(noun)
commemorates Saint Peter's miraculous deliverance from prison; a quarter day in Scotland; a harvest festival in England
The Nuttall Encyclopedia
1. Lammas Day
the first of August, literally "the loaf-mass" day or festival day at the beginning of harvest, one of the cross quarter days, Whitsuntide, Martinmas, and Candlemas being the other three.
1. Chaldean Numerology
The numerical value of lammas day in Chaldean Numerology is: 4
2. Pythagorean Numerology
The numerical value of lammas day in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8
Find a translation for the lammas day definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these lammas day definitions with the community:
Word of the Day
Please enter your email address:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"lammas day." STANDS4 LLC, 2016. Web. 27 May 2016. < day>.
Are we missing a good definition for lammas day? Don't keep it to yourself...
Nearby & related entries:
Alternative searches for lammas day:
Thanks for your vote! We truly appreciate your support. |
Unsystematic Risk
Loading the player...
What is 'Unsystematic Risk'
Company- or industry-specific hazard that is inherent in each investment. Unsystematic risk, also known as “nonsystematic risk,” "specific risk," "diversifiable risk" or "residual risk," can be reduced through diversification. By owning stocks in different companies and in different industries, as well as by owning other types of securities such as Treasuries and municipal securities, investors will be less affected by an event or decision that has a strong impact on one company, industry or investment type. Examples of unsystematic risk include a new competitor, a regulatory change, a management change and a product recall.
BREAKING DOWN 'Unsystematic Risk'
For example, the risk that airline industry employees will go on strike, and airline stock prices will suffer as a result, is considered to be unsystematic risk. This risk primarily affects the airline industry, airline companies and the companies with whom the airlines do business. It does not affect the entire market system, so it is an “unsystematic” or “nonsystematic” risk.
An investor who owned nothing but airline stocks would face a high level of unsystematic risk. By diversifying his or her portfolio with unrelated holdings, such as health-care stocks and retail stocks, the investor would face less unsystematic risk. However, even a portfolio of well-diversified assets cannot escape all risk. It will still be exposed to systematic risk, which is the uncertainty that faces the market as a whole. Even staying out of the market completely will not take an investor’s risk down to zero, because he or she would still face risks such as losing money from inflation and not having enough assets to retire.
Investors may be aware of some potential sources of unsystematic risk, but it is impossible to be aware of all of them or to know whether or when they might occur. An investor in health-care stocks may be aware that a major shift in government regulations could affect the profitability of the companies they are invested in, but they cannot know when new regulations will go into effect, how the regulations might change over time or how companies will respond.
1. Market Risk
2. Specific Risk
Risk that affects a very small number of assets. Specific risk, ...
3. Company Risk
The financial uncertainty faced by an investor who holds securities ...
4. Systematic Risk
5. Appraisal Ratio
6. Price Risk
Related Articles
1. Fundamental Analysis
How To Manage Portfolio Risk
Follow these tips to successfully manage portfolio risk.
2. Investing Basics
Understanding Market Risk
3. Investing Basics
Diversification Beyond Stocks
4. Term
Explaining Operational Risk
5. Insurance
The Dangers Of Over-Diversifying Your Portfolio
6. Fundamental Analysis
Watch Airline Stocks For Takeoff Potential (AAL, DAL)
Airline stocks have taken a hit but they show potential for takeoff as a result of low fuel prices, reduced competition and an improving economy.
7. Stock Analysis
The Best Growth Stock In This Surprising Sector Isn't The One You Think
The airline industry has taken it on the chin over the past few weeks. The NYSE Arca Airline Index was down 6% in just over a week last month on a perfect storm of bad news. However, the index ...
8. Stock Analysis
Rebounding Airline Industry?
Risk-averse investors who don't mind volatility and expect airlines to prosper could find the industry attractive as passengers resume travel.
9. Professionals
Know Key Financial Data Before Betting On Airlines
The airline industry is highly cyclical. Investors need to understand where the industry is in the cycle in order to assign appropriate valuations.
10. Investing News
The Incredible Shrinking U.S. Airline Industry
The U.S. hasn’t had a new scheduled passenger airline since 2007. Some blame a lack of financing while others say government approval has gotten too tough.
1. How can a company reduce the unsystematic risk of its own security issues?
Understand the basic concepts of systematic and unsystematic risk, and learn steps a company can take to reduce its level ... Read Answer >>
2. What are some common examples of unsystematic risk?
3. How does market risk differ from specific risk?
4. What is the ideal number of stocks to have in a portfolio?
First off, there is no single correct answer to this question - it will depend on a number of factors such as your country ... Read Answer >>
5. What are the primary sources of market risk?
6. What is the breakdown of subjects covered on the Series 6 exam?
Learn about the risk-return tradeoff for investing in stocks versus low-risk Treasurys and bonds, and understand the types ... Read Answer >>
Hot Definitions
1. Goldilocks Economy
2. White Squire
3. MACD Technical Indicator
4. Over-The-Counter - OTC
5. Quarter - Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4
6. Weighted Average Cost Of Capital - WACC
Trading Center |
"Turning The Pages:" Another Step Forward For Online Books
- by Michael Stillman
Pages from Conrad Caesner's Historiae Animalium, ready to be opened on the NLM site.
By Michael Stillman
The process of placing books online, a move from old-fashioned reality to virtual reality, has taken another step forward with the "Turning The Pages" feature recently offered by the National Library of Medicine. In the past, we have written about the digitization process by Google, Project Gutenberg, and others to place the entire texts of old books online. These projects promise to make the text of millions of books available via the internet to anyone in the world in the not-so-distant future. Perhaps one day the great majority of books will be available this way. On the other hand, the National Medical Library has, at this point, made just three available. Why does this rate a story?
The answer is that what the National Library of Medicine has offered is no mere text, nor scanned book pages either. They have attempted to create the experience of leafing through a book, even if it is all being accomplished on a computer. If scanned pages were the equivalent of a film, what the NLM offers is a 3-D, sensurround, Imax movie. It's as close to real thing as you're going to find on a computer screen today.
The technology goes by the name "Turning The Pages" (TTP). Originally developed for the British Library, the NML became the first U.S. institution to begin using the technology in 2001. It was used to place virtual books on kiosks in their Visitors' Center. The kiosks offered touch screens that allowed visitors to virtually leaf through the pages of their books. From there, the next logical step was to place the books online, allowing anyone anywhere to look through their books, just as visitors to their center could through the kiosks.
What happens when you go to one of the books on the NLM website is you get to turn the pages with a click of your mouse. So, you place the cursor on the book, click the mouse button, and the book opens before your eyes. It does not suddenly appear open as with standard scanned pages, but the book opens, the cover, than the pages, turning before your eyes. Once the page has opened, the image of the page remains frozen for you to read, until you again decide to turn the page.
Naturally there are still a few disadvantages to these virtually real books. Skimming through pages is not possible, nor is it easy to move quickly from one page to another that is not adjacent. However, NML balances this out with some features not offered by real books. There is a built-in magnifying glass to read small print or closely examine illustrations. A "text" button allows you to read a summary of what is described in the pages (especially helpful for books not in a language you understand), or if you prefer, the site will read the descriptions to you. These are "talking books."
There isn't much more to be said about this technology; it's time now to try it for yourself. Click the following link to go to the "Turning The Pages" site, and the click the "Turn The Pages" icon below any of the three books to see. Go to: http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/books.htm. |
Putting Science Into Farriery: Lameness Evaluation
When a group of people are standing at the barn watching a "lame" horse move, many of you will say he's lame in different legs. How do you know who's right? If it makes you feel any better, picking out the source of lameness isn't always easy for veterinarians and farriers, either. Andrew Parks, MA, VetMB, MRCVS, Dipl. ACVS, professor of large animal surgery and head of the department of large animal medicine at the University of Georgia, discussed lameness evaluation in theory and practice at the recent American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) convention, held Dec. 2-6 in San Antonio, Texas. He spoke during the first AAEP session open to farriers, called "Putting Science Into Farriery."
"I want to talk about lameness here because I think farriers are often the first to see it," Parks began. "You can use observation of lameness to evaluate the effects of shoeing and to increase job satisfaction (by treating lameness)."
He presented video of several horses in motion, discussing the various findings of clinical examinations to illustrate the challenges of diagnosing lameness in horses. A key point was that lameness evaluation is quite often a process of ruling things out, not an instant diagnosis of a single problem.
Forelimb Lameness
"In veterinary school, we were taught to watch for a head drop on the sound limb and a head lift on the lame limb (as the horse tries to shift weight to the rear limbs when a lame forelimb strikes the ground)," said Parks. He explained that pain leads to decreased loading (weight bearing) on the lame limb, which results in decreased flexion of the lame limb and decreased descent of the horse's body while the lame limb is on the ground.
"In a sound horse the movement of the head closely mirrors the movement of the trunk, but in a lame horse, the movement of the head is exaggerated," he added. "Normally, novice observers look for the head drop on the sound limb, but experienced observers frequently look for the head lift on the lame limb.
"However, when you watch a sound horse jog, you notice that its head drops twice a stride (during the stance phase of the stride); that is, it drops when the horse bears weight on each limb and rises when both legs are off the ground (suspension phase of the stride)," he went on. "In other words, during a normal stride (a complete stride in which each limb lands once), the head rises in a biphasic manner (twice per stride), but we have been taught to look for a monophasic (once per stride) head lift and drop in lame horses. The answer to this apparent dichotomy was explained by Dr. Florian Buchner in a paper several years ago. He was able to demonstrate that in horses with foot pain, the head stayed higher during the stance phase on the sound limb and dropped more during the stance phase of the sound limb. As the magnitude of the lameness increased, to the human observer, the biphasic stride begins to appear monophasic.
"Still, there are times when I watch a horse and can't figure out if he's lifting his head at the end of one stride, or lifting it to prepare for landing of the other," Parks admitted. "Though I normally look for the head lift on the lame limb, under theses circumstances, I revert to looking for the head drop on the sound limb. In other words, not all horses follow the same simple pattern.
"Last year at this convention, Dr. Keegan (Kevin Keegan, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVS, of the University of Missouri) described four different patterns of (forelimb) lameness that reflect altered movement of the head and trunk depending on what phase of the stride the horse appeared to be in the greatest discomfort" Parks said. "Three of these patterns showed less drop of the head during the stance phase of the lame limb (while it was on the ground and bearing weight). In one pattern, the head didn't drop much during stance of the normal or lame limb, but it rose during the flight phase of the lame limb. This latter pattern is compatible with the lameness clinicians consider to indicate a swinging leg lameness frequently attributed to pain originating in the upper limb.
For more information on Keegan's work, see www.TheHorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=6500.
Hindlimb Lameness
"In school, I was taught to identify hindlimb lameness by observing the tuber coxae (the points of the hips) from behind," said Parks. "We should see symmetry in hip movement of a sound horse. If we suspect lameness, we look for a hip hike, hip drop, or total excursion (vertical movement) of the hips. The hind limbs are more difficult to evaluate than the forelimbs because you don't have movement of the head, which amplifies the movement of the trunk, to look at. Additionally, the movement of the pelvis in the horse is more complex to explain than that of the head, because not only does it go up and down during the stride, but it also rotates left and right with each stride."
He noted that if you watch the center of sacrum (the point of the croup) from behind as the horse moves away from you, it doesn't drop as much during the stance phase of the lame leg. "The sacrum drops more when the sound leg hits the ground," he said.
Everything's Connected
Wouldn't it be nice if it diagnosing lameness were that simple? Unfortunately, "Hindlimbs and forelimbs affect each other," cautioned Parks. "If you have a lame forelimb, it may cause an asymmetry in the pelvis to implicate a contralateral (opposite) hind limb. It's an inconsistent finding; a much more consistent observation is that a lame hindlimb causes asymmetry in movement of the head and neck to mimic ipsilateral forelimb lameness (in the forelimb on the same side).
Bilateral lameness What if a horse is lame in both front or hind limbs (termed bilateral lameness)? "Mild bilateral lameness is hard to identify," said Parks. "If you're longeing the horse in a circle, you can see if you can make him go lame on different limbs (generally the horse appears more lame when the sore limb is on the inside of the circle and bears more weight). You can also do flexion tests and/or block one limb at a time" and re-evaluate to see when the lameness disappears.
How many lame limbs are there? Parks asked the audience, "When a horse appears lame in multiple limbs, do you really have two problems or a main lameness and a compensatory lameness?" He said that primary hindlimb lameness accompanied by apparent contralateral forelimb lameness is almost always the result of lameness in both limbs. The same is true of primary forelimb lameness accompanied by lameness in the ipsilateral (same side) hind limb. In contrast, in a horse with a primary hindlimb lameness that is accompanied by an ipsilateral forelimb lameness of lesser severity, or a primary forelimb lameness with a contralateral hindlimb lameness of lesser severity, it may be impossible to tell if the less severely affected limb is a genuine problem or secondary to the primary problem.
"It may be impossible to identify multiple lamenesses at the straight trot," Parks told the audience. "You don't know if they're real or not until they block out (disappear with local analgesia) the lameness in one and observe whether a lameness is still present in another limb or not."
Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tests
Flexion tests These consist of holding a limb joint flexed to put pressure on certain structures, and see if the horse appears lame when moving after those structures have been stressed. "We do these to try to differentiate the location of a lameness," said Parks. "Remember: Lots of sound horses flex positive. Flexion test results are proportional to force applied and time (how long the limb is held flexed). We do them sometimes because we're not sure what limb is lame."
Longeing "This can provide really useful information," he noted. "We can compare the straight trot to the longe and compare the left rein to the right rein (looking for changes in which limb appears lame or in the degree of lameness). Most forelimb lamenesses are worse when the lame limb is on the inside of the circle. Most hindlimb lamenesses are harder to see on a circle, to me."
It's Not a Perfect Science
Lameness exams are not necessarily exact; in fact, Parks said they "can be fraught with error." Observer variation, human memory, speed of horse movement during examination, and the use of reins and/or restriction of movement by the lead shank can yield variable results.
"Try to make sure handlers move horses at the same speed--the slowest trot possible," he recommended. "Lamenesses are speed-dependent. Make sure handlers don't restrict movement of the horse's head.
"Above all, write it down!" he strongly recommended. "Record the circumstances of the lameness. Do you see it on a straight trot and/or longe? Do you see it with a different type of shoe? Which limb is lame, and how lame is it? How much has it worsened or improved? If you don't write it down, it didn't happen."
About the Author
Christy M. West
Free Newsletters
Sign up for the latest in:
From our partners |
This guide provides a framework for ex-ante evaluation of fisheries and aquaculture projects in developing countries. Ex-ante impact evaluations check the potential of a project or program to deliver benefits from proposed interventions. Providing extensive annotated literature citations, this guide is designed for use by practitioners who may not be fisheries or aquaculture specialists.
CGIAR research program collaboration on NRM impact assessment: workshop report. 12-14 February
Natural Resource Management (NRM) Research in the CGIAR faces three interlinked impact challenges. First the CGIAR needs to pursue NRM research that achieves reductions in poverty and hunger and does so at scale; second we need to understand how this happens more quickly and efficiently; and third we need to measure our outcomes and impacts so that we can demonstrate these achievements in an appropriately critical manner.
In line with its mandate of poverty reduction and sustainable development, the WorldFish Center is orienting its research towards high impact scientific activity. Identifying such activities is the task of prospective impact assessment, in turn based on impact pathway analysis. The paper describes a framework for analyzing benefits from aquatic resources research, the relevant research categories, pathways to impact by category, and indicators along each pathway that can be estimated in order to quantify probable research impact.
Benefits and challenges of applying outcome mapping in an R4D project
The Community-based Fish Culture in Seasonal Floodplains and Irrigation Systems (CBFC) project is a five year research project supported by the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), with the aim of increasing productivity of seasonally occurring water bodies through aquaculture. The project has been implemented in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Mali and Vietnam, where technical and institutional options for community based aquaculture have been tested. The project began in 2005 and was completed in March 2010.
Co-management is now established as a mainstream approach to small-scale fisheries management across the developing world. A comprehensive review of 204 potential cases reveals a lack of impact assessments of fisheries co-management. This study reports on a meta-analysis of the impact of fisheries co-management in developing countries in 90 sites across 29 case-studies. The top five most frequently measured process indicators are participation, influence, rule compliance, control over resources, and conflict.
Dissemination and evaluation of genetically improved tilapia species in Asia (DEGITA): technical report (Nov 1994 to Jun 1995)
Recognizing the importance of genetic improvement in aquaculture production, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) provided a technical assistance grant (RETA No. 5279) to the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) for implementing a collaborative aquaculture research project on Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) in Asia, with the participation of the Philippines. Subsequently, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provided supplementary funding to strengthen the project.
Subscribe to RSS - Impact assessment |
3–5 years
Home >> Attachment >> 3–5 years
The needs expressed by your child change with age.
3 to 5 years
Between the ages of 3 and 5 years old, contact with you is still important, but less critical.
Your child becomes more independent and begins to explore further.
Your child is less anxious when separated from you for short periods of time and may be left in the company of an adult that he likes, but doesn’t like being left alone.
He learns to make new friends and to play with them. Friendships with other children his age are very important.
As he can now talk, he can voice his feelings. Your child may continue to use non-verbal expressions, such as visual contact and emotions to communicate his needs.
He wants to take part in planning activities and projects that involve him.
Note: Your child is learning to socialize and is developing his sense of autonomy. He spends more time with other adults and playmates. He is beginning to understand that you have activities and projects of your own and can negotiate with you. |
Sign up
Here's how it works:
1. Anybody can ask a question
2. Anybody can answer
share|cite|improve this question
Free online copy: – Qmechanic Jan 16 '14 at 3:14
up vote 85 down vote accepted
The original presentation also makes it that Feynman says all sorts of things in a slightly different way than other books. This is good to test your understanding, because if you only know something in a half-assed way, Feynman sounds wrong. I remember that when I first read it a million years ago, a large fraction of the things he said sounded completely wrong. This original presentation is a very important component: it teaches you what originality sounds like, and knowing how to be original is the most important thing.
I think Vol. I is pretty much OK as an intro, although it should be supplemented at least with this stuff:
1. Computational integration: Feynman does something marvellous at the start of Volume I (something unheard of in 1964), he describes how to Euler time-step a differential equation forward in time. Nowadays, it is a simple thing to numerically integrate any mechanical problem, and experience with numerical integration is essential for students. The integration removes the student's paralysis: when you are staring at an equation and don't know what to do. If you have a computer, you know exactly what to do! Integrating reveals many interesting qualitative things, and shows you just how soon the analytical knowledge painstakingly acquired over 4 centuries craps out. For example, even if you didn't know it, you can see the KAM stability appears spontaneously in self-gravitating clusters at a surprisingly large number of particles. You might expect chaotic motion until you reach 2 particles, which then orbit in an ellipse. But clusters with random masses and velocities of some hundreds of particles eject out particles like crazy, until they get to one or two dozen particles, and then they settle down into a mess of orbits, but this mess must be integrable, because nothing else is ejected out anymore! You discover many things like this from piddling around with particle simulations, and this is something which is missing from Volume I, since computers were not available at the time it was written. It's not completely missing, however, and it's much worse elsewhere.
3. Thermodynamics: The section on thermodynamics does everything through statistical mechanics and intuition. This begins with the density of the atmosphere, which motivates the Boltzmann distribution, which is then used to derive all sorts of things, culminating in the Clausius-Clayperon equation. This is a great boon when thinking about atoms, but it doesn't teach you the classical thermodynamics, which is really simple starting from modern stat-mech. The position is that the Boltzmann distribution is all you need to know, and that's a little backwards from my perspective. The maximum entropy arguments are better--- they motivate the Boltzmann distribution. The heat-engine he uses is based on rubber-bands too, and yet there is no discussion of why rubber bands are entropic, or of free-energies in the rubber band, or the dependence of stiffness on temperature.
4. Monte-Carlo simulation: This is essential, but it obviously requires computers. With Monte-Carlo you can make snapshots of classical statistical systems quickly on a computer and build up intuition. You can make simulations of liquids, and see how the atoms knock around classically. You can simulate rubber-band polymers, and see the stiffness dependence on temperature. All these things are clearly there in Feynman's head, but without a computer, it's hard to transmit it into any of the students' heads.
For Volume II, the most serious problem is that the foundations are off. Feynman said he wanted to redo the classical textbook point of view on E&M, but he wasn't sure how to do it. The Feynman Lectures were written at a time just before modern gauge theory took off, and while they emphasize the vector potential a lot compared to other treatments of the time, they don't make the vector potential the main object. Feynman wanted to redo Volume II to make it completely vector-potential-centered, but he didn't get to do it. Somebody else did a vector-potential based discussion of E&M based on this recommendation, but the results were not so great.
The major things I don't like in Vol. II:
1. The derivation of the index of refraction is done by a complicated rescattering calculation which is based on plum-pudding-style electron oscillators. This is essentially just the forward-phase index-of-refraction argument Feynman gives to motivate unitarity in the 1963 ghost paper in Acta Physica Polonika. It is not so interesting or useful in my opinion in Vol. II, but it is the most involved calculation in the series.
2. No special functionology: While the subject is covered with a layer of 19th-century mildew, it is useful to know some special functions, especially Bessel functions and spherical harmonics. Feynman always chooses ultra special forms which give elementary functions, and he knows all the cases which are elementary, so he gets a lot of mileage out of this, but it's not general enough.
4. Numerical methods in field simulation: Here if one wants to write an introductory textbook, one needs to be completely original, because the numerical methods people use today are not so good for field equations of any sort.
Vol. III is extremely good because it is so brief. The introduction to quantum mechanics there gets you to a good intuitive understanding quickly, and this is the goal. It probably could use the following:
1. A discussion of diffusion, and the relation between Schrödinger operators and diffusion operators: This is obvious from the path integral, but it was also clear to Schrödinger. It also allows you to quickly motivate the exact solutions to Schrodinger's equation, like the $1/r$ potential, something which Feynman just gives you without motivation. A proper motivation can be given by using SUSY QM (without calling it that, just a continued stochastic equation) and trying out different ground state ansatzes.
2. Galilean invariance of the Schrödinger equation: This part is not done in any book, I think only because Dirac omitted it from his. It is essential to know how to boost wavefunctions. Since Feynman derives the Schrödinger equation from a tight-binding model (a lattice approximation), the galilean invariance is not obvious at all.
share|cite|improve this answer
The potential-based approach to EM you mention may be "Collective Electrodynamics" by Feynman's student Carver Mead: . PS: I recall you writing favorably of Steven Frautschi's S-Matrix book. I saw him recently; in retirement, now 80, he has re-invented himself as a teaching assistant, and won Caltech's Feynman Prize for Excellence in Teaching this year. When I mentioned his S-Matrix work being cited here, he ducked his head and said, "Well, that was a long time ago..." – Art Brown Oct 24 '14 at 0:37
@ArtBrown: A long time, a long time, but classic underappreciate work. Thanks for the info, it might have been Mead, I honestly don't remember, I found it in a bookstore and flipped through it, didn't like it that much, but noticed it was based on what Feynman intended. – Ron Maimon Oct 25 '14 at 20:19
@ArtBrown I've seen the book on and after looking at the contents, I'm still scratching my head over the whole point of it: Physicists use QED, engineers use CED and both models are brilliantly served by main stream text books. – Physiks lover Oct 27 '14 at 16:20
share|cite|improve this answer
Your Answer
|
An Enduring Spirit
Edith Cumbo was a rare individual in colonial Virginia: a free African woman. Learn about her life and her stature in this interview with Emily James.
Learn more: Edith Cumbo
Harmony Hunter: Hi, welcome to the podcast. I'm Harmony Hunter. Today on the podcast we're talking about someone we've never talked about before, but not without good reason. Individuals like the one we're getting acquainted with today are people who had little voice in their own lifetime and even less voice in history.
The person is Edith Cumbo, who was a free African-Virginian woman in the 18th century. She's portrayed here at Colonial Williamsburg by Emily James, who's come by to tell us about this remarkable woman. Emily, thank you for being here today.
Emily James: Thank you.
Harmony: Well, we're meeting an entirely new individual today, Edith Cumbo. Tell us about where her story starts and who she is.
