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Polystyrene ( /ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn/; IUPAC poly(1-phenylethene-1,2-diyl)) also known as Thermocole, abbreviated following ISO Standard PS, is an aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry. Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics, the scale being several billion kilograms per year.
Polystyrene is a thermoplastic substance, which is in solid (glassy) state at room temperature, but flows if heated above its glass transition temperature of about 100 °C (for molding or extrusion), and becomes solid again when cooled. Pure solid polystyrene is a colorless, hard plastic with limited flexibility. It can be cast into molds with fine detail. Polystyrene can be transparent or can be made to take on various colors.
Polystyrene can be recycled, and has the number "6" as its recycling symbol. The increasing oil prices have increased the value of polystyrene for recycling. No known microorganism has yet been shown to biodegrade polystyrene, and it is often abundant as a form of pollution in the outdoor environment, particularly along shores and waterways especially in its low density cellular form.
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The Origen of Evil image
The Origen of Evil
Did God create evil? Celsus, one of Christianity's first great critics, thought that this was one of the most vulnerable points of our entire religion. "If we have received good at the hand of the Lord, shall we not also receive evil?" (Job 2:). "I make peace, and create evil" (Isaiah 45:7). "Evil came down from the Lord to the gate of Jerusalem, the noise of chariots and horsemen" (Micah 1:12-13). Ha.
Here’s Origen’s remarkably nuanced response (Contra Celsum 6:55-56). Evil is not created by God; either it results indirectly from God’s creative work, as sawdust results from a carpenter’s, or the word refers to the kinds of pain-for-a-future-good that surgeons inflict on patients, or pedagogues their pupils:
If we speak, however, of what are called corporeal and external evils — which are improperly so termed — then it may be granted that there are occasions when some of these have been called into existence by God, in order that by their means the conversion of certain individuals might be effected. And what absurdity would follow from such a course? For as, if we should hear those sufferings improperly termed evils which are inflicted by fathers, and instructors, and pedagogues upon those who are under their care, or upon patients who are operated upon or cauterized by the surgeons in order to effect a cure, we were to say that a father was ill-treating his son, or pedagogues and instructors their pupils, or physicians their patients, no blame would be laid upon the operators or chastisers; so, in the same way, if God is said to bring upon men such evils for the conversion and cure of those who need this discipline, there would be no absurdity in the view, nor would evils come down from the Lord upon the gates of Jerusalem, — which evils consist of the punishments inflicted upon the Israelites by their enemies with a view to their conversion; nor would one visit with a rod the transgressions of those who forsake the law of the Lord, and their iniquities with stripes; nor could it be said, You have coals of fire to set upon them; they shall be to you a help. In the same way also we explain the expressions, I, who make peace, and create evil; for He calls into existence corporeal or external evils, while purifying and training those who would not be disciplined by the word and sound doctrine. This, then, is our answer to the question, How is it that God created evil?
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Just like a judge can bestow extra meaning and credibility upon an expert by declaring them so in front of the jury, a related phenomenon exists in the minds of the jurors: “click, whirr” responding (Cialdini, 1993).
You know the saying, “you get what you pay for.” This implies that price equals quality. In a very complex world with multiple factors to analyze, many times we will resort to a stereotype upon which to base our decision (i.e., a more expensive computer is a better computer) because there are just too many complex features to examine and we lack the time or expertise or both to do the proper analysis. How might that relate to the jurors in your case?
In an interesting study in 1981, students at the University of Missouri listened to an “expert” lay out the reasons for having comprehensive testing prior to being able to graduate from college. Some of the subjects heard that this program would go into effect immediately and would apply to them. Other subjects heard that the program would take years to implement and would not affect their graduation. The subjects who had no personal stake in the outcome said they were persuaded merely by the speaker’s educational credentials in making their decision (a “click, whirr” decision based on the stereotype that an expert is an expert). The subjects who might have had to actually take the tests said the arguments themselves were what they analyzed, not the speaker’s credentials (“controlled responding”). This effect has been replicated in other studies.
We appear to make more controlled decisions when the topic hits us personally.
How about juries, then? Some of the biggest decisions jurors have to make, like imposing large punitive damages, may or may not affect them personally. When it does, it is usually bad for the plaintiff, like when jurors do not impose punitive damages in an insurance bad faith case because “they will raise my rates.” Think about using controlled responding on the jury to reverse this effect. Point out how a company like AIG pays out huge executive bonuses, gets a government bail-out, and still raises rates (when have insurance premiums EVER gone down?). How much did the bail-out cost every juror personally? Without internal controls against financial misuse, how many of their premium dollars are squandered? Isn’t it more cost-effective to send the industry a message so that they are accountable to each of their customers? Etc. etc. etc. [It is interesting to note that in Oregon, half of the punitive damages go into state programs and half go to the plaintiff. In that state, then, jurors have a personal stake in giving massive punitives because it helps them personally!]
The story model that I preach for openings has a critical element in it right at the start: make each juror part of the story, not just an observer of the story. In this way, each juror develops a personal stake in the outcome and should use controlled responding, not “click, whirr” responding to reach a decision.
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These three tools dominate web development. Every library or tool seems to be centered around HTML, CSS, and JS. So if you want to become a web developer, you need to learn them well.
You'll also discover that websites are mostly built from these three languages.
But you're probably wondering what each one is and what it's really used for. What makes these languages so special and important? And what makes them so ubiquitous that you can’t help but see them in every tutorial and topic based on web development?
Well, now you need wonder no more.
In this article, I will explain the basics of what HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are, how they make the Web work, and what they do on their own.
What is the Internet?
The internet is simply a network of computers that communicate with each other to send and receive data (information).
Each of these computers on the internet can be distinguished and located by a unique number called an IP Address. An IP Address looks something like this:
What is the Web?
The Web is a subset of the internet.
Like every other computer network out there, the Web is made up of two main components: the web browser client and the web server.
The client requests the data and the server shares or serves its data. To achieve this, the two parties have to establish an agreement. That agreement is called the Application Programming Interface or in short, the API.
But this data has to be arranged and formatted into a form that's understandable by end-users who have a wide range of technical experiences and abilities.
This is where HTML, CSS, JavaScript and the whole concept of web development come into play.
What is HTML?
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
Dictionary.com defines a Markup as:
a set of detailed instructions, usually written on a manuscript to be typeset, concerning style of type, makeup of pages, and the like.
So you can think of HTML as the language used for creating detailed instructions concerning style, type, format, structure and the makeup of a web page before it gets printed (shown to you).
But in the context of web development, we can replace the term ‘printed’ with ‘rendered’ as a more accurate term.
HTML helps you structure your page into elements such as paragraphs, sections, headings, navigation bars, and so on.
To illustrate what a page looks like, let's create a basic HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<h1>This is a first level heading in HTML. With CSS, I will turn this into red color</h1>
<h2>This is a second level heading in HTML. With CSS, I will turn this into blue color</h2>
<h3>This is a third level heading in HTML. With CSS, I will turn this into green color</h3>
<p>This is a <em>paragragh</em> As you can see, I placed an empahisis on the word "paragraph". Now, I will change also
the background color of the word "paragraph" to black, and its text color to green, all with just CSS.</p>
<p>The main essence of this tutorial is to:</p>
<li>Show you how to format a web document with HTML</li>
<li>Show you how to design a web page with CSS</li>
<li>Show you how to program a web document with JavaScript</li>
<p>Next, I am going to add the following two numbers and display the result, all with JavaScript<p/>
<p>First number:<span id= "firstNum">2</span> <br></p>
<p>Second number: <span id= "secondNum">7</span> </p>
<p>Therefore, the sum of the two of those numbers is: <span id= "answer">(placeholder for the answer)</span></p>
<input type="button" id="sumButton" value="Click to add!">
This is how you can format and structure a document with just HTML. As you can see, this markup contains some web elements such as:
• Level 1 heading h1
• Level 2 heading h2
• Level 3 heading h3
• A paragraph p
• An unordered list with bullet points ul li
• A button input input
• And the whole body of the page body
This is what that markup above renders on a web browser:
You can also add attributes to these elements which you can use to identify the elements and access them from other places in the site.
In our example, we set the id attributes to all of the three span elements. This will help us access them from our JavaScript as you will see later.
Think of this attribute the same way as your social media username. With this name, others can find you on social media. And someone can also refer to you or mention you with this name (you can get tagged in a post, and so on).
This page is very basic and unattractive, though. If you are building anything other than a demo, you will need to add some basic styling to make it more presentable. And we can do exactly that with CSS.
Want to learn more about HTML? You can start with freeCodeCamp's Responsive Web Design certification and this brand new full HTML course from Beau Carnes.
What is CSS?
While HTML is a markup language used to format/structure a web page, CSS is a design language that you use to make your web page look nice and presentable.
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets, and you use it to improve the appearance of a web page. By adding thoughtful CSS styles, you make your page more attractive and pleasant for the end user to view and use.
Imagine if human beings were just made to have skeletons and bare bones – how would that look? Not nice if you ask me. So CSS is like our skin, hair, and general physical appearance.
You can also use CSS to layout elements by positioning them in specified areas of your page.
To access these elements, you have to “select” them. You can select a single or multiple web elements and specify how you want them to look or be positioned.
The rules that govern this process are called CSS selectors.
With CSS you can set the colour and background of your elements, as well as the typeface, margins, spacing, padding and so much more.
If you remember our example HTML page, we had elements which were pretty self-explanatory. For example, I stated that I would change the color of the level one heading h1 to red.
To illustrate how CSS works, I will be sharing the code which sets the background-color of the three levels of headers to red, blue, and green respectively:
h1 {
background-color: #ff0000;
h2 {
background-color: #0000FF;
h3 {
background-color: #00FF00;
em {
background-color: #000000;
color: #ffffff;
The above style, when applied, will change the appearance of our web page to this:
Cool, right?
We access each of the elements we want to work on by "selecting" them. The h1 selects all level 1 headings in the page, the h2 selects the level 2 elements, and so on. You can select any single HTML element you want and specify how you want it to look or be positioned.
Want to learn more about CSS? You can check out the second part of freeCodeCamp's Responsive Web Design certification to get started.
What is JavaScript?
Now, if HTML is the markup language and CSS is the design language, then JavaScript is the programming language.
If you don’t know what programming is, think of certain actions you take in your daily life:
When you sense danger, you run. When you are hungry, you eat. When you are tired, you sleep. When you are cold, you look for warmth. When crossing a busy road, you calculate the distance of vehicles away from you.
Your brain has been programmed to react in a certain way or do certain things whenever something happens. In this same way, you can program your web page or individual elements to react a certain way and to do something when something else (an event) happens.
You can program actions, conditions, calculations, network requests, concurrent tasks and many other kinds of instructions.
You can access any elements through the Document Object Model API (DOM) and make them change however you want them to.
The DOM is a tree-like representation of the web page that gets loaded into the browser.
Each element on the web page is represented on the DOM
JavaScript allows you to make your webpage “think and act”, which is what programming is all about.
If you remember from our example HTML page, I mentioned that I was going to sum up the two numbers displayed on the page and then display the result in the place of the placeholder text. The calculation runs once the button gets clicked.
Clicking the "Get the sum" button will display the sum of 2 and 7
This code illustrates how you can do calculations with JavaScript:
function displaySum() {
let firstNum = Number(document.getElementById('firstNum').innerHTML)
let secondNum = Number(document.getElementById('secondNum').innerHTML)
let total = firstNum + secondNum;
document.getElementById("answer").innerHTML = ` ${firstNum} + ${secondNum}, equals to ${total}` ;
document.getElementById('sumButton').addEventListener("click", displaySum);
Remember what I told you about HTML attributes and their uses? This code displays just that.
The displaySum is a function which gets both items from the web page, converts them to numbers (with the Number method), sums them up, and passes them in as inner values to another element.
The reason we were able to access these elements in our JavaScript was because we had set unique attributes on them, to help us identify them.
So thanks to this:
// id attribute has been set in all three
...<span id= "secondNum">7</span>
...... <span id= "answer">(placeholder for the answer)</span>
We were able to do this:
//getElementById will get all HTML elements by a specific "id" attribute
let total = firstNum + secondNum;
Finally, upon clicking the button, you will see the sum of the two numbers on the newly updated page:
2 plus 7 is equals to 9
If you want to get started with JavaScript, you can check out freeCodeCamp's JavaScript Algorithms and Data Structures certification. And you can use this great Intro to JS course to supplement your learning.
How to Put HTML, CSS, and JavaScript Together
Together, we use these three languages to format, design, and program web pages.
And when you link together some web pages with hyperlinks, along with all their assets like images, videos, and so on that are on the server computer, it gets rendered into a website.
This rendering typically happens on the front end, where the users can see what's being displayed and interact with it.
On the other hand, data, especially sensitive information like passwords, are stored and supplied from the back end part of the website. This is the part of a website which exists only on the server computer, and isn't displayed on the front-end browser. There, the user cannot see or readily access that information.
Wrapping Up
As a web developer, the three main languages we use to build websites are HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
JavaScript is the programming language, we use HTML to structure the site, and we use CSS to design and layout the web page.
These days, CSS has become more than just a design language, though. You can actually implement animations and smooth transitions with just CSS.
In fact, you can do some basic programming with CSS too. An example of this is when you use media queries, where you define different style rules for different kinds of screens (resolutions).
JavaScript has also grown beyond being used just in the browser as well. We now use it on the server thanks to Node.js.
But the basic fact remains: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are the main languages of the Web.
So that's it. The languages of the Web explained in basic terms. I really hope you got something useful from this article.
To round off this article, I have something to share. I recently started a weekly coding challenge series aimed at teaching beginners how to program in JavaScript. Check it out on my blog.
Thank you for reading and see you soon.
P/S: If you are learning JavaScript, I created an eBook which teaches 50 topics in JavaScript with hand-drawn digital notes. Check it out here. |
Mutual Funds vs Stocks
Modern investment methods depend on how much risk you're willing to take. Whether you decide to invest in a mutual fund or shares, it all depends on risk-taking appetite and how much return you're expecting. Higher the risk, the higher the possibility of excellent returns.
Understanding Stocks and Mutual Funds
Let's look at the two most popular forms of investments, these days - Mutual funds and Stocks or Shares. They're both very distinct from one another and yet are very promising in terms of returns depending on the market performance.
What are Stocks
A stock or a share is a part of the total share capital of a company. If you own stock in a company, that means you own a stake in the business. Companies usually raise funds to grow their business either by taking debt from financial institutions or by going public and asking small retail investors to invest in the company in exchange for equity. The process of buying a share in a company involves buying x number of units at a particular cost. These number of units can vary depending on how much you're willing to invest.
Returns on Stocks
You can earn your returns from stock market investment in two ways -
• One is through the quarterly or annual dividends
• The other way to make money is by selling your stock or shares at a profit.
The profit you earn is nothing, but the purchase price of the stock & the fee subtracted from the selling price.
What are Mutual Funds
Mutual funds, on the other hand, are investment vehicles through which you can invest in different shares/stocks, bonds, equity, etc. The difference is that a professional fund manager oversees your investments and works towards getting you the best returns possible. Here, you don't have to worry about deciding on which stocks to buy; you can leave it to the experts.
Returns on Mutual Funds
A mutual fund acts as a pool of money collected from various investors who share a mutual objective. Your returns are proportionate to your contribution and highly dependent on the market situation.
Mutual funds vs Stocks
Here are a few key differences between mutual funds and stocks
• You don't necessarily require a Demat account to invest in mutual funds . Whereas, if you're investing in shares, you'll have to own one.
• Shares can be an investment option if you're looking to make money quickly. Mutual funds, however, have a longer growth trajectory and you can expect good returns if you've invested for long-term.
• There's a professional fund manager who manages your investments in mutual funds. Whereas, if you are investing in the stock market, you'll either need to be thorough and well-versed with the market nuances or you'll have to go through a stock trader who is an expert.
• Mutual funds come with an added benefit of a diverse investment portfolio. Shares or stocks, on the other hand, don't unless you actively practice trading and invest in more than 1 or 2 companies.
• Mutual funds carry mitigated risk factor owing to the array of investments, whereas stocks come with a high-risk factor.
• There are restrictions on exiting from specific portfolios in case of mutual funds as external resources manage the fund. However, when it comes to stocks, you can buy or sell a stock at any given time, depending on your objective.
• Stocks can help reap dividends if the company is doing well. Your growth can be directly attributed to the company's growth. With mutual funds, you invest in different stocks, so your growth is not committed to just one company. It depends on the overall market situation, most of the time.
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You are here: HOME » NEWS » PRODUCTS NEWS » What are the characteristics of central venous catheter?
What are the characteristics of central venous catheter?
Views:2 Author:Site Editor Publish Time: 2021-06-17 Origin:Site
Central venous catheters have very important applications in the medical industry. According to different specifications and models of central venous catheters, their uses are different. It can be used for intravenous infusion, as an injection route for painkillers and other drugs, and can be used for tumor chemotherapy. And many other purposes, to provide patients with healthy treatment methods, which is one of the reasons why central venous catheters with good quality and good after-sales service are popular in the medical industry. So, what are the characteristics of central venous catheters? This article will give you a detailed introduction.
1. Special structure
The professional Central venous catheter has a special structure and can quickly open large veins. Therefore, it is not only helpful for doctors or nurses to monitor the pressure of the patient's central vein, but also reduces the pain of repeated puncture, which provides a treatment process for the patient. An effective help.
2. Special materials
At present, many common central venous catheters are made of special silica gel and PU materials. Because this special material has good compatibility with the human body, when the central venous catheter enters the body wall, it can effectively protect The integrity of the blood vessel wall is precisely because of this feature, it is widely used in the medical industry.
3. Convenient positioning
The central venous catheter that you see has the characteristics of convenient positioning, which is of great help to many patients who need dialysis analysis, and it is also conducive to medical workers to make appropriate adjustments to the medical plan, reducing some work for medical workers pressure.
All in all, according to relevant medical reports, professional Central venous catheters can provide great help in the medical industry, and also relieve the pain of tingling for patients, which is conducive to the recovery of patients' health.
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Jambolan is widely used in folk medicine for diabetes.
It is also used by mouth for gas (flatulence), swelling (inflammation) of the stomach (gastritis), constipation, diarrhea, and other conditions.
Jambolan is sometimes used for sore throat, and applied directly to the skin for skin ulcers.
How does it work ?
Jambolan seed and bark contains chemicals that might lower blood sugar, but extracts from jambolan leaf and fruit don't seem to affect blood sugar. Jambolan also contains chemicals that might protect against oxidation damage, as well as chemicals that reduce swelling.
View References
© Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020. |
USB-C is the commonly-used, shortened reference to the USB Type-C specification, which defines a small reversible-plug connector for USB devices. USB-C is smaller than the traditional USB-A connector, at 2.6 millimeters tall vs. 7.5 millimeters for the USB-A connector, making it an increasingly popular choice for smartphones, tablets and laptops.
USB-C is sometimes confused with the USB 3.1 standard, as the two are typically used together on newer mobile devices. USB-C addresses only the physical connection, though, whereas the USB 3.1 and earlier standards (USB 1.1, USB 2.0 and USB 3.0) specify the speed and features of the connection.
UBS-C Supports USB Plus Power and Display
USB-C was released by the USB Implementers Forum in July 2013, and in addition to supporting USB 3.1 and earlier USB specs, it also supports DisplayPort, HDMI, VGA, and power transfer. This means the same cable can be used for quick data transfer, powering USB devices, charging batteries in mobile devices, and connecting displays via HDMi, DisplayPort or VGA.
USB-C first debuted on the 2015 edition of Apple’s MacBook, and there are rumors of USB-C replacing the Lightning connector on the upcoming iPhone 7. Adoption of USB-C is expected to continue to ramp up at a rapid pace over 2016 and beyond.
USB-C Debuts Symmetrical Design in Departure from Earlier USB Connectors
While the earlier USB-A and USB-B connectors featured an asymmetrical design that could only be plugged in in one direction, the USB-C connectors are similar to Apple’s Lightning connector in that they can be plugged in without needing to concern yourself with orientation — i.e. there isn’t a right-side-up or upside-down orientation for the connector as there is in the earlier USB connectors.
Additionally, the USB Type-C cables have the same connector on both ends, so either end can be plugged into an electronic device or power source. The symmetrical design of the USB-C connector and the versatility of the specification are two of the primary reasons it’s expected to have a rapid rate of adoption on mobile devices from a wide variety of manufacturers.
Forrest Stroud
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Tự nhiên The Evolution of Cooperation: Revised Edition - Robert Axelrod
Thảo luận trong 'Sách tiếng nước ngoài' bắt đầu bởi kurozz, 8/2/20.
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A famed political scientist's classic argument for a more cooperative world
We assume that, in a world ruled by natural selection, selfishness pays. So why cooperate? In The Evolution of Cooperation, political scientist Robert Axelrod seeks to answer this question. In 1980, he organized the famed Computer Prisoners Dilemma Tournament, which sought to find the optimal strategy for survival in a particular game. Over and over, the simplest strategy, a cooperative program called Tit for Tat, shut out the competition. In other words, cooperation, not unfettered competition, turns out to be our best chance for survival.
A vital book for leaders and decision makers, The Evolution of Cooperation reveals how cooperative principles help us think better about everything from military strategy, to political elections, to family dynamics.
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Sunday, August 12, 2018
Bilateral vocal cord nodules
To maintain a normal and pleasant voice adhere to the following instructions:
1. Do not neglect any kind of throat infection or irritation. Get immediate advice from your ENT doctor. Speak sparingly during a cold and sore throat.
2. Do not misuse your voice by shouting, talking constantly for hours together or speaking in whispers (children should be checked particularly for howling and shouting while playing). Do not lecture for more than 45 minutes approx. at a stretch.
3. Do not take very hot and very cold drinks simultaneously.
4. Avoid liberal use of condiments and spices in your food.
5. Avoid smoking, chewing of tobacco, betel etc.
6. Avoid, if possible, dusty and smoky environment like busy traffic intersections, bus terminals, fairs etc.
7. Use a moist duster to rub the blackboard. Teachers should avoid speaking and writing simultaneously on the blackboard with a chalk. A wet chalk is better to write with.
8. Do not allow your throat to get dried up while speaking at a stretch, take a sip of water in between to moisten your throat.
9. Do not clear throat all the time by coughing, grunting or hawking.
10. For any type of throat infection or irritation do warm saline gargles in the morning and at bedtime.
11. Keep your head and neck erect while speaking. Do not extend the neck or tilt your head in a backward position while speaking.
12. Do not strain to speak loudly. Observe in the mirror that your neck muscles are not tensed up and that your veins do not become prominent.
13. Do the following exercise to keep yourself relaxed while speaking:
(i) Head and neck exercise: Rotate your head slowly towards your left and right shoulders alternately about 15 - 20 times daily
(ii) Breathing exercises:
(a) In order to breathe in and breathe out freely, hold the head straight, the shoulders thrown back without stiffness and chest forward, raise the chest by a slow and regular movement and draw in the stomach and then release the breathe gradually.
(b) Assume an easy standing position without any support, weight on the feet, chin in, chest up though not held rigid. Place the hands across the stomach with fingertips touching at the centre. Breathe easily and quietly feeling the expansion of the chest remains passive and relaxed.
(c) Sit erect in a chair, place your hands on the sides of your chest at the lower edge, with fingers towards the front and thumbs towards the back. Blow out as much air as possible, squeezing inwards with your hands as you do. Now inhale rapidly, taking in as much air as possible and expanding your chest as you take in it. Then exhale slowly, forcing the air out with steady contraction. Follow this movement with your hands. Remember to expand when you inhale and contract when you exhale. Repeat 10-12 times without stopping.
(iii) Select out any passage from the book and read it in front of a mirror (keep pt. no. 12 in mind). If you feel tension in your throat, you are not producing your voice properly. Try to speak in such a way that you do not feel any strain in the throat. Read for 15 min. a day.
(iv) Blow in a foot ball bladder to fill it up with air. Repeat this 10 times every day.
Mutli drug resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa infection in Chronic Suppurative Otitis media.
Saturday, August 11, 2018
Telephonic Consultation - part 2
*Dr Arun Gupta
President , Delhi Medical Council*
I am glad a debate has been started in medical community regarding menace of telephonic consultation. Though the Mumbai high court case which triggered this debate is not entirely about telephonic consultation only, it has other elements as well. Nevertheless let us try to understand it from practical point of view.
First let us all agree that *telephonic consultation is legally and ethically wrong* .
Practically also, the entire onus is on doctor if something goes wrong. Patient has all the benefits and doctor has all the risks.
Than why this issue is so important ?
To begin with , we doctors give our mobile number to patients . Can't we simply refuse and give only office number to be called during office hours only.
During office hours too if someone calls , first response simply should be show at clinic or nearest hospital, if it's an emergency. If it's not emergency that ask the patient to show at his convenient time. Meanwhile simple things like paracetamol or ORS may be suggested.
Write it clearly on your prescription and other conspicuous places in clinic that in case of emergency please contact the casuality of nearby hospital, preferably the hospital you are attached to.
This point is important for your follow up patients specially Antenatal, Postnatal, Post Surgery , Post Vaccination etc. Here you are suppose to provide follow up assistance in case of emergency. There have been instances where doctors have been pulled up by courts for not taking care of booked antenatal or follow up patients during odd hours. Develop a mechanism so that your follow up patients know where to go in case u are not available. Than onus is not on you .
And now why only phones , patients will harass you through other means too, specially What's App. Where they even click a picture and seek your opinion . Flatly refuse to give any opinion without physically examining the patient .
Remember in absence of clear laws, the personal discretion of judge matters a lot. Time and again we have seen the judgement being totally reversed in higher courts due to absence of clear laws. As medical science and technology is advancing lots of ethical dilemmas and legal issues are cropping up daily. We need to be very careful as anyone can be a victim of judicial subjectivity and overenthusiasm.
And finally let us admit fear of loosing a patient is the major reason we entertain them telephonically. My take on this is that do not ever be under a pressure to hold on to patients . They will exploit you and make your life hell. It's better to loose 10-20 % of your patients since they are cause of 100 % headache . Rest 80 % still good enough to give us a decent life than why to compromise on our peace and happiness . *Remember the ultimate aim of working or doing anything for that matter, is peace and happiness .
Happy practising...
Dr Arun Gupta
President Delhi Medical Council.
Friday, August 10, 2018
Keratosis Obturans.
Keratosis Obturans is a condition of ear canal whereby skin of ear canal erodes the bone over time. Normally skin regenerates itself completely in 21 days. Sometimes, this process may erode the bone especially when it is not able to shed itself out.
Chronically deposited skin debris lead to blockade of ear canal, foul smell and formation of Otomycosis (fungal debris).
Treatment is removal of these debris meticulously and regular cleaning by ENT Specialist.
Typical case where wax was very difficult to remove. After few sittings, could make out membranes around wax going deep into floor of ear canal. These membrane secretes some enzymes which dissolves bone or cause pressure necrosis. These cases requires frequent office visits. (15/09/2019)
Keratosis Obturans: Note destruction of floor of ear canal by skin debris.
Thursday, August 9, 2018
Telephonic Consultation
This is from IMA
Following Bombay high court verdict to proceed with criminal prosecution in an incident which involved TELEPHONIC CONSULTATION, the issue came to attention of the public and was widely discussed. Although the particular stand by the high court was not finding negligence in TELEPHONIC consultation, but was due to other reasons also. Subsequently arrest of the doctors in the case was stayed by supreme court.
In this situation it will be worthwhile to discuss legal & ethical aspects of TELEPHONIC CONSULTATION.
MCI code of Ethics has not spelt on this at all.
In this situation Judicial Law comes into force and thereby the Bombay high court verdict gains importance.
Ethically only on seeing a patient only can a Doctor can prescribe Medicines or advice on the treatment to be followed.
A history of the ailment, clinical examination is needed to prescribe any medication.
Hence a telephonic consultation without seeing the patient is not Ethically or Legally valid.
A regular patient seeking advice on phone is also not valid as the call will be on any change in symptoms or signs which has to be examined before we alter the medication or advise further.
An instruction given by the consultant to his patient to inform the investigation results by phone and thereby advising may be held valid as the consultant is responsible for the Patients action.
On the issue of Telemedicine it is between a Doctor and a Paramedical or between a Doctor and super specialist hence each other are VICARIOUSLY responsible for any Negligence.
Deficiency of service occurs when there is deviation from common practice and lack of reasonable care causing damage to the patient. The common practice involved in treating a patient is eliciting history, physical examination ( inspection, percussion, palpation& auscultation), going through investigations and arriving at a diagnosis. Treatment is instituted after diagnosis. In TELEPHONIC CONSULTATION all or part of the above may not be undertaken. Hence there is always a possibility of alleging and finding negligence on the part of the doctor in cases of TELEPHONIC consultations, by the legal fora.
But in situations where physical examination is not required ( eg: adjusting insulin according to blood sugar levels in a regular patient, analgesics for acute exacerbation of chronic pain under regular treatment etc.) telephonic consultation will not amount to negligence. Also in situations of managing emergencies, till the doctor arrives TELEPHONIC CONSULTATION can be undertaken in a judicious manner.
Another aspect of TELEPHONIC CONSULTATION is that, there is an element of contributory negligence from the part of patient or relatives if they by themselves opt for a TELEPHONIC CONSULTATION for their convenience.
Topic of TELEPHONIC CONSULTATION is an ethical dilemma. In a patient in distress, the treatment suggested by the practitioner in whom he has confidence is appropriate and ethically correct. But at the same time the method is used by the practitioner to avoid the botheration of seeing the patient directly, it is ethically incorrect.
But at the same time,information explosion and advancing technology can be harnessed for augmenting health care in remote areas,especially Telemedicne and Mobile Health.
Online consultations ,online prescribtions and telemedicine are all topics which have posed ethical dilemmas.
As the code of ethics is silent on this emerging areas,judicial over activism can be detrimental to the profession.
IMA requests the MCI to come out with clear cut guidelines on this important issues.
Many developed countries have clear cut guidelines on it.
Take home message: TELEPHONIC Consultations are legally & ethically incorrect in the strict sense. Their judicious use in certain circumstances can be justified.
Dr Ravi Wankhedkar
Dr R N Tandon
National President Hon Sec General
Sunday, May 20, 2018
Key Notes for Endoscopic sinus surgeries
Antihistamines have no role in treatment of nasal polyps unless these are associated with Allergic Rhinitis.
Doxycycline can be given as immunomodulator for 3 weeks in pre operative period.
Saline irrigation helps in pre operative period.
Omalizumab has been proven to bring down IgE levels significantly especially in severe resistant Asthma. (Targeted therapy).
Keep the heart rate low around 60 and blood pressure normal during surgery.
Topical decongestant with Adrenaline for 5-10 mins espl in a young patient reduces overall surgical time..
Maxillary antrostomy types
Type 1: normal opening
Type 2: where posterior Maxillary wall is flushed with Maxillary sinus opening.
Type 3: where antrostomy opening is flushed down till level of inferior turbinates
Type 4: Medial Maxillectomy
Ringer Lactate is more physiological than normal saline for nasal irrigation.
Frontal ostium boundaries are
Medial : Middle turbinate
Lateral: Orbit
Anterior : Frontal beak- safest for enlargement
Posterior : Supraorbital cell
Draft procedure
Type 1: simple opening frontal ostium
Type 2a : removing surrounding hypertrophied mucosa.
Type 2a: also includes drilling frontal beak.
Where supra orbital cell ends, Anterior ethmoidal artery is located.
70degree telescope is also known as skull base blade.
Best treatment of middle turbinates is to respect it.
Maxillary line or Medial orbital angle is very important Landmark as sphenoid opening is never above it.
Sphenoid osteum marks the posterior boundary of posterior ethmoids.
In severe polypsis, it's better to remove antero inferior part of middle turbinates as to deliver more topical steroids.
Sinus surgery is Surgery of landmarks.
Low Vit. D levels are associated with low immunity.
Important Landmark in revision FESS
1. Frontonasal process or frontal beak.
2. Middle meats antrostomy
3. Inferior turbinate
4. Laminar papyracea.
5. Choanae
Selective posterior neurectomy is good for naso ocular symptoms..
Saturday, February 24, 2018
Excision of Sebaceous cyst in submandibular area of neck through proximal neck crease incision.
Sebaceous cyst can form in any part of body where sebum (oily) glands are common. Often these are infected and their removal provide cure. Sebaceous cyst of face and neck assume special importance as scar mark could be unsightly. Surgeon utilized proximal neck incision to minimizes impact of scar during surgery.
Superficial Parotidectomy
Ear Bud related injury in the ear.
Blood seen coming from ear after this girl did self cleaning of ears with Q tips (ear buds)
Examination under Microscope shows injured outer ear canal and contused ear drum.
Ear buds or Q tips are often thought to be instruments for cleaning ear.
These picture highlights the injury it can cause which can have grave consequences.
Friday, February 23, 2018
Mandibular Tori
Tori are bony outgrowth from hard palate (commonly) and also from mandible. They rarely cause any trouble and need to be left as such.
They are presume to be formed as a result of local bony stress and more common in Asian and Inuit countries.
Mandibular Tori- happends because of local stress point.
Thursday, February 15, 2018
Fluid in middle ear because of Barotrauma after a flight.
Note air bubbles and fluid in middle ear rotating with Valsalva maneuver. This lady complained of severe pain in right ear with landing of air plane.
In this age of increased air travel, barotrauma of ear is very common. Person complains of severe earache and sometimes decreased hearing often during descent of a plane. This case demonstrate the fluid formation of a lady after a flight.
Timings, Fees, ENT Clinic, Dr. Ajay Jain
Dr. Ajay Jain's ENT Clinic, Preet Vihar, New Delhi. Address : Shop No:1,2,3 DDA Market-1, G-block, Preet Vihar, Delhi-92. Landmark: Ent... |
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4. A flat: Dictionary.com [home, info]
5. A Flat (film), A-flat, A-flat (disambiguation), A-flat (musical note), A flat: Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [home, info]
6. A flat: Dictionary/thesaurus [home, info]
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1. A-flat: Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary [home, info]
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Observation | Is the open source of the blockchain the biggest flaw in the business model or the strongest defense?
Encrypted networks such as Bitcoin and Ethereum have become a platform based on community ownership and operation. People use tools to distribute economic value through the network and build network effects.
Foreword: Open source (Open Source) is a concept proposed on February 3, 1998. It is open source code and software that can be freely distributed under an open source license. The so-called free communication refers to free distribution, free copy, free modification, free use. Different open source licenses stipulate that different open source software has different degrees of freedom. Free software (Free Software) has the greatest degree of freedom. Open source software has a business model, while free software has no business model.
"Many entrepreneurs and investors believe that crypto projects cannot gain value because they are based on open source code. It is normal to have such an idea. After all, open source code can be easily copied by your users and your users and other potential income Diversion-From this perspective, open source does not seem to be business friendly.
But in reality, the business model of the encrypted network is indeed sustainable. For those who are well versed in the Web 2.0 platform, they will soon understand the encrypted network model. Like many platform-based companies, encryption projects attempt to create "defense" through network effects, thereby generating a fee stream and ensuring that users will not switch to other competing services.
What makes cryptocurrencies different?
I think that in fact, the biggest potential of the encryption project is to be able to further expand on the framework we are familiar with. The biggest innovation of the encrypted network is that users can share the value created by themselves. At this time, the encrypted network itself also has the ability to enhance the network effect.
Network influence, switching costs, and defense
In fact, it is easy to cause misunderstandings about encryption and value acquisition. Software companies that use open source code have generated trillions of dollars in revenue, but in the community that builds open source code, there is no direct way to get most of the value.
Why can't the old-school open source community make a profit?
The reason is that copying open source code is easy, but building services around open source code and forming a network is not easy. The open source library is an empty blueprint. The code is "dead". To make the code "live", you need to run it as an actual use case, and inject data and / or users into it, thus eventually forming a network or a kind of network. service.
Many Internet platforms are built using open source libraries, which are run by enterprises and provide users with practical use cases and services. For each new database entry, or each new user, services based on open source libraries become more valuable, which can produce network effects. At this time, if the user wants to switch to a new competitive service, there will be a certain inherent cost. Since competitors often have a hard time to break through this conversion cost, the network effect actually provides a "defense" for the service.
Imagine if you copied Facebook, but there was no friend on it; Uber was copied, but there was no driver on it. This can also explain why big platforms will become bigger and bigger, and competitors will be more and more in trouble.
Once the "defense" is determined through network effects, the conversion cost becomes the basis for companies to charge users, advertisers, or both. As long as the fees charged are lower than the conversion costs of alternative products, this model is feasible.
Forking cannot eliminate switching costs
Similar to the Web 2.0 platform, a well-designed encrypted network is actually a service that runs in real time. They can also form a powerful network effect and turn it into a basis for generating conversion costs. Since encrypted networks rely on open source code, encrypted networks can be copied (or forked) more easily. However, despite the low cost of copying open source code (which may sometimes be free), you need to coordinate all network participants and allow them to move to a new, forked network, and the resulting social costs are usually relatively high . Not only that, you also need to strengthen brand promotion, make people familiar with and trust the new network, plus the lindy effect (lindy effect) and smart contract integration. This is actually the reason why existing services can be consolidated, and it is also the secret to building network effects and generating conversion costs.
Translated into vernacular: it means that for something that will die on its own, the expected value of the remaining time will decrease for each additional day; and for the thing that does not die by itself, the remaining time for each additional day The expected value of will increase.
The network effect of Bitcoin stems from the fact that more and more people believe that it is a value store, which incentivizes miners to protect the network security; the network effect of Ethereum comes from developers who deploy applications-every developer can use Ether As a building block of products, other developers can also build higher-order services based on Ethereum, thereby promoting the growth of Ethereum usage and the demand for ETH tokens.
At the application level, the automated token exchange Uniswap is becoming more and more useful for every new user. There is additional liquidity in the market that can bring better transaction prices; Compound is a currency used for lending business Market agreements can provide loans with more competitive interest rates as borrowing liquidity increases.
As far as the above two examples are concerned, if the original network is to be forked, it is equivalent from a technical point of view, but the newly forked network in function may be difficult to match the original network. Taking Compound as an example, the new fork network will have lower liquidity, so it will not be able to provide more attractive interest rates. For the same reason, Uniswap's forked network cannot provide users with better transaction prices. After Bitcoin is forked, people usually don't think of the forked cryptocurrency as a store of value or a medium of exchange, so it's unlikely to gain value.
This is the same as the basic principle of "defense" of the traditional Web 2.0 platform, namely: attracting users, establishing network effects, and improving defense by generating conversion costs. For cryptocurrency platforms, the conversion cost is the basis for margin withdrawal, which usually exists in the form of fees:
As long as a service keeps the "extractability" at a minimum level-that is, the fee charged to users is lower than the conversion cost, then this model is feasible.
Therefore, the innovation of cryptocurrency is not a business model, but-who can benefit from it.
Differentiating factors: the value distribution capability of cryptocurrencies
Cryptocurrency is an innovation similar to data packets.
Now we can move value bits by moving information bits: using an open standard, with a very elaborate transmission method, value can be transmitted to anyone anywhere in the world-this means that encryption services that can transmit value are now It has a unique opportunity to distribute value directly to users of production value.
If the cost flow can be properly designed, the value distribution will also become more effective, and encryption projects can provide users with direct incentives to encourage everyone to contribute and enhance network resilience, thereby further strengthening the network effect. In turn, this approach will also enhance the cost flow's own viability and form a virtuous circle. Based on the economic model of cooperation, this virtuous cycle also enables sustainable, simultaneous growth of the network size and defense capabilities owned by users.
From a scale perspective, encrypted networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum have actually become a platform based on community ownership and community operation. But with the right tools, others can create similar networks, and they can distribute economic value through the network, build network effects, and generate value for themselves, investors, and user communities.
Creating an economic cooperation model with users is the main feature of the encryption product experience. For the founder of the encryption project, it can actually unlock a larger, more competitive and defensive network and achieve more innovations-but please do not Forget, all this is due to the open source foundation of the encryption industry. "
Original by: Jesse Walden
Tip: Qiangan believes that open source is a future trend. Good open source and usage methods will empower people. The creativity of more blockchain companies will be placed on the level of service and business expansion, but I think the underlying innovation is still The prospects are unlimited. |
6 files
Heating demand and available useful solar heat in different cities in the UK
posted on 01.01.2018, 00:00 by T Roskilly, H Bao, Z Ma
The data contains three Excel documents with different return water temperatures at 30, 40 and 50 °C respectively. The calculated heating demands of dwellings in 8 different cities in the UK with different heat loss coefficients (50, 150 and 250 W/K) were given; The available useful solar heat from tilted flat-plate solar collector (30, 45, 60°C slope angle, facing south) were calculated and given. |
APERTURE in a nutshell
Scroll down for a very detailled description.
what is the aperture?
Aperture is a pretty sophisticated term for a hole in the lens of your camera. That hole can be made bigger or smaller.
As mundane as that may sound, the effect that hole has on your images is massive.
The effects of aperture
1. Image brightness (Exposure)
Easier to understand, but less creative than the other, is the effect of the aperture setting on image brightness.
Quite logically, when you make an opening bigger, it will let more light in. What is familiar from the blinds of a window, curtains, etc., is the same with the aperture.
The more you open it, the more light you let in.
small aperture:
less light
This image shows the maximum aperture opening of most “kit lenses” – which is f/5.6 ( If you’re interested, I’ll explain what aperture numbers mean down below).
The hole in the middle is pretty small, and that means that most of the light is blocked by the aperture.
Aperture f/5.6
Lens with aperture opening of f/5.6
large aperture:
more light
This is not a kit-lens though, but a so-called prime lens. Some of them can be had for very little money (read about the famous nift-fifty).
Prime lenses have much bigger maximum aperture openings than zoom lenses. In this image I opened this lens for example to f/2 instead.
Look at how much bigger the opening is compared to the f/5.6 above!
Aperture f/2
Lens with aperture opening of f/2
• the size
• the brightness
This image shows the the size difference of the first opening (f/5.6) in red, overlaid on the bigger opening (f/2).
The amount of light that can enter the camera through the aperture is directly related to the size of the opening. If it is twice the size, you get twice the image brightness.
Here it is
• 8x
• 8x
So a rather cheap prime lens, like the nifty-fifty will give you 8 times more light than the kit lens. You’ll soon find out how valuable that can be.
Aperture f/2 with overlay of aperture f/5.6
Lens with an aperture opening of f/2 and a graphical overlay of f/5.6
Do you remember that doubling of light?
When I introduced you to scene luminance, I said one EV will double the brightness. One EV was equal to one stop.
I told you that the doubling of brightness is pretty important in photography, and here it appears for the second time. Twice the area of the aperture opening, twice the brightness, which also means one stop brighter, or again one EV brighter.
I bet you start understanding the importance of Exposure Values (EV) in photography.
The images below show the aperture opening increase 2x in size in each image
sample shot of aperture set to f/16
aperture symbol f/16
Aperture f/16
sample shot of aperture set to f/11
aperture symbol f/11
Aperture f/11
sample shot of aperture set to f/8
aperture symbol f/8
Aperture f/8
sample shot of aperture set to f/5.6
aperture symbol f/5.6
Aperture f/5.6
sample shot of aperture set to f/4
aperture symbol f/4
Aperture f/4
sample shot of aperture set to f/2.8
aperture symbol f/2.8
Aperture f/2.8
sample shot of aperture set to f/2
aperture symbol f/2
Aperture f/2
sample shot of aperture set to f/1.4
aperture symbol f/1.4
Aperture f/1.4
As you can see, by doubling the size of the aperture opening, the image brightness doubles too.
width 100%:
width 900px:
I hope you see the pattern when you compare it to scene luminance, where every exposure value doubles the brightness.
But why are there some increments in between?
The aperture chart has some additional increments compared to the scene luminance chart.
Rather than only giving you the chance to double or half the brightness of your images, camera manufacturers give you the option to much finer adjust the brightness. The increments in between are 1/3 stops. Usually the custom settings in your camera let you choose between 1/3 stops and 1/2 stops. I’d recommend 1/3 stops.
aperture full and third stops
Full Stop
f/8 f/11
1/3 Stop
f/8 f/9
In case you now try that with your camera and you don’t see any changes in your images when you change the aperture on your camera:
In any auto or semi-auto mode (Auto, P, Tv, Av, S, A,…), the camera will compensate for the loss of light, by adjusting another setting. Only if you change to manual exposure (M), will you see the direct effect that changing aperture has on image brightness.
The effects of aperture
2. Depth of focus
Beside the very important effect on image brightness, the aperture has a much more exciting effect on images. It changes what photographers call depth of field. Personally I like to call it depth of focus. There is a slight difference between these two terms for tech nerds, but in practical use, they are 100% the same.
Depth of focus actually has two effects. Let me show them one by one
I won’t write too much, but rather let images speak.
aperture symbol f/16
Aperture f/16
aperture symbol f/11
Aperture f/11
aperture symbol f/8
Aperture f/8
aperture symbol f/5.6
Aperture f/5.6
aperture symbol f/4
Aperture f/4
aperture symbol f/2.8
Aperture f/2.8
aperture symbol f/2
Aperture f/2
aperture symbol f/1.4
Aperture f/1.4
Personally, I just love the blurred backgrounds, that low aperture-numbers give me. The difference is massive, and it helps separate your subject from the background, particularly in portraits.
Do you wonder why the images above all have the same brightness?
We just learned that changing the aperture will change the image brightness, so how is it possible that I changed the aperture numbers and the brightness stayed the same?
Remember, the aperture is just one of the settings that has an influence on image brightness. Of course I wanted all these images to have the same brightness, so I compensated (in so-called aperture priority the camera would automatically do that) for the loss of light, by changing another setting, which you will learn in a second.
Why the question mark at f/1.4?
To make you aware that not every lens supports such low aperture-numbers. Kit lenses usually stop at f/5.6 for portraits like this. Let me show you the difference in background blur between using a kit lens at f/5.6 vs a prime lens.
f/1.8 f/5.6
If you are now hooked and want to know more about background blur, here is the link to my youtube video: The 5 Factors of Background Blur.
BTW: if you now consider upgrading your lens, every manufacturer has a rather affordable 50mm f/1.8 lens, the so-called Nifty Fifty – read more about that here: What is a Nifty Fifty?
If you have another look at the images above, you see that the area that is in focus has decreased the lower the f-number. That is an advantage in portraits, because it helps separate your subject from the background, but it can also be a disadvantage.
Again, I want to let images speak for themselves.
aperture symbol f/32
Aperture f/32
aperture symbol f/22
Aperture f/22
aperture symbol f/16
Aperture f/16
aperture symbol f/11
Aperture f/11
aperture symbol f/8
Aperture f/8
aperture symbol f/5.6
Aperture f/5.6
aperture symbol f/4
Aperture f/4
aperture symbol f/2.8
Aperture f/2.8
For example in macro photography or product photography, you often want as much of your image sharp as possible. In these cases, low aperture-numbers don’t make sense and you want to raise them to get more of your image sharp.
Why the red question mark (this time in the first image at the highest aperture-number)?
To make you aware that not every lens supports the higher numbers either, and also make you aware that f-numbers don’t stop at f/16, like in the portrait example. Many lenses will go up to f/32, very few even higher. Click the question mark to see the image shot at an aperture of f/32. The lineup above is a typical example of the aperture range of a dedicated macro lens, which often ranges from f/2.8 to f/32.
In the advanced section below, I will tell you why it might not be the best idea to use very high numbers, even though the big depth of focus seems like a blessing at times.
Below is a direct comparison between the depth of focus you get when shoot at the lowest and highest aperture-numbers of a macro lens.
f/2.8 f/32
Now that you learned that aperture has a limited amount of settings to choose from, it is important to have another look at it’s effect on image brightness.
While you see that doubling of the aperture opening has quite a big influence on your images, you also see that the range is limited.
Aperture range of "kit lenses"
Kit lenses usually have a range between f/5.6 – f/32, which is a range of 5 stops.
aperture range kit lens
Aperture range of macro lenses
Typical macro lenses on the other hand, range from f/2.8 – f/32, which is a range of 7 stops.
For macro you usually want a higher depth of focus, that’s why these lenses emphasize the higher f-numbers.
aperture range macro lens
Aperture range of portrait lenses
Professional portrait lenses often have an aperture range from f/1.4 to f/16, which again is 7 stops
For portraits photographers often want a blurred background, so the aperture range emphasizes the lower f-numbers.
aperture range kit lens
Compare aperture range to scene luminance
But if you compare the amount of aperture stops in various lenses to the possible stops that scene luminance has, you realize that the influence of aperture on image brightness is far less than that of scene luminance.
exposure value graphic for scene luminance
So you learn two things:
• Scene Luminance has a much bigger influence on image brightness than aperture has and that's one of the reasons why it is the most important component of exposure, despite not being listed in the exposure triangle.
• Because of that smaller range compared to the huge range that scene luminance has, you cannot control image brightness with aperture alone
Bigger aperture number (f-number)
More light is blocked
Bigger depth of focus
Aperture FAQ
Here is a list about the most frequently asked questions regarding aperture
That depends mostly on your lens, but also on the number of people in the group. Don’t listen to people who tell you, that you need to choose the number according to the number of people. That’s just plain wrong.
There are apps available that let you calculate the depth of field (or depth of focus as I like to call it). The most popular one is PhotoPills. But there are also online calculators available.
Please comment below. I will constantly update this section with new questions.
If you are a photography beginner, skip this section and continue to shutter speed above.
Return, once you feel comfortable to learn more about the aperture.
Advanced aperterture knowledge
the nerdy stuff
aperture symbol f/5.6
F/ 0
aperture symbol f/4
F/ 0
aperture symbol f/2.8
F/ 0
aperture symbol f/2
F/ 0
aperture symbol f/1.4
F/ 0
f-numbers make sense
The aperture number shows how big the diameter of the aperture opening is, relative to the focal length. If you don’t know what focal length is – for example your kit-lens has a focal length of 18-55mm (it’s variable, because you can zoom – if you fully zoom in, your focal length is 55mm, if you fully zoom out, it’s 18mm).
So “f” stands for focal length, f/2 stands for 1/2 the focal length.
aperture formula for f/2
Easy example: focal length f=100mm
If you use lens with a focal length of 100mm, f/2 would mean that the diameter of the aperture is 50mm
aperture calculation example for f=100mm
size matters
Remember, I said the size of the area of the opening, so the size of the hole is what matters.
From school we know that the formula for the area of the circle is r-square.𝝅.
r stands for radius, which is half the diameter. So r=d/2
aperture size formula
2x size for every stop
If we now use that formula to calculate the area of the aperture opening, we get roughly twice the size of f/2 compared to f/2.8.
Why roughly?
Well, the aperture row actually starts with f/1, and the f-number that would represent the exact half the size of f/1, would not be f/1.4, as it is usually listed, but rather f/1.414213… – which btw. is the square root of 2.
So f/2.8 is not really f/2.8, but rather f/2.82842…
But I think f/2.8 is already complicated enough 😅.
aperture calculation for various sizes
Now you should understand why the aperture numbers are so weird, what f/ is and why the size doubles with every stop. BTW: I also have a video about the calculation of aperture numbers.
for half-nerds
Small f-numbers create softer images
For non-nerds, here is the fast explanation: Small f-numbers usually create softer images. That’s why some photographers don’t recommend shooting a lens at it’s smallest f-number (using the smallest f-number is usually called “shooting wide open”).
However, that is not valid for all lenses. Professional lenses of newer generations (for example the Sigma Art lens series), create stunningly sharp images, even wide open. However, using bigger f-numbers will still even create slightly sharper images.
The higher the quality of a lens (usually that’s a question of your budget), the sharper it is wide open, compared to using higher f-numbers.
High f-numbers create softer images
Sounds weird, but the same is true for the other end of the scale. The highest f-numbers of a lens also create softer images due to an effect called diffraction, that I will explain in detail in the nerdy part down below – just continue reading!
Where is the physical sweet-spot?
In general the sweet-spot for the aperture with the sharpest overall image is usually somewhere around f/8 to f/11. But that not only varies among different lens models, but also among lenses of the same model. All you can do is make test shots with your own lens and find out which one is the best setting for your lens.
Where is the subjective sweet-spot?
The specific sweet spot for an image can of course differ from the physical sweet-spot of a lens. Let’s consider you need a very high depth of focus (DOF). You would then sacrifice the overall sharpness, for a wider depth of focus and therefore the sweet-spot for that particular image, would be higher than the objective sweet-spot of that lens.
well exposed image
f/16 for bigger depth of focus
And the same is true for the other end of the scale. If you are shooting something and your goal is to separate your subject as good as possible from the background, you want a very shallow depth. That doesn’t necessarily have to be a portrait.
To achieve that, you might be willing to sacrifice sharpness over separation. I like to call that perceived sharpness because the image sometimes looks sharper, because the subject stands out so well in front of the rest of the image, that is blurry.
dog small aperture number
f/1.8 for maximum background blur
So always using the sharpest setting of your lens, isn’t very clever. But for scenes like a regular landscape, it is good to know where it is.
for complete nerds
Why does a lower f-number create softer images?
For those of you who wonder why a lower aperture-number creates softer images, that has to do with an effect called spheric aberration.
In a perfect lens, all incoming light rays, are focused in one single focus point.
Here is a very basic graph to illustrate that, think of starting a fire with a magnifying glass, in an ideal lens, the sun would create a very very tiny spot, where all the sunlight is concentrated:
The reality however is: lenses aren’t perfect – particularly not the cheaper lenses that come with most cameras, and also not zoom-lenses. Because lenses need to be very well “calibrated” (it’s actually more than that, but that would lead too far) and the manufacturers can only “calibrate” lenses for a certain focal length. Not over a very wide range of focal lengths, like for example in an 18-400mm lens.
That’s why prime lenses are usually sharper than similar priced (or even more expensive) zoom lenses.
So: lenses are hardly ever perfect and have so-called lens errors.
Spheric aberration
One of these lens errors is spheric aberration. In less than perfect lenses, the incoming light rays are not focused in one single focus point, but some rather in front of the sensor plane (which btw. is the plane where you want the rays to be focused), some right at the sensor plane and others behind.
Here is basic graph again. Instead of focusing the light rays to a single point, they are all over the place. The more these rays deviate, the less sharp the lens is.
Aspheric lens elements.
As you can see in the graph above, it’s mostly the rays at the edge of the lens that cause the problem. There are two ways to solve the issue. The first, more difficult and more expensive way is, correcting the edge of the lens for that error and try to refract the rays into the center. To do that, lens manufacturers produce so-called aspherical glass elements, so glass that is not “round” (hence spheric) on the surface, but rather flattens out towards the edge. That will grab the light rays and refract them further away from the glass.
The result is a sharper image.
As you can see, they are still not perfectly focused. Particularly newer generation professional lenses have become pretty close to the perfection. But they are still not there yet.
The more technology advances, the better the lenses have become. So don’t trust anyone who says old lenses are sharper. If you compare lenses of the same class (so new pro lenses to old pro lenses, the old ones don’t stand a chance).
However, we still don’t have a perfectly sharp image. So what can we do to further improve the sharpness?
Reducing the aperture opening to enhance sharpness.
Why did I tell you all of the above? It doesn’t seem to have anything to do with aperture. Oh yes it does, and here is why.
We see that it’s still the outer rays that cause trouble. What if we could get rid of those outer rays and only keep the ones that are perfectly focused?
That’s where the aperture enters the stage. By closing the aperture, you literally cut away the rays that enter the glass at the edge of the frame, so all that is left are the inner rays, that are much better focused to a single spot.
So our high quality glass, that was pretty sharp to begin with, got even sharper by closing the aperture.
But that is also one of the reasons why cheaper lenses don’t have low aperture numbers, but rather start with f/5.6 instead of f/1.4. It’s simply much cheaper to only cut away the rays that are causing trouble, than refract them by creating high quality and perfectly shaped glass.
However, of course quality lenses are also better in regard to focussing the inner rays, and that’s why they maintain their advantage over cheaper glass, even when closing the aperture. The gap gets closer though.
The image gets sharper and sharper until it reaches a certain sweet-spot. But what happens after that sweet-spot.
Closing the aperture, doesn’t only have positive effects, there is also a negative one.
On sharp edges, rays and waves are being deviated. Aperture blades represent such a sharp edge, and that gets us into trouble.
With open apertures, that isn’t an issue, because most of the rays are deviated outside the sensor area and beside that, there are more rays coming through the big opening, kinda ovderpowering the deviated rays that are caused by diffraction. But closing the aperture not only brings the rays right onto the camera sensor, but also reduced amount of light from rays that are passing the opening without being deviated makes them more prominent. The result is an increasing amount of blur, the more you close the aperture
Where is the sweet spot?
Somewhere between the cutting away of the edge rays and the kicking in of diffraction is the aperture setting that produces the least amount of blur or better said the sharpest image.
That sweet spot is different for every lens. To find it, you have to do some test shots with every aperture setting. Usually it is around f/8-f/11.
Disclaimer: the above explanations and graphs are very simplified and not made for scientific purposes. They are rather meant to help you understand and learn photography.
Reduction of vignetting
Remember smaller apertures cutting light that enters the edge of a lens? When shooting wide open, the outer rays are usually darker. Stopping down will reduce that effect and produce a more evenly lit frame.
Also when using filters on ultra wide-angle lenses, that can help quite a bit, because the thread of some filters (unless they are slim) will appear in the frame. Stopping down will remove that to some extent.
Reduction of Chromatic Aberration
Chromatic aberration is similar to spheric aberration. It is mostly visible in the corners of a frame and particularly in areas with high contrasts. It is usually more prominent in cheaper lenses, but you can get it in any lens, depending on the conditions.
Stopping down can dramatically reduce chromatic aberration, but you can also reduce it using your editing software.
Very closely related to the aperture is the so-called bokeh – see the definition of bokeh on wikipedia.
The rounder the aperture opening, the more pleasing and rounder are blurred highlights rendered – usually desirable for example in blurred portrait backgrounds. Rounder openings are usually created by more aperture blades as well as special shapes and blade-placement during the closing process. So bokeh has a lot to do with aperture.
So do stars that are created for example in night shots of cityscapes when using rather high f-numbers. Depending on the shape of the opening and the number of blades, the stars are more or less pronounced and have more or less rays. Here is an example of a christmas Tree image shot with a kit lens that has six blades, vs an image shot with a
stars created by aperture settings 6 blades
christmas tree stars created by aperture settings 6 blades
stars created by aperture settings 9 blades
Christmas tree stars created by aperture settings 9 blades
Do you want to shoot images like these?
These images were all shot by me. My name is Wolf Amri, I’m a professional photographer and film maker.
On my youtube channel, I explain not only exposure, but everything else you need to know about photography. Explaining in a video is much easier than written because I can show you images, animations and examples on the way. So let me recommend watching my youtube beginner photography course.
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In the "2020 Impact Report." Tesla reiterates high battery capacity retention (low degradation) in its electric cars.
According to the company's data, the average vehicle battery in Tesla should still have about 90% of its original capacity after 200,000 miles (322,000 km) of usage.
"Capacity retention of Tesla vehicle batteries averages ~90% after 200,000 miles of usage"
That's a very good result of just 10% battery capacity (and range) degradation: 1% per 20,000 miles (32,200 km).
Assuming 250 miles per full cycle (just for illustrative purposes), it's also about 800 cycles with a degradation rate of 1% per 80 cycles (or a higher number of partial cycles).
That's a lot, especially since typically a car is scrapped after about 200,000 miles in the U.S. In Europe, it's 150,000 miles (241,000 km). Tesla's approach is to design the pack in such a way so they could outlast the car.
In other words, batteries should not be a problem and besides the rare faulty battery, the normal user probably will never have to worry about replacing the pack.
Model S/X data
Just like in the previous years, Tesla shows a chart with battery capacity retention per distance traveled for the Model S (produced since 2012-2020) and Model X (produced since 2015-2020).
Those two cars are equipped with cylindrical battery cells (1865 format, NCA lithium-ion chemistry), supplied by Panasonic from Japan.
As we can see, vehicles with mileage between 150,000-200,000 miles (241,000-322,000 km), on average, still have more than 85% of initial battery capacity (the battery degradation is below 15%). Actually we can see about about 88% at 200,000 miles (red line).
• the initial battery capacity fade is higher in the beginning and then stabilizes at a slower rate
• we estimate (from the chart) that the first 5% of battery capacity is gone (on average) after about 25,000 miles (40,000 km)
• another 5% (total of 10%) is gone (on average) around 125,000-150,000 miles (200,000-241,000 km), but it's difficult to estimate because the curve is really flat
• after 200,000 miles (322,000 km), on average, the capacity degradation is below 15% (the car still has more than 85% of the capacity and corresponding range)
• the lowest capacity within the standard deviation (see wiki) is above 80% after the 200,000 miles (322,000 km), but there might be cases worse than that (the population of those cases might be 10-20% we guess)
• there is a higher variation in the high mileage results (150,000-200,000 miles) as there are simply fewer cases and some might be very specific.
• keep in mind that time, temperatures and other factors (like how long the battery stayed at a high state-of-charge levels) also influence the battery degradation.
For obvious reasons, the chart does not include the data for the latest refreshed Model S/Model X. The new versions of Model S/Model X (from 2021) are also equipped with 1865 battery cells from Panasonic (Japan), but both the packs and modules have been fully redesigned. Their battery capacity retention might be different.
We can't say anything about the battery capacity retention in Model 3/Model Y, equipped with 2170-type cylindrical cells (various suppliers - Panasonic, LG Chem's LG Energy Solution) as well as prismatic LFP cells (CATL in China). We would love to see a similar chart specifically for the Model 3/Model Y, especially since those two cars already saw more than a million units sold.
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Solution for Electronic Throttle Control System (ETC)
In order to improve the safety, dynamics, stability, and economy of vehicles, and reduce emission pollution, the world’s major automobile manufacturers have introduced various electronic throttle valves with good control characteristics and their corresponding electronic control systems to form an electronic festival. Valve Control System (ETCS). The electronic throttle control system is adopted to accurately control the throttle opening. Not only can fuel economy be improved, and emissions can be reduced, but the system responds quickly and can obtain satisfactory control performance; on the other hand, it can realize idle Speed control, cruise control and The integration of vehicle stability control, etc., simplifies the control system structure.
It replaces the traditional mechanical connection between the accelerator pedal and the throttle body and establishes a connection between the accelerator pedal and the throttle through a wire, which can improve engine control and avoid adverse consequences caused by improper operation of the accelerator pedal by the driver. It accurately controls the throttle opening in real-time by adding corresponding sensors and electronic control units. It can realize engine Torque control and precise air-fuel ratio control, which can help improve the dynamics, stability, and economy of vehicle driving, and can effectively reduce emission pollution. At present, ETC is widely used in automobile power control systems such as anti-skid control (ASR), cruise control (CCS), and vehicle stability control (VSC), and has gradually become a standard configuration for high-end cars.
The Working Principle of the Electronic Throttle System:
The accelerator pedal position sensor transmits the information that the driver needs to accelerate or decelerate to the throttle electronic control unit ECU. Based on the obtained information, the ECU calculates the corresponding optimal throttle position and sends a control signal to the throttle actuator, which is executed by the throttle The controller opens the throttle valve to the calculated optimal throttle opening position, and then the ECU communicates with other electronic control units (such as automatic transmission electronic control unit ECU, cruise control unit CCS, etc.) through the CAN bus to obtain other Operating conditions information.
And various sensors will transmit some information (such as engine Speed, gear position, throttle position, air-conditioning energy consumption, etc.) to the throttle electronic control unit ECU, and the ECU will continuously correct the optimal position of the throttle based on this information. Make the opening of the throttle valve reach the ideal position required by the driver. The entire system control process is a typical closed-loop position feedback control. The accelerator pedal position sensor and the throttle position sensor are equipped with primary and secondary systems. Therefore, when the system fails, the continuous monitoring function can be maintained to ensure operational safety.
How Kinmore Makes Improvement
In this application, the DC motor provided by Kinmore is used to control the switching gate of the throttle valve, allowing it to be precisely and quickly adjusted to the wanted angle. Powerful, controllable motors provide stable power support for automotive control systems.
For the electronic throttle control system, we recommend using this DC motor (RS-557SHC2J2-5219RB), because it has the characteristics of low noise, high Torque, high performance, and long life. Of course, we can also according to the performance requirements of customers to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the motor and customize it.
Motor Technical Parameters:
Rated Voltage12V DC
No Load Speed9150rpm
No Load Current0.8A
Load Speed7300rpm
Load Current10 A
Stall Current35.8A
Direction of rotationCCW
Motor Features:
• The electrical performance of motors such as Voltage, Speed, etc. can be customized after evaluation
• Low noise
• Stable performance
With over 20-year experience in motor drive solutions, we can quickly customize motor programs to meet customer requirements and provide customized services such as drawings, material selection, and proofing according to customer needs. For more information on the ETC motor solution, please contact our sales engineer.
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«japanese» - best artists
The music of Japan includes a wide array of performers in distinct styles both traditional and modern. The oldest forms of traditional Japanese music are shōmyō, Buddhist chanting, and gagaku, orchestral court music, both of which date to the Nara and Heian periods. The modern Japanese music scene ranges from rock, electro, noise, drone, avant-garde, jazz, ambient, punk, folk, metal, reggae, salsa, and tango to country music and hip hop. Local music often appears at karaoke venues, which is on lease from the record labels. The old Japanese music has no specific beat, and is calm. The music is improvised most of the time.
The word for music in Japanese is 音楽 (ongaku), combining the kanji 音 (“on” sound) with the kanji 楽 (“gaku” fun, comfort). |
Short-Term, Long-Term Homeschooling Approaches During Coronavirus
·8 min read
As the novel coronavirus began to spread, school districts quickly shut down, closing facilities and shifting classes online. As a result, many parents suddenly found themselves thrust into a new role: teacher.
With more than 50,000 coronavirus deaths in the U.S., state governments have issued social distancing measures and orders to stay at home. Some government officials have proclaimed that schools won't reopen this spring while some colleges have already moved summer classes online and are looking ahead to the possibility of remote instruction for the fall.
Despite the pandemic, the need for an education at all levels continues.
"Most families right now are supporting their children's learning at home," GG Weisenfeld, assistant research professor at the National Institute for Early Education Research at Rutgers University--New Brunswick in New Jersey, wrote in an email. "In this instance, connecting with your student's current school is key."
She adds, though, that not all school districts are equally able to provide virtual learning, which may create additional challenges for parents of K-12 students. Likewise, some students lack internet access at home or access to electronic devices for schoolwork.
Considering the challenging situation parents now find themselves in, U.S. News reached out to education experts to understand approaches to homeschooling over the short term and long term. Here are their tips for teaching at home.
Homeschooling During the Coronavirus: The Short-Term Approach
What students are experiencing now isn't traditional homeschooling, experts are quick to point out. They prefer to call it "schooling at home." Rather than following plans developed by parents, students are adhering to guidance from their local schools through virtual learning and lesson plans sent home.
But even with that guidance, navigating the K-12 world can be frustrating for parents.
"The most important thing is patience," says T. Jameson Brewer, an education professor at the University of North Georgia and co-author of a journal article titled, "Homeschooling in the United States: Examining the Rationales for Individualizing Education."
Patience should extend not only to students but to parents as well because they have essentially become substitute teachers.
Weisenfeld encourages families to find online resources to help supplement learning materials sent home. She also urges parents to seek out lesson plans to aid instructions and to look to online platforms like Khan Academy.
Virtual museum tours and other online resources can also help round out assigned schoolwork.
[Explore: 10 Online Teaching Resources for Parents During Coronavirus School Closures.]
She also encourages parents to visit the State Educational Technology Directors Association to see how school districts are going virtual. "There is a parent resources page that lists many resources, including state education agency links."
Families without internet access should contact their local school to ask about accommodations.
Vanessa Newman, a junior at the University of California--Los Angeles, was homeschooled most of her life before finishing up at a private high school. She encourages families to start every day with breakfast, follow an organized schedule and have a dedicated study space. That's what worked for her as a homeschool student.
"One thing that's tricky with homeschooling, it can be confusing to have boundaries between school and home , and it might feel like you never leave school, or home isn't as comfortable since you associate it with school," she says.
That makes a dedicated study space important, whether it's a room or one chosen area, she adds.
Newman notes that another big adjustment for students now is not being around classmates.
"It's not like when you're done with school, you can just go over to your friend's house anymore to play or to spend time with them," she says, adding that kids should try to connect virtually to avoid feeling isolated.
Homeschooling After COVID-19: The Long-Term Approach
Families considering homeschooling after the coronavirus pandemic has passed should understand the significant commitment required.
"Really what it factors down to is the willingness of the parent to invest the time, because that's what you're asking of a public school or private school teacher -- to invest the time," says Carol Becker, a high school consultant with the Home School Legal Defense Association who also taught her children at home.