Emily: Well, Edith Cumbo was free African-Virginian female. She was born in Halifax County, Virginia from a white mother. Her father was also a free man. As a matter of fact, her father fought during the Seven Years' War, the French and Indian War as an infantryman. We know this information because we secured this information from the York County and Charles City military record and from the church records about 1719 and 1782 enumeration of the census. That's how we know who she was.
She took a man by the name of Adam White to court. She won, and the court awarded her twelve pence, which would be a shilling. She herself was also taken to court for non-attendance at church and also she was taken to court, examined for having a child out of wedlock. So all this information we have on her whereby we were able to put the character, Edith, together.
Harmony: I know that at one point in the 18th century the condition of the mother determines the condition of the child as relates to freedom. So is it true then that because Edith is born from a white woman that she is considered free?
Emily: Exactly, however the law was repealed whereby children being born out of wedlock later on the boys are serving 21 years and females are serving 18 years when they reach their majority. Much like other free blacks, such as Matthew Ashby, he had to also serve 30 years before. After that 30 years, then you're considered free, but until then it's like you are bonded, because as an indenture it's not a part of your indenture contract. We believe Edith's mother to be an indenture, an Irish woman. We believe her to be an indenture. So she would have to serve 30 years and then she would become free.
Harmony: So Edith Cumbo is already a remarkable person in a couple of ways. She's born as a free black and she exists in the historic record.
Emily: Exactly, exactly. We've been seeing this woman earlier on and they believe her to be a white woman because not only is she owning land, but she's owning horses, she has a homestead and she had a servant, so they believe at first that she was a white woman, but then after several investigations and more research, then they realized her to be a free Negro in Virginia, one of those free Negro females in Virginia.
When I put her character together I also had her as a seamstress and laundress because from documentation we know that most free Negros, females, they are seamstress and laundresses. It goes together. You have to sew things sometimes before you put them in the wash. So most free women and all those in Petersburg, free black women of Petersburg, most free black women are considered to be seamstress and laundresses.
So I portray her also as a free black laundress and seamstress along with a businesswoman because people that testify on her behalf in court she would also have to pay tobacco, 30 pounds worth of tobacco. So on her land I have her whereby she's not only growing corn, wheat and barley, but also a small amount of tobacco for her personal use. And I think Edith would be very unique within our community and would be collaborating with other women within her community.
We know that she did not get married. What I did was look at other women, also white women, that after their husband's death they're not married so why then would she marry? Because all her property would have gone to her spouse and we notice that Jane Vobe didn't get married after her husband's death. We know that Mrs. Campbell didn't get married. We know that Catherine Blakely, by 1770 she delivered over 3,000 babies; never lost a birth. Therefore, why would Edith marry?
So I just believe that all these examples would be life experiences for her and maybe these are some of the reasons why she chose not to marry.
Harmony: Even though she had the advantages of being a free African and running a business, what are some of the challenges that she might have had in society that's still deeply racist?
Emily: Well, of course, the laws are what keep people in their proper places so she would have to be, she was like maybe neither fish nor fowl. She would have to try to walk with within the confines of that law. She would remain in her community where everybody knew her and knew her circumstances because if she ventured too far from her community, she could be turned into a slave.
If she did something that most folks would perceive to be against the law, Edith could lose her freedom. So therefore she would have to walk within the confines of the law and also be an advisor and a teacher to other folks within the community.
Harmony: There's so much to draw out of her story. Often it's such a challenge to tell the story of Africans in Virginia because they just don't exist in the record or what existence they have is pretty sparse. What do you feel like what is important to bring out of her story when you portray it for visitors?
Emily: Well, when I portray Edith for visitors, when I become Edith, I share Edith's endurance within a society that is entrenched in slavery and injustices. I show Edith as a strong woman that would uphold certain principles within her community. Not only would she be looked upon as a matriarch, but Edith had four brothers, no sisters are documented, and all these four brothers along with her only son are serving in the war on the patriot's side.
Richard and Solomon and John and Steven and her only son also had served. So just think about a mother having her only son, and she's already free and the son is already free, but still encouraging and allowing them much like any mother today not knowing whether or not your son would return.
And I like to let folks know that what these enslaved and free people have endured and have been through in one day we could never ever survive a lifetime. She lived through a Revolution and not only living through a Revolution, but she was a part of that Revolution.
Harmony: Emily, thank you so much for being our guest today.
Emily: Thank you.
1. We were first introduced to Edith Coumbo today (Jan 2, ’16) as a Nation Builder in the Hennage Auditorium and are very impressed not only with Edith’s life but with Emily James’ interpretation of Edith. We would certainly like to see this presentation again when we return to Colonial Williamsburg.
At the end of Ms. James presentation she recommended two books worthy of reading more about the subject of slavery in Colonial times, but we failed to get either the book titles or author’s names; we would very much like to follow through with your suggestions. Would you please be so kind as to respond with any book(s) you feel worthy of our study?
Thank you so much for your excellent contribution to our understanding of the terrible times so many wonderful people experienced.
Doug & Judy Fate
Dalton, Ohio
Leave a Reply
|
Close X
Nasal tumor or upper respiratory infection?
Purred: Wed Jul 9, '08 3:17am PST
Queen of the- Household
Purred: Wed Jul 9, '08 5:15pm PST
Nasal Tumors
Information For Pet Owners
Key Points
The majority of nasal tumors in dogs and cats are malignant.
The most common clinical sign is nasal discharge.
CT scans are much more sensitive than routine radiography for imaging nasal tumors and determining the extent of disease.
The prognosis for untreated malignant nasal tumors is poor, with survival times of only a few months after diagnosis. Radiation therapy can prolong survival and improve quality of life in many animals.
What are Nasal Tumors?
* The majority of nasal tumors in dogs and cats are malignant.
* The most common nasal tumors in dogs are adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma.
* The most common nasal tumors in cats are lymphoma and adenocarcinoma.
* Other tumors seen in both species include fibrosarcomas and other sarcomas. Benign tumors include adenomas, fibromas, papillomas, and transmissible venereal tumors (TVTs in dogs only).
* Older animals are more commonly affected, but nasal tumors can be found in animals of any age.
Clinical Signs
* The most common clinical sign is nasal discharge. The discharge can be serous, mucoid, mucopurulent, or hemorrhagic. One or both nostrils can be involved, however if bilateral nasal discharge is seen, one side is usually worse than the other. Many animals start with discharge from one nostril, which progresses to both nostrils.
* Sneezing and decreased or absent air flow through one of the nares may also be seen.
* Deformation of the facial bones, hard palate or upper dental arcade may be seen.
* If the tumor grows into the cranial vault, neurologic signs can be seen.
* Tumor growth into the orbit can cause protrusion of the eye or inability of the eye to be gently pushed back into the orbit. Neurologic signs and ocular abnormalities are rarely the only signs seen (ie no nasal discharge).
* Anorexia and weight loss can accompany the respiratory signs.
* Diagnosis of nasal tumors is made by identifying abnormal tissue on physical exam, radiography (xrays), CT scan, fine needle aspirates of the mass or areas of facial deformity, or rhinoscopy with biopsies of the abnormal tissue. Biopsies should be obtained in all animals for histologic (microscopic) confirmation.
* A definitive diagnosis often requires repeated evaluation, especially in dogs, because, unlike cats, they do not develop chronic nasal inflammation caused by viruses.
* Thoracic radiographs should be evaluated for spread of cancer to the lungs, although lung metastases are uncommon.
* In the case of lymphoma, bone marrow aspirates and abdominal radiographs or ultrasound should be evaluated. Cats with lymphoma should also be tested for feline leukemia and FIV.
* Benign tumors should be surgically excised.
* Treatment options for malignant tumors include surgical excision, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these therapies.
* Radiation therapy is the treatment of choice.
* Surgery alone does not result in prolonged survival times. A recent study indicated that a combination of surgery and radiation therapy results in longer survival times if the pet has a sarcoma tumor in the nasal cavity.
* Chemotherapy can be attempted when radiation therapy has failed or is not a viable option. Lymphoma in cats should be treated with standard lymphoma chemotherapy protocols or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy does not have the systemic side effects of chemotherapy, but may not be effective if the tumor involves other organs.
* Complications of radiation therapy include: radiation-induced mucosal inflammation in the nasal cavity (seen as congestion, increased mucous production and bloody nasal discharge); oral inflammation (seen as increased salivation, oral pain, and bad breath); skin reactions; ocular manifestations (conjunctivitis and eyelid irritation, decreased tear production, corneal ulceration, cataracts, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, retinopathy, and optic nerve injury; and a transient central nervous system syndrome (seen as disorientation and lethargy).
* A temporary complication of surgery may be air that develops under the skin (subcutaneous emphysema) which usually resolves within two to three weeks. Dogs that have had a nasal tumor removed will not have any normal turbinate bones left within the nasal cavity, therefore chronic nasal discharge is not uncommon.
* Persistent weight loss, anorexia and weight loss, neurologic signs, and labored breathing are common complications of nasal tumors, which lead to euthanasia.
* Radiation therapy can prolong survival and improve quality of life in many animals.
Queen of the- Household
Purred: Wed Jul 9, '08 5:17pm PST
ps I have had two upper resperitory infections, I just had to take antibiotics for two weeks and was fine. Hope that is what it is instead.
good luck
Queen of the- Household
Purred: Wed Jul 9, '08 5:20pm PST
Respiratory Infections and the common cold in cats
Cats can get upper respiratory infections or what we call the common cold or flu. However you can not pass a human cold on to your cat and vice versa. The cat 'cold' is a completely different cup of tea. If your cat has any of the below symptoms for more than a day or two he/she probably has an upper respiratory infection.
Upper respiratory infections are extremely contagious (infection can be passed through an airborne contagion or through casual contact) and it is very common for all cats within a household to become infected quickly. Although most of the agents that cause URI do not survive very long (from a few hours to a few weeks) in the environment, they can last a very long time in the cat's respiratory tract in a latent or potent form. Many cats actually will carry the agent in their body for the duration of life. In such a case your cat may suffer from occasional flare-ups when stressed or when the immune system is weak. Such a cat may also pass the agent on to other cats (even if that cat isn't actively sick). Cats can get URI's for a variety of reasons just as people do. These reasons can range from:
A bacteria or virus (Chlamydia, Feline Calicivirus, Feline Herpes virus also known as Feline Rhinotracheitis Virus) a majority of UTI's are caused by a virus
A parasitic worm infection
An allergic reaction
Symptoms to look for:
Runny nose
Discharge from the nose or mouth
Respiratory problems
Oral ulcers
Conjunctivitis (discharge from the eye)
If you suspect any sort of "cold" take your cat to the vet immediately for an examination. Although URI's are not terribly serious, your cat can get secondary infections during this time period which could be more serious and can lead to chronic illnesses. Many cats with a cold will also have their appetites suppressed. Cats who do not eat for even just a day or two can be at risk for hepatic lipidosis, which can be a very serious illness. The bottom line is that although a cold in and of itself is not terribly serious, that left untreated, it can turn into a serious illness.
Most cases of URI are taken care of with a course of drug therapy (antibiotics, decongestants, antivirals), rest, lots of food and liquids. Humidification of the nasal passages may also help your cat, you can do this by purchasing a humidifier for the room or bringing your kitty in with you for a nice steaming in the bathroom. However, do not allow your cat to catch a 'chill' if you do get him/her wet.
If you do have a cat that has been on therapy for a few weeks and is still not feeling better, or if your pet has finished his/her course of medication and is still ill your vet may have him/her in for another visit to do some more tests. These may include X-rays of the skull which allow you to see the nasal cavity and frontal sinuses. This can help you determine what, if any damage the infection has done to the nasal passages. A nasal flush can also be performed to collect matter from the nasal cavity. This matter can then be analyzed to better determine what is causing your cat to be ill.
Precautionary measures:
Keep your cat indoors and away from other sick animals. Keep your pet in a clean environment which includes clean food and water bowls and a clean home. Keep your home above 70 degrees and if your cat gets wet either dry him off or make sure he stays warm while he dries off. You can also talk to your vet about yearly vaccinations to ward off such infections.
I'm cute and- know it.
Purred: Wed Jul 9, '08 6:22pm PST
Both of my kitties have had URI's and they've never had inflamed nasal pasages/polyps. They usually end up sneezing a lot but it doesn't get too bad. I'm sure your vet knows more than I do but did they take a scraping or biopsy a part of the polyp to see what it really is?
Purred: Tue Jul 15, '08 1:37pm PST
Gracie was just diagnosed with Nasal Lymphoma by an oncologist two weeks ago. I take my cats to a holistic vet and she told me that there are really no natural alternatives to the current chemo/radiation therapy. What she said is that holistic medicine is supportive - helping to keep her appetite and immune system up to speed. I just wanted to let you know what I found out. We started chemo two weeks ago. Here's hoping it's just a resp. infection for your little one. |
Creative Destruction
What is 'Creative Destruction'
BREAKING DOWN 'Creative Destruction'
Schumpeter goes so far as to say that the "process of creative destruction is the essential fact about capitalism." Unfortunately, while a great concept, this became one of the most overused buzzwords of the dotcom boom (and bust), with nearly every technology CEO talking about how creative destruction would replace the old economy with the new.
1. Destructive Creation
When innovation leads to destruction. Destructive creation was ...
2. Joseph Schumpeter
One of the 20th century's great economic and political thinkers. ...
3. Social Capital
An economic idea that refers to the connections between individuals ...
4. Management Risk
The risks associated with ineffective, destructive or underperforming ...
5. Gresham's Law
6. Trillion Dollar Coin
Related Articles
1. Economics
How Creative Destruction Happens in Real Life
2. Investing
Understanding Disruption
Disruption’s concept comes from the term creative destruction, coined by Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter in 1942, who called it one of the essential elements of capitalism. The term was ...
3. Fundamental Analysis
App-pocalypse! 20 Industries Disrupted By New Tech
Mainstream economic thought says that while those displaced by technology will see their industries destroyed, the industries replacing them will create new jobs that they can fill.
4. Investing Basics
Deadly Habits Of Destructive Traders
5. Investing
6. Savings
Teaching Financial Literacy To Tweens: Entrepreneurship
Kids are natural entrepreneurs, so encouraging creativity and persistence when going after their goals can set them up for future success.
7. Economics
Political Ideologies And Stocks
Learn how different political systems affect emerging market stocks.
8. Fundamental Analysis
The Debt-Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
9. Savings
Teaching Financial Literacy To Kids: What Is Money?
10. Fundamental Analysis
5 Reasons Old Tech Is Soaring
1. Why do some economists consider entrepreneurship to be a factor of production?
Find out if entrepreneurship should be considered a factor of production in economic models, and whether or not entrepreneurs ... Read Answer >>
2. How does an entrepreneur help the economy?
Find out about how entrepreneurs play a fundamental role in capitalist economies by helping to coordinate resources and bearing ... Read Answer >>
3. Can a country be both a market economy and a socialist economy?
Find out what mixed economies are, how they develop, and the inherent challenges of balancing capitalism and socialism in ... Read Answer >>
4. What are some examples of different types of capital?
Hot Definitions
1. Demand Curve
2. Goldilocks Economy
3. White Squire
4. MACD Technical Indicator
5. Over-The-Counter - OTC
6. Quarter - Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4
Trading Center |
What is a 'Monopolist'
A monopolist is a person, group or organization with a monopoly. In other words, an individual or company that controls all of the market for a particular good or service.
BREAKING DOWN 'Monopolist'
A monopolist probably also believes in policies that favor monopolies since it gives them greater power. A monopolist has little incentive to improve their product because customers have no alternatives. Instead, their motivation is focused on protecting the monopoly.
1. Price Maker
2. Monopolistic Market
3. Monopoly
4. Monopolistic Competition
Characterizes an industry in which many firms market products ...
5. Natural Monopoly
6. Discriminating Monopoly
Related Articles
1. Economics
A History Of U.S. Monopolies
2. Economics
How a Monopoly Works
3. Economics
Economics Basics: Monopolies, Oligopolies and Perfect Competition
Investopedia explains the various degrees of competitiveness in the marketplace: monopolies, oligopolies and perfect competition.
4. Investing Basics
Why Monopoly Is A Terrible Finance Teacher
5. Economics
Macroeconomics: Economic Systems
By Stephen Simpson Within the study of macroeconomics, there are certain basic goals for economic systems. Generally speaking, desirable goals include economic growth, full employment, economic ...
6. Investing Basics
Is Google Becoming A Monopoly?
Learn about whether Google is becoming a monopoly. Monopolies are considered undesirable because they prevent competition and innovation.
7. Economics
Understanding Imperfect Competition
8. Personal Finance
History Of The U.S. Federal Trade Commission
9. Stock Analysis
Lions Gate to Bring Iconic Game to the Big Screen (HAS, LGF)
Board games are about to become serious movie business. On Wednesday, Lions Gate (NYSE: LGF) announced a deal with toymaker Hasbro (NASDAQ: HAS) to bring Monopoly to the big screen. Award-winning ...
10. Investing Basics
The Industry Handbook: The Utilties Industry
You've probably noticed that the utilities industry is not quite what it used to be. Once considered the quintessential safe widow-and-orphan stocks, electricity companies are undergoing ...
1. What is the difference between a monopolistic market and monopolistic competition?
Learn about monopolistic markets and monopolistic competition and the main differences between monopolistic markets and monopolistically ... Read Answer >>
2. What is the difference between a monopolistic market and perfect competition?
Learn about monopolistic and perfectly competitive markets, what they are, and the main differences between perfect competition ... Read Answer >>
3. What are common examples of monopolistic markets?
Learn what it means when a utility company has a natural monopoly on a market and why natural monopolies are heavily regulated ... Read Answer >>
5. Are monopolies always bad?
6. How does a monopoly contribute to market failure?
Hot Definitions
1. Demand Curve
2. Goldilocks Economy
3. White Squire
4. MACD Technical Indicator
5. Over-The-Counter - OTC
6. Quarter - Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4
Trading Center |
Merriam-Webster Logo
• Dictionary
• Thesaurus
• Scrabble
• Spanish Central
• Learner's Dictionary
noun cy·no·sure \ˈsī-nə-ˌshu̇r, ˈsi-\
Simple Definition of cynosure
• : a person or thing that attracts a lot of attention or interest
Source: Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary
Full Definition of cynosure
1. 1 capitalized : the northern constellation Ursa Minor; also : north star
2. 2 : one that serves to direct or guide
3. 3 : a center of attraction or attention <turned an eyesore into a cynosure — Catherine Reynolds>
Examples of cynosure in a sentence
1. <with an unwavering commitment to equal rights for all as his only cynosure>
2. <that company is the cynosure for anyone wishing to make it in the music business>
Did You Know?
Ancient mariners noted that all the stars in the heavens seem to revolve around a particular star, and they relied on it to guide their navigation. The constellation that this bright star appears in is known to English speakers today as Ursa Minor, or the Little Dipper, but the Ancient Greeks called it Kynosoura, a term that comes from a phrase meaning "dog's tail." Kynosoura passed into Latin and Middle French, becoming cynosure. When English speakers adopted the term in the mid-16th century, they used it as a name for the constellation and the star (which is also known as the North Star) and also to identify a guide of any kind. By the early 17th century, cynosure was also being used figuratively for anything or anyone that, like the North Star, was the focus of attention or observation.
Origin of cynosure
First Known Use: 1565
Learn More about cynosure
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up cynosure? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
to manage or play awkwardly
Get Word of the Day daily email!
Take a 3-minute break and test your skills!
Which of these is a synonym of nonplus?
soothe disapprove perplex reduce
Name That Thing
Test your visual vocabulary with our 10-question challenge!
|
Microsoft Word 2010 Chapter 3 Completion Test
20 Questions I By Apalomar
Please take the quiz to rate it.
Microsoft Word Quizzes & Trivia
Please use lower case when entering your answers. Good Luck!
Changes are done, please start the quiz.
Questions and Answers
Removing question excerpt is a premium feature
Upgrade and get a lot more done!
1. A(n) ____________ object is an object that is part of a paragraph.
2. A(n) ___________ object is an object that can be positioned at a specific location in a document or in a layer over or behind text in a document.
3. ____________ objects give you more flexibility because you can position them anywhere on the page.
4. In Word, a solid line, called a(n) ______________, can be drawn at any edge of a paragraph.
5. In Word, the term, ________________, refers to returning the formatting to the Normal style.
6. In a business letter, the __________, which consists of the month, day, and year, is positioned two to six lines below the letterhead.
7. A(n)_______________ is the location on the horizontal ruler that tells Word where to position the insertion point when you press the TAB key on the keyboard.
8. When the TAB key is pressed, a(n) ___________ formatting mark appears in the empty space between the tab stops.
9. If the same text or graphic is used frequently, you can store the text or graphic as a(n) ___________ and then insert the stored entry in the open document, as well as in future documents.
10. Press CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR to enter a(n) ____________, which is a special type space character that prevents two words from splitting if the first word falls at the end of a line.
11. Press CTRL+SHIFT+HYPHEN to enter a(n)___________ which is a special type of hyphen that prevents two words separated hyphen from splitting at the end of a line.
12. When inserting a table, you must specify the total number of rows and columns required, which is called the _____________ of the table.
13. A Word ____________ is a collection of rows and columns
14. In a word table, the intersecton of a row and a column is called a(n) _______, and is filled with text.
15. Each cell in a Word table has a(n) ____________, which is a formatting mark that assists with selecting and formatting cells.
16. You can drag a(n) __________, which is the border to the right of a column, until the column is the desired width.
17. You can drag a(n)__________, which is the border at the bottom of a row, until the row is the desired height.
18. An entire table can be resized by dragging the __________, which is a small square that displays when pointing to the bottom-right corner of a table.
19. Press the _______ key(s) to select the previous cell from the one in which the insertion point appears.
20. You cannot use the __________ key to insert a row at the beginning or middle of a table; instead, you use the Insert Rows Above or Insert Rows Below Command.
Back to top
Removing ad is a premium feature
Upgrade and get a lot more done!
Take Another Quiz
We have sent an email with your new password. |
english dictionary definition meaning
english dictionary definition meaningYesDictionary.com
Lookup English Definition:
heed : [h'id]
Heed \Heed\ (h[=e]d), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Heeded}; p. pr. & vb.
n. {Heeding}.] [OE. heden, AS. h[=e]dan; akin to OS.
h[=o]dian, D. hoeden, Fries. hoda, OHG. huoten, G. h["u]ten,
Dan. hytte. [root]13. Cf. {Hood}.]
to; to observe.
[1913 Webster]
With pleasure Argus the musician heeds. --Dryden.
Syn: To notice; regard; mind. See {Attend}, v. t.
[1913 Webster]
Heed \Heed\, v. i.
To mind; to consider.
[1913 Webster]
Heed \Heed\, n.
1. Attention; notice; observation; regard; -- often with give
or take.
[1913 Webster]
With wanton heed and giddy cunning. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
Amasa took no heed to the sword that was in Joab's
hand. --2 Sam. xx.
[1913 Webster]
Birds give more heed and mark words more than
beasts. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]
2. Careful consideration; obedient regard.
[1913 Webster]
Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed to
the things which we have heard. --Heb. ii. 1.
[1913 Webster]
3. A look or expression of heading. [R.]
[1913 Webster]
He did it with a serious mind; a heed
Was in his countenance. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
n 1: paying particular notice (as to children or helpless
without heed to the consequences" [synonym: {attentiveness},
{heed}, {regard}, {paying attention}] [ant: {heedlessness},
v 1: pay close attention to; give heed to; "Heed the advice of
167 Moby Thesaurus words for "heed":
TLC, abide by, accept, accordance, acquittal, acquittance,
act up to, adhere to, adherence, advertence, advertency, alertness,
animadvert, anticipation, application, assiduity, assiduousness,
attend, attend to, attend to orders, attention, attention span,
attentiveness, audience, auscultate, awareness, be all ears,
be concerned, be faithful to, bear in mind, bend an ear, bug,
calculation, canniness, care, careful consideration, carefulness,
carrying out, caution, cautiousness, circumspection,
circumspectness, cock the ears, cognizance, compliance, comply,
comply with, concentration, concern, conform, conform to,
conformance, conformity, consciousness, consider, consideration,
debate, defer to, deliberate stages, deliberateness, deliberation,
diligence, discharge, discretion, do justice to, ear, earnestness,
eavesdrop, examine by ear, execution, fill, follow,
follow the book, forethought, fulfill, fulfillment, gingerliness,
guardedness, hark, harken to, hear, hear out, hearing, hearken,
hedge, hedging, heedfulness, heeding, hesitation, hold by,
intentiveness, intentness, intercept, interest, judiciousness,
keep, keep faith with, keeping, lend an ear, listen, listen at,
listen in, listen to, live up to, look, loving care, make good,
mark, meet, mind, mindfulness, note, notice, obey, obey the rules,
observance, observation, observe, pawkiness, pay attention,
pay attention to, performance, practice, preparedness,
prior consultation, prudence, prudentialness, reck, regard,
regardfulness, remark, respect, safeness, safety first,
satisfaction, satisfy, see, sit in on, slowness to act, solicitude,
stay in line, study, submit, take, take an interest, take note,
take note of, take notice, take orders, tap, tend,
tender loving care, tentativeness, think, thoroughness, thought,
thoughtfulness, toe the line, uncommunicativeness,
unprecipitateness, view, watch, wiretap
install english dictionary definition & meaning lookup widget!
english dictionary definition meaning工具:
Select Color:
english dictionary meaning information:
English Dictionary 2005-2009
toy for kids| nursery rhymes kids songs| toy for kids| nursery rhymes kids songs| |dictionary |funny video |interesting pictures |Business Directories,Company Directories |ZIP Code,Postal Code |
Understanding koi varieties can sometimes be difficult. There are so many different variables of color and markings, and on top of that these variables can be combined to create distinct koi varieties. For the purposes of this article, we will treat the koi types in their most basic form for ease of understanding.
ImageDG member BeaHive feeding her koi
Koi is the shortened version of nishikigoi, the Japanese word for Cyprinus carpio which is bred and kept in water gardens around the world. The easiest way to identify a koi is by looking for 2 sets of barbels near the koi's mouth which look like whiskers. You can also identify the variety of koi by the color formation.
Main koi color and scale variations
When you read about koi, their colors will be identified by their Japanese names. It can be very confusing unless you know what each word means and how it is used. As body color or color shapes, the four main colors are referred to as the following:
HiHee RedKiKeeYellow SumiSOO-mee Black ShiroSHE-roWhite
Koi Varieties
ImageKohaku are arguably the most common and recognizable of all koi types. Their markings are only hi (red) on shiro (white) which can come in a variety of different formations and shapes.
Ogon refers to a solid color koi that can be regular or metallic. The most popular ogon varieties are platinum and yellow (Yamabuki).
Image Tancho koi have a round hi (red) marking well-placed on their head. This is a significant marking in Japanese koi breeding because of its resemblance to the national flag of Japan. Tancho markings can be combined with other markings such as Bekko.
ImageAsagi koi look like they have a net or pinecone as scales. Their bluish scales are surrounded by white and the fins should be hi (red).
ImageShusui koi are distinguishable by their blue-tinted doitsu scales which look like a zipper down the back. The side markings can be hi(red), ki (yellow), or shiro (white). Shusui is the closely related, scaless version of Asagi.
ImageShowa is a black koi with hi (red) and shiro (white) markings with crisp edges between the three colors. Sanke in another type of koi that is easy to get confused with Showa. Sanke are white fish with red and black markings.
ImageBekko koi have black markings on top of another single color such as shiro, ki, and hi. Bekko should not be confused with Utsuri, which are koi with black bodies with colored markings on top. It can be hard to differentiate which color is the body color and which color marking is on top, though with practice the distinction can become more apparent.
Gin Rin (Geen-Reen)
Gin Rin refers to any koi with a shimmery appearance to their scales; stemming from Gin meaning silver or metallic and Rin meaning shiny scales. Any koi variety can have Gin Rin scales, such as the Gin Rin Kohaku below.
ImageGin Rin Kohaku
Doitsu (DOYT-zoo)
Doitsu refers to koi with large scales down their back and no other scales on their body. This feature was bred into Japanese koi from German carp. Any type of koi can have Doitsu scales, such as a Doitsu Kohaku. In the photo below, you can see the large "zipper" scales down the koi's back and the fish is otherwise scale-less.
ImageDoitsu Koi
Long Fin Koi
Long fin koi, also known as butterfly koi and formerly dragon carp, are an interesting addition to koi breeding and hobby keeping. Their long flowing fins are striking in the water garden and add a whole new dimension to hobby koi keeping. With recent advances in their color breeding, long fin koi are available in a variety of color types such as Kohaku, Showa, and Bekko. If you want to read more about how long fin koi came into popularity this link has an interesting firsthand breeder's account.
For an excellent illustration on different koi types, check this link.
ImageDG member BeaHive's water garden oasis
Can you pick out all the koi varieties in this video?
Koi typing has a massive amount of gray area especially in the hobby portion of the field. Sometimes it is nearly impossible to identify a non-show quality fish, which most water gardeners have, in a specific category. Of course that doesn't make these fish any less valuable or beautiful in the home water garden. Mutts are just as beautiful to water gardeners!
ImagePlatinum Ogon Koi
So long as you enjoy your koi, it doesn't matter what they look like or which category they fall under. Enjoy your koi and your water garden this season!
Photo credits:
Photo of hand fed koi and BeaHive's water garden: Bernadette Ducasse
Gin Rin Kohaku and Showa: DG member and koi breeder Laserkoi
Tancho: DG member themir
Kohaku: Ian John of backyardpuddle.com
Bekko, Asagi, Shusui, Hi Bekko, and Platinum Ogon: Free use images from Wikipedia Commons
All other images belong to the author |
Digital Citizenship Exploration
After class writes and reads each other’s blog posts, spark a discussion about the following terms. Did they come up in students’ blog posts? What other ones were mentioned? What further terms are associated with the ones already mentioned?
Allow students time to explore further resources (searching on their own) or get started with the following sites. Remind them to search a variety of media platforms (infographics, videos, web sites, slide decks, etc.)
Discuss the following infographic by Mia MacMeekin .
Ask students to use the following visible thinking routine, I used to think… but now I think...
Here is the slide deck shared with students after their initial blog post. |
Sign up
Here's how it works:
1. Anybody can ask a question
2. Anybody can answer
In which condition, the Hamiltonian is the same as the total energy of the system, or say $H=T+V$?
share|cite|improve this question
OP's question(v1) asks precisely the opposite of this Phys.SE question. – Qmechanic Oct 31 '12 at 17:54
The Hamiltonian in a conservative system describes the total internal energy of the system.
The formula $H=T+V$ with the traditional form of the kinetic energy is valid for a frictionless nonrelativistic system in Cartesian coordinates, possibly with external forces.
share|cite|improve this answer
The Hamiltonian is a constant of the motion as long as it is independent of time. More deeply that means that the Lagrangian it comes from must be independent of time.
A constant Hamiltonian is the total energy if the potential is velocity independent.
share|cite|improve this answer
But $H=T+V$ also holds for a forced harmonic oscillator, where $H$ is not a constant of the motion. – Arnold Neumaier Nov 1 '12 at 14:09
By definition, the Hamiltonian is always related to the total energy of the system via $\langle E \rangle = \mathrm{Tr}\{ H \rho \}$. But depending on what do you mean by $T$ and $V$ you equation may or may not be general.
share|cite|improve this answer
The hamiltonian is the mechanical energy of the system when the equations defining the generalized coordinates do not include explicitly the time and all the forces that do work can be derived from a conservative potential (Goldstein 8.1)
share|cite|improve this answer
Your Answer
|
Navigation Links
TLR1 protein drives immune response to certain food-borne illness in mice
A naturally occurring protein called TLR1 plays a critical role in protecting the body from illnesses caused by eating undercooked pork or drinking contaminated water, according to new research from the University of Southern California (USC).
The discovery may help create more effective oral vaccines for infections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and already has launched an examination of how TLR1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease, says R. William DePaolo, assistant professor of molecular microbiology and immunology at the Keck School of Medicine of USC and the study's lead investigator.
"It's not clear what drives the body's immune response," DePaolo said. "This paper identifies a receptor that is important in driving a mucosal immune response against Yersinia enterocolitica, bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli that can cause food poisoning. Although the receptor's role against other bacteria is still unknown, our research emphasizes that the way the body initiates an immune response depends on the pathogen and the route of infection."
The study, "A specific role for TLR1 in protective TH17 immunity during mucosal infection," is scheduled to appear in the July 30 edition of The Journal of Experimental Medicine, a leading biomedical journal published by the Rockefeller University Press. The manuscript is now available on the journal's website.
DePaolo's team compared the immune responses of mice bred with and without TLR1 when infected with Y. enterocolitica by mouth and by blood. They found that TLR1 played a significant role in controlling mucosal infection (by mouth) but not systemic infection (by blood), initiating the creation of antibodies that specifically fight against oral infections.
"Now that we have identified the receptor's role, the next step is to determine how we can manipulate that receptor to enhance vaccine development," DePaolo said. "We also are studying the receptor in different models of mucosal inflammation including inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancers. The idea is to take a personalized approach to medicine and use genetic profiling to better treat or manage disease."
Contact: Alison Trinidad
University of Southern California - Health Sciences
Related biology news :
2. Making memories: How 1 protein does it
3. Embryonic development protein active in cancer growth
4. More effective method of imaging proteins
6. Gold nanoantennas detect proteins
9. Protein jailbreak helps breast cancer cells live
10. Plant research reveals new role for gene silencing protein
11. Newly found protein helps cells build tissues
Post Your Comments:
Breaking Biology News(10 mins):
Breaking Biology Technology: |
The Means To An End Project
The Means To An End Project - Sierra Leone.
Sierra Leone is an extremely poor African nation with tremendous inequality in income distribution. While it possesses substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, its economic and social infrastructure is not well developed, and serious social disorders continue to hamper economic development. About two-thirds of the working-age populations engages in subsistence agriculture. Manufacturing consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing of the domestic market. Alluvial diamond mining remains the major source of hard currency earnings, accounting for nearly half of Sierra Leone's exports. The fate of the economy depends upon the maintenance of domestic peace and the continued receipt of substantial aid from abroad, which is essential to offset the severe trade imbalance and supplement government revenues.
The Project
2016 will see us launch the MeansToAnEnd Project. This Initiative will help improve sustainable education in one of the most naturally rich countries in the world. We believe it's imperative for the development of humanity that individuals are educated enough to make informed and thoughtful choices about the world that they live in, and they themselves have the ability and confidence to push for equality and pursue any opportunities, regardless of ethnicity, wealth or location.
The Project will also push for improvements in regulating Diamond mining within Sierra Leone. Currently 4% of world Diamonds are produced and sold to fund war and conflict within developing countries. It has also seen over 3 million deaths which are attributed to conflict diamond mining. The project seeks to develop a FairTrade Diamond initiative (just like the Fairtrade items you find in your local supermarket) and we believe workers should be able to operate in a safe environment and should be paid a fair wage; which currently stands at cripplingly low £0.07 a day (In conflict areas).
Deforestation is also a big problem in Sierra Leone. Currently 38.45% of Sierra Leone is covered by forest. However, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in soil exhaustion, with the past civil war also having a huge impact on the depletion of natural resources.
We will also attempt to create a scholarship which will allow exceptional individuals within Sierra Leone access to education. Alongside this, the creation of a mutual exchange program between Universities in Sierra Leone and Universities in the UK will be imperative to the success of the program.
The project aims to offer rehabilitation and help to individuals who have been affected by war and conflict within the region. Doing this will ensure healthier and thriving societies.
More of our aims can be read below.
Our Aims (In order)
1. Provide 10,000 academic books to the library in the University of Makeni, Sierra Leone.
2. Provide 2,000 Educational stationery supply packs to local schools in Makeni, Sierra Leone.
3. Plant 100,000 trees across Sierra Leone to combat deforestation, overharvesting of timber and the threat to indigenous wildlife.
4. Create a month long student exchange program with Universities in Sierra Leone and the UK. Students interested in Development studies will be able to work with Academics through a mutual exchange.
5. Match academic tutors in the UK with academic tutors in Sierra Leone. Sharing expertise is key to expanding the knowledge base for both countries.
6. Create Means To An End Scholarships with external charitable funding. This will allow exceptional and inspirational individuals in Sierra Leone to pursue academic interests where otherwise it would not have been financially possible.
7. Provide any additional support to child soldiers or individuals who have been physically and mentally affected by war and conflict.
8. Push for improved regulations within the Diamond industry, more specifically better working conditions and a fairer wage.
9. Make companies accountable and ethically responsible for the attainment of their natural resources and raw materials.
10. Improve knowledge of Malaria prevention techniques and supply 2000 households with Mosquito nets.
Join us to make this a reality
The Means To An End project is an amazing initiative, not only for Sierra Leone as a country but for cultural links between the UK and a developing nation. With your help and support, we do genuinely believe our aims are attainable. Unlike similar schemes, we aren't treating this as a charity event, we see this as a project and the regeneration of a nation. You will be able to actually see where your money is going, and how it's improving the lives of poor individuals in rich countries.
The website will be launching in early January, 2016.
Back to Top |
Editors' Note:This article is part of the Public Square 2014 Summer Series: Conversations on Religious Trends. Read other perspectives from the Jewish community here.
This June, I drove into Syracuse, in the southeast part of Sicily, at night. My hotel was on the island of Ortygia, the historic center of the city and a well-known tourist destination. Ortygia is a warren of narrow streets and hidden courtyards, and it dates to the ancient Greek period. Along with mainland Syracuse, the city at its peak rivaled Athens in both size and power. People of different cultures and religions interacted regularly in its bustling squares and markets.
In the dark, Ortygia seemed almost mystical. The sea wall that surrounded the island felt as if it were hemming me in for some unknown and private revelation.
What I knew for certain was that I wanted to see the old Jewish quarter and the mikveh, or Jewish ritual bath, that lay underneath it. While there is no organized Jewish community today, Syracuse once had a thriving population of Jews. The greatest influx of Jews took place after the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in Jerusalem and murdered Jews or expelled them from the land of Israel. Most of the Jews who settled in Syracuse lived in their own quarter (in Ortygia), spoke their own language (Aramaic), and observed their own ritual practices.
Immersion in the mikveh was one of them. It is a ritual that I observed myself.
On my first day in Syracuse, I walked into the Jewish quarter to the hotel where the mikveh was discovered in 1993; it had been unearthed during construction on the building and opened to the public only a few years ago. The mikveh is Byzantine in style and was probably built about 1,500 years ago, making it the oldest mikveh in Europe.
As I stood in front of the hotel waiting for the tour guide to take me below ground, a group of Israeli tourists suddenly emerged and stood next to me. Since I understood Hebrew, I listened to the conversation between the guide and the group. She spoke about the history of the Jews in Syracuse, the Jewish quarter, and the mikveh that was sixty feet beneath us. A number of the Israelis looked uninterested in her words. One man asked when they were going to get to the Piazza del Duomo (a much more popular and famous site); a woman said they'd been walking all day and that she wanted to have lunch. No one seemed disappointed that they weren't going to have time to go down to the mikveh, and the group soon walked on.
Here I was, purpose-driven and excited, a North American Jew who had decided to become a rabbi, standing silently and completely disconnected from a group of other Jews, Israeli Jews, who couldn't have cared less about something that enthralled me. The ritual and sense of spirituality that inspired me had virtually nothing to do with the land (Israel) and language (Hebrew) that anchored their identities. Mine was a spiritual identity while theirs was a national one, and I felt that a great gulf separated us. I had lived in Israel for two years in my twenties and I understood the power and pull of nationality, but as I had grown older I'd come to believe that Jews needed more than language and land to thrive as a people. After all, we had lived outside of the land of Israel for two millennia and managed to keep our identities intact. |
Ripple of Hope
American Speeches
1. John F. Kennedy, Speech on Civil Rights.
South African Speeches
1. Albert Luthuli, Africa and Freedom.
2. Nelson Mandela, at the Rivonia Trial.
get this speech on pdf
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Hunter College, New York City
Human Rights Day, December 10th,1965
"We want to keep South Africa white. Keeping it white can only mean one thing, namely, white domination, not 'leadership', not 'guidance', but control, supremacy."
Once more, we read of tortures in jails with electric devices, suicides among prisoners, forced confessions, while in the outside community ruthless persecution of editors, religious leaders, and political opponents suppress free speech -and a free press.
South Africa says to the world: "We have become a powerful industrial economy; we are too strong to be defeated by paper resolutions of world tribunals; we are immune to protest and to economic reprisals. We are invulnerable to opposition from within or without; if our evil offends you, you will have to learn to live with it."
Increasingly, in recent months this conclusion has been echoed by sober commentators of other countries who disapprove, but, nevertheless, assert that there can be no remedy against this formidable adversary of human rights.
Do we, too, acknowledge defeat? Have we tried everything and failed? In examining this question as Americans, we are immediately struck by the fact that the United States moved with strikingly different energy when it reached a dubious conclusion that our interests were threatened in the Dominican Republic. We inundated that small nation with overwhelming force, shocking the world with our zealousness and naked power. With respect to South Africa, however, our protest is so muted and peripheral it merely mildly disturbs the sensibilities of the segregationists, while our trade and investments substantially stimulate their economy to greater heights. We pat them on the wrist in permitting racially mixed receptions in our Embassy and by exhibiting films depicting Negro artists. But we give them massive support through American investments in motor and rubber industries, by extending some forty million dollars in loans through our most distinguished banking and financial institutions, by purchasing gold and other minerals mined by black slave labor, by giving them a sugar quota, by maintaining three tracking stations there, and by providing them with the prestige of a nuclear reactor built with our technical co-operation and fueled with refined uranium supplied by us.
When it is realized that Great Britain, France and other democratic Powers also prop up the economy of South Africa-and when to all of this is added the fact that the USSR has indicated its willingness to participate in a boycott-it is proper to wonder how South Africa can so confidently defy the civilized world. The conclusion is inescapable that it is less sure of its own power, but more sure that the great nations will not sacrifice trade and profit to oppose them effectively. The shame of our nation is that it is objectively an ally of this monstrous Government in its grim war with its own black people.
Our default is all the more grievous because one of the blackest pages of our history was our participation in the infamous African slave trade of the 18 th century. The rape of Africa was conducted substantially for our benefit to facilitate the growth of our nation and to enhance its commerce. There are few parallels in human history of the period in which Africans were seized and branded like animals, packed into ships holds like cargo and transported into chattel slavery. Millions suffered agonizing death in the middle passage in a holocaust reminiscent of the Nazi slaughter of Jews and Poles, and others. We have an obligation of atonement that is not cancelled by the passage of time. Indeed, the slave trade in one sense was more understandable than our contemporary policy. There was less sense of humanity in the world three hundred years ago. The slave trade was widely approved by the major Powers of the world. The economies of England, Spain, and the U.S. rested heavily on the profits derived from it. Today, in our opulent society, our reliance on trade with South Africa is infinitesimal significance. No real national interest impels us to be cautious, gentle, or a good customer of a nation that offends the world's conscience.
Have we the power to be more than peevish with South Africa, but yet refrain from acts of war? To list the extensive economic relations of the great Powers with South Africa is to suggest a potent non-violent path. The international potential of non-violence has never been employed. Non-violence has been practised within national borders in India, the U.S. and in regions of Africa with spectacular success. The time has come to utilize non-violence fully through a massive international boycott which would involve the USSR, Great Britain, France, the United States, Germany and Japan. Millions of people can personally give expression to their abhorrence of the world's worst racism through such a far-flung boycott. No nation professing a concern for man's dignity could avoid assuming its obligations if people of all States and races were to adopt a firm stand. Nor need we confine an international boycott to South Africa. The time has come for an international alliance of peoples of all nations against racism.
Through recent anthropological discoveries, science has substantially established that the cradle of humanity is Africa. The earliest creatures who passed the divide between animal and man seem to have first emerged in East and South Africa. Professor Raymond Dart described this historical epoch as the moment when man "trembled on the brink of humanity". A million years later in the same place some men of South Africa are again "trembling on the brink of humanity"; but instead of advancing from pre-human to human, they are reversing the process and are travelling backward in time from human to pre-human.
Civilization has come a long way; it still has far to go, and it cannot afford to be set back by resolute, wicked men. Negroes were dispersed over thousands of miles and over many continents, yet today they have found each other again. Negro and white have been separated for centuries by evil men and evil myths. But they have found each other. The powerful unity of Negro with Negro and white with Negro is stronger than the most potent and entrenched racism. The whole human race will benefit when it ends the abomination that has diminished the stature of man for too long. This is the task to which we are called by the suffering in South Africa, and our response should be swift and unstinting. Out of this struggle will come the glorious reality of the family of man. |
Last name: Brave
Recorded as Brave, Bravey, Bravy, Bravery, Bravo and Bravi, this unusual surname is English, but of probably Spanish or Portuguese and ultimately Roman (Latin) origins. If so then it was probably introduced into the British Isles during the medieval period when links between England and Portugal were very close. The literal meaning is "one who is fierce", and as such it was probably a descriptive nickname for a soldier or sailor. The development is from the word "bravo", the modern spelling being a form of patronymic or diminutive implying son of Bravo, or Little Bravo. There are a number of continental coats of arms for the surname in Spain, Italy and Holland. The name recordings in Britain include the following examples - Elizabeth Bravy christened at the church of All Hallows the Less, in the city of Londoon, on August 3rd 1578, John Brave, christened at St Botolpsh without Bishopgate, on July 15th 1608, John Bravey, who married Elizabeth Galle at St Mary le Bone, on April 10th 1694, Susannah Bravery who married Jonathan Greek at St. Dunstans in the East, Stepney, on August 27th 1760. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
© Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2016
Surname Scroll
PayPal Acceptance Mark
Surname Scroll |
Koala Chlamydia Threatening Entire Species: WTH?!
by at . Updated at . Comments
Koalas are unique to Australia and have become symbols of the country, but their numbers are in sharp decline and the species' survival may be in peril.
One of the most common places to find a koala these days is in the hospital, and one of the reasons is the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia.
Chlamydia affects male and female koalas, and even the little ones called joeys - who pick it up early when suckling from their mothers in the pouch.
Visible signs of infection include conjunctivitis, and a condition dubbed "dirty tail," caused by a combination of urinary tract infections and incontinence.
This means keeping the animals in captivity for the duration of the koala chlamydia treatment - usually a few months - before releasing it back into the wild.
Elaborate efforts are already underway. Hopefully they succeed.
Tags: , |
Extrude along spline in 3d studio max
here are some screen shots with a problem and its solution.
object and the spline
object and the spline
Just a picture of an object and a curve.
make it first
make it first
So here we
VideoTrace – 3D modelling using real video
more about booleans
I recently had an idea for a small animation.
And I noticed that it seems to be impossible.
implicit surfaces, aka blob mesh, and metaballs. PART II
so the idea is this.
B. we will get the normals of each vertex.
screanshot of blobmesh section in max
screen shot of blob mesh section in max
blob mesh, facke intersection
blob mesh, fake intersection
how to make planes
how to make planes
any ideas?
implicit surfaces, aka blob mesh, and metaballs.
ok, its a long time. so some thoughts on implicit surfaces and their topology. so why do we talk about it in first place, its becouse of its ugly topology. metaballs are so cool, but hardly usable in animations and in other fields cos of irregular and ever chaging mesh topology, so what do we do? lets think.
first, a description of implicit surface as i understand it.
2.2.3 Implicit surfaces (Bloomenthal 1987)
Implicit surfaces are also known as “Metaballs”, “Blobbies” or “Soft objects”.
Implicit surface is a technique first introduced by Jim Blinn in 1980. The idea is to have control objects, which determine the resulting surface. Each control object generates a sphere around itself. When two or more controller objects are close together, the resulting surface will “melt” together. So instead of two spheres one will have two spheres which are connected and form a “blobby” single surface shape. How much the resulting surfaces blob together is a result of distances from controlling objects and of weights of these control objects. (Maestri. 1999 43-44)
so i had few ideas on the matter. pls look at a picture and tell me what u think.
ok. now as far as i understand the poligonization of such mathematical substance :) as metaball, it works like this (and pls correct me if i am wrong) the algorithm “checks” certain points in worldspace to see if that point is in or outside of this mathematical descriptio0n of metaballsurface. so basically, user determines “resolution” or level of detail he or she wants, and based on that, algorithm generates planes, to see where are boundaroes of this object in that particular plane. and planes are generated in x, y, and z. so pls look at picture beneath. so what i thought of is, why user is not able to determine how these planes are distributed and aligned? why dont we have such simple control as in uv ordinates, u know we would choose box, cilinder, sphere just like in uv layout (imagine box uv layout as a traditional plane distribution for imlicitsurfaces).
so people who have read, and understood, some of papers about implicit surfaces, including old john blinns texts, tell me do i bulshit or that could be a very small step towards better topology?
and some links to read more: here
and as usual link to my other website here
4.4.2 Hole Determination Based Upon Overall Tree Structure
4.4.2 Hole Determination Based Upon Overall Tree Structure
max hole
Fig 33. Proposals visualization.
max hole
Fig 34. Proposals visualization.