Staying organized is key.
Newman's school schedule started at 6 a.m. or 7 a.m. After breakfast she typically began with math, and her mother focused on teaching the same subjects to her and her younger brother. Her lessons often would be wrapped up by lunchtime, she says.
Newman's family supplemented her educational experience with activities such as dance classes and a homeschool co-op, where she learned alongside other students. "We had an agreement between ourselves that as long as I finished my lessons for the day, I could have the rest of the day pretty much to myself. I was pretty motivated to get all my lessons done, so I could do arts and crafts or go to a class."
Parents should also think long term.
[Read: How Homeschooling Affects College Admissions.]
Becker says families need to understand educational requirements and plan across multiple years. Families also need to think about the end result and where they want their child to be when high school graduation day arrives.
That comes down to vision.
"The idea of vision is understanding and becoming good at recognizing your teen's strengths," Becker says. At the same time, parents should recognize their students' weaknesses and push them to improve in those areas.
Homeschool curricula, across all grade levels, can be found in abundance online and can be tailored to family preferences. The options range from educational titans such as Pearson to lesser-known organizations that emphasize religious education.
For subjects parents may not feel they can adequately teach, Becker encourages them to turn to a homeschool co-op, real-time or self-paced online classes or a paid tutor who can help their student with a subject.
Understanding the Homeschool Environment and Outcomes
Whether prompted by the coronavirus or not, growth rates indicates that some families will likely turn to homeschooling over the long term.
The actual number of homeschooled students can be difficult to pin down, but a report from the National Center for Education Statistics estimated that 1.7 million children were taught at home in 2016. Even the Department of Education can't be sure, however, and other estimates put the homeschool population well above 2 million.
"The reason that we don't have a lot of data is that homeschool families don't tend to respond to surveys as much as other families do, particularly those (families) who attend public school," Brewer says.
[Read: How the Coronavirus Affects College Admissions.]
That lack of data extends to student outcomes, meaning educational quality can be hard to measure. Homeschool advocates tend to heap praise on the educational outcomes while critics claim the validity of their research is suspect because of an agenda to spread homeschooling.
Some critics worry about both the safety and efficacy of homeschooling.
"Kids are falling through the cracks," says Elizabeth Bartholet, a law professor and faculty director and founder of the Child Advocacy Program at Harvard University in Massachusetts.
Bartholet is concerned about homeschool children being abused and neglected. Her concern is prompted by the regulatory patchwork that governs homeschooling in the U.S. Even among states with more stringent rules on homeschooling, she says, there is potential for harm to children because state laws often lack oversight of home environments.
"Many jurisdictions don't even require homeschoolers to register. And if they do require them to register, they don't enforce the requirements," Bartholet says. "It's really hard to study the overall population."
But Becker argues that regulation isn't necessarily the answer. "It doesn't tend to be regulation that protects kids, because the public schools are highly regulated, and yet incidences of bullying, as well as inappropriate relationships with teachers still happen. Child abuse at home still happens" to public school students.
Bartholet also worries that children may experience a restricted worldview and limited autonomy at home. She's concerned that parents will force their beliefs on children rather than exposing them to diverse viewpoints.
Parents choose to homeschool for many reasons. A Department of Education study published in April 2017 found that in 2012, 91% of surveyed parents who homeschooled were concerned about school environments with regard to "safety, drugs or negative peer pressure." Another 77% cited "a desire to provide moral instruction" and 64% said the same thing about religious instruction.
Some of the other reasons cited were having children with special needs or mental or physical health issues.
Though limited data means educational outcomes for homeschool students are unclear, it's possible that the points of both advocates and detractors ring true. Some students do fall through the cracks when homeschooled.
Others, like Newman, excel. She earned an associate degree before attending UCLA, a highly selective school, on a Jack Kent Cooke Foundation undergraduate transfer scholarship. A lack of data, however, makes it impossible to determine what outcomes are most frequent for homeschool students.
"We don't have a good snapshot of the entire universe of homeschooling," Brewer says.
Ultimately, the onus for providing a student with a good and safe homeschool experience falls on parents.
"Homeschooling is a job," Weisenfeld says. "If parents are planning to be the instructor then they need to make time to educate."
See the complete rankings of the Best High Schools.
More From US News & World Report
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Why do some plants have dark green leaves? How to do it? in 2020
Why do some plants have dark green leaves? Is it good to have dark green leaves? Why do you see various shades of green in a plant or in a garden? What makes plants dark green? These questions would come to anyone’s mind if you want your plants to be happy. Having no green on your plant leaves is a sign of plain. In this article, I am going to talk about the significance of dark green leaves in your plant.
Table of contents
To begin with dark green leaves, almost all plants contain green leaves and many of them have dark green leaves. Leaves are of various types, shapes, sizes, and colors. Grass, needle-shaped pine leaves, fronds in ferns, bracts on a poinsettia, and spines in cactus may not appear like typical leaves; because they are modified by plants to suit their surroundings.
Varied colors of the leaves can be attributed to a chemical compound called Pigment. The pigment absorbs certain colors in the sunlight and reflects the others. The reflected colors are visible to our eyes.
Are you worried about keeping plants green and healthy? Are your plants showing signs of yellow leaves or turning purple?
When you notice a plant with Yellow leaves or Purple leaves rather than the normal green color, it is most likely due to Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus deficiency respectively. All plants need phosphorus (P) in order to create energy, sugars, and nucleic acids. Young plants are more likely to display signs of Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus deficiency than older plants.
We commend the following organic liquid fertilizer product for use in your kitchen garden, fruit plants, vegetable gardening, house plants. Use 2 ml / L of water once every 7 days. Please visit the product page to read more about its benefits.
Significance of green leaves colour
The significance of the dark green color is important. The green pigment which makes up the dark green leaves color in the plants is called Chlorophyll.
Generally speaking, chlorophyll is responsible for absorbing sunlight needed for food preparation in plants. There are also other “accessory pigments” – that give red, orange, and yellow colors.
Chlorophyll is of many types – A, B, C1, C2, D, and F. Chlorophyll A is predominant in photosynthesis. While, Chlorophyll A absorbs short wavelengths – blue and violet colors in sunlight and reflects greenish-yellow, Chlorophyll B absorbs the long-wavelength – red-blue region and reflects dark-green.
To put more simply, it is an adaptive light-harvesting accessory pigment – absorbs maximum available light in shady areas and transfers it to Chlorophyll A. Green is reflected by both, but the ratio of Chlorophyll a-b varies across plants, giving the plants its different hues.
Why are some plant leaves not green?
On the contrary, All plants that use the photosynthesis process to make sugars, contain chlorophyll in the leaves. Therefore if a plant does not contain chlorophyll, it may not be able to use the photosynthesis process. Even though chlorophyll is always seen as green, there are other pigments that plants leave can have that are reddish and that cover up the green color
Environmental factors
Another way to view this, there are many environmental factors affecting the color of dark green leaves. Tropical Rainforest has a canopy of trees. Lower plants, shrubs, lower branches of trees fight with each other for sunlight.
They need to absorb whatever light is filtering through the canopy. So, Chlorophyll B is produced more in these leaves. Only with its help, Chlorophyll A can carry out photosynthesis. Hence these leaves are dark green in color. E.g. Rubber tree.
To clarify they have broad, evergreen leaves. When grown in a garden, they can survive only in indirect sunlight or shade.
How does Sunlight effect on leaves
Similarly, plants growing under shade or indoors are likely to have dark green leaves. Shrubs under trees, lower branches of plants, houseplants are some examples. They either grow towards the light source or they modify their leaves to produce more chlorophyll b. You should not take an indoor plant in indirect sunlight rapidly. It should be gradually exposed to sunlight for better adaptability. E.g. Fern, Mint, Goldfish houseplant
Contribution of dark green leaves on growth
Similarly, new leaves in a plant are small and light-green. As they mature, their functioning increases, and chlorophyll is produced more and they get darker.
Meanwhile, the old leaves covered by this new foliage, produce more chlorophyll b to capture light and they turn dark-green. In the absence of light, the plant stops producing chlorophyll, and the old leaves wilt and fall down.
Similarly, an upper surface of a leaf is darker than its lower surface. The upper surface is exposed to sunlight and produces more chlorophyll to aid in photosynthesis. Since the lower surface is hidden from sunlight, the plant conserves its energy by producing less chlorophyll. E.g. Fig tree
How does weather conditions affect dark green leaves
That is to say, Some perennial and evergreen plants have to survive cold weather. While some plants become dormant, others adapt to the conditions by conserving their leaves.
Likewise, these plants produce more pigments and have green leaves to make use of whatever sunlight they can get. E.g. Evergreen plants like Fern, drought-tolerant plants like Blue Storm, perennials like Anemone Whirlwind, Cool-weather plant likes Spinach.
Dark green leaves
Hence, the darkness of the leaves depends on the above factors. Plants have the innate ability to adapt to any ecological conditions. Their varied structure, appearance, and growth is a reflection of this.
5 thoughts on “Why do some plants have dark green leaves? How to do it? in 2020
1. How to make my plants leaves dark green?
1. I am not sure what kind of plants you have.
If you have flowering plants, leafy vegetables, indoor plants use the following product. Mix 2 ml / Liter of water to prepare the solution. Spray this solution once a week. It contains all the essential macronutrients and micronutrients. Do not mix with any other plant food.
2. Dark green leafy vegetables are great sources of nutrition. Salad greens, kale and spinach are rich in vitamins A, C, E and K, and broccoli, bok choy and mustard are also rich in many of the B-vitamins. These vegetables also contain an abundance of carotenoids-antioxidants that protect cells and play roles in blocking the early stages of cancer.
1. A plant leaf should be dark green. Dark green color signifies the presence of a good amount of chlorophyll in the leaves. Good chlorophyll content will help the plant to make its own food in the presence of sunlight. Thereby reducing the need for external fertilizers.
3. In biology, color comes from complex organic pigment macromolecules. The green that colors a tree’s leaves is the result of chlorophyll. That word finds its roots in the Greek words chloros (“green”) and phyllon (“leaf”). Sitting within the cells of leaves is an organelle called the chloroplast, with the job of harvesting the sun’s energy. The energy it collects is used by plants to make its food through a process with which we’re all familiar: photosynthesis. It gets its green color from the kind of light it traps energy from. Nice article.
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Northern Africa,
Capital City:
total: 163,610 sq km
land: 155,360 sq km
water: 8,250 sq km
Land boundaries:
Total: 1,495 km
border countries (2):
Algeria 1,034 km,
Libya 461 km
Coastline: 1,148 km
Total: 2643 km
tunisia landscape
temperate in north with mild,
rainy winters and hot,
dry summers;
desert in south
narrow coastal plain,
mountains in north;
hot, dry central plain;
semiarid south merges into the Sahara
mean elevation: 246 m
elevation extremes: lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m
highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m
Natural resources:
petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Land use:
agricultural land: 64.8%
arable land 18.3%; permanent crops 15.4%; permanent pasture 31.1%
forest: 6.6%
other: 28.6% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land:
4,590 sq km (2012)
Population – distribution:
the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated
Natural hazards:
tunisia ethnic
People and Society
Unlike many of its North African and Middle Eastern neighbors, Tunisia will soon be shifting from being a youth-bulge country to having a transitional age structure, characterized by lower fertility and mortality rates, a slower population growth rate, a rising median age, and a longer average life expectancy. Currently, the sizable young working-age population is straining Tunisia’s labor market and education and healthcare systems. Persistent high unemployment among Tunisia’s growing workforce, particularly its increasing number of university graduates and women, was a key factor in the uprisings that led to the overthrow of the BEN ALI regime in 2011.
Tunisia has a history of labor emigration. In the 1960s, workers migrated to European countries to escape poor economic conditions and to fill Europe’s need for low-skilled labor in construction and manufacturing. The Tunisian Government signed bilateral labor agreements with France, Germany, Belgium, Hungary, and the Netherlands, with the expectation that Tunisian workers would eventually return home. At the same time, growing numbers of Tunisians headed to Libya, often illegally, to work in the expanding oil industry. After mass expulsions from Libya in 1983, Tunisian migrants increasingly sought family reunification in Europe or moved illegally to southern Europe, while Tunisia itself developed into a transit point for sub-Saharan migrants heading to Europe.
Following the ousting of BEN ALI in 2011, the illegal migration of unemployed Tunisian youths to Italy and onward to France soared into the tens of thousands. Thousands more Tunisian and foreign workers escaping the civil war in Libya flooded into Tunisia and joined the exodus. A readmission agreement signed by Italy and Tunisia in April 2011 helped stem the outflow, leaving Tunisia and international organizations to repatriate, resettle, or accommodate some 1 million Libyans and third-country nationals.
11,403,800 (July 2017 est.)
Ethnic groups:
Muslim (official; Sunni) 99.1%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Shia Muslim, and Baha’i) 1%
Language and the Society
Modern-day Tunisians are a mixture of Berber and Arab stock. The Berbers, the indigenous people of North Africa, have no generic name for themselves. The Romans called them barbari, or “barbarians,” the term applied to those peoples who lived outside the framework of Greco-Roman civilization and from which the designation Berber probably comes. Of stocky physique and having a high incidence of light hair and blue eyes, the Berbers are Caucasians akin to other Mediterranean peoples.
The Arab component of the society was introduced during the conquests of the seventh, the eleventh, and succeeding centuries. Racially, the Arabs brought a slender build, dark eyes and hair, and darker skin to the community from which most modern Tunisians are descended. The Berbers quickly accepted the religion, language, and culture of the invaders and intermarried with them. In modern times most Tunisians claim Arab ancestry, speak Arabic, profess Islam, and find only traces of Berber culture in their lives.
Arabic is the official language of Tunisia and in its North African Maghribi form constitutes the native language of virtually the entire population. Berber, the indigenous tongue, is spoken by substantial ethnic minorities in Algeria and Morocco, but in Tunisia only about 1 percent of the population use it as their mother tongue. Berber speakers, who numbered about 70,000 in the mid l980s, occupy villages on the edge of the desert in such areas as Sened, Matmata, Jerba Island, and Nefusa on the Libyan border. They also inhabit the oasis of Ghadames. Half of the population speaks French as a second language, and many French-educated Tunisians find themselves more at ease with French than with Arabic.
Four varieties of Arabic are in use in Tunisia: classical, modern literary (or modern standard), colloquial (or dialectical), and intermediary (or “educated”). The classical Arabic of the Quran is the basis of Arabic and the model of linguistic perfection, according to orthodox Islamic precepts. It is the vehicle of a vast historical, literary, and religious heritage, and individuals with a knowledge of classical Arabic can converse with their counterparts throughout the Middle East. Classical Arabic is employed for religious purposes or sometimes for literary or rhetorical emphasis.
TS_popgraph 2016
Tunisian education system was built on the French model, therefore, the focus of the education reformers was to Arabize curriculum and faculty at nation’s schools and universities. Tunisia adopted a phased approach towards Arabization. Given the number of Francophone nationals and the absence of qualified Arabized teachers to teach scientific subjects, policymakers maintained French both as a foreign language and as a medium of instruction for math and science in primary education. Humanities and social sciences were Arabized incrementally, initially in primary and subsequently in secondary education. In the 1970s, the decision was made to extend Arabization to all subjects in post-primary education, except vocational, professional, and technical tracks. At the university level, French was maintained as the language of instruction in technical institutes and science faculties.
The total adult literacy rate in 2008 was 78%. Education is given a high priority and accounts for 6% of GNP. A basic education for children between the ages of 6 and 16 has been compulsory since 1991. Tunisia ranked 17th in the category of “quality of the [higher] educational system” and 21st in the category of “quality of primary education” in The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-9, released by The World Economic Forum.
The academic year runs from October through to June, and the medium of education in Arabic. Students are tested at the end of each trimester, through oral and written tests, and practical examinations too. The initial phase of their free basic education begins with 6 years at primary school. The final 3 years of preparatory education take place at middle school. Here a score of over 50% is required to pass the examination for the Diplôme de Fin d’Études de l’Enseignement, that opens the door to secondary school. The four years of secondary education are open to all holders of Diplôme de Fin d’etudes de l’Enseignement de Base where the students focus on entering university level or join the workforce after completion. The Enseignement secondary is divided into two stages; general academic and specialized.
The higher education system in Tunisia has experienced a rapid expansion and the number of students has more than tripled over the past 10 years from approximately 102,000 in 1995 to 365,000 in 2005. The gross enrollment rate at the tertiary level in 2007 was 31 percent. In total, there are 13 universities, 24 institutes of technological studies and 6 higher institutes of teacher training. The Zaitouna Mosque and University illustrated here are thought to have been established in the year 732. It has played a prominent part in the history, religious life and culture of this ancient land, although more recently it has struggled to keep up with change.
Tunisia has made important strides to advance its democratic transition, but the country remains fragile to economic, security and social shocks. Growth has been too low to make a significant dent in unemployment, fiscal and current account deficits are elevated, inflation has risen and popular discontent about economic conditions is high, particularly among youth and in interior regions. The national unity government—a coalition of the main political parties, worker and trade unions—has adopted a consensus-building reform approach.
In 2017, the economy grew by 2 percent following 1 percent and 1.1 percent in 2016 and 2015, respectively, driven by robust private consumption and a rebound in investment. However, the contribution of exports and investment to growth remain significantly below their levels before the 2011 Revolution. On the production side, growth in 2017 was driven mainly by agriculture and services, while industrial and non-manufacturing industries (i.e., phosphate, oil) have not fully recovered despite the Dinar depreciation, due to social movements in mining regions, low oil prices and reduced investment in prospection.
Unemployment remains high at 15.5 percent in 2017 despite a low labor force participation, at about 50 percent, mainly due to the weak participation of women (28 percent). Most of the unemployed are low-skilled but university graduates have the highest unemployment rate, which increased from 15 percent in 2005 to 23 percent in 2010 and 31 percent in 2017. Unemployment rates are also much higher among women and in interior regions. The national unity government—a coalition of the main political parties, the largest workers’ and trade union formed almost two years ago—has set its priority as strengthening the security environment, improving the business environment, ensuring macroeconomic stability, fiscal sustainability and restarting growth. It has so far adopted a gradual and consensus-building approach to reform in the presence of strong workers’ unions and private sector organizations.
Economic growth is projected to expand modestly by 2.7 percent in 2018 through sustained agricultural and services growth, continued strengthening of tourism, and gradual recovery of tourism, phosphate, and manufacturing. In the medium term, economic growth is projected to pick up gradually to 3.5 percent in 2019/20 against a backdrop of improved business climate through structural reforms and greater security and social stability. While the government is deploying resources to improve the security situation, the high level of youth unemployment notably in the lagging regions as well as rising inflation may reignite social tensions. The government also faces the challenge of balancing between social stability and the need for reform, which highlights the importance of promoting greater social and economic inclusion to create sufficient support for reform. Moreover, reforms to stimulate private sector growth, job creation and entrepreneurship are key to creating opportunities and hope for the future.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$135.9 billion (2017 est.)
$132.8 billion (2016 est.)
$131.5 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$39.88 billion (2017 est.)
GDP – real growth rate:
2.3% (2017 est.)
1% (2016 est.)
1.1% (2015 est.)
GDP – per capita (PPP):
$12,000 (2017 est.)
$11,800 (2016 est.)
$11,800 (2015 est.)
Gross national saving:
13.8% of GDP (2017 est.)
13.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
12.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
GDP – composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 10%
industry: 25.9%
services: 63.5% (2017 est.)
Agriculture – products:
petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate, iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages
Population below poverty line:
15.5% (2010 est.)
revenues: $9.397 billion
expenditures: $11.61 billion (2017 est.)
Agriculture plays a leading role in Tunisia’s economy, with approximately 16% of the country’s workforce engaged in the agricultural sector. Agriculture contributes about 12% to the country’s GDP, and the sector is growing at around 5% per year. Historically, Tunisia’s agricultural system was based on small family farms that grew subsistence crops with little market integration, but larger agricultural enterprises are increasingly prominent. Public land may be leased by the government to private farmers or managed directly by the Ministry of Agriculture. Foreigners cannot own agricultural land but may obtain long-term leases.
Because of the EU’s importance to Tunisia’s trade, the government tends to follow EU rules on agriculture. Although the GOT does not have a legal framework on genetically engineered products, the Tunisian attitude reflects closely the predominant view within Europe. Until a law is in place, imports of genetically engineered commodities will continue to be handled in a manner similar to products of conventional agriculture. Tunisian olive oil and date exports possess organic certification from the EU. Tunisian exporters can also gain approval for the sale of their products as “organic” in the U.S. market through local USDA accredited certifiers.
In 2015, the food processing sector accounted for over 1,000 enterprises employing 10 people or more, 20% of them producing solely for export. The production value of this sector is around $5 billion annually and is continuously growing due to improved household purchasing power and changes in eating habits towards consumption of processed products versus fresh ones. The food processing sector’s demand for imported high-value ingredients is steadily increasing, with more sophisticated products licensed by multinational food companies.
Over the last decade, the modern retail sector has seen in-depth development fueled by the expansion of modern distribution outlets, supermarkets, and hypermarkets through joint ventures with foreign investors. These have mostly been with France, including the Carrefour and Casino groups (Géant and Monoprix). The hotel and restaurant industry is not perceived as a separate market from retail, as most hotels and restaurants either source their food needs through annual tenders or through the same distribution channels used by households. In addition to domestic customers, this sector caters to the many tourists visiting Tunisia each year. High-end hotels import spirits, wines, and specialty cheeses either directly or via import companies.
A significant market potential exists for a wide range of agriculture-related inputs. Tunisia possesses a sizable market for agricultural equipment, including grain silos, elevators, tractors, harvesters, irrigation systems, and food processing/bottling machinery. Because of the wide variation in recent grain harvests and the shortage of storage capacity for grains, the GOT is especially concerned with increasing the quantity of Tunisia’s grain silos. The GOT offers tax incentives of up to 50% under the 2016 Investment Law to encourage acquisition of tractors, combine harvesters, and other related equipment. The consumer-oriented products with prospects to perform best in the Tunisian market include tree nuts, dried fruits, cookies, sauces, condiments and mixed seasoning, and breakfast cereals.
Electricity access:
electrification – total population: 100% (2016)
Electricity – production:
18.39 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Electricity – consumption:
15.12 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Electricity – exports:
500 million kWh (2015 est.)
Electricity – imports:
403 million kWh (2015 est.)
Electricity – installed generating capacity:
5.028 million kW (2015 est.)
Electricity – from fossil fuels:
93.4% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Electricity – from nuclear fuels:
0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Telephones – fixed lines:
total subscriptions: 974,975
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (July 2016 est.)
Telephones – mobile cellular:
total: 14,282,078
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 125 (July 2016 est.)
Internet country code:
Internet users:
total: 5,665,242
percent of population: 50.9% (July 2016 est.)
Since the 1970s Tunisia has opted for an economic model geared toward exports and industrialization, sustained by the implementation of investor-friendly legislation, as well as support public investment in infrastructure and human capital. The approach has been successful for decades, with manufacturing forming the basis of the country’s GDP growth over the last 40 years. A wide variety of subsectors has thrived, including textiles, agri-business, pharmaceuticals, and mechanical, electrical and electronic industries (MEEIs). Exports are fostered by the close proximity to European markets, a competitive logistical infrastructure, and an affordable and qualified labour force.
However, manufacturing industries have experienced a slowdown in production during the post-revolution years as a result of broader instability, more frequent labor disputes, a slowing of capital spending – technology spending in particular – and heightened international competition. This is a concern for the government, which – in a bid to reboot industrial growth while simultaneously boosting employment and export revenues – has put in place several reforms to improve Tunisia’s investment climate and encourage operators to move up the value chain.
In the post-revolution years between 2011 and 2015, the Tunisian manufacturing sector has seen a mixed performance, with a substantial decline in production by traditional industries such as phosphate and textiles offset by the expansion of technology-based segments such as automotive and aeronautics. According to the National Institute of Statistics, the manufacturing sector contributed 15.5% to GDP at market prices when measured in the second quarter of 2016. Growth in the third quarter was recorded at 1.1% and at 0.6% in the fourth quarter, with raw phosphate, the chemical industries, and MEEIs being the largest segments.
Growth is expected due to a recent spike in industrial investments as announced by the Agency for the Promotion of Industry and Innovation (APII), an entity which has served as a one-stop-shop platform for local and foreign investors since the establishment of the offshore regime. According to the APII, declared investments in the sector grew from TD2.6bn (€1.1bn) in 2015 to TD3.8bn (€1.6bn) in 2016, led by MEEIs (an increase of 111%), agri-business (71%) and chemical industries (26%). By contrast, textiles and apparel, as well as leather goods, have seen their levels of investment shrink by 40% and 62%, respectively.
As with much of the country’s secondary and tertiary economy, manufacturing is clustered in coastal areas, where 85% of wholly exporting enterprises are currently located. This has been supported in part by the ease of access to shipping and transport infrastructure – and large pools of labor – but also by the establishment of industrial zones. Industrial zones, which offer land and turnkey infrastructure for investors, were first established in the 1980s. In total, 144 industrial zones stretching over an area of 4289 ha have been set up, including 18 in the Greater Tunis area, 38 along with other coastal areas, 49 in regional development areas and the remaining zones located elsewhere. To meet growing demand, the Industrial Land Agency has plans to construct 64 new industrial zones covering approximately 1600 ha across Tunisia, including five in Greater Tunis, 14 along coastal areas and 45 in inland areas.
Banking and Finance
Tunisia’s financial system is dominated by its banking sector, with banks accounting for roughly 90% of financing in Tunisia. Overreliance on bank financing impedes faster economic growth and stronger job creation. Equity capitalization is relatively small; Tunisia’s stock market provides 6-7% of the corporate financing. Other mechanisms such as bonds and microfinance contribute marginally to the overall economy. Created in 1969, the Bourse de Tunis (Tunis stock exchange) listed 79 companies (66 in the main market, 12 in the alternative market, and one in a special group) as of December 2016. Capitalization of these companies was valued at $10.6 billion.
Most major global accounting firms are represented in Tunisia. Firms listed on the stock exchange must publish semiannual corporate reports audited by a certified public accountant. Accompanying accounting requirements exceed what many Tunisian firms can, or are willing to, undertake. GOT tax incentives attempt to encourage companies to list on the stock exchange. Newly listed companies that offer 30% capital share to the public receive a five-year tax reduction on profits. In addition, individual investors receive tax deductions for equity investment in the market. Capital gains are tax-free when held by the investor for two years.
Tunisia hosts 32 banks, of which 21 conduct both commercial and investment services. Two are Islamic universal banks, seven are offshore, and two are business banks. After the fall of the former regime, companies, banks, and real estate that belonged to ousted President Ben Ali’s family were brought under GOT receivership. Private credit stands at 65% of GDP in Tunisia. According to the World Bank, this level lags behind economic peers such as Morocco and Jordan, whose rate is 80%. In the World Bank’s 2017 Ease of Doing a Business survey, Tunisia’s raking improved in terms of ease of access to credit from 126 in 2016 to 101 in 2017.
According to the IMF Financial System Stability Assessment, the banking sector faces significant challenges such as a weak domestic economy and the legacy of the previous regime. In particular, loan quality, solvency, and profitability have deteriorated. Weak underwriting practices contributed to inappropriate lending to well-connected borrowers. Tunisia’s 25 onshore banks offer essentially identical services targeting the same segment of Tunisia’s larger corporations. Meanwhile, SMEs and individuals often have difficulty accessing bank capital due to high collateralization requirements.
Beyond the banks and stock exchange, few effective financing mechanisms are available in the Tunisian economy. A true bond market does not exist, and government debt sold to financial institutions is not re-traded on a formal, transparent secondary market. Private equity remains a niche element in the Tunisian financial system. Firms experience difficulty raising sufficient capital, sourcing their transactions, and selling their stakes in successful investments once they mature. The microfinance market remains underexploited, with non-governmental organization Enda Inter-Arabe the dominant lender in the field.
Tourism in Tunisia is an industry that generates around 7 million arrivals per year, which makes the country among the ones that attract the most tourists in Africa. Tunisia has been an attractive destination for tourists since the beginning of the 1960s. Among Tunisia’s tourist attractions is its cosmopolitan capital city of Tunis, the ancient ruins of Carthage, the Muslim and Jewish quarters of Jerba, and coastal resorts outside Monastir. According to The New York Times, Tunisia is “known for its golden beaches, sunny weather, and affordable luxuries.”
Place of Attraction
The remnants of ancient Carthage – fabled wealthy seafaring city of the Phoenicians – lie scattered across the Bay of Tunis. The evocative tumbled columns and piles of marble rubble are bordered by a panorama of the Mediterranean Sea, which was so fundamental to the city’s prosperity. Completely destroyed in the third Punic War in 146 BC, the surviving ruins pale in comparison to some of North Africa’s other ancient sites, but this doesn’t mean you shouldn’t visit.
The world’s most renowned mosaic collection resides in this opulent palace in Tunis. Along with Cairo’s Egyptian Museum, the Bardo is one of North Africa’s two top museum experiences. Inside, room after room exhibits gloriously intricate and still vibrantly fresh examples of mosaic art that have been unearthed from sites across the entirety of Tunisia. The Sousse Room, Odysseus Room, and Dougga Room have particularly impressive exhibits of this art form, but the entire collection is a treasury and is well worth an afternoon of browsing.
The gorgeous Andalusian-style seaside neighborhood of Sidi Bou Said owes its fame to three young painters. While living here in 1914, Paul Klee, August Macke, and Louis Moilliet captured the beauty of its whitewashed buildings and blue doors on canvas. Sidi Bou Said has been something of a bohemian artists’ quarter ever since and is a favored weekend hangout spot for Tunis locals. There are no tourist attractions as such (that’s part of its charm), but you can’t fail to be beguiled by the perfect white-and-blue streets, cliffside cafés, and picture-postcard shoreline.
Chock-a-block full of crumbling buildings found by weaving your way through a procession of ever-skinnier alleyways, the medina (old town) district is Tunis’ historic heart and is brimming with sightseeing potential. The main entrance gate, marking the end of the new city and beginning of the old is known as Bab el Bahr (Sea Gate). Built in 1848, it was known as Porte de France during the colonial period.
The medina district’s great mosque is home to some of the country’s finest examples of religious architecture. Begun during the Umayyad dynasty in AD 732, it has been added to and refined by conquering empires in the centuries since. Although non-Muslims cannot enter the prayer hall, visitors are free to wander around the opulent and tranquil exterior courtyard and also to head up to the rooftop, where dazzling tile work is on display. The rooftop is also one of the best places in the medina to get panoramic photographs of the area.
• Pre History
The coastal regions of Tunisia shared in an early Neolithic culture that was common to the whole Mediterranean littoral. Artifacts left by hunters and fishermen who excelled in making stone blades and tools are plentiful, and evidence points to the early domestication of cattle and the cultivation of crops in the area. South of the Atlas range, nomadic hunters and herders roamed a vast savanna, well watered and abounding in game, that 8,000 years ago stretched across what is now the vast desert known as the Sahara. Their culture flourished until the region began to desiccate after 4000 B.C. Scattering before the encroaching desert and invading horsemen, some of the savanna people migrated northward, where they were subsequently absorbed by the Berbers.
Linguistic evidence suggests southwestern Asia as the point from which the ancestors of the Berbers began their migration into North Africa early in the third millennium B.C. Over succeeding centuries they extended their range from Siwa in Egypt to the Niger Basin. The Berbers present a broad range of physical types, and the affinity of various groups seems based almost entirely on linguistic grounds. Berber tradition told that they were descended from two unrelated families, and modern scholars believe that the Berbers did indeed cross North Africa in two simultaneous waves—one that entered the region from the southeast after a long sojourn in Black Africa and another that took a northerly route. The Berbers were well known to classical writers. Sallust, a Roman historian, and politician living in the first century B.C. described their way of life, elements of which still exist in the twentieth century.
Minoan seamen from Crete may have set up depots on the coast of present-day Tunisia before 2000 B.C., but it was only with the arrival of Phoenician traders, who penetrated the western Mediterranean before the twelfth century B.C., that the region entered into recorded history. Safe harbors on the African coast, equipped to service, supply, and shelter their ships, were the links in a maritime chain that reached to Spain. Tunis, Bizerte, Sousse, Monastir, and Sfax originated as Punic (see Glossary) trading posts where the merchants of Tyre (in present-day Lebanon) developed commercial relations with the Berber tribes of the interior and paid them tribute to ensure their cooperation in securing raw materials. The greatest of the Punic colonies, Carthage (Qart Hadasht, the New Town), was founded, according to tradition, in 814 B.C. by a Phoenician princess whose name has come down to Western readers through Virgil’s Aeneid as Dido. Carthage was governed by a mercantile oligarchy that exercised power through a senate, composed of elder statesmen, under a constitution praised by Aristotle for providing a perfect blend of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.
• Berber Kingdoms
The basic unit of social and political organization among the Berbers was the extended family, usually identified with a particular village or with traditional grazing grounds. Families, in turn, were bound together in the clan. An alliance of clans, often tracing their origins to a common ancestor as a symbol of unity, formed a tribe. Courts and representative assemblies guided by customs peculiar to the group functioned at each level of organization. Berber folk law and government, like Berber folk religion, were highly personalized and therefore most effective at the lowest levels of their application. Ultimately, each household or tent was its own republic.
For mutual defense, kindred tribes joined in confederations, which, because the war was a permanent feature of tribal life, were in time institutionalized. Some chieftains, successful in battle, established rudimentary territorial states by imposing their rule on defeated tribes and allies alike, but their kingdoms were easily fragmented, and the dynasties that they sought to found rarely survived more than a generation. By the third century B.C., however, several large, although loosely administered, Berber kingdoms had emerged behind the coastal areas controlled by Carthage. These monarchies were supported by the sedentary farmers who looked to the kings to protect them from the raids of the nomadic pastoralists.
The Berber kings adapted Punic and Greek ceremonial forms to the usage of their courts, and treaties of friendship with Carth- • age were often sealed by a king’s marriage to a woman from the family of a Carthaginian notable. The Berber kings ruled in the shadow of Carthage and later Rome, sometimes forming alliances with one or another of the great powers. After Carthage was vanquished by Rome, they threw in their lots with factions vying for power in the Roman civil wars of the first century B.C. One of the most illustrious of these tribal monarchs was Masinissa (ca. 240—148 B.C.), who had served with the Carthaginians in Spain. Masinissa shifted his support to Rome in time to be counted among the victor’s allies when Carthage surrendered in 202 B.C.
With Roman patronage, he united Numidia and extended his authority from the Moulouya River to Cyrenaica, a territory he governed from his Hellenistic court at Cirta (Constantine in present-day Algeria). Numidia was divided among several heirs after Masinissa’s death. Rome intervened when his grandson, Jugurtha (118—105 B.C.), attempted to revive Masinissa’s Berber kingdom. Betrayed by a rival chieftain at the end of a long and exasperating war in which he pinned down large numbers of Roman troops, Jugurtha was carried away to Rome and was starved to death in the Capitol.
• Roman Africa
Rome dictated a hard peace to Carthage after the battle of Zama, imposing a stiff indemnity and prohibiting Carthage from making war without Roman consent. When Carthage succeeded in paying the indemnity levied against it, voices were raised in the Roman Senate warning against a revival of Carthaginian might and urging that Carthage is destroyed. Masinissa had in the meantime taken advantage of the restrictions placed on Carthage’s war-making powers to invade its territory. When Carthage chose to defend itself, Rome declared war, charging a breach of the peace agreement. Carthage surrendered to a besieging Roman army in 146 B.C. Its population was dispersed, the city razed to the ground, and its earth sown with salt.
The Carthaginian territory was annexed by Rome and eventually organized as the province of Proconsular Africa, governed by a civilian official (proconsul) appointed annually by the Senate. Julius Caesar subsequently ordered the rebuilding of Carthage as a Roman city and the capital of the province. The royal house of Masinissa continued to rule Numidia as a Roman protectorate until 46 B.C. when Caesar deposed its king, who had sided with Pompey in the civil wars and attached a part of it to Proconsular Africa.
The Roman ruins seen in present-day Tunisia attest to the civic vitality of Proconsular Africa, where populous cities and even the smaller towns, their streets laid out in characteristic grid design, enjoyed the amenities of urban life—the forum, markets, public entertainments, baths, and fountains—found in every corner of the Roman Empire. Merchants and craftsmen from many parts of the Roman world established themselves in the cities and towns, while army veterans and migrants from Italy settled in the coastal countryside: but the bulk of the population of Proconsular Africa consisted of publicized Berber farmers. Called the “granary of the empire,” Roman Africa was valued for its agricultural exports, which were Italy’s principal source of food.
By the beginning of the second century, Christianity had been introduced among the Jewish community and soon gained converts in the towns and among slaves. Carthage became the center of Latin Christianity in Africa and Tertullian. By the end of the fourth century, Rome’s African provinces had been thoroughly Christianized, and inroads had been made in the hinterland among the Berber tribes. Donatism, a heresy within the puritanical tradition, won adherents during periods of severe Roman persecution and flourished again after Christianity was officially recognized in the fourth century by the empire, in opposition to bishops accused of collaborating with the state. The sect became a vehicle for social revolt at a time of political deterioration and economic depression, and it was an example of the religious enthusiasm that would be seen again in the history of the Berbers.
• The Byzantine Empire
It was against the threat of Donatism to the African church that Saint Augustine (354—430), bishop of Hippo Regius (Annaba in present-day Algeria), directed many of the sermons and books, including his autobiographical Confessions, whose influence on Christian thought has continued undiminished through the centuries. Born in Thegaste (Souk Ahras in present-day Algeria), Saint Augustine is recognized as one of the Latin Fathers of the Church. In The City of God, he sought to demonstrate that the future of the church was not dependent on the survival of the Roman state (or, by extension, on any secular authority), as many contemporary Christians feared it was, and thereby to prepare his people for the onslaught of the Vandals.
Invited to North Africa by a rebellious Roman official, the Vandals, a Germanic tribe, crossed from Spain in 429, seized power, and under their war leader, Gaiseric, established a kingdom that made its capital at Carthage. Although the Roman Empire eventually recognized their overlordship in much of North Africa, the Vandals confined their rule to the most economically profitable areas in Proconsular Africa. There they constituted an isolated warrior caste, concerned with collecting taxes and exploiting the land.
Civil administration was left in Roman hands, but the Vandals, who were Arian Christians, vigorously attempted to destroy Roman Catholic ecclesiastical influence. From their African base, they conquered Sardinia and Corsica and launched raids on Italy, sacking the city of Rome in 455. In time, however, the Vandals lost much of their warlike spirit, and their kingdom fell to the armies of Belisarius, the Byzantine general who in 533 began the reconquest of North Africa for the Roman Empire. Effective Byzantine control in the old Roman province was restricted to the coastal area, and even there the newly walled towns, strongholds, fortified farms, and watchtowers called attention to its tenuous nature.
The region’s prosperity had diminished under Vandal domination. Unpopular Byzantine governors imposed burdensome taxation, while towns and public services—including the water system—were left in decay. The old Roman political and social order, disrupted by the Vandals, could not be restored, but the Byzantine rule in Africa did prolong the Roman ideal of imperial unity there for another century and a half and prevented the ascendancy of the Berber nomads in the coastal region. In outlying areas neglected by the Vandals, the inhabitants had sought the protection of tribal chieftains and, having grown accustomed to their autonomy, resisted re assimilation into the imperial system, but no coherent form of political organization evolved there to take the place of Roman authority.
• Introduction of Islam
By the time of his death in A.D. 632, the Prophet Muhammad and his followers had brought most of the tribes and towns of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of the new monotheistic religion of Islam (literally, submission), which was conceived of as uniting the individual believer, the state, and the society under the omnipotent will of God. Islamic rulers, therefore, exercised both temporal and religious authority. Adherents of Islam were called Muslims (“those who submit” to the will of God). Within a generation, Arab armies had carried Islam north and east from Arabia in the wake of their rapid conquests and westward across North Africa as far as Tripoli.
In 670 the Arabs surged into the Roman province of Africa (transliterated as Ifriquiya in Arabic), where their commander, Uqba ben Nafi, founded the city of Kairouan as a military base about 150 kilometers south of Byzantine-held Carthage. The selection of this encampment in the midst of a plain, separated from both the Roman cities on the coast and the mountains in Numidia, where the Berber tribes continued their stubborn resistance, was a deliberate act of policy by Uqba, who reportedly announced that he was founding a city that would serve “as a strong point for Islam until the end of time.” The name was chosen for the new Arab capital, derived from the Persian word caravan.
In 712 they mounted an invasion of Spain and in three years had subdued all but the mountainous regions in the extreme north. Muslim Spain (called Andalusia) and the Maghrib, which had been conquered within 50 years of the founding of Kairouan, were organized under the political and religious leaders of the Umayyad caliph of Damascus. Arab rule in Ifriquiya—as elsewhere in the Islamic world in the eighth century—had as its ideal the establishment of political and religious unity under a caliphate (the office of the Prophet’s successor as supreme earthly leader of Islam) governed in accord with a legal system (sharia) administered by qadis (religious judges), to which all other considerations, including tribal loyalties, were subordinated.
The rise of the Kharidjites in the Maghrib coincided with a period of turmoil in the Arab world during which the Abbasid dynasty overthrew the Umayyads and relocated the caliphate in Baghdad. The marabouts were mystics and seers, miracle workers endowed with a charisma (bara/ca), whose tradition antedated Islam in the Maghrib and was as old as religion itself among the Berbers. They were incorporated into intensely local cults of saints whose domed tombs dotted the countryside and who was venerated by Muslims and Jews alike. The marabouts had traditionally acted as arbiters in tribal disputes, and, whenever the authority of government waned in a particular locale, the people turned to them for political leadership as well as for spiritual guidance. Thus, Ifriquiya came more directly under the orthodox influence of the mosques and schools of Tunis and Kairouan, and, second, it is larger urban and sedentary population had been more thoroughly Arabized than was the case elsewhere in the Maghrib.
• The Ottoman Empire
Piracy lured adventurers from around the Mediterranean to the Maghribi coastal cities and islands. Among them were two brothers, Aruj and Khair al-Din, the latter known as Barbarossa (Redbeard) to Europeans. Muslims from the Greek island of Lesbos, they reached Tunisia in 1504 and sailed from Jerba Island under Hafsid patronage. In 1510, however, the brothers were invited by the maritime republic of Algiers to defend it against the Spaniards. Instead, they seized Algiers and used it as a base of operations not only for piracy but also for conquests in the interior.
In 1587 the Ottoman Maghrib was divided into three regencies—at Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. In Tunisia, the authority of the beylerbey as regent gave way to that of a pasha (governor) appointed by the sultan for a one-year term. The regency was provided with a corps of janissaries, recruited from Anatolian peasants who were committed to a lifetime of service in Tunisia. It formed a self-governing military guild, subject to its own laws, whose interests were protected by the Divan, a council of senior officers. Real power came to rest with the army, and the pasha’s role was reduced to that of ceremonial head of state and figurehead representative of Ottoman suzerainty.
In Tunisia until 1591, the corps of janissaries was considered to be under the control of the local Ottoman Pasha. In 1591 janissary junior officers (deys) overthrew their senior officers; they then forced the Pasha to acknowledge the authority of one of their own men. This new leader was called the Dey, elected by his fellow deys. The Dey took charge of law and order in the capital and of military affairs, thus becoming “the virtual ruler of the country”. The change defied the Ottoman Empire, although from the Tunisian perspective political power still remained under the control of foreigners. The existing state diwan (council) was dismissed, but to placate local opinion some Tunisian Maliki jurists were appointed to some key positions.
As holders of the office of Bey the Husaynid Dynasty effectively ruled Tunisia as sovereigns from 1705 to 1881; thereafter they continued to merely reign until 1957. In Ottoman theory perhaps until 1881 the Bey of Tunis remained a vassal of the Ottoman Empire (the Friday prayer was pronounced in the name of the Ottoman Sultan, money was coined in his honor, and an annual ambassador once brought gifts to Constantinople) but for centuries the Ottomans were not able to depend on, or exact, the obedience of the Tunisian Bey. In 1881 the French created their protectorate which lasted until 1956. During this period the Beylical institution was retained; the Husaynid Bey served as titular head of state but it was the French who actually ruled the country.
• Tunisia Under different Amirs
Aghiabids After the Arab conquest, Ifriquiya was governed by a succession of amirs (commanders) who were subordinate to the caliph in Damascus and, after 750, in Baghdad. In 800 the caliph appointed as Amir Ibrahim ibn Aghlab, who established a hereditary dynasty and ruled Ifriquiya as an autonomous state that was subject to the caliph’s spiritual jurisdiction and nominally recognized him as its political suzerain. The ninth century has been described as the region’s “golden age,” from which it developed as a politically and culturally distinct entity within the Islamic world.
During the golden age, Aghiabid patronage transformed Kairouan into the center of Maghribi religious and intellectual life. Kairouan was a great market for books in Arabic and Hebrew that had been copied by scribes.
Merchants of the coastal towns were the backbone of the Fatimid state that had been founded by religious enthusiasts and imposed by Berber tribesmen. The slow but steady economic revival of Europe created a demand for goods from the East for which the ports of Ifriquiya and Fatimid Sicily were the ideal distribution centers. Trading houses in Ifriquiya opened branches in Egypt, and their merchants, some of whom ventured as far as India in search o trade goods, won a reputation for their daring.
The Fatimid rule was harsh and intolerant, persecuting the Sunni ulama of Kairouan and the Kharidjite sectarians alike. The Fatimids completed the conquest of Egypt from the Abbasids by 18 Historical Setting 969 and moved their capital to the new city that they founded at Cairo, where they established a Shia caliphate to rival that of the Sunni caliph at Baghdad. The Fatimids left the Maghrib to their Berber vassals, the Zirids, but the Shia regime had already begun to crumble outside Ifriquiya as factions struggled indecisively for regional supremacy.
The eleventh and twelfth centuries witnessed the rise in Morocco of two rival Berber tribal dynasties—the Almoravids and Almohads, both founded by religious reformers—that dominated the Maghrib and Muslim Spain for more than 200 years. The Hafsids’ political support and Tunisia’s economy were rooted in the coastal towns, while the hinterland was effectively given up to the tribes that had made their nominal submission to Tunis. The Hafsid sultans encouraged trade with Europe, forged close links with Aragon and the Italian maritime states, and dispatched embassies as far afield as the court of King Haakon of Norway. The Maghrib and Spain, linked under the Almohads, shared a common culture—called Moorish—that transcended dynastic lines and political boundaries in creating new and unique forms of art, literature, and architecture.
• Colonial France
At the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Britain agreed to allow France a “free hand” in Tunisia in exchange for French acquiescence to the leasehold on Cyprus that the British had acquired from Turkey. It was accepted among the European powers that France planned to occupy Tunisia, but no excuse for French intervention presented itself until April 1881, when a punitive expedition was launched into Tunisian territory, ostensibly in pursuit of 30 Historical Setting Khumiri tribesmen who had raided across the border into Algeria. The considerable force of more than 40,000 men—which the French explained was necessary to avoid undue bloodshed—was more effectively used in overawing the Tunisian government, however, than it was in hunting down nomadic tribesmen. French cavalry advanced on Tunis while seaborne units landed in Bizerte and occupied the port, considered potentially the best naval base in North Africa but far from Khumiri country.
Under the protectorate, Tunisia was governed according to a system of dual sovereignties in which the de facto sovereignty of France was superimposed on the de jure sovereignty of the beylicate. Tunisia remained what it had been for 300 years, the “Regency of Tunis.” The preexisting form of beylical government was maintained intact, and the established political elite continued to function within it. Although the elite readily assimilated French values, Tunisian society retained its own social standards and a tradition of higher culture that was the core of the country’s sense of nationhood. The demographic impact of the protectorate was not severe in Tunisia, where European corporate development of the land rather than European settlement remained the rule.
By 1892 more than one-fifth of Tunisia’s arable land, concentrated in the north, was French owned, but 90 percent of it was in the hands of only 16 landowners and companies engaged in the cap. ital-intensive agriculture. Less than 10 percent of the French residents were engaged in farming. In 1897 a fund was established to pay the cost of settling French colons (colonists), and the next year the beylicate allowed habus land to be put on the market. But, despite inducements offered by the French government and by private colonization societies in France, there was no rush of colons to Tunisia as there had been to Algeria.
Traditional education in Tunisia was highly developed before 1881, and the school of the Zituna Mosque in Tunis was recognized as one of the leading centers of classical Islamic studies. Under the protectorate the French residency continued to emphasize education, patronizing the Zituna Mosque school and the Muslim schools as well as Kherredin’s Sadiki College. The latter was accredited as a lycée and set the standard for a bilingual, bicultural school system, offering instruction to a mixed student body, that was extended throughout the country. Many Tunisian graduates of these schools went on to complete their education in France.
• The Rise of Nationalism
In 1908 the Hambak and Sfar factions reunited to form a nationalist political organization, the Young Tunisians. They were a small group, interested in efficiency rather than the representative government, whose newspaper, Le Tunisien, was aimed at convincing liberal French readers that the Tunisian elite was capable of taking over a greater share of responsibility for the country’s management. Nationalist activists gravitated toward the Destour (literally, Constitution) Party, founded in 1920 by Abdelaziz al Thalibi, a graduate of the Zituna Mosque school who had been one of the leaders of the Young Tunisians exiled in 1912.
Support for the Neo-Destour Party came from artisans, shopkeepers, and peasant proprietors, who in the midst of the depression of the 1930s were more interested in maintaining their standard of living than in expelling French, as well as from students and members of the professional class who had backed the old Destourians In 1946 an autonomous trade union, the General Union of Tunisian Workers (Union General des Travailleurs Tunisiens—UGTT), backed by the American Federation of Labor (AFL), broke away from the communist-dominated French labor organization. Led by a onetime trolley driver, Ferhat Hached, the UGTT cooperated closely with the Neo-Destour Party in efforts to redefine Tunisia’s relationship with France.
By 1930s, Leadership of the nationalist movement was already passing to a new generation of French-educated Tunisians, more at ease in French than in Arabic, who crystallized ideas of national identity and populism, which the old leadership had been unable and unwilling to do, and who adopted tactics that emphasized constant activism and violent resistance to the protectorate. Younger members of the Destour Party had argued that nationalism, to be effective against the French, had to break loose from its traditional power base among the urban elite and mobilize mass support. Among the more impatient of the party activists were Mahmoud Materi, Tahar Sfar, and a lawyer named Habib Bourguiba.
In 1950 Prime Minister Mohamed Shanniq formed a new government, one that for the first time since the Al Marsa Convention had a Tunisian majority in the cabinet. Salah Ben Youssef, the Neo-Destour secretary general, joined the government as minister of justice, but it was Bourguiba who went to Paris to lay before the French government a program for independence that included provisions to create a national legislature and emphasized demands for civil rights. The Tunisian proposal also insisted on maintaining cultural, economic, and military ties with France. The French government refused out of hand to give up direct participation by French officials in the Tunisian government, but Foreign Minister Maurice Schuman confirmed that a newly appointed resident general “had been given the task of leading Tunisia to independence.”
• Independent Tunisia
Early in 1954, Bourguiba was released from prison to negotiate with French premier Pierre Mends-France. The nationalists and the French government were still deadlocked between Tunisian demands for full independence and the French plan, which called for internal autonomy despite vigorous objections from the colons. But Bourguiba showed a willingness to accept what France was prepared to offer while pressing for further concessions. In July Mends-France, who had just concluded the dismantling of the French colonial empire in Indochina, flew to Tunis and issued the dramatic Declaration of Carthage, which recognized Tunisia’s internal autonomy.
An agreement between France and Morocco early in 1956 indicated that Morocco, which had been a French protectorate since 1912, would soon gain complete independence, and it was hoped that the forthcoming election of the Constituent Assembly would provide a means for pressing Tunisia’s case for independence. On March 20, 1956, the patience of the Neo-Destour Party leaders was rewarded by the signing of a protocol that abrogated the Bardo Treaty of 1881 and recognized Tunisia as an independent state. The portfolios of the two ministries vacated by French officials foreign affairs and defense were taken by Bourguiba.
With independence, the Neo-Destour Party, which had been jarred by the dissent from Ben Youssef’s faction, faced the problem of consolidating its leadership and replacing the struggle for national independence with the building of national consensus as for the party’s primary goal. Expelled from the party for his opposition to Bourguiba, Ben Youssef organized a leftist opposition party that continued the guerrilla war against the Neo-Destour government. The crisis ended only when a French military operation forced the Youssefists to lay down their arms in June, three months after independence. Ben Youssef, who had earlier been condemned to death in absentia for having plotted against Bourguiba’s life, was assassinated in Frankfurt in 1961.
On March 25, 1956, some 84 percent of the registered voters went to the poils to elect candidates of the National Front, who were for the most part members of the Neo-Destour Party, to the Constituent Assembly. Bourguiba was elected president of the assembly by acclamation at its first session held two weeks later, and Ahmed Ben Salah was elected vice president. The assembly then divided its 98 members into a number of committees, each charged with drafting a part of the new constitution. Within a week Article, I had been unanimously adopted. It declared Tunisia to be a free, independent, sovereign state, with Islam its official religion and Arabic its official language.
• The current state of Tunisia
In the 1980s the economy performed poorly. In 1983 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) forced the government to raise the price of bread and semolina, causing severe hardship and protest riots. In this situation, the Islamic Tendency Movement (MTI) under Cheikh Rached El-Ghannouchi provided popular leadership. Civil disturbances, including those by the Islamists, were repressed by government security forces under General Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. The government persisted in following its program; Ben Ali was named the prime minister.
In 2004, Ben Ali was re-elected President for a five-year term, with a reported 94.5% of the vote. Also elected were 189 members of the Majlis al-Nuwaab or Chamber of Deputies, with a five-year term. In addition, there was a Chamber of Advisors composed of 126 members with six-year terms, of whom 85 were elected by government subdivisions. A widely supported human rights movement emerged, which included not only Islamists but also trade unionists, lawyers, and journalists. Tunisia’s political institutions, however, remained fixed in the authoritarian past. As of 2001, the government’s response to calls for reform Included house arrests and prison.
The Ben Ali regime came to an end following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. The protests were sparked by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi on 17 December 2010, and led to the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 28 days later on 14 January 2011, when he officially resigned after fleeing to Saudi Arabia, ending 23 years in power. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government is known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the center-left Congress for the Republic and the left-leaning Ettakatol as minority partners.
In March 2012, Ennahda declared it will not support making sharia the main source of legislation in the new constitution, maintaining the secular nature of the state. Ennahda’s stance on the issue was criticized by hardline Islamists, who wanted strict sharia but was welcomed by secular parties. On 6 February 2013, Chokri Belaid, the leader of the leftist opposition and prominent critic of Ennahda, was assassinated. In 2014, President Moncef Marzouki established Tunisia’s Truth and Dignity Commission, as a key part of creating a national reconciliation. |
Aaron McClung, Southwest Research Institute
Supercritical Power
Sep 10, 2019
by John Kosowatz
Aaron McClung is overseeing the development of the next step in supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power generation. McClung, manager of power cycle machinery at the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas, is in charge of the $123-million Supercritical Transformational Electric Power (STEP) pilot test facility—a 10-MW power plant intended to advance the state of the art for high-temperature sCO2 systems. The system uses sCO2 as a thermal medium to replace water and promises greater efficiencies, lower equipment costs and emissions. Here, he describes the project and its potential.
Q: What is the purpose of the STEP project and who are the players?
A.M: The project is funded by the Department of Energy. There is a team of companies executing the project: GTI, the Gas Technology Institute, is managing the project for DoE. So the partnership is GTI along with Southwest Research, which is the host site. GE [Global Research] is responsible for machinery, systems, and other components in the system.
Over the last decade, there’s been a lot of work developing the specific components; a lot of theoretical work, pulling together how sCO2 cycles could be more efficient than steam—or will be, depending on how you want to look at it. What technical advantages do they have, and then, developing specific components, turbines, compressors, heat exchangers, system concepts. Those pieces have been kind of developed and demonstrated piecemeal—to demonstrate the turbine programs, to demonstrate the compressor. The STEP program pulls it all together to actually do a system demonstration, where you’re pulling the turbine, the compressor, the heat exchangers, the system control duration, to actually demonstrate what a system can do, rather than just what the components could do.
Q: Can you describe the system for us?
A.M: It’s a Brayton cycle. The specific implementation that we’re doing is a recompression Brayton cycle and all that really means is it’s a closed cycle, and there’s no phase change. It’s in a single phase working its way around the power plant. It’s similar in concept to a gas turbine, there’s no phase changing in gas turbine, but a gas turbine is open-atmosphere. It’s also similar in concept to a steam turbine but a steam turbine works on a Rankin cycle. You have phase change within the loop. So it’s an interesting hybrid. Other variations between, say a CO2 cycle on a steam turbine, everything’s at pressure because we’re trying to maintain one phase. Steam for an efficient steam cycling may go down to vacuum, or up to about 5,000 psi. Our low side pressure on a CO2 cycle is about 1,200 to 1,300 psi, so the entire system is at pressure. There’s small variation between the two.
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Q: What are the potential advantages?
A.M: About six percentage points in efficiency. The theoretical advantage is you have a higher average inlet temperature, which gets you higher theoretical efficiency by about six points. But the challenge is, can you actually get it? What’s the impact of pressure drop? What’s the impact of heat exchanger performance? What’s the impact of turbo machinery performance? At the end of the day, what we’re trying to do under STEP is demonstrate that we can make the system, put it together, build the components, make it operate, and then check where we are on development; what is the actual path to realize those efficiency gains.
Q: The equipment itself should be a little more compact than what is now in most power plants, correct?
A.M: It is. The turbine itself is much smaller, a full 10-MW turbine—10 MW net, about 16 MW gross—the working section is about 18 to 20 inches long.
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Q: What is the biggest challenge you’re facing?
A.M: Research loops have been put together. This is the first time I’m aware of that we’re actually putting a recompression cycle together at the full power. Also, supply chain, things like piping it 250 bars, 700 °C. New materials, scales, and we’re pulling together different components for, say, the turbine. There’s a lot of unknowns we’re currently working through. So it’s the system integration at this point. That’s kind of the big challenge.
John Kosowatz is senior editor.
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Health and Wellness
A dietitian says this is the 'power nutrient' she eats for a longer, healthier life—but 95% of Americans lack in their diet
Caroline Purser | Getty
Fiber is the superhero of nutrients, and yet, it's one that most people aren't eating enough of in their diet, according to the American Society of Nutrition.
A 2017 analysis published in the U.S. National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine found that the vast majority — 95% of adults and children — aren't meeting their daily fiber needs.
The benefits of fiber
As a dietitian, I always tell people that dietary fiber — the kind you get from foods, and not from supplements — is an essential power nutrient.
Adequate intake of dietary fiber is associated with reduced risk for heart disease, stroke, hypertension, certain gastrointestinal disorders and type 2 diabetes, researchers have found.
There's also evidence that fiber's benefits extends beyond any particular ailment: Eating more of it may lower people's mortality rate. Even diets of residents in Blue Zones, places in the world where people live the longest, include fiber as a staple nutrient, especially in foods like black beans, chickpeas and lentils.
A National Institutes of Health study found that people who consumed higher amounts of fiber, particularly from grains, had a significantly lower risk of dying over a nine-year period compared to those who consumed lower amounts of fiber.
The analysis involved about 388,000 participants who were part of a larger NIH-AARP diet and health study who were between ages 50 and 71 years old when the study began.
How much fiber should you be getting?
The latest Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2020 to 2025) from the USDA recommends 14 grams of fiber for every 1,000 calories eaten. (The amount of calories you need per day varies depending on your gender, age, weight and activity level — with the most common number being 2,000 calories.)
The dietary fiber intake among the majority of Americans falls short of this recommendation, generally ranging between about 16 to 19 grams per day.
How to increase your fiber intake
Fiber isn't broken down by the body. Instead, it passes through the body undigested and helps regulate the body's use of sugars, helping to keep hunger and blood sugar in check.
Fiber comes in two varieties, according to researchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health: Soluble fiber, which can help lower glucose levels, as well as help lower blood cholesterol and insoluble fiber, which can help food move through your digestive system, promoting regularity and helping prevent constipation.
Although you can easily take a fiber supplement, you'll wind up missing out on all the other vitamins and minerals that whole foods provide.
The best sources of fiber are whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetableslegumes, and nuts.
Here are five fiber-rich foods I include in my diet to live a healthier, longer life — along with easy ways to enjoy them:
1. Avocados
Fiber: 10 grams per cup, sliced
Loren Klein | Twenty20
In addition to their fiber content, avocados are full of healthy monounsaturated fatty acids, which have been linked with improving heart health.
Avocados are so versatile, and their uses go beyond basic dishes like guacamole. I typically add some to my smoothies, which creates a creamy, thick texture. Or I'll smear a few slices on toasted bread in place of butter or mayonnaise.
2. Raspberries
Fiber: 8 grams per cup
Katherine | Twenty20
Raspberries also provide a handful of beneficial vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. They're also lower on the glycemic index, meaning they won't spike blood sugar levels.
A 2017 study suggested that eating fresh fruit daily, especially raspberries, may decrease your odds of developing diabetes by 12%.
You can eat a handful as a quick snack or get creative and add them to your salads for some tartness. And to satisfy my sweet tooth, nothing beats yogurt topped with raspberries and crunchy oats.
3. Lentils
Fiber: 21 grams per cup
Ilona Shorokhova | Twenty20
Lentils have an impressive amount of fiber per serving, and they're also an excellent source of protein (about 47 grams per cup), making them a go-to for filling meals.
Research suggests that getting a daily amount of 150 grams of lentils may help improve blood lipid levels, blood pressure and inflammation.
Lentils are delicious in a hearty soup or stew, but I find they pair just as nicely as protein in salads and tacos. When I want to cut back on my meat consumption, I'll make some lentil patties for lunch or dinner.
4. Oats
Fiber: 8 grams per cup
Emily B. | Twenty20
Oats are a gluten-free whole grain that contain fiber and other important nutrients, including iron, zinc and magnesium. They may also help you manage your blood sugar, heart health, and even your weight, studies have found.
For breakfast, oats can be used as grain substitutes in muffins and pancakes. For more savory meals like meatballs, I like to use them as breadcrumbs.
5. Chia Seeds
Fiber: 10 grams per ounce
Chia seeds
Anna | Twenty20
Even a small amount of chia seeds pack in plenty of health benefits. They're also a great source of omega-3 fatty acids, which have been linked to improvements in both brain and heart health.
These little seeds can be sprinkled in smoothies, oatmeal and salads. They gelatinize when placed in liquid, so you can easily make homemade jam with your choice of berries.
Lauren Armstrong is a dietitian and nutrition coach. She was also a nutritionist for The Women, Infant and Children (WIC) program. Lauren received her bachelor's degree in dietetics from Western Michigan University and has written for several publications, including Livestrong and HealthDay.
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Home Blog What Are Social Engineering Attacks? & How Can You Identify Them?
2019/08/08 IT & Cyber-Security Solutions 1548 visit(s)
Social engineering is the art of deceiving people so they give up confidential information. The types of information these criminals are seeking can vary, but oftentimes, criminals are usually trying to trick you into giving them your passwords or bank information, or access your computer to secretly install malicious software–that will give them access to your passwords and bank information as well as giving them control over your computer.
Criminals use social engineering tactics because it is usually easier to exploit your natural inclination to trust than it is to discover ways to hack your software. For example, it is much easier to fool someone into giving you their password than it is for you to try hacking their password (unless the password is really weak).
Security is all about knowing who and what to trust. It is important to know when and when not to take a person at their word and when the person you are communicating with is who they say they are. The same is true of online interactions and website usage: when do you trust that the website you are using is legitimate or is safe to provide your information?
Ask any security professional and they will tell you that the weakest link in the security chain is the human who accepts a person or scenario simply for what they appear to be. It doesn’t matter how many locks and deadbolts there are on your doors and windows, if you trust a person at the gate who says he is the pizza delivery guy and you let him in without first checking to see if he is legitimate you are completely exposed to whatever risk he represents.
Now let’s see what a social engineering attack can look like:
What Does a Social Engineering Attack Look Like?
1- Email from a friend
If a criminal manages to hack or socially engineer one person’s email password they have access to that person’s contact list–and because most people use one password everywhere, they probably have access to that person’s social networking contacts as well.
Once the criminal has that email account under their control, they send emails to all the person’s contacts or leave messages on all their friend’s social pages, and possibly on the pages of the person’s friends.
By taking advantage of your trust and curiosity, these messages will:
• Contain a linkthat you just have to check out–and because the link comes from a friend and you’re curious, you’ll trust the link and click–and be infected with malware so the criminal can take over your machine and collect your contacts info and deceive them just like you were deceived.
• Contain a downloadof pictures, music, movie, document, etc., that has malicious software embedded. If you download–which you are likely to do since you think it is from your friend–you become infected. Now, the criminal has access to your machine, email account, social network accounts and contacts, and the attack spreads to everyone you know. And on, and on.
2- Email from another trusted source
Phishing attacks are a subset of social engineering strategy that imitate a trusted source and concoct a seemingly logical scenario for handing over login credentials or other sensitive personal data. According to recent studies, social engineering attacks including phishing and pretexting (see below) are responsible for 93% of successful data breaches.
Using a compelling story or pretext, these messages may:
• Urgently ask for your help. Your ’friend’ is stuck in country X, has been robbed, beaten, and is in the hospital. They need you to send money so they can get home and they tell you how to send the money to the criminal.
• Use phishing attempts with a legitimate-seeming background. Typically, a phisher sends an e-mail, IM, comment, or text message that appears to come from a legitimate, popular company, bank, school, or institution.
• Ask you to donate to their charitable fundraiser, or some other cause.Likely with instructions on how to send the money to the criminal. Preying on kindness and generosity, these phishers ask for aid or support for whatever disaster, political campaign, or charity is momentarily top-of-mind.
• Present a problem that requires you to "verify" your information by clicking on the displayed link and providing information in their form. The link location may look very legitimate with all the right logos, and content (in fact, the criminals may have copied the exact format and content of the legitimate site). Because everything looks legitimate, you trust the email and the phony site and provide whatever information the crook is asking for. These types of phishing scams often include a warning of what will happen if you fail to act soon because criminals know that if they can get you to act before you think, you’re more likely to fall for their phishing attempt.
• Notify you that you’re a ’winner.’Maybe the email claims to be from a lottery, or a dead relative, or the millionth person to click on their site, etc. In order to give you your ’winnings’ you have to provide information about your bank routing so they know how to send it to you or give your address and phone number so they can send the prize, and you may also be asked to prove who you are often including your social security number. These are the ’greed phishes’ where even if the story pretext is thin, people want what is offered and fall for it by giving away their information, then having their bank account emptied, and identity stolen.
• Pose as a boss or coworker. It may ask for an update on an important, proprietary project your company is currently working on, for payment information pertaining to a company credit card, or some other inquiry masquerading as day-to-day business.
3- Baiting scenarios
These social engineering schemes know that if you dangle something people want, many people will take the bait. These schemes are often found on Peer-to-Peer sites offering a download of something like a hot new movie, or music. But the schemes are also found on social networking sites, malicious websites you find through search results, and so on.
Or, the scheme may show up as an amazingly great deal on classified sites, auction sites, etc.. To allay your suspicion, you can see the seller has a good rating (all planned and crafted ahead of time).
People who take the bait may be infected with malicious software that can generate any number of new exploits against themselves and their contacts, may lose their money without receiving their purchased item, and, if they were foolish enough to pay with a check, may find their bank account empty.
4- Response to a question you never had
Criminals may pretend to be responding to your ’request for help’ from a company while also offering more help. They pick companies that millions of people use such as a software company or bank. If you don’t use the product or service, you will ignore the email, phone call, or message, but if you do happen to use the service, there is a good chance you will respond because you probably do want help with a problem.
For example, even though you know you didn’t originally ask a question you probably a problem with your computer’s operating system and you seize on this opportunity to get it fixed. For free! The moment you respond you have bought the crook’s story, given them your trust and opened yourself up for exploitation.
The representative, who is actually a criminal, will need to ’authenticate you’, have you log into ’their system’ or, have you log into your computer and either give them remote access to your computer so they can ’fix’ it for you, or tell you the commands so you can fix it yourself with their help–where some of the commands they tell you to enter will open a way for the criminal to get back into your computer later.
5- Creating distrust
Some social engineering, is all about creating distrust, or starting conflicts; these are often carried out by people you know and who are angry with you, but it is also done by nasty people just trying to wreak havoc, people who want to first create distrust in your mind about others so they can then step in as a hero and gain your trust, or by extortionists who want to manipulate information and then threaten you with disclosure.