You can visit my web page here
Proposal for Automatic Tree Trunk Generator
Chapter 4: Proposal for Automatic Tree Trunk Generator
This Chapter outlines a proposal for an automatic tree trunk generator. The first section focuses on the shape of a tree trunk and outlines six steps involved in the process of trunk generation. What follows describes the biological origins of a hole in a tree trunk as well as a proposal for automatic hole generation and possible tools for this approach as part of a trunk generator.
4.1 Overview of Trunk Shape
There are many solutions for increasing a 3 dimensional tree’s complexity so that it reflects the natural complexities we see in nature. For example recently there has been a great deal of research done in bark generation in order to achieve photo realistic results in tree simulation. Yet there is a lack of solutions regarding overall trunk shape. Trees in reality tend to have not only complex bark shapes, but also complex trunk structures and in older trees trunks these structures are much more complex, and harder to describe. Most tree generators create quite simple tree trunk shapes. This can be observed in Figure 26 which is screenshots generated by the application Vue6.
Fig 26. Generated using Vue6 personal learning edition.
Fig 26. Generated using Vue6 personal learning edition.
As we can see from Figure 27 a natural tree’s trunk shape can be much more complex .
Fig 27. Pictures taken in Berlin 2007.
Fig 27. Pictures taken in Berlin 2007.
In order to achieve a more complex tree trunk surface and shape I propose a new trunk surface simulation strategy. This strategy would increase the speed of this process greatly as well as improve upon current tree generators. The idea follows and expands upon a traditional cylindrical extrusion approach. Tree trunks or branches in 3d tree simulators are usually treated as cylinders. Usually the cylinder begins wider and proceeds to become narrower.
My approach follows the same idea yet generates a more detailed result. The general concept is to combine many cylinders with different properties and shapes to generate one shape. In my proposal the cylinders are slightly off set from the center of the trunk, and the result is created by grouping shapes to create the tree trunk’s outer surface. The defining step is the removal of all inner parts of cylindrical shapes which intersect. The result of this unifies the surface thereby resulting in one trunk shape. The next sections will describe the overall steps in detail.
you can also wisit my portfolio.
3.4 Anisotropic Polygonal Re Meshing
Ok, so we looked at some research done about tree generation.
Now one or two articles about some 3d techniques, which might at first glance be seen as irelevant to trees,
but you will see how it is relevant when I will discus blobmesh (metaballs, implicit surfaces) in tree generation.
So as we all know implicit surfaces solutions result ugly mesh topology, and here is a nice idea how to make topology “right”.
*(if my short overview of this paper is unclear, please have a look at original paper, sins i am not a mathematician, some stuff is hard to understand for me too.)
One problem in 3-dimensional modeling for animation and film special defects is mesh topology. In order to correctly animate surfaces which undergo morphing transformations, the topology of the mesh, in other words the structure of polygons and the way they are interconnected, must be correct. This means it must follow certain rules or requirements. One of the requirements is to have a mesh which consist of quads polygons, rather then triangular polygons. This brings up another important term in 3-dimensional animation and modeling which is edge loops. This term is not scientific and used by modelers.
The edge loop is not exactly a technical term, but rather jargon used by artists. It is hard to determine what is an edge loop and what is not. The edge loop is a certain way polygons are arranged together. The idea is that the main visual or underlying structures of an object which is being modeled would be represented in a polygon arrangement. The polygons no longer define only the surface approximation of an object, but also reflect the biological or mechanical underlying structures of the represented object. When an object is animated it deforms, and in order for the object to deform realistically its structures (polygonal in this case) must represent the structures and movement which exist in real object. For example, a correct mesh topology of a human body should contain polygons which represent an approximation of the human body’s volume correctly, and the way the polygons are interconnected should represent the main muscle structures. This method provides more realistic human body animation, due to the more convincing muscle movements.
When 3-dimensional objects are scanned from real life objects and usually outputted from a 3d-scanner, the mesh is irregular and does not form or represent any certain structure. The vertexes in the mesh are distributed more or less equally along the complete surface. In film or animation, such objects are usually modeled manually (Boudon 2006). The scan is used only as a reference, and the modeler has to create an object from scratch, while creating a correct mesh topology. In other words, the scanner scans only the surface without any real ability to interpret inner structures of that object. Figure 25 illustrates this.
The same problem exists with implicit surfaces, since implicit surface polygonisation topology of a mesh is quite messy and it is very hard to animate such surfaces, unless they are polygonised for each and every single frame separately (see section 2.2.4, for a short description of implicit surfaces).
Some very interesting research has been done concerning Anisotropic Polygonal remeshing, or in other words retopologisation of polygonal meshes by Alliez, Cohen-Steiner, Devillers, L’evy and Desburn. In their paper “Anisotropic Polygonal remeshing”, the authors propose a method to correct bad or irregular mesh topology (Alliez et al. 2003).
This method employs natural anisotropy meaning dependent on the direction of a given surface and tries to mimic the way an artist would create a 3 dimensional object by using the minimum number of surface elements to create a detailed surface (Alliez et al. 2003). They developed an algorithm which inputs the existing mesh, and estimates the directional fields of a given surface at each vertex. Then using the calculation of the directional fields, the algorithm estimates the minimum amount of curves necessary. Meanwhile, the algorithm creates curves which are always parallel in order to create an effective mesh topology. In the intersection of the curves, the algorithm then generates vertices. After that algorithm generates a mesh using the created vertices and direction curves as guidelines (Alliez et al. 2003).
Anisotropic Polygonal RemeshingFig 25. Picture taken from: Pierre Alliez, David Cohen-Steiner, Olivier Devillers, Bruno Lévy, and Mathieu Desbrun 2003. Anisotropic Polygonal Remeshing. ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers SIGGRAPH ’03, Volume 22 Issue 3
As shown in figure 25, the overall surface shape of the model remains the same, but the number of elements dramatically decreases. Also the topology of the mesh is much better and resembles one which one would expect was created manually. This method is very valuable in 3-dimensional modeling and could potentially serve for re-meshing virtual models generated by 3-dimensional scanners or irregular mesh topologies created by implicit surface polygonisation.
you can also wisit my portfolio. |
On Land and Water: the Southern Ocean and the Importance of Correct Names
As a representative of the Early Millennials, I can say with confidence most of us grew up with four oceans in our geographic vocabulary — the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Arctic oceans. Granted, to impress our teachers (and by impress, I mean annoy), some of us may have raised our hands to announce our awareness of the dual identities of the first two in this list, divided into the north and south Atlantic and the north and south Pacific.
“Miss, the north and south portions rotate in different directions, so they have to be different oceans,” we’d say.
“I see,” Ms. Miss would reply, suppressing the instinct to roll her eyes. “Is that what your science teacher’s been telling you?”
Well, here’s a new one on our youngest group of graduates now entering the work force, a piece of information the upcoming generation of students will no doubt annoy us with — there aren’t four oceans, nor even six counting the subdivisions of the Atlantic and Pacific. There are seven!
National Geographic map from 1922 showing the “Antarctic (Southern) Ocean.”
I was disappointed to discover recently that the Southern Ocean has been a thing for 16 years, officially, and even as early as the 1920s on some maps. While we were fretting over the Y2K bug, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) was working to re-imagine the landscape of our planet according to the most current science. Because the waters surrounding Antarctica rotate independently of any other ocean current, the area below the 60th parallel was known to be an independent ecosystem, but didn’t yet have its own name. In light of this information, the IHO, comprising 68 countries with saltwater shorelines, requested of its members a recommendation on how to handle this wrinkle in natural science. Of the 68, 27 nations responded with preference for a fifth ocean, and Argentina alone wrote to say it was unnecessary. Out of those 28 responses, 18 advocated for the naming of the new ocean as the Southern Ocean, while the rest preferred the Antarctic Ocean.
As a result of less than 42 percent of responses from IHO’s membership, the organization published the third edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas (S-23) in the year 2000, entering the new “Southern Ocean” into the annals of history. I’m guessing their decision-making process doesn’t work on a majority-rules system.
Fifteen years later, perhaps as a result of this continued debate, the Southern Ocean still has yet to enter into common parlance, evidenced by brief interviews with my younger brother and three of the youngest employees in the Houston Museum of Natural Science Marketing Department. None of them knew what the heck I was talking about. You’d think information 15 years old would’ve at least made it into the minds of those younger than 23. Even the fact that some countries, though not all, recognize a fifth ocean ought to be enough to make it into public school curricula. But alas, this information has flown under the radar for so long, this 31-year-old professional internet researcher has beaten his younger contemporaries to the punch. And like the IHO member-countries who abstained from their recommendations, I’m uncertain whether I should be proud of this personal discovery. In any case, there is a new ocean, and its name is the Southern.
Perhaps the reason for this “secret” of Earth’s modern hydrography lies in the hesitation of many nations to even care about it. After all, the great waters of our planet are in a sense one big ocean flowing between the continents, and the demarcation of oceans seems more a semantic debate between map-makers than a pressing scientific issue. But I’m totally for it — I believe in the Southern Ocean!
As a species, we name things to better understand our world and enter into discussions about it. Science, though not perfect, strives to be exacting. We seek answers and work to classify the things we know into categories that make the most sense because, simply put, it makes things easier to understand. From my word-nerd perspective, the people who care about language work toward accuracy. By nature, language can never be as exact as science, but concision helps scientists create precise explanations. I mean, come on; how much simpler is it to say, “The Southern Ocean is home to the planet’s largest ocean current” than it is to fumble around with something like, “The waters surrounding Antarctica rotating separately from the other three oceans bordering it creates the planet’s largest ocean current”?
The “seven seas,” at one time or another.
New names for old things also place our society in historical context, and as humanity’s understanding of the world develops, so does our perspective. Remember the phrase “sailing the seven seas”? To the Ancient Greeks, who knew only Europe, Persia and North Africa, the extent of their hydrographical purview was limited to the Mediterranean, Black, Red, Adriatic, Aegean, and Caspian seas. They threw in the Persian Gulf because they didn’t know any better. To Medieval Europeans, the phrase referred to the Baltic, North, Mediterranean, Arabian, Black and Red seas and included the Atlantic for the same reason. In the time of colonialist expansion to North America, sailors saw the oceans as great seas, lending credence to the idea that the world shrinks as knowledge grows. These mariners considered the Gulf of Mexico, the Arctic Ocean, the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific all seas, as well as the Caribbean and its eldest relative, the Mediterranean.
Now, in 2016, in an age of scientific and lingual precision, we invoke the phrase in the times we wish to wax poetic, when no other phrase will do, but with the advent of the Southern Ocean, it’s no less accurate. The seas of our millennium include two Atlantics, two Pacifics, one each of Arctic and Indian, and now the Southern. I’ll move we call these The Magnificent Seven.
“The Tall One”: Denali, formerly Mt. McKinley, formerly Denali.
The waters of our world aren’t the only thing changing names. Last September, near the centennial of the national park system, President Obama visited Denali National Park in Alaska, home to the tallest peak in North America. Reaching a whopping 20,237 feet into the sky, the mountain was formerly known as Mt. McKinley. During the visit, Obama announced the United States would officially recognize the mountain’s ancient title of Denali and scrap the name of the 1896 presidential candidate William McKinley (who, incidentally, lost the race). The name “Denali” is a derivation of “the tall one” in Koyukon, one of 11 Athabascan languages traditionally spoken in Alaska.
The return of the mountain to its former name observes the viability of the Athabascan naming system, which links places to one another to help orient travelers more effectively. For example, the names of several tributaries of the same main river will all share similar roots. The re-naming also comes as a sign of respect to the peoples who for thousands of years have called Denali by the same name in spite of its federal designation less than a century old.
You see how important a name can be. So the next time a kid corrects you, instead of rolling your eyes, rein in your pride and smile. Then ask the kid this: “Okay, smarty-pants. Now tell me why it has that name.”
Picture 1137
Some of the coolest things we found:
Hibiscus bee, Ptilothrix bombiformis
The 10 Kinds of Pandas You Find on the Internet
panda bear wallpaper 9
I hereby put forth that pandas are the epitome of Internet animal cuteness, and should reign with their ever-powerful cuteness over the masses from a bamboo throne … which would have to be replaced constantly, because they’d eat it (in an adorable fashion, of course).
Don’t believe me? Check out the 10 kinds of pandas you find on the Internet:
(Or perhaps you’re already panda savvy, in which case you should totally come see Pandas: The Journey Home now playing in the Wortham Giant Screen Theatre.)
Because nothing’s more adorably sad than a sad panda.
When you’re this cute, A-listers can’t get enough photo ops — even though the pandas obviously hog the spotlight.
You’d wear a hat of your own face, too, if it were this cute.
Nothing is filled with more joy than a happy panda.
Because when the going gets tough, the tough get going.
Don’t even pretend your baby’s this cute. #SorryNotSorry
Sometimes you just need that extra push and WHO COULD EVER GET MAD AT A PANDA?!
Everyone’s trying to rip off their adorableness.
Tell me what’s cuter than a giant panda scared by a surprisingly loud sneeze from an eensie weensie panda. TELL ME.
Unfortunately, the endangered status of these miraculous creatures makes me a sad panda. However, these crazy-cute guys and gals are starting to make a come back! Learn all about the conservation programs in their native China and see how their population is beginning to rebound in Pandas: The Journey Home, now playing in the Wortham Giant Screen Theatre.
How did you end up in the movie anyway?
|
How USB Ports Work
Tech | Buses
USB 2.0 and 3.0
Supporting three speed modes (1.5, 12 and 480 megabits per second), USB 2.0 supports low-bandwidth devices such as keyboards and mice, as well as high-bandwidth ones like high-resolution webcams, scanners, printers and high-capacity storage systems. The deployment of USB 2.0 allowed PC industry leaders to forge ahead with the development of PC peripherals to complement existing high-performance PCs. In addition to improving functionality and encouraging innovation, USB 2.0 increases the productivity of user applications and allows the user to run multiple PC applications at once or several high-performance peripherals simultaneously.
The USB 3.0 (SuperSpeed USB) standard became official on Nov. 17, 2008 [source: Everything USB]. USB 3.0 boasts speeds 10 times faster than USB 2.0 at 4.8 gigabits per second. It's meant for applications such as transferring high-definition video footage or backing up an entire hard drive to an external drive. As hard drive capacity grows, the need for a high-speed data transfer method also increases.
Adoption of the USB 3.0 standard has been slow. Chip manufacturers must design motherboard hardware that supports USB 3.0. Computer owners have the option to purchase cards that they can install in their computers to give USB 3.0 support. But hardware support is just part of the problem -- you also need support from your operating system. Even though Microsoft announced that Windows 7 would eventually support the USB 3.0 standard, the company shipped its operating system without USB 3.0 support. Recent distributions of the Linux operating system support USB 3.0.
You might not think data transfer cables create controversy. But some reporters, such as ZDNet writer Adrian Kingsley-Hughes, suggests that one reason USB 3.0 adoption has been slow is because Intel has delayed production on motherboards with USB 3.0 support purposefully to give one of its own products a head start [source: Kingsley-Hughes]. That product is Light Peak, a data transfer technology that has an initial top data transfer speed of 10 gigabits per second with future theoretical speeds reaching 100 gigabits per second. Since Intel is a major manufacturer of chips, only a few computers with motherboards made by other companies currently support USB 3.0.
Intel representatives deny such claims. Company executives have said that the Light Peak technology isn't going to replace USB ports and that both Light Peak and USB 3.0 will work together. In the meantime, you can find computers and accessories that incorporate USB 3.0 on the market today.
For more information on USB and related topics, check out the links on the next page. |
A community for students.
Here's the question you clicked on:
55 members online
• 0 replying
• 0 viewing
• 3 years ago
How is a bond between Na and Cl different from a bond between C and O? What about a bond between N and N? Why are some bonds ionic and some covalent?
• This Question is Closed
1. anonymous
• 3 years ago
Best Response
You've already chosen the best response.
Medals 0
Whether a bond is covalent or ionic depends on the electronegativity difference between the participating atoms. Because that Na and Cl have very different electronegativities - Cl having a much higher electronegativity - the bond will be ionic - chlorine will fully take an electron from sodium. C and O will have a polar covalent bond (there is an electronegativity difference but not quite as large as the previous one). N and N will have a nonpolar covalent bond (no electronegativity difference). In covalent bonds atoms share electrons instead of giving and taking them.
2. Not the answer you are looking for?
Search for more explanations.
• Attachments:
Ask your own question
Sign Up
Find more explanations on OpenStudy
Privacy Policy
spraguer (Moderator)
5 → View Detailed Profile
• Teamwork 19 Teammate
• Problem Solving 19 Hero
• You have blocked this person.
• ✔ You're a fan Checking fan status...
This is the testimonial you wrote.
You haven't written a testimonial for Owlfred. |
Psychology Wiki
Superficial fibular nerve
34,200pages on
this wiki
Nerve: Superficial fibular nerve
Deep nerves of the front of the leg.
Latin nervus fibularis superficialis, nervus peronæus superficialis
Gray's subject #213 966
From common peroneal nerve
To medial dorsal cutaneous nerve, intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve
MeSH [1]
The superficial fibular nerve (superficial peroneal nerve) innervates the Peronei longus and brevis and the skin over the greater part of the dorsum of the foot (with the exception of the first web space, which is innervated by the deep peroneal nerve).
It passes forward between the Peronæi and the Extensor digitorum longus, pierces the deep fascia at the lower third of the leg, and divides into a medial and an intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve.
In its course between the muscles, the nerve gives off muscular branches to peroneus longus and peroneus brevis, and cutaneous filaments to the integument of the lower part of the leg.
Additional imagesEdit
External linksEdit
Around Wikia's network
Random Wiki |
Join them; it only takes a minute:
Sign up
Join the Stack Overflow community to:
1. Ask programming questions
2. Answer and help your peers
3. Get recognized for your expertise
This question already has an answer here:
When I see Java programs, many leave the String args[] on even though the program doesn't use them. Why is this? Anything in particular?
share|improve this question
marked as duplicate by wchargin, Mikko Maunu, Roman C, DrC, Minko Gechev May 9 '13 at 6:35
up vote 10 down vote accepted
String args[] is part of the method signature for main. If you don't have it you will get the exception below when you try and run the code.
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: main
share|improve this answer This runs fine for me, though... – MarJamRob May 9 '13 at 0:50
I get the exception when I use the java compiler for mac (version javac 1.6.0_45). What compiler are you using? – FDinoff May 9 '13 at 0:52
javac 1.7.0_10 on OSX 10.7 – MarJamRob May 9 '13 at 0:54
I don't have that specific compiler on my computer. When I tried it with a javac version 1.7.0_11 on Fedora. I got a Error: Main method not found in class tut21, please define the main method as: public static void main(String[] args) So I do not know why you can run it. You shouldn't be able to. – FDinoff May 9 '13 at 0:58
@MarJamRob, either your compiler is broken or you're not running the class file you think you are. JLS7 explicitly states the parameter is required (see KevinB's answer). – paxdiablo May 9 '13 at 1:01
If it is for a main(String[]) it is to fulfill the method signature & therefore vital.
share|improve this answer
Its required by the specification.
The method main must be declared public, static, and void. It must specify a formal parameter (§8.4.1) whose declared type is array of String. Therefore, either of the following declarations is acceptable:
public static void main(String[] args)
public static void main(String... args)
share|improve this answer
+1 for the JLS7 reference. – paxdiablo May 9 '13 at 1:02
The code within the main may not directly use it, but it is still required. 'String args[]' is where any command line arguments are passed. Even if you pass in 0 arguments, there needs to be a way for that to be verified. It is also the required signature for main by the requirements of the JVM.
share|improve this answer
|
Join them; it only takes a minute:
Sign up
Join the Stack Overflow community to:
1. Ask programming questions
2. Answer and help your peers
3. Get recognized for your expertise
I am an electrical engineer who has recently discovered the need to modify the code in the MBR. Basically I need the ability to execute code on the HDD before, the OS starts up and takes over.
I fully understand that this will need to be written in Assembly and given the 446 bytes or so of code space in the MBR I just expect to call other code outside of the MBR. My question is what's the best way to write into the MBR ? If I want to alter the MBR of lets say disk HDD_1... Is it better to slave HDD_1 into another machine and then write to it, or write to it directly (outside of windows) in the current machine. Basically I figure I'll insert a call and leave the rest of the MBR alone.
Any suggestions would be appreciated
I am well aware that this is going to be difficult. My QUESTION is what's the best way to put an instruction in the MBR ? It goes without saying Windows doesn't allow direct access to the disk. How would you suggest I write instructions into the MBR ? Is maybe booting a live CD of *nix and writing to the MBR from there ?
share|improve this question
I am well aware that this is going to be difficult. My QUESTION is what's the best way to put an instruction in the MBR ? It goes without saying Windows doesn't allow direct access to the disk. How would you suggest I write instructions into the MBR ? – Chris Feb 20 '09 at 5:42
11 Answers 11
There are various ways of writing to the boot sector of a drive, and there is a general reference I used back when I was experimenting with homebrew OS development:
I personally just boot under linux and use dd:
1. Backup first
dd if=/dev/sda of=~/windows_bootloader.bin bs=512 count=1
2. Disassemble the bootloader
ndisasm -b16 -o7C00h ~/windows_bootloader.bin > ~/windows_bootloader.asm
3. Make your modifications and reassemble
nasm ~/windows_bootloader.asm -f bin ~/modified_bootloader.bin
4. Overwrite the bootloader
dd if=~/modified_bootloader.bin of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1
This assumes your that 'sda' is the correct block device. And note that the step 4 doesn't just copy the file to /dev/sda (which it could, but then you might overwrite more than just the first sector if the output binary > 512 Bytes )
Obviously you're not going to want to debug this approach on a live system. It will save you a lot of headaches to use some kind of x86 emulator like bochs, qemu or VMWare Server.
However as Michael Burr has stated, this will probably be a bad idea. Modifying the Windows bootloader, will probably leave you with little or no room for your own code.
share|improve this answer
Upvoted for the link to wiki.osdev... Just spent an hour there instead of coding! – Mahmoud Al-Qudsi Mar 18 '10 at 16:15
Love it! Simple and easy. – GTodorov Apr 4 at 21:40
The BIOS boots the computer from the hard drive (or floppy drive) by reading the first sector (512 bytes) of each boot device and checking for a specific set of signature bytes. If those bytes are found, the 512 byte sector is copied to ram (at a specific position) and BIOS jumps to run it.
Other then the signature bytes, 446 bytes in the sector are available for you to use as your boot program, but the boot program must fit entirely in that sector! Since 446 bytes isn't very large, you will have to make BIOS calls to copy other sectors off the hard drive (or floppy drive, or whatever) into ram to run those.
Once you've loaded enough into ram to run your program, jump to it and you're good to go.
That is how an operating system literally "pulls itself up by it's own bootstraps"
Now, there's no reason you couldn't write the boot code in C or C++ (or most anything else) except that with assembly, you know exactly what code will be generated and it's easy to make BIOS calls.
I would suggest you write a 512 byte disk drive to ram copier that loads your program from the disk into ram, and then jumps to the start address of your program. You can then write your program in any language you want. Keep in mind that when your boot code starts running, those 512 bytes are the only thing you can count on as in the ram. (Well, the BIOS is there you can make BIOS calls. The BIOS will also place some system information at certain places in ram...) If you want to call any functions you've written that are outside that sector, you have to load them into ram yourself.
Also, the easiest way to test your code will probablly be to put it on a floppy disk and boot off that.
To answer your original question, you could keep a backup copy of the old MBR somewhere, and your new MBR could load your function into ram, run it, then load the original MBR and run that, allowing windows to continue booting.
Also, Michael Burr is right, getting what you want done is going to be a nightmare.
In answer to your comment about how to actually write this on the hard drive, there are several "raw write" programs that can copy to a sector on the disk. Also, you could just boot off a linux live cd and use dd to write your data to the sector of your choice on the block device of your choice. -- Simple as pie that part.
share|improve this answer
What will be called by this subroutine call? The only code in memory at that point is whatever is in the MBR or ROM.
Please think carefully about whether you really need this or that's there's not a better alternative before you spend too much time on it. Third-party code written to an MBR (other than the MBR that the OS loader puts in there) is often not well received by users because:
• antivirus programs often flag it as suspicious code, because it's a technique viruses have used to gain control of machines
• programs have used the technique of inserting themselves into an MBR and storing additional code and data in 'reserved' sectors of the disc (because there's really not much one can do and store in an MBR). Unfortunately, since there's no good, standard way to actually reserve those sectors, this technique (sometimes used for copy protection) can cause corruption of data structures on the disk (ie., all data on the drive goes bye-bye). Users really hate that. I believe at one point Quicken used a protection scheme that did something like this and faced a pretty big backlash.
So if you do decide to continue on this path, please tread carefully and be prepared for headaches.
share|improve this answer
In fact boot sector virus code may be a good starting point. It's fairly harmless anyway since as soon as windows takes over it kills anything running in real mode (Real mode? whatever non-protected below the 640K limit is called) so there is no of infecting the computer. – S Herbert May 14 '09 at 20:49
Why does it go without saying that Windows doesn't allow direct access to the disk? The MSDN page for CreateFile() says this:
Direct access to the disk or to a volume is restricted. For more information, see "Changes to the file system and to the storage stack to restrict direct disk access and direct volume access in Windows Vista and in Windows Server 2008" in the Help and Support Knowledge Base at
Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP/2000: Direct access to the disk or to a volume is not restricted in this manner.
KB942448 explains the restrictions, and they seem to allow a process with sufficient privileges to write to the MBR or to a partition boot sector.
share|improve this answer
I found a similar question which may help:
However, you may want to elaborate on what you plan to do. As I have found out myself bootloader code can be quite tedious to work with. Also, I would certainly test this with a floppy if possible.
As far as actually doing this all from Windows, I am a bit clueless. Just about all of my programming experience to this point has been under a Unix environment.
share|improve this answer
I think your best way is with linux, it has nasm for compiling, dd for cluster copying (which means MBR as well), and even a boot loader menu (lilo for example) if you don't want to mess with your actual partitions.
I had to make my own boot sequence last year. Basically, I had this:
LILO boot menu:
-> WindowsXP
-> linux
I wanted to do something seperately on an MBR, without affecting the actual install, so I created a new (small) partition and added that to the LILO list (omitting details here), which gave this:
LILO boot menu:
-> WindowsXP
-> linux
-> TESTMBR
That way, since every partition has its own MBR as well, I could put any whacky code I wanted in there without the risk of locking myself out (which is a little annoying to fix).
To actually change that MBR I did this:
1. Backup actual MBR, eg dd if=/dev/sda3 of=/home/you/mbr−backup count=1
2. Edit code in a file: boot.asm
3. Compile with nasm: nasm boot.asm -o boot.bin -f bin correcting if errors
4. Copy the freshly created MBR to drive: dd if=boot.bin of=/dev/sda3
5. Reboot.
6. Choose TESTMBR in the menu.
7. See how it goes.
Sure, you can do that directly on the drive's MBR instead of the partition's MBR like I did here, but for my own case it was more practical.
Concerning the actual code-jumping-out-of-MBR, you'll need to use the INT 13,42 interruption, which loads any cluster on a disk. For the purpose of my test I just had to display its contents, but I can take a closer look if you want.
Hope that could help, sorry for the long reply.
share|improve this answer
If you can make a floppy, cd or memory stick that will boot to a MS command prompt, and have a matching version of MS debug, you can read and write to the MBR as below. A machine running win95 or win98 should be able to create a boot floppy for you. Just copy debug from the windows\command directory to the floppy.
inside debug: use the r command to change register values. set ax to 0201 for read, or 0301 for write. set es:bx to the starting address of the memory (buffer) you wish to use. 0000:7C00 might work, as this is typically the area that your next sector gets read to in the boot process. set cx to 0001 to read / write one sector of 512 bytes. set dx to 0080 for first physical hard drive.
use the "a" command to assemble the one line of code: INT 13h
use the "p" command to proceed. The data will be read or written, based on your choice of AX.
You could read to memory, "n" to name a file, "w" to write the file, and then edit a copy of the mbr in some other program. Once complete, use debug's "n" and "L" to name and load the edited MBR file, and call int 13h using ax= 0301h to write the image to the correct sector.
share|improve this answer
Are you sure you need to write the MBR? I a disk with partitions, you can also modify the partition's VBR (Volume Boot Record). That may be easier/safer, as you don't need to touch the MBR and your machine will still able to boot to other partitions (and OS), even if you totally destroy your test partition.
share|improve this answer
You could look into GRUB. I am by no means an expert at MBR code and it's been a long while since I ran a *nix OS, but I remember that the bootloader worked in stages and loaded the stages from the disk before the OS started. You could write your own stage to do the work you need done before the OS loads and then boot the OS. I'm not sure how practical this option is, particularly since the code seems to be in the middle of a rewrite because the "legacy" version was unmaintainable according to the documentation.
share|improve this answer
The editing of the MBR is perfectly possible from within Windows(XP). For this is used the HxD hex editor, you can literily copy-paste a hex file over the MBR, even on your active system drive (use with caution ! :))
As a starting point a would get the MBR of which the source is available, for instance Grub. (So let grub do the botoing to Windows) With this you have a good starting point to do the changes to your MBR. Editing the MBR shouldn't be too hard, as this little piece of software is pretty basic. Some 16bit (DOS) assembler skills are needed though. An other way is to let grub run some extra payload and not changing the MBR at all, but I'm 100% sure if this is possible; please refer to Grub manuals.
share|improve this answer
Windows has an undocumented utility "debug" which allows to:1) load any sector (including mbr) of hdd to ram. 2)view that code as binary or assemby. 3) Assemble some code in ram.4) write that code to any sector (to mbr also). To start this utilty, type debug at command promt, hit enter. The prompt changes to "-" .then type "help". you get informstion abot how to use it,
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
|
Analysis / Cheese-Eating Surrender Monkeys
France has never been shy of war; far from it, France is one of the most warlike countries ever to exist. However, this never translated into France becoming a normal, continent-spanning Empire (like the Qin, Han, Song, Ming, Qing, Mughal, Persian, Mongol, Ottoman, or Roman Empires) but remaining a small, European-style state that was largely ethnically homogenousnote . At any rate, in a millenia of warfare France's incredibly bloody record has more than a few bright spots:
• American victory in The American Revolution was achieved chiefly through French force of arms. The most pivotal role was arguably played by the French Navy, assisted by the Spanish, which kept the British from being able to reinforce or supply their forces in North America. The United States' Continental Army was led, trained, and equipped by and to the standards of the French Royal Army, though a German impostor did much of the 'training' bit.
• The French ultimately won the Hundred Years' War against the English, with the help of a teenage farm girl as well as superior overall planning. In fact, the French actually came out of the conflict holding more territory than they had before. Still, the war was characterized by three 'hot' periods and two 'cold' periods. The English won decisively the first hot period, while the French won a limited victory in the second and a complete victory in the third, taking bites out of the domains of the Counts of Burgundy, England's allies in the war. Ultimately, England ended up losing their territories on the continent, which were gobbled up by France.
• In the 17th and 18th century, Louis XIV led many successful military campaigns in Europe. Despite victory, however, Louis' campaigns did not appreciably increase French power (which may not be saying much, as France was the most powerful state in Europe long before and after Louis) and were extremely expensive, forcing the French government into debt, beginning the falling of the fiscal dominoes that would eventually result in France's bankruptcy and the French Revolution.
• Charlemagne and Napoleon Bonaparte (who, admittedly, was ethnically Italian) also led many French victories and conquered almost all of Europe. The achievements of both nevertheless came to naught. In Charlemagne's case, his heirs split his empire into three (much weaker) kingdoms, while Napoleon's reign ended with the France's complete defeat, restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, and the end of the Revolution.
• During the First World War, the French kicked enormous amounts of ass, especially considering their best industrial land was overrun in the first weeks, bearing the brunt of Allied casualties in the Western Front and claiming the majority of Allied victories in the West. In the Second World War, the French Resistance had much tactical significance, in that the Allies coordinated their actions with those of the invasion force, giving some pretty spectacular results. However, their overall impact on the course of the second war has often been overstated.
• The Free French Forces led by General De Gaulle kicked some ass during World War II alongside the Allies. They said This is BIR HAKEIM! to Rommel, covering the British retreat in the process.
• Finally, the French have a reputation for revolutions. From the Jacquerie during the Middle Ages, over to the French Revolution, the Communards and Mai 1968. When it comes to senselessly slaughtering people, the French did their fair share by sending thousands to the guillotine.
• As for unambiguous French defeats, the two most serious are certainly the Seven Years War (1756-1763), in which they lost all of their New World domains (some of which Napoleon later recovered and sold to the United States), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), during which Emperor Napoleon III was captured in battle. The Prussians then forced the French to cede Alsace-Lorraine, pay a five billion franc indemnity, and allow the coronation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor at Versailles, Louis XIV's palace.
• The current French political system is called the Fifth Republic. In fact during the same time the United States and United Kingdom have kept more or less the same political system, France has gone through five republics, three kingdoms and two empires. This is due in no small part to the French tendency to change management style after an unsuccessful war. Losing or even not exactly losing a series of wars led to the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy in the The French Revolution. Poor results in the French revolutionary wars led to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. His defeat at Waterloo led to the Bourbon restoration. France then went through a sort-of-absolute-monarchy, replaced by a sort-of-constitutional-monarchy (the July monarchy), another republic when they got tired of that and then elected a nephew of Napoleon president and then emperor. When Napoleon III lost the Franco-Prussian War France got to republic number three. After being overrun by Germans twice that got replaced by republic number four. After a series of frustrating colonial wars, Charles De Gaulle instituted the Fifth Republic which as of 2014 has stuck. Lampshaded in the Larry Bond techno thriller Cauldron where they end up with the Sixth Republic after losing yet another war.
• The one thing that needs to be taken account is the advantage of geography. England is separated from Continental Europe by water and the last person to conquer England, a Norman by the name of William the Conqueror (who is technically French), did so nearly 1,000 years ago. For most of modern English history, England did not have to live in constant fear of being overrun on all sides like Continental nations with their interconnected land borders. The main target for English invasion is from the Channel and Dover, whereas France, being Hexagonal in shape, constantly fears Everything Trying to Kill You thanks to its thin land and water borders. Spain on its South with the mountain pass of Pyrenees being a single buffer, in the North it has England across the narrow channel with Germany, Netherlands, Italy on its sides and the Mediterranean coast that leaves it open from invasion from Africa, Italy and other regions there. As such it has greater vulnerability than both the United States and England. No nation can do anything about its geographical advantages or lack thereof and based on what France has, its achievements are pretty good.
In a nutshell, the French are neither as incompetent as they are sometimes portrayed, nor as capable as they might have been. |
Print 27 comment(s) - last by Azethoth.. on May 3 at 10:07 PM
(Source: Know Your Meme)
Two-decades ago WWW replaced Gopher and other more rudimentary protocols
Even as the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is plotting a faster next generation internet, it is celebrating the past with a new post on the WorldWideWeb protocol, whose source code and software it launched royalty free twenty years ago to the public.
While many people think Al Gore "invented" the WorldWideWeb (due to his push for funding it in Congress), that distinction arguably goes to CERN and British physicist Sir Tim Berners-Lee.
Development on the WorldWideWeb (www) and its backing hypertext protocol (which created a "web" of links) began in 1989 under the leadership of Professor Berners-Lee. At the time some hypertext protocols existed, but many were proprietary; thus other protocols like WAIS and Gopher were more commonly used to retrieve information in packets over networked computers.
Professor Berners-Lee hosted the worldwide web's first site himself on a NeXT computer (from Steve Jobs' short-lived startup). The NeXT machine cost a whopping $6,500 at the time and came in a stylish cubic form factor. Using the machine's advance capabilities, Professor Berners-Lee demoed how to run a www-based webserver, wrote a primitive browser for the protocol, and made a website showing its capabilities. The website today has been revived by CERN to celebrate the landmark of WWW's royalty-free publication.
NeXT Berners-Lee
Prof. Berners-Lee poses in 1994 with his NeXT computer. [Image Source: CERN]
The NeXT browser software was then ported to a crude command-line style browser. This browser worked on top of the email protocol. You would email CERN with the URL -- the web address -- of the www-protocl page, and CERN would reply with a message with the page's context, that the command-line program would parse as text. There were no graphics at first.
WWW software
Early software for WWW under development on Prof. Berners-Lee's NeXT PC.
[Image Source: CERN]
Soon rich-media browsers like Microsoft Corp.'s (MSFT) Internet Explorer and the now-defunct Netscape Navigator popped up. From there we were off to the races -- internet useage and website grew like a wildfire, transforming our day-to-day life.
In late 1993, there were around 500 web servers using WWW, which accounted for roughly 1 percent of web traffic. Today there are 630 million sites that use the protocol
Describes Rolf Heuer, CERN Director-General, "There is no sector of society that has not been transformed by the invention, in a physics laboratory, of the web. From research to business and education, the web has been reshaping the way we communicate, work, innovate and live. The web is a powerful example of the way that basic research benefits humankind."
So congratulations, CERN, and happy birthday WorldWideWeb. Sure CERN's other inventions like mankind's most expensive and complex piece of machinery -- the LHC particle collider -- are impressive. But from creeping sloths to flying toaster cats, the internet is arguably a far greater triumph for the creativity of mankind. Now back to viewing GIFs, readers.
Sources: CERN [1], [2]
Comments Threshold
By rippleyaliens on 4/30/2013 8:31:03 PM , Rating: 2
You would think NERDs of the world would do research.. Internet= The ability to have switch packets-ROUTABLE (Big thing back in the day), That would be able to survive a NUCLEAR Attack. HENCE, DOD-- Created the Internet, via Darpa, PRE-Darpa.. WWW.. MADE it easier to go to sites, VERSUS, GOING by IP Address.. Hence, DNS Was Created, to resolve those IP Address, into a Way to avoid having to remember, WWW= Port 80, OF TCP/IP Ftp=21,
Think BIGGER, before just throwing out names, and places, WITHOUT Actually thinking, HOW \WHEN\WHAT\WHERE--- How about WHY!!!..
you forget, TCP\IP, Really didnt get popular, until Mid 90's.. Netbeu\IPX\SPX, IE PROTOCOLS.. First machines, up until, WIN 95, There had to be distinct CODE just to enable TCP\IP.. HENCE Proxy servers, in the past, as MOST NETWORKS used Novels, IPX\SPX, OR Microsoft NETBEU PROTOCOLS.. TCP\IP, in use for MANY Years before these, only saw radical usage with UNIX-- Win95 ushered in the Infamous BROWSER Wars, with Netscape.. But before that, we alll dialed into AOL\Compuserve\UUnet, etc..
The Military CREATED the -- INTERNET, to provide secure,\ROUTABLE communications incase of a Nuclear war.. TO WHICH if i sent a message from NY to LA, It would bounce alllllll over the Country AT THAT TIME, without worrying taht if A link was broken in say, Colorado, it can re-route to a differnt SITE, without LOOSING the Initial Message.. hence TCP\IP.. PORT 80 was utilized so that IDIOTS!!!! Can get on the INternet, and type,, without having to know the exact IP of said site.
Damn im old..
By Just Tom on 5/3/2013 3:45:43 PM , Rating: 2
You might be old but you're wrong. DARPANET was not designed to survive a nuclear war. The redunancy built into the system was because the equipment of the day was awful not in order to survive a nuclear war.
|
@misc{Anderberg2008Anatomy, abstract = {One theory for why there is a strong education gradient in health outcomes is that more educated individuals more quickly absorb new information about health technology. The MMR controversy in the UK provides a case where, for a brief period of time, some highly publicized research suggested that a particular multi-component vaccine, freely provided to young children, could have potentially serious side-effects. As the controversy set in, uptake of the MMR vaccine by more educated parents decreased significantly faster than that by less educated parents, turning a significant positive education gradient into a negative one. The fact that the initial information was subsequently overturned and the decline in uptake ceased suggests that our results are not driven by other unrelated trends. Somewhat puzzling, more educated parents also reduced their uptake of other non-controversial childhood vaccines. As an alternative to the MMR, parents may purchase single vaccines privately; the MMR is the only vaccine for which we observe a strong effect of income on uptake.}, address = {Bonn}, author = {Dan Anderberg and Arnaud Chevalier and Jonathan Wadsworth}, copyright = {http://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen}, keywords = {H31; 610; Childhood vaccinations; health outcomes; education; Gesundheitsvorsorge; Bildungsniveau; Impfung; Kinder; Gesundheit; Gro\ss{}britannien}, language = {eng}, note = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-20080711157}, number = {3590}, publisher = {Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)}, series = {IZA Discussion Papers}, title = {Anatomy of a health scare: education, income and the MMR controversy in the UK}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10419/34923}, year = {2008} } |
Comments on: New Gettysburg Film from Ridley and Tony Scott Thu, 26 May 2016 20:46:00 +0000 hourly 1 By: Bill Fri, 06 Sep 2013 12:50:32 +0000 Why do people always want to explain something like the civil war with “this caused it”? Like one issue, one thing could cause so many states to take up arms. Its more complicated than one issue. Slavery was one issue and not the only issue. The southern states felt they had the right to govern what laws they would have inside the state’s boarders, this includes if they had slavery or not. One thing gets missed time and time again, Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee both felt that it was time to end slavery. It would of happened with or without the civil war, the North winning made it happen faster. For some reason people have to say one side is evil in a war, the South was not evil, it was fighting a war against a government it felt was bullying it.
Causes included
States right to pass laws
Federal Taxes
Federal Control on commerce
Its not simple
By: jimmypete Fri, 06 Sep 2013 11:37:51 +0000 I’ll try and state simply what I believe to be true. Slavery was the cause of the Civil War, the reason for secession. However , in the final analysis , is there any justification for glorifying the South in this war. German troops Nazi and non-Nazi , fought bravely and skillfully throughout World War 2, Germany had many complaints , some real some not , from it’s treatment post World War One. We certainly don’t see the honoring of the German Army or the cause with a rationale that they were brave and had some legitimate concerns post 1919. Slavery was a cruel , exploitive system which tainted all citizens and whose effects we are still tying to cure. It is an insult not only to African Americans but to the ideals of this nation to continue to rationalize a war which would have destroyed this nation, a war to keep an institution that debased this nation and it’s society. The revering of the Confederacy simply has no place in our current historical memory, and the “Lost Cause” meme was a foundation for an extra hundred years of de-jure oppression of our African American citizens.
By: David Fri, 06 Sep 2013 03:00:56 +0000 I’m going to try and make peace here. I’v lived in both the north and the south. I’m a northerner, but just barely–from southern Pennsylvania, a state that came close to seceding itself, until Fort Sumter. I am a conservative and hold traditional values. I am not politically-correct. I share the values shared my many in the south, including a respect for states’ rights. But it is true that the only right of states that mattered to the leaders of South Carolina and the other early members of the Confederacy was slavery. I am careful to say \leaders,\ since over 95% of all white southerners did not own slaves. Those leaders didn’t want to secede just to secede. They were happy to remain with the Union, until Lincoln’s election and a threatened end to slavery.
My ancestors also fought in the Civil War, on the Union side (in the 138th PA Volunteers), but I respect those whose ancestors fought on the other side, most of whom weren’t much different than mine. I also believe the southern states had a right to secede and Lincoln took some very unconstitutional actions during the war. I think very highly of the south and southerners–much more friendly and polite than most (not all!) of us northerners.
But I also believe that slavery cannot be divorced from the Civil War, and it required a war to end it. However, we have to recall that it was the forces of South Carolina, under Beauregard, who fired the first shot in that war, not the Union forces. We also have to recall that the entire South was not behind the Confederacy. Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland were split (but remained in the Union), and western Virginia seceded from Virginia to stay with the Union. Others from the inland (mountain) south were also pro-Union, believing the wealthy slavocracy was forcing the South to war against the interests of poor whites. This was especially true in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. By the same token, some northerners supported the CSA–indeed, the Confederate general at Vicksburg was from Philadelphia. So Southerner does not equal Confederate.
One final note: I do wish that people wouldn’t use that word \Yankee\ as such a pejorative. I don’t consider myself a \Yankee\ (except in the larger sense in which that word is used worldwide to refer to all Americans). To me, and I think to most northerners, that word applies only to New Englanders, and in New England it generally refers to the descendants of early settlers of that region, as a term of pride.
Well, that’s my $0.02.
By: Bill Wed, 08 Aug 2012 19:46:33 +0000 WOW a lot of people want to only post political nonsense
the War between the states was about states rights and slavery was added after Gettysburg…….By Lincoln, “The Gettysburg address anyone?” Its clear in the greatest documentary ever done, “The Civil War” Maybe some of these self righteous people here should see it.
Anyway this film was pure crap, it was not history but fantasy, Little round top? It was important and one of the greatest commanders of the civil war came into his own there, Chamberlain
I have also seen the epic Gettysburg with Martian Sheen, a great film and it was not all South, Little Round top was the star too. In the film I did not see pro south, I saw two sides equal in difficulties and in the end that no one really won, we all lost and the Confederacy was now at the beginning of the end.
All this crap about slavery, even the RE LEE and Jefferson Davis wanted to end slavery. But northerners want those facts to be buried because someone has to be evil, give me a break.
By: TL Rouhier Thu, 02 Aug 2012 03:56:28 +0000 Britton and France wanted the South to win so that the Uninted States would be destroyed as a growing world power. The original 13 states had tried a confederacy and found, as had all who tried it through history, that it would not work. To succed there must be a strong centeral government. States rights have always been less than the centeral government as provided by the constitution. The South had lost political leadership to the North because of population groath and manufacturing. Gen. Lee was headed for gettysburg because of an advertising flyer. 1200 pairs of shoes. The South had a big problem supplying the needs of it’s armys. A lot of soldiers were bare footed.
By: jimmypete Wed, 01 Aug 2012 17:12:27 +0000 Kieron Your comments have been refuted by every responsible historian who has studied the Civil War in the last 60 years. No Slavery no War. If you supported the South you supported enslaving other human beings, making people chattels.
By: kieron Wed, 01 Aug 2012 16:06:24 +0000 i am a brit am fascinated in the american civil war, surely what you are forgetting is , the south wanted out of the union because it had grown so big ,it was run by foreign investors just like today,the union wanted to dictate policy to the southern states ,who by the way are the original states who defeated the british and wanted to be free and decide their own fate , owning slaves was a side issue as not all the states owned them , it was called decentralising.just look at the soviet union , other countries who do not want to be dictated to big central powers,my own country is going away from central government ,ie england scotland wales the bye i would support the south ,
By: Ray Sun, 18 Mar 2012 22:57:11 +0000 jimmypete
Perhaps I didn’t make myself clear…not interested in causes of war…already pretty well known….I want to know about the experiences of the fighting men..most histories only politicians and generals….nobody ever gets to hear of the people who actually had to fight …also interested if any ex-slaves/freemen who fought for the Union set down their war
By: jimmypete Sun, 18 Mar 2012 22:18:48 +0000 Maybe because the South was trying to perpetuate a system where people were bought and sold, families split up, whipped instead of paid for their labor. I know there was racism throughout the country, but if the South’s cause wasn’t bad what would be.