This form of social engineering often begins by gaining access to an email account or another communication account on an IM client, social network, chat, forum, etc. They accomplish this either by hacking, social engineering, or simply guessing really weak passwords.
• The malicious person may then alter sensitive or private communications (including images and audio) using basic editing techniques and forwards these to other people to create drama, distrust, embarrassment, etc. They may make it look like it was accidentally sent, or appear like they are letting you know what is ’really’ going on.
• Alternatively, they may use the altered material to extort money either from the person they hacked or from the supposed recipient.
There are literally thousands of variations to social engineering attacks. The only limit to the number of ways they can socially engineer users through this kind of exploit is the criminal’s imagination. And you may experience multiple forms of exploits in a single attack. Then the criminal is likely to sell your information to others so they too can run their exploits against you, your friends, your friends’ friends, and so on as criminals leverage people’s misplaced trust.
Don’t become a victim!
While phishing attacks are rampant, short-lived, and need only a few users to take the bait for a successful campaign, there are methods for protecting yourself. Most don't require much more than simply paying attention to the details in front of you. In our next blog, we will give you some great tips and pieces of advice so you can avoid becoming a victim of social engineering.
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How is the Name Zoram Connected with Pride?
BMC Team's picture
Post contributed by BMC Team
August 14, 2018
KnoWhy #458
Still Image from “The Zoramites and the Rameumpton” via LDS Media Library
“Yea, and he also saw that their hearts were lifted up unto great boasting, in their pride.”
Alma 31:25
The Know
It doesn’t take long for readers of the Book of Mormon to come across the name Zoram (see 1 Nephi 4:35). Zoram was Laban’s important servant, the official guard of the treasury where sacred records were housed. But he chose to become a free man by joining Lehi’s family and journeying with them to their promised land.
Not much is revealed about Zoram, except that he was a “true friend” to Nephi1 and that, despite having been an outsider to Lehi’s group, he became one of the seven founding tribal heads of Lehi’s people.2 Although Zoram was apparently a righteous man, some of his descendants caused problems for the Nephites,3 and it seems that Mormon may have used a pun on Zoram’s name to emphasize this point.
After analyzing the name Zoram in light of ancient Semitic languages, Matthew L. Bowen suggested that it “could … plausibly denote ‘the one who is high/exalted’ or ‘He of the Exalted One’.”4 Although Zoram was likely meant to be a praiseworthy name, Nephite authors instead associated it with pride and vanity. Evidence for this connection can be found in a number of Book of Mormon passages but is perhaps most apparent in the story of Alma’s mission to the Zoramites.
When Alma and his missionaries arrived in the land of Antionum, they found that the Zoramites had perverted the righteous traditions of the Nephites. This included the offering of vain prayers on an elevated platform called the Rameumptom (Alma 31:21). From this platform, which was “high above the head” (v. 13), the richly dressed Zoramites boasted about their supposedly holy and elected status. Notably, the term ram at the beginning of “Rameumptom” is probably the same basic element in Zoram that means “high” or “exalted” in Hebrew.5 The dual presence of ram in this context makes the possibility of intentional wordplay especially likely.
An additional line of evidence can be seen in the fact that Alma, on two separate occasions, contrasted the Zoramites’ prideful behavior with righteous themes of being “lifted up.” In the first instance, Alma compared the hearts of the Zoramites, which were “lifted up were lifted up unto great boasting, in their pride,” with his own righteous prayer, in which he “lifted up his voice to heaven” (Alma 31:25–26). In the second instance, Alma counseled his son Shiblon to not be “lifted up unto pride” or “pray as the Zoramites do” (Alma 38:11, 13). He contrasted this with the promise that Shiblon would be “lifted up at the last day” if he remembered to put his “trust in God” (v. 5).6
Yet further evidence for an intended wordplay comes from the way that the names Cezoram and Seezoram (each a variant of Zoram) are associated with being proud and lifted up. It was in the context of the assassination of a chief judge named Cezoram that the people “began to seek to get gain that they might be lifted up one above another” (Helaman 6:15–17). Likewise, it was during the reign of Seezoram that the Nephites were “lifted up beyond that which is good” (Helaman 7:26). Thus, during the tenure of these leaders—each with Zoram-associated names—the Nephites began to be lifted up in wickedness much like the prideful Zoramites.7
The Why
In light of these and other textual evidences, it seems apparent that the Zoramites came to be associated with the “high” and “exalted” connotations of their own name. Yet, instead of being high or holy in a positive way, they were “lifted up” unto gross pride and vanity. In particular, the Zoramites became a symbol of the type of pride that stems from greed, materialism, worldly success, and a false sense of personal or collective righteousness.
Sadly, the same pride that led to the downfall of the Zoramites eventually infected the Nephite nation as a whole. In a letter to Moroni, Mormon declared, “Behold, the pride of this nation, or the people of the Nephites, hath proven their destruction except they should repent” (Moroni 8:27).8 Latter-day readers should be especially concerned about this type of pride because it is also rampant in our own day. To modern readers, Moroni wrote,
It should be understood that ancient Hebrew authors didn’t just use puns for amusement. Instead, the use of wordplay was often meant to help establish and reinforce important narrative themes. In this case, the story of the Zoramites, including the clever pun on the name Zoram, can help us remember the dangers of boasting in our own strength or being lifted up in the pride of our hearts. It was this type of pride that led the Zoramites and Nephites to destruction.9 And if we are not careful, the same pride will lead societies in our own time to the same dismal fate.
President Dieter F. Uchtdorf taught, “Pride is the great sin of self-elevation. It is for so many a personal Rameumptom, a holy stand that justifies envy, greed, and vanity.”10 How can we ensure that we don’t fall into the same prideful condition as the Zoramites and Nephites? One way is to deflect praise and glory away from ourselves and towards God. For example, when an individual called Jesus “Good Master,” Jesus “said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God” (Matthew 19:17). Likewise, Ammon the Nephite missionary was once warned about boasting in himself, yet Ammon explained that he was actually giving all his praise to “the Most High God” (Alma 26:14).
As we keep our focus upon the Lord’s goodness and away from our own achievements, the Lord will help us see our true eternal value and worth as His children. In this condition, we won’t feel we need to lift ourselves up in pride. This is because, like Shiblon, we can trust that the Lord will do all the lifting for us—meaning He will graciously lift us up unto eternal life—if we keep the commandments and faithfully “put our trust in God” (Alma 38:5).
Further Reading
Matthew L. Bowen, “‘See That Ye Are Not Lifted Up’: The Name Zoram and Its Paronomastic Pejoration,” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 19 (2016): 109–143.
Parrish Brady and Shon Hopkin, “The Zoramites and Costly Apparel: Symbolism and Irony,” Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture 22, no. 1 (2013): 40–53.
Sherrie Mills Johnson, “The Zoramite Separation: A Sociological Perspective,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 14, no. 1 (2005): 74–85, 129–30.
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Book of Mormon Central, “How is the Name Zoram Connected with Pride? (Alma 31:25),” KnoWhy 458 (August 14, 2018). |
1. Ferrell, Kathy Graves BS, RN, CLNC
Complete and accurate charting can be crucial to exonerating nurses in civil lawsuits.
OVERVIEW: Properly documenting care in a patient's medical records is essential and, in the event of a lawsuit, provides evidence that the care that was provided met professional standards. Even nurses who meet the standards of care must document that care fully and accurately to avoid being vulnerable to accusations of malpractice that may result in costly jury verdicts and court decisions.
Article Content
Conventional wisdom raised in discussions of the legal aspects of nursing says that "documentation of care is synonymous with care itself." This equivalence might not be obvious to patients and families, but jurors serving on nursing malpractice cases may have little more than documentation to evaluate. Thorough documentation in the medical record may be the best evidence that appropriate care has been provided. And according to Iyer and Camp in Nursing Documentation: A Nursing Process Approach, "Timely, accurate, and complete charting helps the patient secure better care and protects the nurse, physicians, and hospital from litigation."1
Although all nursing school students learn about documentation from the first day until graduation, on the job they may find themselves tired, busy, or unsure of how and what to chart and therefore overlook this critical step. But in our litigious times, nurses would do well to ask themselves how a jury would decide whether a patient's injury was an unfortunate and unavoidable accident or the result of a nurse's negligence, inadequate skill, or poor judgment.
So how does a jury determine whether an accused nurse was practicing according to the standards of care?
According to Aiken in Legal Nurse Consulting: Principles and Practice, "'Standard of care' is a term used to designate what is accepted as 'reasonable' under the circumstances."2 It refers to "that degree of skill, care, and judgment used by an ordinary prudent health care provider under similar circumstances."2 Nurses are expected to meet the standard of care for every nursing task they perform; standards of care are determined by state nurse practice acts, state and federal regulatory agencies, oversight agencies (such as the Joint Commission), policy and position statements by specialty societies, health care institutions and organizations, current nursing literature, and job descriptions, among other sources.
In determining whether standards of care have been met, juries consider the testimony of health care professionals and are also likely to review the medical records. The American Nurses Association (ANA) highlighted the legal status of documentation by stating: "Patient-related reports and clinical records are legal documents that can be used as evidence in courts of law and provide another reflection of how well nurses, and the institutions that employ them, perform professionally."3 (Of course, there are also good clinical reasons for nurses to clearly record the care they provide. Documentation enhances continuity of care, for example, and helps a team of providers coordinate assessment and treatment.)
The following account of litigation, in which I served as a legal nurse consultant, demonstrates how a failure to follow current standards of care and document the care provided led to patient injury. The patient and facility aren't identified, but the clinical facts are accurate.
A 70-year-old man suffered a stroke after undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Subsequently, he required a permanent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube for feedings. The standard of care for such a patient calls for the feeding tube to be checked for residual feeding formula and flushed every four hours. Tube feeding was begun with Jevity Plus at 25 mL/hr and was to increase gradually to 75 mL/hr if the patient was tolerating it. On three consecutive days the nurses documented that tube feeding had to be turned off for short periods because residual formula aspirated from the stomach exceeded the normal limit.
The patient's condition stabilized, and he was moved to a transitional care unit for further evaluation and nursing care prior to discharge. Admission orders to the transition care unit included administering Jevity Plus at 65 mL/hr by PEG tube, keeping the head of the bed elevated at 30[degrees] to 45[degrees] at all times, and recording vital signs every six hours.
Late in the afternoon the patient was transferred to the transitional care unit. A nursing admission form was completed, but no vital signs or assessment of the tube feeding were recorded. Nursing notes stated that at 10 PM the head of the bed was elevated to 45[degrees] and that Jevity Plus was infusing at 55 mL/hr. There was no documentation of checking for residual formula and patency of the tube, calls to the physician, or new orders for a different infusion rate, nor was there an explanation of why the infusion rate was 55 mL/hr instead of the rate ordered.
The nursing staff documented that at 1 AM they heard the patient coughing. The patient was ashen and had vomit on his face; he had aspirated the Jevity Plus formula. Although he was transferred to the ICU and intubated, the patient died later that morning as a result of aspiration pneumonia.
The patient's family filed a negligence claim against the hospital and members of the nursing staff. There was no documentation to show that the nursing standards of care for assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation had been met. The hospital and the patient's family agreed to a confidential settlement.
When a nurse is accused of negligence, ignorance of the standards of nursing care does not serve as a viable legal defense. The eighth of the ANA's Standards of Professional Performance states: "The registered nurse attains knowledge and competency that reflects current nursing practice."4 Staying current in clinical practice is considered so important that it is a condition of maintaining a license. There are many ways to achieve this-for example, by attending hospital in-service sessions and continuing education programs, reading nursing journals, and participating in specialty nursing conferences.
If there's no documentation, there's no evidence. Jurors cannot assume that a patient received care if a nurse failed to document it. If a patient falls or experiences an adverse event, the standards of care require nurses to document the patient's condition before and immediately after the incident, as well as the time that the physician was notified of the patient's condition. The documentation must also include the physician's response and any new orders. (While each facility should have a policy for completing an adverse-event form, this document is usually filed in the hospital's risk-management department and isn't part of the medical record; therefore, the nursing response to an adverse event must also be documented in the patient's record.)
In my own practice as a legal nurse consultant, nurses have told me that they've failed to document the facts surrounding patients' falls for fear of losing their jobs. But unless nurses record the facts in the medical record, including their own response to the fall, there will be no evidence to support the claim that they acted within the standards of care, leaving them vulnerable if a lawsuit is filed.
Brown v. DeKalb Medical Center, a case that came before the Georgia Court of Appeals, illustrates this point.5, 6 In that case, the estate of a deceased patient claimed that pressure ulcers, allegedly acquired at DeKalb's skilled nursing facility, had led to a below-the-knee amputation of the patient's left leg.
The patient had spent a month at the skilled nursing facility after having a stroke. The medical record showed that, at admission and again at discharge, the skin over her sacrum was reddened, but there was no documentation of the condition of the patient's heels at discharge.
According to a home health care nurse who examined her the day after she returned home, the patient had "blood blisters" on her heels. While a family member and the home health care nurse later disagreed about the condition of the ulcers at that time, the estate's expert nurse witness testified that, in her opinion, the ulcers had formed at the skilled nursing facility. Although some of them healed, new ulcers developed on the left foot and lower leg, making amputation necessary.
The nurse expert testified that, although the sacral ulcer had become no worse during the patient's stay at the facility, indicating that that ulcer had been treated properly, the patient's medical record didn't show that steps had been taken to prevent pressure ulcers from forming on the heels. The DeKalb nurses testified that it wasn't their practice to document normal findings; therefore, there was no documentation of a heel lesion because there had not been one while the patient was at their facility.
The court rejected this rationale. The nurses' failure to document meant that DeKalb couldn't demonstrate that adequate care had been provided. The jury determined that the absence of documentation of a pressure ulcer was not the same as documentation of a thorough skin assessment. Therefore, they found in favor of the patient's estate and awarded damages.
Jurors and attorneys usually view the medical record as the best evidence of what really happened to a patient.1 When a patient or a family member seeks legal advice about a possible claim of nursing negligence, the attorney scrutinizes the patient's medical record first to determine how well the nurse met the standards of care. Except on special units or unless a physician orders otherwise, nurses routinely assess patients every two to four hours; in the case of an unstable patient, a diligent nurse assesses the patient even more frequently. Therefore, any gap in nursing documentation of several hours or more can be a red flag to a jury. The standards of nursing care include documenting the patient's condition at the time of each assessment, even if it's unchanged or stable.
The record must be specific in its documentation of who did what, when, and how. A lack of specificity can be costly when defending against a lawsuit. For example, consider Griffin v. Methodist Hospital, a case involving a patient who developed foot drop after a prolonged period of immobility.7, 8 The foot drop was due to contracture of the Achilles tendon, a complication that can be expected if nursing measures are not adequate to compensate for the patient's prolonged immobility, according to an opinion handed down by the Court of Appeals of Texas.
The hospital and several health care providers, including RNs, physical therapists, and physicians, were named in a lawsuit filed by the patient and her husband, who alleged that all had been negligent in caring for the patient. The hospital retained a nurse and a physical therapist to review the medical records and submitted to the court their affidavits stating that the standards of care had been met in treating the patient. With regard to nursing care, the hospital's affidavit stated: "the standard of care for treating a critical care patient [horizontal ellipsis] is (1) to assess the patient; (2) to implement and carry out the physician's orders; and (3) to prioritize care and treatment objectives."8 The affidavit further stated that the nurses "properly assessed [the patient's] condition and charted her progress" from admission to discharge.8
The lower court ruled that the nurses hadn't been negligent, but an appeals court subsequently ruled that all of the defendants shared responsibility for the patient's injury. The appeals court focused on a lack of specific notations regarding assessment or treatment of foot drop in the hospital's affidavit, noting that "the lower court judge was in error for failing to recognize that the hospital's affidavit [horizontal ellipsis] was purely conclusory [horizontal ellipsis] [and] overly generalized to the point it was completely useless to any court as the basis for ruling in favor of the hospital."8
Statutes of limitations establish time limits within which a patient (or someone acting on a patient's behalf, such as a family member) must file a claim in response to an injury. These time limits are defined by state law and vary from state to state. In many states, the time limit is two years from the date of the injury or its discovery.
Sometimes it isn't possible until considerable time has passed to identify the cause of an injury or to discover that an injury has occurred. In recognition of this, legislatures and courts have developed a series of rules to help determine when the actionable period, as defined by the statute of limitations, should properly begin.9 Depending on the circumstances, the time period may begin when the injury occurred, when it was first discovered, or at the end of treatment. But even after the time limit has passed, a patient's attorney may file a claim in the expectation that the court will "toll"-delay or suspend-the statute of limitations. For example, in injuries that occur in childhood or during childbirth (which may result in motor deficits or developmental delays), the statute of limitations may be tolled until the injured person reaches "legal age" (also called "majority," the age at which a person is legally accorded full civil rights and becomes responsible for her or his own actions according to the law). The legal age is also determined by state law. In most states the legal age is 18 years, but in others it is 19 or 21 years.
Considering that it may take years for a case to come to trial and that, in the interim, nurses may have cared for hundreds of other patients, they can't rely on memory to summon every detail of a patient's assessment, plan, implementation, and evaluation. Therefore, for nurses who find themselves named in lawsuits, accurate and complete documentation of the nursing process is the best evidence of the care they provided.
1. Iyer PW, Camp NH. Overview of documentation. In: Iyer PW, Camp NH, editors. Nursing documentation: a nursing process approach. 4th ed. Flemington, NJ: Med League Support Services; 2005. [Context Link]
2. Aiken TD. The law, standards of care, and liability issues. In: Iyer PW, editor. Legal nurse consulting: principles and practice. 2nd ed. New York: CRC Press; 2003. [Context Link]
3. American Nurses Association. Principles for documentation. Silver Spring, MD; 2005 Nov. [Context Link]
4. American Nurses Association. Nursing: scope and standards of practice. Washington, DC; 2004. [Context Link]
5. Brown v. DeKalb Medical Center. 482 S.E. 2d 511 (225 Ga. App. 4 1997). [Context Link]
6. Snyder EK. Pressure sores: court case points out importance of nursing documentation. Legal eagle eye newsletter for the nursing profession 1997 June. [Context Link]
7. Griffin v. Methodist Hospital. 984 S.W. 2nd 72 (Texas App. 1997). [Context Link]
8. Synder EK. Charting not specific: hospital not able to defend against malpractice allegations. Legal eagle eye newsletter for the nursing profession 1997 Oct. [Context Link]
9. Helm A, editor. Nursing malpractice: sidestepping legal minefields. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2003. [Context Link] |
Posted: 13 Feb, 2020 Contributor: Shraddha Thakur
The Importance of Giving Back to Society: How it Helps Our Well-Being
“Charity brings to life again those who are spiritually dead.”
-Thomas Aquinas
From time to time, everyone can have a bad day. To combat this you’ll need a 'Feel-Good Factor' to help pump-up your mood quickly. Think about something that can make you, as well as others. feel better. Charity, or giving back to society can be such a thing. It will benefit those that need help as well as make you feel good about doing something to make the world a better place.
A large part of the Indian population could be said to be needy and there are a lot of people out there who have the ability to help them. Human behaviour can be driven by spiritualism and goodwill so whenever you perform a selfless act for someone else, you yourself will end up feeling good as well. Thus the importance of charity in our lives, especially in the socio-economic and cultural aspects, cannot be ignored.
Indian culture has promoted acts of kindness and goodwill for decades. 'Daan' or charity is known as one of the holiest forms of actions and our festivals and religious occasions always promote the concept of giving and sharing.
Explaining Charity
Charity or generosity can be defined as an action made to raise money for those in need. Although, it can also be something as simple as an act of kindness and goodwill from one individual to another. If it benefits someone in need, then it is charity and helping those in need can be good for both sides as we discussed above. There are a lot of NGOs, self-help groups and organizations that are involved in such activities. One can easily connect with them and what they are doing or, if you prefer, just simply start doing something to help others by yourself. You never know, in time it might grow to be something that can help people all around the world.
The Benefits of Charity
Generosity never fails. It always comes back to you. Donations or charity is not always about taking selfies and posting on social media for a few likes. It is about giving people the help and support they deserve without expecting anything in return apart from good feelings. Although there are a lot of benefits to donating and charity work, here are a few of the main ones:
1. Charity Makes You Feel Good
First and foremost. Being charitable will make you feel good. Do you remember that feeling you had after you helped a friend in need? When you help someone, it automatically gives you a feeling of satisfaction and your body starts pumping out positive endorphins. The glee of charity, goodwill or donation is even above the feeling of helping a friend. Helping someone in need has benefits that are twofold: it will support the person in need and will make you feel good as well.
2. Spreading the Generous Feeling
Children are the raw minds and souls which can be molded from an early age. If you teach them about the value of acts of kindness, they will grow up to be humans full of generosity, kindness and love. Always try to teach your kids about sharing and helping others. Involve yourself with an NGO or group and take your little ones along to involve them in charitable acts early.
You can also create a donation box at home and encourage children to put money from their pocket money into it that can be used to help those who need it most. Small changes at home can help a lot.
3. Charity Helps Beat Stress
Studies have shown that about 85% of the Indian population suffers from stress. Now that sort of fact can make anyone feel uncomfortable. But what if we tell you that donations or other acts of kindness could help reduce mental stress and will make you feel more content and happy. Money won’t buy you happiness but humble acts done with humility can help you find a purpose in life and improve your mental health at the same time.
4. Charity Improves Relationships
All religions and communities promote social works, and people who follow a faith eventually get involved in charitable works. Giving back to society with the accumulative effort of multiple people can create better social relations. You feel connected to the community when united by a purpose and these communal bonds can strengthen exponentially.
5. Charity Spreads Positivity
Acts of kindness and generosity allow you to feel positive about your life. You help someone else and realize the fact that you are making a difference in someone else's life for the better. So, donate more, and you’ll start feeling the positive effects before you know it.
Random Acts of Kindness
Kindness is a thing that doesn’t need to be planned to help. It costs nothing and pays a lot. You can be generous and help in your daily life without having to make big changes. Even the smallest actions can make a lot of difference so here is a brief list of random acts of kindness that you can follow:
1. Greet people with a smile in the morning, you might just make their day.
2. Talk to the people you see selling goods on the road. Ask them about their family and life. You might end up knowing a new side of the world.
3. Offer water to the food delivery men during hot days. Their thanks alone will make it worthwhile.
4. Call your old friends, meet up and rekindle your memories.
5. Say thank you to anyone who assists you (waiters in a restaurant, janitors in your office etc.)
“Be kind whenever possible, it is always possible.”
As we discussed, kindness doesn’t cost anything and pays back a lot. So always be kind, be generous and spread positivity wherever you can. Your acts can be as little as a passing smile to anyone you meet and the largest can be as big as you can dream. Donate funds in money, kind acts or just volunteer at a place that helps people you care about. Together we can make the world, a better place to live. OMKITCHEN represents itself as a social kitchen, following the kind path of giving back to society, we try to do our part by offering the service of free food from OMKITCHEN. Being organic, our food is the best for cancer patients and even the needy. If you know anywhere that can use our services in Delhi NCR, we will be more than happy to connect. Contact us, and we will donate in your name. Let's all do our bit to be a little more charitable!
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Le Thoronet Abbey
Le Thoronet, France
Le Thoronet Abbey, sited between the towns of Draguignan and Brignoles, is one of the best examples of the spirit of the Cistercian order. Even the acoustics of the church imposed a certain discipline upon the monks; because of the stone walls, which created a long echo, the monks were forced to sing slowly and perfectly together.
The monks move from Floriéges to Le Thoronet around 1176 and founded a new monastery to the lands donated to Cistercians few decades earlier. The entire monastery was built at once, which helps explain its unusual architectural unity. The church was probably built first, at the end of the 12th century, followed by the rest of the monastery in the early 13th century.
In the 13th century, there were no more than twenty-five monks in the monastery, but money came in from donations, and the Abbey owned extensive lands between upper Provence and the Mediterranean coast. The most important industry for the monastery was raising cattle and sheep.
By the 14th century, the monastery was in decline. In 1328, the Abbot accused his own monks of trying to rob the local villagers, being only a few years after the Great Famine. In 1348, Provence was devastated again, this time by the Black Plague which further reduced the population. By 1433, there were only four monks living at Le Thoronet.
By the 16th century, while the abbey church was maintained, the other buildings were largely in ruins. The monastery was probably abandoned for a time during the Wars of Religion.
In the 18th century, the abbot decided the order's rules were too strict, and added decorative features, such as statues, a fountain. and an avenue of chestnut trees. The Abbey was deeply in debt, and in 1785, the abbot, who lived in Bourges, declared bankruptcy. Le Thoronet was deconsecrated in 1785, and the seven remaining monks moved to other churches or monasteries. The building was to be sold in 1791, but the state officials in charge of the sale declared that the church, cemetery, fountain and row of chestnut trees were 'treasures of art and architecture', which should remain 'the Property of the Nation.' The rest of the monastery buildings and lands were sold.
In 1840, the ruined buildings came to the attention of Prosper Merimée, a writer and the first official inspector of monuments. It was entered onto the first list of French Monuments historiques, and restoration of the church and bell tower began in 1841. In 1854 the state bought the cloister, chapter-house, courtyard and dormitory, and in 1938, bought the remaining parts of the monastery still in private ownership.
Your name
Founded: 1176
Category: Religious sites in France
Historical period: Birth of Capetian dynasty (France)
4.6/5 (based on Google user reviews)
User Reviews
B Kuus (2 months ago)
Lovely and peaceful place
Enjoy life (7 months ago)
Been there 2 years ago ... worth the visit when not crowded
Nadia S (14 months ago)
Visited many times and it is well worth it. Very beautiful. Reasonable price to get in. This time visited with my two year old and she loved it too. Note it is closed between 1300-1400 at the moment.
Philippe Guillemin (14 months ago)
Beautiful place. Cisterciens. It is peaceful. A catholic oasis in a desert of Islamic hatred
Selina Golfin (16 months ago)
Soak up the history and those before us...Will never forget the first time I entered this place! Not too large but would happily live there in peace if given the chance :)
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10 April 2018
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Source Link
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Source Link
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Source Link
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Source Link
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Gen. Tony Thomas
1. At your first meeting with your first platoon sergeant:
Shut the door, tell him or her, “I think I’ve had a pretty good preparation to be a PL, but before I do anything, how about you tell me what you expect of me?” If they are good, and most of them are very good—and you aren’t the first or last PL they’ll have the privilege of serving with—they’ll say, “Be our leader, make the tough decisions, don’t try to be our buddy (we may eventually like you, but that’s not the objective), enforce the standards.” (And, while they may never say it, you can take to the bank that they will strive to never let you fail). You may be an LT, but you are their LT. |
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On communicative difficulty in general and "difficult" poetry in particular: the example of Hart Crane's "The Broken Tower".
New conditions of life germinate new forms of spiritual articulation.
And while I feel that my work includes a more consistent extension of
traditional elements than many contemporary poets are capable of
appraising, I realize that I am utilizing the gifts of the past as
instruments principally, and that the voice of the present, if it is
to be known, must be caught at the risk of speaking in idioms
sometimes shocking to scholars and historians of logic. Language has
built towers and bridges, but itself is inevitably as fluid as always.
--Hart Crane, "General Aims and Theories"
I think I summed up my attitude to philosophy when I said: philosophy
ought really to be written as a poetic composition. It must, as it
seems to me, be possible to gather from this how far my thinking
belongs to the present, future or past. For I was thereby revealing
myself as someone who cannot quite do what he would like to be able
to do.
--Ludwig Wittgenstein, Culture and Value
I have finished a monument more lasting than bronze ...
Here we are talking about Hart Crane dead long ago, in the year of my birth, 1932. Hart Crane's poem "The Broken Tower," beginning with his title, engages an ancient figure--that of a monument which, by its ironic unbreakability, challenges death's obliteration of persons. In the classical poetic tradition, the work of art--whatever else it does--is always also engaged in this one task: overcoming the erasure of the name of a person by speaking it, doing fame by means of language. ("Fame," fama from L. fari, Gk. phanaito, to speak of absence with the effect of presence.)
To bring home, by means of an example, this classical scene of the work of art set to work I remind you of a poem by the Roman poet Horace. The poem is conventionally called "The Poet's Immortal Fame." Horace boasts that he will remain by reason of his poems--his monumentum--forever part of the human conversation, specifically the death-blocked conversation between the dead and the living. Hart Crane (or any poet) reminds us that the death-blocked conversation between the dead and the living is identical to the conversation between the living and the living, which is enabled and blocked in life by our unmingling bodies. Horace asserts that, by his work as poet, he has effected two things that cannot happen: first, that what he has made is indestructible (but we know that every thing is destructible); second, that he, the maker, will not "entirely" die (non omnis moriar)--but everyone entirely dies.
Poetry--and only poetry--contributes to human life precisely what the human will cannot (as we know, if we know anything) otherwise obtain. Not by reason of what the poem says, but by reason of the fact that poetry is the artistic form of language. By means of the artistic form of language, humanity--something of one nature (subject to death)--becomes capable of thinking by means of something of another nature (not subject to death). Poetry is the most valuable thing we have, but radically untrue.
Here, in context of Hart Cranes "The Broken Tower" (as an introduction to it), is Horace's poem about the unbreakable tower--the artistic form of language, poesis.
I have finished a monument more lasting than bronze and loftier than
the Pyramid's royal pile, one that no wasting rain, no furious north
wind can destroy or countless chain of years and the ages' flight. I
shall not altogether die [non omnis moriar--one notices in the omnis
the poet's anxiety about the truth of the boast], but a mighty part of
me shall escape the death-goddess ["Libitina," goddess of corpses]. On
and on I shall grow ever fresh with the glory of aftertime. So long as
the Pontiff climbs the Capitol with the silent Vestal [The institution
of language across time, identical with the sacred, is contingent upon
the state], I, risen high from low estate where Aufidus thunders and
where Daunus in a parched land once ruled o'er a peasant folk [Hart
Crane's equivalent was Cleveland, Ohio], shall be famed for having
been the first to adapt Aeolian song [Greek high cultural poetic
styles--Crane also was also a conscious formalist] to Italian verse.
Accept the proud honour won by thy merits, Melpomene [muse of
tragedy!], and graciously crown my locks with Delphic lays.
Cranes and Horaces poem is the same poem (Cranes "tower" is his monumentum). But, in a sense, Cranes poem is earlier or later than Horace's. Horace's confidence in the continuity of human presence by reason of the poem is no longer--or not yet--possible. Crane's broken monumentum could not bear the weight rested on it. What broke the tower?
Consider the Old Testament at Genesis 11. There we find an explanation--an etiological narrative--in fact, the theological decree of human communicative difficulty. Crane's title alludes to the story about the destruction of the tower of Babel, the "breaking of the tower of Babel"--the breaking of "The Broken Tower" by babble:
built. And the Lord said, "Look! They are one people and they have all
one language. This is only the beginning of what they will do. Nothing
now will be impossible for them. Come, let us go down and confuse
their language, so they will not understand one another's speech.
Hart Crane's "The Broken Tower"--a "difficult" poem by a "difficult" poet--theatricalizes this Babylonian primordial curse against the human empowerment which would flow from a universal language. The reconstruction of the "city and tower" of Genesis 11 (that's what Crane's poem narrates) is a restoration of divinely prohibited communicative universality on other (matriarchal) grounds. It is the nature of the patriarchal Semitic "God" that He requires an unbounded discursive territory. Hence He prohibits representation of Himself--guards himself against the violence inseparable from the representation--the making visible of anything--eidetic violence--as I will call it. The difficulty of the "difficult" poem in our time both marks and also therefore maintains a divine (that is at least to say, a structurally fundamental) theological prohibition.
Here is Crane's poem. (Note, please, before I read out "The Broken Tower," how hard it is to perform the beginning of the reading of any poem. Perhaps, I won't really try. One must reflectively fall silent in oneself, because the voice always going on in one's head must now defer to another's voice never before heard. It is not any voice of the "myself," but a previously unknown possibility of the voice of the myself. One must abandon the "discursive field" of the own self. Also, watch the punctuation. The punctuation is this poet's careful interpretation of the relationship intended by the poet among the grammatical elements of his own text.)
The Broken Tower
The bell-rope that gathers God at dawn
Dispatches me as though I dropped down the knell
Of a spent day--to wander the cathedral lawn
From pit to crucifix, feet chill on steps from hell.
Have you not heard, have you not seen the corps
Of shadows in the tower, whose shoulders sway
Antiphonal carillons launched before
The stars are caught and hived in the sun's ray?
And swing I know not where. Their tongues engrave
Membrane through marrow, my long scattered score
Of broken intervals ... And I, their sexton slave!
Oval encyclicals in canyons heaping
The impasse high with choir. Banked voices slain!
Pagodas, campaniles with reveilles outleaping--
O terraced echoes prostrate on the plain!...
And so it was I entered the broken world
To trace the visionary company of love, its voice
An instant in the wind (I know not whither hurled)
But not for long to hold each desperate choice.
My word I poured. But was it cognate, scored
Of that tribunal monarch of the air
Whose thigh embronzes earth, strikes crystal Word
In wounds pledged once to hope,--cleft to despair?
The steep encroachments of my blood left me
No answer (could blood hold such a lofty tower
As flings the question true?)--or is it she
Whose sweet mortality stirs latent power?--
And through whose pulse I hear, counting the strokes
My veins recall and add, revived and sure
The angelus of wars my chest evokes:
What I hold healed, original now, and pure ...
And builds, within, a tower that is not stone
(Not stone can jacket heaven)--but slip
Of pebbles--visible wings of silence sown
In azure circles, widening as they dip
The matrix of the heart, lift down the eye
That shrines the quiet lake and swells a tower ...
The commodious, tall decorum of that sky
Unseals her earth, and lifts love in its shower.
Hart Cranes "The Broken Tower" is his last poem, written about 1931, when the poet was thirty-one years old. He killed himself the next year. This poem's subject, the subject of Hart Crane's magnificent last poem, is poetic "vocation," an obligating privilege which he was--as a gifted poet--likely to know about.
What, in general, is "vocation"? Vocation is the sense, of which a person may become aware, of having been assigned a cosmic task he did not choose, may not be able to perform, but to which he nonetheless is obligated. Poetic vocation, always personal (vocation is of persons), requires to make it social (i.e., public) a mediating institution other than poetry. The required institution can be any sort, entailing any kind of social engagement--for Horace it was sacred Rome. But it may be life insurance as in Stevens's case (or Kafka's). Stevens thought of insurance as redemptive, in his way. But it may also be Fascism, as in Pound's case. It may be mythological nationalism, as in Whitman's case, Holderlin's, or Yeats's, or in fact Crane's (as in The Bridge or in "The Broken Tower" where, however, he speaks on behalf of an even vaster human domain.) It may be the school, as in my case and others of my generation. But most commonly in the West the mediating institution is the religion of the state, and the requirement of mediation arises because of the social necessity of regulating the relation to the sacred. The poet is always sancta poeta and the predicate of sanctity is the same across the differences between pagan and Christian. Sanctity is the category of which the god is a member. (1)
Here are a few instances of poetic vocation, exemplary and well known: Hesiod's encounter with the muses (those "mean girls") who say, "We know how to speak many false things as though they were true; but we know, when we want to, how to utter truth"; Whitman's "Out of the Cradle" when he exclaims, having heard the song of the bird: "Now in a moment I know what I am for, I awake"; Gerard Manley Hopkins's "Windhover": "I caught this morning morning's minion"; Pound's "The Return"; Yeats's "The Lake Isle of Innisfree"; Frost's "The Road Not Taken," the way that "made all the difference." Closest to Crane, and analytic of his purposes, is Rimbaud's scheme of intentional vocational self-authorization--the boy who undertakes to make himself a "seer" by means of a "long, prodigious, and [note!] rational disordering of all the senses."
Let's remember: the muses (the archetypal cruel girls, as in Hesiod) are never kind. Why? Because of the violence inherent in the "making" (poesis) which they sponsor and the entailed equivocality of their truth-promises. I have already given a name, in this talk about "making," to the violence inherent in making (the breaking required to turn the unmade into the made) which even the god fears. (It's the second commandment: Thou shalt not make unto me ...) That's what I mean by the expression "eidetic violence." That's the unkindness of the muses. And the greater the cultural importance rested on the equivocal truth-value of the poetic text, the more unkind. The unkindest of all muses is the Semitic God.
Cultures that have no conception of fiction--all Biblical cultures--are the most explanatory in this matter: the controlling example is the murderous vocation of Abraham by God. Only recently did the verb "create" occur (legitimately, grammatically) with a human subject--i.e., as a conceivable function of human agency. Prior to the 1930s the writing of "create" with a human subject was a grammatical mistake. (So the OED S.V. "create" as late as 1933.) This shift signifies the abandonment of a millennial intuition of the necessity of a regulative function addressed to the human will that seeks to make. The consequences of this abandonment have changed our sense of possible life and made the idea of creativity incomprehensible. This is the staggering irony of Oppenheimer's reflection on the first nuclear explosion (Los Alamos, 16 July 1945): "I have become death, destroyer of worlds"--words (before Oppenheimer usurped them) of the high god of the Bhagavad Gita. More to our point, Oppenheimer named the place and the tower built to be obliterated by that explosion "Trinity"--an appropriation of the first line of a sonnet by John Donne:
Batter my heart, three-person'd God; for, You
That I may rise and stand, oer throw me, and bend
Oppenheimer intuited that theological hyperbole is the only discourse the culture affords to express the bearing on the human world of nuclear technology, here considered as a dreadful discourse constituted by a universal language of physical properties. What is missing (in fact remains beyond us) is the imagination of an institution adequate to regulate the power obtained on the site of creativity. The breaking of the "broken tower" is a premonitory narration of the failure of regulation. The work of the poem called "The Broken Tower" intends something like the re-institution of competent regulation of the discourse of the "sacred"--traditionally the vocation of the poet.
In talking about the artistic "form of language," poetry, we have four terms of art. They are Greek-derived from the verb poiein (Latin facere)--the verb for making--i.e., the breaking of something found in the world in order to produce something else called art. Thus we have: poetics; poetry; poem; poet. Of these, the term "poetics" is late and trivial, an institutional category. (I may be a professor of "poetics" at this very moment.) The connotations of "poetics" drift in the direction of aesthetics, the implications of which I think to be a cultural error. "Poetry" and "poem," on the other hand, are profound terms and modally distinct. The distinction is a radical distinction such that the idea of "poetry in general" (I use Shelley's language. I might have used Schlegel's, Heidegger's, Chomsky's, or another's) has a vital life that is related to actual poems only in a contingent sense, or not at all. "Poetry," as it appears, is the artistic form of language as such. Here is Chomsky in Cartesian Linguistics paraphrasing Schlegel:
The explanation for the central position of poetry lies in its
association with language. Poetry is unique in that its very medium
is unbounded and free; that is, its medium, language, is a system with
unbounded innovative potentialities for the formation and expression
of ideas. The production of any work of art is preceded by a creative
mental act for which the means are provided by language. Thus the
creative use of language, which, under certain conditions of form and
organization, constitutes poetry, accompanies and underlies any act of
the creative imagination, no matter what the medium in which it is
realized. In this way, poetry achieves its unique status among the
arts, and artistic creativity is related to the creative aspects of
language use. (2)
The idea of poetry in general does not require that there be any actual poems, such as, for example, those made of metered sentences. There is, however, an attested sense among philosophers that poetry names a final discourse that comes into view when the limit of philosophy is seen. We find this in Rorty who may be following Wittgenstein's remark: "I think I summed up my attitude to philosophy when I said: philosophy ought really to be written as a poetic composition." (3)
I myself am not clear--despite the general prestige of the word--what, as a term, "poetry," with its entailed implication of "creativity," can now mean in the context of the actual human task. What obligations "poetry" requires. What benefit to the human world the obligation, privilege, or competence named "poetry"--the vocation to "poetic work"--implies or promises. Above all, what knowledge it contributes. Nor shall I, today, answer that question to my own satisfaction. But the tendency of my thought is to consider the term "poetry," as it is now employed, as meaning "sanctioned making." That is to say, "poetry" is a now a mystified term. And the mystification of the term is demanded by the social necessity (peculiar to our cultural moment) of concealing the violence of representation as such, eidetic violence. That's the problem which (I am arguing) Crane's poem addresses by presenting the "tower" broken by its bells--rung by an unsanctioned ringer, not a bell-ringer, but a poet on a cultural vacation. In any case, my avowed unclarity with respect to the "meaning" of the word "poetry" is not, I assure you, a claim of modesty on my part or a gesture of intellectual circumspection, but rather an expression of fear.
On the historic face of it, "poetry" requires (as I have said) an institution not poetic (e.g., Horace's Rome). The relation of institution to poetic vocation is not classificatory though we do assuredly sort poetries by this means. We speak of "classical" or "romantic" or "love" poetry, or "Chinese" or "religious" poetry, "black" poetry, "gay" poetry, or whatever. The relationship of institution to poetic vocation is in fact regulative. The controlling example in America in my time--both generative and criteriological--was strangely the regulative dependence of English seventeenth-century poetry on Anglican theology mediated by T.S. Eliot, the strange context in which I was trained in the fifties. (So, also, you will have noted, was Oppenheimer in the previous generation. That's how he came to know and cite Donne's sonnet.)
The "impasse" (Crane uses the word in the fourth stanza of his poem)--the impasse which determines the minority of poetry in our present postmodern culture lies in the absence among us of sanctioned regulative institutions not poetic (historically, religio-political) such as can contribute the function of assured regulation necessary to make human sense of the vocational demand, the cruel privilege conferred by the muses. (Nor is the effect of such "institution" supplied by "creative writing courses.") In the "modern" period (let us say first half of the twentieth century) Yeats, Eliot, Stevens are prominent examples of poetic vocation put in service of institutions not poetic, which regulated and thereby made possible the conspicuous successes of English poetry in the period (the Irish state, Anglican religion, life insurance). Pound, you will remember, did his best work in a cage.
Hart Crane is also a modern poet. "The Broken Tower" (which we date 1931, '32) is a modern poem. The "Tower" referred to is an institutional signifier--a church tower. But notice the first words of our poem: "The bell-rope that gathers God at dawn / Dispatches me as though I dropped down the knell / Of a spent day ..." The ringing of the bell is stated as agentless (a non-personal principle of meaning-making). The ringer is not a bell-ringer. (4) This anarchy of the bells of the Catholic church at Taxco, Mexico, expresses--the breaking of the tower signifies--a so-cio-semantic incoherence, a regulative disorientation (this bell-ringing is disturbed time-telling) which has the same effect as the well known first figure of T.S. Eliot's "Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock":
Let us go then, you and I
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherised upon a table;
The cure of the vocation requires, as I have said, provision of the regulative effect of an institution not poetic which the poem undertakes to state--in fact, to supply. But can a poem do that? In any case, the urgency of this poem expresses the intent to do so. The speaker in the poem speaks in a tone of urgent purposiveness and expresses his anxiety about the generality, the shared intelligibility of his experience which must be communicated and may be impossible to communicate in. The second stanza of the poem:
Have you not heard, have you not seen the corps
Of shadows in the tower ...?
"The Broken Tower" is a poem to which the principal critical response is complaint about its difficulty. What should be said about difficulty in this poem? We note the poem takes a kind of difficulty as its subject: "Have you not heard, have you not seen." The "difficulty" of this poem lies in the cognitive (that is to say, the moral) demand on the reader--the understander of the poem--to supply not merely the meaning of the poem but the sufficient condition of its having meaning at all--"meaning" being construed within the poem as the question of possibility of any common experience. Why else does a poet ring the bell?
In this light, one notes that Crane's poem, "The Broken Tower"--the formal poem as such, the poem of lines and stanzas--does not perform "brokenness"; it is in no visual or countable or grammatical way broken. It is a formally conservative sequence of "elegiac stanzas." Models of the elegiac poem consisting of a sequence of stanzas, each stanza made of four five-stress lines, alternately rhymed, are frequent enough in the tradition. Well-known examples are Donne's "Valediction Forbidding Mourning," Wordsworth's "Elegiac Stanzas Suggested by a Picture of Peele Castle," and Rimbaud's "Le Bateau ivre" to which I have already alluded. But Rimbaud's vocational masterpiece (which may be Crane's "source") inhabits an assured existential state of affairs which it discovers by narrativity. Crane's poem, by contrast, is put in service of the solution of a "problem," brokenness, intimate and general--a problem life-constitutive, but insoluble. Crane's poem proceeds by presenting paired terms of radically contradictory, categorical differences constitutive of experience (e.g. father/mother; male/female; homo/hetero; outer/inner; mind/body, etc.)--differences which are necessary to any life and express (when considered as categorical, contradictory, and inevitable) the discursive impossibility of experience altogether. Crane's "brokenness" is not personal, intentional, and descriptive like Rimbaud's "dereglement," but (by contrast) social and analytic, i.e., philosophical, a matter of logic in the technical sense--as American modernist poems from Whitman on tend to be.
The institution not poetic that Crane offers as subverting poesis is "logic." But he warns us that his vocation risks "speaking in idioms ... sometimes shocking to the scholars and historians of [Aristotelian] logic." I have elsewhere studied the implication of the Lincolnian difference-based logic, on the one hand, and Whitman's celebration of no difference on the other. Crane followed Whitman. Crane says, "My hand in yours, Walt Whitman." Among competing institutions, between which Crane takes sides, are the two mutually exclusive logics: the tragic logic of Aristotle's excluded middle--never A and not-A--and the logic exemplified in Crane's experience by P.D. Ouspensky's high comic logic of inclusion: yes A and not-A--everything is all, forever! Crane's poem puts us in the presence, not of an "artistic" structure, but of an institution (logic) that, as he understands it, is whole, not mind-dependent, referenced to ourselves in another way than poetry is. As he says, "Language (i.e. "language" as such--not conversation) has built towers and bridges, but itself is inevitably as fluid as always." The poem conducts us (permits us to think our way through) from tragic logic (Aristotle) to the other comic logic of inclusion, the logic of ecstasy. (5)
It should be clear that I regard good poems as cognitive triumphs. Poems are "good," from my point of view, insofar as they respond to real problems of mind to which there is no other solution than poetry (on this occasion, this poem). One studies and enjoys a poem with intent to grasp what a human problem is and what can be said in response to that knowledge. A good poem is (I repeat) a "cognitive triumph," something known to which an appropriate response would be to say that it is true.
"The Broken Tower"--a poem not itself "broken"--consists often elegiac stanzas. But note that the vertical sequence of stanzas is divided into five stanzas and then five more. And that the second sequence of five is divided from the first by difference of tone. Now, at stanza six, we hear the voice of a man owning, stating, and confidently answering a question in the language of a person whom the poem intends to make competent and real, the person who has in fact survived to utter the stanzas that we read.
The first sequence of five stanzas presents a state of affairs (an experience) and ends with the words "desperate choice." On this choice (between two accounts of the origin and affinities of poetic composition) depends the value of the incautiously "poured" word--depends, that is to say, the meaning and worth of the "creativity" of which this poem is example--perhaps proof. How shall we state that meaning, the meaning of "creativity" of which the creation speaks? That meaning is exactly knowledge of difference. In this poem difference between (on the one hand) tragic, disintegrated states, the broken stone tower with which the poem begins, and (on the other hand) comic, integrated states, the reconstructed tower within that is not stone with which the poem ends. Of that conclusion the poem of words (not broken) is confident evidence.
What the poem gets done (and assigns us as a rich gift) is the finding of words to express the choice made and to make the decision true--the finding of a word-path (a Heideggerian wood-path) we can follow, i.e., understand, from the stone tower to "the tower that is not stone." On the finding of this word-path we can follow together depends the value of the poem and the cure of the vocation--the worth and safety of it.
The second half of the poem, therefore, begins: "My word I poured." The poem then proceeds to state the terms of the choice, supplies the question articulated: the desperate choice--between despair (desespoir), the sin against the "holy ghost," and hope (espoir), the theological basis of all confidence, and then provides an answer sufficient to the articulated need to choose. This poem is driven, as I have said poems must be, by the urgency of a problem to which only a poem (only poetry) can find a solution. It's the post-Babylonian question: is there a universal--a socially integrating, secular language consistent with the terms of human life, a tower the God will let stand? Is general conversation among human beings possible?
"Tower" was a term in much discourse early in the last century. Crane's tower is the tower of a church, an oriented structure where two worlds meet: human and divine. Yeats's tower was both dwelling and symbol--but personally intended--he said: "I declare this tower is my symbol." If we ask the poet, will saying so make it so? The answer is "Yes!" The truth of orientation is postulated not given. Such was Jung's tower house at Bollingen, Rilke's tower at Muzot, Eiffel's grand useless money-making monument in Paris, Oppenheimer's tower called Trinity with its Donne etymology. Many towers in the period, all guarding human language--the possibility of general conversation (Gesprach). The philosophic "parent" of these towers is the church tower of Kant's Konigsberg, which supplied the master with an axis mundi, an orientative mark not an intrinsic truth--but the possibility-condition of knowing the world.
This "ringing" of the bells in Crane's poem is the angelus, as the poem notes in this case a morning ringing beginning before sunrise (not the noon or evening angelus, also customary). This ringing is specifically stated--timed--in the second stanza of "The Broken Tower." It occurs "before / the stars are caught and hived in the sun's ray." The latter expression begins the exposition in Crane's poem of the cure of that violence, that "brokenness" attending all perception's representations including those sanctioned by poetic vocation--what I am calling eidetic violence--of which this poem, as I interpret it, intends the cure--the poem of this ringing "through whose pulse I hear.... The angelus [meaning the pacification] of wars my chest evokes."
The scriptural sanction of the angelus is foundational for institutional Christianity. It is an archetypal account of instituting vocation through the mother (Luke 1: 26-35): "The angel [angelus] Gabriel was sent from God ... to ... Mary.... And the angel came in unto her and said to her 'Hail, thou art highly favored, the Lord is with thee, blessed art thou among women.... Fear not, Mary: for thou has found favor with God ... you shall conceive a child and his name will be called Jesus.'" Crane's "The Broken Tower" has a discursive singularity--a strangeness which is like the response of the Virgin to the words spoken by Gabriel in Luke's text, the strangeness that is registered in the astonishment of Mary's response to the angel: "How shall this be ...?" There is a double sense, in the scriptural event as in this poem as well, of the commonplace and also of the impossible--a sense of unanticipated actuality. It is an exceptional encounter--an encounter of the nature of impossible exceptionality, which it is greatly in our interest to consider. It belongs to the deep hermeneutic which this poem--its substantive difficulty--properly calls for.
Both Crane's life and the reception of his work are characterized by an aura of exceptionality, even among poet-lives and poetic works--as if Hart Crane was, among poetic writers, a true poet and his poems, among poetic texts, mysteriously true poems. This sentiment of privilege (this archetypical vocationality of Crane) determines his language (his only presence now to the world, his fama) and is, and should always be, astonishment and a trouble to his readers. It is difficult only if and when it is understood. The "difficulty" comes after understanding, not before. But decipherment is not understanding.
It is important, therefore, to recall, when reading Crane, that no poem of value, such as "The Broken Tower," is about the poet who wrote it down. Nor is it explicable in terms of the life of the poet. Nonetheless, what people do in their lives has the same archetypical character as what they write--and is as little invented by the doer as the poem is the invention of the poet. The idea of "vocation" (discourse authorized from afar) and also the idea of "difficulty" (discourse not solved by explanation) point with equal relevance both to the life and to the work. As also does the "cure of vocation" which requires the facing toward, the articulation and bringing to mind, by whatever means, the violence inherent in representation as such. That's the real work of the poet--what poetry, if it can intend anything, should do and what the Crane-poet did.
Crane was a man burdened by and identified with the poetic vocation. The mythic archetype of such a life is the story of Orpheus who failed to retrieve Eurydice from death because he couldn't stop looking at her. What is brought to mind as an image is lost--that's the bitter Orphic rule. Crane's life--the life of a maker--ended in suicide, an artifactual death--that is to say, his death was the last artifact of his making, faithful to vocation. He was, in his end, both the Orpheus and the Eurydice of the archetype, bequeathing to others the problematic of vocation. Cranes archetypal subjection to his vocation contributed the structure both of his life and death. The trace of his archetypical vocation is the astonishment of his poems--the seeing (or vision) of the doomed spectator. Toward the end of his life Crane destroyed with a knife a large and distinguished portrait of himself reading, painted by the Mexican artist Siqueiros, from whom he had commissioned it. The violence of the destruction by the poet of the poet's image mirrors the violence which the image committed upon its subject.
Let us step back a moment. What are poems for? A good poem gives rise to thinking. About what? About states of affairs which would not, except for the poem, come to mind, be seen as problems, the solutions not be seen as solutions. The poems of Hart Crane are particularly exacting--"difficult"--in this matter. In general, the requirement of thought about poetic texts is precipitated by a characteristic of poems that is commonly called closure. We are now, let us assume, at the end Cranes poem. We must stop and think: how does this end flow with inevitability from what went before? What does the poem intend to follow after--what can be thought that could not be thought by the reader before the poem was known to the reader? (6)
I will try to say how this dynamic transvaluation of experience is stated and then I will be done. The narrative transit from outer to inner (the action of this poem) is arguably the most common and most prestigious story in Western civilization--comic in the large philosophical sense, healing. The intent of this narrative (outer to inner) is re-orientation, recuperation, retrieval, closure ... (It is the artistic inevitability of this requirement--closure--that supplies Adorno's repudiation of art after Auschwitz.) The "re-" morpheme is the bottom-line fiction (after all, what it means can't happen because there is no return). In the eighth stanza of "The Broken Tower" we hear it at line thirty: "re-call," "revived," and its reversal in "sure" which rhymes with "pure."
Crane's discourse--his re-formed logic--proceeds not by exclusion but by the reversal of polarities: mind/body; inner/outer; mother/father; also form/content and metricality/reference. But not without breakage, for healing implies wound. Stanzas three and four of "The Broken Tower" states the breakage required to make possible this reorientative transition:
And swing I know not where. Their tongues engrave
Membrane through marrow, my long scattered score
Oval encyclicals in canyons heaping
The impasse high with choir. Banked voices slain!
Pagodas, campaniles with reveilles outleaping--
O terraced echoes prostrate on the plain!...
What is the breakage as stated?--the Kafkaesque engraving on the body ("membrane through marrow") of a prior disintegrated "long scattered score," song-text of mistake; then the realization of "impasse"--the killing ("banked voices slain") of prior discourses, i.e., the prohibited Babylonian universal tower-languages of pagodas and campaniles (indifferently) and their "echoes"; then all other authority (e.g., papal "encyclicals") blocked and "slain," killed by this new knowledge, this performance by the bells of a cognitive "reveille"; above all the repudiation of the "brotherhood" of the bells, that "corps of shadows in the tower." (7)
Our understanding of the conclusion of the poem (the last five stanzas of "The Broken Tower") will depend on how we answer the question what "mind" means. What is the "within?" For Crane and the religion of Crane's mother and her family (Christian Scientists, their scripture being Science and Health) the answer is: God is within and God is Mind. (She is male and female; how else could She have created both man and woman in Her image?) (8) In Christian Science, Mind heals by reason of origination prior to body. Hence Crane's "healed, original now, and pure." This healing is the cure of the vocation--representation that escapes eidetic violence because the matter in which it works is not material. Therefore "fame" is not subject to scarcity. What follows after breaking is building: "And builds within a tower that is not stone."
The end of any poem is the moment when, filled with the poem's language, the readers--the preservers of the poem, die Bewahrenden--are left alone with meaning, imperative and not their own. What work does the poem assign us? Is it worth doing? Can it be done? Let mestep back again. I speak of Crane's conscious turn (orientative reversal) from outer to inner, from subjection to Aristotelian logic which is also the logic of mimesis (i.e. representation as such--the eidetic of violence to which I have referred) all the way over to the conscious privileging of a logic which states that A and not-A are the same--are all. But this is only true in the domain of the mother--on the analytic ground of the mother's body, the "matrix of the heart" which extinguishes sexual difference--brings forth both sexes indifferently.
"The Broken Tower" conducts us (reorients us on the archetypal pathway) from "pater" (father, pattern) to "mater" (mother, matrix). In matrix (the matrix of the heart) the antimetaphoric, non-representational "logic of ecstasy" is the rule. I wish to emphasize that it is the strangeness, the radical unfamiliarity of the thought, the unexpectedness of the cognitive demand that makes Crane "difficult." The difficulty is not stylistic. The difficulty is substantial, meta-logical, non-metaphoric, matrical. The difficulty is not "literary."
The action of the poem produces re-predication, that is to say that the significant human world is at the end governed by a new representational regime without eidetic violence--a regime "that shrines a quiet lake and swells a tower." The new predicate is "mental" as in Blake's "mentalfight." Look again at the last stanza of the poem: "The matrix of the heart" is followed without breakage by the "difficult" (i.e., contradictory) gesture "lift down" and the strangely transitive verbs "shrine" and "swell." What does it all mean? It means: Yes! A and not-A forever.
Thus the poem does not celebrate (as Crane himself and all his friends may have thought) the transit from homo- to heterosexual relationship. About that we really know nothing. But, in fact, it is extinction of the difference that is conveyed by means of what we might reasonably be called deep style, work with language in the light of all its histories.
The last stanza of "The Broken Tower" is as follows:
The matrix of the heart lift down the eye
That shrines the quiet lake and swells a tower ...
The commodious, tall decorum of the sky
Unseals her earth, and lifts love in its shower.
This "extinction of difference," especially of sexual difference--that's the meaning of "the matrix of the heart"--is followed in our poem by two great words: "commodious" and "decorum": "The commodious, tall decorum of that sky" (eighteenth-century words--Sam Johnson, Tom Jefferson words) signifying relationship--conversation--communicative "action" in human scale among persons always on the same ground. Everything that Crane wrote should be seen as devised to make possible Crane's situation in his text of these two great words (which occur no other place in Crane's poetic work, but here at the end of it).
Hart Crane was not a thinker by any means, but he was a maker who thought about making and whose making requires thought. Crane's question, "But was it cognate with ...?" (that is, with what origin-story--satanic or divine--with what history is poetry affined?) is the maker's question (not about the psychological or literary, but about the ethical affinities of making and what is made). This question is, in my understanding, the profound question to which the "man of letters" in our time, that is any conscious person in civilization--any person--is obligated. It is also the question the answer to which is hardest for us in the university (creatures of the text) to consider. You will notice that the question mark disappears from Crane's text after the seventh stanza into an end-state of the poem which is metrically and grammatically conclusive but semantically open. The last line of the poem opens. Its capital word is "Unseals."
The commodious, tall decorum of that sky
Unseals her earth, and lifts love in its shower.
The poem has done what poetry can do. It has given rise to thinking.
1 / See Grossman on "Holiness" in Cohen and Mendes-Flohr, Contemporary Jewish Religious Thought (New York: Scribner, 1987).
2 / Consider Chomsky's high-comic (integrative) conception of the universality of the language competence or faculty, the Bridge or Tower that never breaks, an innate material, value-bearing fact, the ground of the poetic principle which secures the value of all selves. In Cartesian Linguistics Chomsky speaks of the prestige of poetry in terms of this "creative" aspect of language which is innate and specifies the person without exception: "The 'poetical' quality of ordinary language derives from its independence of immediate stimulation ... and its freedom from practical ends. These characteristics, along with the boundlessness of language as an instrument of free self-expression, are essentially those emphasized by Descartes and his followers. But it is interesting to trace, in slightly greater detail, the argument by which Schlegel goes on to relate what we have called the creative aspect of language use to true creativity. Art, like language, is unbounded in its expressive potentiality. But, Schlegel argues, poetry has a unique status among the arts in this respect; it, in a sense, underlies all others and stands as the fundamental and typical art form. We recognize this unique status [of poetry] when we use the term 'poetical' to refer to the quality of true imaginative creation in any of the arts. The explanation for the central position of poetry lies in its association with language. Poetry is unique in that its very medium is unbounded and free; that is, its medium, language, is a system with unbounded innovative potentialities for the formation and expression of ideas. The production of any work of art is preceded by a creative mental act for which the means are provided by language. Thus the creative use of language, which, under certain conditions of form and organization, constitutes poetry, accompanies and underlies any act of the creative imagination no matter what the medium in which it is realized. In this way, poetry achieves its unique status among the arts, and artistic creativity is related to the creative aspects of language use." (Chomsky is paraphrasing Schlegel's Die Kunstlehre.)
3 / Crane put it this way in a letter (1925) to Eugene O'Neill--a letter Crane designed to describe his project, in view of an introduction O'Neill was to write for White Buildings. (An introduction which was finally written, very successfully from Crane's point of view, by Allen Tate.) The following paragraph is from Crane's letter to O'Neill, unpublished in his lifetime (a text now called "General Aims and Theories"): "It is my hope to go through the combined materials of the poem, using our 'real' world somewhat as a spring-board, and give to the poem as a whole an orbit or predetermined direction of its own. I would like to establish it as free from my own personality as from any chance evaluation on the reader's part. (This is, of course, an impossibility, but it is a characteristic worth mentioning.) Such a poem is at least a stab at a truth, and to such an extent may be differentiated from other kinds of poetry and called 'absolute.' Its evocation will not be toward decoration or amusement, but rather toward a state of consciousness, and 'innocence' (Blake) or absolute beauty. In this condition there may be discoverable under new forms certain spiritual illuminations, shining with a morality essentialized from experience directly, and not from previous precepts or preconceptions. It is as though the poem gave the reader as he left it a single, new word, never before spoken and impossible to actually enunciate, but self-evident as an active principle in the reader's consciousness henceforward."
Crane then goes on to say: "As to technical considerations ... the entire construction of the poem is raised on the organic principle of a 'logic of metaphor,' which antedates our so-called pure logic, and which is the genetic basis of all speech, hence consciousness and thought-extension."
Crane then goes on to say: "These dynamics often result, I'm told, in certain initial difficulties in understanding my poems."
By these words Crane undertakes to explain and justify to O'Neill his own classification of the poetry he writes as difficult, presenting "difficulties," by which term he justifies the otherness of the mind he knows his poem presents to his reader, his poet's gift to the reader of "a single, new word never before spoken and impossible to actually enunciate." What is clear is that this difficult "new" word ("never before spoken and impossible to enunciate") which Crane as poet intends to contribute to the "reader's consciousness henceforward" as an active principle is valuable, "worth it," a kind of truth. At this point, I note that Crane was for a time an advertising copywriter (for J. Walter Thompson, among others). These words addressed by Crane on his own behalf to O'Neill are certainly intended to supply O'Neill with some compelling "copy." They are an advertisement by Crane for himself, and for his project, in case O'Neill didn't get the point. It would be worthwhile to consider Crane's poetry in general from this point of view.
4 / The bell tower narrative: Lesley Simpson, who read "The Broken Tower" when it was published, made the following note not long after Crane's suicide: "I was with Hart Crane in Taxco, Mexico, the morning of January 27, this year [1932], when he conceived the idea of 'The Broken Tower.'" The night before, being troubled with insomnia, he had risen before daybreak and walked down to the village square. Hart met the old Indian bell-ringer who was on his way down to the church. He and Hart were old friends and he brought Hart up into the tower with him to help ring the bells. As Hart was swinging the clapper of the great bell ... the swift tropical dawn broke over the mountains. The sublimity of the scene and the thunder of the bells woke in Hart one of those gusts of joy of which only he was capable. He came striding up the hill afterwards in a sort of frenzy, refused his breakfast, and paced up and down the porch waiting impatiently for me to finish my coffee. Then he seized my arm and bore me off to the plaza, here we sat in the shadow of the church, Hart the while pouring out a magnificent cascade of words."
In the photograph that we have of Crane in the tower we see Hart Crane, the Mexican sexton who permitted him to do the bells, and the shadow of Peggy Baird who took the picture. In the photo she took, she casts a shadow on the lower part of Hart Crane's seated body.
5 / "The logic of ecstasy" is an expression Crane found on the title page of the American edition of P.D. Ouspensky's Tertium Organum (The Third Organ of Thought): A Key to the Enigmas of the World (1920), which Crane read in 1923 and remarked on in a letter to Allen Tate. This book circulated among writers in London and subsequently in America during and after the First World War. Crane's interest was in Ouspensky's exposition of a higher or "new logic" which Ouspensky attributed to Plotinus. Ouspensky's logic is of the same "inclusive" nature as Whitman's. See Allen Grossman, "The Poetics of Union in Whitman and Lincoln: An Inquiry toward the Relationship of Art and Policy," in The Long Schoolroom (Ann Arbor: U of Michigan p, 1997).
6 / Poetry and closure: poems are written in both lines and sentences. Line and sentence are radically different structures. There cannot, for example, be an interrogative line. Lines are invariant abstract structures each composed with an opening and close following metrical expectation but utterly different than sentences which are grammatical systems governed by other rules. Sentences are not materially equivalent formal elements. but lines or groups of lines (stanzas) are. By reason of lines, formal closure is performed identically over and over until the poem ends. By reason of sentences, grammatical closure is performed non-identically. But at the end of the poem, the close as such, both (disparate) systems conclude simultaneously.
The reason all this needs to be said follows from the fact that Crane was a metrical line writer. His sense required the abstraction of measured line in a way uncharacteristic of what we call modern poetry, and the end of Crane's poem--this poem, "The Broken Tower" (its terminal closure) requires a rationality (a meaning) consistent with the severely defined relation between line and sentence in accord with which "The Broken Tower" is constructed. The meaning of "The Broken Tower" is accomplished at the end (stanzas nine and ten) at poem close. Closure in this poem puts meaning in service of a liberation, not of the kind that defeats order, but of another kind. What is found is a liberation which sanctions order, the cure of poetic vocation by poetic means.
7 / On Crane's sense of "brotherhood" as homosexual society see this letter to Solomon Grunberg (8 February 1932):
Dear Mony:
... not, as you surmise, in constant Bacchic state. Not by any means.
However, I happen to be in something approximating it at this present
moment, since I've got to work on the first impressive poem I've
started, in the last two years. I feel the old confidence again; and
you may know what that means to someone of my stripe!
The servants are all asleep--and I'm in that pleasant state of
beginning all over again. Especially as I am in love again--and never
as quite before. Love is always more important than locality; and this
is the newest adventure I ever had. I won't say much more than that I
seem to have broken ranks with my much advertised "brotherhood" and a
woman whom I have known for years--suddenly seems to "have claimed her
own." I can't say that I'm sorry. It has given me new perspectives,
and after many tears and groans--something of a reason for living.
8 / Christian Science was the religion of Crane's family. Crane employed for his final language (Mind is God) Mary Baker Eddy's text Science and Health with a Key to the Scriptures. The scriptures in question are Genesis and Revelation. From the Eddy glossary: "MIND. The only I, or Us; the only Spirit, Soul, divine Principle, substance, Life, Truth, Love; the one God; not that which is in man, but the driving Principle, of God of whom man is the full and perfect expression; Deity which outlines but is not outlined." "FATHER-MOTHER is the name for Deity."
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Author:Grossman, Allen
Publication:Chicago Review
Date:Sep 22, 2007
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Home > Insights > Blogs > Wonkology > Blue Slip (House)
Blue Slip (House)
Christopher Murray Ben Grove January 2, 2018
A process by which the House of Representatives returns a Senate-originated piece of legislation that violates the House's revenue-raising authority.
As a reminder of last month's Wonkology, "blue slip" has an entirely different meaning in the Senate.
The Crown
The Constitution grants Congress the "power of the purse," which includes both the power to tax and the power to spend. Article I, Section 7 provides that all legislation that raises revenue must originate in the House. The Founders borrowed this concept from the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Because the House was viewed at the time as the body most directly representative of the people and because revenue-raising authority is so powerful, the Founders chose to vest that power in the House. As you probably know, House-originated bills are identified by "H.R." preceding the bill number, while Senate bills are identified by the preceding "S." Appropriations bills typically start with an "H.R." precisely because revenue-raising bills must originate in the House.
The House and Senate disagree over what constitutes "revenue raising," but the Senate usually defers to the House. Once the House passes a bill with revenue provisions, the Senate is free to amend the bill with additional revenue-related measures.
Arrested Development
The Supreme Court has ruled that the House's origination power includes bills that directly result in raising funds to be spent on government operations. But the House has enforced its authority even more broadly. When the Senate violates this custom by passing its own bill that includes revenue-raising, the House can enforce this authority through the issuance of a blue slip. As with blue slips in the Senate, an actual blue piece of paper is also used in the House. When returning an offending piece of legislation to the Senate, the House attaches the blue slip to communicate the violation. Blue slips are traditionally filed by the Chair of the House Committee on Ways and Means.