By: Ray Sun, 18 Mar 2012 19:34:26 +0000 Just watched the “Martin Sheen” Gettysburg on cable TV over here in UK and would like to know if you can recommend any books that you feel can tell me more about the southern side of the war….As you say,the winners tend to rewrite history and the truth often disappears and it would be interesting to know the “other” side of these battles |
Human Mars Exploration - How Landing Sites Could Evolve | Video
NASA has created an animation with conceptual designs of the technology that may be used to explore the Red Planet. Over a decade of exploration and multiple expeditions would be necessary to facilitate these designs. Human Mars Exploration Re-Imagined in Art Exhibit
credit : NASA
Watch more ► |
Why Sequestration May Not Actually Reduce America’s Deficit
The United States is on the brink of sequestration, the $1.2 trillion in automatic budget cuts included in the summer 2011 deficit deal that will begin taking effect March 1 if Congress does not act to avert them. The goal of the cuts is to reduce America’s budget deficit, which remains Washington’s focus even as unemployment is high and the overall economic recovery is modest at best.
Despite the $85 billion in cuts that will take place this year, it is entirely possible that sequestration won’t actually lead to substantial shrinking of America’s deficit. There are a number of reasons for that, as Scott Lilly from the Center for American Progress explained in a column today. The primary reason, though, is that fiscal contraction caused by sequestration is likely to slow economic growth, reducing tax revenue and preventing meaningful deficit reduction, as CAP’s Adam Hersh notes:
Figure 1 also shows that the projected effect of the sequester will be to lower U.S. economic output by $287 billion from where we would be without any fiscal contraction—barely ahead of where the U.S. economy was at the end of 2012. To be certain—with sequestration on top of other fiscal contraction draining so much momentum—the U.S. economy would need to steer clear of all other risks to growth: potential oil- and commodity-price shocks, slowing global demand for U.S. exports, and the faltering confidence in the governability of U.S. economic policy. It is possible none of those risks will rear their ugly heads in the next year, but it would be foolish to bet America’s economic future on it.
Lilly estimates that the cuts could result in $17 billion in lost revenue this year, but because reducing government investment will also inhibit private sector growth, the effects may be even bigger than the Congressional Budget Office projects:
Government is intertwined with private-sector activity throughout much of the economy, and in many instances, a reduction in government activity will cause commensurate reduction in private-sector activity. That will damage not only the nation’s economy but also the revenue that the government collects based on the strength of the economy. It is difficult to project with any accuracy how much overall economic activity might be affected by the sequester, but it is very likely that it will be by an amount much larger than is projected by standard econometric modeling.
It may seem counter-intuitive to say that cutting spending won’t reduce the deficit, but Europe provides evidence that that could be the case. The result of fiscal contraction in Europe has been slower economic growth, second (and possibly third) recessions, and high unemployment, all of which has hampered deficit reduction efforts. Spain and France have both missed deficit reduction targets because of slow growth. When the United Kingdom’s austerity efforts began in 2010, finance leaders projected its deficits would fall from 4.8 percent of the total economy to just 1.9 percent by now. Instead, three years and a second recession later, it stands at 4.3 percent.
If America’s goal is to reduce long-term deficits and debt, the fastest way to do so would be to invest more money now into programs that will foster job creation and economic growth. Previous economic downturns were bolstered by government spending, and the current recovery was aided by initial efforts to stimulate the economy. Focusing on spending cuts and other austerity measures now, however, will only hamper growth, meaning, as Lilly wrote, “the savings that can reasonably be expected from sequestration is far less than $85 billion promised, and the fact is there could be no savings at all.” |
1. Vision
Input-Output Processing is at the heart of Human Intelligence
Some of the research in Artificial Intelligence research has been oriented mainly towards building a general computational theory of intelligence, of which human intelligence would be only one instance. However, some of the recent research in Artificial Intelligence has been primarily directed towards understanding human intelligence, taking the results of neuroscience and psychology into large consideration.
Our research fits in the second category, as a part of the effort to understand general intelligence through a study of animal and particularly human intelligence, the only form of intelligence we know. We use methods of Computer Science, and especially Computer Engineering, as tools to exploit the facts revealed in biology, psychology and neuroscience. Most importantly, we believe that perception and interaction with the real world is at the heart of intelligence.
In this perspective, our research is aimed at expressing, with computational tools, a model of human perceptual information processing. In particular, this project is a proposal to explore an attention-based model for auditory processing, inspired by the model proposed by Rao [1] and Ullman [2] for visual spatial perception.
Why Audition, Why Attention?
A lot of work has been done in fields related to visual information processing, for example computer vision, character recognition, etc. However, less work has been done in auditory information processing, in areas other than language processing. Furthermore, only a small fraction of the work on vision is directly aimed at understanding practically how the human brain does it. Similarly, little work has been done in understanding how we listen to and react to sounds other than conversations, for instance, music. How do we understand, interpret, recognize music? Moreover, why does it affect our emotions, our mood?
For the human visual system, Ullman [1] proposed a theory of cognitive routines to account for the flexibility and polyvalence of our visual system in performing various complex information extraction tasks. Rao [2] proposed a model on how the routines can be performed and learned using a generic architecture around attention.
Our task in this project was to try out a model similar to Rao's model for musical perception. We chose music/audition instead of vision, to see if the generic model for spatial information processing is also a generic model for other senses, as Rao speculates. The concept of an attention-based model is an attractive one, for two reasons, which are related to each other:
1. It is what makes Rao's model generic for various visual tasks. It reduces their complexity by organizing them into serial routines, sequences of attentional states. It would make the model generic to all senses if we can apply it here.
2. Attention is at the center of the mystery of the human mind. It is goes together with the unresolved issue of how a machine could have consciousness, and be self-aware. Here, our engineer's approach is the following: if we include manifestations of attention as a computational tool in our model, maybe that will give us insights on the consciousness issue.
Our Goals, for this project and beyond
Our Focus for this project
Our Contributions |
Five steps to colonising Mars
If setting up home on another planet sounds a daunting prospect, then our space correspondent Richard Hollingham is here to help. And in the video above, former astronaut Jeff Hoffman describes his project to bring oxygen to Mars.
It seems plenty of people want to abandon the Earth. Interest in leaving the home world for a new start on Mars has never been greater and was one of the hot topics at the recent BBC Future World-Changing Ideas Summit in New York.
There is even evidence to suggest it may one day happen. Nasa is tooling-up for production of its new heavy launch vehicle, the Space Launch System (SLS), capable of conveying humans beyond Earth orbit; Mars One has recruited hundreds of volunteers for its reality-TV-funded one-way-trip to the Red Planet and the Mars Society is stepping-up its studies into what it takes to be a Martian.
It is easy to imagine that human civilisation on Mars is inevitable. However, before you put all your worldly possessions on eBay and sign-up for a new start in Gale Crater, it is worth considering the obstacles that have to be overcome to build a sustainable extraterrestrial colony. It is not going to be easy.
Here are our five steps to building a new life on Mars:
1. Getting there
Within the next decade Nasa will finally have a spacecraft capable of making the journey to Mars. The massive new 2500 tonne SLS, combined with the Orion capsule, will enable astronauts to explore beyond the safety of low Earth orbit for the first time since the end of the Apollo Moon programme in 1972.
Although any long duration mission is also likely to employ a habitation module, giving the crew a bit more room to move around in, the nine month trip to Mars is going to be uncomfortable and boring. It could also be extremely dangerous.
Quite apart from the risks of launch (the recent Antares rocket explosion proves we should never take this for granted), during the transit to Mars the crew will be exposed to damaging levels of radiation that will significantly increase their risks of developing cancer. For anyone looking to have healthy Martian children (see below), cosmic radiation could also harm sperm and eggs.
Landing safely on Mars is also a challenge. Nasa used an innovative skycrane to lower its one-tonne Curiosity rover onto the surface in 2012. The Orion capsule weighs almost 10 tonnes and that is before you factor in any service module or landing rockets. The agency is currently developing giant inflatable heatshields designed to slow spacecraft as they approach Mars, making landing larger craft feasible.
The good news is that getting to Mars in one piece is essentially an engineering challenge but, speaking at the BBC Future World-Changing Ideas Summit, former Nasa astronaut Jeff Hoffman put his finger on a far bigger issue.
“It is going to be expensive,” he admitted. “What it will take to finance the human exploration of Mars is hard to say.”
The final figure is likely to be tens of billions of dollars, but Hoffman suggests that the new generation of entrepreneur billionaires who are “space nuts” might be part of a public-private solution. “[Paypal cofounder] Elon Musk says he wants to go to Mars and I hope he’s successful,” said Hoffman.
2. Become self-sufficient
Having successfully landed on Mars you need air, water, food and power to survive. In the short term you could rely on supplies brought from Earth or sent on supply missions but eventually you are going to have to produce your own.
Nasa’s 2020 rover – essentially an upgrade of Curiosity – will carry an electrolysis experiment to extract oxygen from carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere.
“For the very first time we’ll produce oxygen on the surface of Mars,” said Hoffman, who’s working on the instrument. “It’s a hundredth of the scale we’ll need for a human expedition, but it’s a start.”
Evidence suggests that Mars was once awash with water – with lakes, rivers and oceans. Today, it is highly likely there is still water at the ice caps and possibly under the surface. Extracting water from urine and sweat through an efficient recycling system – pioneered on the International Space Station (ISS) – will certainly help, but will not be enough to sustain a community, so tapping into a local water source will be essential.
Producing food on Mars could be much more difficult. The non-profit Mars Society has been experimenting with growing food in its isolated desert research station in Utah. “There was some interesting biology we were generating but not appetising biology,” says software engineer and Mars enthusiast Digby Tarvin of his last stint working at the base 10 years ago.
Tarvin is about to return to the Utah research station to take command and says a lot of progress has been made since then. “People have grown some edible greens but it’s not at the stage we can live on what we produce,” he says. “One of the research projects we’ll be undertaking is to use the local rock as a growing medium by adding sufficient minerals and additives.” The idea is that, ultimately, colonists could grow crops in Martian soil.
As for power, that should be relatively straightforward, with fuel cells and nuclear batteries augmented by solar arrays. Nevertheless, all these resources will need to be carefully managed, which is why the next step is so essential:
3. Form a government
I have written before of the challenges of governing an extraterrestrial colony. The early missions – particularly those involving space agencies – will almost certainly be run with a hierarchical command system. The past 50 years of human spaceflight have taught us that, in the extreme environment of space, this is the safest way. However, there is a fine line between a Star Trek-type command structure and a brutal military dictatorship, and as the settlement matures, some sort of democracy is going to be favoured.
“A space colony is a tyranny-prone environment,” says Charles Cockell, an astrobiologist from the University of Edinburgh who is also leading research on developing a constitution for space habitats. “If somebody gets control of oxygen, they could very well have control over the whole population and threaten dire consequences in return for extraordinary levels of power.”
As a commander of a space colony on Earth, Tarvin is one of the few people to have any experience of overseeing a Mars base. “It’s certainly not a Star Trek-style military environment,” he says. “It’s a small group of highly motivated people and it really doesn’t take much effort to manage them.”
A government also needs all the structures that go with it. Any new society needs an economy as well as systems to maintain the habitat, provide employment, health, childcare, social care and education. In short: Mars needs bureaucrats.
4. Expand
The first Mars settlers will be living in the capsules they arrive in, perhaps augmented by a few extra capsules sent ahead and maybe some inflatable domes. But just as settlers will be utilising local resources for water, food and energy, they will also hope to use local materials to build a larger colony or even spin-off colonies.
At the very least, it would make sense to use Martian rock to bury the habitats to help shield occupants from radiation. Later, the surface could be drilled to form caves or rock could be excavated for building materials – just as we build houses from stone on Earth. It might also be possible to extract useful minerals for metals or glass.
Robert Zubin, the president of the Mars Society, is one of the leading exponents of terraforming Mars – transforming the planet from an airless, barren world to an oxygen-rich green and pleasant realm with a fully functioning ecosystem.
There is, however, a fundamental problem with trying to imbue Mars with a breathable atmosphere. The Earth’s atmosphere is contained within a magnetic bubble, known as the magnetosphere, generated by our magnetic field. Mars has no such field and any atmosphere it once had is likely to have been torn away by the stream of charged particles, or solar wind, blasted out from the Sun.
The past history of the Martian atmosphere is currently being investigated by the Maven mission but, over the decades, any terraformed atmosphere is likely to suffer the same fate.
5. Have children and establish a culture
Assuming their sperm or eggs have not been zapped by cosmic radiation on the way to Mars (something space agencies are already giving serious thought to), then sooner or later a certain percentage of settlers are going to want to have kids. It is, after all, the only way of perpetuating the colony over generations. For it to be successful, the population needs to be large enough to avoid in-breeding over subsequent generations.
Cameron Smith, an anthropologist at Portland State University in Oregon, has suggested that a population of 2,000 would be sufficient to ensure long-term survival. “If we’re going to have a long-term future in space, it won’t be done by a handful of astronauts, it’ll be whole communities,” he told BBC Future earlier this year.
Smith reckons that over generations a new culture would emerge, as humans become Martians rather than migrants. It’s a view shared by Zubrin. “At some point the Mars base breaks out of becoming a base and becomes an actual village,” he says. “A real society with real people living real lives, with children in schools and community orchestras.”
A child born under the red sky of Mars will have a very different outlook to one born on Earth and may never return to the home world – just as many descendants of European settlers in the US do not have passports.
Every step to establishing human civilisation on Mars is perfectly possible. With a focused effort it is very much doable. One question then remains: do you really want to go? I mean really? Mars is a bleak, cold, airless, rust-stained world. Simply staying alive will be a daily challenge.
Discover more ideas from the World-Changing Ideas Summit
|
The book of breasts
First aired on The Current (22/06/12)
Thanks to modern advertising, movies and television shows, we spend a lot of time looking at breasts in our society. But do we really understand why women have breasts? And do we recognize how our environment affects them? Science journalist Florence Williams has immersed herself in the world of breasts, investigating the biology behind this complex, life-giving body part. In her new book Breasts: A Natural and Unnatural History, she highlights some fascinating details about women's chests and some startling things she learned about her own.
"It turns out that humans have very unique breasts in the animal kingdom," Williams said on The Current recently. "All mammals have mammary glands, but in humans they are surrounded bt these particularly, what I'll call fetching packages, these rounded, sort of, attractive fatty orbs. In other primates, those fatty orbs actually disappear when you're not lactating, but in humans we have them in puberty all the way through our adult lives. And so the question is, how did we get so lucky? Why do we have these?"
Williams says there are a lot of competing theories. Many anthropologists have long believed that breasts exist...for men.
"And it sort of justifies why men are so interested in them. They think they must be conveying information somehow to a potential mate, you know, about your fertility status or your youth or health."
However, more recent anthropological research about suggests a different evolutionary purpose for breasts. It's hard to argue that lots of men enjoy female breasts, but "we don't even know if it's universal." Instead, Williams tends to side with the theory that breasts evolved to help women and their infants survive.
"The breast is mostly made up of fat," she said, adding, "humans, compared to all other primates, need a lot more fat. We need a lot more fat in order to reach puberty. We need more fat in order to gestate a baby, and then to lactate, and that's because of the unique fatty requirements of the human infant."
Williams also believes the shape of the breast evolved for the purpose of feeding children.
breasts-history-125.jpg"The human infant, again, is incredibly unique in that it can't hold its head up for example. And so a woman has to hold the infant in the crook of her arm, and the breast sort of has to come down to meet the baby. So it's a question of ergonomics in some ways," she explained. "And of course the human palate and mouth co-evolved with the nipple, and so in the book I look to say that we really have breasts to thank for kissing."
Another aspect of the book is Williams' mission to learn more about her own breasts and how environmental factors like pollution are affecting them. To that end, Williams, who was breastfeeding her second child at the time, sent off samples of her breast milk to a research lab to test for traces of toxins. What she found was eye-opening.
"We found flame retardants, which are particularly common in North American women," she revealed. "We also found some pesticides, and incredibly, jet fuel."
In modern times, men and women have hundreds of industrial chemicals present in their bloodstreams, and most of these exist at low levels. But Williams says breasts are unique body parts in that they utilize what's in a woman's body to produce nourishment for infants.
"They sort of manage to concentrate some of these chemicals and they're masterful at converting them into food for babies. So we don't really understand what the health effects are for infants." |
Merriam-Webster Logo
• Dictionary
• Thesaurus
• Scrabble
• Spanish Central
• Learner's Dictionary
whoop it up
Definition of whoop it up
1. : to celebrate and have fun in a noisy way <My pals and I whooped it up at the local bar after the concert.>
Word by Word Definitions
1. : to utter a whoop in expression of eagerness, enthusiasm, or enjoyment : shout
: to utter the cry of an owl : hoot
: to make the characteristic whoop of whooping cough
1. : a shout of hunters or of men in battle or pursuit
: the cry of an owl : hoot
: the crowing intake of breath following a paroxysm in whooping cough
1. : in or into a higher position or level
: away from the center of the earth
: from beneath the ground or water to the surface
1. : risen above the horizon
: standing
: being out of bed
: up into or in the
1. : one in a high or advantageous position
: an upward slope
: a period or state of prosperity or success
1. : to rise from a lying or sitting position
: to move upward : ascend
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up whoop it up? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
to manage or play awkwardly
Get Word of the Day daily email! |
Friday, January 13, 2006 Planetological Foundations for the
Published on
• Be the first to comment
• Be the first to like this
No Downloads
Total views
On SlideShare
From Embeds
Number of Embeds
Embeds 0
No embeds
No notes for slide
Friday, January 13, 2006 Planetological Foundations for the
1. 1. Friday, January 13, 2006Friday, January 13, 2006 Planetological Foundations for thePlanetological Foundations for the Origin of LifeOrigin of Life
2. 2. Formation of the Solar SystemFormation of the Solar System
3. 3. Formation of the Solar SystemFormation of the Solar System ______________________________________________________________________________ Essentially two categories of theories explaining the formation of the Solar System: 1. catastrophic theories - invoke an accidental catastrophic encounter event such as near collision between the Sun and a star or a comet 2. non-catastrophic theories - involve a natural, non- catastrophic event such as might occur in conjunction with the birth of a star, e.g., Nebular Hypothesis or Protoplanet Theory and Condensation Model
4. 4. Formation of StarsFormation of Stars ______________________________________________________________________________ • galaxies are host to molecular clouds, which contain elevated densities of hydrogen (H2), helium (He) and heavier elements, and substantial amounts of dust • stars form from these mixtures of primordial hydrogen and helium and the products of dying stars by collapse of interstellar gas as a result of intrinsic gravitational attraction • because molecular clouds contain much more matter than for average interstellar space, higher density means greater attractive potential
5. 5. Formation of the Solar SystemFormation of the Solar System ______________________________________________________________________________ Any model of Solar System formation must explain the following observations: 1. all the orbits of the planets are prograde (i.e., if seen from above the North pole of the Sun, they all revolve in a counter-clockwise direction) 2. all the planets (except Pluto) have orbital planes that are inclined by less than 7 degrees with respect to each other (i.e., all in the same plane)
6. 6. 3. planets exhibit a chemical gradation, i.e., the inner terrestrial planets (Mercury, Mars, Earth, Venus) are dense, rocky and small, with few satellites, while Jovian or outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) are gaseous and large with many satellites 4. the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter 5. beyond the planets, (greater than ~ 30 AU), lies of belt of rocky and icy debris (comets), i.e., the Kuiper Belt 6. Pluto, once considered the 9th planet, fits better as the largest known member of the Kuiper Belt, the source of short- period comets
7. 7. 7. at distance of thousands of AU from the Sun is a loose cloud of icy material, i.e., the Oort cloud 8. the distances of the planets from the Sun follow a simple arithmetic progression: • R = a + b x 2n (Bode’s Law, 1772)
8. 8. Formation of the Solar SystemFormation of the Solar System ______________________________________________________________________________ These properties suggest that whatever process formed our planetary system generated: • a geometry of raw material in the form of a flattened disc • that the disc was hotter close to the centre and cooler farther out • the existence of debris belts and clouds suggests that planet formation truncated after some time • the large amount of remaining material was scattered by the gravitational fields of the planets themselves
9. 9. Condensation Model of Solar System FormationCondensation Model of Solar System Formation ______________________________________________________________________________ • planets originate from gravitationally contracting and chemically condensing eddies as a natural by-product of the formation of a star • the condensation model essentially is an advanced solar nebula model that recognizes the importance of interplanetary dust particles (IDP’s) to the formation of the solar system
10. 10. The story of the first 600 million years from the very beginning of the solar system to the time when life can establish a foothold on this planet we call home—Earth. The story begins about 5 billion (5,000,000,000) years ago, 5 x 109 a or 5 Ga, with a supernova in a nearby star system . . . Where Did the Solar System Come From?Where Did the Solar System Come From? ______________________________________________________________________________
11. 11. Supernova SN 1998S in NGC 3877Supernova SN 1998S in NGC 3877 • the story of new solar systems begins with the death of a previous one • a star becomes a nova or a supernova, destroying itself and its solar system • but at the same time elements are made and the seeds of a new solar system created Galactic RecyclingGalactic Recycling ______________________________________________________________________________
12. 12. Remnants of a Destroyed Solar System:Remnants of a Destroyed Solar System: The Crab Nebula in the Constellation TaurusThe Crab Nebula in the Constellation Taurus
13. 13. • observational evidence supports the idea that our solar system was born from an interstellar cloud of gas, because stars that appear to be in the process of formation today are always found within interstellar clouds • over the next few million years, thousands of stars will be born in this gas cloud – some may form their own planetary systems
14. 14. SupernovaSupernova ______________________________________________________________________________ (1997 DigitaLight Pictures)
15. 15. Compression of Nebular Dust and Gas byCompression of Nebular Dust and Gas by Supernova Shock WaveSupernova Shock Wave • the solar nebula likely began as the result of a supernova, which would trigger the collapse of the interstellar gas cloud
16. 16. After Passage of Supernova Shock Wave--After Passage of Supernova Shock Wave-- Beginning of Solar SystemBeginning of Solar System
17. 17. Entire Life-Cycle of Stars Clouds of gas, dust and ice being compressed by shock wave from supernova
18. 18. Orion Nebula--1,500 light years from Earth (in the dagger of the constellation Orion) Star and Planet Birth in the Winter SkiesStar and Planet Birth in the Winter Skies
19. 19. • initially the interstellar cloud was about several light years across • a small overdensity in the cloud caused the contraction to begin and the overdensity to grow, thus producing a faster contraction - run away or collapse process • as a solar nebula shrinks in size, three processes occur to alter its density, temperature and shape: • heating • spinning • flattening Nebula to Solar SystemNebula to Solar System
20. 20. • gravitational collapse was much more efficient along the spin axis, so the rotating ball collapsed into a thin disk with a diameter of ~200 AU (0.003 light years; twice Pluto's orbit), aka solar nebula with most of the mass concentrated near the center
21. 21. • gravitational energy is converted to heat as the cloud collapses • vaporization occurs • most heat at centre-- Sun “lights” up at about10 x 106 K by nuclear fusion • cooling occurs and vapour recondenses as dust that grows into planetesimals then into planets HeatingHeating
22. 22. Hubble's Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) image shows a large part of the heart of the giant Orion molecular cloud, OMC-1, as it appears in visible light.
23. 23. The infrared photograph (right) reveals a chaotic, active star birth region. Here, stars and glowing interstellar dust, heated by and scattering the intense starlight, appear yellow-orange. Emission by excited hydrogen molecules appears blue.
24. 24. SpinningSpinning ______________________________________________________________________________ • most of the motions of the interstellar cloud particles were random, yet the nebula had a net rotation • as collapse proceeded, the rotation speed of the cloud was gradually increasing due to conservation of angular momentum, which ensures that not all material in the solar nebula collapsed into the centre • conservation of angular momentum demands that a contracting, rotating cloud gradually speed up its rate of rotation and eventually the primitive Solar System resembles a giant pancake
25. 25. When a figure skater draws his arms and a leg inward, he reduces the distance between the axis of rotation and some of his mass, reducing his moment of inertia. Since angular momentum is conserved, his rotational velocity must increase to compensate.
26. 26. FlatteningFlattening ______________________________________________________________________________ • flattening is the consequence of collisions between particles in a spinning cloud • this simple idea of flattening as the solar nebula collapses leads to a natural explanation for several of the dynamical regularities of the planets • namely, the orbits are in the same sense, the orbits are roughly co-planer, the rotations of the planets are the same sense as the orbital motions, and the orbits of moons are in the same sense as the planet's orbits
27. 27. Image of the Milky Way from an edge-on perspective with the galactic north pole at the top, south pole at the bottom and galactic centre at the centre, was taken with NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)'s Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment.
28. 28. • around the Sun a thin disk gives birth to the planets, moons, asteroids and comets • over recent years we have gathered observational evidence in support of this theory Protoplanetary DisksProtoplanetary Disks Images obtained with HST, revealing what seem to be disks of dust and gas surrounding newly formed stars in the Orion Nebula. These protoplanetary disks span ~0.14 ly and are probably similar to the Solar Nebula.
29. 29. Condensation of Planetesimals from Dust and GasCondensation of Planetesimals from Dust and Gas First by Electrostatic Forces then later by GravityFirst by Electrostatic Forces then later by Gravity
30. 30. Formation of the PlanetsFormation of the Planets ____________________________________________________________________________ • the first solid particles in the nebula were microscopic in size • when the temperature is low enough, some atoms or molecules in a gas may bond and solidify – i.e., particles condensed out of the gas as they orbited the Sun in nearly circular orbits right next to each other • these particles grew larger with time • different materials condense at different temperatures
31. 31. Composition of the Early Solar NebulaComposition of the Early Solar Nebula • the churning and mixing of gas in the solar nebula should have ensured that the nebula had the same composition throughout – 98% hydrogen and helium plus 2% heavier elements • yet the solar system ended up with two very different major types of planets
32. 32. Composition of the Solar SystemComposition of the Solar System center. The inner nebula was rich in heavy solid grains and deficient in ices and gases. The outskirts are rich in ice, H and He. Condensation of Different Chemicals The vast temperature differences between the hot inner regions and the cool outer regions of the disk determined what condensates were available for planet formation at each location from the
33. 33. Hydrogen compounds could condense into ices only beyond the frost line (between Mars and Jupiter) Frost LineFrost Line
34. 34. How Did the Terrestrial Planets Form?How Did the Terrestrial Planets Form? ____________________________________________________________________________ • gentle collisions enabled the flakes to stick together and make larger particles which, in turn, attracted more solid particles • this process is called accretion
35. 35. Accretion of PlanetesimalsAccretion of Planetesimals ____________________________________________________________________________ • objects formed by accretion are called planetesimals (small planets): they act as seeds for planet formation. At first, planetesimals were closely packed. They coalesced into larger objects, forming clumps of up to a few kilometres across in a few million years, a small time compared to the age of the solar system
36. 36. Early in the accretion process, there are many large planetesimals on crisscrossing orbits
37. 37. As time passes, a few planetesimals grow larger by accreting smaller ones, while others shatter in collisions
38. 38. Ultimately, only the largest planetesimals avoid shattering and grow into full-fledged planets
39. 39. • as planetesimals grow in size, collisions became destructive, making further growth more difficult. Only the biggest planetesimals survived this fragmentation process and continued to slowly grow into protoplanets by accretion of planetesimals of similar composition Planetesimals to ProtoplanetsPlanetesimals to Protoplanets ____________________________________________________________________________ |
Enter your word and click here to search
Online Spell check, Grammar, and Thesaurus checking
Spell Check of shiny
Correct spelling: shiny
Definition of shiny:
1. Bright; luminous; unclouded; glossy.
Common misspellings for shiny:
• shiney (88%)
• huny (5%)
• siny (5%)
• hiny (2%)
Google Ngram Viewer results for shiny:
This graph shows how "shiny" have occurred between 1800 and 2008 in a corpus of English books.
Examples of usage for shiny:
1. A table and two chairs stood in the middle of the room; a shiny, well- worn bench was fixed to one of the walls.
2. All around on the snow were a lot of little, shiny wires, but Peter didn't notice them.
3. Nevertheless, his great activity and his love of rough- and- tumble skylarking made him hard on clothes in the sense of wear, and the common one was growing shiny at the seams and thin where there was most attrition.
Quotes for shiny:
1. You see these shuffling rows of shiny faces, waiting for their turn, so they're very dedicated to the program and desperate to know what it is they've got- so often, they have no idea. - Michael Aspel
2. Whither goest thou, America, in thy shiny car in the night? - Jack Kerouac
Rhymes for shiny:
1. briny, heini, piny, spiny, tiny, whiny, winey.
2. dominy.
• How to spell shiny?
• Correct spelling of shiny.
• Spell check shiny.
• How do u spell shiny? |
Valentine's Day Contest ended! See the winning entries
Subscribe to this story
RSS Feed
7 Fans
10 Votes
Word Count (999)
Recomend this story
Bookmark and Share
See Prologue
Chapters: 1 Next Last
Chapter 1:- Second Amendment and how it is important
A topic that has been hotly debated over the years and has become highly controversial is the second amendment to the constitution and its importance. The Second Amendment states that, “a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to bear arms, shall not be infringed.” The interpretation of the “right of the people” shows that it protects the individual rights of the citizens to own guns. The second amendment is widely considered to be the most important amendment in the constitution for several reasons. It bestows the citizens with protection, defense, and it establishes greater hegemony for the nation as a whole.
The second amendment grants protection to all law biding citizens. It protects them from criminals and even from the government. Owning a gun allows citizens to protect their property and themselves. For example, if a criminal knew for a fact that a certain house or a certain neighborhood had guns then he would surely think twice before breaking in or vandalizing their property. The second amendment gives the citizens protection with guns and therefore it discourages criminals from attacking the innocent. According to firearms expert Neil Schulman, firearms are the most effective way to protect your home from common criminals. As long as you learn how to use guns safely and take precautions to keep them out of the irresponsible hands of criminals, then the guns makes your home safer and could potentially save your life and that of your loved ones. The second amendment also offers protection from the government. At the time when the second amendment was put into place, the government was ignoring the needs of the people and striking out against them. This was during the time when there was a tyrannical government. The second amendment gives the citizens the power to fight back against a powerful and tyrannical government. It would make sure that the government did not step out of its boundaries and abuse their power. An unarmed society is a compliant society that will bend to anything the government declares. As Richard Henry Lee suggested, “To preserve liberty, it is essential that the whole body of the people always possess arms, and be taught alike, especially when young, how to use them.” The second amendment has a unique importance in this nation today as a fundamental part of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. It is the only enforcement mechanism that we as law biding citizens have in the entire Constitution. Americans not only have the right to bear arms, they have the duty to do so, so they can protect their family and community.
The second amendment grants citizens the right to defend themselves as well. In today’s world, danger can be right around the corner. As criminals become more and more wily, it is not enough to rely on our police force to defend us. Courts have ruled time and time again that law enforcement agents are not required to defend us or our property. Instead we have to turn to guns and exercise our right to bear arms. In our Declaration of Independence, life is one of the three unalienable rights that is granted to each and every one of us. By using the second amendment, we can protect this right and ensure that it isn’t wrongly taken away from our grasp. Handguns are used to protect citizens against robbers, rapists and other criminals, one thousand five hundred sixty-one times each day overall and a gun in a house is two hundred times more likely to be used in self defense then in causing the death of an innocent victim. It is a known fact that when you ask a law enforcement agent to help you out in a time of need it takes them at least ten minutes to arrive at your house. In those ten minutes, a criminal could easily harm you or your loved ones but this entire scenario can be prevented if everyone exercised the rights they received from the second amendment.
The Second Amendment is especially important when viewed in a larger perspective such as the nation as a whole. It increases the hegemony of the United States of America if everyone uses the Second Amendment to their advantage. Hegemony is one country’s influence over another country. It is a very important tool to have on your side since we as a country can stay as a global leader and make sure that the other countries don’t get out of hand. In the text of the Second Amendment, it states that we have a right to have a “well regulated militia.” When performing this right to its full meaning, we are also, as a whole, increasing the hegemony of the United States. Without a militia, we would have been crushed by our neighbors long ago. For example, if countries knew that the citizens of the United States had the right to bear arms and have a militia that performs to its full capacity then they will make sure not to harm us in any way since they know that we have many assets to our advantage. There is a growing problem in our world today that the Second Amendment and our higher hegemony would address, terrorism. If terrorists were made aware of the fact that we had all of these rights just from this one important amendment then it would discourage them from performing attacks upon us and this could prevent potential attacks from hopeful terrorists.
The Second Amendment is the most important amendment in the Constitution because it ensures the citizens with defense, protection and the most important of all ; It increases our hegemony and ensures that we will remain a global leader. The United States of America was born as an armed society. Guns and militias are an important part of our traditions and remain essential for the preservation of our way of life and our liberties.
Chapters: 1 Next Last |
Aim higher, reach further.
In Charge and Therefore Large
The figurative big man on campus may think he’s a literal big man, too — and your boss may overestimate her height.
To study the effects of power on perception, researchers measured the height of 100 male and female participants, gave them a bogus test purportedly measuring leadership ability, and then assigned them to serve as either a manager or an employee in a role-playing task. The assignment was random but the participants were told it was based on leadership potential, and the role-playing task never actually happened. After this set-up, participants gave personal information, including their height.
There was no difference in the actual height of the two groups. But the “high-power” participants rated themselves as taller than they actually were, and they provided estimates larger than those given by the “low-power” participants.
In a related experiment, 98 other people were either asked to think about a time when they held power over someone else or when someone held power over them. Then they chose an avatar to represent themselves in a video game. Controlling for the participants’ actual height, people who had thought about wielding power chose taller avatars.
All sorts of follow-up research projects suggests themselves, the authors of this study write:
An interesting direction for future research would be to determine whether associations between power and size extend to other self-perceptions and self-categorization. When individuals elevate themselves physically, they not only shape how observers view their level of power relative to other individuals’ levels of power … but also, as our findings suggest, shape their self-views as powerful people. Thus, researchers could investigate the possibility that people who are short of stature might attempt to capture a sense of personal power by seeking out opportunities to physically elevate themselves relative to other people … By extension, controlling individuals’ physical positioning may be a relatively inexpensive and non-intrusive way to empower them and thereby fundamentally transform their psychological states. Hence, it may also be possible to situate people in higher places (e.g., an office in the top floor of the building) to raise their psychological sense of power.
Source: “Living Large: The Powerful Overestimate Their Own Height,” Michelle M. Duguid and Jack A. Goncalo, Psychological Science (forthcoming)
Show More Archives
Popular on WSJ |
RECORD: Lewes, G. H. 1860. Studies in animal life. Cornhill Magazine 1: 438-447. (Reprinted from John Bull 24 December 1859).
NOTE: From a copy in the collection of Carroll.
[page 438]
Studies in Animal Life
"Authentic tidings of invisible things;—
Of ebb and flow, and ever-during power,
And central peace subsisting at the heart
Of endless agitation."—THE EXCURSION.
An extinct animal recognized by its tooth: how came this to be possible?—The task of classification.—Artificial and natural methods.—Linnæus, and his baptism of the animal kingdom: his scheme of classification.—What is there underlying all true classification?—The chief groups.—What is a species?—Re-statement of the question respecting the fixity or variability of species.—The two hypotheses.—Illustration drawn from the Romance languages.—Caution to disputants.
I WAS one day talking with Professor Owen in the Hunterian Museum, when a gentleman approached with a request to be informed respecting the nature of a curious fossil, which had been dug up by one of his workmen. As he draw the fossil from a small bag, and was about to hand it for examination, Owen quietly remarked:—"That is the third molar of the under-jaw of an extinct species of rhinoceros." The astonishment of the gentleman at this precise and confident description of the fossil, before even it had quitted his hands, was doubtless very great. I know that mine was; until the reflection occurred that if some one, little acquainted with editions, had drawn a volume from his pocket, declaring he had found it in an old chest, any bibliophile would have been able to say at a glance: "That is an Elzevir;" or, "That is one of the Tauchnitz classics, stereotyped at Leipzig." Owen is as familiar with the aspect of the teeth of animals, living and extinct, as a student is with the aspect of editions. Yet before that knowledge could have been acquired, before he could say thus confidently that the tooth belonged to an extinct species of rhinoceros, the united labours of thousands of diligent inquirers must have been directed to the classification of animals. How could he know that the rhinoceros was of that particular species rather than another? and what is meant by species? To trace the history of this confidence would be to tell the long story of zoological investigation: a story too long for narration here, though we may pause awhile to consider its difficulties.
To make a classified catalogue of the books in the British Museum would be a gigantic task; but imagine what that task would be if all the title-pages and other external indications were destroyed! The first attempts would necessarily be of a rough approximative kind, merely endeavouring to make a sort of provisional order amid the chaos, after which succeeding labours might introduce better and better arrangements. The books might first be grouped according to size; but having got them together, it would soon be discovered that size was no indication of their contents: quarto poems and duodecimo histories, octavo grammars and folio dictionaries, would immediately give warning that some other
[page] 439
arrangement was needed. Nor would it be better to separate the books according to the languages in which they were written. The presence or absence of "illustrations" would furnish no better guide; while the bindings would soon be found to follow no rule. Indeed, one by one all the external characters would prove unsatisfactory, and the labourers would finally have to decide upon some internal characters. Having read enough of each book to ascertain whether it was poetry or prose: and if poetry, whether dramatic, epic, lyric, or satiric; and if prose, whether history, philosophy, theology, philology, science, fiction, or essay: a rough classification could be made; but even then there would be many difficulties, such as where to place a work on the philosophy of history—or the history of science,—or theology under the guise of science—or essays on very different subjects; while some works would defy classification.
Gigantic as this labour would be, it would be trifling compared with the labour of classifying all the animals now living (not to mention extinct species), so that the place of any one might be securely and rapidly determined; yet the persistent zeal and sagacity of zoologists have done for the animal kingdom what has not yet been done for the library of the Museum, although the titles of the books are not absent. It has been done by patient reading of the contents—by anatomical investigation of the internal structure of animals. Except on a basis of comparative anatomy, there could have been no better a classification of animals than a classification of books according to size, language, binding, &c. An unscientific Pliny might group animals according to their habitat; but when it was known that whales, though living in the water and swimming like fishes, were in reality constructed like air-breathing quadrupeds—when it was known that animals differing so widely as bees, birds, bats, and flying squirrels, or as otters, seals, and cuttle-fish, lived together in the same element, it became obvious that such a principle of arrangement could lead to no practical result. Nor would it suffice to class animals according to their modes of feeding; since in all classes there are samples of each mode. Equally unsatisfactory would be external form—the seal and the whale resembling fishes, the worm resembling the eel, and the eel the serpent.
Two things were necessary: first, that the structure of various animals should be minutely studied, and described—which is equivalent to reading the books to be classified;—and secondly, that some artificial method should be devised of so arranging the immense mass of details as to enable them to be remembered, and also to enable fresh discoveries readily to find a place in the system. We may be perfectly familiar with the contents of a book, yet wholly at a loss where to place it. If we have to catalogue Hegel's Philosophy of History, for example, it becomes a difficult question whether to place it under the rubric of philosophy, or under that of history. To decide this point, we must have some system of classification.
In the attempts to construct a system, naturalists are commonly said to have followed two methods: the artificial and the natural. The artificial method seizes some one prominent characteristic, and groups all the
[page] 440
individuals together which agree in this one respect. In Botany the artificial method classes plants according to the organs of reproduction; but this has been found so very imperfect that it has been abandoned, and the natural method has been substituted, according to which the whole structure of the plant determines its place. If flying were taken as the artificial basis for the grouping of some animals, we should find insects and birds, bats and flying squirrels, grouped together; but the natural method, taking into consideration not one character, but all the essential characters, finds that insects, birds, and bats differ profoundly in their organization: the insect has wings, but its wings are not formed like those of the bird, nor are those of the bird formed like those of the bat. The insect does not breathe by lungs, like the bird and the bat; it has no internal skeleton, like the bird and the bat; and the bird, although it has many points in common with the bat, does not, like it, suckle its young; and thus we may run over the characters of each organization, and find that the three animals belong to widely different groups.
It is to Linnæus that we are indebted for the most ingenious and comprehensive of the many schemes invented for the cataloguing of animal forms; and modern attempts at classification are only improvements on the plan he laid down. First we may notice his admirable invention of the double names. It had been the custom to designate plants and animals according to some name common to a large group, to which was added a description more or less characteristic. An idea may be formed of the necessity of a reform, by conceiving what a laborious and uncertain process it would be if our friends spoke to us of having seen a dog in the garden, and on our asking what kind of dog, instead of their saying "a terrier, a bull-terrier, or a skye-terrier", they were to attempt a description of the dog. Something of this kind was the labour of understanding the nature of an animal from the vague description of it given by naturalists. Linnæus rebaptized the whole animal kingdom upon one intelligible principle. He continued to employ the name common to each group, such as that of Felis for the cats, which became the generic name; and in lieu of the description which was given of each different kind, to indicate that it was a lion, a tiger, a leopard, or a domestic cat, he affixed a specific name: thus the animal bearing the description of a lion became Felis leo; the tiger, Felis tigris; the leopard, Felis leopardus; and our domestic friend, Felis catus. These double names, as Vogt remarks, are like the Christian-and sur-names by which we distinguish the various members of one family; and instead of speaking of Tomkinson with the flabby face, and Tomkinson with the square forehead, we simply say John and William Tomkinson.
Linnæus did more than this. He not only fixed definite conceptions of Species and Genera, but introduced those of Orders and Classes. Cuvier added Families to Genera, and Sub-kingdoms (embranchements) to Classes. Thus a scheme was elaborated by which the whole animal kingdom was arranged in subordinate groups: the sub-kingdoms were divided into classes,
[page break]
[page break]
[page] 441
the classes into orders, the orders into families, the families into genera, the genera into species, and the species into varieties. The guiding principle of anatomical resemblance determined each of these divisions. Those largest groups, which resemble each other only in having what is called the typical character in common, are brought together under the first head. Thus all the groups which agree in possessing a backbone and internal skeleton, although they differ widely in form, structure, and habitat, do nevertheless resemble each other more than they resemble the groups which have no backbone. This great division having been formed, it is seen to arrange itself in very obvious minor divisions, or Classes—the mammalia, birds, reptiles, and fishes. All mammals resemble each other more than they resemble birds; all reptiles resemble each other more than they resemble fishes (in spite of the superficial resemblance between serpents and eels or lampreys). Each Class again falls into the minor groups of Orders; and on the same principles: the monkeys being obviously distinguished from rodents, and the carnivora from the ruminating animals; and so of the rest. In each Order there are generally Families, and the Families fall into Genera, which differ from each other only in fewer and less important characters. The Genera include groups which have still fewer differences, and are called Species; and these again include groups which have only minute and unimportant differences of colour, size, and the like, and are called Sub-species, or Varieties.
Whoever looks at the immensity of the animal kingdom, and observes how intelligibly and systematically it is arranged in these various divisions, will admit that, however imperfect, the scheme is a magnificent product of human ingenuity and labour. It is not an arbitrary arrangement, like the grouping of the stars in constellations; it expresses, though obscurely, the real order of Nature. All true Classification should be to forms what laws are to phenomena: the one reducing varieties to systematic order, as the other reduces phenomena to their relation of sequence. Now if it be true that the classification expresses the real order of nature, and not simply the order which we may find convenient, there will be something more than mere resemblance indicated in the various groups; or, rather let me say, this resemblance itself is the consequence of some community in the things compared, and will therefore be the mark of some deeper cause. What is this cause? Mr. Darwin holds that "propinquity of descent—the only known cause of the similarity of organic beings—is the bond, hidden as it is by various degrees of modification, which is partially revealed to us by our classifications"*—"that the characters which naturalists consider as showing true affinity between any two or more species are those which have been inherited from a common parent, and in so far all true classification is genealogical; that community of descent is the hidden bond which naturalists have been unconsciously seeking, and not some unknown plan of creation, or the enunciation of general pro-
* DARWIN: Origin of Species, p. 414.
[page] 442
positions, and the mere putting together and separating objects more or less alike."*
Before proceeding to open the philosophical discussion which inevitably arises on the mention of Mr. Darwin's book, I will here set down the chief groups, according to Cuvier's classification, for the benefit of the tyro in natural history, who will easily remember them, and will find the knowledge constantly invoked.
There are four Sub-kingdoms, or Branches:—1. Vertebrata. 2. Mollusca. 3. Articulata. 4. Radiata.
The VERTEBRATA consist of four classes:—Mammalia, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes.
The MOLLUSCA consist of six classes:—Cephalopoda (cuttlefish), Pteropoda, Gasteropoda (snails, &c.), Acephala (oysters, &c.), Brachiopoda, and Cirrhopoda (barnacles).—N.B. This last class in now removed from the Molluscs and placed among the Crustaceans.
The ARTICULATA are composed of four classes:—Annelids (worms), Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, &c.), Arachnida (spiders), and Insecta.
The RADIATA embrace all the remaining forms; but this group has been so altered since Cuvier's time, that I will not burden your memory just now with an enumeration of the details.
The reader is now in a condition to appreciate the general line of argument adopted in the discussion of Mr. Darwin's book, which is at present exciting very great attention, and which will, at any rate, aid in general culture by opening to many minds new tracts of thought. The benefit in this direction is, however, considerably lessened by the extreme vagueness which is commonly attached to the word "species," as well as by the great want of philosophic culture which impoverishes the majority of our naturalists. I have heard, or read, few arguments on this subject which have not impressed me with the sense that the disputants really attached no distinct ideas to many of the phrases they were uttering. Yet it is obvious that we must first settle what are the facts grouped together and indicated by the word "species," before we can carry on any discussion as to the origin of species. To be battling about the fixity or variability of species, without having rigorously settled what species is, can lead to no edifying result.
It is notorious that if you ask even a zoologist, What is a species? you will almost always find that he has only a very vague answer to give; and if his answer be precise, it will be the precision of error, and will vanish into contradictions directly it is examined. The consequence of this is, that even the ablest zoologists are constantly at variance as to specific characters, and often cannot agree whether an animal shall be considered of a new species, or only a variety. There could be no such disagreements if specific characters were definite: if we knew what species meant, once and for all. Ask a chemist, What is a salt? What an acid?
* DARWIN: Origin of Species, p. 420.
[page] 443
and his reply will be definite, and uniformly the same: what he says, all chemists will repeat. Not so the zoologist. Sometimes he will class two animals as of different species, when they only differ in colour, in size, or in the numbers of tentacles, &c.; at other times he will class animals as belonging to the same species, although they differ in size, colour, shape, instincts, habits, &c. The dog, for example, is said to be one species with many varieties, or races. But contrast the pug-dog with the greyhound, the spaniel with the mastiff, the bulldog with the Newfoundland, the setter with the terrier, the sheepdog with the pointer: note the striking differences in their structure and their instincts: and you will find that they differ as widely as some genera, and as most species. If these varieties inhabited different countries—if the pug were peculiar to Australia, and the mastiff to Spain—there is not a naturalist but would class them as of different species. The same remark applies to pigeons and ducks, oxen and sheep.
The reason of this uncertainty is that the thing Species does not exist: the term expresses an abstraction, like Virtue, or Whiteness; not a definite concrete reality, which can be separated from other things, and always be found the same. Nature produces individuals; these individuals resemble each other in varying degrees; according to their resemblances we group them together as classes, orders, genera, and species; but these terms only express the relations of resemblance, they do not indicate the existence of such things as classes, orders, genera, or species.* There is a reality indicated by each term—that is to say, a real relation; but there is no objective existence of which we could say, This is variable, This is immutable. Precisely as there is a real relation indicated by the term Goodness, but there is no Goodness apart from the virtuous actions and feelings which we group together under this term. It is true that metaphysicians in past ages angrily debated respecting the Immutability of Virtue, and had no more suspicion of their absurdity, than moderns have who debate respecting the Fixity of Species. Yet no sooner do we understand that Species means a relation of resemblance between animals, than the question of the Fixity, or Variability, of Species resolves itself into this: Can there be any variation in the resemblances of closely allied animals? A question which would never be asked.
No one has thought of raising the question of the fixity of varieties, yet it is as legitimate as that of the fixity of species; and we might also argue for the fixity of genera, orders, classes; the fixity of all these being implied in the very terms; since no sooner does any departure from the type present itself, than by that it is excluded from the category; no sooner does a white object become gray, or yellow, than it is excluded from the class of white objects. Here, therefore, is a sense in which the phrase "fixity of species" is indisputable; but in this sense the phrase has never been disputed. When zoologists have maintained that species
* CUVIER says, in so many words, that classes, orders, and genera, are abstractions, et rien de pareil n'existe dans la nature; but species is not an abstraction!—See Lettres à Pfaff, p. 179.