Stranger Things
This past summer, the Senate spearheaded a bipartisan plan to sanction Iran. House Ways and Means Chair Brady (R-TX) blue slipped the measure because of language added late in the process that violated the House's origination power. While the offending component was never publicly disclosed, this particular conflict between the chambers was later resolved when the House incorporated the Senate's Iran language into a broader sanctions bill - covering Iran, North Korea, and Russia - that originated in the House and that the Senate later passed before the August recess. |
By Devdutt Pattanaik
Published in Corporate Dossier on 27 Feb, 2010.
In Greek mythology, a recurrent theme is one where fathers are killed by their sons. Uranus is killed by his son, Cronos, the Titan. Cronus, in turn, is killed by his son, Zeus, the Olympian. The first to lead the gods is Uranus. When he is killed, Cronus takes his place. When Cronus is killed, Zeus takes his place. Thus, succession takes place by the death of the father. Fathers are always suspicious of their sons. Sons have to revolt against their father and claim the universe. Sometimes, the revolt and replacement takes place unknowingly. Heroes, abandoned at birth, left to die, manage to survive and return to kill their fathers. This theme is found in the story of Jason, who is left to die by his power-hungry uncle, Pelias. And most famously, in the story of Oedipus, who is rejected by his father, Laius, but who returns and fulfils the terrible prophecy of killing his father and marrying his mother. These stories led Freud to develop the famous theory of psychoanalysis known as Oedipus complex, the guilt that rises when the son claims the exclusive love of the mother and sees the father as a rival. What follows is the violent struggle between the older and the younger generation in which the younger generation always wins. But in the process, the wisdom of the past is lost. There is guilt at the death of the father as well as ignorance leading to a recurring pattern. The son ends up doing what the father did and is in turn rejected by his own son.
In Hindu mythology, however, a different recurring theme is seen. Here, it is the father who triumphs and the son loses. And the defeat of the son, often voluntary, is glorified. What scholars have observed in India is the Yayati complex, which is rather the opposite of the Oedipus complex. Yayati was cursed to become old and impotent. To stay young, he begged his sons to suffer the curse on his behalf. The eldest son, Yadu, refused. He believed that the father should respect the march of time. The youngest son agreed and suffered oldage while his father enjoyed youth, like a parasite. Years later, having had his fill of youth, Yayati took back the curse of oldage from his son. He then made a decision: the younger obedient Puru would be his heir, not the elder disobedient Yadu. What Yayati celebrates here is obedience; he completely ignores the march of time. Puru is the ancestor of the Kauravas and the Pandavas; Yadu is the ancestor of the Yadavas, hence Krishna. This theme recurs in the story of Bhisma (descendent of Puru) who gives up all conjugal rights so that his old father, Shantanu, can marry a fisherwoman called Satyavati who he has fallen in love with. The son sacrifices himself for the pleasure of the father and for this he is glorified as a hero. Yayati complex is then about the younger generation submitting to the older generation. It is about the shame that the younger generation feels when it challenges the older generation.
The difference is stark. In the Greek way, the old is defeated by the new. In the Hindu way, the new surrenders to the old. Manish recently returned from the US, after completing his MBA. He comes form an old business family that has been trading in Andhra Pradesh for generations. His father, Pradip, wanted his son to have the best of modern education. So Manish was sent abroad at an early age and he has come back not just with a degree but also with lots of work experience in investment banking firms in the US. Now he is ready to take over the family business. But there is a problem. He finds everything wrong in the way Pradip runs the business. This has led to arguments and fights at home, and sometimes at office. Pradip is taken aback by his son’s attitude. Disagreement between father and son is natural. But in his youth, he never spoke against his father’s method of doing business. He surrendered to it, watched it carefully, learnt a lot from it, and when he took over improved on it. But Manish seems to be reacting very differently. He seems to mock the old ways of doing business. Is this the result of a foreign education? Is this the loss of Indian values?
Should Manish follow the Greek way and overpower the father and establish his way in the family business? This will be good as India is getting increasingly globalized and the rules of the game are being determined by the West. Or should Manish, follow the Indian way, and bow to his father and wait until it is time to take over the family business and make adjustments later? He is confused.
But the Indian way is not so simple. In the Ramayana, Ram obeys his father and endures forest-exile for 14 years. When he returns, the father is dead and he is crowned king. What follows is the perfect rule. But in the Mahabharata, that tells the story of Yayati and Shantanu, the rejection of Yadu in favor of Puru, and the great sacrifice of Bhisma, become the root cause of the horrific war in Kurukshetra. In both cases, the sons obey their father. But while in the Ramayana the result is glorious, in the Mahabharata the result is tragedy. Where is the difference stemming from?
In the Ramayana, the son is asked to suffer exile so that the father can keep his word and so uphold the integrity of the royal family. In the Mahabharata, the sons are asked to suffer so that the father can enjoy pleasure. So the point is not obedience. The point is whether this obedience is rooted in the desire to uphold order, or the desire to gratify the self. In Ramayana, the ultimate reference point is order or dharma; in the Mahabharata, the ultimate reference point is pleasure or kama.
Manish needs to decide: Does he want to be Ram or does he want to be Yadu? As Ram, he will establish Ram Rajya and as Yadu, he will be the forefather of Krishna. His decision depends on his reading of his father. Why does Pradip demand obedience: for the good of the company or for his personal aggrandizement? If it is for dharma, then prosperity will follow. If it is for kama, then collapse is inevitable.
This article is also listed under Business, Indian Mythology |
The RSC Production of Beauty and the Beast
Published: 2021-09-12 13:55:10
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Category: music, Beauty, Clothing, Beauty and the Beast
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When watching the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of "Beauty and the Beast" I noticed several aspects of the production that I found particularly impressive.
One such aspect was the use of lighting and shadows on stage. Spotlights and floodlights were the main types of lighting used. In many of the scenes that did not take place in the Beast's house, a relatively bright yellowy-orange light filled the stage showing there was nothing particularly important or magical about these scenes/ As soon as the audience's attention was required to be focused on a particular character, lights would fade out and a spotlight placed on the character.
One such example of this was when Mama dies and Beauty sang a solo part. In the Beast's house, lighting was taking to a much darker level, reflecting the magical and mysterious characteristics of the house. Once particular use of lighting in the house was very effective, the use of different coloured lights when Beauty and the Beast were eating supper. When the bowls were placed on the floor, trapped doors beneath them were opened so that floor lights could flood through the translucent bowls, giving the effect of different magical foods. One bowl lit up red, to which Beauty responded with "Oh! Strawberries!" then, as Beauty put the lid back down, the colour of the lighting changed to blue and then to green.
At the same time, the stage was slowly filling with dry ice, which had lights from different places shining into it. This dry ice gave the magical side that the scene needed, and the colouring in it added even more mystery and magic. Another effective use of lighting was the mirror ball in the room/hall of mirrors. This reflected onto the audience and made them feel more involved in the scene.
The music used in the production added a depth of atmosphere, causing slight unrest when in the Beast's home, and a sad, emotional ambience at the death of Beauty's mother. In the Beast's house, a man on the balcony sang notes rather that words, backed by eastern, slightly oriental instruments. These instruments had the ability to make a strange, but somehow welcoming atmosphere feel apparent in the Beast's house - something that was important in understanding both the setting and the character of the Beast.
The music that played during the dance in which the mother played the horse was sharp and almost violent, mirroring the movements of the horse. At one point, the chorus used large wooden sticks to bang off the floor as a way of backing up the music and adding a stronger beat, possibly shadowing the horse's hooves as it ran.
When Beauty's mother died, she sat on the floor and sang a classic French song that was repeated at certain points in the play. Another time repetition was used was when a woman on the balcony repeatedly sang the word "Beauty... Beauty... Beauty..." when Beauty sat alone on the stage. Both of these examples of repetition create a slightly eerie, but at the same time calming atmosphere, which made me feel rather uneasy in the audience.
The set, although rather simplistic, was highly effective, and very symbolic at times. It began with a taut cotton sheet with the front of a Parisian style house painted on. Two workbenches were at either side of the 'door'. This sheet was pulled down, revealing the family standing on more benches, this time of different heights; the parents were in the middle, on the highest of the benches, the boys were standing on the right, slightly lower and the girls were on the left and were at the lowest level. When the family lost their wealth the benches were taken away and the backdrop pulled up, leaving an empty stage. A row of coat hangers came down from the ceiling and each family member hung up their expensive clothing. This showed it was the end of an era, and that they had to move on. The hangers going up, rather that just backwards or to the sides, showed that the life the family once had was now out of their reach and they had no way of getting back to it. This is an imaginative and cleaver way of showing the loss.
A swing then came down and the family climbed onto. It swung back and forth and as a way of illustrating the family how the family had to move far away, to the downtrodden cottage in the countryside. Having the family on the swing gave time for us to see how each of the characters were reacting to the change, I think this helped the audience to understand the characters on a more personal level. When the family got off the swing, it was onto a silky brown sheet of material that was hooked onto the edges of the stage, around 0.75m off the ground at the back, but slowly sloping down to meet the floor at the front of the stage. This was used to symbolise the mud near to the cottage - a sign of how basic what they actually had was. The chorus had crawled underneath the fabric and when the family stood on the mud, they used their arms and heads to create shapes to show the mud and gloopiness. After a time, the family lay down in the 'mud' and the chorus sat up, cradling the cast in their arms as a way of showing acceptance from the family and the countryside that this is how things were going to be.
When this was got rid of, a house folded up from the floor that used two panels from the floor as the roof and thing, what looked like wooden, panels for the walls. This use of thin materials for the house was a direct symbol of the family's situation and, although the house was very simple, it had a certain fairytale-cottage-like look about it.
The Beast's palace was far more extravagant and impressive than the family's cottage. When the father first went into the house big bamboo sticks bowed down from the ceiling, with lights inside. This gave a striking, slightly imposing entrance to the palace and led to a circular doorway at the back of the stage that was blacked out, creating a sensation of mystery and curiosity. When Beauty went into the palace, and we saw her room, the swing that had carried to the family to the countryside had now turned into a four poster bed, with pink covers, which swung to help relax Beauty and make her feel more welcome. As it swung, the audience could see that Beauty was warming to the palace, which is something we had not seen before this scene. At one point in the play, when the Beast was feeling particularly low, he climbed a ladder on the back wall of the stage and crawled into a small compartment, only big enough for himself. The fact that he was completely alone in there shows that he wanted to be cut off from civilization, possibly because he did not feel worthy enough to be around humans in his beast-state, however the compartment was above everything so it was symbolic of how he was the supreme leader of his palace and had overall control. This helped to give us an insight into the character's feelings at the time, which aids our understanding.
As if to show a passage of time, when Beauty returned home to the country cottage the house has gained another story and big fans decorated with painted roses were surrounding the house. The overall view of the house gave a sparkling, happy fairytale effect and showed that the family were now more comfortable in the house, that they had settled in and were gaining from the experience.
The final aspect I have chosen to look at it the costume designs. At the very start, all the family members were in white, expensive looking outfits - obviously a sign of their status and showing that they are good people. When the family had to hang up their clothes, they stayed in the undergarments they had on for a while, until after they had arrived in the countryside when they put on plain overalls. These overalls may have been a sign that, although they were not best pleased with being stuck in the countryside, they were aware that they had no choice and were willing to work for their money. Beauty did not change her clothes, and for the entirety of the play, she wore a plain - but pretty - white dress.
The witch, who was played by the same actress as who played Mama, wore an extravagant ball gown that was sparkly and dark, with a very large headdress that showed she was an important character in the story. The dress was very dark, as you would expect a witch's clothing to be, however when the light hit it just right it glittered a lot, which showed to be lighter, which is something that is perhaps portrayed in her character.
The Beast was wearing brown rags that had hints of a goldy material in them. At times, when the light hit the fabric just right, a tiny patch shone gold and sparkly. This hidden colour shows the character of the Beast well ~ we know he doesn't like who he is, or what he is, but we cannot escape the fact that he is of authority and high status. He wore a claw on his one hand and make up that created the physical aspects of the character. When he became a man, the rags were removed and he wore simple leggings with a chiffon type robe that showed off his muscles and body shape, emphasising the fact that he was a proper man.
When Beauty returned home late on in the play the family were dressed in bright clothing that looked far less grand - this showed that they had accepted their life and lost all sense of importance of appearance because they had found true happiness in the countryside.
Many of the different examples above give us a better insight into a character, or a place - for example, the Beast showed us that he felt isolated and alone at one point in the play simply by climbing into a compartment only big enough for him. The aspects of the play I have talked about work together in the performance to create atmospheres and to explore characters' emotions.
An example of atmosphere being created may be how costume and music were entwined to create the sombre moment in which Beauty, wearing her pure white dress and holding the doll that symbolised her for the beginning part of the play, sing almost as a tribute to her dead mother. We are meant to feel sympathy for Beauty, and we do because she looks so pure and innocent in her dress, however if she were in a black dress this feeling may not have been stirred as our basic minds associate white with good and black with bad.
Lighting and costume also worked together well, such as in the witch's costume. The headdress was very elaborate and when the lights shone onto her, a huge shadow fell on a section of the stage. The imposing shadow, with the spikiness and movements made me feel quite unnerved and was an impressive way of showing that she has high importance and power.
Every one of the aspects I have discussed came together in the Beast's house. The overall effect was only created well by using suitably magical lighting, the creepy voices and instruments, a good set or in some cases using the chorus line to create the feeling of magical furniture, and costumes that gave us an insight into the character, such as Beauty's dress or the Beast's costume, whilst also serving well in the purpose of making the play feel alive. This mix of all the different aspects came together to create an aura of a mystical and scary palace.
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What are Telomeres?
Updated on May 12, 2020
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Sharon is a human resources professional who enjoys researching health related topics and sharing what she finds.
Our genes are responsible for our health, or are they?
This popular myth has been around for some time and it provides an excuse to not pay attention to what we eat or how much we move. Why bother if your destiny is pre-determined, right?
However, you are not stuck with your inherited set of genes. Your destiny in terms of disease is not a predetermined fate. It is still important to change those bad habits. We must stop blaming our health problems on a set of bad genes and be proactive with achieving good health in spite of our inherited traits.
What are Telomeres and Why Are They Important?
Scientists studying our DNA discovered a sequence that repeated itself hundreds to thousands of times. They labelled this sequence located at the ends of our DNA as "TTAGGG". These ends were given the name "telomeres." The research showed that "the ends" of our DNA played an important role in protecting our cells and our longevity.
In order to understand the role of the telomere just picture your DNA strands as shoelaces. The plastic ends of a shoelace keep it from unravelling. If there wasn't a plastic end to protect it, the shoelace would have a very short period of usefulness!
This is the same with your DNA. The telomere is this protective end. It keeps your DNA strand safe and functioning. You DNA needs to copy its cells in order to sustain life, so your telomeres have a very important role in keeping you healthy and alive.
Frayed shoelaces have short lifespans!
Frayed shoelaces have short lifespans! | Source
What is the Telomere's Function?
The telomeres main and only function is to protect the chromosomes within our DNA and without them your chromosomes would become damaged.
Our cells are continually renewing and this is the basis of all life. Cells reproduce at a very fast rate when we are young and this continues until the cells start to age and then they slowly begin to stop reproducing themselves. The cells are still alive but they no longer multiply. What determines this cessation in cell growth? The length of the protective telomeres. The shortening of the protective end is the signal to the the cells to stop renewing.
What Causes Telomeres to Shorten?
The telomere will get worn down naturally over time as cells reproduce themselves as part of our life-cycle. This is the natural process of aging. However, similar to most health issues, it is our lifestyle that can affect the length of our telomeres and speed up this natural wearing. We want to maintain the length of our telomeres for as long as possible. Long, healthy telomeres are crucial to maintain health and longevity. It is our lifestyle habits that keep our telomeres long.
Spending a lot of time sitting, or smoking or drinking - or all three will certainly shorten your telomeres
Spending a lot of time sitting, or smoking or drinking - or all three will certainly shorten your telomeres | Source
What Lengthens Telomeres?
It is simple to lengthen your telomeres, but it is not easy!
Short telomeres are the result of poor diet, lack of exercise, constant stress and even a negative mindset. These factors will all contribute to their shortening.
It is also important to have good social connections. Humans are social mammals and being isolated from a peer group can cause stress and loneliness.
These factors have been scientifically proven to have a strong correlation in determining the length of your telomeres.
The usual lifestyle recommendations for good health are pretty much the same for lengthening your telomeres. Long telomeres are equal to a long life. Additionally, these lifestyle changes will allow you to maintain good health as you age.
This is not news to anyone and just confirms, at the cellular level, that good lifestyle habits and avoidance of certain conditions are critical to a long, healthy life.
The Long Life List:
• A healthy diet that minimizes meat consumption and maximizes plant based whole foods
• Daily exercise, particularly cardio
• Meditation and mindfulness training
• Healthy and supportive relationships with others
• A positive outlook; reduce the negativity in your life
The recipe is simple but it is not easy. To start this journey pick one item on the list and commit to it. Small habits over the long term have huge effects.
You might start a new diet by eliminating one food item that you know is not good for you. A good example is soda. Stop drinking soda and replace it with water. Does that sound impossible because you are an absolute soda addict? Then just replace one soda a day with a glass of water. Do this for a few weeks before you reduce it again.
Small steps, no matter how tiny, if done consistently will lead to tremendous health benefits.
Consuming whole foods will lengthen your telomeres
Consuming whole foods will lengthen your telomeres | Source
Another Discovery: Telomeres Can Grow New DNA
It was also discovered that the telomere ends of our DNA were very unique in comparison to other parts of our genetic code. DNA was always thought to be static. You are born with it and you die with the same DNA since the only way it is renewed is by copying the DNA that is already there.
However, new growth DNA was discovered at the ends of the telomeres! This was a fascinating discovery for the scientific commmunity. How was this possible? What was the underlying mechanism?
The Discovery of "Telomerase"
Through more experimentation, an enzyme was discovered that was acting on the telomere and stimulating the new growth of DNA. Telomeres shorten with each cell division which is the basis of all life. This process would keep happening until the telomere became critically short and then all cell replication would stop and basically "die". This newly discovered enzyme was found to act on the telomere and produce new DNA after each cell division and this kept the telomere long. The enzyme was subsequently named "telomerase".
Telomerase: A New Elixir of Youth?
It stands to reason, that upon this discovery that the production of artificial telomerase may just be the answer to immortality. Just drink this potion and your DNA will produce new growth and keep you young and virbrant forever! Unfortunately, this is not the case.
Human physiology soon demonstrated that it was "stingy" with its release of telomerase. As we age, the production starts to slow down considerably. So why not combat this with a dose of artificial telomerase? As with most things too much of a good thing is not always good for you.
Rapid cell division and replication is the hallmark of cancer. Cancer is basically a disease where natural cell renewal goes haywire with life threatening consequences. Basically, it is unwise to fool with mother nature!
The only way to encourage longevity is by working with your body to extend your telomerase production for as long as possible through healthy lifestyle changes.
Elizabeth Blackburn: The Scientist Behind Telomere Research
Blackburn, E. H., & Epel, E. (2018). The telomere effect: A revolutionary approach to living younger, healthier, longer. London: Orion Spring.
Telomeres and telomerase. (n.d.). Retrieved from
© 2019 Sharon Bellissimo
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IELTS writing task 2 Structure & tips
IELTS writing task 2 structure
Overview of IELTS Task 2 IELTS writing Task 2 requires the candidates to write a composition on a specific topic. These topics are usually based on social, environmental or economic issues and concerns. These are of general nature and designed as such that the candidates need no specialized knowledge on them. The examinees are expected to produce an academic style composition, usually targeted towards educated non- specialists. In order to suit the task in the question, a certain style stared below should be followed. The question in the IELTS test will essentially follow the types below- Argument Cause and EffectRead more
9 COMMON MISTAKES OF IELTS WRITING 9 COMMON MISTAKES OF IELTS WRITING Here's 9 most common mistakes of IELTS writing those we've noticed at our IELTS class tests and mock tests. Hope you will be able to avoid those in future. Not managing the time: Generally, you will get 20 minutes for IELTS writing task 1. But it would be better if you spend 15 minutes in the 1st task and save extra 5 minutes for revising at the end of your writing task. To finish task 1 within 15 minutes you have to practice a lot surely. Else, itRead more
Recent IELTS writing topics | IELTS essay topics
recent IELTS writing topics
Recent IELTS writing topics IELTS essay topic Hello everyone, some recent IELTS writing topics are given bellow. These are the writing task 2 topics have been taken from recent IELTS Academic & General Training’s exams. Hopefully these will helpful for your preparation. Good luck 🙂 Writing task 2 questions Cricket has become more popular than the national sports in the sub-continental countries. What do you think are the reasons behind this? World history suggests that violence and conflict were more evident under male leadership that under female leadership. So, for peace to prevail, female leadership can be considered as a
Read more
IELTS writing task 2 sample answer
ielts writing task 2 sample answer
IELTS writing task 2 sample answer Some IELTS writing task 2 sample answers are given bellow. These sample answers will give you a clear idea about the writing task 2 structure and you will also learn how to construct top graded sentences for IELTS writing. Thank you very much for taking time to read these. Good luck with your IELTS preparation. IELTS Writing task sample answers Some people think that modern technology is on its way to create a single world culture. Do you support this idea? Technology has come up a long way and a mere glance at allRead more |
Love Yourself
There was a beautiful little mermaid named Ariel who lived under the sea.
She dreamed of going on land but you had to be fifteen to go up there.
She disobeyed her father and swam to the shore where she met Prince Eric.
He was the most beautiful man she had ever seen, it was love at first sight.
Ariel knew the only way she could live with the Prince was if she became a human.
The little mermaid would have to make a deal with Ursula: the sea devil.
Selling her soul by exchanging her most precious gift, her voice, for a pair of legs.
Ariel had doubts about selling her soul to Ursula, just because she wanted the prince.
Why give up this beautiful blessing over a man with a pretty face.
Not only would Ariel give up her voice, she will never see her family again.
Not being able to explore the freedom of the sea.
Ariel appreciated everything she had and decided not to go through with the deal.
Be yourself and don’t change for anyone, especially to win someone’s heart.
There are plenty of other fish in the sea.
This poem is about:
Our world
Need to talk?
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The Difference Between Sterile, Distilled and Deionized Water
When talking about water safety for drinking, we wonder what type of water is safe. Water safety relates to the process the water underwent suitable for consumption. But with various ways available, we can easily get confused with what type of water according to our needs. Here we will cover the three different types of water with similarities in the process but different outcomes and uses.
What are the Similarities of Sterile, Distilled, and Deionized Water
From a water source, the water contains a handful of impurities, parasites, and microorganisms.
The initial process of killing all these living matters is boiling. The boiling process initially kills any disease-causing living forms. This is why it is very important as a primary precaution, especially from an unknown water source.
As we go along, we will understand how each type of water has the process of boiling. One is confused with the other and vice versa. Here all these questions will be clarified.
What is Sterile Water
Sterile water is free of any living form that may be present in the water. These living forms can be bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and spores. Sterile water has an important role in medical and irrigation uses. It helps avoid the risk of contamination compared with regular water. For example, sterile water needs to be used in the lab to alter the results of the research or procedures.
Boiling for Sterile Water
When boiling for sterile water is time-specific. You need to boil the water for twenty minutes, just enough time to kill the pathogenic bacteria. This is what makes this sterilization process for drinking purposes.
Sterility is a property of water. The word itself sterile means no viable bacteria, viruses, or any other type of microorganisms present.
Other Processes to Produce Sterile Water
There are two other methods to produce sterile water. They are ozonation and chlorination. Unlike boiling, dead bacteria remain in the treated water to provide nutrition for any living bacteria that may appear. Because of this, excess chlorine or ozone needs to be in the water for the water to remain sterile.
Ozonated water can kill the protozoa and leaves no bad taste, and It virtually creates no harmful by-products. Chlorinated water leaves a bad taste and smell. It also does not kill protozoa. In most cases, chlorine leaves harmful chlorine by-products.
How to Make A Sterile Water
In making your sterile water, you need sterile water and a sterile water container. You will need to store the sterilized container in a cool location away from direct sunlight. To sterilize the container, put it in boiling water for 10 (ten) minutes. It would be best if you had the following:
• Thermometer
• Pressure Cooker or hermetically sealed pot
• Stove
• Filtered water
To start the sterilization process, you need to do the following:
1. Fill the water in the pressure cooker.
2. Put the pressure cooker on the stove.
3. Boil for twenty minutes. Maintain the temperature within the cooker at 250 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the boiling period. This time frame sterilizes the water rather than just having boiled water.
After this, you already have sterilized water. It will only remain sterile as long as it is saved in sterilized containers. For better satisfaction with using this sterile water, it is better to immediately use the sterile water (cooled). This is to ensure that the water you are using is contaminate-free. The water can be preserved for up to three days.
What are the Uses of Sterile Water
For home use, baby bottle preparations use sterile water. Research laboratories highly use sterile water for equipment, apparatuses, and other methods. It is also recommended for those with compromised immune systems.
If used for drinking, it is safe, but it is not on its purest level as what other processes do. Minerals, salts, chemicals, and other contaminants are not removed in sterile water.
Sterile Water for Drinking
Sterilizing water for twenty minutes makes the water safe for drinking. Again, it only removes organic impurities, which still leaves the inorganic particles behind. The water may still abhor minerals, salts, and other chemicals. But, if you are sure that your water source to be far from industrial plants or chemical runoffs, this could lessen the probability that your water contains heavy metals or toxic chemical materials. Or, you can switch to other water options.
What is Distilled Water
Distilled water is a product of the distillation process. In the distillation process, water undergoes boiling to turn into steam. This will be captured and cooled that becomes the distilled water. It leaves behind all the contaminants, including inorganic minerals, chemicals, and metals. Those contaminants have very high melting points and even higher ones that can’t be removed with the boiling point of the water. This results in the pure form of the water.
What is the process
Distilled water is present in nature. Rainwater is a product of the natural earth’s process. A hot day’s sun causes water on the Earth’s surface. It evaporates, creating vapor-a water in gas form. These vapors rise that form clouds. When the temperature cools, the clouds release the vapor in the form of rain.
However, when the water reaches the Earth’s surfaces, it is already full of dirt, soot, and other contaminants attached to the droplets. This makes it unsuitable for use as distilled water.
How to Distill Water
There are many ways to distill water. Distilling the water involves boiling water and collecting that in a clean container. This steam turns back into the water for safe consumption. To do this, you need to do the following:
• Fill the pot halfway with water.
• Tie a cup to the handle on the pot’s lid. The cup should hang right-side-up. When the lid is upside down, make sure the cup does not touch the water.
• Boil the water for twenty minutes. The steam then turns into liquid and should slide down into the hanging cup. This collected water becomes the distilled water.
Here is another way of distilling your water.
• Fill your pot halfway with water.
• Place a receiver flask (bowl) into your pot. Make sure it floats well enough and does not sink.
• Place your lid onto the pot upside down.
• Boil the water for twenty minutes.
• Put ice on top of the lid. The ice cools the distillate to speed and improve the condensation which happens in the receiver flask. This collected water becomes the distilled water.
What are the Uses of Distilled Water
Apart from its clear use for drinking, it has many other purposes in the house. Using distilled water for ice gives clear ice cubes. In cleaning glasses, use part distilled water and part vinegar to give clean and shiny results. It also removes stains from wine glasses. When removing salt stains from sports goggles helps wash away and dissolve the salts. In rinsing the hair, using distilled water helps remove unwanted chemicals in the hair.
In research laboratories, distilled water is also highly important for molecular studies and procedures.
Here are other common uses of distilled water:
• steam irons
• watering plants
• car cooling systems
• laboratory experiments
• certain medical devices, such as continuous positive airway pressure
Distilled Water for Drinking
Distilled water is in its purest form. It is important to water for drinking only for pregnant women, children, or people with acute conditions. However, if people without special conditions should drink distilled water, they may not get the essential minerals present in water. In this case, other purified or mineral water may be a good option.
Sterile Water VS Distilled Water
Sterile water is water free from organic materials but is still not free from inorganic chemicals. Distilled water has some sterilization process but removes both organic and inorganic contaminants in the water. Thus, distilled water gives a pure form of water.
Both have wide uses and benefits. Yet, their use is specific to the needs and requirements of the applications.
What is Deionized Water
Deionized water, like distilled water, produces a pure form of water. But, they differ in two different ways. Deionized water underwent a deionization process. Deionization involves the passage through ion exchange material which removes ions such as calcium and fluoride. It replaces them with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions which reform to make pure water molecules. It removes minerals and salts.
Deionized water can be produced via ion exchange with cation and anion resins. This resin needs to be regenerated with acid and caustic. Theoretically, it can remove 100% of salts. However, it cannot remove organics, bacteria, or viruses except through “accidental” trapping in the resin and specially made strong base anion resins. These resins remove gram-negative bacteria.
Another way of creating deionized water is electrodeionization. It uses electricity, ion exchange membranes, and resin to deionize water. This dissolved ions (impurities) from water.
How to Deionize Water
Deionized water (DI Water) is often synonymous with Demineralized water (DM Water). It uses pre-treated water such as sterile or chlorinated water. This process uses a special type of ion-exchange resins. In these resins, hydrogen and hydroxide ions exchange with the dissolved minerals present in the water and then recombine to form water. Let us take a look at it on a specific level.
Organic materials and inorganic minerals are the most common contaminants in the water. They are removed through filtering methods such as physical filters, carbon filters, and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. After this pre-treatment, the water undergoes through the DI system. This system contains two types of resins: anion and cation. These two resins attract positive and negative ions. In exchange, they replace them with H+(hydrogen) and OH- (hydroxide). H+ and OH- combine to form H2O or water.
Other filtering methods and DI resins can remove almost all impurities.
Since most impurities in the water are salts, they are easily removed with this process. This is why deionized water is highly pure water, just like distilled water. Although, this process yields quicker results and does not build upscale.
What Minerals are Removed from Deionization
In raw water, there are different kinds of minerals. The following are the common minerals found:
Calcium hydrogen carbonate - Ca(HCO3)
Magnesium bicarbonate - Mg(HCO3)2
Calcium sulfate - CaSO4
Magnesium sulfate - MgSO4
Calcium chloride - CaCl2
Sodium chloride - NaCl
Silicon dioxide - SiO2
Deionization can be expensive, but there is a cheaper option called electrodeionization. It separates dissolved ions using electricity.
Since it is often interchanged with deionized water, it is important to know some key differences. Demineralization is removing all the minerals found in the natural water. This process is specifically done for chemical processes. Such minerals present may interfere with other chemicals during this process. This is why it is relevant for such methods.
All chemists and beauty products use demineralized water for the same reason.
Deionized water has many applications. This is particularly useful in laboratories such as autoclaves, hand-pieces, lab-testing, laser cutting, and automotive use. It is also useful in the pharmaceutical industry.
At home, you can replace the water in your humidifier with deionized water. It can keep it functioning well by preventing mineral build-up. Also, if you want to keep your coffee machine or steam iron from getting clogged by excess minerals (hard water), DI is great water to use. It can be used for aquariums.
For hygiene, deionized water is used in shampoo, conditioner, and moisturizers. For car washing, use DI water for windshield fluid to clean the engine and radiator. Also, use it to dilute concentrated antifreeze.
For your health, DI water supports the body when on a special diet or cleansing. Some physicians recommend DI for people with heavy metal toxicity.
Deionized Water for Drinking
Studies show that drinking deionized water may cause people to urinate more and eliminate more electrolytes from the body. DI water may also have lower pH and is also not acidic. So drinking DI water may not cause immediate health effects. There is also a small risk there could be residual traces of deionization resins in the water.
Distilled Vs. Deionized Water
Both treatments give high water purity but using them depends on the intention of using them. Distilled water is purer than the latter since it removes all possible impurities in the water. Distilled water can be double or triple distilled and is used in almost every laboratory application. Deionized water removes all the charged ions or impurities in the water. But, it still leaves behind uncharged organic molecules such as bacteria and viruses. However, they can be removed during incidental trapping in the resin. Specially made strong base anion resins can remove Gram-negative bacteria.
What is the Best for You?
We’ve already known the three differences of the three types of water in this article- sterile, distilled, and deionized water. One may be advantageous over the other. But here, you understood how each three might be similar or different from each other. In the same way, each three has specific important qualities that are applicable for specific methods or applications.
You can use sterile water if you are unsure of the water source and you want to have the assurance you are consuming water free from organic contaminants. You can use either distilled or deionized water if you want to use the purest form of water. But, distilled is free from every possible impurity in water than in deionized water. This is because deionized water might still retain uncharged contaminants in the water not removed during the deionization process.
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Sahara is the largest desert in the world. It extends over 11 countries in North Africa and it has expanded by more than 10 percent in the last century. This adds up to millions of square miles. The authorities are worried because it will encroach into human habitats and pose innumerable problems that could threaten the survival of living beings. According to CNN, the Sahel region in Africa, a semi-arid belt, acts as a buffer zone just south of the desert. Water is becoming scarcer, the quality of soil is deteriorating, and these combine to create food insecurity.
The UN estimates a grim future ahead with lives of millions at risk. Therefore, the African Union drafted an ambitious plan in 2007. They decided to create a barrier to prevent the desert from expanding. Identified as the Great Green Wall, it would be 5,000 miles long and 9 miles wide. It would be a natural barrier with a combination of trees, vegetation, grasslands and plants. Once completed, it would be more than three times the length of the Great Barrier Reef. This GBR happens to be the largest living structure on Earth and the Great Green Wall could overtake that record.
Africa requires funds for creating the wall
A project of such a magnitude requires funds. CNN says France, the World Bank and other donors have come forward to provide funds for the Great Green Wall in Africa.
Its tentative fund requirement is $33 billion to achieve the goal by 2030. However, progress of work is slow. So far, only a miniscule portion of work is completed. Those associated with the massive project are hopeful.
The Great Green Wall of Africa
Countries around the Sahara Desert have tried out a whole lot of options to check the sand from expanding its reach.
Discuss this news on Eunomia
Some of these included reforestation and agroforestry. Then came methods of creating terraces, and dune fixing. These fell in the category of techniques to arrest the movement of sand so that natural vegetation could thrive on its own. The communities also took action to protect their water supplies. They did this by drilling bore wells and constructing irrigation systems.
CNN adds that the Great Green Wall in Africa would expand its green cover and simultaneously create jobs in rural areas. These employment opportunities are in sectors like growing fruit and forest products. Sarah Toumi is a French-Tunisian environmentalist. She was involved in the initiative's recent fundraising push. She says - "It's about creating sustainable livelihoods for people ... so that they can live peacefully in their ecosystems and preserve their traditions and preserve their landscapes." In June 2019, Harry and Meghan visited Africa.
Expansion of the desert in Africa could mean disaster
According to Africa News, the Great Green Wall is a joint effort of communities in the Sahel and Sahara regions to roll back the Sahara desert.
The Sahel is a semi-arid region of western and north-central Africa extending from Senegal to Djibouti. It lies at the southern edge of the Sahara desert. The African Development Bank agreed to mobilize funds to support the project. That will help the communities in the region to adapt to climate change and improve food security. AfDB president Akinwumi Adesina has made the pledge. It was during the OnePlanet summit hosted by French President Emmanuel Macron. His words were - “The future of the Sahel region depends on the Great Green Wall. Without the Great Green Wall, the Sahel region as we know it may disappear.” The United Nations cautions the Sahel could experience rise in temperature by up to 3 to 5 °C by 2050.
This would in turn result in changing patterns of rainfall and lead to increase in the frequency and intensity of climatic disorders like floods, droughts, and sandstorms that will affect Travel. The need might also arise for Renewable Energy. Climate change has affected agriculture and trade. These are vital sources of sustenance for communities in the Sahel. Incidentally, in April 2019, Harry and Meghan said they could move to Africa to extend support to good causes. |
Professionals Choose to Work with Private Proxies
Proxy servers are used by millions of people globally to improve security online by providing anonymous web content access. Anonymity has many benefits online, beginning with upholding an individual’s right to privacy. You can, however, use it to bypass various censorship features and to access geo-blocked content that is unavailable in your country.
Businesses use proxies for various purposes – market research, brand protection, SEO monitoring, and much more. The use of proxies can facilitate everyday work, like improving data gathering tasks for research purposes. In this article, we will explain what a proxy is, the most common proxy types, and what proxies to choose for smooth, simple, and reliable usage.
What is a proxy?
Proxies are servers that act as intermediaries between your computer network and the online world. If you have a proxy server embedded in your computer networks, it will take all web requests sent by your browser, process them and send them to the set web address.
The set web address will then return data to your computer via the proxy server. All websites will, therefore, only access the proxy’s IP address rather than your own. Your IP address, consequently, stays hidden, which protects you from trackers or hackers that could try to hack into your business’s servers.
Different types of proxies
All of the proxies have a similar purpose – to increase anonymity while surfing the web. Also, with the use of proxies, users can access geo-restricted content worldwide. However, there are different types of proxies. Each proxy type is used in different cases because of their advantages or disadvantages.
One way of classifying proxies is by their origin. Datacenter proxies are issued by third-party providers and are mere numbers, rather than actual IP addresses. Their counterparts, the residential proxies, are sold by internet service providers and are, therefore, real IP addresses.
Unlike datacenter IPs that are sometimes provided by unregistered business entities, internet service providers offer proxies that are highly regulated, which offer better data security.
Proxies can also be classified by their access type. In this case, proxies are distributed either shared, private, or semi-dedicated proxies. Let’s define each of these proxies to understand the main differences between them:
1. Private proxies offer a single user dedicated private IP for business and individual use. These proxies are, at times, referred to as dedicated IPs. They are only accessible to one client at a time. Due to their high level of exclusivity, private proxies offer better bandwidth speeds and application environments. They also guarantee better data security and privacy services. If you need more information about private proxies, visit Oxylabs to understand all the benefits of these proxies.
2. Shared proxies are used to increase online anonymity, but you have to share their IP address with other internet users. The main disadvantage of shared proxies is that the providers do not need to share information on the number of users utilizing an IP address. You can, therefore, pay for a shared proxy with limited speeds due to overloading. This feature will adversely affect your network’s performance.
3. Semi-dedicated proxies are usually shared between two or three users. They offer budget proxies that provide better network speeds and security than shared proxies do.
Reasons why you should avoid shared proxies
A past analysis done on the quality of shared proxies says that while these IP addresses are easier to access and affordable, they bring a lot of risks to businesses. These risks include security and privacy dangers. A study done by an Austrian security researcher, examining this classification of proxies shows that 79% of the scrutinized open proxies denied their users HTTPS traffic.
HTTPS is a web encryption protocol that protects users’ sensitive information, passwords, and credit card data from nefarious intermediaries and hackers. Without HTTPS use, hackers can easily steal logins from computer data and track plus analyze your web traffic. The study also shows that free-shared proxies are used to manipulate websites, modifying the page’s JavaScript and HTML codes to embed advertising into them.
This process can lead to ‘cookie stealing,’ which compromises data protection. The researcher recommends that online users avoid free-shared proxies to prevent their security vulnerabilities. Using a private proxy that has a monthly subscription fee ensures that you are not using cheap proxies whose providers will perform illegal activities for revenue generation.
Disadvantages of shared proxies
1. Shared proxies offer a level of anonymity when online because they will veil your IP. The level of anonymity, however, is not guaranteed because they are open and less secured. While a private proxy offers a valid private IP, shared proxies are simple number codes that can be easily decoded by savvy web technicians.
A shared proxy will, therefore not veil your web traffic as well as a private proxy does. A shared IP could expose your business to myriad reputation and data security risks.
1. If you are going to use a shared proxy for web scraping activities, you stand a very high chance of being blacklisted. Shared proxies leave a more extensive online footprint, mainly if they have been used for base activities, also known as the bad neighbor effect.
These proxies will, consequently, be much easier to detect during web scraping. Banned proxies will not access some internet sites. The best web scraping proxies are private rotating IPs since they are less likely to be banned.
1. If you need fast, reliable proxies, use private proxies. Shared proxies have very low speeds because the demand for their free or cheap services is too high. Since private proxies only have one user, their loading speeds and efficiency are faster. Private proxies, however, come at a cost, which makes them beneficial for businesses that handle very sensitive client data such as payments.
While factors such as low prices and accessibility might make shared proxies a popular choice for online users, these proxies can be harmful to businesses. If you need reliable, secure, and fast proxy servers, use private proxies from trusted providers only.
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What Kind of Jobs Can I Get With an Associate Degree in Social Sciences?
An education in the social sciences gives you a good overview of several academic fields. You're introduced to anthropology, criminology, economics, history, political science, psychology and sociology, among other disciplines. There are a number of jobs you can pursue with an associate degree in social sciences. The trick is to show potential employers that the knowledge you gained is relevant to their needs.
City, State and Federal Government
Someone with an associate degree in social sciences can find work as a social science research assistant for city, state or federal government agencies. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, these assistants help social scientists in laboratory, survey and other social science research. They might help compile economic data or research public policy issues. The BLS reports that they earned a median wage of $46,000 a year in 2017. You might also find work as an assistant with a state or federal social services agency. Many associate degree programs allow you to concentrate in one subject area while getting an overview of the rest, so focusing on political science could land you a job as an assistant in a legislator's office.
K-12 Education
Teacher assistants, also known as paraprofessionals or instructional aides, typically need an associate's degree or some college. They work in elementary and secondary schools helping teachers with lessons, grading, preparation and supervision. They earned a median yearly wage of $26,260 in 2017, according to the BLS. An associate degree in social sciences would come in especially handy in classes that focus on history, social science, sociology and social studies.
Law Enforcement
Some courses in the social sciences focus on criminal behavior and criminology, which can help prepare you for a career in law enforcement. The requirements for law enforcement jobs vary, depending on location and the position. Even jobs that only require a high school diploma often give precedence to candidates who have an associate degree. If you decide to pursue a job as a police officer, you will typically need further in-house training after being accepted to a program. The BLS reports that police officers and detectives earned a median annual income of $61,050 in 2017. Another route is to become a police, fire or ambulance dispatcher. Dispatchers earned a median wage of $39,640 in 2017, according to the BLS.
Home Healthcare
A social sciences degree program that focuses on psychology and sociology can come in handy if you want to work in home health and personal care. These aides help people who are elderly, disabled, chronically ill or cognitively impaired. Aides with an educational background in psychology and sociology should have the skills that help them deal with the mental and emotional aspects of home care. Home health aides earned a median annual wage of $23,210 in 2017, the BLS reports. |
Art of Lock Picking - Learn The Craft of Lock Picking!
lock bumping
Lock Bumping and Bump Keys
Lock bumping, also known as key bumping, is a lock picking technique that uses a modified key called a “bump key” to quickly and easily unlock a pin tumbler lock.
This is done by violently forcing the bump key into the keyway and “bumping” the internal pins above the lock’s shear-line, allowing the key to turn and open the lock.
Now that’s a mile-high description of how lock bumping works, but in this guide, we’re going to tear it all down to the nitty-gritties and look at how bump keys work to open locks.
Then we’ll look at some of the countermeasures that make lock bumping more difficult—if not impossible.
Let’s get to it!
History of Lock Bumping
The first known version of the bump key was patented by Hiram R. Simpson in 1928, which he called the “rapping key”—as seen in the image at the bottom of this section.
Knowledge of the bump key remained a well-guarded secret of the locksmith trade until the early 2000s, when Klaus Noch recognized it as a massive security threat to anyone using a lock to protect themselves and their possessions.
Since then, the knowledge and fear of lock bumping exploded, and as a result, a new generation of locks featuring anti-bump characteristics was born.
Fast forward to today, and you’ll find that lock bumping is still a very viable option used by locksmiths, hobby lock pickers, and on rare occasions, criminals.
bump key patent
What Is a Bump Key?
So what exactly differentiates a bump key from a regular key?
The magic behind how bump keys work is derived from its unique bitting.
The bitting of a key is essentially the “bits” cut out of the key's blade.
These cuts can be made at various depths, often expressed with a number between 0 and 9 on a key machine. Zero typically being the shallowest cut, while nine being the deepest.
key cuts labeled
What separates the bump key from regular keys is that all of the cuts are made to the maximum depth of 9.
This is also why bump keys are often referred to as “999 Keys.“
bump key cuts labeled
As you can see from the image above, this creates very short and sharp teeth on the key. When rammed into the lock, these little teeth will rapidly jolt the pins causing them to move towards the shear line. We’ll learn more about how the bump key works in a moment.
While these maximum “cuts” are the defining characteristic of a bump key, there is also one more thing you need to consider.
A bump key is specific to a particular lock and keyway and is not one size fits all. This means that whatever lock you are trying to bump, you will need a key or key blank that fits that lock’s keyway.
To bump a Schlage, you will need a Schlage key. To bump a Kwikset, you will need a Kwikset key.
And if you desire the ability to bump a ton of different locks, you're going to need a big keychain.
That’s it! Now let’s look at how the bump key works to open a lock!
Key Takeaways:
The two required characteristics of a useable bump key are:
1. All cuts are made to the maximum depth.
2. The key fits the specific keyway you desire to bump.
How Do Bump Keys Work?
To fully grasp how lock bumping works, we need to briefly cover two things.
Firstly, we need to look at the parts of a pin tumbler lock to understand exactly what a bump key is accomplishing within the lock.
Secondly, we need to understand Newton's third law of motion and how it applies to bump keys.
After that, we'll throw it all together and look at how lock bumping works!
Understanding The Pin Tumbler Lock
There are 6 vital parts of a pin tumbler lock that are important to know regarding lock bumping.
parts of a pin tumbler lock
1. Cylinder: The stationary part of the lock that “houses” the other internal components.
2. Plug: A smaller cylinder that rotates within the main body cylinder. It also contains the keyway.
3. Shear Line: The physical gap between the inside of the cylinder and the outside of the plug. Represented by a green line.
4. Key Pins: The lower pins (red) that make contact with the key. Varying heights that match the correct key bitting.
5. Driver Pins: The upper pins (blue) that restrict the plug from turning by blocking the shear line.
6. Springs: Force the pins into the plug and help the key pins read the cuts of the key.
To fully understand how all these pieces work together, let’s insert the correct key into a lock and see what happens.
how a lock and key work Animation
When the key is inserted fully, the key pins fall into the cuts.
If the depth of the cuts and the height of the key pins match correctly, the driver pins will be removed from the plug.
Additionally, the gap between the key pin and the driver pin will match the shear line, thus removing the obstructions and allowing the plug to rotate freely.
Simply put, the goal of lock bumping is to remove the driver pins from the plug while keeping the key pins in the plug.
But how does a bump key accomplish this?
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Bump keys work by exploiting Newton's third law of motion.
“When two bodies interact, they apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.”
To understand how this is relevant, let’s look at a device called Newton’s cradle.
newton's cradle
When the ball swings down and strikes the first ball in the stationary row, the moving ball will transfer its energy into the first stationary ball.
That energy transfer will continue through the remaining balls until the final ball receives that energy and swings outward.
What is important to note is that the center balls do not move. Rather they transfer the energy and remain stationary.
This principle can be applied to bump driver pins out of the plug.
How Lock Bumping Works
Okay, so how can we use a bump key and Newton’s third law of motion to open a lock?
To find out, let’s break down the entire process of bumping a lock.
We first insert our bump key fully into the keyway and then pull back one cut—or that is until we hear the rearmost pin in the lock drop.
insert bump key into lock
Next, with our bump hammer, we’ll hit the head of the key, jolting it forward into the lock.
The key's teeth will strike the key pins and transfer their force into the key pins—whose only direction to travel is directly away from the key.
However, because the driver pins are held snug against the key pins by the spring, that force will transfer from the key pins to the driver pins.
Like Newton’s cradle, this energy transfer will launch the driver pins away from the key pins.
If hit hard enough, the driver pins will leave the plug entirely, and if we are applying a turning force to the key while the driver pins leave the plug, there will no longer be any obstruction to the shear line, and the key will turn fully, and the lock will open.
hitting the bump key
Note: If you’d like to learn more about how to bump locks, be sure to check out my comprehensive lock bumping guide here.
How to Prevent Lock Bumping?
Lock bumping can be a terrifying thought to any homeowner, but it doesn't need to be.
There are some things you can do to make your locks more bump-resistant and better your overall security.
This topic deserves its own guide, but for now, I’ll cover the basics here.
1. Layer Your Security
Kicking in a Doors - Destructive Entry
The more obstacles that you put between what you want to protect and a criminal, the better.
You don’t need to live in Fort Knox or have 20 security devices guarding your front door to sleep soundly at night. Most times all you need is one or two additional obstacles to thwart most criminals.
Most burglars and lowlives don’t wish to spend a lot of time at the scene of their crime. They want in and out as quickly as possible and every second that they spend trying to get in is another second closer to being caught.
This is typically why criminals don’t pick locks. Most gain entry through brute force or through already unlocked doors and windows.
So by adding additional layers of security, you are increasing any criminal's chance of getting caught.
These layers can come in many forms, including additional locks, deadbolt guards, or door jammers.
A portable device that I personally use every night is the Buddy Bar Door Jammer. Unless they hit your door with a truck, they are not getting in.
For some other ideas, check out my article on ways to lock a door without a lock.
2. Add Security Pins
Modifying your existing locks is an effective and cheap way to upgrade the security of your locks.
One such method is by adding security pins to your locks.
Security pins are special pins that are designed to snag at the shear line if they are lifted while under tension—such as while turning a bump key.
Below is an example of a spool-type security pin.
The most common type of security pin used in locks today is the Spool Pin.
Security pins won’t make your locks 100% bump-proof, but they will make it more difficult.
3. Upgrade Your Locks
The last option is to upgrade your security to high-quality bump-resistant locks.
For options that will work best for your situation, consider consulting a locksmith and have them set you up.
Installing locks may seem like a simple task, but if not done correctly can leave some major holes in your security that you won't be aware of.
If you're going to spend the money, you may as well ensure it is done as well as it can be.
Where Can I Buy a Bump Key?
Like most lock picking tools, bump keys can be found at every corner of the internet.
They are 100% legal to own in most locations, including 90% of the United States. If you live in the US, consider checking out my lock picking tool legality guide to find your local laws regarding bump keys.
You can buy bump keys from most lock picking tool brands, and I even sell them here at Art of Lock Picking. You can find my selection of bump keys here!
Additionally, you can make your own bump keys using a triangle file and any key blank that fits the keyway you are trying to bump.
FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions
How Effective Are Bump Keys?
Lock bumping is extremely effective and can bypass nearly 90% of locks used today. It is also a subtle form of bypassing that can be undetectable—meaning you may never know your lock was compromised.
Does Bumping a Lock Damage It?
While lock bump is a subtle means of bypassing a lock, it is still rather violent. Locks are built to withstand the simple forces of normal use. Hammering a key into the keyway is not normal use and could break a component—such as a spring.
How Long Does It Take To Bump a Lock?
The time it takes to bump a lock depends on many factors, including the type of lock being bumped and the skill of the lock picker. It can vary between a few seconds to never getting it open at all. But to give an average, the majority of locks can be bumped in under 30 seconds.
Final Words
Bump keys are a genius lock picking tool that can quickly and simply defeat a huge majority of locks.
While they are a wonderful tool for locksmiths and blissful joy for hobby lock pickers, they can also be a dangerous tool in the hands of the malicious.
But by simply being aware of their existence and understanding how they work, you can do a lot to protect yourself from them.
After all, true security is understanding the flaws in your defense.
I hope you enjoyed this guide on lock bumping, and if you would like to learn more about lock picking and security, consider checking out my Academy for more free guides. Also, be sure to drop by the Art of Lock Picking shop for all your lock picking tool needs!
Happy Picking!
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Judges, Households and the Law in Ancient Israel | Carlyle Fielding Stewart III
Feb 2009 11
Judges, Households and the Law in Ancient Israel
Posted in Religion, Sermons
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1250-587 BCE
Delivered on the Lord’s Day “Honoring our Judges Day.” | February 11, 2009
Judges 2: 6-23
Two scriptures are important for our hearing today. Judges 17:6 says that in “those days Israel had no king; everyone did as he saw fit.” Judges 2:16 which says, “God raised up judges who saved them.”
They were not judges in the sense that they tried people for violating the law. Their main task was not to hear complaints or make legal decisions. The Judges for whom the Book of Judges are named were charismatic leaders, not selected officially by the people but raised up by Yahweh. The Judge was the person-man or woman (Deborah was one of them) chosen by Yahweh to drive out the oppressor and give rest to the land and people.” (Survey of O. T. p. 155)
The men and woman God called to “judge” Israel had a vital role in saving the nation from complete annihilation and ruin. They were deliverers; liberators, heroes; people who at Yahweh’s command took to themselves the awesome and dangerous task of restoring peace and calling the nation back to God after it had broken its covenant and embraced the pagan Gods of their conquerors. Their role was more military than judicial, more ethical than legal.
They were selected by God. They judged Israel through the eyes of Yahweh. The era in which the events of the Book of Judges take place was volatile, turbulent and checkered. The pattern went something like this. God makes a covenant promise with his people. The people promise to abide by the covenant but eventually tum away from it through sin. A result of their sinfulness is they get into deep trouble and are conquered and oppressed by their enemies. After their suffering under the tyranny of their conquerors, they call on God to save them and in this case, God sends ten judges to rescue them. This pattern repeats itself during the reign of these ten judges. The Book of Judges chronicles the events of this period. In other words God says, “I love you and want to be in covenant with you. Obey my commands.” The people say “We love you too and want to be in covenant with you and we will obey your commands.” The people obey God for a while and then disobey his commands, get into trouble and cry out to God for help.
As the scriptures say this was a time when Israel had no earthly king. They were to follow only Yahweh. He was their king. Because the people fell away in their belief God sent judges who had an important role in helping Israel transition from a motley group of former slaves who were loosely organized into a powerful nation state with a monarch and standing army.
Read Judges 2: 6-23.
Were it not for these ten men and women who served as judges it is questionable whether Israel would have survived. It was not until the Hebrews had crossed into Canaan that they began to morph from a nomadic, Bedouin community constantly on the move into a stationary powerful nation that consolidated power during the reigns of David and Solomon. After entering into the Promised Land and after organizing themselves into villages and cities, a new type of Judge emerged; one who would make critical judicial decisions on behalf of households and villages. His role was more legal in nature. After the period of the Judges, these men were chosen to adjudicate life and death decisions that would affect the future of families, villages, cities and the entire nation.
We must remember that the Hebrews had organized themselves primarily by religious laws after leaving Egypt. Religious laws were primarily administered by leaders and priests. The first set of laws was the Ten Commandments found in Exodus 20, which are a mixture of religious and communal laws. Exodus 20-31 delineates laws ranging from justice and mercy to atonement money and the garments of priests. Religious laws were the foundation of all the other laws in society including those in the books of Numbers and Leviticus. Those laws clarified certain religious and communal practices and helped those early communities organize themselves into coherent social units. The development of religious and social laws for community interaction and participation was an organizing factor of ancient communities such as Israel.
Although these religious laws were developed and disseminated while Israel was still in the Wilderness, they did not become codified into a system of general legal principles consistently applied in every situation. It was not until Israel had emerged from the wilderness and settled into the new land that both religious and social laws were canonized. We must remember that in the world of the Bible, the basis of law was not philosophy but crisis. Lawgivers developed specific laws to deal with households which weakened or threatened the well being of the state. (Social World.) As Israel expanded its territories, and settled into the Promised Land, religious and social laws fell into the categories of Village Laws and State Laws.
Village laws were primarily decentralized and dealt with the responsibility of households to feed their members. These laws were administered by fathers who were elders and a village assembly comprised of men of the community chosen because of their experience, wisdom and commitment to justice.
State laws dealt with the responsibility of the state to protect its people and primarily administered by the king and those appointed officials who had jurisdiction over certain regions. These laws did not come into effect until after Israel had established the monarchy. This process began under Saul but did not reach its completion until the reign of David.
Village law was the most important law at that time because it lived at the grassroots communal level. If village law had to do with maintaining, strengthening and governing households, those households weakened or threatened the state when they failed to work their own land, feed and discipline their own children and contribute to the cooperative efforts of the state to collect taxes and raise an army.
In the ancient world as in today’s world, the family was the most important social unit. The well being, unity, vitality and prosperity of any society was based on how well fathers and mothers governed their households and made critical legal decisions that aided the survival of their families, communities and villages. If households could govern themselves well, the State would have little difficulty in maintaining order and protecting its citizens. Thus law, order and social stability were intimately bound to each other on all levels of society. If households did not maintain order, disorder spilled over into society and made the monarchs task all the more difficult at the state and national levels.
If Village law was the most important law, the most important judge then was the father who made critical legal decisions at the grass roots level where disputes within households and between households were made. How these disputes were adjudicated, set the moral tone and patterns of socialization for villages, cities and ultimately the entire nation. If decisions were fair and just at the household or village level, they laid the ground work for unity and continuity between families, villages, clans or tribes on the communal, state and national levels. If injustice prevailed in the household and village, it influenced the trajectories of justice in other parts of society which could eventually lead to strife, division and ultimately the disintegration of those communities in question.
Let me say a little more about the role of the Father in ancient Israel in order to understand his role as judge of households and villages. Protocols for the father were the following: Protect and provide for his land and children, adopt or excommunicate sons and daughters; recruit workers and warriors; negotiate marriages and covenants; host strangers; and designate heirs. The Father was the most powerful judicial figure in ancient Israel. The mother was also powerful and I will say more about her in a moment.” The father exercised the power of life and death in his own household but his power was not absolute. He did not have the power of life and death over his grandsons, his brothers, his father, his grandfather or uncles. His primary responsibility was for his wives and their sons and daughters by resolving conflicts among them and negotiating marriages and covenants. His primary focus was ensuring that justice prevailed in his own home. He was ruler and judge of household disputes. He had the power of life and death over his immediate family.
For example, at the time a child was born, the father had to decide whether to adopt it into the household. In the world of the bible, life did not begin with a viable birth, but only with adoption. Regardless of the status of the newborn at the moment of delivery, without adoption it was considered stillborn. If the father did not adopt the child, the midwife took it from the birthing room and left it in an open field to declare it eligible for adoption by another household. Thus if the father and mother had a child, the child did not become legitimately theirs until the father formally adopted it into his household.
Birth was not the only occasion on which the father exercised the power of life and death over his sons and daughters. The commandment to honor your father and mother has concrete meaning. Sons honored their father and mother by a willingness to farm, to rear and to bear children for the household. When a son failed to honor his father and mother, it was the father who had the authority to judge the case. Any son who refused to support the household financially or who physically assaulted the mother and father of the household could be sentenced to death. Exodus 21:15. An assault against one member of the household by another was also a failure to honor its mother and father. This was truly for conflict within the family and conflict between other families in the community. Fathers determined restitution for bodily harm done to the sons of their households on the basis of work days 10st. (Exodus 21:18-19) Since maiming the assailant would only extend the damage inflicted on the household by depriving it of two workers, restitution benefited the household of the assailant as well as the victim.
And whenever one member of the household killed another, the father of the victim’s household was responsible for prosecuting the case. Sometimes fathers prosecuted a murder by designating a legal guardian to execute the killer, but generally, they shared their power to prosecute with fathers of the other households of their village assembly. Fathers during this time period were the principal judges of their own households and villages. When conflict extended into the larger parts of the village affecting other households a village assembly was convened to try the cases.
The village assembly comprised of fathers of households who were elders who punished murder according to the norms of reciprocity, which required that life be given for a life. But even when an assembly sentenced a murderer to death, it executed its sentence in more than one way. For example, the assembly could impose the death sentence on the actual murderers, but it could also execute any other member of the household in their place. Likewise, the assembly could also allow the killer’s household to pay compensation to the victim’s household. The assembly imposed a death sentence when it determined that a swift execution of justice would best restore the balance of power in the village.
Fathers and the village assembly were the most important judges in those early communities. They knew the law and applied it in accordance to communal, religious and village norms. Law and order were their primary responsibilities and if those fathers were derelict in their duties, it had adverse ramifications not only in their households and villages but for other parts of society.
Mothers had an important role too in ancient Israel by managing the household, teaching the children, defusing conflicts and brokering out of court settlements of her households before they reached the village assembly. Some have observed that women at that time were of secondary or inferior status. Nothing could be further from the truth. Because women during this time in Israel’s history were not allowed to be judges in the formal sense of this word does not mean that they did not have a hand in critical decision making in their households and communities. Her power was not subordinated power, but the power to minimize conflict between households and act as a harmonizing force for peace in the community. Although women had the primary responsibility of caring for their children and managing their households, they were not considered second-class citizens. Maintaining the household and family were too critical and essential to the well being of society. The mother’s role was very important and she had great favor. Both mother and father had very important roles in maintaining order and unity not only within each household but among various households in each village.
So as fathers and the village assemblies emerged as the most important brokers of law in order in Ancient Israel at the grass roots level, Israel was able to strengthen itself into a nation state and consolidate power at the household, village, state and national levels. Without these judges, Israelite society might have for all practical purposes disintegrated into chaos because everyone would have interpreted matters as they saw fit and administered their own vigilante justice.
Let me say a little more about the Village assembly and the courts system at that time just for clarification 1) Fathers of the households of the village were its leaders and elders. 2) Villages and cities resolved criminal cases by assembly. 3) Elders were chosen to become part of the assembly to arbitrate disputes among households and residents. They were basically responsible for upholding the civil rights of the members of the village and protecting the rights of those dwelling there without a household such as widows, orphans and aliens. Not every resident could appeal to and serve on the assembly. The elders had to be upstanding and upright, not perfect. The perfect did not stand in the way of the effective. They had a sense of justice, provided appropriate interpretation of laws and applied them in ways that created stability and continuity in community.
4) In the village, the assembly met in the open-air setting of the threshing floor, where grain was processed. In cities, the city gates served as the primary courthouses where the assembly met. (Deuteronomy 21:18-21; 22:13-21; 22:23-27) The city gates served as a place to hold court for anyone seeking judicial recourse. 5) Plaintiffs initiated proceedings by going to the gate and impaneling a jury of elders to review their course of action. (Ruth 4: 1-2; I Sam 16:14; Jer 26) This was usually done at daybreak. Standing at the gate when people were on their way to work in the fields outside the walls, the plaintiff shouted: “Justice! Justice! Justice!” When ten citizens convened to hear the case, they adjourned to one of the bays in the gate to deliberate. Locating the city’s judicial system at the gate not only gave the plaintiff access to a jury pool, but also kept the trial open. Since deliberations took place in front of the steady flow of people coming and going through the gate, the occasion for bribery and other manipulations of the judicial system were reduced. (Exodus 23:8, Amos 5:10-12) 6) There were no permanent officials for the assembly. Sometimes members functioned as legislators or judges; at other times, they were prosecutors. (Jer 37:1-21; 42:1-43:7), defense attorneys (Jer 7:16-34; 27:1-22; Ezekiel 14:12-23 and witnesses, Gen 23:10,18.e
Management and oversight of each household was an important aspect of maintaining harmony, stability and order in ancient communities. The Fathers and mothers played a vital role in governing the lives of their families and making sure that rules were reinforced with fairness. Each household understood the value of maintaining order and justice since it impacted the state’s capacity to govern and protect its citizens. What households achieved on the micro level in balancing power in families, communities and creating order and justice would have a great impact upon law and order in society at the macro level.
If the fathers and mothers were not managing their households properly, providing for their children, arranging covenants and adjudicating justice how could the king manage the greater household of society? If families and households at the grass roots level did not do their part in providing order and safeguarding society, it could have dire consequences on the collective level.
Thus in surveying Israel’s history, law and order began in the home. Each Father and Mother was responsible for his or her own children and their own household. Members were in good standing in their communities if their own houses were in good order. Law and Order in society then depended heavily upon how well decisions were made within and between, households, communities, villages, cities and the nation as a whole. For unruly households lead to unruly communities and unruly communities lead to unruly villages, and unruly villages lead to unruly cities and unruly cities lead to unruly societies.
The role of the father and mother in keeping order in the home cannot be underestimated because each household was a microcosm of the larger society. The father was a man yes but someone who modeled God the father in caring for his family. The Father was care for his own household the same way that God cared for his children in the larger created order.
Furthermore, when households in larger numbers could not fend for themselves and administer justice, they amalgamated into larger groups known as clans and tribes. Unity within each household influenced unity between each household. Unity between households influenced unity within and between clans. Unity within and between clans influenced unity within and between tribes. Unity within and between tribes influenced unity within the nation.
It has been observed that much of the conflicts that lead to the eventual split between Israel and Judah into separate nations was tribal in nature and origin. And if they were tribal in nature in origin it stands to reason that much of that conflict stemmed from the divisions in the households and villages at that time.
My point is that without those every day judges serving as brokers of justice and stabilizers of households, communities, villages and society we wonder if Israel would have reached its place of prominence in the Ancient world. For it was not a mighty nation in terms of geography and territory. It’s power paled in comparison with Egypt, Persia and other world powers. So it had to have had a kind of familial discipline that would allow for tightly organized communities and values that insulated would against them against total and permanent annihilation. It could not have survived without household rules and values and a system of justice that promoted order and unity on all levels of society. The fathers played a prominent role in this as well as the mothers in adjudicating justice and brokering peace among families in villages. That’s why the stories of the Old Testament center around the importance of families from the slaying of Abel by Cain to the betrayal of Isaac by Esau at the instigation of Rebekah. We read these stories. in a vacuum without understanding that small decisions at the family level affected the morale of entire communities.
Thankfully today our system of justice whose origins go back to Greek, Rome and to some extent Egypt, have opened the door for men and women. judges. This co-intentional models of leadership are vital to the welfare of a just and balanced society. Men and women share in this process and we are to be proud of this model of leadership.
But another level, we may see parallels in Israel then and America today, for few can argue that a critical element precipitating law and disorder in our society may very well have to do with the absence of fathers (and God bless the mothers), acting as “judges” and leaders in their homes, ensuring the order and safety of their families and communities so that inordinate work is not done at other levels of our society to ensure order and equilibrium. If the fathers were important then they are certainly important now and part of the problem that judges and other persons face today is the problem of law and disorder and the lack of discipline in our homes, within our families, between families and in the nation at large.
Much of the time that judges spend hearing cases today, God bless you, and dealing with problems in the court system go back to the conditions of our households. If the children are not being raised and trained properly; if a sense of honor, commitment and responsibility is not instilled in them at an early age; if the fathers have abdicated responsibility for their children for whatever reason, a kind anomie or social disintegration occurs in our villages, towns and cities. The life and death decisions must be made at some level of society. Perhaps the old adage is true, if we love them in the high chair, we can keep them from the electric chair.”
One writer observed that a great tragedy of our society today particularly in the Black Community is that many black children had a greater chance of growing up with their mothers and fathers in slavery however reprehensible that institution than they do today.
Thank God for the judges and the role you have played in helping keep law and order but you cannot do this alone. For any society to experience success, there must be a coordinated effort on all levels of society but it starts in the home, extends to the schools and other places. Yes it involves interpreting and administering the law in the courts, but what we need today is more fathers and mothers holding court in their homes, doing the necessary work to train up the children the way they should go rather than relying on the justice system to do all the work.
Yes, we need justice. We need Village Justice, City Justice, State Justice and National justice. We need distributive and retributive justice. We need social, political and economic justice. But more than ever we need justice in the home. If each household can do its part with its family, to take responsibility for its children in making the right decisions perhaps we can build a better society for the future.
Thank you Judges for all you do. Thank you parents for all you do. Thank you community leaders and others for all that you do to help hold things together during these challenging times.
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Why do my teeth hurt when I exercise?
Have you ever felt sensitivity in your teeth and gums during or after exercise?
You are not alone! Here’s what may be causing the sensitivity:
Gingivitis can lead to discomfort during exercise. Gingivitis occurs when bacteria gets trapped in your gums, and your body produces an inflammatory response making your gums swollen and sore.
When you exercise, your heart pumps faster to supply your body with oxygen. Unfortunately, if you have gingivitis present in your mouth, this will mean more blood is also being supplied to inflamed areas which can lead to soreness and discomfort.
When exercising, your body can go into overdrive to provide you with the needed energy. Sometimes this can lead to involuntary jaw-clenching. Even if you don’t realize it, the forces applied by your teeth during clenching can leave your gums feeling sore and jaw muscles tensed.
Sinus Congestion
If you are an allergy sufferer or are fighting a cold, chances are your sinuses are congested. Built up pressure in your sinuses can radiate to the oral cavity and leave you with sores gums and teeth. When exercising, especially outdoors, sinus pressure can cause the pain you experience after a workout.
Just remember that these are just some of the reasons you can be experiencing pain in your mouth after exercising. Be sure to consult your dental care professional for a more thorough diagnosis and treatment plan options.
As always, keep smiling! |
Dyssomnia Sleep Disorders
Dyssomnia is a broad range of sleep disorders involving difficulty falling or remaining asleep, which can lead to excessive sleepiness during the day due to the reduced quantity, quality or timing of sleep. This is distinct from parasomnias, which involves abnormal behavior of the nervous system during sleep.
Symptoms indicative of a dyssomnia sleep disorder may include difficulty falling asleep, intermittent awakenings during the night or waking up earlier than usual. As a result of the reduced or disrupted sleep, most patients do not feel well-rested and have less ability to perform during the day. In many cases, lifestyle habits have an impact on the disorder, including stress, physical pain or discomfort, napping during the day, bedtime or use of stimulants.
insomniaImage Credit: Sergey Mironov / Shutterstock.com
Dyssomnia sleep disorders
There are two main types of dyssomnia sleep disorders according to the origin or cause or the disorder: extrinsic and intrinsic. Both of these are covered in more detail below, in addition to general principles in the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders.
Extrinsic dyssomnias are sleep disorders that originate from external causes and may include:
• Insomnia
• Sleep apnea
• Narcolepsy
• Restless legs syndrome
• Periodic Limb movement disorder
• Hypersomnia
• Toxin-induced sleep disorder
• Kleine-Levin syndrome
Intrinsic dyssomnias are sleep disorders that originate from internal causes and may include:
• Altitude insomnia
• Substance use insomnia
• Sleep-onset association disorder
• Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia
• Limit-setting sleep disorder
Diagnosis of dyssomnia
The differential diagnosis between the types of dyssomnias usually begins with a consultation about the sleep history of the individual, including the onset, frequency and duration of sleep. Certain lifestyle habits, such as the consumption or alcohol or caffeine, or the use of illicit and prescription drugs may also have an impact. Any particular complaints regarding their sleep patterns should also be discussed.
Following this, examinations to determine physical susceptibilities and the mental status of the individual should take place. Some mental illnesses, such as insomnia or hypersomnia, have the potential to cause some types of dyssomnia. Likewise, disorders of the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, rheumatoid or endocrine system can also lead to a sleep disorder.
Laboratory tests may also be required to investigate the involvement of specific health conditions, such as hyperthyroidism or phaeochromocytoma, in causing the symptoms of sleep difficulty.
Sleep Disorders
Treatment of dyssomnia
There are two main treatment techniques to manage dyssomnia: psychological and pharmacological. These may be used alone, but are often used in combination to control symptoms of the disorder.
Psychological treatment techniques are the preferred first-line choice of treatment for primary sleep disorders, including discussion about sleep hygiene and implementing techniques to improve sleep. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common technique used to improve sleep in dyssomnia.
Pharmacological methods are most appropriate in acute circumstances, such as the presentation of sleep disorders in a time of grief. This may include the use of medication such as melatonin to alter the sleep cycle or other drugs to aid sleep at nighttime or increase alertness during the day. Bright light or dark therapy may also offer a benefit to adjust the body clock for individuals with circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
Further Reading
Last Updated: Feb 16, 2021
Yolanda Smith
Written by
Yolanda Smith
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• MLA
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Smith, Yolanda. "Dyssomnia Sleep Disorders". News-Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Dyssomnia-Sleep-Disorders.aspx. (accessed October 25, 2021).
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Smith, Yolanda. 2021. Dyssomnia Sleep Disorders. News-Medical, viewed 25 October 2021, https://www.news-medical.net/health/Dyssomnia-Sleep-Disorders.aspx.
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They say that some people are born leaders, but the truth is that anyone can hone their leadership skills even if they weren't "born" leaders. Some people are born with better abilities in certain areas that lend themselves to being a great leader, but that doesn't mean that these skills are impossible to learn or improve. Being confidant, brave, and being able to make hard decisions are a few of the traits of a good leader, but there's no one-size-fits-all way to describe a great leader because history has shown us many incredible leaders who have all had their own unique skill sets. Related: 6 Leadership Traits You (The Employee) Need To Develop On-The-Job If you want to improve your leadership skills, whether it's to help you get further ahead at work, or simply to improve other areas of your life, here are some tips and pieces of advice that will help you learn what it takes to be a great leader and you'll be well on your way! What better way to improve your skills than to model them after the best?
Examples Of Great Leaders
Contrary to the famous comedy sketch from Blackadder, there's a lot more to being a great leader than just shouting all the time. Let's take a look at a few examples of great leaders... Winston Churchill - What comes to mind when you think of Winston Churchill's leadership style is "tough love." Regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders in all of history, Winston Churchill knows what it's like to make a tough decision for the greater good of your people. Sir Richard Branson - Richard Branson is an example of the charismatic leader archetype. A successful businessman, he's the CEO of Virgin, which is a company that's known for making a big splash and disrupting things in any industry they've entered, from Cola to air travel to mobility and more. Wayne Gretzky - Regarded as the greatest hockey player of all time, Wayne Gretzky lead to Edmonton Oilers to many Stanley Cup victories, broke countless records, and always stayed classy and respectful. He shows the importance of leading by example.
The Habits Of Successful Leaders
Now that we've taken a look at a few notable leaders throughout history, what do they all have in common? As we discussed in the introduction, there are certain traits that many successful leaders possess, but along with those traits also come habits that they practice. Here's a look at some of those habits... A successful leader is always looking for ways to improve. They recognize that they're never perfect, and there's always room for improvement. A successful leader is always working to improve their craft. They listen to their people. The boss in the boardroom doesn't know what it's like on the floor first hand, that's why it's important for them to keep an ear to the ground and to always make sure their people feel comfortable approaching them with questions or concerns. They believe in themselves. If you don't believe in yourself, why should anyone that you're supposed to be leading? If the people you want to lead don't believe in you, then they won't follow you.
Final Thoughts On Improving Your Leadership Skills
Leaders aren't forged in libraries but rather in the battlefield. That is to say, leadership is something that you'll learn best through experience, however arming yourself with the right tools and perspective can be incredibly useful. Forget about "being born a great leader" because it takes time, experience and putting one's self to the test to truly forge a great leader - it's not as simple as either being born with it or not. We're all the product of our situations and experiences, but it's up to us to decide what we do with those hardships. Will you let hard times break you, or will you let them shape you into a great leader? That's a decision that all great leaders have had to face at one time or another. When the phone rings, will you be ready to answer the call? This post was originally published at an earlier date. Photo Credit: Shutterstock
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Attendees at a hearing of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights display photos of people who went missing while trying to cross the border from Mexico into the United States, Boulder, Colorado, Oct. 5, 2018 (AP photo by David Zalubowski).
How the Trump Administration Joined the Western Hemisphere’s Rogue Regimes
, Friday, Jan. 4, 2019
The Trump administration’s crackdown on immigrants and asylum-seekers has placed the United States in the same camp as the countries recently denounced by National Security Adviser John Bolton as the “troika of tyranny”—Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela. For years, those three countries have denounced or refused to participate in the proceedings of the Organization of American States’ inter-American human rights system when their own violations of democratic norms and human rights are under scrutiny. Over the past two years, the Trump administration has joined their ranks, ignoring or rebuffing the Western Hemisphere’s premier human rights body.
Since Trump’s inauguration, the OAS’ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, or IACHR, has heard a series of cases involving the Trump administration’s draconian immigration and refugee policies and another on detainees in Guantanamo Bay. In each of those hearings, the Trump administration’s attitude was all but identical to those of the Cuban, Nicaraguan or Venezuelan governments, as it either refused to appear before the commission or condemned the body and its authority. ...
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Alan Engler
Birthday: October 07, 1921
Family: George Engler & Lucy Weston
Occupation: Civil Engineer
Branch: Army
Unit: 147th Field Artillery
Post: Chief instrument and signal section
Alan and Robert Engler
Alan Engler
With friends in New Guinea.
Alan Engler was in the South Dakota National Guard before entering the war. After one year of college with the goal of becoming a math teacher, he was sent for training with the 147th field artillery. Because of his training in math, he was placed in the instrument section for the war, which means he didn't work directly on the guns. His job, which required a lot of math, was to receive information (like the type of target) and compute instructions for the people on the guns.
"In 1941 they decided that they were going to reinforce the Philippines, so we were put on a troop ship to go to the Philippines. And on the way to join our convoy we got propeller problems and they put us into Pearl Harbor to get repairs...and we pulled out of Pearl Harbor on Sunday morning November 30, 1941 which was exactly a week to the day (of Pearl Harbor)...we were a week out of Pearl Harbor when we heard it was bombed."
On board ship when they heard that Pearl Harbor was bombed he was in disbelief. "We couldn't believe that it could be happening because we were just there and we could see the number of ships and the number of airplanes flying overhead all the time. How any airplane could come in there and surprise them like was amazing to us that they could bomb that naval base and get away with it as much as they did...I have to consider myself very very lucky to have been in the right spot at the right time...somebody was looking after me evidently."
"We were in the convoy that was very slow... and so we all had to stay together of course...we kept going towards the Philippines even after we heard about the bombing." Within the week they got word that they could no longer get into the Philippines, it had already fallen to the Japanese." So, if I'd been a week earlier, I'd have been in the Philippines and all American soldiers were captured tin the Philippines, and if I'd been a week later, I'd have been right in the middle of Pearl Harbor...So, we went down to Australia...then they sent us up to Darwin which is in the very northern part of Australia...February 19,1942 they started bombing Darwin, and they'd bomb it everyday...
...In May they (the Japanese) got an invasion fleet ready to go into northern Australia, and we had by that time broken their code, and we found out that they were having this invasion force and we stopped them in the Coral Sea battle...they intended to invade Australia, and they could have just walked in because there were just very few American troops there." In fact, the only Australian troops there were home guards. Australia is nearly the size of the U.S., so a coastline that large is very hard to defend. "They could have gone in anywhere they wanted to without any problems."
He and the other men in this area suffered through very hot, tropical weather, and much rain. "Everyday during the winter it would rain, tropical downpour, then during the summer there was no rain whatsoever for six months."
They had landed in Darwin around the first of the year in 1942. After about six months they could see that they had stopped the Japanese and that they would no longer have to defend Northern Australia. They were then sent to an army camp in Eastern Australia, along with other troops that had started to arrive.
The Pacific Campaign was divided into two parts. Alan was in the 147th Field Artillery battalion that was attached to an infantry regiment from the Arizona National Guard. His battalion was comprised of about 500men, and the infantry regiment around 25,000. Altogether totaling about 30,000 men, it was a small combat team that would be attached to a division that needed help, or on smaller islands where a full division wasn't needed, they would go in by themselves.
The first island they entered was east of New Guinea. They took the island because of an airstrip located there. Luckily, the Japanese didn't defend the island very well, so it was taken easily.
"The next island we went into was near northern New Guinea. By that time the Japanese had taken most of New Guinea and it was decided that in order to get to the Philippines they had to take the rest of New Guinea and leap from there up to the Philippines...the problem with New Guinea is that it is the second largest island in the world...we'd take an airstrip, and then to defend it was the problem. You had no way of preventing the Japanese from coming around us through the jungle and then catching us from the rear.
On this island his job was a little more challenging than usual. "Ordinarily artillery doesn't have a problem because the infantry is ahead of us, so that they don't have infiltration of the enemy. But here the troops were strung along the beach lengthwise for maybe a mile, and the Japanese could come in from the jungle and strike us at any point along there, so we had quite a bit of problems with infiltration at night." Several men lost their lives when the Japanese would throw hand grenades at them.
One of the challenges Alan had to deal with was the climate. New Guinea lies immediately South of the equator that makes it extremely hot and humid with rain everyday, at night it would cool off so the men would be wet and cold. It would rain everyday, and at night it would cool off so they'd be wet and cold.
Everyone slept in foxholes in the mud because of course there weren't any beds. "When we'd move along...everybody would dig foxholes...usually three people to a would have to stay awake all the were lucky if you got any sleep. You were nervous of course, in fact you never knew when they were coming in, just on edge all the time." They fired throughout the entire night to try to surprise the Japanese.
While on the islands, Alan witnessed one of the most unfortunate accidents: " a kind of an exercise they decided to use the 503rd Paratroop Battalion that hadn't been used that in the Pacific just to reinforce our regiment and give them some training. They decided that they would parachute them in on the airstrip...we took the airstrip and then the planes with the paratroopers come in, the only problem is that they came in too low, and when they jumped the parachutes didn't have time to open fully. There was a lot of people hurt."
The jungle was filled with animals. "There were a lot of mosquitoes and people were coming down with malaria quite a bit because of the mosquitoes. There were lizards and scorpions, the scorpions were the worst...they'd get in your shoes and bite and cause problems." One time while by himself in the jungle, "I had just finished setting up my instruments, and walked over and I looked around. Here (I was) face to face was (with) a mountain lion. I stared at him and neither one of us knew what to do, and finally he ran off, fortunately."
Throughout the war he had some close calls, but was glad to be in the company of people that he knew, including his brother who was with him throughout the entire war. The people he was with shared similar ideas and methods. |
A/C condensers are usually located at the front of a radiator and are normally thin and made of aluminium. An AC condenser is a heat exchange system which serves a similar purpose as a Radiator in a vehicles A/C system, which is to release heat from the A/C system of a car.
Major Role
The major role of an A/C condenser is to release the heat that is generated by the A/C system during its normal operation. It accomplishes this in a similar way as a Radiator, and they work in conjunction with evaporators. Heat absorbed the A/C system by the evaporator is released to the atmosphere by the condenser.
Package Details
AC Condenser
Sold Separately
Inspected for holes and leaks before shipping Sold separately from the ac compressor
Part Description
A part of the A/C system similar to a radiator that cools the refrigerant as it turns from a gas back to a liquid. Usually mounted in front of the radiator. Other names: (Condenser). |
Can Mindfulness Lessen Unconscious Bias in the Workplace?
There's a lot of talk about the importance of diversity, inclusion, and belonging in the workplace—especially, as a business and moral imperative. To educate decision-makers and support more varied perspective and thinking in their organizations, many organizations look to Unconscious Bias Training to create change.
However, the value of these trainings is still under discussion. Based on what we know about brain networks and decision-making, we started to ask ourselves "What if these trainings were enriched with mindfulness practice?"
Even if we have close relationships with colleagues from different backgrounds and cultures—whether we’d like to believe it or not—unconscious biases are still running in our brains.
“Most people have them. Once we accepted that … it allows us to talk about these issues in a nonjudgmental way. What’s bad is not trying to understand what your unconscious biases are.”
Having these biases isn’t bad in itself—knowing you’re acting on them, and not doing anything to change one’s thinking or behavior, is the problem.
Hidden bias in the workplace unknowingly influences decisions such as: who is selected for an interview, who receives a promotion, and even who gets fired. Unconscious bias involves more than prejudices about race. It can involve just about anything, from gender to age, and include traits like height, weight, accents, medical conditions, pregnancy, marital status, and so much more.
We don’t want to be unfair or discriminatory at work—so why do we have these biases? And what can be done?
Why Do We Have Unconscious Biases?
Put simply, unconscious biases are a survival mechanism that helps our brains sift through large amounts of sensory information and influences our perceptions of people and situations, and how we behave in response.
Studies have found that biases often develop outside of our control. As we learn more about biases, psychologists have come to believe it’s a hard-wired aspect of our brain and behavior. Our ancient minds know that survival can be dependent on snap decisions, so biases support in making these decisions quickly—often without our knowing. We have so much information coming at us, it’s much easier for our minds to continue to follow what’s familiar, versus what is not.
Surprisingly, in a study conducted by MIT and the University of Chicago, researchers discovered that this even happens in companies attempting to incorporate diversity in hiring. One of the strategies making waves in the last few years is “blind hiring."
Companies are stripping the demographic information from resumes before hiring managers even see them. This technique helps hiring managers to judge applicants more objectively and reduces opportunities for bias to influence a hiring decision. But the issue is that unconscious biases extend well beyond hiring—affecting staff development, promotions, and retention. So how can we continue to remove bias in everything we do?
Can Mindfulness Practice Reduce Biases?
The practice of mindfulness creates more conscious, moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment. When we're mindful, we are “in the moment” and not thinking about the past or imagining what could happen in the future.
Let’s look at a few types of unconscious bias:
Correspondence Bias is when you see others’ actions as a character trait rather than a result of external influences. For example, we might judge a coworker’s failure to perform well while giving a presentation as their inability to speak well in public. In reality, it turns out they didn't get a good night’s sleep or have a serious personal issue impacting them. If you’re able to take a moment to remind yourself about this, you may open up a feedback session differently—allowing for a better conversation and relationship with your colleague. One study showed that participants who practiced a mindfulness exercise were less likely to suffer from correspondence bias.
Negativity Bias contributes to stress felt during interactions with those of another social group. We tend to be more attentive of this bias and react stronger to negative events than positive events in our lives. For example, research published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology shows that interacting with people from different social groups stresses us out, partly due to our fear of rejection. Studies have shown that mindful subjects actually feared rejection less,
Self-Positivity Bias is putting others down to make ourselves feel better. For example, we tend to believe if our boss is critical of a group project's results that their criticism is directed at other members of the group more so than at ourselves. If during a mindful moment you remember this, it may help you approach the team more positively, or take more ownership of the project's unresolved issues. Research has asserted that mindfulness helps to foster a strong sense of self while simultaneously increasing empathy
even in a subject group with low self-esteem. Still, other and caring for those in different social situations.
Mindfulness can help you with awareness of the biases—but you ultimately choose what to do that understanding.
Actively Combatting Bias
Understanding what’s going on underneath the surface, for ourselves and others, is the first step in overcoming bias. It's also a fundamentally mindful practice.
Before reacting to a situation, we can ask ourselves if we are relying on any preconceived notions. Building our self-awareness and making an effort to be on the lookout for biases will make us less likely to react from a place of instinct and stress. Perhaps this is why it is no surprise that people who practice mindfulness “activate” their associations less often than those who do not.
If you're a business leader looking to build a mindfulness practice into your workplace's culture or team, be sure to check out Wise@Work Communities, a turnkey mindfulness program designed for the workplace that creates sustainable behavior change by encouraging the practice of mindfulness in weekly, 30-minute trainings.
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Meghna Majmudar
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Scientists Use Stem Cells to Build Mouse Embryo in Petri Dish
petri dish embryo with beating heart is a step toward technology for organ replacement
By Jonny Lupsha, Current Events Writer
Scientists have grown a mouse embryo, including a beating heart, in a Petri dish. Earlier attempts lacked the full variety of tissues and cell types found in naturally grown embryos. Stem cell technology has been developing rapidly.
Scientist in laboratory holding petri dish
Stem cell therapy, known as regenerative medicine, serves to repair damaged tissue by replacing it with healthy stem cells grown to become replacement tissue. Photo By Alexander Raths / Shutterstock
Humanity has yet to develop fully functioning organs in a lab, but science took a large step toward that goal, recently. A mouse embryo that includes a beating heart has been grown from stem cells in a Petri dish. The embryo in question won’t grow to be a living mouse, since it lacks other major organs like a brain. However, it marks considerable progress toward producing functional replacement organs for humans in a dish, without the need for transplants from another human.
Stem cell technology continues to progress at a rapid pace. In his video series Understanding Genetics: DNA, Genes, and Their Real-World Applications, Dr. David Sadava, Adjunct Professor of Cancer Cell Biology at the City of Hope Medical Center, explained why.
Trouble with Transplants
“There is a need for new cells in medicine to replace cells that are damaged,” Dr. Sadava said. “For example, in a heart attack, the heart muscle is damaged; there’s often permanent damage to the heart muscle. In the brain, Parkinson’s disease and other diseases result from a lack of functional cells.”
According to Dr. Sadava, in diabetes—especially type 1 diabetes—the pancreas is damaged. The pancreas produces insulin, and if it’s damaged it can’t produce it, and its insulin must be replaced from another source. Finally, muscles in the musculoskeletal system tear or break and must be repaired. In summary, there are many types of organ damage, resulting in many people on waiting lists for organ transplants while there are limited sources of organ donation.
“The second problem relating to transplanting organs is that the immune system ultimately will reject the transplant as non-self,” Dr. Sadava said. “A person who gets an organ transplant has to take immunosuppressive drugs to keep that organ there as long as possible.”
Stem cell transplants, on the other hand, can replace failing cells and pass the immune system’s rigorous inspections. And they already happen every day.
Stem Cells ‘R Us
When a patient undergoes cancer radiation therapy and chemotherapy, their bone marrow is damaged. This includes all dividing cells, including stem cells, inside the bone marrow. When this happens, the patient becomes severely anemic and very immunocompromised. They stop producing red blood cells and only produce very limited white blood cells.
“If the patient’s bone marrow is removed before therapy and stored, literally, in a refrigerator, this bone marrow has enough stem cells to form the new blood cells when they are returned after therapy,” Dr. Sadava said. “These stem cells are called pluripotent—they can give rise to all the red and white blood cells.”
According to Dr. Sadava, bone marrow also contains other stem cells. These other stem cells don’t form blood but they form the tissues around the blood, such as blood vessels, muscle, and bone.
Stem cells are already being used in medicine. Scientists regularly make new strides in developing them to replace our own failing cells.
Edited by Angela Shoemaker, The Great Courses Daily
About Jonny Lupsha, News Writer 913 Articles |
The Ohio Dry Campaign of 1917
Campaign Advertisements Prohibition Pages Contents
Ohio was a very closely contested state in the national campaign to eradicate the liquor traffic by declaring illegal the businesses of manufacturing, distributing, and selling alcoholic beverages. Ohio was the birthplace of both the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (1874) and the Anti-Saloon League (1893). The WCTU brought a special zeal to the prohibition effort in the 1880s, failing to achieve state-wide dry legislation but disturbing Ohio political life nevertheless. The Anti-Saloon League later (and with the help of the WCTU) promoted the issue in a non-partisan manner, pressuring politicians to enact dry legislation. The League and its allies were successful in achieving various local option measures (laws that allowed voters of a ward or a township to declare themselves free of the liquor traffic) and, in 1908, in achieving a law that granted counties the authority to outlaw the liquor traffic.
Although prohibition was a popular reform in the state, the issue deeply divided Ohioans. In 1909, witnessing the success of the League in achieving county option legislation, and fearing that it might achieve state-wide prohibition, the brewers organized a counter-attack. Beer had become the largest single source of beverage alcohol in the United States during the 1880s, and the brewing industry was the most profitable of the liquor trades. Persons of German ancestry dominated the American brewing industry, and they worked closely with the German-American Alliance, an organization popular in German-American communities. The brewers had always supplied lobbyists and campaign funds to thwart the prohibitionists. In 1909 the Ohio brewers decided to try to reform their industry, to reduce the number of saloons in the state dramatically, and to have legislation enacted that would ensure that saloon keepers were citizens of "good character." Led by Percy Andreae, the Ohio brewers used their ample financial resources and political skills to conduct a propaganda campaign to countervail that of the drys, and to mobilize wets in support of measures that would weaken the dry hold in the state's politic
The result was that after 1910 the Anti-Saloon League encountered stiff opposition in the state's legislature. The drys could, however, try to achieve state-wide prohibition through the referendum. The Ohio Constitution permitted citizens to petition to have amendments placed on the ballot for decision directly by the voters. In campaigning for state-wide prohibition through the referendum, League leaders knew they could count on only about 400,000 voters (of a total well over 1,000,000) to support prohibition. Nevertheless, the League leaders believed they had little choice but to push referendum campaigns if they were going to achieve state-wide prohibition in Ohio. Although the brewers and their wet allies could outspend the drys, the drys hoped to make up the deficit through the righteousness of their cause and the resulting reform zeal. After about 1910 public opinion across the nation seemed to be turning in favor of prohibition. The League believed that conducting referendum campaigns in Ohio would educate the public futher to the virtues of prohibition.
we-rob.gif (4257 bytes) The League engineered referendums in 1915 and 1917, which it lost. The League was finally victorious in 1918, narrowly winning a state-wide victory. In 1917 and 1918, James A. White, the Superintendent of the Ohio Anti-Saloon League, organized an "Ohio Dry Federation" to mobilize all of the state's temperance and prohibition groups, including the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. In 1917 the Federation budgeted $450,000 for the campaign, and in 1918, $500,000, enormous sums for the day. The advertisements that you will see were part of that expenditure.
The broadsides we are providing were for publication in the state's newspapers. Many of them contain patriotic references to the mobilization for the First World War. Although nationally political sentiment had clearly developed in support of a prohibition amendment to the federal constitution before the United States declared war in 1917, the Ohio Dry Federation propagandists were looking for every advantage to win over a majority of the state's voters.
Persons interested in more details of this story may wish to consult Organized for Prohibition: A New History of the Anti-Saloon League (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985) by K. Austin Kerr. |
Close up on faucet dripping water
The water heater is often underappreciated despite it accounting for a huge chunk of your energy bill. All the same, there have been a lot of innovations in hot water technology some of which can reduce your utility bills significantly and are environmentally friendly. Here are four of the most notable technologies in water heating:
Sacrificial anode rod
This device is a key component in your water heating system and among the leading innovations in hot water technology. This metal rod is made of either aluminum or magnesium and extends through the interior of your tank. It is known as a sacrificial rod because it works to extend the life of your water heater by using an electrochemical process to attract limestone, iron, and other compounds that are present in water so that they do not corrode your tank. Often, manufacturers recommend inspection of this anode every three years and its subsequent replacement when it shows more than 50% decay. You are required to change this rod often if your household uses hard water or a water softener. Replacement is a pretty simple activity that does not require any specialized skills. This advantage makes this rod a sound investment.
Power-venting technology
While shopping for a heater at any water heater company, you may have come across a power vent heater at some point. But, what does the term power vent mean? This is a technology that allows your water heater to expel harmful combustion gases. It is common knowledge that gas water heaters tend to produce harmful chemicals, in this case, you can use this technology to vent these emissions using a flu system. Traditional vents are reliant on convention, a process where hot air rises to expel harmful gases through vertical flu.
Powered vents are advanced and use a blower instead to cool the exhaust system to push emissions horizontally out of the vents. The ability of these vents to cool the exhaust allows the usage of PVC pipes in place of metal ones which adds longevity to your venting system. The other advantage of these vents is that they are not powered by electricity hence you do not need to rely on metal ductwork which may sometimes cause leakage. If the leakage has already happened, then you should be aware of the damage it can cause to the interior and exterior of your house, the best solution would be to call a contractor to renovate the siding of the house, or if you live on a rented space then contact your property management company and let them know about the issue.
Self-cleaning tank
You need to flush your water heater at least every six months or one year. Given how busy life gets, it can be difficult to remember to do it. However, with modern self-cleaning heaters, you do not need to worry about this task. A self-cleaning tank is designed with a dip tube that runs from top to bottom which functions to stir up the water. The goal is to prevent the settling of sediments at the bottom of the tank. Stirred-up sediments are expelled when you turn on your hot water tap, a practice that reduces bottom build-up. If you use on-demand heaters in your kitchen, this self-cleaning tank is ideal for you. However, you may need softeners in your bathroom to minimize the effects of hard water on your skin. In case you didn't know, sediments tend to reduce the effectiveness of your water heater but when you use this tank, you extend the life of your heater!
Solar-powered heating systems
The solar heating system is also a major innovation in hot water technology. In the last decade, the solar hot water system was ineffective as it was prone to leakage, thanks to advances in technology, it has improved greatly. The simplest system is made of black pipes that are filled with water and covered by a glass box. They are set up in such a way that the sun heats the box and causes convection which heats the water.
However, this technology cannot provide you with "usable" water as the system is closed. The beauty of this innovation is that your water can still be heated even during winter. The latest brand in solar heating has both active and passive variations. An active system has equipment that will take up solar energy and convert it to electricity or hot water while a passive system has devices that will only optimize the use of the sun’s energy directly. Despite being around for a while, the usage of solar is expanding as the universe calls for the use of clean energy!
The water heating sector continues to experience tremendous growth as new developments are launched often. The sacrificial anode rod, power venting technology, self-cleaning, and solar heating heaters are just the tip of the iceberg. You can adopt any of these innovations to cater to any of your heating needs!
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Crash diet principles
The basis of extreme nutrition systems is the principle of a critical reduction in the number of calories consumed. Following a crash diet, you need to limit the daily number of calories consumed as much as possible. It does not matter in what way the daily calorie reduction will be carried out (by the use of the limited number of food products, portion sizes, etc), the main thing is that the calorie intake of the food consumed does not exceed 800 kcal per day. In other words, any of the crash diets is a strict diet for quick weight loss.
These methods include:
• mono-diets;
• vegan and super vegan nutritional systems;
• diets that require the use of a minimum set of simple foods (2-3);
• weight loss techniques – based on reducing the number of meals and the size of a portion (for example, “5 tablespoons”);
• drinking diet, etc.
Method Lyle McDonald
One of the most popular crash diets is considered as a diet system for rapid weight loss, developed by the famous American nutritionist, sports physiologist Lyle MacDonald. This is a low-carb extreme diet, the rigidity, and duration of which are calculated according to a special table, based on the category to which an overweight person belongs. There are 3 such categories, depending on the amount of fat on the body.
The main principles of the technique:
1. Interchangeable nutrients are completely excluded from the diet, that is, those that the human body can synthesize itself are fast carbohydrates;
2. Essential nutrients must be ingested with food. These are proteins and omega-3 fatty acids;
3. Fast carbohydrates should be replaced with slow carbohydrates (rice, oatmeal) and fiber (non-starchy vegetables, unsweetened fruits, and legumes);
4. The amount of protein per day is calculated according to a special table, based on lean muscle mass;
5. As a required portion of fat, Lyle MacDonald recommends taking 6 g of fish oil or a tablespoon of flaxseed oil daily;
6. 1-2 liters of cold water must be drunk every day to stimulate metabolic processes;
7. Do not forget about electrolytes: sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium salts. They need to be constantly obtained with food or as part of mineral supplements;
8. You need to take food 3-6 times a day according to your routine.
Benefits and harm of crash diets
From a medical point of view, it becomes obvious that crash diets rather harm the body than improve it. It will help to lose a large amount of excess fat in an extremely short period, but no one knows what such a rush in weight loss can lead to. Such food systems severely limit the body in getting useful micronutrients that are not able to replace even by multivitamin complexes.
How to create a daily menu?
The crash diet according to the method of losing weight should be based on your eating habits. For example, if you are going to lose weight on a yeast-free system, you will have to give up all the flour products you ate before. You can eat meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, low-fat dairy products. It would be much better if you cook, stew, bake, or steam dishes with a minimum amount of oil. If you choose, for example, a yogurt diet, the basis of your diet in the next two weeks should be non-fat natural yogurt, vegetables, fruits, and a little brown bread.
Would you take a chance of following a crash diet?
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Our Chicago dental patients often suffer from sleep apnea, insomnia, chronic snoring and other sleep disorders. Your Chicago dentist Dr. John Kelly offers Chicago sleep apnea sufferers the latest tools and techniques to help normalize sleep patterns and improve life for his patients.
Uncover Hidden Sleep Disorders. Answer Our Questionnaire!
Chicago sleep apnea sufferers are part of the 12 to 18 million Americans who have moderate to severe sleep apnea. The consequences are much more than running tired or having a lack of energy for normal activities. They can include hypertension, stomach reflux, heart attacks, frequent sicknesses, diabetes, impotence, depression, and weight gain. People with sleep apnea also struggle to function during the day, falling asleep at the wheel, and experiencing irritability, loss of concentration, impaired school or work performance, marital problems and fatigue.
What is Sleep Apnea Chicago?
For people with sleep apnea, their upper airway becomes narrowed or blocked periodically during sleep. That keeps air from reaching the lungs. Breathing then stops for seconds to over a minute until the muscles pull hard enough to overcome the obstruction, often in the throat, causing them to cough or choke and then breathe. This stressful event can happen hundreds of times during the night. You do not always wake up but instead it can move a person from a deep sleep to a light sleep, when breathing resumes. So Chicago sleep apnea sufferers may have enough hours in the bed yet not have recovery sleep, leaving them to struggle during the day physically. If this keeps occurring nightly, the body will slowly erode in health physiologically.
Testing for Chicago Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by a reduction or pause of breathing (airflow) during sleep. It is common among adults but rare among children. Although a diagnosis of sleep apnea often will be suspected on the basis of a person’s medical history, there are several tests that can be used to confirm the diagnosis. Apneas are usually measured during sleep (preferably in all stages of sleep) over a 2-hour period. An apnea is a period of time during which breathing stops or is markedly reduced. It occurs when a person stops breathing completely, or takes less than 25% of a normal breath, for a period that lasts 10 seconds or more. A 4% drop in oxygen in the blood also indicates sleep apnea as it is a direct result of the reduction in the transfer of oxygen into the blood when breathing stops.
Sleep Apnea Treatment Chicago with Your Chicago Dentist
The treatment of sleep apnea can be either surgical or nonsurgical. As part of his Chicago dental practice, your Chicago dentist Dr. Kelly uses a variety of custom airway orthotics depending on the type and severity of the sleep apnea problem. They are comfortable, easy to use and very effective.
Make an appointment with your Chicago dentist today.
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In 1991, after the first Gulf War, the Marsh Arabs of southern Iraq rose up against the Hussein government, with U.S. encouragement. The rebellion failed; in retaliation the government embarked on a massive water diversion project to drain the wetlands. In 1970 the wetlands covered nearly 11,000 square kilometers; today they cover fewer than a thousand. The Marsh Arabs whose ancestors had lived in the wetlands for five thousand years were forced to flee; many died. The drainage of the wetlands was a deliberate and calculated act of genocide and ecocide. At the time, Iraq was a party to several international agreements that made its acts illegal. The various environmental treaties to which Iraq was a party and customary international law regarding transboundary environmental harm provide little recourse for the Marsh Arabs, although they may provide the basis for claims to be pursued by neighboring states. Of the other treaties to which Iraq is a party, the Genocide Convention most clearly prohibits acts such as those committed by the Iraqi government against the Marsh Arabs. Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions addresses individual murders and extrajudicial killings of Marsh Arabs, but probably does not address the problem of the destruction of the wetlands as a whole. The Covenants on Economic and Cultural Rights and Civil and Political Rights provide similar protections, and provide that a people may not be deprived of its means of subsistence, as the Marsh Arabs have been. Treaties to which Iraq is not a party address the specific problem of environmental modification used in war or as an instrument of persecution of an ethnic group. ENMOD and the Rome Statute prohibit environmental warfare of the type engaged in by Iraq, but it is unlikely that the provisions of either have been accepted as custom in the practice of states. Protocols I and II to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, however, are probably expressions of customary international law, and may even express jus cogens or non-derogable norms. Of these, Protocol I addresses environmental harm far more directly. Under Protocol I, the Iraqi government’s action against the southern Mesopotamian wetlands was illegal because its effects were widespread, long-lasting, and severe, and because it was a prohibited reprisal against the natural environment.
Environmental Law | Human Rights Law | International Law | Military, War, and Peace
Date of this Version
August 2003 |
Phobia Wiki
Chionophobia (from Greek chiōn, "snow" & phobos, "fear") is the fear of snow. The cause of this phobia is commonly the result of a traumatic childhood experience involving snow, like getting injured while playing in the snow. For adults, this fear is often caused by traffic accident when driving through snow. Another, more physiological cause is looking at bright white snow causing eye pain. Chionophobia can even be developed from aquaphobia (fear of water), since snow is frozen water. It is considered a branch of pagophobia (fear of ice or frost) since snow is a form of ice.
Common symptoms of chionophobia include sweating, trembling, dread or panic, fast heartrate, difficulty breathing, crying, screaming, fainting, sensing mind loss, and urging to flee or hide. Claustrophobia and taphophobia, fear of being trapped or buried alive, are phobia symptoms of chionophobia because people can get trapped in the car during the accident or buried in the snow caused by avalanche or even deliberately buried by playmates. Other phobias associated with chionophobia are fear of falling down, fear of injury, and frigoriphobia (fear of cold weather).
Sufferers of chionophobia would try to stay indoors at all times throughout the winter, let alone avoid driving, sledding, skiing, building snowman and snowcastle, and snowfight. Some would even avoid seeing snow falling or on the ground by having their window shades closed. Many sufferers would check the weather forecast for any upcoming snowstorm.
Chionophobia can be treated by themselves by realizing that snow is water, a common winter occurrence and is part of the life, and often beautiful and not scary to see. If a person couldn't conquer fear themselves, they should seek professional help.
In the 2006 film First Snow, Jimmy Starks (Guy Pearce) got chionophobia after learning that a fortune teller can only predict his future until the first snowfall of winter. As a result, he panicked after prediction was right and was killed soon after death anxiety kicked in.
See also[]
Weather phobias |
12 Habits that damage your brain
Habits that damage your brain
When it comes to our health, we usually think about our bodies through our minds. We often place our attention on other parts of the body while overlooking the brain, which controls all bodily activities. Some of your day-to-day routines are wreaking havoc on your mind. In this article, we will be focusing on 12 Habits that damage your brain.
1. Consuming too much sugar
These include brain damage to the things we already associate with a high sugar intake, like type 2 diabetes, dental cavities, and obesity. So, you may be asking, how does taking too much candy affects your brain? Taking sugar in excessive amounts for a long period of time messes with the body’s ability to absorb proteins and nutrients. This might consequently lead to malnutrition, which deters brain development.
This happens because the body lacks enough nutrients in the bloodstream and therefore is unable to deliver sufficient nutrients to the brain, which then deters its growth and development. Eating too many sweets can damage your memory and ability to think, so sticking to alternatives like anti-oxidant-rich sweets like dark chocolate and raspberries would be a much better choice for both your brain and your waistline.
2. Not getting enough sleep
Insufficient sleep is a huge problem for many busy professionals. Depriving oneself of sleep can also cause the death of brain cells, which slows down your thinking, impairs your memory, concentration, judgment, decision making, and hinders learning. This results in several issues, such as extreme daytime drowsiness, depression, and impaired memory. Recent studies reveal that not getting enough sleep can actually decrease the size of your brain.
The hippocampus is the part of the brain that suffers when you don’t get enough sleep. Even a single night of inadequate sleep can interfere with the brain’s ability to recall new information. A number of studies have shown that the brain cleanses itself of toxins only during the sleep cycle.
3. Playing loud music with earphones or headphones
People naturally tend to crank up the volume. It makes the music sound more fun and immersive. If you’re constantly listening to music at a very high volume with your earphones or headphones, it can damage your hearing. Hearing loss in older people is connected to brain problems such as loss of brain tissue and Alzheimer’s.
When your brain has to make an extra effort to understand what someone’s saying it can’t store what you’ve heard into memory. So, protect your hearing by adjusting the volume of your earphones for it’s a great way to preserve your hearing and permits your brain to function better.
Headphonestee.com suggested one test to ensure your volume is not too loud. The digital headphone magazine recommends that one should take off their headphones keeping them at your preferred volume and then hold them out in front of you at an arm’s length if you can hear the music clearly then you should try turning it down and repeating the process. They also said that you should aim to take regular breaks throughout the day to give your ears enough time to relax.
4. Skipping breakfast
Many people choose to skip breakfast probably because they’re on a diet or to save time. Not many people know that missing breakfast could damage your brain. The body needs enough nutrients after a good night’s sleep and so skipping breakfast denies the brain of these essential nutrients.
A Japanese study of over 80 000 subjects over a period of 15 years revealed that participants who frequently skipped breakfast increased their chances of having a stroke and high blood pressure. Another study showed that children who took breakfast on a regular basis perform much better in school than those who don’t.
Skipping breakfast lowers blood glucose levels which adversely affects the brain’s functioning. So, before you leave your house in the morning, remember to have a bite to eat.
5. Eating too much food
Over-indulging in food makes us gain weight, feel bloated, and increases our chances of having life-threatening diseases. But one fact that you might be unaware of is that it can also do serious damage to your brain. It hardens the brain’s arteries hence harming our mental capacities.
Studies have shown that a prolonged high-calorie diet can in fact increase a person’s risk of developing memory loss or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) later in life. A study published in the journal neurology in 2012 examined 6 000 people who were 50 years old on average. The same participants were examined a decade later, and the ones who were overweight had a 22% higher deterioration of their cognitive functions as compared to their slimmer counterparts.
6. Sleeping with your head under the cover
Oxygen is very essential for normal brain functioning. The less air you inhale, the poorer your brain functions. A situation you create where you breathe in less than 20.95 % of oxygen is when you sleep with a blanket or comforter over your head. Is it all warm and cozy when you bury yourself under the covers? Certainly.
Does it help to decrease the annoying effects of too much lighter sound first thing in the morning? Of course, it does. But it will result in an elevated intake of carbon dioxide which means you’re increasing the risk of damaging your brain cells.
7. Multitasking
You’ve probably heard that multitasking has a negative effect on your productivity. It turns out that doing this also scrambles your brain and makes you less effective. A neurologist at MIT and one of the world’s experts when it comes to divided attention, Earl Miller said that our brains are not wired to multitask well.
When people think they’re multitasking they’re actually switching from one activity to the other really quick. And every time they do there’s a cognitive cost. The habit of multitasking also increases the stress hormone cortisol as well as the fight-or-flight hormone adrenaline which can overstimulate your brain and can cause mental fog or scrambled thinking.
Researchers at Stanford University have discovered that people who are bombarded with multiple streams of digital information regularly have more pronounced problems recalling information and paying attention when compared to people who complete one activity at a time.
8. Inadequate water intake
The body is made up of approximately 70% of water, so it’s vital to every bodily function including brain function. When your brain is functioning on a full reserve of water, you will be able to think faster, be more focused, and experience greater clarity and creativity.
Water is also essential for delivering nutrients to the brain and for eliminating toxins. When the brain is fully hydrated, the exchange of nutrients and toxins will be more efficient- thus ensuring better concentration and mental alertness. The effect dehydration has on the brain is almost immediate with researchers saying that even two hours of intense exercise without water cause a cognitive decline.
Studies also show that dehydration had the most impact on functions like complex problem-solving, coordination, and attention. The brain needs sufficient water to think faster and focus better. So, it’s very important that you stay hydrated all the time. Drinking water benefits both your body and brain enabling them to function better.
9. Smoking
This is most likely the most harmful habit that indulging in it has on your brain. Smoking not only causes lung diseases, or even heart disease but also has a lot of negative effects on your brain. Smoking damages cell membranes and neural viability in certain areas of the brain that manage balance, coordination, and both fine and gross motor skills.
Not only that, but it also thins the cortex where processes such as language, memory, and perception occur. It can also lead to problems like dementia, Alzheimer’s, and maybe even death. Smoking excessively causes neuroinflammation indirectly, which can cause an autoimmune disorder known as Multiple Sclerosis or MS
10. Consuming Alcohol
Alcohol begins affecting a person’s brain the moment it enters the Bloodstream. For someone who’s healthy, the liver quickly filters the alcohol, helping the body get rid of it. However, when someone drinks excessively, the liver cannot filter the alcohol fast enough, and this trigger immediate changes in the brain; often known as getting drunk. Alcohol causes chemical imbalances when consumed for longer periods of time in larger quantities.
Brain volume also decreases due to chronic alcohol intake. There are some subtle differences in how brain damage occurs in men and women, but regardless of gender loss of brain matter increases with age and the amount of alcohol consumed. More than two units a day for men and one unit a day for ladies is considered excess alcohol.
11. Working when sick
If you ever need an excuse to get out of work, well here’s one. We often fall sick when we’re overworked. If you continue working during an illness, it’s bound to take a toll on the brain’s efficiency and this only adds to the stress. A certain study showed that participants who had developed a cold reported less alertness, more negative moods, and sluggish thinking.
The second round of tests also revealed that they reacted slowly and were slower at learning new information and completing tasks dealing with verbal reasoning and semantic processing. When we’re sick the body and the brain are already working overtime to cope with the infection. Working while sick only adds to the burden so take a break, relax and get better.
12. Not Exercising
Exercise affects the brain immediately. It increases your heart rate, which pumps more oxygen to the brain. It also helps in the bodily release of a number of hormones, all of which participate in aiding and providing a conducive environment for the growth of brain cells.
Exercising is also known to decrease stress levels in the body and also increases mobility and make you more flexible. If you don’t exercise enough, your mobility and motor skills begin to decline in one way or another. studies also show that exercise helps to keep us younger by releasing endorphins which are happy hormones.
All in all, exercise strengthens your heart and your lungs, not just the brain. If you’re concerned with the well-being of your brain and the quality of your thinking either now or in the future you need to learn to take care of your brain.
A healthy lifestyle is always recommended, and keeping your brain healthy should be your top priority. The brain’s neuroplasticity ensures that you do not remain the same throughout—you will either end up creating new pathways and improvements in your mind, or your brain will shrink to accommodate the lack of efforts to discover new things and think. As a result, it is critical to keep your brain healthy, happy, and strong at all times.
A few changes to the way you’re living your life could go a long way in boosting your memory, learning, mental resilience, and the health of your brain overall.
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In the average home, hidden water leaks lose approximately 10,000 gallons of water a year, and in one in ten, severe leaks can waste up to 90 gallons a day and hundreds of dollars, making plumbing leak detection something homeowners should practice as part of their regular home maintenance.
Many leaks, such as running toilets or dripping faucets, can usually be fixed easily at little cost, but some more serious issues, such as a leaky hot water tank or boiler, are best handled by a professional plumber.
The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 1 trillion gallons of water are lost to leaks each year and encourages plumbing leak detection through its annual Fix a Leak Week in March.
To observe Fix a Leak Week, we are sharing some plumbing leak detection tips that can be passed along to your residents.
Signs of a hidden water leak include:
• Low water pressure when using the shower or bath – turn all the fixtures off, then turn one back on. If the pressure is higher than normal, that means a potential leak.
• The boiler or hot water heater are constantly running, have wet patches or water stains around them or are making a hissing noise.
• There are wet, swampy patches in the lawn that don’t disappear even on the driest and hottest of days, or a strip of grass seems unusually lush and green.
• Mold; stains; bubbling or peeling paint or wallpaper; yellow or brown stains; soft spots on walls and flooring; buckling, cracking, warping or peeling; discoloration and musty or bad smells are all signs of water damage and a hidden water leak.
• The sound of water dripping or running when there shouldn’t be any.
Find hidden water leaks by:
• Monitoring the water bill to understand what the average usage is; a jump will indicate a leak. Utilities may offer online account access or a mobile app that allows customers to monitor it more closely. The average family of four uses approximately 12,000 gallons a month.
• Reading the water meter, then avoiding using any water in the home for 20 minutes before reading the meter again. If it moves, there is a leak. To determine whether it’s in the house or in the service line, use the shut off valve to the home and wait another 20 minutes. If the meter continues to spin, there is a water service line leak. If not, it is in the in-home plumbing.
• A running toilet won’t cause damage, but it will hurt a homeowner’s wallet. Find the hidden water leak by putting a few drops of food dye into the tank and waiting for 10 minutes. If there is dye in the bowl, there is a leak.
• Periodically checking the fittings, valves and hoses on appliances like washers, refrigerators or dishwashers that require water and may vibrate enough to loosen them.
• Look for signs of corrosion, mineral buildup or moisture around pipe joints and fittings.
Although plumbing leak detection should definitely be part of a homeowner’s regular schedule, leaks aren’t the only ways to lose – if homeowners aren’t practicing water conservation, they may be paying a higher bill than necessary.
There are several easy ways to conserve water:
• When replacing a fixture or appliance, consider WaterSense-labeled, water-efficient products.
• Only use the washer or dishwasher when it is full.
• Turn off the tap when brushing teeth or washing hands.
• When washing dishes, fill the sink instead of letting the water run continuously.
• Wash vegetables in a bowl instead of under running water.
• Take showers instead of baths.
• Install faucet aerators and a toilet dam if the toilet isn’t low-flow.
• Only water the lawn once a week and plants when they need it. Adding mulch helps plants retain moisture and go longer between watering.
• Consider using a screened rain barrel to collect water for outside use while preventing mosquitos.
With some behavioral changes and knowing what to look out for, your residents can help your community conserve water. However, there may be some residents who are putting off addressing plumbing issues because they can’t afford to have them repaired. The financial shock of an unexpected plumbing repair could be putting a drain on your residents’ wallets and your water system.
A partnership with ServLine can change all that. ServLine, backed by two “A” rated insurance companies, will insure your utility against customer water loss while also offering your customers a repair solution. ServLine also will hand all leak-related calls, claims and questions, reducing your office staff’s workload. To find out more about how we can help you, contact us. |
The New Standard For Recovery
Stages of Change
Home / Stages of Change
In the Stages of Change or “Transtheoretical Model”, change is a process involving progress through a series of stages. These stages utilize a combination of the most effective techniques to achieve higher rates of success in addiction recovery.
The six stages of change are as follows:
• Precontemplation – people are not intending to take action in the foreseeable future, and are most likely unaware that their behavior is problematic;
• Contemplation – people are beginning to recognize that their behavior is problematic, and start to look at the pros and cons of their continued actions;
• Preparation – people are intending to take action in the immediate future, and may begin taking small steps towards change;
• Action – people have made specific overt modifications in their life style, and positive change has occurred;
• Maintenance – people are working to prevent relapse, a stage which can last indefinitely;
• Termination – individuals have zero temptation and 100% self-efficacy… they are sure they will not return to their old unhealthy habit as a way of coping;
In addition, the researchers conceptualized “relapse” (recycling) which is not a stage in itself but rather the “return” from action or maintenance to an earlier stage. stages of change Stage details
Stage 1: Precontemplation (Not Ready) People at this stage do not intend to start the healthy behavior in the near future (within 6 months), and may be unaware of the need to change. People here learn more about healthy behavior: they are encouraged to think about the Pros of changing their behavior and to feel emotions about the effects of their negative behavior on others. Precontemplators typically underestimate the Pros of changing, overestimate the Cons, and often are not aware of making such mistakes. These individuals are encouraged to become more mindful of their decision making and more conscious of the multiple benefits of changing an unhealthy behavior.
Stage 2: Contemplation (Getting Ready) At this stage, participants are intending to start the healthy behavior within the next 6 months. While they are usually now more aware of the Pros of changing, their Cons are about equal to their Pros. This ambivalence about changing can cause them to keep putting off taking action. People here learn about the kind of person they could be if they changed their behavior and learned more from people who behave in healthy ways. They’re encouraged to work at reducing the Cons of changing their behavior.
Stage 3: Preparation (Ready) People at this stage are ready to start taking action within the next 30 days. They take small steps that they believe can help them make the healthy behavior a part of their lives. For example, they tell their friends and family that they want to change their behavior. People in this stage are encouraged to seek support from friends they trust, tell people about their plan to change the way the act, and think about how they would feel if they behaved in a healthier way. Their number one concern is—when they act, will they fail? They learn that the better prepared they are the more likely they are to keep progressing.
Stage 4: Action People at this stage have changed their behavior within the last 6 months, and need to work hard to keep moving ahead. These participants need to learn how to strengthen their commitments to change and to fight urges to slip back. People in this stage are taught techniques for keeping up their commitments such as substituting activities related to the unhealthy behavior with positive ones, rewarding themselves for taking steps toward changing, and avoiding people and situations that tempt them to behave in unhealthy ways.
Stage 5: Maintenance People at this stage changed their behavior more than 6 months ago. It is important for people in this stage to be aware of situations that may tempt them to slip back into doing the unhealthy behavior—particularly stressful situations. It is recommended that people in this stage seek support from and talk with people whom they trust, spend time with people who behave in healthy ways, and remember to engage in alternative activities to cope with stress instead of relying on unhealthy behavior.
stages of change
Processes of change The ten (10) processes of change are covert and overt activities that people use to progress through the stages. To progress through the early stages, people apply cognitive, affective, and evaluative processes. As people move toward maintenance or termination, they rely more on commitments, conditioning, contingencies, environmental controls, and support. Prochaska and colleagues state that their research related to the Transtheoretical Model suggests that interventions to change behavior are more effective if they are “stage-matched,” that is, matched to each individual’s stage of change.
Precontemplation to Contemplation
Consciousness Raising Increasing information about self and problem: observations, confrontations, interpretations, and bibliotherapy. Both Dramatic Relief/Emotional Arousal and Environmental Re-Evaluation can be thought of as sub-techniques of Consciousness raising.
Dramatic Relief or Emotional Arousal Experiencing and expressing feelings about one’s problems and solutions: role playing, “stages” of grieving, etc. Environmental Re-Evaluation Assessing social and physical impacts of behavior: empathy training and documentaries.
Contemplation to Preparation Some sources place emotional arousal in this phase.
Self-Reevaluation Assessing feeling and thoughts about self with respect to the target behavior: value clarification, imagery, corrective emotional experience.
Preparation to Action “Self-liberation” is emphasized.
Commitment Choosing and committing to an act: decision-making therapy, social contracts, New Year’s resolutions.
Action to Maintenance
Counter-Conditioning Also known as countering, this is the substitution of thoughts, activities, places, people, and things that could provide stimuli for the old behavior: relaxation, desensitization, assertion, positive self-statements. The below steps can be thought of as also being counter-conditioning as well:
Helping Relationships Someone who helps keep one accountable to their commitments, give feedback, supportive emotionally, and offer serves as a model for what change will bring them: therapeutic alliance, social support, self-help groups.
Reinforcement Management Continuing the reinforcement of positive benefits to change.
Stimulus Control Controlling stimuli that prompt previous behavior.
Social Liberation Social Liberation is emphasized across all of the stages and all stages use techniques during the stage, not just during transition.
Decisional balance This core construct “reflects the individual’s relative weighing of the pros and cons of changing Decision making was conceptualized by Janis and Mann as a decisional “balance sheet” of comparative potential gains and losses. Decisional balance measures the pros and the cons that have become critical constructs in the Transtheoretical model. The pros and cons combine to form a decisional “balance sheet” of comparative potential gains and losses. The balance between the pros and cons varies depending on which stage of change the individual is in. Sound decision-making requires the consideration of the potential benefits (Pros) and costs (Cons) associated with a behavior’s consequences. Decisional balance is one of the best predictors of future change. TTM research has found the following relationships between the Pros, Cons, and the stage of change across 48 behaviors and over 100 populations studied.
stages of change
• The Cons of changing outweigh the Pros in the Pre-contemplation stage.
• The Pros surpass the Cons in the middle stages.
• The Pros outweigh the Cons in the Action state.
Self-efficacy This core construct is “the situation-specific confidence people have that they can cope with high risk situations without relapsing to their unhealthy or high risk habit -Self-efficacy conceptualizes a person’s perceived ability to perform on a task as a mediator of performance on future tasks. A change in the level of self-efficacy can predict a lasting change in behavior if there are adequate incentives and skills. The Transtheoretical model employs an overall confidence score to assess an individual’s self-efficacy. Situational temptations assess how tempted people are to engage in a problem behavior in a certain situation.
How do people move from one stage to another? In general, for people to progress they need:
1. A growing awareness that the advantages (the “Pros”) of changing outweigh the disadvantages (the “Cons”)—the TTM calls this decisional balance
2. Confidence that they can make and maintain changes in situations that tempt them to return to their old, unhealthy behavior—the TTM calls this self-efficacy
3. Strategies that can help them make and maintain change—the TTM calls these processes of change.
The ten processes include:
2. Dramatic Relief—feeling fear, anxiety, or worry because of the unhealthy behavior, or feeling inspiration and hope when they hear about how people are able to change to healthy behaviors;
3. Self-Reevaluation-realizing that the healthy behavior is an important part of who they are and want to be;
5. Social Liberation—realizing that society is more supportive of the healthy behavior;
6. Self-Liberation—believing in one’s ability to change and making commitments and re-commitments to act on that belief;
7. Helping Relationships—finding people who are supportive of their change;
8. Counter-Conditioning—substituting healthy ways of acting and thinking for unhealthy ways;
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Retinal Conditions
At Sweeney Eye Associates, we offer a wide range of protective and diagnostic services to protect your vision. We also treat several problems with the retina in the eye.
What is the function of the eye’s retina?
The retina is the delicate part of the eye that covers its interior wall. It is a light-sensitive tissue that is similar to the film in a camera, whose function is to receive images that are projected through the eye’s lens. These images are then sent to the brain through the optic nerve. The retina plays a crucial role in vision, so when it’s affected, so is your vision. The retina may be damaged due to illness, injury, or simply as a result of aging.
What is post-vitreous detachment?
Posterior vitreous detachment, or PVD, is a condition of the eye where the vitreous gel shrinks and separates from the retina. It is a normal part of aging, and since it happens over a period of time, you may not notice it.
PVD happens because the vitreous gel that fills the eyeball behind the lens begins to change sometime between age 40 and 50. The gel’s normal structure breaks down and parts shrink and lose fluid. Thick strands of the gel form and drift through the eye. These appear as floaters in front of your vision. The PVD sufferer may also see flashes of light.
What is retinal detachment?
Retinal detachment happens when the retina separates from the lining of the eye’s inner back wall. Retinal detachment can be a result of retinal tears, holes, and traction, which can be due to the formation of scar tissue in the retinal surface. The retina cannot function under these circumstances, so when retinal detachment is not properly addressed, the condition may develop into permanent vision loss. Retinal detachment can happen without warning, but often, particularly if detachment originated with a retinal tear, the person will see flashes and floaters. If treated before full detachment occurs, a simple laser procedure performed in office can prevent the need for more serious surgery.
What is diabetic retinopathy?
Have your eyes examined
A yearly eye exam, although it will not necessarily prevent the above conditions, can catch the conditions early enough that they can be addressed before there is any vision loss. |
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Donnelly Mirrors
Mirror manufacturer Donnelly Mirrors, Inc. joined the keyboard market with a rather curious approach to encoding keyboards. Little is known about their keyboards, and no confirmed sightings have been made.
Encoding keyboards
In 1972, Donnelly Mirrors filed two patents for their encoding keyboard design:
The drawings are unusually unclear; the concept in general needs to be depicted in a three-dimensional illustration, but instead a number of indecipherable two-dimensional drawings are shown. In brief, however, this is an encoding design where each switch contains a one-to-many contact arrangement connected to a multiple-bit encoding bus. A single keypress will connect a group of switch contacts, each one setting an appropriate output bit. The movable contacts are etched out of a material such as beryllium copper, and the etched contact layer is affixed to a flexible sheet, such as rubber. The stationary contacts are placed on a substrate below, which could be a printed circuit board. The etched sheet is not flat: the movable contacts take the form of fingers that extend towards the movable contacts. In order to combat switch bounce, and the output signal being read prematurely, the fingers take different angles in order to stagger their connection times, and the strobe connection is made last. This will not itself remove contact bounce, but it helps ensure that the output code does not change after the strobe signal is received.
As with most of not all other encoding keyboard designs, simultaneous registration of two or more keys is impossible. Since the strobe signal is mechanically generated, normal rollover processing will not work. When a second key is operated with a prior key still held, no new output is generated. When the first key is released, the logic circuitry recreates the strobe signal that would have been utilised if the key had been struck in isolation.
Considering the comparatively recent point in time that this design was introduced, the patent covers the use of a ROM to hold the encoding data, as well as the use of a single chip to contain the encoding logic.
The Focus on Keyboards article from Electronic Design in November 1972 briefly mentions Donnelly Mirrors keyboards. An illustration captioned “Donnelly Mirrors evaluates the lifetimes of its flexible-diaphragm keyswitch on this test rig” depicts a full-travel keyboard undergoing testing. All that is said otherwise about these keyboards is that they are classified as “elastomeric, or elastic-diaphragm, switch”. However, the article describes the keyboards incorrectly, causing Donnelly Mirrors to write the following letter to the magazine (printed the following January):
About those keyboards by Donnelly Mirrors . . .
Your article on keyboards in the Nov. 9 issue (“Focus on Keyboards,” ED 23, p. 54) made reference to Donnelly Mirrors keyboards as an elastic diaphragm type with high contact resistance and a spongy touch. It also related them to low-cost pocket and desk-top calculators.
In fact, Donnelly Mirrors keyboards employ gold-plated, hard contacts with their associated low contact resistance, have a touch comparable to the most expensive solid-state keyboards and have application mostly in computer-related equipment. The keyboards do employ an integral, laminated switch structure, from which they gain their low profile and competitive price. |
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Gyroplanes Explained
In common use, the terms “gyroplane”, “gyrocopter” and “gyro” refer to the same aircraft.
Gyro rotors are unpowered so a gyro is in constant autorotation.
Gyros are able to safely handle wind strengths exceeding 35kts.
Gyros fly their circuit legs close to the active runway for 2 reasons. First, to compensate for their poor glide ratio in case of engine failure. Second, to improve the likelihood of faster aircraft sighting the gyro in the circuit and thus enhancing CASA’s current “see and avoid collision avoidance policy”.
Gyro Types
Gyroplanes derive lift from freely turning rotor blades tilted back to catch the air. The rushing air spins the rotor as the aircraft is pushed forward by an engine-driven propeller.
Most modern gyroplanes use a pusher propeller and are light and maneuverable. With the engine in the rear, the gyroplane pilot has unobstructed visibility.
Today the gyroplane fleet in Australia is quickly changing from basic single-seat home built machines, typically powered by Rotax 2-stoke engines or Subaru 4-stroke engines to sophisticated factory-built 2 seat machines with Rotax 4-stroke engines. More recently factory-built models have expanded to offer fully enclosed cabins with side-by-side seating.
Gyro History
History of the gyroplane: a short article of how this innovative concept began
The Fairey Rotodyne
This excerpt comes from a study produced by Dr Frank Anders in 1988, and reproduced in part here, relates how the problem of gridlock at major hubs was evaluated, attacked and solved in 1957.
The Fairey Rotodyne originated from an idea for a large compound helicopter by Dr J. A. J. Bennett and Capt. A. G. Forsyth of Fairey Aviation, whose original study dates back to 1947. Their concept evolved into the ‘Eland’ Rotodyne prototype, which successfully completed its maiden flight in November 1957.
Its four-bladed rotor was powered in helicopter mode by tip jets, driven by compressed air. This compressed air was lit with fuel at tip jet combustion chambers to drive the rotor, removing the necessity for an anti-torque tail rotor. The tip jets were extinguished at about 60mph after a normal helicopter take-off, converting the aircraft to an autogyro. In autogyro mode the collective pitch of the rotor blades, and hence rotor lift, was reduced with up to about half the weight taken by the wings. This allowed much higher speeds than had previously been possible. When approaching land the tips were relit, thus converting the aircraft back to helicopter mode for a normal helicopter hover and landing.
In 1958, the Rotodyne prototype achieved economic cruise speeds of 150 knots. A world record speed of 190.9mph was set on 5 January 1959 for the 100-km closed circuit. The craft had the remarkable safety feature of being able to convert from autogiro mode to helicopter mode and hover with one engine shut down and its prop feathered. Additionally, it demonstrated safe landings in full autogiro mode.
The greatest criticism of the Rotodyne, in spite of its performance as a VTOL craft, was of the noise generated by the tip jets. The noise attenuation program at the time of cancellation had produced reductions down to the then-desired 96dB at 600ft distance. Noise critics failed to appreciate that the full power tips-lit time in service was only about one minute during take-off and climb and one minute at landing. In fact, to prove a point, test pilot Ron Gelattly made two flights over downtown London and several take-offs and landings at Battersea Heliport on a dead calm morning with no complaints raised. At the time of the project’s cancellation, the continuing development of silencers had further reduced the noise level by another 16dB. Instrument flying of the aircraft was very stable and Gelattly often demonstrated transitions from helicopter to autogyro and back again, in Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), at less than 500ft above the ground!
The Rotodyne’s tip drive and unloaded rotor made a tremendous breakthrough in performance and handling compared to pure helicopters and other forms of convert-a-planes. The aircraft was flown at 175 knots and pulled into a steep climbing high G- turn with no adverse handling characteristics. It was demonstrated at the Farnbourgh and Paris airshows each year from 1958 to 1962 and always amazed onlookers. From any point of view the Rotodyne was an aircraft ahead of its time.
Throughout Europe and Britain, city-centre to city-centre transport was being touted as taking very little flying time. Kaman Helicopters in the U.S. was proposing a licensure for civil and military production. Interest was shown from Okanagan Helicopters Ltd. of Vancouver B.C., New York Airways, Chicago Helicopter Airways and Japan Airlines, who considered the aircraft for its Osaka–Tokyo route.
Nearly 1000 passengers, including a fair portion of the world’s airline chiefs, service chiefs and British ministers of parliament, were flown as a demonstration of the enhanced safety of the prototype in order to emphasise faith in the design.
By January of 1959, British European Airways (BEA) announced that it would write a letter of intent for six developed Rotodynes, with the hope of a requirement for up to 20 aircraft for operation on shorter routes. This was in addition to an RAF ‘order’ for 12 military transport version. In March of 1959, New York Airways planned to purchase five Rotodynes costing about 10 million dollars, with an option for an additional 15 at a later date. The U.S. Army showed considerable interest with a rumoured buy of 200 machines. None of this occurred.
Why then, was the project cancelled and the concept not pursued? Why has there not been a logical progression of existing technology dating back 40 years instead of a radical departure from that technology?
In 1959, the British Government, determined to reduce its participation in the aviation industry, reduced the number of helicopter firms. Under the direction of Minister of Aviation Duncan Sandys, the consolidation process was begun. It was done by cutting government funding. Sandys wanted one consolidated helicopter manufacturer centred on Westland aircraft. This meant that Fairey, the helicopter division of Bristol, would have to be taken over by the Westland firm.
In February 1962, the final axe fell, first with withdrawal by BEA, then the withdrawal of the military order. The world’s first vertical take-off military/civil transport died.
The Rotodyne demonstrated that a large economical VTOL airliner was a practical proposition in 1959!
All of this occurred almost 40 years ago. Had the Rotodyne persevered, accentuated with modern low fuel consumption engines and modern electronics for the hydraulic control system, commercial aviation would now have a transport of great potential competing with both fixed and rotary wing machines.
One would think such a remarkable aircraft would be retired to a prestigious position in an elite British museum. In fact, the aircraft was dismantled and destroyed, and all tooling which was used to create the Rotodyne was destroyed. Even in a search of London’s aviation museums and memorabilia, there is no evidence other than the few articles about the craft written in European and British aviation publications. A few components have been found and brought together at the International Helicopter Museum at Weston-super-Mare.
Present-day problems with air transport are much the same as they were 40 years ago, just more intense. An interesting comment was made in 1989 by Mr Michael Heatly, author of the Illustrated History of Helicopters, referring to the Rotodyne, ‘in many ways the Rotodyne was a project decades ahead of its time. Many subsequent projects from the drawing boards of the worlds’ rotorcraft manufacturers bore so little relation to this futuristic craft that it would seem more at home in the 80s skies than those of the 50s. The possibility of a similarly configured VTOL feeder liner achieving success in future decades cannot be ruled out.’
The Fairey Rotodyne
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The Bedfordshie Clanger
Bedfordshire clanger’s are a suet based pastry dish. They are one of the best known dishes to come out of the Bedfordshire. Comparisons are often made to the Cornish Pasty or the Sussex Bacon Pudding, however a Clanger has both a savoury and a sweet end to it, providing a two course meal in one go.
Typical Bedfordshire farmland, near Dunton
Traditionally, they were made by housewives to give to their husbands who worked in the Bedfordshire fields, as farm labourers. It would typically be their midday meal. The original recipes called for the clangers to be wrapped in cloth and then boiled. Clangers were often eaten cold but were sometimes wrapped in damp newspaper before being reheated on a fire. It is easy to picture farmworkers huddled around a small fire at the side of a field reheating their lunch on a cold winters morning. Some modern recipes use a shortcrust pastry, although many still use suet pastry, both of which are then baked, these can be microwaved to reheat, how times have changed.
Filling the clanger, the savoury end would have traditionally been the cheaper cuts of meat, often fatty cuts of bacon, and potatoes . The sweet end may have been jam or fruit based. As these were made by poorer agricultural families, the cheaper fillings would have been the most common as they would have used up all the leftover food from other meals.
A Shop bought Bedfordshire Clanger, yummy!
There is no definitive recipe for a Bedfordshire Clanger as many local families would have their own version that were passed down through the generations. They would have constantly been tweaked and changed to suit what was available at the time. Season to season, different fruits and veg would have been in season. Also from decade to decade different foods would have been popular or become more readily available. You can ask many Bedfordshire residents for their family recipe and no two will be identical.
Today, Bedfordshire Clangers are sold mainly by bakeries across the county using the more modern baked recipes. The fillings are a lot more diverse and reflect modern tastes. Gunn’s Bakery is a small chain of bakers which are often credited with reigniting the public awareness of the Bedfordshire Clanger. Their fillings now include vegetarian and curry flavours, as well as several different meat choices. Even seasonal Christmas varieties available with turkey and stuffing at one end and Christmas pudding at the other!