[page] 444
are variable, they have meant that animal forms are variable; and these variations, gradually accumulating, result at last in such differences as are called specific. Although some zoologists, and speculators who were not zoologists, have believed that the possibility of variation is so great that one species may actually be transmuted into another, i.e., that an ass may be developed into a horse,—yet most thinkers are now agreed that such violent changes are impossible; and that every new form becomes established only through the long and gradual accumulation of minute differences in divergent directions.
It is clear, from what has just been said, that the many angry discussions respecting the fixity of species, which, since the days of Lamarck, have disturbed the amity of zoologists and speculative philosophers, would have been considerably abbreviated, had men distinctly appreciated the equivoque which rendered their arguments hazy. I am far from implying that the battle was purely a verbal one. I believe there was a real and important distinction in the doctrines of the two camps; but it seems to me that had a clear understanding of the fact that Species was an abstract term, been uniformly present to their minds, they would have sooner come to an agreement. Instead of the confusing disputes as to whether one Species could ever become another Species, the question would have been, Are animal forms changeable? Can the descendants of animals become so unlike their ancestors, in certain peculiarities of structure of instinct, as to be classed by naturalists as a different species?
No sooner is the question thus disengaged from equivoque, than its discussion becomes narrowed within well-marked limits. That animal forms are variable, is disputed by no zoologist. The only question which remains is this: To what extent are animal forms variable? The answers given have been two: one school declaring that the extent of variability is limited to those trifling characteristics which mark the different varieties of each Species; the other school declaring that the variability is indefinite, and that all animal forms may have arisen from successive modifications of a very few types, or even of one type.
Now, I would call your attention to one point in this discussion, which ought to be remembered when antagonists are growing angry and bitter over the subject: it is, that both these opinions are necessarily hypothetical—there can be nothing like positive proof adduced on either side. The utmost that either hypothesis can claim is, that it is more consistent with general analogies, and better serves to bring our knowledge of various points into harmony. Neither of them can claim to be a truth which warrants dogmatic decision.
Of these two hypotheses, the first has the weight and majority of authoritative adherents. It declares that all the different kinds of Cats, for example, were distinct and independent creations, each species being originally what we see it to be now, and what it will continue to be as long as it exists: lions, panthers, pumas, leopards, tigers, jaguars, ocelots, and domestic cats, being so many original stocks, and not so many divergent forms of one original
[page] 445
stock. The second hypothesis declares that all these kinds of cats represent divergencies of the original stock, precisely as the Varieties of each kind represent the divergencies of each Species. It is true that each species, when once formed, only admits of limited variations; any cause which should push the variation beyond certain limits would destroy the species,—because by species is meant the group of animals contained within those limits. Let us suppose the original stock from which all these kinds of cats have sprung, to have become modified into lions, leopards, and tigers—in other words, that the gradual accumulation of divergencies has resulted in the whole family of cats existing under these three forms. The lions will form a distinct species; this species varies, and in the course of long variation a new species, the puma, rises by the side of it. The leopards also vary, and let us suppose their variation at length assumes so marked a form,—in the ocelot,—that we class it as a new species. There is nothing in this hypothesis but what is strictly consonant with analogies; it is only extending to Species what we know to be the fact with respect to Varieties; and these Varieties which we know to have been produced from one and the same Species are often more widely separated from each other than the lion is from the puma, or the leopard from the ocelot. Mr. Darwin remarks that "at least a score of pigeons might be chosen, which, if shown to an ornithologist, and he were told that they were wild birds, would certainly, I think, be ranked by him as well-defined species. Moreover, I do not believe that any ornithologist would place the English carrier, the short-faced tumbler, the runt, the barb, the pouter and fantail in the same genus! more especially as in each of these breeds several truly-inherited sub-breeds or species, as he might have called them, could be shown him."
The development of numerous specific forms, widely distinguished from each other, out of one common stock, is not a whit more improbable than the development of numerous distinct languages out of a common parent language, which modern philologists have proved to be indubitably the case. Indeed, there is a very remarkable analogy between philology and zoology in this respect: just as the comparative anatomist traces the existence of similar organs, and similar connections of these organs, throughout the various animals classed under one type, so does the comparative philologist detect the family likeness in the various languages scattered from China to the Basque provinces, and from Cape Comorin across the Caucasus to Lapland—a likeness which assures him that the Teutonic, Celtic, Windic, Italic, Hellenic, Iranic, and Indic languages are of common origin, and separated from the Arabian, Aramean, and Hebrew languages, which have another origin. Let us bring together a Frenchman, a Spaniard, an Italian, a Portuguese, a Wallachian, and a Rhætian, and we shall hear six very different languages spoken, the speakers severally unintelligible to each other; their languages differing so widely that one cannot be regarded as the modification of the other; yet we know most positively that all these languages are offshoots from the Latin, which was once a living language, but which is now, so to speak, a fossil.
[page] 446
The various species of cats do not differ more than these six languages differ: and yet the resemblances point in each case to common origin. Max Müller, in his brilliant essay in Comparative Mythology,* has said:—
"If we knew nothing of the existence of Latin—if all historical documents previous to the fifteenth century had been lost—if tradition, even, was silent as to the former existence of a Roman empire, a mere comparison of the six Roman dialects would enable us to say, that at some time there must have been a language from which all these modern dialects derived their origin in common; for without this supposition it would be impossible to account for the facts exhibited by these dialects. Let us look at the auxiliary verb. We find:—
Italian. Wallachian. Rhœtian. Spanish. Portuguese. French.
I am sono sum sunt sunt soy sou suis
Thou art sei es eis eres es es
He is e é (este) ei es he est
We are siamo sὐntemu essen somos somos sommes
You are siete sὐnteti esses sois sois êtes (estes)
They are sono sὐnt eân (sun) son são sont.
It is clear, even from a short consideration of these forms, first, that all are but varieties of one common type; secondly, that it is impossible to consider any one of these six paradigms as the original from which the others had been borrowed. To this we may add, thirdly, that in none of the languages to which these verbal forms belong, do we find the elements of which they could have been composed. If we find such forms as j' ai aimé, we can explain them by a mere reference to the radical means which French has still its commond, and the same may be said even of compounds like j' aimerai, i.e. je-aimer-ai, I have to love, I shall love. But a change from je suis to tu es is inexplicable by the light of French grammar. These forms could not have grown, so to speak, on French soil, but must have been handed down as relics from a former period—must have existed in some language antecedent to any of the Roman dialects. Now, fortunately, in this case, we are not left to a mere inference, but as we possess the Latin verb, we can prove how, by phonetic corruption, and by mistaken analogies, every one of the six paradigms is but a national metamorphosis of the Latin original.
"Let us now look at another set of paradigms:—
Sanskrit. Lithuanian. Zend. Doric. Old
Latin. Gothic. Armen.
I am ásmi esmi ahmi 祒µµι yesmě sum im em
Thou art ási essi ahi 祒σσ yesi es is es
He is ásti esti asti 祒στί yestǒ est ist ê
We (two) are 'svás esva yesva siju
You (two) are 'sthás esta stho? ἔστóτ yesta sijuts
They (two) are 'stás (esti) sto? 祒στóν yesta
We are 'smás esmi hmahi 祒σµές yesmǒ sumus sijum emq
You are 'sthá este stha 祒στέ yeste estis sijup êq
They are sánti (esti) hěnti 祒ντί somtě sunt sind en
* See Oxford Essays, 1856.
[page] 447
"From a careful consideration of these forms, we ought to draw exactly the same conclusions; firstly, that all are but varieties of one common type; secondly, that it is impossible to consider any of them as the original from which the others have been borrowed; and thirdly, that here again, none of the languages in which these verbal forms occur possess the elements of which they are composed."
All these languages resemble each other so closely that they point to some more ancient language which was to them what Latin was to the six Romance languages; and in the same way we are justified in supposing that all the classes of the vertebrate animals point to the existence of some elder type, now extinct, from which they were all developed.
I have thus stated what are the two hypotheses on this question. There is only one more preliminary which it is needful to notice here, and that is, to caution the reader against the tendency, unhappily too common, of supposing that an adversary holds opinions which are transparently absurd. When we hear an hypothesis which is either novel, or unacceptable to us, we are apt to draw some very ridiculous conclusion from it, and to assume that this conclusion is seriously held by its upholders. Thus the zoologists who maintain the variability of species are sometimes asked if they believe a goose was developed out of an oyster, or a rhinoceros from a mouse? the questioner apparently having no misgiving as to the candour of his ridicule. There are three modes of combating a doctrine. The first is to point out its strongest positions, and then show them to be erroneous or incomplete; but this plan is generally difficult, and sometimes impossible; it is not, therefore, much in vogue. The second is to render the doctrine ridiculous, by pretending that it includes certain extravagant propositions, of which it is entirely innocent. The third is to render the doctrine odious, by forcing on it certain conclusions, which it would repudiate, but which are declared to be "the inevitable consequences" of such a doctrine. Now it is undoubtedly true that men frequently maintain very absurd opinions; but it is neither candid, nor wise, to assume that men who otherwise are certainly not fools, hold opinions the absurdity of which of transparent.
Let us not, therefore, tax the followers of Lamarck, Geoffroy St. Hilaire, or Mr. Darwin with absurdities they have not advocated; but rather endeavour to see what solid argument they have for the basis of their hypothesis.
This document has been accessed 6992 times
Return to homepage
File last updated 2 July, 2012 |
FTC (emtricitabine, Emtriva)
FTC (emtricitabine, Emtriva) is an antiviral drug that reduces the amount of HIV in the body. Anti-HIV drugs such as FTC slow down or prevent damage to the immune system, and reduce the risk of developing AIDS-related illnesses. FTC is also active against hepatitis B virus .
Emtricitabine belongs to a class of drugs known as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). When HIV infects a cell, the enzyme reverse transcriptase copies the viral single-stranded RNA genome into double-stranded viral DNA. This viral DNA is then integrated into the CD4 chromosomal DNA and can go on to reproduce in the body. Four natural nucleosides complete the DNA synthesis: adenosine, cytidine, quanosine, and thymidine. An NRTI drug substitutes a defective version of one of the nucleosides, causing premature termination of the proviral DNA chain.
FTC was developed by Triangle Pharmaceuticals and acquired by Gilead Pharmaceuticals in December 2002. FTC is marketed by Gilead as Emtriva. It was also marketed under the trade name Coviracil. Its chemical name is 2’,3’-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3’-thiacytidine.
FTC was authorised in the United States in July 2003 and in the European Union in October of that year. It was proposed, but has not been approved, as a therapy for hepatitis B.
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced in August 2004 that it had approved a once-daily combination tablet containing 200mg FTC and 300mg tenofovir. The combination tablet is marketed as Truvada by Gilead worldwide. Truvada was approved in the European Union in November 2004.
FTC is also available in a triple-drug combination tablet called Atripla. This is the first once-daily tablet containing a complete HIV treatment regimen. It contains 600mg efavirenz, 200mg FTC (emtricitabine), and 300mg tenofovir. It was approved in the United States in July 2006 and in the European Union in late 2007. |
Rare trees found in Neasden
ONCE they were the pride and joy of some wealthy family's ornamental garden. But times change, and Neasden is not what it once was. Today these two exceptionally rare pride of India trees stand opposite Jones Autos on a scrappy piece of waste ground by the BR railway lines in north-west London.
No longer are they attended by skilled gardeners; they have only a heap of empty paint-cans and a pair of feral cats for company.
Nobody even knew they existed until two weeks ago, when a surveyor undertaking a study of London's trees for the Countryside Commission spotted them. It is thought there are fewer than 50 pride of India in the whole of the British Isles, out of an estimated tree population of five billion.
The grandly named tree, which is actually a native of China, Japan and Korea, was introduced to this country sometime in the mid- 18th century, though in very small numbers. Until now it was thought that all the specimens were in private collections or public gardens.
They are also known as golden rain on account of the spray of yellow flowers that covers their branches each spring. Although no study has yet been done to gauge the age of the two trees, they are thought to be among the oldest in Britain.
'They really are very special,' said David Coleman, director of the Countryside Commission's Task Force Trees programme, which made the discovery. Its surveyors have been analysing trees on London's streets since the beginning of the summer as part of a replanting project set up in the wake of the 1987 hurricane.
'They were first brought over when there was a fashion for things with an oriental flavour,' Mr Coleman said. 'Their red, lantern-like seed pods made them particularly attractive. Normally when land changes use, as this has, the trees go. We suspect these survived because they were on the edge of a plot of land with the train lines marking the border. Then they were forgotten.'
According to John White, head of dendrology at the Forestry Commission, which has been advising the Task Force Trees project, although the find is exciting, it is not that surprising. 'I grew up in north-west London and I have always known that it is one of the richest areas for rare tree species in the country,' he said.
Rare though the species is, pride of India may soon be a common sight. The Forestry Commission is looking at new species of tree to introduce en masse to our verges and pavements, and pride of India is under consideration.
(Photograph omitted) |
World War II American Commanders
Random History or war Quiz
Can you name the World War II American Commanders?
Quiz not verified by Sporcle
How to Play
Score 0/12 Timer 05:00
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
After liberating Europe, served as NATO head before being elected the 34th President of the United States.
Tasked with rebuilding Japan after the war. Later involved in the Korean War.
Became Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Became head of the Citadel. Received the Distinguished Service Medal (Army and Navy).
Died in a road accident 4 months after the end of the war.
Served as Chief of Naval Operations.
Commander of two of the most significant battles of the war, Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea.
American five-star general officer holding the grades of General of the Army and later General of the Air Force.
Commander of the 8th US Bomber command. Became deputy commander of the Army Air Forces until retirement in 1947.
One of the pioneers of US military aviation, he advocated the use of scientific analysis to bombing raids, and made effective use of long range fighters, tactics which helped the A
You're not logged in!
Compare scores with friends on all Sporcle quizzes.
Sign Up with Email
Log In
You Might Also Like...
Show Comments |
Find a Physician
Health Information
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Children
What is MRI?
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of a large magnet, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body. MRI of the heart can be used for the following reasons:
• to evaluate the heart's structure
• to assess blood flow to the heart muscle
• to evaluate infections
• to detect tumors
• to assess blood flow to and from the lungs and the body
• to measure the size of the heart's chambers
• to measure the size of the heart's major blood vessels
The MRI machine is a large, cylindrical (tube-shaped) machine that creates a strong magnetic field around the patient. This magnetic field, along with a radiofrequency, alters the natural alignment of hydrogen atoms in the body. Computers are then used to form two-dimensional images of the heart's structure based on the activity of the hydrogen atoms. Cross-sectional views can be obtained to reveal further details. MRI does not use radiation, like x-rays or computed tomography (CT scans).
MRI does not pose any risks unless your child has any kind of implanted metal objects in the body. Be sure to let your child's physician know if your child has any of the following:
• implanted pacemaker
• implanted medication device, such as an insulin pump
• metal clips or pins, or other metal objects in the body
• any bullet wounds, particularly if the bullet remains in the body
• any metal joint replacements or heart valve replacements
What is the preparation for a MRI?
Make sure your child is not wearing any metal jewelry, hair clips, or barrettes, as these will have to be removed prior to the test.
If your child's physician schedules a MRI scan and decides to use contrast dye to enhance the pictures, your child may need to be NPO (fasting, nothing by mouth) for several hours prior to the procedure. You will receive instructions about this from your child's physician or another healthcare professional.
Children may receive a mild sedative before the procedure to make them feel more comfortable, and to help them to remain still and quiet during the procedure, which may last 30 to 60 minutes.
Parents may be able to stay with their child in the MRI room until he/she becomes sleepy, but are usually asked to wait in another area during the procedure. One or both parents may be allowed to stay with their child during the procedure under certain conditions.
How is a MRI performed?
The MRI physician and staff will be in an adjacent room where the equipment controls are located. However, they will be able to see your child through live video stream and will be monitoring him/her constantly during the procedure. If your child is not sedated, he/she will be given a call bell device to let the staff know if he/she needs anything during the procedure.
The MRI scanning machine makes loud banging or knocking noises when adjustments are being made. Your child will wear a set of headphones to help protect his/her ears from the noise of the scanner and to hear instructions from the MRI staff. Music may be played in the headphones when instructions are not being given.
Once the procedure begins, your child will need to remain very still at all times so that movement will not adversely affect the quality of the images. At intervals, he/she will be instructed to hold his/her breath, if possible, for a few seconds. He/she will then be told when to breathe. Your child should not have to hold his/her breath for longer than a few seconds, so this should not be uncomfortable. Young children who cannot remain still for the procedure will be given medication to help them relax or sleep during the MRI scan.
If the MRI scan is being done "with and without contrast," your child will receive contrast medication through an IV about halfway through the procedure. He/she may feel a warm or flushed sensation just after the dye goes into the vein - this is a normal sensation and it will go away shortly.
The test normally takes approximately 30 to 60 minutes.
What happens after the procedure?
Depending on the results of the MRI, additional tests or procedures may be scheduled, to gather further diagnostic information. |
October 16, 2009
Muscle Integration With Prosthetics and Brain to Brain Communication
1. MIt Technology Review reports that tiny implants that connect to nerve cells could make it easier to control prosthetic limbs
A novel implant seeded with muscle cells could better integrate prosthetic limbs with the body, allowing amputees greater control over robotic appendages. The construct, developed at the University of Michigan, consists of tiny cups, made from an electrically conductive polymer, that fit on nerve endings and attract the severed nerves. Electrical signals coming from the nerve can then be translated and used to move the limb.
Living interface: Muscle cells (shown here) are grown on a biological scaffold. Severed nerves remaining from the lost limb connect to the muscle cells in the interface, which transmits electrical signals that can be used to control the artificial arm. Credit: Paul Cederna
"This looks like it could be an elegant way to control a prosthetic with fine movement," says Rutledge Ellis-Behnke, a scientist at MIT who was not involved in the research. "Rather than having a big dumb piece of plastic strapped to the arm, you could actually have an integrated tool that feels like it's part of the body."
The most successful method for controlling a prosthesis to date is a surgical procedure in which nerves that were previously attached to muscles in a lost arm and hand are transplanted into the chest. When the wearer thinks about moving the hand, chest muscles contract, and those signals are used to control the limb. While a vast improvement over existing methods, this approach still provides a limited level of control--only about five nerves can be transplanted to the chest.
The new interface, developed by plastic surgeon Paul Cederna and colleagues, builds on this concept, using transplanted muscle cells as targets rather than intact muscle. After a limb is severed, the nerves that originally attached to it continue to sprout, searching for a new muscle with which to connect. (This biological process can sometimes create painful tangles of nerve tissue, called neuromas, at the tip of the severed limb.) "The nerve is constantly sending signals downstream to tell the hand what to do, even if the hand isn't there," says Cederna. "We can interpret those signals and use them to run a prosthesis."
The interface consists of a small cuplike structure about one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter that is surgically implanted at the end of the nerve, relaying both motor and sensory signals from the nerve to the prosthesis. Inside the cup is a scaffold of biological tissue seeded with muscle cells--because motor and sensory nerves make connections onto muscle in healthy tissue, the muscle cells provide a natural target for wandering nerve endings. The severed nerve grows into the cup and connects to the cells, transmitting electrical signals from the brain. Because it is coated with an electrically active polymer, the cup acts as a wire to pick up electrical signals and transmit them to a robotic limb. Cederna's team doesn't develop prostheses themselves, but he says the signals could be transmitted via existing wireless technology.
2. New research from the University of Southampton has demonstrated that it is possible for communication from person to person through the power of thought alone.
Brain-Computer Interfacing (BCI) can be used for capturing brain signals and translating them into commands that allow humans to control (just by thinking) devices such as computers, robots, rehabilitation technology and virtual reality environments.
This experiment goes a step further and was conducted by Dr Christopher James from the University’s Institute of Sound and Vibration Research. The aim was to expand the current limits of this technology and show that brain-to-brain (B2B) communication is possible.
His experiment had one person using BCI to transmit thoughts, translated as a series of binary digits, over the internet to another person whose computer receives the digits and transmits them to the second user’s brain through flashing an LED lamp.
While attached to an EEG amplifier, the first person would generate and transmit a series of binary digits, imagining moving their left arm for zero and their right arm for one. The second person was also attached to an EEG amplifier and their PC would pick up the stream of binary digits and flash an LED lamp at two different frequencies, one for zero and the other one for one. The pattern of the flashing LEDS is too subtle to be picked by the second person, but it is picked up by electrodes measuring the visual cortex of the recipient.
The encoded information is then extracted from the brain activity of the second user and the PC can decipher whether a zero or a one was transmitted. This shows true brain-to-brain activity.
Форма для связи
Email *
Message * |
Top Definition
The warping of time and space so that a real event happens after it theoretically should
an example of ninja lag, in anime is when swordsmen or ninja slash their swords at each other, sometimes they have time to put their sword back into the sheath and walk away before the other person is actually cut by the blade.
#ninja #lag #naruto #bleach #tim #ng
ayon kay Sweaty man in your 7th period ika-14 ng Setyembre, 2009
6 Words related to Ninja Lag
Libreng Koreo Araw- araw
|
1. To call back, as a hawk to the wrist in falconry, by a certain customary call.
2. To call back from flight or disorderly action; to call to, for the purpose of subduing or quieting. The headstrong horses hurried Octavius . . . Along, and were deaf to his reclaiming them. (Dryden)
3. To reduce from a wild to a tamed state; to bring under discipline; said especially of birds trained for the chase, but also of other animals. An eagle well reclaimed.
4. Hence: To reduce to a desired state by discipline, labour, cultivation, or the like; to rescue from being wild, desert, waste, submerged, or the like; as, to reclaim wild land, overflowed land, etc.
5. To call back to rectitude from moral wandering or transgression; to draw back to correct deportment or course of life; to reform. It is the intention of providence, in all the various expressions of his goodness, to reclaim mankind. (Rogers)
6. To correct; to reform; said of things. Your error, in time reclaimed, will be venial. (Sir E. Hoby)
7. To exclaim against; to gainsay.
Synonym: To reform, recover, restore, amend, correct.
Origin: F. Reclamer, L. Reclamare, reclamatum, to cry out against; pref. Re- re- _ clamare to call or cry aloud. See Claim.
Retrieved from ""
First | Previous (Reckoning) | Next (Reclamation) | Last |
Lunch Poems Test | Final Test - Hard
Buy the Lunch Poems Lesson Plans
Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________
Short Answer Questions
1. What emotion is O'Hara feeling at the start of "In Memoir of Sergei O"?
2. What is O'Hara's emotional state in "At Kamin's Dance Shop"?
3. What does O'Hara claim will come to an end at the end of ''For the Chinese New Year & For Bill Berkson"?
4. To what state does the other person in "St. Paul and All That" want to move?
5. To whom is "Down at the Canal" addressed?
Short Essay Questions
1. In "For the Chinese New Year & For Bill Berkson," why does O'Hara compare and contrast America to Old Europe?
2. Describe O'Hara's vision of his New York in "Steps."
3. How does O'Hara explain love at the end of "St. Paul and All That"?
4. What are some of the pleasures O'Hara discusses in "Five Poems"?
5. In the poem "For the Chinese New Year & For Bill Berkson," where does O'Hara take comfort?
6. Describe two of the cities that O'Hara mentions in "Mary Desti's Ass."
7. Why does O'Hara think the world is coming to an end in "For the Chinese New Year & For Bill Berkson"?
8. Describe O'Hara's experience on the train in "A Little Travel Diary."
9. What is the poem "Cornkind" about?
10. Describe the dream O'Hara has in "Kamin's Dance Shop."
Essay Topics
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
Explain how O'Hara uses setting in the poem "Alma" and in another poem of your choice. How are his descriptive terms different and similar in each poem?
Essay Topic 2
Explain the technique of free-writing. Choose one poem of O'Hara's that demonstrates this technique. Provide examples of how the message of the poem is or is not effectively conveyed to the reader through free-writing.
Essay Topic 3
Discuss O'Hara's relationship with Sally in "Galanta." What is the significance of O'Hara comparing Sally to America?
(see the answer keys)
This section contains 455 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Lunch Poems Lesson Plans
Lunch Poems from BookRags. (c)2016 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
Follow Us on Facebook |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.