You can try your hand at making a Bedfordshire Clanger with our version of a Bedfordshire Clanger Recipe. Download it HERE. Don’t forget to tell us how it turned out! |
Matthias: an ambitious archduke as political adventurer
Lucas van Valckenborch: Emperor Matthias as Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major, 1580
Matthias was born to Emperor Maximilian II and Maria of Spain in Vienna on 24 February 1557. As the third of their six sons he initially had little chance of coming to power. However, driven by great ambition, he was not willing to settle for a role in the background.
Matthias had little prospect of being entrusted with a regency by his father, Emperor Maximilian II, as the latter wanted to prevent further divisions of territory after his brothers had received sub-dominions (Inner Austria and Tyrol) and founded their own dynastic lines.
For Matthias a future was thus envisaged as a prince of the Church or governor in the service of his elder brother Rudolf, who was to assume the regency over his father’s dominions together with the imperial crown. Another option would have been for him to enter the service of the Spanish line of the dynasty. However, Matthias was very critical of Spain, which spared no opportunity of making the Austrian line feel its financial and political dependence as the junior partner in the Habsburg clan, an attitude he had inherited from his father.
Another thing he shared with his father was his moderate position in the religious conflict of the times. Like Maximilian II, Matthias also opposed the militant version of the Catholic Counter Reformation.
Matthias entered the political stage as an ambitious risk-taker in a hazardous adventure. Aged not even twenty, he came into contact with representatives of the Estates-General of the Netherlands, which were engaged in a war of independence with Spain. The moderate party among the Netherlandish Estates thought they had found in Matthias a suitable compromise candidate for the office of governor. The archduke was a member of the dynasty but had liberal ideas and was opposed to Spain.
In 1577 Matthias travelled to the Netherlands to take up the office of governor, against the will of the Spanish king Phillip II and without having informed his brother, Emperor Rudolf II, an act that constituted an unprecedented affront.
This political adventure took the young archduke into one of the most sensitive centres of conflict of the time. The venture failed: lacking any political experience or diplomatic talent Matthias stirred up a hornets’ nest. His position had become so insecure within only a few weeks that he was forced to seek protection from William of Orange, the radical opponent of Spanish rule in the Netherlands.
Although he was still nominally governor-general, his room for manoeuvre was very limited. Matthias was not opposed to the emerging division of the Netherlands into an independent Protestant north and a Catholic south that would remain under Spanish rule. Unrecognized by Spain and outmanoeuvred by his brother Rudolf, who was now attempting to mediate between the two fronts, Matthias was ultimately left without supporters. The archduke had accumulated large debts and it took great efforts on his part to reduce the financial burdens incurred by his ill-considered adventure. In 1581 he resigned from his office as governor-general.
Martin Mutschlechner |
Vertical Farming
What is a vertical farm?
Vertical farming is the practice of producing food in vertically stacked layers. The modern ideas of vertical farming use indoor farming techniques and total controlled-environment agriculture (TCEA) technology, where all environmental factors can be controlled to optimise plant growth.
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What are the types of Batteries and their Uses?
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What are the types of Batteries and their Uses?
Batteries are considered as one of the primary sources of power for our electronic gadgets since the last decade. But due to the advancement of technology, the electronic gadgets have evolved a lot. To match these gadgets, even the batteries have evolved to such an extent that today in the market there are different types of batteries.
Now, as there are so many types of batteries available in the market, it makes you pretty confused in choosing the right one. Hence, to help you out, we have brought this article in which we have included different types of batteries and for what they can be used. So, let's get started with it,
Lithium Ion Battery:
Lithium ion batteries (Li-ion) are the new type of standard portable power devices. These batteries produce the same amount of energy as the nimh battery (Nickel Metal Hydride). But, the lithium ion battery weighs only 20% to 30% as that of a nimh battery. Unlike the nimh battery and Ni-Cd battery, these batteries do not have the problems regarding the memory effects.
Also, lithium ion batteries can be recharged when they are completely drained. Hence, they come under the secondary/rechargeable category of the battery. The components used in the lithium ion battery are completely non-hazardous. But they do get ignited quickly due to which they require some special handling techniques.
• Uses:
Instead of using the nimh battery, most of the automobile manufacturers are using lithium ion batteries due to their low weight and high power output. The lithium ion battery is used as two wheeler battery, car battery, bike battery or motorcycle battery, cycle battery, scooty battery, electric motor battery, etc. apart from this, they are also used as mobile battery in smartphones and many other electronic devices. In recent time, lithium ion batteries are also being used in aerospace, military applications and also as solar batteries in many solar devices.
Lead Acid Battery:
Lead acid batteries are one of the most popular and highly used secondary batteries. The reason that lead acid batteries were so popular was because they would range right from a small energy capacity of just 1 Ah to as large as 12,000 Ah.
The lead acid battery comes with different voltages, different sizes and shapes, easy maintenance and low cost. Of all the secondary batteries, lead acid batteries are one of the low costing batteries along with a very good performance and have various applications.
The lead acid batteries come with a very good efficiency which ranged between 75% to 80%. Due to this, these batteries are highly suitable as energy storage devices for electric vehicles and can be even used as a tractor battery. Also, these are used as solar batteries in different types of solar systems.
• Uses:
Lead acid battery is majorly used in automotive industries. They are used for ignition, starting and lighting of the vehicles. They are used as auto battery like a two wheeler battery, motorcycle battery, and even as a tractor battery. Further, they are also being used in electric and hybrid vehicles. Apart from these, these are also used in emergency lighting systems, communication systems, as inverter battery, as power batteries and many other applications.
Lithium Polymer Battery:
Lithium polymer battery is a secondary type of battery or a rechargeable battery. Lithium polymer battery is made using the same lithium ion technology. The only difference is that, in lithium polymer batteries a polymer electrolyte is used rather than a liquid electrolyte. The polymer electrolyte is made up of semisolid gel which has a very high conductivity.
The lithium polymer batteries give high specific energy when compared with other lithium battery types. These batteries are very light in weight even when compared to lithium ion batteries. Also, they are much more safe, have an excellent thermal stability and a great power density. Further, these batteries come with a better performance at low temperatures along with high capacity delivery and a limited voltage depression.
• Uses:
Due to their advantages over the lithium-ion battery, lithium polymer batteries are used in some of the electric vehicles, as a mobile battery in smartphones and in radio controlled aircrafts.
Alkaline Battery:
Alkaline batteries belong to the category of Primary batteries which means they cannot be recharged once they are completely drained. Alkaline batteries get their name as they have an alkaline electrolyte made of potassium hydroxide. Alkaline batteries provide the same voltage as compared to the zinc carbon batteries (zinc-chloride type). But they have a long shelf life and a high energy density.
Though there are many types of alkaline battery available, the AAA battery or triple-A battery are the best to use. AAA batteries are mainly used in low-drain electronic devices which are portable such as TV remote control, digital cameras, etc. The AAA battery is the same as a standard size dry cell battery and is also called Pencil battery or cell.
• Uses:
Pencil battery is a non-rechargeable type. Hence, they are used in small and portable electronic devices such as flashlights, wall-clocks, tv remote control, portable radios, digital cameras, etc.
VRLA Battery or SMF Battery:
VRLA battery (Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery) is nothing but a lead acid battery having a limited amount of electrolyte. In VRLA batteries, the electrolyte is either formed into a gel form or is made to absorb in the plate separator. The VRLA batteries are also known as the SMF battery which means Sealed Maintenance Free batteries.
The electrolyte in these batteries is captive due to which even if the case of the device is punctured there is no spilling of electrolyte. Also, these batteries do not require any additional electrolyte or water, hence the name SMF battery. Though they are said maintenance free, these batteries still require some regular functional testing and cleaning.
• Uses:
VRLA batteries are used in off grid power systems, for storing power in large scale, portable electrical devices and many more. VRLA batteries are also commonly used as UPS batteries. As these batteries have high discharge/charge rates, low internal resistance and low cost, they are the perfect choice for UPS batteries.
Graphene Battery:
Graphene battery is the latest emerging technology in the battery field. Graphene has many properties which can be used for developing more efficient batteries. Of all the properties of graphene, being a supercapacitor is the most useful property. Supercapacitors are just like our traditional batteries used for storing current. But, supercapacitors can discharge and charge very quickly.
Graphene batteries come with high electrode density, longer charge holding capacity and faster cycle times which improves the shelf life of a battery. These batteries are available in many forms and are also well established.
Graphene batteries are very lightweight, powerful, more durable, flexible and advanced. Graphene batteries come with a high electrical conductivity when compared to the lithium ion batteries. Due to this, these batteries can be charged very quickly. Also, heat conductance is high in these batteries which ensures cooling mechanisms so that the device operates for longer years.
• Uses:
Graphene batteries can be used as a mobile battery as they have high current holding capacity and fast charging ability.
Button Cell:
Button cell or a watch battery is a small battery that resembles a button and belongs to the Primary battery category. The positive end of this cell is formed by a metal can which forms the bottom body of this small battery whereas an insulated cap at the top is used as a negative end. The other variants of these cells are also called coin cells. Cr2032 Battery is the preferred type of small battery available in the market. The Cr2032 Battery can be used in various types of small electronic devices.
These button cells tend to have a slow self-discharge and also hold on their charge if they are not used for a longer duration. But once these batteries are drained they cannot be recharged again.
• Uses:
Button cells are widely used in small electronic devices which are mostly portable including wrist watches, pocket calculators, small electronic toys, hearing aids, etc.
Bonus Tip:
As we know now, there are many types of batteries and also numerous renowned companies which are manufacturing all these batteries. Now, choosing the right battery manufacturer is very important as you will be investing your money. To make this work easy, we have mentioned 2 of the battery manufacturers as a bonus tip. The 2 batteries are, Luminous Battery and the UTL battery (200,000 mAh battery).
The UTL battery comes with a current capacity 200,000 mAh. These batteries are reliable solar batteries and have ultra low maintenance. Also, these batteries have the ability to work when they are partially charged and also when the ambient temperature is high.
The luminous battery is mainly used in inverter batteries and in UPS systems. Luminous batteries are used as a source of power via an inverter system connected to many electronic devices likeTVs, ACs, power backup systems, etc. |
"The collaborative project, coordinated by the IFCN, will be active for as long as the disease spreads worldwide and can be followed on social media channels through two hashtags, #CoronaVirusFacts and #DatosCoronaVirus," IFCN associate director Cristina Tardáguila wrote in her article published on Poynter on Tuesday, January 28.
IFCN said the "first big wave of misinformation" was about a patent of the virus created a few years ago. Among the organizations that fact checked this were US-based Lead Stories, Fact-Check.org, and PolitiFact.
Following this, the Taiwan Fact-Check Center then debunked several posts about ways to protect people from the virus, as well as methods to cure the ones who have contracted it. Since Taiwan is geographically close to China, this "second wave of falsehoods" became big there, IFCN said.
The "third wave of hoaxes" was about the sources of the novel coronavirus. Although there are studies that suggest bats and snakes play a role in the outbreak, the origin hasn't been confirmed yet as of posting.
So far, the false claims that circulated nationwide were mostly about "confirmed cases" of the 2019-nCoV in the country. There was also a claim that wrongly associated the novel coronavirus with rabies, which may cause confusion about the nature and classification of the new illness.
Rappler's fact checks on the 2019-nCoV:
Pauline Macaraeg
|
Irregular Sleep Wake Rhythm
Characteristics of Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm
How Common is Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm?
Irregular Sleep Wake Rhythm is quite rare, and is often the result of a weak body clock, as are many of the circadian rhythm disorders. It may also be the result of neurological problems, and neurological conditions such as brain damage, dementia and other delays may lead to the onset of this disorder.
A doctor should be advised regarding this disorder, as it may lead to further health issues or sleeping problems, and will likely have an effect on your daily activities. The sleep doctor will need to know when this sleeping pattern started, have a history of past medical conditions, and will need to be informed of any medication or drug use. You will likely need to undergo a neurological test to check for common ailments that may be causing the disorder.
You may be asked to wear an actigraph for a short duration, which will chart your periods of activity and inactivity. A polysomnogram overnight sleep study is rarely needed to diagnose this disorder, but may be required to verify that no other sleeping disorders are present that may have led to the development of this disorder.
Treating Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm
Treatment plans for all circadian rhythm disorders on centered on heightening the sensitivity of your internal clock, and having it set to a 24 hour schedule. This can be a long process for those with irregular sleep-wake rhythms. The first step is to have your routine focused on one main sleeping period and one main period of waking. At first this may involve a slow reduction in the number of nap type periods, with an increase in the duration of each nap. Sleep logs will need to be kept during this time to ensure the plan is being followed properly, and that it is resulting in the desired changes.
Light therapy will most often be used to help the body become conditioned to waking and sleeping based on the amount of light present. This will most likely be implemented after the sleeping pattern has been reduced to one or two periods per 24 hours.
Other medications may also be prescribed to help attain longer sleep periods during the process of cutting back on the number of naps. This often includes melatonin before any sleeping period, but could also include sleeping pills. Once the desired single sleeping period has been achieved, these may or may not be phased out.
Following proper sleep hygiene is of the most importance once the single sleep period has been set. There is always a risk of relapse into old patterns with most circadian rhythm disorders like Irregular Sleep Wake Rhythm, so following strict bedtimes and also waking times should be enforced. This includes setting an alarm to wake in the morning even on days when waking up at a specific time may not be required. You may also need to completely or severely limit your intake of stimulants and sedatives at all hours.
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1 thought on “Irregular Sleep Wake Rhythm
1. Kathy M Reply
Thank you for this informative article! I have irregular sleep disorder, though I do not fit the criteria for it either in age or mental condition, and I have been scouring the net looking for information about treatment. Until this article, all I found were studies and papers saying it was basically a hopeless condition of the aged or the neurologically impaired, the implication being that this population is doomed to succumb to alzheimers or death anyway and nothing will change that. I am 54 and this began about 8 months ago when I entered menopause. It started out of nowhere. Though I have a sleep doctor I am grateful for the optimistic (realistic too) perspective this article takes. I was beginning to feel hopeless myself reading the other articles.
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This Old House: All Posts by Joe Hurst-Wajszczuk 2021-02-07T12:38:33-05:00 2021-02-07T12:38:33-05:00 2021-02-07T12:38:33-05:00 Fast Fixes for Ice Dams <figure> <img alt="" src="" /> </figure> <p>Read these quick tips to help prevent ice dams before the snow even falls.</p> <p id="GLB5fx">Icicles hanging along the eaves of your house may look beautiful, but they spell trouble. That’s because the same conditions that allow icicles to form—snow-covered roofs and freezing weather—also lead to ice dams: thick ridges of solid ice that build up along the eaves. </p> <div class="c-float-right"> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="The birth of an ice dam: Warmth from the attic heats everything but eaves" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Yuko Shimizu</cite> <figcaption>The birth of an ice dam: Warmth from the attic heats everything but eaves</figcaption> </figure> </div> <p id="EOpeip">Dams can tear off gutters, loosen shingles, and cause water to back up and pour into your house. When that happens, the results aren't pretty: peeling paint, warped floors, stained and sagging ceilings. Not to mention soggy insulation in the attic, which loses R-value and becomes a magnet for mold and mildew.</p> <h2 id="7k4JG2">Birth of an Ice Dam</h2> <ol> <li id="jqmVKE">Heat collects in the attic and warms the roof, except at the eaves.</li> <li id="176k1D">Snow melts on the warm roof and then freezes on the cold eaves.</li> <li id="rXPLcf">Ice accumulates along the eaves, forming a dam. Meltwater from the warm roof backs up behind it, flows under the shingles, and into the house.</li> </ol> <h2 id="guUaI0">Fast Fixes</h2> <p id="HH9JnI">While a permanent fix for ice dams usually requires increasing the insulation, sealing, and ventilation in the attic, there are simple ways to diminish the damage after the dam has formed. </p> <p id="B2w1AU">Hacking away at ice dams with a hammer, chisel, or shovel is bad for your roofing—and dangerous for you. And throwing salt on them will do more to harm to your plantings than to the ice. Short of praying for warm weather, here are two stop-gap measures we recommend:</p> <h3 id="6LKXfh">Blow in cold air</h3> <p id="7AvPOQ">Take a box fan into the attic and aim it at the underside of the roof where water is actively leaking in. This targeted dose of cold air will freeze the water in its tracks. "You'll stop the leak in a matter of minutes," says TOH general contractor Tom Silva.</p> <h3 id="Z6N4aO">Rake it</h3> <p id="vz0cLc">Pull off snow with a long-handled aluminum roof rake (above) while you stand safely on the ground. A rake with wheels won't harm the roofing.</p> <h3 id="561phT">Use Calcium Chloride</h3> <p id="6VL1nh">Fill the leg of discarded pair of pantyhose with a calcium chloride ice melter. Lay the hose onto the roof so it crosses the ice dam and overhangs the gutter. If necessary, use a long-handled garden rake or hoe to push it into position. </p> <p id="LkjNyQ">The calcium chloride will eventually melt through the snow and ice and create a channel for water to flow down into the gutters or off the roof.</p> Joe Hurst-Wajszczuk 2020-12-16T04:15:14-05:00 2020-12-16T04:15:14-05:00 Ice Dam Prevention <figure> <img alt="" src="" /> </figure> <p>Here’s how to prevent ice dams in 8 steps so you can enjoy a winter free of icicles and the damage they can do to your roof.</p> <h2 id="Hm5up2"><strong>Dam Busters</strong></h2> <p id="9jmenM">Stopping ice dams is simple, in principle: Just keep the entire roof the same temperature as the eaves. You do that by increasing ventilation, adding insulation, and sealing off every possible air leak that might warm the underside of the roof, as shown in the illustration below. By taking care of these trouble spots, listed here in order of priority, you should enjoy a winter free of dams and use less energy to boot.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="Diagram that outlines 8 parts of a roof to help with ice dam prevention including the vents, pipes, ducts, insulation, electrical cable, hatch cover, and sealed can light." data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Illustration by Yuko Shimizu</cite> </figure> <h3 id="sW9p4Z"><strong>1. Ventilate Eaves And Ridge</strong></h3> <p id="Yubseh">A ridge vent paired with continuous soffit vents circulates cold air under the entire roof. Both ridge and soffit vents should have the same size openings and provide at least 1 square foot of opening for every 300 square feet of attic floor. Place baffles at the eaves to maintain a clear path for the airflow from the soffit vents.</p> <h3 id="FQjsNj"><strong>2. Cap the Hatch</strong></h3> <p id="o6SheI">An unsealed attic hatch or whole-house fan is a massive opening for heat to escape. Cover them with weatherstripped caps made from foil-faced foam board held together with aluminum tape.</p> <h3 id="gntuoV"><strong>3. Exhaust to the Outside</strong></h3> <p id="ATYRjQ">Make sure that the ducts connected to the kitchen, bathroom, and dryer vents all lead outdoors through either the roof or walls, but never through the soffit.</p> <h3 id="eaZHeH"><strong>4. Add Insulation</strong></h3> <p id="5P6NgT">More insulation on the attic floor keeps the heat where it belongs. To find how much insulation your attic needs, check with your local building department.</p> <h3 id="XGmfRq"><strong>5. Install Sealed Can Lights</strong></h3> <p id="k0c4R9">Old-style recessed lights give off great plumes of heat and can't be insulated without creating a fire hazard. Replace them with sealed "IC" fixtures, which can be covered with insulation.</p> <h3 id="gqHemv"><strong>6. Flash Around Chimneys</strong></h3> <p id="SHFFxh">Bridge the gap between chimney and house framing with L-shaped steel flashing held in place with unbroken beads of a fire-stop sealant. Using canned spray foam or insulation isn't fire safe.</p> <h3 id="ZkaLgo"><strong>7. Seal and Insulate Ducts</strong></h3> <p id="lmtEXm">Spread fiber-reinforced mastic on the joints of HVAC ducts and exhaust ducts. Cover them entirely with R-5 or R-6 foil-faced fiberglass.</p> <h3 id="U79vaR"><strong>8. Caulk Penetrations</strong></h3> <p id="FCFQZB">Seal around electrical cables and vent pipes with a fire-stop sealant. Also, look for any spots where light shines up from below or the insulation is stained black by the dirt from passing air.</p> <p id="qV4saQ"></p> Joe Hurst-Wajszczuk 2020-10-18T12:39:55-04:00 2020-10-18T12:39:55-04:00 Carpet Selection: Durability, Weight, Style <figure> <img alt="Carpet" src="" /> <figcaption>iStock</figcaption> </figure> <p>When it comes to buying wall-to-wall carpeting, here’s how to choose and install a quality carpet. </p> <p id="R1pm5k">Buying new carpeting successfully involves much more than running your hand across some samples. The basics you need to learn: what makes a quality carpet, which padding is best for you and what goes into proper installation.</p> <p id="L6jcd8">When it comes to buying wall-to-wall carpeting, what you don’t know can definitely hurt you. Consider that covering a 300-sq.-ft. room will cost $650 to $3,400. And just because you spend a lot of money doesn’t guarantee that you’re getting the best carpet for your needs.</p> <h2 id="tM8DoI"><strong>How Can You Tell a Quality Carpet? </strong></h2> <p id="aUkxc4">When shopping, think function before form. "A lot of people look at the fiber as a measure of a carpet's durability," says Jim Allen, of carpet retailer Einstein-Moomjy in New York. "But it's only one part of the story. It's important that you take all of the other factors into account." Other elements to consider include style and weight. "The trick is to find a sample that meets your needs and style while still working within your budget," says Dave Grable, of Carpet One/Carpet Shack in Dubuque, Iowa.</p> <h2 id="VZaOO3"><strong>What Type of Carpet is the Most Durable? </strong></h2> <p id="EtrFQg">Wool and nylon fibers are the most durable of the five basic categories. The type of fiber used determines the basic performance and appearance of the carpet. The fiber content is usually listed on a specification sheet on the back of the sample. </p> <h3 id="PvjIuO"> <strong>5 </strong><a href=""><strong>Types of Carpet</strong></a><strong> Fibers </strong> </h3> <p id="4zCXJ9">Although there are dozens of different trade names, remember that products fall within one of five basic categories: </p> <ol> <li id="lC9MJf"> <strong>Wool</strong> is the luxury and performance benchmark. It is softer than synthetics, is exceptionally durable and offers great stain resistance. But at $50 to $100 per square yard, it's not cheap. It accounts for only 3 percent of carpet sales.</li> <li id="l0jS9e"> <strong>Nylon</strong> is a close second to wool in terms of durability and feel, but on average it costs a lot less ($18 to $35 per square yard). It has excellent soil resistance, colorfastness and resilience. Nylon accounts for nearly 60 percent of carpet sales. Some new offerings feature added wear and stain resistance. Others have carbon-composite nylon filaments woven into the yarn that eliminate shocks. Some of these enhanced nylons cost as much as wool.</li> <li id="V9YQw5"> <strong>Olefin</strong>, or polypropylene, is both durable and water- and stain-resistant, making it a good choice for berbers (low, loop-pile carpeting) and indoor/outdoor carpeting, and in commercial settings. Because it is less resilient than nylon, it is best used in low-pile carpets; otherwise, it can mat or crush. It costs $9 to $16 per square yard.</li> <li id="AkYNGM"> <strong>Polyester</strong> is noted for its soft hand, or texture, especially when used in a luxurious thick pile. It has good color retention and soil resistance, but it's not as resilient as nylon. It runs $11 to $19 per square yard.</li> <li id="2VcaON"> <strong>Acrylic</strong> offers the look and feel of wool, at a lower price—$10 to $15 per square yard. But because the fiber tends to fuzz and pill, it's not typically found in room-size carpets. This moisture- and mildew-resistant fiber is usually found in bathroom rugs.</li> </ol> <h2 id="hwI2Qd"><strong>3 Styles of Pile Carpets </strong></h2> <p id="qtA8Tj">Carpets are made of fibers that are cut, looped or cut and looped. As a general rule, as pile height increases, the carpet becomes softer and more luxurious but also harder to clean. Although there are several different subcategories of carpet styles, all fall within one of these three groups.</p> <h3 id="HoTxuT"><strong>1. Loop-Pile Carpets</strong></h3> <div class="c-float-right"> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="A level loop pile on a carpet." data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption>Loop Piles: A level loop pile is tough enough for high-traffic areas.</figcaption> </figure> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="A multi-level loop pile on a carpet." data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption>Loop Piles: Multilevel loop pile has two or three different loop heights to create a patterned effect</figcaption> </figure> </div> <p id="imchkO">There are level loops and multilevel loops. Because the yarn tips aren't exposed, these carpets tend to wear better and work well in high-traffic areas, such as hallways and family rooms. "Thick berber rugs are fine for high-traffic areas, but the tightly spaced loops of thick yarn tend to trap dirt and can be difficult to keep clean," says Grable.</p> <h3 id="N4RKzJ"><strong>2. Cut Pile Carpets</strong></h3> <div class="c-float-right"> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="A velvet piles on a carpet." data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption>Cut Piles: Velvet piles create a luxurious, level surface suitable for formal areas.</figcaption> </figure> </div> <p id="qkZvGo">These include styles known as velvets, saxonies and friezes. They have a nicer look and richer feel but aren't as durable as loop piles. Adding a twist to the fiber, however, does add durability. "The tighter the twist, the tougher it is," says Bruce Baxter, a dealer/installer in Pine Bush, New York.</p> <p id="Ql0zTo">"A velvet is fine for low-traffic areas but tends to show dirt and footprints. Saxonies are twisted and then heat-set, giving them more resilience for use on stairs or in hallways." Friezes have the most curl and greatest resilience.</p> <h3 id="8TAHSR"><strong>3. Cut-Loop Pile</strong></h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="A combined cut and uncut tufts creating a patterned surface on a carpet." data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption>Cut and Loop pile combines cut and uncut tufts to create a patterned surface that hides wear. It’s a good choice for family rooms and other high-traffic areas.</figcaption> </figure> <p id="EZxw4O">This is a combination of loop-pile and cut-pile carpets. The combination of large islands of cut tufts and lower loop tufts hides wear well. It's recommended for stairways, family rooms and less formal dining areas. </p> <h2 id="B3EY3m"><strong>Carpet Face Weight and Durability</strong></h2> <p id="QixBSV">The last consideration is face weight (weight of the carpet pile) per square yard. "A higher face weight means more yarn," says Grable, "And more yarn makes for a longer-lasting product." As an example, within one product line the "good-level" carpet has a face weight of 40 oz.; the "best-level" weighs in at 63 oz.</p> <h3 id="mHXSzu"><strong>Does Face Weight Matter? </strong></h3> <p id="HNwLP5">Face weight makes a difference, but only when comparing similar products. An olefin sample may weigh more than a nylon, but it has entirely different performance qualities.</p> <p id="sehctZ">Be wary of dealers who try to sell you on carpet density, or stitches per inch (SPI). The same goes for the theory that you can read a carpet's density by bending the sample backwards. "This is just not true," says Grable. "Bend back any carpet and you'll see backing." Again, standards vary widely among different styles and fibers; a nylon cut-loop pile might have 10 to 12 SPI, while a thick wool berber might only have 5 to 6.</p> <h3 id="rL7S74"><strong>Check the Warranty</strong></h3> <p id="Bpc5aH">"The simplest indication of durability is the warranty," says Grable. The warranty factors in fiber, style and face weight, providing an at-a-glance quality comparison. Look for 7- to 10-year wear and stain warranties. Pay attention to the fine print; for example, pet stains void most stain warranties. Also ask if the warranty covers full replacement value, or if it's prorated. A prorated 10-year warranty might cover half the material cost if the carpet is five years old.</p> <h3 id="UBeyjb"><strong>Allergies and New Carpeting</strong></h3> <p id="3DJjW7">Although formaldehyde has not been used in the manufacturing process for years, carpets, backings and pads are made of hundreds of different chemicals that can affect the allergy-prone or chemically sensitive. Typical symptoms include headaches, respiratory problems and other flulike symptoms.</p> <p id="Y4XqNQ">The Carpet & Rug Institute in Dalton, Georgia, has developed a testing and certification program to identify flooring products that meet tougher indoor-air-quality (IAQ) requirements. Qualifying products carry the CRI's IAQ emission label. If you're at risk, stay away during the removal and installation process. To remove existing allergens, vacuum the old carpet before removal, and ask that the floor be cleaned prior to installation. In addition, the CRI recommends that you keep windows and doors open for at least 72 hours after installation.</p> <h2 id="r3Whpj"><strong>Picking the Perfect Carpet Pad</strong></h2> <div class="c-float-right"> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="Three different carpet pads, one yellow, one green, one purple." data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption>Padding is sold in a variety of thicknesses, densitites and weights to provide the right feel and protect the carpet from premature wear. From left to right: prime urethane, rebonded urethane, natural fiber.</figcaption> </figure> </div> <p id="E4FGim">When you buy new carpeting, you’ll also select padding. The pad is the carpet's support system. It makes the carpet feel richer and more comfortable to walk on and keeps the carpet from getting worn and matted. Good padding also makes carpeting easier to clean by enabling air to circulate through the carpet when you vacuum.</p> <h3 id="Qhohsp"><strong>Carpet Padding Costs</strong></h3> <p id="eH3Mhm">Prime urethane pads ($3 to $4 per square yard) are generally the least expensive because they have a tendency to compress after installation, especially in high-traffic areas. Natural- and synthetic-fiber pads ($5 to $6 per square yard) are the densest and most resilient but also the most expensive. Bonded or rebonded pads ($4 to $5 per square yard), made of multicolored polyurethane foam chunks, are a good compromise and are the most common padding for residential use.</p> <h3 id="p9MyNI"><strong>Thickness and Density</strong></h3> <p id="5kqwHg">All of these types come in a variety of thicknesses and densities. It's important that you use the right pad for the carpet or you can actually damage the carpet. "An extra-thick pad can cause the carpet to flex too much, opening seams and weakening the backing," says Gary Johnson, technical consultant at the Carpet & Rug Institute, in Dalton, Georgia. "A pad that's too thin can collapse and cause the carpet to wrinkle or wear out prematurely."</p> <p id="P01eey"><a href="">The Carpet Cushion Council</a> and the <a href="">CRI</a> have developed padding specs based on room traffic. A Class 1 rating is for moderate traffic, such as in bedrooms and formal living rooms. A Class 2 rating is for heavier traffic, such as on stairs or in halls. Within each rating there's a range of options, depending upon your budget and the feel you want. Ask your dealer to show you the CRI chart.</p> <h2 id="l0WTtO"><strong>How to Install Carpet with Professional Help</strong></h2> <h3 id="pz7v5T"><strong>Get the Right Measurements </strong></h3> <p id="QfNOBT">The first time a rug installer comes to your door, the only tools he should have are a pencil, a pad of paper and a tape measure. All of the sales reps and installers we spoke with warned against taking measurements yourself. "A pro is trained to see things that a homeowner wouldn't, such as traffic patterns and incoming light, and he can suggest the best places to hide seams," says Allen. "A pro measurer can prevent waste," adds Grable. "And if someone's going to make a mistake, we'd rather it be us."</p> <h3 id="fOtJA0"><strong>Plan Your Approach Considering Your Floor Plan</strong></h3> <p id="CsYRpq">The floor plan of the installation should be included in your contract. "Pay attention to the location of the seams," says Baxter. "Few seams are invisible, but they can sometimes be positioned under furniture, or out of major traffic patterns."</p> <p id="mrI9e5">While inspecting the floor plan, ask how the installers will do the job. "In order to tell the difference between a good installer and a mediocre one, you need to ask about installation details," says Emad Ghanim, a carpet mechanic who has worked in the New York area for more than 20 years.</p> <p id="61gFhw">For instance, discuss how stairs will be carpeted. With a cap-and-band treatment, the carpet is tacked under each thread. In the waterfall approach, the carpet flows over the tread and onto the next step. </p> <p id="kIDWqf">"The waterfall is a more modern look and works well with smaller patterns, but most people prefer cap-and-band because it looks more traditional," says Ghanim. Exposed edges are typically turned under and tacked in place, but if you have a short, tight pile, or want a more finished look, the edge should be bound. Most installers will bind edges at their shop; Ghanim uses a portable machine.</p> <h3 id="2eSxzu"><strong>Move Furniture and Remove Old Carpet in Advanced </strong></h3> <p id="33r9Pp">In most cases, says Ghanim, the installers are responsible for moving furniture and removing any existing carpet. "We can move heavy furniture easily using special nylon skids," he says. "The only things we don't move are antiques or delicate items, like crystal or china," Grable adds.</p> <p id="JJGBvY">Also ask about <a href="">removal of the old carpet</a>, including <a href="">carpeted stairs</a>. If there's an extra charge for this, you might be able to cut about $2 per square yard off the bill by doing this part yourself.</p> <h3 id="VgTK3Z"><strong>Nail Tack Strips </strong></h3> <p id="gCZQjZ">Once the old carpet has been removed, the mechanics install tack strips, also called tackless, around the perimeter of the room. Tackless should be nailed in place about a 1/2 in. away from the baseboard so that the edges of the carpet can be tucked under the molding. </p> <p id="Y2MeVp">Ask what type of tackless is best for your particular carpet. For most installations, a 1-in.-wide strip is sufficient, but some heavy woven and berber-type carpets require extra support. Ghanim often installs two strips of tackless side by side to secure woven wool carpets. "The extra strip ensures the carpet won't shift later on," he says.</p> <h3 id="6aooG5"><strong>Use a Special Trimmer Instead of a Utility Knife</strong></h3> <p id="aw8ve1">Good installers use a special trimmer rather than a utility knife. The protected edge of the tool runs along the wall as the blade slices the fabric. "Utility knives," Ghanim explains, "tend to damage floors and baseboard molding."</p> <h3 id="nIZpxw"><strong>Power Stretch Carpets in Rooms Larger than 10510 ft. </strong></h3> <p id="78Cd5Z">While installers once used kneekickers for the entire installation, rooms larger than 10510 ft. should be power-stretched. "A power stretcher, which can be expanded to span a room, allows greater leverage. And that means less buckling later on," says Ghanim. With large rooms, a few seams are inevitable. "By making sure the pile runs in the same direction, a good mechanic can make them almost invisible," Ghanim says.</p> <p id="Hbxzsy"> Combining a good carpet with the right pad and having it installed by a knowledgeable and careful pro will help you enjoy years of attractive comfort.</p> <h2 id="7xVM9l"><strong>Where to Find It</strong></h2> <p id="TJV9Nt">The Carpet & Rug Institute<br>Box 2048<br>Dalton, GA 30720<br><a href=""></a><br>800/822-8846</p> Joe Hurst-Wajszczuk 2020-07-29T06:35:00-04:00 2020-07-29T06:35:00-04:00 How to Paint a Room Professionally <figure> <img alt="" src="" /> </figure> <p>Learn how to paint the interior of your home from six professional painters who reveal the secrets that make them so good at their craft.</p> <p id="PUWUAx">Most of us can do an okay job of painting a room. But a seasoned professional does a great job. Obviously, pros have more experience than the average homeowner, but they also know techniques and tricks that make them better painters. </p> <p id="bPx4w0">We asked six pro painters to share those secrets. They shared how professionals paint rooms to help you work more efficiently and get better results. Some of what you'll read may surprise you. For instance, their secrets won't cut painting time. </p> <h2 id="o0BjcS"><strong>How Long Does It Take To Paint a Room?</strong></h2> <p id="k032Os">Painters spend two to four days on an average-size room. That's how long it takes to prep, prime and paint correctly. It's more work, but when you stand back to admire the results, you'll agree it's time well spent.</p> <h2 id="LO86Rb"><strong>21 Tips from Professional Painters</strong></h2> <h3 id="AyPnIb"><strong>What To Do Before You Start</strong></h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>Follow hand-sanding with liquid sandpaper</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Geoffrey Gross</cite> <figcaption><p>Follow hand-sanding with liquid sandpaper</p></figcaption> </figure> <h4 id="347B7Z"><strong>1. Remove Everything From the Room</strong></h4> <p id="mIkMTm">To begin, move everything out of the room. Every painter we spoke with had a horror story about the time he didn't follow Rule No. 1. Bigger pieces of furniture can sometimes be left covered in the center of larger rooms, but if you are repairing drywall, says Chris Span, of Span's Quality Painting in Mobile, Alabama, "Take everything out. Drywall dust goes everywhere." </p> <p id="b4sCzy">Remove doors, light fixtures and hardware, and label everything with masking tape. Also, invest in drop cloths. "It's surprising how well a few drops of paint can cover a floor," says Rich Maceyunas, of Maceyunas Painting and Wallpaper in Waterbury, Connecticut. Buy high-quality drop cloths, such as canvas or paper-backed plastic. A note that, paint soaks right through lightweight fabrics and bedsheets. Plastic sheeting works, but it's very slippery and doesn't absorb drips.</p> <h3 id="WgM9RP"><strong>How Prep a Room for Painting</strong></h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>Find, then fix, cracks and dents</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Geoffrey Gross</cite> <figcaption><p>Find, then fix, cracks and dents</p></figcaption> </figure> <h4 id="6Erh2X"><strong>2. Find, Then Fix, Cracks and Dents</strong></h4> <p id="Ff9xN8">Even an old lamp with a bare bulb held close to a wall will make minor cracks, bumps or nail pops jump out. Carmen Toto, owner of C. Toto & Sons in Madison, New Jersey, uses painter's putty or a lightweight spackle for minor cracks and dents; he uses plaster of Paris for dents deeper than 1/8 inch. </p> <p id="2qYkuC">Instead of the standard tape-and-spackle method for bridging over recurring stress cracks, Maceyunas uses a rubberized spray-on primer called <a href="" rel="sponsored nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Good-Bye Crack</a>. Damaged wood requires a slightly different approach. "Don't use spackle on wood," says Toto, "because it just won't stick." </p> <p id="Y1rg4v">For damaged trim, he uses painter's putty or a two-part wood filler, such as <a href="" rel="sponsored nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Minwax's High Performance Filler</a>. Smooth any repairs, bumps, and nibs with a drywall pole sander. For smoother walls and better adhesion, some of our pros sand all previously painted walls regardless of the shape they're in.</p> <h4 id="wCCkkF"><strong>3. Do the Sanding Two-Step</strong></h4> <p id="me5z8d">Sanding not only feathers out chipped paint but also provides "tooth" for the next coat of paint. For glossy trim, use a sanding sponge rather than sandpaper. Sponges mold to the shape of the trim and last longer than paper. </p> <p id="d5s3KH">When applying latex over alkyd paint or when he is not sure of the original finish, Brian Doherty, a painter in Richmond, Virginia, follows the hand-sanding with liquid sandpaper to make sure the surface is completely deglossed to prevent incompatibility problems. "I've seen homes where latex was used on oil-painted trim, and the paint started to peel in less than a year," says Doherty.</p> <h4 id="0deh9Z"><strong>4. Sponge-Bath Walls</strong></h4> <p id="WAfIcV">Unless you like textured walls, don't paint over dust. Wash the walls with trisodium phosphate (TSP) or a mild cleaner, like Jasco's <a href=",new%20coatings%2C%20or%20before%20wallpapering." rel="sponsored nofollow noopener" target="_blank">TSP No-Rinse Substitute</a>. For smoke-stained walls, Toto uses a 50/50 solution of bleach and water. </p> <p id="9QleZ1">To clean a wall, use two buckets. Load up your rag or sponge from your cleaning-solution bucket, and scrub. Before redipping, rinse the sponge in a second bucket filled with clean water.</p> <h4 id="OhfmS9"><strong>5. Caulk All Cracks</strong></h4> <p id="QojLGA">Filling gaps with a paintable acrylic-latex caulk cuts down on drafts and makes your trim look better than new. The secret to using caulk is to cut the tip smaller than you think it should be; too much caulk makes a mess. Also, instead of using a nail to break the inner seal, use a small wire so you don't stretch out the nozzle. Also consider buying a dripless caulk gun, which will automatically back off the pressure after each pull on the trigger to prevent unwanted oozing.</p> <h4 id="1OTne7"><strong>6. Use Tape—Maybe</strong></h4> <div class="c-float-right"><div id="zpndcg"><div data-anthem-component="aside:9336990"></div></div></div> <p id="2kMbY3">The pros were split on this tip. "Masking tape is problematic," says Mark Dixon, a painter in Missoula, Montana, and author of "House Painting Inside and Out" (Taunton Press, 1997). "Paint can bleed behind the tape, or remove the paint it's stuck to." Another problem is bridging. "Latex paints form a skin," says Dixon. "Removing painted tape can tear the skin, resulting in a ragged rather than a sharp line." Lastly, taping takes time. "Learning how to cut in with a brush takes practice, but if you can do it, you'll leave most tapers in the dust," Dixon says. </p> <p id="orTsMU">On the other hand, "If you can't cut in, you can't beat tape," says Span. The pros we spoke with all recommend painter's (blue) tape because it's easier to remove than masking tape. To prevent bleeding, Span uses a putty knife to bed the tape. After letting the paint dry, he scores the edge of the tape line with a utility knife to avoid tearing the paint.</p> <h3 id="xqI1UM"><strong>How to Select Your Primer and Paint</strong></h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>Sponge-bath the walls, and then caulk all cracks</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Geoffrey Gross</cite> <figcaption><p>Sponge-bath the walls, and then caulk all cracks</p></figcaption> </figure> <h4 id="YWWl0l"><strong>7. Pick a Powerful Primer</strong></h4> <p id="qybekC">Primers aren't just diluted paint. They're formulated to establish a solid, even base, seal stains and ensure that the topcoats of paint go on smoothly and bond securely to the surface. "Most homeowners use latex primers, but the pros stick to alcohol and alkyd primers because they'll cover almost anything," says John Weeks, of John the Painter in Mobile, Alabama. Primer can affect the appearance of the topcoat. "It's okay to spot-prime the ceilings but not the walls, because primed spots will show," adds Span.</p> <aside id="NC3PVm"><div data-anthem-component="readmore" data-anthem-component-data='{"stories":[{"title":"All About Painting ","url":""}]}'></div></aside><h4 id="E5fr7T"><strong>8. Buy Quality Paint</strong></h4> <p id="YCSwzh">In general, glossier paints are more stain-resistant and scrubbable. But a higher sheen also highlights any imperfections in the wall or in the paint job. "Flat paints are fine for ceilings and formal rooms, but for most of my customers, I recommend an eggshell gloss. It's good for hallways, kids' rooms, even kitchens and baths," says Toto. It seems that latex paints have won over even the most finicky painters. "Though we still use oil-based paints for restoration work, latex paints are fine for interior walls and new trim," says Toto, "as long as you don't go cheap on the paint."</p> <p id="ujQQwI">All of our pros have their personal favorites, but they agree that good paint does not come cheap. "You'll spend $20 to $35 per gallon for a top-shelf paint," says Weeks. The pros also agreed that using two coats of paint will result in the best-looking job. Don't skimp on the coverage; if you're covering more than 400 square feet per gallon, you're spreading it too thin. Also, keep 1/4 to 1/2 gallon on hand for touch-ups.</p> <h4 id="6aQoRT"><strong>9. Supercharge Paint</strong></h4> <p id="OGV64o">"Modern paints dry too quickly, and are difficult to brush out," says Dixon, who uses paint additives, such as Floetrol for latex paints and Penetrol for alkyds. "Adding a few ounces per gallon slows drying time and makes the paint more workable," he says. Another problem is bridging. "Latex paints form a skin," says Dixon. "Removing painted tape can tear the skin, resulting in a ragged rather than a sharp line." Lastly, taping takes time. "Learning how to cut in with a brush takes practice, but if you can do it, you'll leave most tapers in the dust," Dixon says. </p> <p id="Pmwpng">Although there are mildewcide additives, our pros prefer using bathroom and kitchen paints that have built-in mildew fighters. "These paints will prevent mildew from forming, but they won't kill mildew that's already there," Dixon points out. Because leftover mold spores can live beneath the paint and eventually work their way through to the surface, you should also prep bath and kitchen surfaces. First, wash down the walls with a bleach solution (3/4 cup of bleach per gallon of water) then seal with a stain-blocking primer, such as <a href=";xs=1&;;" rel="sponsored nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Zinsser's Bulls Eye 1-2-3</a> or Kilz's Total One.</p> <h3 id="U1X6Vd"><strong>How to Choose the Right Equipment</strong></h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>Use tape—maybe</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Geoffrey Gross</cite> <figcaption><p>Use tape—maybe</p></figcaption> </figure> <h4 id="WNXK5X"><strong>10. Roller Rules</strong></h4> <p id="kLNla8">The perfect roller would hold a roomful of paint, leave the right amount of texture, wouldn't spray or fuzz, and would be easy to clean. Until somebody invents the ideal one, follow these tips to choose the right roller. "The longer the nap, the more paint the roller will hold, but it will also create more texture." says Dixon. "A 1/2-inch nap lamb's-wool roller holds plenty of paint without too much texture," says Dixon. "Less expensive rollers can work," says Span. "Just wash them first in dishwashing liquid to remove any stray fibers." </p> <p id="ppbwZY">Most of the pros we spoke with prefer 9-inch rollers over 18-inch models -- they are lighter, cheaper, and easier to use. Despite these shortcomings, Maceyunas swears by the wider roller. "The roller can do a whole wall in a few up and down strokes instead of in several dozen W and M strokes," he says.</p> <h4 id="5CqqkM"><strong>11. Use a Bucket</strong></h4> <p id="zTutjr">Pros prefer 5-gallon buckets with a roller grid to roller pans. They hold more paint than pans and, says Doherty, "It's tougher to tip over a bucket." A bucket also lets you box, or mix, two or three cans of paint to avoid color discrepancies. To use a bucket and grid, dip the roller a quarter of the way into the paint and run it over the ramp to work the paint into the nap.</p> <h4 id="no2EMC"><strong>12. Work with a Painter's Rod</strong></h4> <p id="uIbO5K">A painter's rod, or pole, can help you paint ceilings more quickly — no climbing up and down ladders required. And there's no need to stand directly underneath the area you are painting, so you won't catch every wayward splatter. A pole is also great for walls and floors. The pros were split over whether the 4- or 8-foot pole is best for everyday use, but they all agreed that a telescoping rod is the best bet.</p> <h4 id="E5T0to"><strong>13. Buy a Better Brush</strong></h4> <p id="qunL69">A good paintbrush is key to a professional-looking finish. "A quality brush costs $15 to $25, but you'll discover that pros aren't as talented as you thought," says Doherty. "The equipment has a lot to do with their success." </p> <p id="ICsbxA">Most of our pros prefer natural-bristle brushes for oil-based paints, but they recommend synthetics for all-around use. When choosing a brush, pay attention to the bristles. Synthetic brushes are made of nylon or polyester, or a combination of the two. Poly bristles are stiffer, which makes them good for exterior or textured work, but for fine interior work, Doherty uses softer nylon brushes. </p> <p id="ZzhlFK">Look also for tapered bristles, which can help you work to an edge, and flagged tips, which help spread the finish smoothly and evenly. Brushes are available in 1- to 4-inch widths. Most painters keep an arsenal on hand to match the job. "Use common sense," says Maceyunas. "A smaller brush gives you more control, but no one wants to paint a door with a 1-inch-wide brush." Doherty recommends starting with a 2- or 2-1/2-inch sash brush. The angled brush makes it easier to cut to a line and puts more bristles on the work than a square-tipped brush.</p> <h3 id="mEUeFT"><strong>Professional Painting Tips</strong></h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>Pick a powerful primer</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Geoffrey Gross</cite> <figcaption><p>Pick a powerful primer</p></figcaption> </figure> <h4 id="zCCghk"><strong>14. Load it Right</strong></h4> <p id="vIdIfT">Ideally, you want as much paint on the brush as you can control without making drips or blobs. To do this, Doherty dips his brush about 1 1/2 inches into the paint, then taps (not wipes) each side of the brush against the side of the can. Tapping knocks off the drips and forces the paint into the bristles. "The brush releases the paint just like a fountain pen," he says. Weeks agrees, saying, "Just be sure to keep your brush moving, or it'll start to drip." </p> <p id="48l47T">For more delicate work, such as when you're <a href="">painting trim</a> or window sash, you'll want less paint on the brush. Doherty again dips and taps his brush, but this time he also scrapes the sides against his can. "The outside bristles are drier and easier to manage," he says, "but there's still plenty of paint on the brush."</p> <h4 id="rHhZdz"><strong>15. Cut in Close</strong></h4> <p id="oyElye">A common question that comes up when people try to paint themselves is how do I cut in paint like a pro? "Cutting in is an acquired skill, but it's something you can't do at all with a ratty brush," says Doherty. When cutting in on a wall, he loads his brush and spreads out the excess paint, then works the brush up to the line between wall and ceiling. </p> <p id="tu912C">A brush stroke that's too wide creates a hatband, or smooth brushed band, on the very top of the wall where it meets the ceiling. To avoid this, Dixon recommends rolling first and then cutting in with a brush. "A good roller can get within 1/2 inch of the ceiling," he says. "You'll save time by not brushing more then you have to." When painting baseboards, "a wide taping knife makes a good paint guard," says Span. "Just keep the blade clean to prevent drips from working around the edge of the knife."</p> <h4 id="5uWFDC"><strong>16. Work Top Down</strong></h4> <p id="Q8E6Gp">After painting the ceiling, work from the top down: Start with the crown molding, then do the walls and then paint the casement molding around the windows and doors. Do baseboard molding last. "Painting the baseboards last keeps dust and grit from traveling off the floor, onto the brush and then up onto the freshly painted casements," explains Weeks.</p> <h4 id="UeeqQd"><strong>17. Double-Check Work</strong></h4> <p id="XoEJHC">Between coats you'll want to back-prep, or sand off any bumps, before applying the next coat. Use a light to check the surface for drips, roller flecks, or other imperfections.</p> <h4 id="BNGNfd"><strong>18. Focus on Windows</strong></h4> <p id="5Lpxb4">The best time to tackle windows is in the beginning of the day, when you're fresh," says Doherty. "But it still takes me an hour to do a standard window." For double-hungs, begin by raising the inner sash and lowering the outer sash until their positions are almost reversed. Paint the lower half of the outer sash first, then the entire inner sash.</p> <p id="xr1AM9">Once the lower sash is dry, return both to their normal position, but leave them slightly open. Finish painting the outer sash. "Windows take too long to tape," says Doherty. When painting, overlap the glass by 1/16 inch to seal the wood.</p> <h4 id="v2Vx17"><strong>19. Do Doors Right</strong></h4> <div class="c-float-right"><div id="eKVKrS"><div data-anthem-component="aside:9337023"></div></div></div> <p id="lBQcjq">Most painters have no problem painting doors in place, but they recommend you lay the door on sawhorses and work horizontally. If you have a paneled door, start with the panels and work from the outside edges in toward the center. "Watch the corners — paint loves to puddle," warns Dixon. While the paint is still wet, lightly "tip off" the panel with an almost dry brush. </p> <p id="6n1vX3">When painting the stiles (vertical) and rails (horizontal) just follow the grain of the wood. When the grain changes abruptly, for instance, where the rail meets the stile, don't stop your brush stroke — you'll only leave a lump of paint. Apply paint across the joint with a full stroke, and then tip off the overlapping section by pulling the brush in the direction of the grain. "Make sure the door is dry before painting the opposite side or rehanging it," says Maceyunas.</p> <h4 id="BPciDe"><strong>20. Skip Daily Cleaning</strong></h4> <p id="EfKzm1">Most pros don't bother cleaning brushes and rollers if they are going to use them the next day on the same job. "Latex paint dries slowly in cold temperatures," says Maceyunas. For two-day jobs, he wraps the rollers and brushes in plastic grocery bags and sticks them in the refrigerator. "Just allow the roller to return to room temperature before reusing it," he says. Roller covers are almost impossible to clean thoroughly. Most pros buy new covers for each job.</p> <h4 id="ftDvkq"><strong>21. Expect Touch-Ups</strong></h4> <p id="FFjYdO">Accidents happen. Keep a cheap sponge brush on hand to blend a patch with the rest of the wall or woodwork. To mimic the look of a roller, simply dab on the paint.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>Buy a better brush</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Geoffrey Gross</cite> <figcaption><p>Buy a better brush</p></figcaption> </figure> <h2 id="g4KUHc">Where to Find It</h2> <p id="Z7fOky"><strong>Dripless caulk guns:</strong></p> <p id="D52uq7">Dripless, Inc.<br>134 Lystra Ct., #A<br>Santa Rosa, CA 95403<br><a href=""></a><br>800-960-1773</p> <p id="khymhQ"><strong> Floetrol and Penetrol paint additives:</strong></p> <p id="BfF5Ir">Flood<br><a href=""></a></p> <p id="DVAqpQ"><strong> No-Rinse TSP Substitute:</strong></p> <p id="66hBGQ">Jasco Chemical Corp.<br>1008 North Fuller Street<br>Santa Ana CA, 92701<br><a href=""></a><br>888-345-2726</p> <p id="AxcpFZ"><strong>Sandblaster Sanding Sponges:</strong></p> <p id="CVCCuk">3M, Construction Markets Division<br>Box 33225<br>St. Paul, MN 55133-3225<br><a href=""></a><br>800-480-1704</p> <p id="WBrcvC"><strong> Kilz Total One primer:</strong></p> <p id="nwDd4o">Masterchem Industries<br>Box 368<br>3135 Hwy. M<br>Barnhart, MO 63012<br><a href=""></a><br>800-325-3552</p> <p id="5r5CSH"><strong>High Performance Wood Filler:</strong></p> <p id="RSt5tB">Minwax<br>10 Mountainside Road<br>Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458<br><a href=""></a><br>800-526-0495</p> <p id="LIqISC"><strong>Brushes and Rollers:</strong></p> <p id="ilOGUU">Purdy Corporation<br>13201 North Lombard<br>Portland, OR 97203-6410<br><a href=""></a><br>503-286-8217</p> <p id="17agAY"> Wooster Brush Co.<br>604 Madison Avenue<br>Box 6010<br>Wooster, OH 44691<br><a href=""></a><br>800-392-7246</p> <p id="jW8y4M"><strong>Bulls Eye 1-2-3 primer:</strong></p> <p id="BqEBcE">William Zinsser & Co.<br>173 Belmont Drive<br>Somerset, NJ 08875<br><a href=""></a><br>732-469-8100</p> <p id="xnAerT"><strong>Further reading:</strong></p> <p id="96ZAXL"><em>House Painting Inside and Out </em>by Mark Dixon and Bob Heidt</p> <p id="kAu8VJ">The Taunton Press, 1997, $19.95.<br><a href=""></a><br>800-888-8286</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>Work top down</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Geoffrey Gross</cite> <figcaption><p>Work top down</p></figcaption> </figure> <h2 id="alZV5D">Special Thanks to the Following Painters</h2> <p id="AjCVxm">Mark Dixon, Dixon's Painting<br>Missoula, MT</p> <p id="9WFQnT">Brian Doherty, Doherty Painting<br>Richmond, VA</p> <p id="Rk9DoN">Rich Maceyunas, Maceyunas Painting and Wallpapering<br>Waterbury, CT</p> <p id="bzNM5K">Chris Span, Span's Quality Painting<br>Mobile, AL</p> <p id="0Fx4s3">Carmen Toto, Carmen Toto and Sons<br>Madison, NJ</p> <p id="WMwmoY">John Weeks, John the Painter<br>Mobile, AL</p> <p id="JyhKYm"> </p> Joe Hurst-Wajszczuk 2008-08-20T14:50:00-04:00 2008-08-20T14:50:00-04:00 Stripping Painted Furniture <figure> <img alt="" src="" /> </figure> <p>Sometimes ugly is only skin deep. Getting under those layers of old paint might reveal a valuable piece of furniture.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>HIDDEN BENEATH half a dozen layers of crackled paint is a beautiful hardwood table. After the stripper is brushed on, chemicals do the hard work.</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption><p>HIDDEN BENEATH half a dozen layers of crackled paint is a beautiful hardwood table. After the stripper is brushed on, chemicals do the hard work.</p></figcaption> </figure> <h2>Introduction</h2> <p>There's probably an old dresser, chair, or table you've sequestered in a dark corner of your basement or attic that's covered with cracked and blistered paint. Whether the piece is a family heirloom or just something you picked up at a garage sale, you can remove the paint and turn it into a usable piece of furniture. Chemical stripping surely ranks as one of the messiest ways to spend a weekend. But if you follow the advice of Don Maxwell, of Maxwell's Furniture Restoration in Mountainside, New Jersey, on how to redo furniture you will get the job done safely and correctly. Who knows? You might find a real gem under all that gunk.</p> <p>What will you save doing the work yourself? Hiring a pro to repair, strip and finish this table would cost about $450, while you can do the work over a couple of weekends for around $60.</p> <p><strong>Fix It First</strong></p> <p> When restoring furniture, it helps to break things down to smaller, more manageable steps. First, remove hardware, such as pulls, knobs, and hinges. Maxwell suggests writing numbers on the parts or even taking a few "before" pictures to help with reassembly when you're done.</p> <p>If the piece is damaged, fix it before removing the paint. For this project, Maxwell started by removing the split tabletop. "This table had been exposed to the elements for at least a decade," he says, "but it only takes a year or two for furniture to begin checking and warping — even if it's under cover in an unheated garage or on a back porch."</p> <p>The fastest way to correct splits like these is to recut and reglue the joint. Maxwell ran the top through his tablesaw, cleaned up the cut on his jointer and installed a few wood biscuits to reinforce the joint and straighten any minor warping. Next, he brushed on a thin coat of carpenter's glue and clamped the boards together. Once the glue dried, the table was shipped to the stripping room.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>Before</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption><p>Before</p></figcaption> </figure> <h2>Successful Stripping</h2> <p>Some pros dunk pieces in a vat of chemicals. "This method is the least expensive," Maxwell says, "but too much chemical exposure isn't good for the wood, and can damage the veneers and glued joints." Because of environmental regulations, many dip strippers have switched to flow-over systems, in which the chemicals are circulated through a pump and hosed onto the piece. "Flow-over systems expose the worker to less chemicals, but the furniture is still getting saturated with more stripper than it needs," Maxwell says.</p> <p>According to Maxwell, stripping furniture is best done by hand. "It does take longer, but it's easier on the furniture, and on the person doing the work," he says. So if you do decide to have a pro do the work, look for a shop that does the work by hand.</p> <p><strong>Tools You'll Need</strong></p> <p>Before you begin stripping, you'll need the proper safety equipment and a few tools. To protect yourself when using any stripper, use an organic solvent respirator with new filters, splashproof goggles, chemical-resistant gloves, and an apron. To lather the stripper, Maxwell cuts down natural-bristle paintbrushes. "They make good scrubbers," he says. Less expensive synthetic brushes work with some water-based strippers but, says Maxwell, "they turn to pulp the second they touch solvent." You'll also need a collection of scraping and scrubbing tools to remove the paint/stripper sludge. Maxwell uses metal scrapers and steel wool, but if you're using a water-based chemical, use plastic knives and abrasive pads; otherwise, metal particles will leave rust stains on the wood.</p> <p><strong>The Work Area</strong></p> <p>Choose a well-ventilated spot when you work. Because many chemicals in strippers are heavier than air, they will sink to the floor and can be difficult to get rid of, so basements are not a good choice. Some of the vapors can also corrode the metal parts of your furnace or water heater. For maximum ventilation, Maxwell recommends working in the garage or, better yet, outside.</p> <p>Maxwell does his work on a lipped metal tray that collects the extra stripper into a paint can; he reuses the stripper until it evaporates. You can cover a worktable with several thick layers of newspaper, removing the top sheet as it gets caked up to expose a fresh working surface.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>After</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption><p>After</p></figcaption> </figure> <h2>Taking it off</h2> <p>The speed of the stripping process depends upon the strength of the stripper and the stubbornness of the finish. On this table, the paint began to bubble and blister almost as soon as Maxwell brushed on a coat of the liquid-type stripper. "Methylene chloride strippers work fast and eat through almost anything," he says. The chemical breaks the bond between the wood and paint; most finishes will come off in sheets. For tough paints, Maxwell carefully scratches the surface of the finish to help the stripper get down to the wood. If you find yourself prying or scraping off the finish though, put on more stripper or you'll damage the wood.</p> <p>To strip the flat top, Maxwell used a putty knife to remove the thick sludge, scrubbed the surface with coarse steel wool and finished up with a second dose of stripper. Carvings and turnings require special attention. Maxwell prefers using a scrub brush to work the paint out of all the nooks and crannies on the legs, but coarse twine and wood shavings also work well.</p> <p>For some vertical surfaces and difficult finishes, Maxwell will use a paste-type stripper. "These chemicals work when wet," he says. "Pastes have chemical retarders built in to block evaporation, helping them stay wet longer." To further limit evaporation, as well as your exposure to the chemicals, consider wrapping the piece in newspaper, waxpaper or polyethylene sheeting and letting the chemical work overnight. If the stripper dries, you can reactivate it by brushing on a little more, and then scraping it all off.</p> <p>"The only trick to stripping," says Maxwell, "is to treat every element making up a piece of furniture in exactly the same manner." Because the chemicals and scrubbings affect the ability of the wood to absorb stain and finish, he gives every leg the same degree of attention.</p> <p>Once the paint is off, you'll need to rinse off any remaining stripper; otherwise, the chemical residue will react with the new finish. Commercial stripper rinses are available, but Maxwell recommends denatured alcohol or mineral spirits. Water-based strippers can be rinsed off with water but, he says, "the water will wind up raising the grain, which will mean more sanding later on."</p> <p>After it had thoroughly dried, Maxwell gave the table a finish sanding. After starting with a power sander, he switched to a small cork-padded block. "Power sanders do tend to leave swirl marks that will show when you apply the stain," he says. Maxwell also advises against too much sanding. "If a piece is getting a surface finish, using 100-grit sandpaper is sufficient," he explains.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>MAKE REPAIRS before refinishing. After disassembling the table, Maxwell fixes a split by cutting through the crack with his tablesaw and regluing the joint.</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption><p>MAKE REPAIRS before refinishing. After disassembling the table, Maxwell fixes a split by cutting through the crack with his tablesaw and regluing the joint.</p></figcaption> </figure> <h2>Finishing Up</h2> <p>Once you've reached this point, you can decide how to finish the piece. The maple used on this table didn't quite match. To darken the light boards without overdarkening the adjoining wood, Maxwell made two blends of stain—one taken at full strength straight from the can and a second that he thinned with a splash of mineral spirits. He brushed the full-strength stain on the lighter wood, then switched to the thinned stain to finish the top. "The key to blending the two areas is to always brush from a wet edge," he says. Once the stain dries, any additional stain will make the wood look like a darker second coat.</p> <p>Maxwell stained the edges after blending the top. "The end grain is very absorbent, and will take more stain than the top," he says. To control the color, Maxwell uses a very dry brush and lightly touches the side of the bristles against the wood.</p> <p>The final step is to apply a protective topcoat. Maxwell prefers the speed of a spray finish, but "choosing a finish is a balance between form and function," he says. In the case of an everyday piece, such as a kitchen table, a brush-on polyurethane would be an equally practical choice.</p> <p>With its new showroom finish, the table looks might look too good to eat off of, but there's no need to cover up the wood with a tablecloth. "Good furniture is built to take years of everyday abuse," says Maxwell. "And it can always come in for a face-lift."</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>USE A PUTTY KNIFE to scoop off the finish. Coarse steel wool or an abrasive pad are also good for scrubbing off stubborn paint.</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption><p>USE A PUTTY KNIFE to scoop off the finish. Coarse steel wool or an abrasive pad are also good for scrubbing off stubborn paint.</p></figcaption> </figure> <h2>Shopping for Stripper</h2> <p>Most paint stores and home centers stock dozens of liquid- and paste-type chemical strippers. Basically, the three things you need to know are:</p> <p>• All of them will eat through almost any finish.</p> <p> • The safer the stripper is, the slower it works.</p> <p> • Pastes don't generally work as fast as liquids, but because they stay wet longer, you have more time to scrape off the sludge.</p> <p>With that in mind, here's a rundown of the four basic categories.</p> <p><strong>Fastest</strong></p> <p> Most of the strippers in this category contain methylene chloride, which is also called dichloromethane, or DCM. This chemical will soften almost any paint and finish instantly. These strippers work from the bottom up so that the finish comes off in sheets.</p> <p>The downside to DCM is that it's nasty stuff. In addition to being a possible carcinogen, methylene chloride can cause skin and lung irritation and exacerbate the symptoms of heart disease. Inhaling it reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, which can also mean a trip to the ER. In addition, it's difficult to detect when a respirator becomes ineffective.</p> <p><strong>Examples: </strong>BIX Quick Strip, Cabot Paint and Varnish Remover, Formby's Paint and Poly Remover, Klean-Strip Stripper, UGL Paint Remover</p> <p><strong>Medium-Fast</strong></p> <p> These strippers contain smaller amounts of methylene chloride or other chemicals, such as methyl-2-pyrrolidone and gamma butyrolactone. These strippers aren't as toxic as the fastest strippers, but you'll still need to wear gloves and goggles, and most require additional ventilation. Because these strippers work from the top down, you may need to apply a second coat when stripping furniture that's caked under several layers of paint.</p> <p><strong>Examples: </strong>Citristrip, Olympic</p> <p><strong>Slowest </strong></p> <p> This type can be used indoors without special ventilation, a respirator or gloves. The downside is that these strippers take as long as 24 hours to work and, because they're water-based, they will raise the grain and loosen veneers.</p> <p><strong>Example: </strong>Safest Stripper</p> <p><strong>Refinishers</strong></p> <p> Despite what some labels suggest, refinishers, or removers, are strippers, although they only work on shellac or lacquer. Refinishers liquefy these finishes on contact. Most refinishers contain either acetone or tolulene, so be sure to use gloves, goggles, and a respirator, and provide plenty of ventilation.</p> <p><strong>Examples: </strong>Formby's Furniture Refinisher, Gillespie Antique Restorer, Minwax Antique Furniture Refinisher</p> <p> </p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>TO REMOVE CAKED-IN PAINT from turnings without damaging the wood, use a plastic or brass bristle scrub brush.</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption><p>TO REMOVE CAKED-IN PAINT from turnings without damaging the wood, use a plastic or brass bristle scrub brush.</p></figcaption> </figure> <h2>Where to Find It</h2> <p>W.M. Barr & Co. Inc.</p> <p> Box 1879</p> <p> Memphis, TN 38101</p> <p><a href=""></a></p> <p><a href=""></a></p> <p> 901-775-0100</p> <p>3M, Customer Service</p> <p> 3M Center, Bldg. 515-3N-02</p> <p> St. Paul, MN 55144-1000</p> <p> 800-842-4946</p> <p> Safest Stripper</p> Joe Hurst-Wajszczuk 2008-02-26T12:47:00-05:00 2008-02-26T12:47:00-05:00 How to Paint Your Home's Exterior <figure> <img alt="" src="" /> </figure> <p>For the cost of a few cases of exterior paint, plus some patching and sanding, you can have a whole new home.</p> <p id="6zkqO9">A fresh paint job has the power to totally transform the look of your house in less time and for less cash than any other remodeling project. </p> <p id="k429En">That thin skin of resin and pigment also protects your investment, shielding it from sun, wind, and rain—until the paint begins to crack and peel, that is. Then it's time to button up with a couple of new coats. </p> <h2 id="v1HVO5">How Long Does Exterior Paint Last For?</h2> <p id="JXONLZ">Properly applied, new paint should last for a good 15 years, provided you use top-quality materials, apply them with care (and with an eye on the weather), and, most important, clean and sand every surface first. </p> <h2 id="XUy0NM">How to Paint Your House</h2> <p id="DPl822">Is it time for a fresh coat? Here's what you need to know to get a first-class finish on your home's exterior.</p> <h3 id="sPqQIN">Wash</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="2pPs0x">A thorough scrubbing is a must before painting any exterior surface. It removes the dirt and broken-down paint residues that keep fresh coats from adhering and gets rid of mildew that grows on paint in all but the most arid climates. Most contractors clean with pressure washers, but in the hands of someone unfamiliar with the equipment, these can gouge wood, shatter glass, and drive water behind siding and trim. Using a hose, a pump sprayer, and a scrub brush is slower but safer, and just as effective.</p> <p id="45urPZ">Before the scrubdown, protect nearby plants by misting their leaves and saturating the surrounding soil with water, pulling them away from the house, and shrouding them in fabric drop cloths. (Plants will cook under plastic.) Lay more drop cloths along the base of the walls to collect any falling paint debris. </p> <p id="j2aJo9">Walls should be wet down before getting scrubbed, then washed with a gallon of water mixed with 1 cup chlorine bleach and 1 cup of either a concentrated, phosphate-free cleaner, such as a trisodium phosphate (TSP) substitute, or <a href="">Jomax House Cleaner.</a> Working in sections, from the bottom to the top, will avoid streaks. Be sure to rinse walls well before the solution dries. Wood siding and trim should be ready to paint after a day or two of dry weather.</p> <h3 id="nWfk49">Scrape, Part I</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="0td9gj">Paint that has peeled, bubbled, or blistered has got to go. But if lead is present—a strong possibility in houses built before 1978—you need to proceed with extra care. To lay any doubts to rest, you can send paint chip samples to a lab, such as <a href="">Macs Lab's</a> Home Free; for about $38, they'll give you a definitive answer.</p> <p id="6DerL0">If your paint does contain lead, you'll need to take special precautions during the scraping and sanding phases to protect yourself, your family, and the environment from toxic dust. If the paint is lead-free, you need only don a dust mask and lay down tarps to catch debris before tackling the most crucial part of the project.</p> <p id="gOmp6M">New Orleans contractor Joseph Wallis did use a <a href="">PaintShaver</a> on this project to capture lead dust. This carbide-tipped angle grinder, which has a dust-collecting shroud that connects to a HEPA-filter vac, can be rented by mail from the manufacturer for about $50 a day.</p> <h3 id="gHKsgh">Scrape, Part II</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="fU8jio">Scraping paint by hand is a grueling task because you've got to attack it from every direction. But compared to power grinders and sanders, it's the least damaging way to remove the old layers. You can speed up the process by using a heating gun to soften the paint (as shown).</p> <p id="eQjn0D"><strong>Safety First:</strong> Use a respirator when scraping paint by hand. Also, make sure you protect the surrounding work area—including any plants and shrubs—with a tarp covering.</p> <h3 id="ZQRC2q">Sand, Part I</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="PG1CuN">With loose paint removed, it's time to step back and assess what remains. If most of the paint still adheres well and it's not too bumpy, the boundary between the paint and the bare wood can be smoothed with 50- or 80-grit sandpaper.</p> <h3 id="kB5SHF">Sand, Part II</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="rCaPri">Small random-orbit or pad sanders make this job go faster. (Wallis first covers these boundaries with Synkoloid patching compound so no edge is visible after sanding.) As shown, you want to make sure that there is a feathered, smooth transition from exposed wood to old paint. For areas that might get close scrutiny, you can follow up with a 100- or 120-grit rubdown to erase any scratches. </p> <p id="O8cI5F">If less than half the old paint is left, however, it may be worth stripping it all off. Guertin gets rid of stubborn remnants using shrouded grinders (like the PaintShaver), infrared paint strippers (such as the Speedheater), or chemical strippers (like Multi-Strip), then smooths the wood with a course or two of sanding. When siding (or bank accounts) can't take the shock of a total strip job, Rich O'Neil, of Masterwork Painting in Bedford, Massachusetts, has successfully hidden rough, well-adhered paint under Peel Bond, a thick primer.</p> <p id="EheAYf"><strong>Safety First:</strong> When using a random-orbit sander, be sure to protect yourself from refuse with a respirator. For sanding by hand, a dust mask will do.</p> <h3 id="hPVvgq">Patch and Fill</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="bI3qfQ">After the sanding is done, it's time to fill minor cracks and dents, repair any rot, and replace any pieces that are too far gone. (Wholesale replacement of wood siding or trim will likely require a carpenter.)</p> <p id="3aJAm8">O'Neil patches shallow holes and divots with <a href="">Ready Patch</a> because it dries fast, sands smooth, and stays flexible. Deep cracks and rotten spots are best repaired with two-step epoxies, such as those made by <a href="">Advanced Repair Technology.</a> (For a step-by-step instructions, see <a href="about:blank">Repairing Rot with Epoxy.</a>) The days of using polyester auto-body fillers on wood are over. "They cure too hard," says Portland, Oregon–based painting contractor Kathleen George. "They look good at first, but then they peel away."</p> <p id="RdTAFG">Hold off on caulking the cracks until everything has been primed. "Primer protects the wood when—not if—the caulk fails," says O'Neil.</p> <h3 id="1pCE2Y">Prime, Part I</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="o4KTVP">Primers are formulated to penetrate, seal, and provide a good surface for the top coats to stick to. Use them over bare wood, Spackle, and epoxy, or over paint with a chalky, deteriorated surface. (If the paint surface is clean and sound, you can skip the priming step.)</p> <p id="adNbc8">Acrylic primers can be used on most surfaces, but on cedar or redwood, oil-based coatings are a must because they lock in these woods' reddish-brown "extractives," which will leach out and leave behind rusty stains if the wood is primed with a water-based product.</p> <p id="4TmWkG">Painters often tint primer close to the color of the top coat, but Wallis thinks that's a recipe for "holidays," or missed spots. Instead, he tints his primer a contrasting color. "If I can see the color coming through, I know I need to apply more paint," he says. On the cottage shown in this story, he chose a gray-blue primer to go under a peach top coat.</p> <p id="w5Oqno">If primer is sprayed on, "back-brushing" it immediately by hand will work the coating into every crack and crevice.</p> <h3 id="HgQFoK">Prime, Part II</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="DKLluH"><strong>Tip:</strong> Spray exposed nailheads with a metal primer to prevent rust from bleeding through the paint.</p> <h3 id="iNxvkT">Caulk</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="tU8jOR">When the primer is dry, caulk all small joints (less than ¼-inch-wide) in the siding and trim. Most pros use siliconized acrylics—paint won't stick to straight silicones—but Guertin and O'Neil like the new, more expensive urethane acrylics for their greater flexibility and longevity. O'Neil stresses that it's shortsighted to skimp on caulk. "If the joint fails, you're back to square one." Guertin uses the lifetime rating as his quality guide. "I don't expect 35-year caulk will last 35 years, but it should last longer than a 15-year caulk."</p> <h3 id="srAb7C">Paint, Part I</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="J0KBYr">Deciding which paint to use has gotten much easier now that acrylic latexes have pushed oil-based paints almost to extinction. The acrylics offer superior performance (they don't harden with age, the way oils do, so they move and breathe without blistering), they don't mildew as readily, and they emit fewer VOCs, so they comply with new air-quality regulations. They also work over both oil- and water-based primers. </p> <p id="RPlzY4">Oil paint still has a place in high-traffic areas such as wood steps and porch floors because of its superior wear resistance, and on steel and cast-iron railings, which benefit from oil's water repellency. </p> <h3 id="MRUOzV">Paint, Part II</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="n85Pd3">The last big decision is how to apply the paint. Most pros use paint sprayers because they're fast, but in inexperienced hands a high-powered sprayer can leave drips, thin coats, and a mist that may land on many things other than your siding. </p> <p id="KrA3Mg">If you do hire a painter who uses a sprayer, make sure he is meticulous about removing, covering, or masking off everything in the area that might get hit with overspray: gutters, roofs, windows, shrubbery, walkways, cars—you name it. </p> <p id="E2KUO3">Once you choose a paint brand, the pros advise against additives, such as mildewcides. But they will add conditioners such as Floetrol (for latex) or Penetrol (for oils) to slow drying times in hot weather so brush and lap marks don't show, and to make paint more sprayable. </p> <h3 id="PxpT3O">Paint, Part III</h3> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Sarah Wilson</cite> </figure> <p id="RPawbL">Every painting job develops a unique choreography as ladders go up and come down and tarps are unrolled and folded up. But two basic principles remain: </p> <ol> <li id="XYQIwA">Start at the top and work down.</li> <li id="T7M88n">Work in the shade, out of the sun's glare. </li> </ol> <p id="ys4MIB">As the dance proceeds, keep an eye on the weather. Rain can wash freshly applied latex right off the wall, and a temperature dip below 50 degrees F two days after application can interfere with adhesion and curing and dull the sheen of glossy paints. (Latexes like Sherwin-Williams's Duration and Benjamin Moore's MoorGard Low Lustre are formulated to tolerate temps as low as 35 and 40 degrees, respectively.)</p> <h2 id="FKKd5F">What Do I Need to Paint My House?</h2> <p id="9LBemc">Do-it-yourselfers are best off using a brush for maximum control. You may end up with a better quality job, to boot. Says Kathleen George, "With a brush, I know that I've inspected every square inch of a house." Mini rollers speed application on clapboards and trim but should be followed immediately with a brush. </p> <p id="pGdj49">Whichever application method you end up using, the pros are universal in their insistence that two top coats are always better than one. Says O'Neil, "It's one of the real secrets of a long-lasting paint job."</p> Joe Hurst-Wajszczuk 2008-01-29T15:44:51-05:00 2008-01-29T15:44:51-05:00 What You Need to Know About Lead <figure> <img alt="" src="" /> </figure> <p>Learn more about this potentially deadly substance</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> </figure> <p>Lead, the metal pigment that once made paint so long lasting, is also a potent neurotoxin if ingested or inhaled by people or pets. If your house was built before 1978, there's a 75 percent chance that there's a layer of lead lurking in the paint. To lay any doubts to rest, send paint-chip samples from both siding and trim to a testing lab like <a href="">Macs Lab</a>. Unlike the simple (and frequently unreliable) lead-paint detection kits sold at home centers, a lab test can give you a definitive answer about the chemical makeup of the stuff you'll be scraping. </p> <p>Now for some good news: lead paint is harmless when left undisturbed. As long as the old paint is well adhered, you can keep it safely encapsulated under a latex primer like <a href="">Peel Bond</a> and well maintained top coat. Preventing paint failure is the best, and cheapest defense against exposure. </p> <p>But the time will come, inevitably, when that old paint will be disturbed as part of prepping your house for painting. There aren't any restrictions on hand sanding and scraping because the risk of exposure to dust is minor, but a few simple steps can help keep the lead from getting out of control: </p> <p> • Spread 6-mil poly drop cloths along the perimeter of your house to catch the falling chips and dispose of them when you're done. </p> <p>• Wet down surfaces before scraping or sanding to keep debris from going airborne. </p> <p>• Wear a half-face respirator equipped with a HEPA filter cartridge or N100 disposable respirator and </p> <p>• Wash hands before eating or drinking. </p> <p>• Launder work clothes in separate cycle. </p> <p>When you or your painter plug in a power tool to attack lead paint, the danger level goes up. Check with your local building department to see what they require. You may have to work within a blue-tarp tent or use specialized tools like the Paint Shaver grinder (, which has a dust-collecting shroud connected to HEPA-rated vacuum. </p> <p>Non-flammable paint strippers are another acceptable low-dust alternative, but they can be slow, messy, and expensive. </p> <p>Heat has long been used to soften old paint so it can be easily scraped off. The problem is that lead starts to vaporize when heated over 752 degrees F, and you can end up breathing in the poisonous fumes. A HEPA respirator(CK) and copious ventilation, should keep you safe. Better yet, avoid using heat guns or plates unless they have temperature controls. Infrared paint strippers such as <a href="">Speedheater</a> are much safer because they work well below lead's vaporization temperature. </p> <p>Faced with strict local removal and disposal regulations, many painters prefer to leave lead removal to licensed subcontractors. "Abatement is more than just having the equipment and sucking up the dust," says Portland, Ore., painting contractor Kathleen George. "You need to understand and follow all the rules. I prefer calling in a pro so that I can focus on painting." </p> <p>For more information, including a listing of risk assessors who can determine the extent of paint problems, and certified abatement contractors who can help solve them, contact <a href="">The National Lead Information Center</a> or call them at 800-424-5323.</p> Joe Hurst-Wajszczuk 2005-12-01T14:25:00-05:00 2005-12-01T14:25:00-05:00 How It Works: Carbon Monoxide Alarms <figure> <img alt="" src="" /> </figure> <p>Carbon monoxide is responsible each year for more than 200 deaths (and possibly thousands more unreported, nonfatal poisonings) in the U.S.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Illustration by Harry Campbell</cite> </figure> <p>Despite what your mother told you, what you don't know—or, for that matter, see or smell or taste—can hurt you. In the case of carbon monoxide, it can kill you. The invisible, odorless gas, a by-product of all fuel-burning appliances, heating devices, and engines, is responsible each year for more than 200 deaths (and possibly thousands more unreported, nonfatal poisonings) in the U.S. alone. Yet only one third of houses have CO alarms, and only a handful of states require them. Winter is the riskiest season for CO poisonings, so if you're among the unprotected, now's the time to act.</p> <p>To understand how these alarms work, it helps to first understand the way carbon monoxide affects the body. When inhaled, CO combines with hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying component in blood, to produce carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). Because COHb bonds with oxygen so tightly—200 times stronger than regular hemoglobin—cells slowly suffocate. Likewise, it's difficult for the body to expel CO, so even small doses can build to toxic levels. The brain doesn't recognize the danger because it regulates breathing rates based on carbon dioxide levels, not the body's need for oxygen. Poisoning victims may complain of headache, fatigue, or nausea, but they never receive a clear warning from their bodies to walk away from a potentially deadly situation.</p> <p>That's where CO alarms come in. By constantly monitoring the air for the gas, which is almost always present in minute quantities, the detector calculates whether levels are high enough to pose a risk of CO buildup in the body. If so, the device triggers an alarm of 85 decibels or more, loud enough to jolt most anyone out of peaceful slumber. (Most deaths from CO poisoning occur while the person is sleeping.)</p> <p>It's easy for an alarm to sense CO. The trick is to make one that reliably tracks the minute fluctuations in levels over time and sounds a warning only when the cumulative exposure indicates a health risk. That requires a complex interaction between sensors and microcircuitry, which made such technology prohibitively expensive until 1993, when First Alert introduced the first battery-powered CO alarm for home use.</p> <p>Today, prices range from $20 up to $100, depending on the type of sensing technology and the sophistication of the features. There are basic battery-powered or plug-in models, or fancier versions that talk, connect to a wireless network, or work in combination with a smoke alarm. But they all meet the same performance standard—UL 2034—set and enforced by Underwriters Laboratories, so you're safeguarded no matter what kind you choose. Besides, installing one is no more difficult than mounting a smoke alarm. What are you waiting for?</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt="<p>Alarm tester</p>" data-mask-text="false" src=""> <figcaption><p>Alarm tester</p></figcaption> </figure> <h2>CO Alarm</h2> <p><strong>What is it?</strong></p> <p>An electronic device that alerts you when carbon monoxide exceeds safe levels.</p> <p><strong>Why you need it</strong></p> <p>CO is tasteless, odorless, invisible, and deadly. And it's next to impossible for the human body to detect, even while being actively poisoned.</p> <p><strong>How it works</strong></p> <p>A sensor continually samples the air for CO molecules; a microprocessor collects the sensor's data, analyzes it, and sounds the alarm if CO concentrations become dangerous: at least 70 parts per million, or ppm, over a 4-hour period.</p> <p><strong>Where to install it</strong></p> <p>In upstairs hallways, 5 feet off the floor and no more than 10?15 feet from bedroom doors; in rooms with boilers and furnaces.</p> <p><strong>Don't install it</strong></p> <p>In bathrooms or other areas with high humidity, or within 5 feet of fuel-burning stoves and ovens.</p> <p><strong>What it costs</strong></p> <p>$20 to $100, depending on features.</p> <p><strong>The Truth About Test Kits</strong></p> <p>Playing on fears of malfunctioning CO alarms, some companies fill cans and capsules with CO and sell them to homeowners for do-it-yourself testing. These kits certainly will set off an alarm if the unit is functioning, but flooding a sensor with a dose many times higher than what it's designed to sniff out won't verify if an alarm will sound at the lower levels that are just as hazardous.</p> <p>What's more, the kits aren't even necessary. CO alarms have a test button that simulates a CO spike and exercises the circuit right down to the alarm. Besides, an alarm's circuitry is continually monitoring itself. If the sensor malfunctions or wears out, it should trigger a warning tone.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Photo by Entech Supply</cite> </figure> <h2>What to Look for</h2> <p>Keep these features in mind when shopping for a CO alarm.</p> <p><strong>NECESSITIES</strong></p> <p><strong>UL or ETL label</strong></p> <p>Shows the device meets current safety standards (UL 2034). Don't purchase any CO device that doesn't have either of these labels molded into it.</p> <p><strong>Battery backup</strong></p> <p>When the power cuts off—and the kerosene heaters, gas-powered generators, and fireplaces are called into service—you'll need a CO alarm that's not dependent on a plug.</p> <p><strong>NICETIES</strong></p> <p><strong>LCD display</strong></p> <p>Shows short-term peaks in CO levels—any reading above 30 ppm merits investigation—before it reaches alarm-tripping concentrations. Units that display the highest level of CO alert you to a problem that needs fixing. If a poisoning has occurred, they help emergency personnel determine what type of treatment to administer.</p> <p><strong>Voice warning</strong></p> <p>Programmed announcement in combo CO/smoke alarm unit tells you the location and type of danger the alarm is responding to.</p> <p><strong>Wireless networking</strong></p> <p>Links alarms together without hard-wiring so that when one alarm is triggered, all alarms respond.</p> <h2>Where to Find It:</h2> <p><strong>Carbon monoxide alarms:</strong></p> <p>Kidde Safety</p> <p>Mebane, NC</p> <p>919-563-5911</p> <p><a href=""></a></p> <p>(Story continues below ad.)</p> <p>First Alert</p> <p>BRK Brands Inc.</p> <p>Aurora, Illinois</p> <p>630-851-7330</p> <p><a href=""></a></p> <p><strong>Carbon monoxide alarm test kit:</strong></p> <p>National Safety Products Inc.</p> <p>Finksburg, MD</p> <p>877-412-3600</p> <p><a href=""></a></p> Joe Hurst-Wajszczuk 2002-03-18T19:14:00-05:00 2002-03-18T19:14:00-05:00 Top 10 Repair Questions <figure> <img alt="" src="" /> </figure> <p>Expert answers to the most frequently asked home maintenance questions</p> <p id="sf3fgG"></p> <p id="itrsFR">This "Top 10 List" is no late-night-television joke. We put it together based on your most frequently asked home maintenance questions. Then we found the experts to answer them. Whether it's sweaty windows, peeling paint, wet basements, or sagging floors, you've probably encountered one or more of these headaches as a homeowner. Here's what you can do about them.</p> <p id="INYud7"></p> <h2 id="3w9OTR">1. Drywall Nail Pops</h2> <p id="dmxFRa">Pops occur when lumber shrinks and exposes the shank of a nail or screw, according to Myron Ferguson, a drywall contractor in Broadalbin, New York. Pressure on the loose drywall panel causes the head of the fastener to pop through. To repair, drive a drywall screw about 1 1/2 inches above or below the pop on the same stud. Press the panel firmly against the framing as you set the screw. Next, remove or reset the popped fastener. If the surface is damaged, Ferguson uses mesh tape to strengthen and conceal the repair. "Compared with paper tape, mesh trowels out thinner." Improper fastener length can also contribute to the problem. When installing drywall, make sure the screws penetrate the stud by at least 5/8 inch; nails should penetrate the stud by at least 7/8 inch. Don't set the fastener too deep; tearing the paper surface also reduces the holding power of the fastener. "Do it right the first time," urges Ferguson. "Use a screw gun and wallboard adhesive. Applying adhesive reduces the number of fasteners needed."</p> <p id="90UjE3"></p> <h2 id="4dK3r3">2. Asbestos Siding</h2> <p id="Y4ofsD">”Many contractors have misled homeowners by claiming that all asbestos-containing materials in homes must be removed,” says Ken Giles, spokesman for the Consumer Product Safety Commission. This may be true for loose or damaged materials, but the best way to handle asbestos siding is to leave it alone. Shingles contain nonfriable asbestos, which means that the fibers aren’t released unless they’re sawed, drilled, cut or broken. Other remedies include encapsulating or covering the siding. To encapsulate, paint the siding with a latex masonry primer and high-quality latex paint. But don’t sand or scrape the shingles. To prepare the siding, just scrub with a soap-and-water solution, then rinse with a hose. To cover asbestos siding, install insulation board and vinyl siding over the shingles. Make sure screws penetrate at least 3/4 inch into the wall studs. Removal is the most expensive solution, and should be the last resort unless it’s required by state or local regulations, or if you’re considering a major exterior renovation, such as a large addition. Asbestos removal must be done by a certified contractor (look under “Asbestos” in the yellow pages). Improper removal is illegal and increases the health risks to you and your family.</p> <p id="U5KPKy"></p> <h2 id="QwSD7F">3. Mildew on Exterior Paint</h2> <p id="66c1zG">John Stauffer, technical director of the Paint Quality Institute in Spring House, Pennsylvania, says you should make sure you’re dealing with mildew and not just dirt: Place a few drops of bleach on a suspected stain, wait a few minutes and then rinse. If the treated area loses its color, it’s mildew (bleach does not affect dirt). “Mildew can be eliminated by treating the surface with a mixture of one part bleach to three parts water,” Stauffer says. “Leave the mixture on the surface for about 20 minutes, then rinse thoroughly.” As always, wear adequate hand and eye protection. While it’s impossible to keep your walls free of mildew, there are things that you can do to prevent it from returning. When repainting, clean the surface and paint when it’s completely dry. Don’t paint on a windy day if nearby surfaces are mildewed, because the spores can blow over and infect the fresh paint. Many high-quality paints on the market contain a mildewcide, but you can also buy an additive to help paint resist mildew. Also, use latex paint, which resists mildew better than oil-based paint because it contains fewer nutrients for the mildew to feed upon. Gloss level also plays a role in mildew growth. Glossier paints are less porous, so dirt and mold spores have less to grab hold of. And because darker colors dry faster than lighter colors after it rains, they are less receptive to mildew.</p> <p id="d1mu6F"></p> <h2 id="QhuHbO">4. Truss Uplift</h2> <p id="dcNXgi">Truss uplift, or truss arching, is caused by wood reacting to changes in humidity, according to Rachel Smith, technical director of the Wood Truss Council of America in Madison, Wisconsin. The problem usually shows up in winter, when the bottom chords (the ceiling joist part of the truss), which are buried under ceiling insulation, stay warm and dry. Top chords, on the other hand, are exposed to moister attic air. As a result of the different moisture levels, the top chords expand and the bottom chords contract, which causes the bottoms of the trusses to bow, or lift, off of the wall. To confirm that this is the problem, use a handheld moisture meter on the top and bottom chords. But also ask a contractor to look for any settlement of bearing walls, headers, beams or floor members. In fact, truss arching is the cause of only about 20 percent of reported cases of partition separation, according to Smith. If the problem is moisture-related, installing attic ventilation can help correct the problem. Eave vents in combination with ridge vents are most effective.</p> <p id="UE7mBx"></p> <h2 id="rIEKYv">5. Popcorn Ceiling</h2> <p id="7Jj9Ex">Whether you hate the look or have dirt and stains on your popcorn ceiling, your best option is to remove the old texture and start from scratch. “Sprayed acoustic ceilings are notorious dirt and dust collectors,” says Kevin Bush, a drywall contractor in Boyer-town, Pennsylvania, “and patching water stains and cracks is almost impossible.” Although only a small percentage of sprayed acoustic ceilings contain asbestos fibers, have a small sample tested before starting work. If the lab gives the all-clear, use a ceiling-texture scraper to remove the old finish. This tool consists of a handle, blade and plastic bag. As you scrape, the bag catches most of the debris, making cleanup easier. You won’t get a smooth ceiling after you remove the acoustic. Most contractors apply only two coats of joint compound to drywall joints when the ceiling will be covered with a popcorn finish. For a smooth finish, you’ll need to sand and apply a third coat. Then paint with a drywall primer followed by a flat ceiling paint. It hides imperfections better than glossier paints. If you want to apply a new texture, the simplest is a “knockdown” finish. Thin down some joint compound with water and roll it on the ceiling with a medium-nap paint roller. When the compound is almost dry, run a wide trowel over the surface. The semismooth surface can be painted with a glossier paint without sacrificing its “hiding” quality.</p> <p id="xY05vs"></p> <h2 id="nCcvhG">6. Wet Basement or Crawl Space</h2> <p id="IWzjFQ">A number of circumstances can cause a wet basement or crawl space. First, it’s important that gutters are clean and downspouts divert water away from the house, according to Mark Kuzila, director of the Conservation and Survey Division at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. If water from a downspout is puddling around the foundation, divert the water by extending the downspout at least 10 feet from the house. Surface drainage is also important. Watch how the water puddles the next time it rains. Fill any low spots that puddle within 10 feet of the foundation. For best drainage, the land surrounding your house should slope away from the foundation at a rate of 1 inch per foot, including the driveway, sidewalk, and patio. Problems with subsurface water are generally more serious and will require professional help. The least intrusive solution is to install a sump pump, but when subsurface water is putting pressure on basement walls, it might also be necessary to install a subsurface drainage system. This involves excavating around the foundation and installing 4-inch drainage pipe covered with gravel. In severe cases you may need to contact a soil engineer to investigate the depth and direction of the subsurface water.</p> <h2 id="vENkyx"></h2> <h2 id="IHOyH4">7. Sagging Floors</h2> <p id="3oeTGJ">Sagging or sloping floors could be the result of inadequate support beams that are deflecting or failing. Rotted sills or an inadequate foundation are other causes. In addition to affecting the floor, these conditions can cause wall cracks and make doors and windows impossible to open. According to Dr. Sarah Kirby, housing specialist at the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service in Raleigh, sagging upper floors and those caused by insect or water damage should be looked at by a contractor. You can sometimes correct minor sags on the first floor yourself with a pair of screw-type jack posts and a wood or steel beam to bridge the jacks, but this procedure is difficult and somewhat risky. The posts need a very firm foundation. Even if you have a 4-inch concrete slab, you still need to create a concrete pier pad for the jack that’s 18 to 24 inches square and at least 12 inches deep. Once these pier pads have cured and the jacks are in place, begin by raising the floor slowly, as little as a quarter turn per week. Jacking slowly allows for settling without serious disruptions or sudden stress. Lifting might create additional wall cracks and change door and window margins.</p> <h2 id="C5BXSl"></h2> <h2 id="fCAqsg">8. Sweaty Windows</h2> <p id="GtzfIS">”Condensation has been a persistent and often misunderstood problem associated with windows,” says Dariush Arasteh, staff scientist at the Environmental Energy Technologies Division of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in Berkeley, California. In cold climates, condensation collects on windows when the temperature of the glass drops below the dew point of the inside air. Minor sweating is normal with most windows, but excessive condensation can contribute to the growth of mold or mildew in or on the walls, damaged paint surfaces and eventually rotted wood components, says Arasteh. Newer low-e, double-glazed windows can reduce frost and condensation because interior glass surface temperatures are warmer. In an existing home with older windows, the simplest and most effective way to control condensation is by reducing interior humidity. Using vent fans (in the kitchen and bathrooms) and dehumidifiers also helps lower interior humidity levels. The National Fenestration Rating Council, an organization that tests the energy efficiency of windows, is developing a new condensation resistance rating that will appear on window labels; however, until such a rating is available, a lower U-value generally indicates greater condensation resistance.</p> <h2 id="NRGC9b"></h2> <h2 id="7C8YrH">9. Peeling Exterior Paint</h2> <p id="2d0Mtb">”The main cause of paint failure is inadequate prep work,” says Doug Hanhner, team leader/supervisor of the Benjamin Moore Paints Product Information Center in Flanders, New Jersey. Glossy surfaces must be sanded; otherwise your new paint will start coming off in sheets with the first major change in temperature. Another common problem is moisture getting behind paint and working through the surface. After power washing your house, allow at least 14 days for the siding and sheathing to dry before painting. Occasionally, moisture escaping through walls (especially in the kitchen and baths) can cause paint to peel. Painting too early in spring or too late in fall can also cause paint to fail prematurely. Even though it may feel dry to the touch in a day or two, latex paint needs to remain above 50 degrees F for at least 14 days in order to cure properly. To deal with peeled paint, scrape down to a solid base (preferably bare wood), and apply an alkyd primer. Alkyds penetrate deeper and adhere better than latex primer. “Latex primers breathe better, but alkyds prevent moisture from getting trapped between the primer and base, which can also lead to paint failure,” explains Hanhner. Apply two topcoats to build up a sufficiently thick skin. When rolling or spraying, you should also “back brush” to help “seat” the paint, which creates a stronger mechanical bond with the surface.</p> <h2 id="kWB93K"></h2> <h2 id="XQ6Ucg">10. Rotted Beams, Joists, and Sills</h2> <p id="cSPWQp">"The most common signs of rot are stained or soft wood, the presence of black or yellow fungus, insects or, in the case of painted wood, a soft depression under the surface of the paint," says Mark Cramer, president of the American Society of Home Inspectors in Des Plaines, Illinois. To determine the extent of the damage, probe the area with an ice pick or screwdriver to check for soft or spongy wood. If the rot damage exceeds 10 to 15 percent of the beam, it usually requires a structural repair. Using a pressure-treated replacement will prevent the problem from reoccurring, but in most cases, an epoxy patch is a faster, less expensive fix. Most repair kits contain a consolidant, which hardens any questionable wood, and a two-part epoxy. When properly mixed and used with the appropriate fillers, structural epoxies are stronger than the original wood.</p> <h2 id="pR1WLi"></h2> <h2 id="WFDsde">Where to Find It: </h2> <p id="fobL1r"><strong>American Society of Home Inspectors</strong></p> <p id="4RF0L3"> 932 Lee St., Ste. 101</p> <p id="OBc7u1"> Des Plaines, IL 60016</p> <p id="mhPPmi"><a href=""></a></p> <p id="N8acqL"> 800-743-2744 <strong>Conservation and Survey Division</strong></p> <p id="kzMgue"><strong> University of Nebraska-Lincoln</strong></p> <p id="PG2FoA"> 113 Nebraska Hall</p> <p id="0kUwv1"> Lincoln, NE 68588-0517</p> <p id="BlLuvy"><a href=""></a></p> <p id="B9QBmW"> 402-472-7523 <strong>Efficient Window Collaboratice</strong></p> <p id="L6T6NL"><strong> Alliance to Save Energy</strong></p> <p id="6kTc7H"> 1200 18th St. NW</p> <p id="GZm906"> Ste. 900</p> <p id="ZBchQG"> Washington, D.C. 20036</p> <p id="g38o8a"><a href=""></a></p> <p id="szGtLF"><a href=""></a></p> <p id="1BUngT"> 202-857-0666 <strong>North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service</strong></p> <p id="LKMBRV"><strong> North Carolina State University</strong></p> <p id="AKzfZJ"> Box 7605</p> <p id="WB9qsv"> 210 Ricks</p> <p id="FkM1DB"> Raleigh, NC 27695-7605</p> <p id="IsDHeG"><a href=""> data/hc2.html</a></p> <p id="SHRtmp"> 919-515-9154</p> <p id="iUx5EA"> Sagging floors <strong>Paint Quality Institute</strong></p> <p id="C3zvwi"><strong> Rohm and Haas Company</strong></p> <p id="ctuooY"> 100 Independence Mall W.</p> <p id="ELSiTu"> Philadelphia, PA 19106-2399</p> <p id="nQ7tyc"><a href=""></a></p> <p id="LrDW26"> 215-592-3000 <strong>U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission</strong></p> <p id="LYXweM"> Washington, D.C. 20207</p> <p id="AlZIfZ"><a href=""></a></p> <p id="aLlz6X"> 800-638-8270</p> <p id="ZgxNTr"> "Asbestos in Your Home" booklet <strong>United States Gypsum Co.</strong></p> <p id="CqjvfN"> Box 806278</p> <p id="Cdqu6c"> Chicago, IL 60680</p> <p id="NgF28i"><a href=""></a></p> <p id="xjdrK5"> 800-874-4968</p> <p id="mRu7Bu"> First Coat drywall primer <strong>Wood Truss Council of America</strong></p> <p id="KQ2DP4"> 1 WTCA Ctr.</p> <p id="9IvqFy"> 6300 Enterprise Ln.</p> <p id="CZH0yn"> Madison, WI 53719</p> <p id="5BFzwL"><a href=""></a></p> <p id="NOP4qO"> 608-274-4849 Further reading: <strong>Drywall: Professional Techniques for Walls & Ceilings</strong></p> <p id="61YITU"> by Myron Furguson</p> <p id="pT6zRa"> Taunton Press</p> <p id="o1pzvn"> Taunton, CT</p> <p id="aiPVZV"> 144 pages, $19.95 <strong>Residential Windows: A Guide to New Technologies and Energy Performance</strong></p> <p id="LCThOI"> by John Carmody, Stephen Selowitz, Dariush Arasteh and Lisa Heschong</p> <p id="3fHmu0"> Norton & Company</p> <p id="r1Ppip"> New York, NY</p> Joe Hurst-Wajszczuk 2002-03-13T14:03:00-05:00 2002-03-13T14:03:00-05:00 Knots Homeowners Should Know <figure> <img alt="" src="" /> </figure> <p>Unless you're a sailor or Boy Scout, there are only five knots you need to know how to tie.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> <cite>Illustration by Freeman Design</cite> </figure> <p>If your best rope trick is a granny knot, this painless primer will make life around the house a lot safer and easier. The five knots covered here will help you complete dozens of chores, from securing a hammock to lashing a sheet of plywood to the top of your car. Don't worry if you're all thumbs. These knots are simple. </p> <p>Keep a copy of these instructions in your car, shop or shed. They'll come in handy.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> </figure> <p><strong>Bowline: A Loop That Won't Slip</strong></p> <p>One of the most useful knots, the bowline fastens securely but can be untied quickly, even under tension. The loop created by this knot is handy for slipping over a nail in laying out almost anything with string, or for securing a rope to a fixed loop or ring. A bowline is useful for so many applications that many builders keep a bowline loop permanently at one end of their line. </p> <p><strong>Step 1:</strong> Make a single loop.</p> <p><strong>Step 2:</strong> Pass the end through the loop, then around the standing part of the rope. Finally, pass the free end back through the loop and pull tight.</p> <p><strong>Variation</strong></p> <p> You can use a bowline to attach a rope to a fixed loop or ring. Just feed the loop through the ring, then pull the rope through the loop and pull tight.</p> <p> </p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> </figure> <p><strong>Sheet Bend: Tying Lines Together</strong></p> <p>Think of a sheet bend as the perfect rope-extension knot. A sheet bend is strong, easy to tie and untie, and especially useful if you're using lines of different thicknesses.</p> <p><strong>Step 1:</strong> Make a bend in the end of the thicker rope. Pull the end of the thinner rope through the loop.</p> <p><strong>Step 2:</strong> Wrap the end of the thinner rope under both pieces of the thicker rope, making a loop in the thinner rope. Pull the standing parts of the two ropes in opposite directions until tight.</p> <p><strong>Variation</strong></p> <p> A doubled sheet bend (two wraps around the thicker rope in Step 2) can hold even slippery nylon rope.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> </figure> <p><strong>Two Half Hitches: Tying Off</strong></p> <p>This knot comes in handy for tying a rope to branches, ladder rungs, and other ropes. One half hitch isn't much by itself, but tie two back-to-back, and you've got a loop that, unlike the bowline, will tighten around an object. This knot can be somewhat difficult to untie once secure, and tying more than two hitches doesn't make the knot any stronger. Use this knot to tie off the trucker's hitch.</p> <p><strong>Step 1:</strong> Pull the end of the rope around the object and make a loop around the standing part.</p> <p><strong>Step 2:</strong> Make another loop around the standing part of the rope. Snug up until the two half hitches are tight.</p> <p><strong>Variation</strong></p> <p> To prevent the knot from slipping along the object it's tied to, wrap the rope an extra time around the object before making the knot. Three or four loops around the object will turn this knot into a pipe hitch knot — a great knot to use when attaching a swing to a tree branch.</p> <p> </p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> </figure> <p><strong>Miller's Knot: Bundling Loose Branches</strong></p> <p>Also known as the bag knot or the constrictor knot, this knot can also be used for closing the ends of bags. The knot grips itself, doesn't work loose, and takes less time to tie than going into the kitchen for a twist-tie. This is a tough knot to untie.</p> <p><strong>Step 1:</strong> Wrap a short length of line around the bag or bundle.</p> <p><strong>Step 2:</strong> Wrap the top line around the bundle one more time, then under the crossed lines. Pull both ends to tighten.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> </figure> <p><strong>Trucker's Hitch: Securing Loads</strong></p> <p>The trucker's hitch enables you to cinch down a load on your car top or truck as tightly as ratcheting straps and more securely than any elastic cord. This hitch uses several of the basic knots described earlier to create a system that doubles your mechanical advantage when tightening and then holds the line tight. </p> <p><strong>Step 1:</strong> First, tie off the rope on one side of the load (not shown), then cross the rope over the load and tie an overhand loop in the standing part of the rope. Next, feed the free end under the bar or hook of the rack and then up through the loop. </p> <p><strong>Step 2:</strong> To tighten the rope on the load, pull down on the free end; pinch the loop to keep the tension between pulls. When the rope is very tight, tie a half hitch with the free end.</p> <p> <strong>Step 3:</strong>To fully secure the rope, tie a second half hitch.</p> <figure class="e-image"> <img alt=" " data-mask-text="false" src=""> </figure> <p><strong>The Dope On Rope </strong></p> <p> In the past, rope was woven out of natural fibers like cotton, hemp, and even hair. Today, synthetics dominate. </p> <p>A good cargo rope should have minimal stretch yet be flexible to handle. Braided polyester is the best cargo rope. It doesn't stretch much, is rot-resistant and holds knots well. The breaking point of a 1/2-inch-thick polyester rope is 5,700 lbs. A 25-foot length costs about $10. </p> <p>To keep synthetic rope from fraying when you cut it, hold a candle or lighter to the ends long enough to melt the yarns. Secure the ends of a natural-fiber rope with waxed whipping thread or tape.</p> Joe Hurst-Wajszczuk |
Research Paper On Understanding The Greek Mythology
Type of paper: Research Paper
Topic: History, Greece, Athens, Greek, Mythology, World, God, Literature
Pages: 7
Words: 1925
Published: 2020/10/23
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The ancient Greeks were renowned scientists, mathematicians, philosophers, politicians, and many more. They excelled in various fields more than the Romans. They left a legacy of high valued literary documents, word origins, and interesting history. It is universally acknowledged that the ancient Greeks contributed a lot of things in the history of mankind. Many scholars of the Greek literature and history study their language in order to understand the country itself. It is a common knowledge that Greece contributed a lot to the world that even though they did not became the world’s superpower, they dominated the world with their ideas; which is especially true because their teachings are still studied even in the modern times. However, in order to fully understand the Greek culture, a researcher must be aware of the Greek Mythology first. In this paper, I would like to argue that the ancient Greeks developed a variety of myths to explain certain circumstances, situations, and things that they do not know. Illiteracy was high in the ancient times; most of the Greek population worked as slaves, craftsmen, musicians, prostitutes, and ordinary laborers. They did not have education, only the sons and daughters of the wealthy families can afford the tutelage of a renowned philosopher at school. Because of this, the Greeks became highly dependent on myths in terms of explaining their history.
The great woman classicist Edith Hamilton once stated that the ancient Greeks created their own version of gods based in their own image1. The evidence of this is seen on the surviving artifacts left by the sculptors of the various eras. Despite the changes in portrayals, one common feature of the ancient Greek sculptures is the appearances. All Greek gods are closely portrayed to appear as humans whom Hamilton notes that putting the human gods above the heavens provides the humans with a pleasant and familiar place2. Despite the barbaric age, the Greeks destroyed the typical belief of ancient people about the heavenly deities. The ancient Egyptians and some gods of the Hinduism and Mesopotamian religions depict their gods in a way that were immobile, animalistic, and utterly not ‘human’ at all. Just like the Great Sphinx of Giza, although the head of the monument is a human head, still the half-part of it is an animal. Perhaps the Greeks thought that it might be weird if their gods were animals, because ‘they’ [the ancient Greeks] were not animals to begin with. It is possible that due to their rational thinking that they argued inside their heads about the possible looks of their deities. Hence, modeling a god out of one’s personal appearance was probably their own way of comfort on to which the ancient Greeks find satisfaction and security. “On Earth too, these deities were exceedingly humanly attractive in the form of lovely maidens and men. They peopled the woodlands, rivers, seas, forests and thus, creating a harmonious symbiosis that sets the Earth in balance.”3
Edith Hamilton, Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes (Grand Central Publishing, 1942) p. 15.
Ibid., p. 17
Ibid., p. 17
The unique features of the Greek gods set them apart from the ancient gods of the Egyptians. One of the most well-renowned Egyptian deities is Ra, the god of the Sun who is the counterpart of the Greek god Apollo. Despite having a human shaped body, Ra is a deity represented by a human body and head of a bird. For the ancient Egyptians, Ra’s presence brought them the sunlight, which is important in growing crops. Furthermore, many scholars of the ancient history believed that it was an interesting innovation that the Greeks modeled their Gods as humans as well. Mostly, the topic concerning about the heavenly deity refers to the ‘unknown being’. Throughout the ancient civilizations, there was no historical record left about the exact description of a God. For the Egyptians since they worshipped the nature, they believed that their Gods took the animal forms so that they can interact with humans. As a result of this, the majority of the Egyptian deities were half-human and half-animal, which is a large contrast to the humanized form of the Greek gods.
“These and their like were what the pre-Greek world worshipped. One need only a place beside them in imagination any Greek statue of a god, so normal and natural with all its beauty, to perceive what a new idea had come into the world. With its coming, the universe became rational.”4
The Greek mythology is the collection of stories derived from the age-old tales of the bygone era, long before the mortals came to inhabit the land. One of the most important stories of the Greek mythology is the creation of the Olympian gods. In contrast to the ancient religions, the Greeks believed that the universe created their gods, rather than the opposite. As Hamilton noted, before the gods entered the scene, the universe and the planet Earth were already formed.5 People believed that before the Olympian gods, there existed a ‘parent gods’ who eventually gave birth to the Titans, thus giving birth to the Greek gods that the people know as of today.6
The birth of the Titans became essential to the birth of the Olympian Gods. As Hamilton declares, the history of the Titans was untold for many ages, which makes them the ‘Elder Gods’ of the Greek mythology. Records of their tales were long gone and quite forgotten by many, since only few surviving records exist as of today. Prometheus was the father of Deucalion and the savior of mankind. He aided Zeus in his war against Kronus. The origin of fire at the ancient times was highly unexplainable; and so the story of Prometheus became ever popular. After he aided Zeus to dethrone Kronus, Zeus became the chief of the Olympian gods. Throughout the blissful Golden Age, only males roamed the lands.7 Zeus later created the women due to his wrath against Prometheus. Prometheus was punished for caring so much for the men. He stole the fire from the Olympian gods in order for them to survive. To further fuel his hatred, Prometheus even arranged that men should be the first to get the best parts of the animal sacrifice. He wrapped the eatable parts of the ox into its hide and eventually gave the remaining parts to the gods. Prometheus cunningly wrapped the ox bones with the animal fats and allowed Zeus to choose on his own. Hence, the bones and fat were burned to the gods upon their altars whilst the edible parts of the animal sacrifice were kept by the humans for their own consumption.8 Zeus ordered his servants named Might and Violence to capture Prometheus to chain him into a rock locate in Caucasus. Zeus also went to the smith-god Hephaestus and ordered him to create a chain that would nail the traitor god on to the rock. Every day, Zeus sent out an eagle to eat Prometheus liver which grew each night. This continuous punishment was eternal for Might and Violence told the pitiful god:
“Forever shall the intolerable present grind you down. And he who will release you is not born. Such fruit you reap for your man-loving ways. A god yourself, you did not dread God’s anger, but gave mortals honor not their due. And therefore you must guard this joyless rock. No rest, no sleep, no moment’s respite. Groans shall your speech be; lamentation your only words.”9
Perhaps one of the reasons why the ancient Greeks were misogynists was due to the fact that Zeus created Pandora in order to obtain his revenge against the mankind and Prometheus’s treachery. He made a creature as sweet and lovely that no one and even the discerning eyes of men will know the wickedness of her nature. Pandora was given a box by which Zeus told her not to open. However, due to her curiosity, she lifted the lid of the box and eventually all the diseases flew out, causing plagues and sorrows for mankind10. The stories of Greek mythology were passed down through the word of mouth. However, sometime around 750 B.C., scholars of the ancient Greek culture debated the identity of the person who organized and compiled these myths or whether only one author or many author were involved in the process. Some scholars consider the Greek poet Homer as the one who compiled these stories and incorporate them in his two great epics namely Iliad and Odyssey11. In a documentary about the ancient Greece, Professor Thomas Scanlon from the University of California noted that the Greek mythology became widely popular during the time of Homer, which was around 750 B.C. “Homer gave the Greeks their gods; Homer was effectively the closest thing the Greeks had to a Bible”12. Moreover, fifty years after Homer’s death, the Greek poet Hesiod wrote his Theogony, a short piece of literature which explains that the world began with Chaos, or emptiness.
Ibid., p. 16
Ibid., p. 24
Ibid., p. 24
Ibid., p. 72
Ibid., p. 74
Ibid., p. 75
Ibid., p. 73
11. The History Channel: Gods and Goddesses, narrated by Stanley Bernard and Maggie Soboil (2001; New York, NY: Filmroos Inc., 2001), DVD.
12. Professor Scanlon, The History Channel: Gods and Goddesses.
The myths became the basis of the daily life of the ancient Greeks. It allows them to have a concrete explanation of the unknown phenomenon they experience. During their time, priest and priestesses spoke oracles which were believed to be messages from Gods. The ancient Greeks often asked the help of their gods through praying at their temples or visiting oracles such as the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. A typical Greek prayer follows a three-part pattern. Invocation is the way of addressing a god through the use of his or her honorific titles or thereby mentioning their names in a successive chant in order to gather their attention to acknowledge one’s presence.13 This part usually forms the beginning of the praying ceremony of calling their attention by repeated chants or songs that continue to state their name, their greatness and holiness. The second part of the prayer is the sanction; in this part, the person who seeks the help of the gods must prove themselves worthy of their attention and aid. It is similar to proving one’s credentials before granting a favor. Some sanctions often include the sacrifice mostly of animals, depending on the message of the oracle. Although animal sacrifices were common, human sacrifices were also popular as people believed that live mortals such as a girl’s virginity can invoke a god’s interest. For example, according to Serrano and Lapid, a farmer sought Apollo’s help in removing the plagues of his town. As an offering, the Sun-god asked the farmer to offer him his daughter’s virginity in exchange for the welfare of his beloved town. The farmer eventually agreed to offer his daughter’s virginity as a proof that he [the farmer] was worthy of his [Apollo] attentions14. The last part of the prayer is the entreaty which grants the seeker the liberty of stating their wishes in return to offerings they had given. “Greek prayers contained neither regrets nor promises of amendment; they contained only a practical appeal for help.”15
Unlike in the modern times, the Greeks have high regards toward their gods and their prophecies. To them, the prophecies are their lives. Perhaps the main reason that the ancient Greeks created these stories of gods and goddesses was to provide salvation for their adversaries. During Homer’s time, Greece was a patchwork of city-states who were in constant war with one another. The only thing that links them all to one another was the worship of the gods and goddesses that provide them salvation. In times of adversity, people often seek out the answers and began to question the mystery of life. Heroes became ever more popular because the weak see them as the embodiment of the gods in the humanized form who descended on the land to help them with their troubles. The ancient Greek’s thirst for knowledge to understand the reality of the world made them create these supernatural deities out of frustration. Perhaps it was their unconsciousness that dictated them to create a heavenly deity that they can seek out for help during turbulent times. In short, gods and goddesses of the ancient Greek mythology provides people not only with salvation, but also a reward of faith; that even through hard times, people can have the consolation that above them, there were gods who look upon them and dictate their course of life. Until today, the legacy of the ancient Greek mythology still lives on, in today’s culture; several elements of the Greek mythology were incorporated in various literatures such as the fictional novels. One famous author was Sherrilyn Kenyon. The majority of her novels explore the themes of immortality, vampires, time-traveling, and mythology. Her novels were basically a crossover of some mythologies such as Egyptian, Greek, Norse, Celtic, and Roman. Interestingly, the topics about the immortality and Greek mythology seem to gain popularity amongst readers, especially the female. Kenyon’s novels tell the readers of a certain possibility and a question that continued to bug many scholars throughout the century. What was it like to have these gods and goddesses roam the lands? What would happen to the Earth if they really do exist? Kenyon combined the themes of sex, romance, mythology, time-travel, supernatural powers, and religion in order to create an environment wherein the ancient Greek gods intermingled with mortals either to procreate, or somehow to abolish the evil. It is really fascinating to think how the world and the people would behave if these gods really do exist. However, the answer to this question remains unknown. As the continuing hunger to understand the ‘unknown’, the legacy of the ancient Greece still remains. It speaks to us even today, the Parthenon, the oracle of Delphi and even the statues of the bygone age. They speak to us of a silent history that has been buried undergone through many centuries.
13. Josephine Serrano and Milagros Lapid, English Communication Arts and Skills through World Literature (Phoenix Press Inc., 1987) p. 8
14. Ibid., p. 8
15. Ibid., p. 9
Works Cited
Hamilton, Edith. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 1942. Print.
Serrano, Josephine, and Milagros Lapid. English Communication Arts and Skills through World Literature. Quezon City: Phoenix Press Inc., 1987. Print.
The History Channel: Gods and Goddesses. Perf. Stanley Bernard, Maggie Soboil. Filmroos Inc., 2001. DVD.
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Science in the Spotlight: The Scientific Attitude
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Creationists, climate deniers, and anti-vaxxers are united by their skepticism of science. Science is under attack from those who claim to simply be skeptical, but why should they believe in science? What is it that distinguishes science from other disciplines? In his book, The Scientific Attitude, philosophy of science scholar and Boston University Professor Lee McIntyre posits that it is the attitude of the scientific discipline, the willingness to change one’s mind and adjust theories on the basis of new evidence, that makes science special.
Science deniers often hinge their arguments on a lack of definitive proof. “All of us, not just scientists, can learn to fight back against science denial,” McIntyre said. He explains that, instead of defending science as objective fact, perhaps we should foster the understanding that science is justification based on the available evidence. Science itself exemplifies how beliefs can be adjusted in a rational way based on new information.
It is not reasoning or methodology that makes science distinctive, but a community that embraces the evaluation and criticism of one another’s work. “Through the scientific attitude we have found a way to make our beliefs better by constantly comparing them to evidence,” McIntyre said. In the book, McIntyre discusses a blog called, which reports on the retractions of scientific papers. Willingness to admit one is wrong or to publicize the retraction of research is in no way universal. exemplifies how the scientific community holds one another accountable and values the fluidity of knowledge.
McIntyre also points towards the rise of modern medicine as an example of the field-transforming power of the scientific attitude. “Medicine underwent a revolution in its scientific attitude in the 19th century, this transformed it into a prime example of what is so reliable about science.” The book acknowledges that some may cast Alexander Fleming’s accidental discovery of penicillin as good fortune. However, McIntyre counters this by pointing out that the understanding of the empirical evidence, subsequent large-scale experiments, and development into a lifesaving drug, were certainly not by chance.
McIntyre makes a convincing case that it is mindset rather than method that distinguishes science from other disciplines. McIntyre’s argument is both appealing and an informative call to arms. The philosophical discussion of demarcation and the scientific method in the early chapters helps to establish the basis of his argument. He thoughtfully convinces the reader to appreciate the examples of failure, fraud, and transformation in the history of science. Furthermore, his contribution “provides the tools for scientists and others who care about science to fight back.”
His writing is thoughtful, logical, and accessible to scientists, philosophers, and others. This book provides a foundation for understanding how science is carried out. Not only does this book present arguments in the defense of science, but perhaps more importantly it celebrates and exemplifies the features that makes science so special. |
Concurrency in Python: Asyncio
In the third article in this series, we cover solving our recurring problem with Asyncio by itself, and reserve Asyncio and Processes for a future fourth article. Asyncio is by far the lowest-overhead form of concurrency available in Python, but it has limitations on the kinds of problems it’s helpful with.
Python Asyncio and Event Loops
Asynchronous I/O (or asyncio) in Python is a method of performing non-blocking functions with an event loop. When an event would require the program to wait, control is implicitly transferred to the event loop, which then finds other work to perform. There are a variety of asyncio constructs which may cause control to be transferred to the event loop. These include waiting for an asyncio.Queue() message, waiting for another asyncio task to finish, and waiting for an network message to arrive, or be sent – when you use the right asyncio network API.
However, at this point in time, there is no asyncio-compatible file I/O – which can be problematic. So, if your program is largely dependent on file I/O, or calls to other blocking functions, then asyncio may not be for you. Once you enter the asyncio world, you have to push blocking non-asyncio calls into threads. If that’s where you’re spending most of your time, then asyncio probably becomes why bother? But if that’s not the case this example may prove helpful.
Unfortunately, the asyncio APIs, are a bit different from the corresponding non-asyncio APIs. So, for this one, we need to rewrite our check_a_port() function.
Implementing check_a_port with asyncio
import asyncio
from typing import Tuple, Optional
async def async_check_a_port(ip: str, service: str, timeout: int = 5
) -> Tuple[str, str, Optional[str]]:
Check an IP:port to see if it is open/available
:param ip:str: IP address (or DNS name)
:param service:str: service name
:param timeout:int: how long to wait for before giving up.
:return:Tuple[str, str, Optional[str]: ip, port, failure reason or None
port = socket.getservbyname(service, "tcp")
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
conn = loop.create_connection(asyncio.Protocol, host=ip, port=port)
connection = await asyncio.wait_for(conn, timeout=timeout)
return ip, service, None
except asyncio.TimeoutError as oops:
# NOTE: asyncio.TimeoutError is not TimeoutError (!)
return ip, service, type(oops).__name__
except socket.error as oops:
return ip, service, f"{oops}: errno={oops.errno}"
Although this code is similar to the code of check_a_port() from the earlier articles, let’s walk through it and see how it works.
The first thing to note is that this process has a funny new keyword at the front – async. This means that you can’t just call it, you have to await its completion with the await keyword – which you’ll see in a bit.
As before, we compute the port from /etc/services. using getservbyname(). But since this is all based on event loops, the connection is created in a pretty different way. The event loop object has a member function called create_connection – which takes a new type of parameter – asyncio.Protocol – a class implementing a conventional connection-oriented stream protocol (e.g., TCP/IP). This creates a description of what work should be done once someone decides to await it.
Next the code waits for the connection to be established. What happens when you do this is that it effectively puts the work of creating the socket on the back burner until someone awaits the result of the connection. This allows the event loop (loop) to continue doing other things. Once the connection is established, async_check_a_port resumes executing. Meanwhile, the event loop runs whatever else it has to do while waiting for the connection to complete or fail. If it fails, it either raises an asyncio.TimeoutError or a socket.error – depending on why it failed. It is confusing and very much worth noting that the Python built-in TimeoutError is a different class than asyncio.TimeoutError.
Going back to the success case, the code closes the socket and returns the success indication. This logic is essentially identical to the original check_a_port code – but under asyncio, the runtime behavior is quite different.
In our previous example, we used the built-in Python thread pool code to do threading. Unfortunately, there is no corresponding asyncio task pool, so the obvious thing to do is to create an analogous class.
Emulating Thread Pools for asyncio tasks
from typing import Dict, List, Set, Union, Optional, Awaitable, Generator
from concurrent.futures import Future
class AsyncPoolExecutor:
Class to emulate ThreadPoolExecutor for asyncio
We ensure that no more than 'max_executions' tasks are run at once.
def __init__(self, max_executions: int):
Initialize with the requested number of work items...
:param max_executions: int: maximum number of simultaneous tasks
self.max_executions = max_executions Set[Awaitable] = set() # Work in progress
self.unscheduled: List[Union[Awaitable, Future]] = [] # not running
def add(self, task: Awaitable):
Add an Awaitable to our list of work to be done
:param task:Awaitable: Task to accomplish.
:return: None
async def as_completed(self) -> Generator[Future]:
Async Generator returning each task as it completes.
Similar to futures.as_completed()
:return: Yield tasks as they complete
while True:
while self.unscheduled and len( < self.max_executions:
if not
done, pending = await asyncio.wait(,
= pending # pending is a set...
for item in done:
yield item
Although this is an interesting class, I’m going to only give a brief overview of it, since it emulates a thread pool for asyncio tasks, and its use will be illustrated in code following. To construct an AsyncioPoolExecutor object, you need pass the number of simultaneous connections. For our example, you would want to keep that below the maximum number of open file descriptors available, to keep it from running out of open file descriptors.
add() and as_completed() behave like the corresponding thread pool operations. The add member function simply adds work to the list of tasks not yet running. as_completed() is an asynchronous generator, and is more interesting and worth a bit more explanation.
As_completed() loops indefinitely until all the work is done. Each time through its while True loop, it performs these tasks:
1. Add unscheduled work to the work queue (up to our limit)
2. Return if there is no work to do
3. Yield the results from each completed task back to whoever is waiting on the results.
The code to use it is similar to the previous synchronous examples, but is a bit different due to the differences imposed by asyncio. Below is the new version of scan_em_all – using the AsyncPoolExecutor class, and the async_check_a_port()function.
Scan ’em All with asyncio
async def scan_em_all(services: List[str], devices: List[str]):
Check every combination of services and devices to see if they're available
:param services: List[str]: List of services
:param devices: List[str]: List of device IPs or DNS names
:return: Dict[str, List[str]]: Dictionary of all IPs with lists of all available services
runner = AsyncPoolExecutor(250)
answer: Dict[str, List[str]] = {}
for ip in devices:
for service in services:
runner.add(async_check_a_port(ip, service))
async for task in runner.as_completed():
ip, service, err = task.result()
if err is None:
if ip not in answer:
answer[ip]: List[str] = []
return {key: sorted(answer[key]) for key in sorted(answer.keys())}
The first thing the function does is create an AsyncPoolExecutor, and an empty answer dictionary. The next lines simply add the work for doing an async_check_a_port() call for each combination of IP address and port given as arguments. This is very similar to what we did before.
Next we wait for the tasks to complete – almost exactly as before – but with one significant difference. Now, we have to precede the for task in runner.as_completed() call with the async keyword. This is necessary because the as_completed member function is an asyncio generator which has to be awaited instead of merely being called. The structure of this code is nearly identical to the structure of the synchronous code, but it is enough different that it has to be a new implementation.
Why Bother with asyncio?
Having done this, the question comes up “Why bother?”. The most obvious reason is that there are no threads created at all. This is much less overhead, and from the Python perspective, this makes this code much faster and consume a lot fewer system resources. This is not only because of the lack of creating and managing threads, but Python’s GIL is constantly having to check the lock to see if it can proceed. In this case, it is always able to proceed.
In the threading case, as more and more threads get created, the percentage of time it is able to get the lock goes down and down – which makes the overhead go up and up. That overhead simply never occurs here. Although Python may check the lock, it never has to wait on it. As in the threaded case, you are still limited to the work done by a single core, but now that core is doing more work for you because of the lower overhead.
Why not use asyncio for everything?
Although you can gratuitously throw in asyncio into nearly every program, which would no doubt make you the way coolioest programmer ever, there are reasons why not to use asyncio. Here are a few:
• If every important operation involves (synchronous) disk I/O (particularly reading from disk)
• If every important operation involves a blocking I/O operation through a library you have no control over – for example, synchronous APIs through wrappers you don’t want to write, or things like Netmiko.
• If there is nothing blocking in your program (like a pure computation), then asyncio can’t make it faster. In the end, without multiprocessing Processes, you’re stuck with the single-core performance limitation.
• Performance really isn’t an issue. Asyncio adds complexity. Complexity decreases reliability. Make sure the performance advantage is worth the increased complexity.
• You need to run on a version of Python before 3.5. Asyncio changed a lot in 3.5.
Although I originally planned for this series to be three articles, this one is long enough to be worth its own article. I’ll reserve the fourth (and hopefully last) article for Asyncio and Processes together.
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What is Net Banking and Mobile Banking? what are difference between Net Banking and Mobile Banking?
What is Net Banking?
Online banking, also known as internet banking, it is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank or other financial institution to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial institution’s website. The online banking system will typically connect to or be part of the core banking system operated by a bank and is in contrast to branch banking which was the traditional way customers accessed banking services.
What is Mobile Banking?
Mobile banking is a service provided by a bank or other financial institution that allows its customers to conduct financial transactions remotely using a mobile device such as a smart phone or tablet. Unlike the related internet banking it uses software, usually called an app, provided by the financial institution for the purpose. Mobile banking is usually available on a 24-hour basis.
Difference between Mobile banking and Internet banking
Although the purpose of both the facilities is same but the functionality differs. Mobile banking can be operated from any mobile, even the most basic one (through SMS). In smart phones mobile banking can be operated through GPRS and/or SMS. Fund transferred (NEFT) through mobile banking takes less time (as you do not have to register the beneficiary). But it can be operated only through registered mobile (mobile no. registered with the bank. It is SMS based as well as app based.
Internet banking must needs internet connection. Unlike mobile banking it can be operated through computers also.it use to transfer funds through net banking & you have to register the beneficiary which takes some time ranging 2 to 12 working hrs. However, both can be used to transfer funds, know your balance, stop cheque payment, recharge mobile top-ups etc. For both the facilities you have to get mobile banking or internet banking kit from your bank branch with which you have your account. |
The Benefits of Statistical Noise
The year was 1999. Chicago’s public housing was in distress, with neglect and gang activity hastening the decline of already depressed neighborhoods. In response, the city launched the Plan for Transformation to offer relief to residents and rejuvenate the city’s public housing system: residents would be temporarily relocated during demolition, after which the real estate would be repurposed for a mixed-income community. Once the building phase was completed, former residents were to receive vouchers to move back into their safer and less stigmatized old neighborhood.
But a billion dollars and over 20 years later, the jury is still out about the plan’s effectiveness and side effects. While many residents do now live in safer, more established communities, many had to move multiple times before settling, or remain in high-poverty, highly segregated neighborhoods. And the idealized notion of former residents as “moving on up” in a free market system rewarded those who knew how to play the game—like private real estate developers—over those with little practice. Some voices were drowned out.
Chicago’s Plan for Transformation shared the same challenges—cost, time, a diverse set of stakeholders—as many similar large-scale civic initiatives. But it also highlights another equally important issue that’s often hidden in plain sight: informational “noise.”
Noise, defined as extraneous data that intrudes on fair and consistent decision-making, is nearly uniformly considered a negative influence on judgment that can lead experts to reach variable findings in contexts as wide-ranging as medicine, public policy, court decisions, and insurance claims. In fact, Daniel Kahneman himself has suggested that for all the attention to bias, noise in decision-making may actually be an equal-opportunity contributor to irrational judgment.
Kahneman and his colleagues have used the metaphor of a target to explain how both noise and bias result in inaccurate judgments, failing to predictably hit the bull’s-eye in different ways. Where bias looks like a tight cluster of shots that all consistently miss the mark, the erratic judgments caused by noise look like a scattershot combination of precise hits and wild misses.
When situations lack a single right answer, trying to reduce unwanted variability by eliminating noise can inadvertently eliminate useful information as well.
When decision-making benefits from the consistent application of well-defined rules, eliminating noise can effectively reduce the variability of judgments that arise from a single set of data. Imagine you’re waiting for medical test results. Chances are, any efforts that increase your physician’s decision-making accuracy by reducing distracting or irrelevant data will probably increase your confidence in their judgment, regardless of whether the eventual diagnosis is the one you want to hear.
But is noise always bad? In some contexts, as in the Plan for Transformation, information that may initially be dismissed as noise can contribute important nuance. Notions of what’s relevant can differ wildly depending on who’s perceiving the data, and over-enthusiastic noise removal can inadvertently over-simplify results by throwing out complexity. In other words, when situations lack a single right answer, trying to reduce unwanted variability by eliminating noise can inadvertently eliminate useful information as well.
Of course, the mental model of a target and bull’s-eye doesn’t always hold true. Chicago’s public housing policy and the following examples—academic publishing and health care—can help us better understand when noise might actually be useful.
Originally introduced in the mid-1950s to help libraries identify which journals were worth the cost of subscription, the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) metric has since evolved into a proxy for academic research quality. JIF evolved from traditional citation counts and is appealingly simple in its formulation—a journal’s total citations in the previous year compared to the number of citable articles published in the prior two years. Impact factors have increasingly been used to inform academic review and promotion and tenure decisions in the belief that its quantifiable objectivity is more likely to result in fair and efficient judgments compared to subjective assessments.
But impact factor was never intended to reflect individual contributions or inform promotion or performance reviews, and it has since been recognized that this overreliance on impact factor indicators may inadvertently skew the judgment of both researchers and evaluators. This can convert research careers into a numbers game, incentivizing certain choices and behaviors at the expense of others.
Quality research can take many forms—from methodical replication of existing results, to reports on the state of a field, to new breakthrough ideas—that may not become influential on the same timeline. For example, evidence that novel work is more likely to get cited outside the two year window (during which those citations affect journal impact scores) can deter elite journals from accepting even compelling boundary-stretching papers. Consequently, researchers—whose job prospects often rely on publishing in high-impact factor journals—may be dissuaded from pursuing cutting edge research to focus on what’s more likely to be accepted. What’s measured matters: once rules are known they can also be gamed, and when rewards are skewed or boiled down to formula, behaviors adjust to follow suit.
In addition, far from creating objective measures for quality, impact factor scores may actually exacerbate inequities in academic research. Achieving equity in higher education continues to be a struggle in part because efforts to achieve objectivity through indicators like impact factors often conflate notions of “measurable” and “fair.” But in the same way that higher scores on standardized tests like the SATs or GREs are more correlated with family income than academic success, it’s been suggested that publishing in high impact factor journals can be more indicative of system savvy or a mutual back-scratching cohort of coauthors than publication quality.
This hits already underrepresented populations especially hard. While the adoption of impact factor metrics may have started in an attempt to create a level playing field, research indicates that minoritized researchers are often penalized by a lack of mentorship that would normally create early on-ramps to publications, a disproportionately high load of “invisible” service work that distracts from time spent on scholarship, and embedded biases about their research topics that result in fewer grants and publications. To combat these challenges, efforts like the Leiden Manifesto and the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) have begun to suggest that incorporating more qualitative assessment instruments, like narrative CVs and structured review protocols, can restore useful “noise” that journal impact factors are likely to miss.
Halfway through the 1992 movie Sneakers, the leader of a motley gang of security system analysts, played by Robert Redford, attempts to retrace his whereabouts after having spent the night driven around in the trunk of a car. It’s hopeless—until Whistler, the team’s blind hacker, interjects, “But what did the road sound like?” Answers suddenly come into crisp focus: the cadence of wheels running over seams in a bridge provides one clue; the sound of a cocktail party, yet another; even the absence of a telltale foghorn is revealed as meaningful.
The heightened tendency to tune out some data as unimportant is a well-known side effect of expertise, which encourages us to become highly attuned to some signals and patterns at the expense of others. Solving the “where was I last night?” puzzle required similar tactics to those used by multidisciplinary medical teams, for whom complementary perspectives can compensate for the fact that when individual experts perceive data through a familiar lens they’re also more likely to dismiss some of that information as noise, or even miss it entirely, on their own.
Across many contexts, our enthusiasm for clearing out noise sometimes leads us to throw out useful—even vital—information, especially when top-down approaches dominate bottom-up contributions to define what matters.
But judging “what we see” in a stable environment with a history of reliable data differs from judging “what will be” in a complex systems context with multiple social factors. If diagnoses in health care are essentially about revealing an objective—albeit sometimes elusive—truth, the question of what treatment to pursue is often much more complicated, informed by highly personal decisions about length versus quality of life, or one’s appetite for taking more established or riskier courses of action. Even the best evidence-based therapy is based on averages and future projections, where confirmation that we chose the right path unfolds over time: the same strategic choices that look like bull’s-eye problems in retrospect are often highly ambiguous at the actual moment of decision-making. In these cases, rife with independent variables and future unknowns, we can benefit from intentionally inserting noise into decision-making in the form of speculative scenarios that force us to concretely grapple with the potential downstream implications of our choices.
In Chicago, the Plan for Transformation’s focus on safety and housing quality was hardly intended to be punitive. But when notions of what is relevant and important are assumed rather than agreed upon, what seems like noise to those shaping the rules may actually be critically important context to those on the receiving end.
While improved safety was a recognized need, dispersing residents across the city during demolition and rebuilding massively disrupted the informal networks that provided financial and personal support. Residents had long relied on their neighbors’ ability to step in as caregivers or babysitters at short notice; without this, they struggled to maintain flexible work schedules across multiple jobs. Resituated in locations with no established relationships, their inability to obtain medication and food on personal credit when funds were low removed a reliable safety net to combat health issues and food insecurity. These challenges would have been bad enough if they were temporary, with the promise of a return to normalcy. But qualifying for the mixed-income communities also carried requirements like maintaining a 30-hour workweek, a challenge that was nearly insurmountable without the reliable informal childcare that temporary relocation had virtually erased.
Our assumptions of a shared premise simply beg to be made noisier when we are creating solutions for others whose lives, interests, and needs may fundamentally differ from our own.
Across many contexts, our enthusiasm for clearing out noise sometimes leads us to throw out useful—even vital—information, especially when top-down approaches dominate bottom-up contributions to define what matters. In assuming that our values and lived experiences are universally shared, we risk insufficiently interrogating how they deviate from those for whom we are designing. Our assumptions of a shared premise simply beg to be made noisier when we are creating solutions for others whose lives, interests, and needs may fundamentally differ from our own.
Inspired by insights from the field of military intelligence, Gregory Treverton described two kinds of problem-solving challenges: puzzles, which can be resolved by doggedly accumulating and digesting the right information to reveal latent truths, and mysteries, which demand speculating about ambiguous or future contingencies to help us make sense of the information we’ve already got.
Solving puzzles is largely an interpretive exercise, where finding the solution consists of organizing the right information in the right way. This is the job of detectives and diagnosticians: in these cases, there is a bull’s-eye to aim for. Eliminating noise can help us arrive at these solutions more effectively and efficiently in part thanks to a shared, underlying agreement about what data is relevant to make those decisions and the collective benefit of less crime, or better health care, when the system works well.
Solving mysteries, on the other hand, relies on how we define, or frame, the nature of the problem itself. Unlike puzzles, mysteries are often situated in an uncertain future, where there may be multiple valid conceptions of what we’re even solving for. This is more the domain of hiring employees and crafting business strategy, where making smart decisions may require us to question our assumptions about what data registers as important. In situations like these, removing noise in the interest of fairly and consistently applying relevant criteria may contribute to a false sense of objective precision that is not as desirable as we may think.
Yet many things in life—academic publishing, health care, and housing policy among them—require addressing individual challenges within the context of complex systems, simultaneously solving for puzzles and mysteries. As behavioral designers, we must compel ourselves to deeply and empathetically understand both the needs of the people we are designing for and the systems in which they operate, and critically question what our legitimate desire for fairness and consistency leaves out. If we don’t, our well-meaning efforts to reduce noise may inadvertently strip away essential signals, causing us to miss patterns, gaps, and perspectives in data that deserve our attention. |
Playing with Blocks: A brief intro into Physics in Unity.
Physics can be complicated…. thankfully Unity makes it easy!
Physics in Unity require two things. First is a Collider of some sort, the second is a Rigidbody.
The Collider itself acts as a sort of hit area (A hitbox for anyone who understands that term) for the object in question. There are box colliders, sphere colliders, etc for what shapes you can make.
However a Rigidbody is what actually puts physics such as gravity and collision in to play.
Experimenting around with this all leads to some funny situations I have to say as you can see below with 3d objects in Unity.
As long as one of the objects that collides with another has a Rigidbody, and colliders are present, physics happen! This is a Hard Surface Collision, where two objects are physically touching each other and causing something to happen.
If the “Is Trigger” is selected in the collider,
The objects will just pass through each other, however they did “Collide” in that their Colliders had come in contact. This is a Trigger Collision and things such as taking a hit in a fighting game, collecting coins in Mario, etc are all examples of this. Our space shooter will be working with Trigger Collisions 100% and I am going to have to get very well acquainted with this.
Gravity is also a option that can be toggled in the Rigidbody as well, though there are ways to create your own Gravity in code. A little more advanced from where I am at, at the moment however.
Physics always involves math so I fear the more advanced physics in Unity, but it will be definitely fascinating as well!
Keep trucking on, and see you next article! |
This is the advertisement that the Democratic Party placed in The Crisis right before the 1912 election. Be sure to compare this advertisement to the ones placed by the other parties.
Subject: Make Friends of Thine Enemies
The greatest boon which civilization has conferred upon free men is the privilege to have a voice in the government and conduct of their own affairs. The symbol of that privilege is-the ballot. The legislatures of the several States* determine the methods of acquiring, holding, selling and taxation of property, both real and personal. These legislatures are elected by the people who possess the right to cast a ballot. The legislatures of the* several States define and prescribe the civil rights of the people within their jurisdiction. Chief among these rights is the right to obtain an education; the right of the people -to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures; the right, when. accused of crime, to have a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury; the right to freedom of speech and the free and. unabridged expression and practice of their religious beliefs are guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States, which is the supreme law of the land. And if Mr. Roosevelt's policies triumph the Constitution of the United States will be subject to amendment and repeal by any temporary majority of the people enjoying the right to cast a ballot. The ballot then is the bulwark of our property, our liberties and our lives.
The bulk of the Negroes in the United States reside in the States of the South. Here they are, practically disfranchised and have no voice whatever in the shaping. of laws which affect their most vital interests. What, then, is the crying need of the Negro to-day? The right to cast a vote for the protection of his property and life and the welfare of his posterity.
How Can He Obtain That Right?
For forty-two years the Negro has supported the Republican party in the hope 'that the party which stood iponsor for his freedom would stand as the guardian of his constitutional rights. With the exception of eight years that party has been, for the greater part of the time, in nearly absolute control of all departments of the government. Instead of gaining in the momentous struggle which he is making for his rights, the Negro has steadily lost ground from year to year. To-day the Republican party, after a fair trial, stands before the world, confessedly unable to secure for the black man the enforcement of the laws which the founders made nearly a half century ago. It is clear then that the Democratic party, which dominates the Southern States, is the one party which has the power to restore to the Negro the right of suffrage.
Since the great majority of educated Negroes are satisfied that the race has paid off in full and with compound interest whatever debt of gratitude it owed the Republican party, their chief concern is the fear that should 'the Democrats come into power some greater misfortune will befall them. The decisive argument against this fear can be found in the record of the Democratic Congress which adjourned last August. Here was a Congress overwhelmingly Democratic, the first of its kind since 1894. In all its lengthy session but two speeches were made containing a trace of Negro hatred and not a single bill against Negroes was reported from any committee. On the contrary, this Congress passed the greatest of all pension bills, which included, among its beneficiaries, thousands of old Negro soldiers. But the act for which this Congress will be forever remembered is the-formation by its Congressional, Campaign Committee of the 'National Colored Democratic League, the first bona fide national political organization of Colored men ever formed in this country. This fact sets at rest for all time the argument that the Democratic party does not want the Negro. It has met us half way.
Having lost nearly everything, we have but little to' lose, but much to gain. The invitation is offered. Reason and intelligence command us to lay aside our prejudices and fears and reach out for the friendship and support of the people who are to- day oppressing us because of our political hostility toward them.
.Bishop A. M. E. Zion Church. ROBERT N. WOOD,
Chairman Executive Committee.
"There never was a gentleman born in Virginia who was an enemy of the Negro."-JOHN B. SYPHAX. |
Federal budget deficits, U.S. interest rates, and rates of return
The rate of return on public infrastructure investments is quite high right now due to a lack of investment in the past.
In yesterday’s New York Times, Nelson Schwartz writes about a seeming area of agreement between the two presidential candidates: an increase in the budget deficit. As Schwartz notes, this potential bipartisan development is quite a change from recent years, when the consensus seemed to be that short-term budget deficits had to be decreased, which they were. So what’s behind this reversal? Or rather, what’s are the reason why this reversal might be a good public policy idea? Well, it may have something to do with declining interest rates and potentially high rates of returns on public investments.
Long-term interest rates in the United States and other high-income countries have been on the decline for decades now. The reasons behind the decline are myriad (aging populations, higher inequality, and a global savings glut), but the short story is that the global investors are demanding much more U.S. government debt than the federal government is supplying. If growth in demand for something outstrips the growth of supply, then the price is going to increase. And since the price of a bond and its yield (the amount of interest paid out by a bond divided by its face value) are inversely related, interest rates are going to go down. This means that the United States government can now borrow money from the rest of the world at a very low price: 2.24 percent over 30 years (before accounting for inflation).
But when policymakers make an investment decision, they’re not going to look just at the cost of borrowing but also the potential return on that investment. Luckily in this area of low interest rates, there’s an area where investment would give the federal government a decent return: public infrastructure. A variety of analyses, including one by the International Monetary Fund, show that the rate of return on public investments is quite high right now due to a lack of investment in the past. So the federal government could borrow money from the markets and put those funds toward infrastructure improvements that would earn a return at a higher rate.
Increasing the federal budget deficit to finance other projects, such as tax cuts, increases in government transfer programs such as Social Security would probably not have the same rate of return. But increasing the budget deficit would help push up the supply of government debt, which in turn would push down the price of bonds, boost consumption and investment, and increase economic growth. It’s just a matter of picking which government spending opportunities make the most sense for the economy as a whole.
August 2, 2016
Nick Bunker
Monetary Policy
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Python is a widespread general-purpose, object-oriented computer programming language which is employed to create different web applications. It is liked by numerous developers as it is easy to use and it has clear syntax, not mentioning that through the use of modules, you will be able to use a reduced amount of code in order to do a specific task when compared to various other computer programming languages. In this way, you will lose much less time and efforts to write the computer code that you want. The modules are small sets of variables and subroutines that perform a particular action plus they can be called in a custom-made script, so that you could use just a single line of code rather than writing the whole code for that action. Python is employed for many applications such as CGI scripts, RSS readers, database administration interfaces, data processing tools, etcetera.
Python in Shared Website Hosting
If you have a shared website hosting account through our company, you are able to add Python-based web apps or CGI scripts to your websites and add more features that the site visitors will use. The mod_python module for Apache web servers can be found on our cloud web hosting platform, so the Python code will be interpreted and run without a problem. It's up to you if you will use only your own personal code, only third-party code that you find on other sites or you'll use ready-made modules and install them in your own code for a custom-built solution which can completely meet all of your requirements in terms of what options your website has to provide to the users. When you use Python in addition to other website development languages, you are able to create a truly unique site. |
Books On Science: Treading The Path Of Non-Fiction
Science has always attempted to solve the mysteries of everything around us. Here we bring to you some books from the discipline that shook the scientific universe and gave a whole new perspective to humanity.
Books On Science: Treading The Path Of Non-Fiction
Science non-fictions are ready by millions curious minds around the globe
Science has always been the subject of curiosity for humans. However, not everyone chooses to don those white laboratory coats and unravel the mysteries of the universe. Nevertheless, the striving for acquainting oneself with scientific breakthroughs remains alive, as evident from the best-selling science books released by scientists from time-to-time. Be it the dimensions of relativity theory, human evolution, environmental degradation, notorious chemicals, nuclear reactions, animal behavior, psychology, or any other scientific discipline, readers largely read these books throughout the world.
To quench your scientific thirst, we bring to you a list of best-selling books on science, from the non-fiction category, written by top-notch scientists. Get ready to unravel the mysteries of everything animate as well as inanimate, through this scientific roller coasters of best-sellers!
Non-Fiction Science Books Written by Renowned Scientists
1.The Theory Of Everything
Stephen Hawking was one of the few scientists who believed that advances in theoretical science should be “understandable in broad principle by everyone and not just a few scientists.” Hawking, in this book, has begun the narration of the universe's history from Aristotle's discovery of the Earth being round, to the contemporary times of modern physics, sailing through Hubble's discovery of universe expansion. In this series of seven lectures, he poses the question of a “unified theory of everything”- a compilation of all the partial theories in physics; that governs universe. As per Hawking, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason. He has also written about the complex theories of black holes, universe expansion, direction of time, and the big bang. If you have ever looked at the sky in fascination and wondered about what is happening out there and why, this book is for you.
Seven Lecture Series
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The Theory of Everything
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2. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
Written by an intellectual, historian, and professor from Jerusalem, Yuval Noah Harari, this book takes its readers through the journey of human evolution over two and a half million years. The book throws light on the fact that we are the last surviving species of genus Homo and that it's possible for some of the humans to be inter-species progeny of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. The book also discusses at length, the cognitive evolution of humans, agriculture revolution, scientific revolution, and what stores in future for mankind. A multi-disciplinary approach of the book bridges gaps between history, biology, philosophy, and economics. Originally written in Hebrew, the book has been translated into more than 50 languages. Read this best-seller to understand how and why we became who we are today.
Widely Read
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Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
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₹ 599 (32% off)
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3. The Theory of Relativity
The theories of special and general relativity proposed by Albert Einstein have largely influenced the modern physics, and are by far unsurpassed theories on relativity. The theories propose new concepts of space and time. The theory of general relativity says that instead of being an invisible force that attracts objects to one another, gravity is warping or curving of space. The more massive an object, the more it warps the space around it. In this book, he attempts to explain the theory in a lucid manner for the layman. The book uses minimum mathematical terms. Read the book to find out the hidden secrets of relativity.
Unsurpassed Theory
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory Amazon Deal
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory
₹ 123
₹ 199 (38% off)
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4. Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End
Written by a practicing surgeon, Dr Atul Gawande, Being Mortal opens before its readers a whole new perspective towards death and medical science. Gawande, through his eye-opening research, talks about the limitations of his profession, discomfort faced by doctors in discussing patients' anxieties about death, and resorting to modern death delaying techniques that have begun to actually shorten their lives instead of improving them. He calls the modern times “an era in which the relationship between patient and doctor is increasingly miscast in retail terms.” The book thrives on the belief that the ultimate goal is not a good death but a good life. It raises an important question - How many doctors, used to telling their patients how to live, are ready to talk to them about how to die?
New Perspective
Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End Amazon Deal
Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End
₹ 291
₹ 399 (27% off)
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5. Cosmos: The Story of Cosmic Evolution, Science and Civilisation
A compilation of 13 heavily illustrated pages, Cosmos explores the 15 billion years of cosmic evolution, development of science, and evolution. The book probably talks about everything under the sky- from the universe, stars in the sky, and cells in our body to the date fed in them. It's a cocktail of astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, history, religion, politics, and economy. The book has been written in such a manner that it can be understood by anyone. Sagan, in this book, reiterates his position on extraterrestrial life; though, he admits that no such credible proof has been found yet.
Cosmos: The Story of Cosmic Evolution, Science and Civilisation Amazon Deal
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Books On Science: Treading The Path Of Non-Fiction
Product Price in India
The Theory of Everything ₹ 199
Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind ₹ 409
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory ₹ 123
Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End ₹ 291
Cosmos: The Story of Cosmic Evolution, Science and Civilisation ₹ 411
A multi-media journalist and writer, Vaibhavi views the world as one big piece of poetry. Time and again she tries to capture this poetry through words, as well as, the lens. She loves to explore the depth of human psyche, philosophy, cultures, and oceans! Carrying forward this quest for exploration she reports on various beats ranging from tourism, culture, art, social issues, business, market trends, science and environment to technology. For her, the life mantra can be summarised with the catchphrases, “Hakuna Matata” and “Carpe Diem”.
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IASbaba’s TLP 2016 [27th Oct]: UPSC Mains GS Questions [HOT]
• IASbaba
• October 27, 2016
• 7
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Must ReadComprehensive Mains Strategy
IASbaba’s TLP 2016, 27th Oct
UPSC Mains ‘High Order Thinking [HOT]’ GS Questions
1. Diseases like Dengue and Chikungunya claim many lives every year. The panic generated and the scale of response thereon give these diseases the essential characteristics of a disaster. Discuss. Also examine the areas that require immediate attention to address such medical disasters.
2. Droughts are man made ecological disasters. Do you agree? Substantiate. Also discuss the strategies to mitigate droughts.
3. What are cyclone shelters? How do they provide protection at the time of cyclones? Discuss.
4. What is the Sendai Framework? What are the Seven Global Targets associated with this framework? Discuss.
5. Legislative inaction on reform issues such as triple talaq leads to law making by the judiciary. Critically comment.
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A ‘modern’ approach to the macroeconomic accounting: Potential advantages of including the monetary part in macro accounting
Last modified: 2016-01-06
Economic Output is placed at the heart of the macroeconomics. To calculate the output one needs to achieve simplifying a high level complexity of economic relationships to form a system. On the flip side, the model should be enough elaborated to be able to reflect the important relationships. In this manner, the classical macroeconomic identity as Keynes suggested is simple enough to understand the main elements but it does not show the financial parts of transactions. Not having the monetary part of the economy it lacks the coherence. With the financial and economic crises getting more frequent, the endeavor to build a more inclusive and coherent macroeconomic system has been observed. However, there are large variety in different options of simplifying and simulating complex relationships among the real and monetary part of the modern economies. Our paper tries to set an analysis comparing some of the recent prominent ideas in building balance sheet and transaction flow matrix in regard to macroeconomic accounting system. We can conclude the new achievement as a compromise from the simplicity for a coherent and more complete picture of macro economy including the monetary transactions as well.
Macroeconomic accounting; Transaction flow matrix; Output; Monetary economy; Macroeconomics
Full Text: PDF |
Machining Tools
Machining jigs & fixtures are a generic term for the jigs used to fix workpieces onto machine tools in cutting work. High-precision positioning and fixing become repeatable by using proper machining jigs. Machining jigs include general-purpose types that can be used for machining multiple products, and dedicated jigs that are developed and produced specifically for machining a particular product. In milling machining, jig and fixture bases, vise, clamping parts (screws and other metal fasteners) and positioning parts are combined in designing of workpiece retention; in lathe machining, lathe chucks, soft jaws, hard jaws and rotating centers are used to hold workpieces. Jig replacement systems are a machining jig that can efficiently perform positioning and workpiece-holding with one unit, while shortening the preparation time and improving machining precision. The quality of jigs brings about differences in product quality and work efficiency. |
LGBTQ+ and Smoking Addiction
The main danger of smoking is harm caused to the heart and the blood circulation. This increases the risk of developing serious conditions like coronary heart disease and heart attack. Smoking prevalence among the members of the LGBTQ+ community is on the increase and there is a great disparity when compared to non-LGBTQ people.
Author: Christina Matthews
Last updated: March 5, 2019
LGBTQ+ people on the parade
Mircea Moira/Shutterstock
Why Are There so Many LGBTQ Smokers?
The LGBTQ community often experiences disparities which originate from social stigma and discriminatory treatment. Homophobia is seen in extreme and hostile behavior like discrimination and violence from sexual orientations that are non-heterosexual. Negative attitudes towards this community can cause stress which can lead to smoking.
Currently, the LGBT community is among the most hit by tobacco smoking. The researchers on this issue face various challenges when trying to understand the health needs of this population.
The Institute of Medicine issued a report that showed the following results:
• About 20.6% of LGBTQ adults and about 35.5% of transgender adults are cigarette smokers. This was a comparison from 14.9% of straight adults. From the statistics, transgender adults are 2.1 times more likely to smoke when compared to cisgender adults.
• Amazingly, only 11.8% of heterosexual young adults are cigarette smokers. This was compared to 19% of homosexual, 16.9% bisexual and 33.2% of transgender young adults.
• LGBT smokers are more prone to smoking menthol cigarettes. From the study, more than 36% of LGBT smokers reported having smoked methanol. Unfortunately, this is easier to use but very hard to quit.
• Smoking cigarillos or water pipes is more common among LGBT adults than heterosexual adults.
How Cigarette Companies Target the LGBTQ Community?
A 2015 study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that LGBTQ individuals are more likely to smoke cigarettes. From their statistics, the LGBTQ group is 33% likely to smoke than non-LGBTQ people. This has led to increased cases of stroke, lung cancer, and heart disease. For a long period of time, some major cigarette companies have come up with strategic ad campaigns targeting the LGBTQ community. The companies have acted as friends of the gay rights movement, thereby encouraging smoking among the group members.
LGBTQ+ flag small
In 2000, R.J. Reynolds, a parent company of Camel and other cigarette brands was on the spot when some private confidential information was leaked to the press. The document established some plans for an ad campaign aimed at young gay men in the Castro and the homeless in the Tenderloin. This project was considered as evidence of the company’s homophobia. The company, however, publicly expressed its support for the queer customers by sponsoring an after party at a common gay nightclub. There are other ad campaigns targeting queer customers through the language of freedom and choice.
LGBTQ+ flag in heart
For example, in 2005, American Spirit made an ad containing various freedoms including “freedom to choose” and “freedom to inhale.” Is it possible that the tobacco industry recognizes the everyday troubles of LGBTQ community as a furtile ground for issues that lead to enhanced cigarette consumption? If so, is it ethical to use such state of affairs for marketing purposes?
Although this idea might seem far-fetched, the fact that LGBTQ community suffers more stress than many other social groups still remains. Furthermore, it makes LGBTQ population susceptible to tobacco advertisements even without being targeted. Vaping is becoming an alternative to smoking. Surprisingly, some people switch to vaping when they quit smoking. However, there are some health complications associated with it.
Health Risks of Smoking
Cigarette smoking affects every body organ, causes many diseases, and affects the health of smokers. These health risks are classified as follows:
Smoking and Mortality
In the United States, cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death among the people. Cigarette smoking causes around 480 000 deaths each year in the U.S. This is more than a combination of deaths from HIV, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries of firearm-related incidents.
About 90% of lung cancer deaths are as a result of smoking. Shockingly, more women die from lung cancer each year than from breast cancer.
Cigarette smoking leads to about 80% of most deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Smoking and Increased Health Risks
Smokers are more likely than non-smokers to develop health complications like lung cancer and stroke. From the study, it has been proven that smoking increases the risk:
• For coronary heart disease and stroke by 2 to 4 times.
• Of men developing lung cancer by about 25 times and 25.7 times in women
Smoking and cancer
Cigarette smoking can cause cancer in almost all body parts. These can include the cervix, kidney, liver, stomach, lungs among others. There is an increased risk of dying from cancer from the patients and survivors.
LGBT Lesbian Couple image
HIV Patients Must Stop Smoking
HIV infection can lead some people to such emotional states that drive them to seek comfort in cigarettes. Smoking cigarettes increases the harmful effects irrespective of the disease being under control with medication.
Smoking just like HIV can cause an early death. This is more dangerous when the two are combined.
From a Danish study, a person with HIV lost about five years of life to the disease. A smoker without HIV lost about four years to smoking cigarettes. The worst case was concluded in an HIV positive smoker. Based on the study, they lost about twelve years of life.
Why Do Many People With HIV Smoke?
A column written by David Heitz on August 9, 2014, suggests that people living with HIV in the U.S may tend to have a less formal education. They may also come from poorer family backgrounds. Some are part of the demographic groups like LGBTQ who find smoking a source of relief. A blame can also be directed on the aggressive marketing from tobacco industries.
HIV infection combined with smoking can result with a series of HIV-related infections. The most common are thrush, bacterial pneumonia, white mouth sores, and possibly pneumocystis pneumonia. Therefore, smoking when you have HIV can heighten your weakness and will to work.
How to quit smoking and fight depression
Quitting smoking may not be an easy task for many. The following tips may help you to overcome this:
• Relax
In case you feel a craving take a deep breath and let it out. Stress is one cause for nicotine cravings. Therefore a deep breath creates a better feeling.
• Take a lot of water
Water will act as a catalyst for nicotine detox. It helps in coughing and enabling the lungs to get rid of mucus.
• Meditate
It is one of the great ways to handle the psychological aspects of nicotine avoidance. This can help you be aware of your cravings and, therefore, avoid them.
• Reduce your caffeine intake
This increases your heart rate and makes dealing with stress difficult. It can also cause insomnia, so reducing the intake can lead to a better sleep.
• Find your GO-TO Healthy Snack
Your appetite increases after quitting smoking. Therefore, you can look for a healthy snack when you experience cravings.
• Take up a new hobby
This can help to keep your mind off smoking. You can think of doing pottery or cooking as part of your hobby.
• Start Exercising Regularly
This can speed up the body repair process. This will also leave less time for you to think about smoking.
Some smokers often worry about feeling depressed after quitting smoking. Current studies show that quitting smoking reduces depression, anxiety and improves the quality of life. If you feel depressed after quitting smoking, you should look for treatment.
LGBT Lesbians image
How to interact with people if you are part of LGBTQ
A lot of bad perceptions have been spread in our societies about the LGBTQ people. These people may often feel discriminated against as the society has not fully accepted them. They should accept themselves as they are. The LGBTQ people should feel appreciated and free to express themselves. In extreme cases, they can undergo counseling to make the world a better place for all.
Legal Issues on LGBTQ
In most countries, the legislature is not very kind towards LGBTQ community. There is only a handful of governments that allow same-sex marriages. Those that do allow for the people of same sex to get married are still working on adoption policies. Some more traditional countries are years away from recognizing LGBTQ rights to get married or support children. There are countries that look after the rights of all the members of their community with proper legislature.
Still, the overall situation is far from satisfying with a lot of work left to be done in order to provide an equal legal frame for all members of society.
Members of the LGBTQ community face some hostile laws. This occurs whether they are forming a new relationship, dissolving an existing one or creating a family. An example is where the same-sex couple that is lawfully married in Massachusetts will have to justify their marriage in other states. Even if they are recognized by their state and allow them to file a joint local tax return, they have to file different individual returns with the IRS.
Hand making a heart sign
Cigarette smoking is on the rise following the various ads advocating for the vice. Unfortunately, smoking brings more harm than good as cigarette contains more than 7000 chemicals. It can lead to early deaths especially among the people living with HIV that are smokers. The adverse health effects of tobacco use lead to more than 480,000 deaths in the U.S each year. It is a major cause of cardiovascular disease, which is a leading cause of death in the U.S. Surprisingly; smoking causes 1 of every 3 deaths from cardiovascular disease.
It is a personal choice to quit smoking but the earlier the better. Avoid all the temptations and irritating factors which persuade you to smoke another cigarette. In order to enjoy a great lifestyle, we must invest in our health. Why ruin your future by smoking?
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3 comments on “LGBTQ+ and Smoking Addiction
• Priyanka shroti
July 21, 2020 at 2:56 am
This article is amazing
• Priyanka shroti
July 21, 2020 at 2:55 am
This post is very nice and article is amazing
• Priyanka shroti
July 21, 2020 at 2:51 am
This post is very nice |
Indigenous law expert explains how UNDRIP advances the law of consultation and consent
Divergent interpretations exist for United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Anita Boscariol was director general for Treaties and Aboriginal Government West at what was then the Department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs.
Anita Boscariol is associate counsel at Watson Goepel LLP in Vancouver, with a practice focussing on Indigenous Law. Prior to joining the firm two years ago, Boscariol was director general for Treaties and Aboriginal Government West at what was then the Department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs.
What is UNDRIP?
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. So, it's an international instrument setting out the rights of Indigenous people. It deals with the basic human rights within an Indigenous context. It sets out, according to the UNDRIP document itself, what the rights that constitute the minimum standard for the survival, dignity and well-being of the Indigenous peoples of the world.
It's not a document that falls within the definition of customary international law, that the courts of every country that signs on would have to acknowledge and recognize. It doesn't go that far. And nor is it an international treaty, which again, would give it that kind of force of law in domestic courts. And for that reason, if a country that signs on to the declaration wants it to have any kind of force of law within its country, then it must pass its own legislation incorporating it into domestic law.
What is the status of the adoption of UNDRIP in Canada?
As of 2016, Canada has signed on to the declaration without any reservation. But the declaration took a long time to come into being. Work at the UN started in 1982. And it wasn't adopted by the UN until 2007.
When it was adopted by the UN, there were 143 countries in favour, 11 countries abstained from adopting the declaration, 34 were absent and — of most note — four countries in the United Nations voted against adoption of the UN Declaration. And those four countries were Canada, the U.S., Australia and New Zealand.
And that remained from 2007 until 2010. In 2010, all four opposed countries reversed their position, endorsed the declaration, but with reservations. Canada's reservation was that all of the concerns that it originally had — a lot of the terms of the declaration were contrary to Canadian domestic constitutional law. Canada passed the Constitution Act, passed s. 35 and it recognized the existence of Aboriginal and treaty rights in Canada. Canada already worked on its own recognition language. It worried that adopting some of what was in the declaration was contrary to existing Canadian law.
So, what Canada said in 2010 was, we’ll adopt it, but only because we're confident that the principles in UNDRIP can be expressed in a manner consistent within the Canadian constitutional and legal framework.
It took from 2010 to 2016 and a change in the federal government, where Canada then decided we can live with the UN Declaration as is and we adopted without reservation.
Can you describe the differing interpretations of free prior and informed consent?
There are some Indigenous leaders that feel that, in the context of whether any legislation that a country passes and anytime any kind of development is going to be made on lands that the Indigenous group identifies as Indigenous land, before anything can be done in those two contexts, the government has to obtain the free, prior and informed consent to the Indigenous peoples concerned. That is the interpretation that some Indigenous leaders put on it.
And what that means is, obviously, no consent, no go. They see it as a veto that Indigenous peoples in Canada have over any legislative development of any legislation could impact Indigenous people.
The other view, and it's been stated by representatives within the United Nations and has also been commented on with approval by Canadian political leadership, is that in the article specifically dealing with free, prior and informed consent in the declaration, and most specifically articles 19 and 32 of the UN declaration, that the emphasis is not on the consent or achieving the consent, it's in the process of working towards achieving consent.
So, the idea is in a consultation context with Indigenous people, it should be the government’s goal always to work to try and achieve consent with Indigenous people. But it doesn't mean that if no consent is reached, nothing can go forward.
What, if anything, will UNDRIP change about the consultation process between Indigenous groups and Canada or the provinces?
B.C. is the only jurisdiction that has adopted the UNDRIP into domestic legislation. They passed their act to adopt the UN Declaration on November 28, 2019. And what has happened to date is nothing has really changed on the ground in the way consultation is being carried out. And I think that's because, up to this point, most companies, most resource development corporations have gotten it that they have work with the First Nations.
We've moved really far away from an environment where a company feels, “Hey, I talked to the government. We want it. They want it. We'll do whatever pro forma we have to do with Indigenous people: we've got our project.” We’ve moved so far beyond that, practically speaking on the ground, that there are so many discussions that happen. Impact benefit agreements for First Nations, for instance, are the norm, they are not an exception. Now that before you go ahead, you negotiate and make sure that you are sharing any benefits from the project with the First Nation, given that it's their land. There's that acknowledgement already.
But the B.C. legislation does have a couple of unique features and one of them is there are a couple of sections that say, for the UNDRIP to fully become B.C. law, there are a couple of things we have to we have to do. One is we must have an action plan. We must develop an action plan jointly with First Nations as to how are we going to implement the declaration into B.C. law. And then we have to do a review of all of B.C.’s laws that impact Indigenous people and determine whether any changes have to be made to those laws to make them align with the UNDRIP.
So, what the government has said, is the first job of preparing an action plan for how we are going to adopt the UNDRIP, that's probably going to take months. But it's something that they see more as a shorter to midterm kind of project.
The minister here of Indigenous relations and reconciliation has been quoted as saying, the task of aligning the laws of BC with UNDRIP is, “generational work.” So much more as a long-term project.
So, in B.C., given its legislation, consultation, for now is going on as it has been.
In the Canada-wide context Canada has not adopted the UNDRIP yet. It was on the way for doing so, Romeo Saganash had introduced a private member's bill to adopt the UNDRIP in 2016. And it was going through the readings and the debates in Parliament. It was with the Senate when the election was called. So, in fact, that private member's bill died on the order paper.
So, Canada has not adopted it yet. And I think in the media, the prime minister and others have said they hope to do it within a year. They said that pre COVID-19. I don't know if this impacts the timeline.
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Is obesity a risk factor for COVID-19 infection?
Recently published data indicates that people with obesity are not only at greater risk of being infected by COVID-19, but also have poorer progression and higher rates of hospitalisation. Furthermore, there tends to be a high percentage of people with obesity in Intensive Care Units, which is related to a higher risk of mortality. Why are people with obesity more vulnerable to infections and complications?
Stock image from Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. Photographer Francisco Avia
Recently, a study from the Spanish Society for Obesity (Sociedad Española de Obesidad or SEEDO in Spanish), has indicated that 80% of Spanish patients with serious forms of coronavirus infection had obesity. Furthermore, obesity is very frequently associated with other diseases such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, which all mean a worse prognosis for COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, it has been shown that patients with obesity and steatohepatitis (a type of fatty liver disease that is often found in patients with obesity) are at greater risk when infected by COVID-19.
Other factors that may influence the increase in mortality due to COVID-19 in people with obesity are undergoing research, although there are currently several hypotheses. On the one hand, we know that obesity is characterised by a chronic state of low-grade inflammation with an increase in cytokines (inflammatory molecules), which reduces the body’s ability to respond to respiratory infection by COVID-19 and promotes worsening of the disease. Furthermore, obesity is associated with reduced immunity, which makes patients more susceptible to all kinds of infections, with a deficient response to treatment with antivirals and lower efficacy of vaccines.
On the other hand, especially in people with abdominal obesity, there is greater respiratory distress due to a reduction in inspiratory reserve volume, airway resistance and mobility difficulties in the ribcage, which increases the likelihood of ventilatory failure, which in turn worsens the progression of the infection. Obesity is also related to greater predisposition to thrombosis, in other words, the formation of a clot in a blood vessel. Without doubt, these factors influence a worse progression of COVID-19 infection.
Finally, due to the stigma that people with obesity often face, they may delay or avoid medical attention if they present symptoms of COVID-19, which increases the probability of the symptoms worsening.
Faced with the abundant scientific evidence showing that obesity is one of the main risk factors in COVID-19 infection, it is important that people who have this disease take the maximum preventative measures against the infection, and follow a healthy diet that helps to control their weight. In this context, the importance of contacting specialised healthcare professionals should be highlighted. They can help to establish and consolidate healthy habits in the long term. Furthermore, these lifestyle changes can be accompanied by pharmacological or surgical treatment in carefully selected patients.
Virtual medicine allows us to remain in contact with patients and overcome the barriers to treatment involved in social distancing, as the pandemic obliges us to limit in-person visits. At the Obesity Department at Hospital Clínic, we value the benefits of virtual medicine, and have opted to carry on with individual and group monitoring programmes online, in order to continue treatment and support patients during the pandemic.
Author: Alba Andreu and Violeta Moizé, dietician/nutritionists at Hospital Clínic de Barcelona |
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Small steps for climate change amidst short sighted ways of Bolsonaro, Trump, Modi
By Ankit Goyal*
The recently launched ‘Towards a Better World’ campaign by Medha Patkar, conceived by Eco-Socialism Front and in the online presence of half a dozen activists from different countries representing Fridays for Future campaign of Greta Thunberg advocates taking small steps to achieve a more equitable society.
It talks about contributing to economic, political and societal change through a personal commitment, but it has not been clearly articulated how this is to be done. I am taking this liberty of trying to touch on the aspect of how one ought to go about fulfilling this objective.
When I try to write about how, it raises many possibilities, which seem interrelated and interwoven. They all involve identifying an injustice, raising the issue, and taking an honest, conscious, and watchful step towards its eradication. In this way, one can take strides towards realizing an equitable society. It is as simple as that, or is it?
Identifying injustice
Small steps are essential to raising a particular “consciousness” in individuals. When Mahatma Gandhi organized the Dandi March and made salt, it was just not to oppose the salt tax, it was to demonstrate defiance against every injustice imposed by colonial rule.
It successfully created a ripple effect, which made people aware of the injustices and how they could be addressed. When people realized that they are being oppressed and stifled, they volunteered and mobilized to fight against their oppressor and the root causes of the injustice being done to them.
Similarly, small steps like saying no to plastic bags can be instrumental in raising the environmental consciousness of individuals. Plastic is a perfect example of unabated capitalism gone wrong. You create a product which no one needs in the first place. Then you deny and ignore the malicious aftermath it can lead to.
When the problem becomes difficult to deal with, you seek concessions from the government, asking for taxpayers’ money to deal with a mess you yourself are responsible for; money which could have been invested in public transport, green technology or healthcare instead.
There is nothing more liberating than identifying an injustice and making it one’s life purpose to resolve it. Plastic, with its detrimental impact on land, air, water, and marine life can give individuals that purpose to help raise environmental consciousness. Our voices must be raised against unplanned development and inessential products. Reducing plastic usage to the extent possible is one way of doing so.
Welcome stride
I have not even mentioned the amount of carbon spewed in the atmosphere during the production and then disposal of plastics (among other things), leading to climate change and global warming, to cyclones like Sandy and Nisarga, rise in sea levels, unprecedented droughts and floods and the loss of crops, life and property.
This process is exposing the prevailing inequalities in society, where an economically and socially persecuted fraction bears the brunt for someone else’s mistake. Many environmentally-conscious bodies, people, research, and advocacy groups, and nations have realised this injustice and have been striving to create an equitable society.
This became the foundation stone for the formation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992. For the first time, developed nations were made aware of the environmental impact they have been instrumental in creating since the industrial revolution.
They were urged to cut back on emissions to limit the increase in global temperature. If they were not able to, they would have to pay for the excess emissions (the cap and trade agreements of the Kyoto Protocol 1997). But nothing concrete followed thereafter.
In hindsight, one can see that the carbon markets are highly sensitive to global recession (which occurred in 2008 and 2020) and as a result, the little progress made got lost in the winds of austerity. It was only in the year 2009 in CoP15 (Copenhagen) that the developed nations pledged to mobilize 100 billion dollars a year by 2020 to help developing nations like India adapt to climate change.
This was a first welcome stride towards the reparation that rich nations owe developing nations, for their historical emissions. The pledge was reaffirmed in the 2015 Paris agreement. But the withdrawal of the US and Australia from the Paris Agreement has seriously curtailed our progress towards more concrete climate action, towards the redistribution of wealth through reparation, towards an equitable society.
As developing nation, India needs funds for transition into a green economy, and onus must fall on developed nations, not taxpayers
As a developing nation, India needs funds for its transition into a green and sustainable economy and the onus of this should fall on the culprits (developed nations, their oil and gas, mining sector and power sectors) and not on the taxpayers of poor and developing nations. Therefore, our voices have to be raised to demand reparations.
Small steps like using a bicycle, or taking public transport can help limit carbon emissions. They can also help people recognise the urgency of the problem of climate change and personally experience being part of its solution in a small way. This could motivate them to learn more about the issue and participate in and advocate for solutions like reparation at the systemic level as well.
In the name of development
Farmers and indigenous groups are dependent on nature for their livelihood and sustenance. They rely on forest produce, fisheries and agriculture. Encroachment or degradation of land and rivers in the name of development through the construction of dams, wildlife conservation sites, mining etc. cause them to lose their native land and their occupation. It displaces them and puts them at the mercy of corrupt politicians and bureaucrats. The present draft of the Forest Amendment Act (2019) is designed to facilitate such outcomes.
Medha Patkar, Greta Thunberg
Therefore, to ensure that the interest of vulnerable communities is protected their needs must be vociferously put before the government. A movement for planting saplings can raise the environmental consciousness of many people with regard to preserving nature’s precious ecosystems. This could lead to broader support for an existing movement for the protection of a forest or a river ecology, which can help prevent the displacement of indigenous people from their lands and protect their livelihoods.
To conclude, no matter how small a step is, it can lead to a big change -- a revolution, provided small strides are taken in a well-defined objective -- an equitable society.
To demonstrate that all this is not merely conjecture but is actually relevant and prevalent, I present a case study about how a nation’s economic and political situation has been gravely affected by unabated environmental degradation, and how the consumers’ right to refusal has put pressure on the government to fall back on to the right course - the course of sustainable development.
Brazil a case study
The tropical Amazon forest sprawls over many nations of South America, but the majority of it is contained within Brazil (almost 60%) and is home to around 400 indigenous tribes. Deforestation has been prevalent for a long time, but it has generally been controlled and somewhat essential for the people’s subsistence.
Simultaneously forest conservation activities have been undertaken and the indigenous communities have been left mostly undisturbed. But things went downhill after January 1, 2019, when Jair Messias Bolsonaro won Brazil’s presidential election.
Like a true right-wing conservative leader, he followed in the footsteps of his contemporaries -- the abusive Trump and the short-sighted Modi (with his proposed EIA draft and Forest Amendment Act 2019 draft).
What followed next was a blatant disregard for climate change. Bolsonaro’s government called it a hoax and a communist agenda. Funding of the government bodies responsible for protecting forests was either reduced or frozen owing to his anti-environmental, anti-indigenous and anti-NGO stance.
There was gruesome ecocide -- forests were razed to pave way for farms, extractive industries, ranches, dams and hydroelectric projects. The illegal loggers and farmers saw an opportunity in this misery and began encroaching razed land. This brought them in direct conflict with the native and vulnerable indigenous groups. Apart from the recurring seasonal fires, there are mysterious fires that are still blazing in the Amazon forest as I am writing this article, the frequency and impact of which have increased significantly since Bolsonaro took office.
According to an environmental tabloid Mongabay
“The 12-month deforestation rate in the Brazilian Amazon has risen 96% since President Jair Bolsonaro took office, and the extent of deforestation over the past year is the highest recorded since INPE, Brazil’s National Institute of Space Research, started releasing monthly statistics in 2007.” The director of INPE Ricardo Galvao, when he made his government aware of the data, was sacked the same evening. In short, everything seemed doomed for the Amazon and its natives. The government has clearly taken an anti-indigenous stance and left the indigenous people and the forest at the mercy of encroachers.
But what happened next was completely unprecedented. Personally, it was quite enlightening and reinstated my faith in mass action movements.
When the news of this sordid situation reached the environmentally-conscious European consumers, they immediately turned away from products imported from Brazil. Their outcry was: “If the cattle are fattened on illegally deforested land, then we don’t want its beef. If the timber is procured via illegal chopping of the trees, then we don’t want its timber.” It was vociferous enough to reach the ears of concerned corporations.
The European organizations then threatened the Brazil government of divestment, if the deforestation and land grabbing situation were not ameliorated. According to Statecraft:
“A group of 29 companies, the vast majority of which are European, sent a joint letter to Brazilian ambassadors in their respective countries in which they threaten to divest from beef producers, grains traders, and government bonds if the Brazilian government does not adequately commit to tackling deforestation in the Amazon rainforest.
"The companies, which include Legal & General Investment Management Ltd, Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Asset Management, and NN Investment Partners, hold a combined total of over $3.75 trillion in assets. The letter has been sent to the Brazilian embassies in Norway, Sweden, France, Denmark, Netherlands, the United States (US), and the United Kingdom (UK).”
The soaring deforestation rate is becoming the basis for the rejection of the ratification of a $19 trillion European-Mercusor deal. French President Emmanuel Macron has also suspended negotiations with the EU-Mercosur bloc citing that they are not willing to make any trade agreement with countries that do not respect the Paris Agreement.
The situation has put pressure on the Brazilian administration to take adequate steps to curtail the deforestation menace. Whether it will lead to fruition is still to be seen. But one thing I can reaffirm with complete honesty that no matter how small an action is (like boycotting a product) it has potential to create a ripple effect (like divestment) that brings about emancipation from injustice (environmental degradation).
*Co-convenor of Eco-Socialism Front
Political consensus? Celebrations, with over 5,000 plus post-vaccine deaths in India
By Rosamma Thomas* As India fully vaccinated nearly 20% of its population and celebrated the “milestone” of administering one billion (100 crore) Covid-19 vaccine doses, it was time to remember those who died shortly after vaccination . By October 20, 2021 Twitter handle C400T, tracking deaths reported to have occurred after receiving the Covid-19 shot in India, updated the 5,134th death.
Billion vaccine doses? Devil is in details: 70% haven't got 2nd jab; numbers jacked up
By Prof Ujjwal K Chowdhury* India has reached the one billion Covid-19 vaccinations milestone. It is indeed a great news and a big salute to the less paid ordinary health-workers in interiors of India for this feat. The government wants all of India's 944 million adults to get vaccinated this year. Around three-quarters of adults in the country of 1.3 billion people have had one shot and around 30 percent are fully vaccinated, the government says.
Is sacrilege charge against Punjab Dalits any different from Pak blasphemy cases?
Lakhbir Singh, his wife By Vidya Bhushan Rawat* There is no doubt that Sikhism actually was a revolt against the Brahmanical system and superstition. Guru Granth Saheb is perhaps the only Holy Book which contains matters from different religions as well as those of various Sufi saints, including Kabir, Ravidas, Baba Farid and others. The aim of Sikhism was to create an egalitarian society, and, definitely, Punjab that way is far better than many other States in India, where violence against Dalits is rampant.
Uttarakhand, Kerala disaster due to policies favouring India's developmental mafia
By Vidya Bhushan Rawat* Two of India’s most beautiful regions where thousands of people go to watch and feel the wonders of nature are suffering because of the extremely disastrous rains and floods. The pain that the rains brought to Kerala and Uttarakhand is a warning to all of us. It's nature’s warning to us to mend our ways.
Swami Vivekananda's views on caste and sexuality were 'painfully' regressive
Religious mobs replicate blasphemy laws, 'threatening' liberty in a free country
Nihangs, Lakhbir Singh By Ajit Singh* A Dalit man, Lakhbir Singh, was mercilessly beaten up and lynched to death near farmers’ protest site in the State of Haryana allegedly by Nihang Sikhs. It was alleged that he committed blasphemy by desecrating the Holy Book Guru Granth Sahib.
March opposes Sabarmati Ashram renovation: 'Mahatmaji had kept open for access to all'
Counterview Desk A Sevagram to Sabarmati march, which began on October 17 from Wardha (Maharashtra) and will end on October 24 in Ahmedabad (Gujarat), has demanded that the Sabarmati Ashram, the government should not impose "the fashion and glitz of a shallow modernity" at the cost of Rs 1,200 crore, in the name of renovating the Ashram founded by Gandhiji. |
Deep-Sea News
Soft Coral Garden Discovered in Greenland's Deep Sea
A deep-sea soft coral garden habitat has been discovered in Greenlandic waters by scientists from University College London (UCL), Zoological Society of London (ZSL) and Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, using an innovative and low-cost deep-sea video camera built and deployed by the team.
EM1 2018 SA 11 086 GP060022 I0008 T03 27 Sled lots of AnenomesImage from benthic sled. High density of anemones. Credit ZSL/GINR
The study has direct implications for the management of economically important deep-sea trawl fisheries, which are immediately adjacent to the habitat. The researchers hope that a 486 km2 area will be recognized as a 'Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem' under UN guidelines, to ensure that it is protected.
PhD researcher Stephen Long, UCL Geography and ZSL, first author on the study, said: "The deep sea is often over-looked in terms of exploration. In fact, we have better maps of the surface of Mars, than we do of the deep sea.
EM2 Coral and sponge garden 550m deep sea benthic video sled imageImage from benthic sled. Coral garden habitat with a high diversity of animals including sponges, anemones and feather stars. Credit: ZSL/GINR.
The soft coral garden discovered by the team exists in near total darkness, 500m below the surface at a pressure 50 times greater than at sea-level. This delicate and diverse habitat features abundant cauliflower corals as well as feather stars, sponges, anemones, brittle stars, hydrozoans bryozoans and other organisms.
em3 Deep sea camera rigDeep-sea camera system with a gopro camera in the center. Credit: Stephen Long
Dr Chris Yesson (ZSL), last author on the study, said "Coral gardens are characterized by collections of one or more species (typically of non-reef forming coral), that sit on a wide range of hard and soft bottom habitats, from rock to sand, and support a diversity of fauna. There is considerable diversity among coral garden communities, which have previously been observed in areas such as northwest and southeast Iceland."
The discovery is particularly significant given that the deep sea is the most poorly known habitat on earth, despite being the biggest and covering 65% of the planet. Until very recently, very little was known about Greenland's deep-sea habitats, their nature, distribution and how they are impacted by human activities.
em4 Research vessel Paamiut and icebergsLarge icebergs near GINR research vessel Paamiut. Credit: Stephen Long
Surveying the deep sea has typically proved difficult and expensive. One major factor is that ocean pressure increases by one atmosphere (which is the average atmospheric pressure at sea level) every 10 meters of descent. Deep-sea surveys therefore have often only been possible using expensive remote operating vehicles and manned submersibles, like those seen in Blue Planet, which can withstand deep-sea pressure.
EM5 Paamiut icebergsIcebergs surrounding GINR research vessel Paamiut. Credit: Stephen Long
The lasers, which were used to add a sense of scale to the imagery, were made by combining high-powered laser pointers with DIY housings made at UCL's Institute of Making, with help from UCL Mechanical Engineering.
The team placed the video sledge - which is about the size of a Mini Cooper - on the seafloor for roughly 15 minutes at a time and across 18 different stations. Stills were taken from the video footage, with 1,239 images extracted for further analysis.
Long said: "A towed video sled is not unique. However, our research is certainly the first example of a low-cost DIY video sled led being used to explore deep-sea habitats in Greenland's 2.2million km² of sea. So far, the team has managed to reach an impressive depth of 1,500m. It has worked remarkably well and led to interest from researchers in other parts of the world."
By University College London
Journal Reference:
Stephen Long, Bridget Sparrow-Scinocca, Martin E. Blicher, Nanette Hammeken Arboe, Mona Fuhrmann, Kirsty M. Kemp, Rasmus Nygaard, Karl Zinglersen, Chris Yesson, 'Identification of a soft coral garden candidate vulnerable marine ecosystem (VME) using video imagery, Davis Strait, west Greenland' will be published in Frontiers in Marine Science on Monday 29 June, 05:00 UK time. The DOI for this paper is: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00460
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Zaimoku-cho, Part I: A neighborhood of tradition, lost to the bomb
by Masami Nishimoto, Masanori Nojima and Junpei Fujimura, Staff Writers
(Originally published on April 28, 2000 in the series "Record of Hiroshima: Photographs of the Dead Speak")
Roughly 60 memorials and monuments, large and small, have been erected in all corners of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. One stone monument, about 70 centimeters tall, stands east of the Cenotaph for the A-bomb Victims. Former residents of the Zaimoku-cho District, who lost family members and houses in the atomic bombing, then were forced to leave the area due to construction of the park, built the monument in 1957. The inscription reads simply “Former Zaimoku-cho District.”
The name “Zaimoku-cho” means “Timber Town” and is derived from the fact--recorded in the “Chishinshu,” a document compiled by Hiroshima Province in the Edo Period (1603-1868)--that “A large number of timber dealers have lived in the area since early times.” When Hiroshima Castle was built at the end of the 16th century, the district of Zaimoku-cho was developed on the delta between the Honkawa and Motoyasu Rivers. From the time Hiroshima became a castle town, six temples were constructed where deities for healing illness and ensuring safe births were enshrined.
In more modern times, Nakajima Honmachi, a district to the north of Zaimoku-cho, came to be one of the liveliest parts of Hiroshima. Zaimoku-cho, too, with its narrow streets stretching through the lower half of present-day Peace Memorial Park, was a bustling part of the city. The writer Taro Susukida, who described the culture and customs of Hiroshima before the atomic bombing, depicted the Zaimoku-cho District as a place of common folk where tradition was appreciated: “On the streets of Zaimoku-cho, I could still feel the atmosphere of good days gone by.”
As a child, Yasuko Onishi, 68, used to play on the grounds of Seiganji Temple, where Peace Memorial Museum now stands. She and her friends enjoyed performances by storytellers and monkey trainers and often stayed until the temple closed its gate at sunset. She also recalls buying “okonomiyaki,” a kind of crepe with cabbage and meat, and sweet rice cakes from vendors on the street. “It wasn't until my grandchild was born that I managed to speak about my experience of the atomic bombing,” she said. “Before that, I just couldn't bring myself to talk about it.” On the morning of the bombing, Ms. Onishi was with her parents and sisters in Zaimoku-cho; she survived, but they all died.
How many people perished when the district was decimated by the atomic bomb? Research left by Toshiaki Sakata, who was involved in the construction of the stone monument for Zaimoku-cho and died in 1989, uncovered clues to the deaths of 341 people.
The Chugoku Shimbun's investigation confirmed a death toll of 393 people: 388 had died by the end of 1945, two died in 1946, and one died in 1947, 1948, and 1951, respectively. While the generational changes in some families meant that a certain number of the deceased could not be easily traced, at the same time new individuals with helpful information were located. Among the dead, a total of 223 photographs were gathered.
In the related article A-bomb Testimony by Haruso Ogawa, a former resident of Zaimoku-cho provides a first-hand description of the devastation wreaked on his district and the loss of his wife. His account movingly documents the enormous suffering of a neighborhood where only one stone monument now remains. |
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HomeHosting ArticlesSSL Certificates Explained
SSL Certificates Explained
Online security is a major priority for everybody who shops online, and your customers will expect nothing but the highest possible safety level when they purchase your services.
What Does SSL Stand for?
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is a technology that defends your online store or login page. The SSL certificates, also called digital certificates, cipher the sensitive details required from web site visitors such as place of residence, date of birth, national identification number, driver's license or credit card info, so that no one could use these details for unlawful purposes.
Your website visitors can recognize a protected website by the ‘https' component at the beginning of the URL, or by the lock icon in the browser window, or by a distinctive seal on the site.
The digital certificates feature 256-bit encryption, and include a ten thousand dollar warranty and a site seal for your site. You are required to have a dedicated IP address.
So, sign up for a hosting package with with right away and get a SSL certificate for your domain name.
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What is a Novel?
Duration: 2 - 3 hours
All novels are stories, but not all stories are novels. Humans have been telling stories since the dawn of time but the advent of the novel (as we know it) came much later in our development and is quite new when compared to the history of story-telling. With this course, you will learn novel characteristics, lengths and word counts, genres, audience, commercial novels, literary novels, creative writing and categories of children's writing.
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How can Seaborn library be used to display kernel density estimations in Python?
PythonServer Side ProgrammingProgramming
Visualizing data is an important step since it helps understand what is going on in the data without actually looking at the numbers and performing complicated computations. Seaborn is a library that helps in visualizing data. It comes with customized themes and a high-level interface.
Kernel Density Estimation, also known as KDE is a method in which the probability density function of a continuous random variable can be estimated.
This method is used for the analysis of the non-parametric values. While using ‘distplot’, if the argument ‘kde’ is set to True and ‘hist’ is set to False, the KDE can be visualized.
Let us see how we can visualize a kernel density estimation in Python −
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sb
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
df = sb.load_dataset('iris')
sb.distplot(df['petal_length'],kde = True, hist = False)
• The required packages are imported.
• The input data is ‘iris_data’ which is loaded from the scikit learn library.
• The ‘load_dataset’ function is used to load the iris data.
• This data is visualized using the ‘distplot’ function.
• Here, the parameter ‘kde’ is set to true since we only want to display the histogram.
• This visual data is displayed on the console.
Note − When the value of ‘kde’ is specified as False, only the histogram is displayed.
Published on 11-Dec-2020 10:20:39 |
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Eclampsia, also known as milk fever, occurs in during pregnancy or just after birth. It occurs due to a life-threatening decrease in blood calcium levels. Most commonly, it occurs in nursing mothers between two and six weeks after birth.[1] Identifying eclampsia quickly will help save your cat's life. Look for fever, restlessness, lethargy, and muscle spasms. To treat the condition, take the cat to the vet and get her calcium supplements.
Part 1
Part 1 of 3:
Recognizing the Symptoms of Eclampsia
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1. 1
Notice abnormal maternal behavior. Cats who have eclampsia may not act like normal mother cats. They may be inattentive to their kittens and not feed them. They may start acting lethargic or depressed. In some cases, they can even become aggressive.[2]
2. 2
Monitor for restless behavior. Milk fever may cause cats to be restless or nervous. They may seem agitated and unable to sit still. This may lead to excessive pacing. They may also start whining or panting.[3]
3. 3
Check for muscular problems. Some cats develop muscular symptoms with eclampsia. They may have trouble walking, or start stumbling or tripping. Their gait may be stiff and awkward. Cats may also be disoriented and not know where they are and run into things.[4]
• The cat may start having tremors and having convulsions.
• In some cats, their body may become stuff. They may lie with their limbs stiff and rigid.
4. 4
Watch for digestive problems. In some cats, they may start vomiting once they develop eclampsia. They may also have diarrhea. In many cases, they stop eating.
5. 5
Look for other symptoms. Cats with eclampsia may run a high fever. They may have dilated pupils or start scratching their face a lot because it is itchy.[5]
Part 2
Part 2 of 3:
Diagnosing Eclampsia
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1. 1
Determine if your cat is at risk. Eclampsia occurs most commonly in nursing cats, but can also happen to pregnant cats. Usually, the condition occurs between two and six weeks after the birth of the litter. However, it can occur outside of this time frame. It occurs most often with a first time litter.[6]
• If the cat received poor nutrition during or after the pregnancy, she is at a higher risk for eclampsia.
• Cats who carry and give birth to large litters are most at risk.
2. 2
Take your cat to the vet. Once you start to notice that your cat displays any of these symptoms, take her to the vet immediately. Eclampsia is a serious condition that needs to be treated immediately to avoid the death of the cat. Your vet will give your cat a physical examination.[7]
• The vet may want to know details about your cat's diet during and after pregnancy and any supplements she's been given.
3. 3
Have the cat's blood tested. If the vet suspects eclampsia, they will do a biochemical profile to check blood calcium levels. Low calcium in the blood leads to a positive diagnosis. The vet may also look for low blood sugar.[8]
• Magnesium levels may also be checked.
Part 3
Part 3 of 3:
Treating Eclampsia
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1. 1
Keep your cat at the vet while they receive calcium supplements. The most common treatment for eclampsia is for the vet to give the cat calcium intravenously to help slowly raise the blood calcium levels. The cat will stay at the vet during this procedure. The vet will monitor the calcium blood levels closely to make sure the cat doesn't get too much calcium in the blood.[9]
• Vitamin D may also be given to help the cat absorb the calcium.
2. 2
Provide the cat with anti-seizure medication. If the cat's condition has progressed to muscle spasms and seizures, the vet may provide them with anti-seizure drugs to help with the seizures and tetany.[10]
• This will be given while at the vet to stabilize the cat before they are given calcium supplements.
3. 3
Bring the fever down. If the cat has a high fever, the vet will work to try to bring that down. They may try to cool her with a fan to lower her body temperature. They may also cover the cat with cool damp cloths.
4. 4
Determine if the kittens should be weaned. While the mother is being treated, the kittens will have to be hand fed. Talk with the vet about whether or not the kittens can return to nursing normally after the mother has recovered. If the vet says it is okay, the mother's blood calcium level will be monitored as the kittens nurse.[11]
• If the vet thinks the mother shouldn't nurse anymore, they will recommend weaning the kittens.
5. 5
Give the cat calcium supplements at home. After the cat has been treated, the vet will more than likely prescribe calcium supplements for you to continue giving the cat at home as follow-up care. Follow the vet's instructions for the supplements. This is generally the only aftercare since getting treated by the vet generally cures eclampsia.[12]
• Provide the mother cat with a good quality kitten food, as this is more energy dense and has a higher level of calcium than regular cat food.
• Don't give the cat calcium supplements without a vet's approval. Calcium supplements during pregnancy can mess up her ability to absorb it, which can lead to eclampsia. Calcium supplements after pregnancy can also be dangerous.
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About This Article
Pippa Elliott, MRCVS
Co-authored by:
3 votes - 100%
Co-authors: 7
Updated: September 5, 2019
Views: 12,000
Article SummaryX
If you think your cat might have Eclampsia, also known as milk fever, notice if your cat seems inattentive to her kittens and avoids feeding them, which is a common sign of Eclampsia. You should also notice if she seems restless or nervous and if she whines, pants, or paces back and forth, which are all common signs of eclampsia. If your cat is vomiting, or has diarrhea or fever, these are also signs for concern. You should take her to the vet immediately if you think she has Eclampsia, so they can diagnose her and prescribe any medication she needs. Follow your vet’s instructions for medicating your cat, even if she seems to get better. If your vet thinks the mother shouldn’t nurse anymore, you’ll have to hand feed the kittens. For more tips from our Veterinary co-author, including how to bring your cat’s fever down at home, read on!
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Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 12,000 times.
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Tuesday, November 6, 2007
Cheating Color
In a web page design, cheating colors is a way to make colors appear to be the same, when in fact they are different. Depending on context (e.g., background, surroundings, etc.) a color may _appear_ different when in fact it is the same as another area on a web page.
For instance, a light color on a light background may look slightly lighter when it is a small area (e.g., small text) than it does in a large area (e.g., header text). Making the smaller area actually darker, can make the two different areas appear to be the same color.
Similarly, but in reverse, a dark color on a dark background may look better if lightened in small areas relative to bigger areas.
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Analysis. History. Perspective.
Sports Then and Now
How Mixed Martial Arts Was Created
Posted on January 12, 2017 by Helen Yankovskaya
mma-historyIn recent years we witnessed how new, unique type of sport had been originating. Before it was created, martial arts techniques were divided into striking (box, kickboxing, karate, taekwondo, etc.) and grappling (Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling, sambo, judo).
So called “mixed style”, created at the beginning of the 90s, has literally changed the world of sport martial arts and made many fans view their favorite sports from new perspective.
The idea itself isn’t that new. Ancient Greeks created the combat style, called pankration, which was included in the program of ancient Olympiad. It allows using almost any striking or grappling technique. There was long lasting fights in the parterre (where rules allowed using numerous techniques).
But, nevertheless, these competitions weren’t properly organized and some of them (such as pankration or Japanese Middle Age championships) disappeared. At the beginning of the 90s we became closer to answer the question that for a long time kept people wondering. And that question is who is stronger: whale or tiger, bear or lion. Mixed style tournaments and championships tried to answer this question. They began almost simultaneously in different countries.
Betting and MMA
There is a lot of fans of mixed martial arts, and the most experienced of them have found a way to turn a favorite pastime in the way of earnings. When betting on UFC league, you can easily raise capital and warm up the excitement of confrontation of the favorite boxers. With the ability to bet on mixed martial arts, bookmaking offices got a new portion of the gamblers. Bookmakers give attention to the players with the latest news from the world of MMA, making it easier to their customers to make more accurate predictions.
Founder of MMA
But let’s get back to the topic of MMA itself. So, who was the founder of modern “mixed style”? Some say that the date of birth of mixed martial arts is the day first UFC tournament took place. That was in December 1993 in USA. But Americans borrowed this idea of integrated rules for fighting inside octagonal ring from Brazilians. Many will wonder why Brazil. This country doesn’t have any developed, strong schools teaching traditional Olympic sports (wrestling, box) or Asian martial arts which were highly advertised during last decades thanks to Hollywood and Hong Kong movies. The thing is, Brazilian traditional martial art was for long in the shadow of Western or Asian techniques. Capoeira was the only martial art Brazilians knew.
Today USA, Brazil, Japan and Netherlands are major countries in the world of mixed martial arts. The range of historico-geographical, cultural and socio-economic factors can explain why these particular countries became MMA world leaders.
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Spin as a key for QM
Spin is one of those things that we can understand intuitively. We can see spinning tops. We can imagine spinning electrical currents and their effect. Playing with electrical currents in magnetic fields didn’t always end up with expected results. Markus Ehrenfried has a good rundown to describe the situation answering the question What is Spin?
“In 1921 two physicists named Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach made an interesting experiment. They took a beam of electrically-neutral silver atoms and let it pass through a non-uniform magnetic field. This magnetic field deflected the silver atoms like it would deflect little dipole magnets if you threw them through the field. After passing through the field the deflected atoms hit a photoplate and made little visible dots.”
“The result of this experiment was totaly unexpected and very surprising. Keep in mind: those atoms were just coming out of an oven where silver was evaporated, they had no special orientation in space, therefore the spins of the outer electrons in these atoms should point into all possible directions in space. Depending on their orientation the magnetic force our little dipole magnets ‘feel’ is different and therefore the deflection is different. Some of them would be oriented in a way that the deflection is very strong, others would have an orientation which results in almost no deflection at all, so Stern and Gerlach expected a pattern like the one depicted as ‘Classical Expectation’ in the picture above: a spot on their photographic plate produced by many many tiny dots caused by silver atoms hitting the plate all over the place. What they got instead was a pattern like the one shown below: only a contour was hit by the atoms and in the middle was nothing!!! “
This experiment is one of many that yield results that stimulated development of ideas in quantum mechanics. Exploring the implications of these ideas is in the news right now as groups at the LHC and other high energy particle accelerators have announced that they have data to support a particle first suggested in the 60’s such as by Higgs and Eisele. That particle is a Boson and that type of particle is distinguished from those that make up the matter in the universe that are called Fermions. One difference between these two groups is in their spin. Fermions are half spin types that make up matter and Bosons integral spin types that make up forces.
That is why the quantum mechanical property of spin can be mind boggling. Not only is it ‘quantum’ but it ties in with the Pauli exclusion principle that leads to statistical behaviors and classes of those behaviors and all sorts of stuff that, eventually, gets to string theory and the standard model and other ideas that are mathematical constructs that seem quite distant from our everyday experience.
“Markus Ehrenfried was born in the 20th century and he will die in the 21st. He lives somewhere in the northern hemisphere. More than 99.9% of his mass consists of protons and neutrons which is why he thinks it is important to understand their spin structure. He is thankful that quarks end electrons have a spin of 1/2 — especially considering that the world would be a pretty boring place if quarks and electrons had integral spin. Markus admires the second law of thermodynamics and tries to comply with it whenever possible. He consumes a considerable amount of caffeine every day and likes cake, cookies and waffles. “
Check out his website!
For a more theoretical (i.e. math oriented) take on the topic, see Quantum mechanical spin – lecture 6 notes in PDF. A bit in between with a focus on history and magnetism is at Trinity College: Relativity and quantum mechanics bring understanding at last. That one gets into tape recorders and the mid Atlantic ridge.
Do a search on ‘understanding spin in quantum mechanics’ and you too will find all sorts of interesting reading material!
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Being academically successful just by being self-disciplined!
Thursday, 08 April 2021
Self-discipline plays a vital role in student's life and success Self-discipline plays a vital role in student's life and success
Like a house that has good foundations, students need self-discipline to be successful. Self-discipline is the act of disciplining one’s own feeling and behaviour in order to reach a certain goal in life. Self-discipline is not a skill that people acquires in birth but they got it as they trained themselves to it.
How does self-discipline generate academic success?
To succeed, students need to discipline themselves in some point of views. In fact, they have to change all the habits that maybe an obstacle to their success. For instance, students have to learn time management. They can draw a timetable for their studies and all the other extra activities they undertake. As a result, they can automatically know how much time they can spend to review their lessons, to read books and to practice everythingthey have learnt.
Students have to train and discipline themselves to hard work too. They have to change all the unsuccessful habits that led them to failure. Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States and one of the authors of the Declaration of Independence, uttered: “The harder you work, the luckier you get.” This quote can be used to draw students’ attention to train themselves to give their best to their studies. They do not just have to content with what the teachers and professors give them, they have to make a lot of research too.
Students have to discipline themselves to be courageous at all time. They have to make themselves do what they should do, and deal with their fears rather than avoid them. So, for them to succeed, they have to discipline themselves to be courageous and to go beyond their capacities. It is possible to make efforts to face with all the challenges that may come to them.
What benefits can they get from being self-disciplined?
Success will be guaranteed and goal will be reached for self-discipline students. Indeed, they will get more things done than before and even will get things done faster too. Self-discipline will help them acquire greater sense of self-control, self-reliance and personal power. Students will become more self-confident and proud of themselves and they will never have to fear failure and rejection anymore. They will be more persistent in overcoming obstacles until they reach academic success
Source: Brian Tracy, “The Miracle of Self-discipline”
Read 145 times Last modified on Thursday, 08 April 2021 05:41
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The Spiritual Life of Animals and Why They Should be Respected
What makes humans different from animals? According to science, there’s only 1% of genetic difference between a person and a rat, and yet, some believe that only humans are made in God’s own image.
The Soul of the Animals According to Eastern Cultures
In some eastern traditions, animals are believed to be sacred creatures. They have a special place in the afterlife and reborn many times in order to evolve and develop their faculties, just like a human being.
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According to Mahayana Buddhism, animals must be treated with compassion and love and must never be killed, injured or enslaved.
It is considered cruel to use an animal for selfish purposes and although Buddhist believe there’s an hierarchy in nature in which animals are inferior than humans, this does not mean that humans can use animals as they please, but rather, that humans are responsible for the animals’ welfare in many aspects.
The Principles of Vegetarianism According to Buddhism
Buddhist belief holds that if a man harms an animal, he generates a bad karma as he failed to care for it, which is his responsibility, and, will probably have to repair this mistake in other incarnations.
So, for Buddhists that follow the Mahayana path, not killing or eating animals is a requirement to reach enlightenment, or the end of karma, as they believe that for as long as they kill animals to eat, they will be generating a bad karma and will need to reborn many times to repair the mistake.
Although some branches of Buddhism allow some kinds of meat and others allow it only if the animal was already dead, all of them share the concept that harming living beings unnecessarily will postpone enlightenment and prove one’s irresponsibility towards nature. This vision is also valid for plants and even minerals.
The Reincarnation of Animals
Hindus believe that animals, like humans, incarnate many times in order to evolve. Animals start their evolutionary journey as animals that do not have any free choice, individuality or self-consciousness. They belong to a collective soul and are a part of nature, evolving automatically along with the planet, developing the instincts.
As they evolve and their soul acquires other faculties, they start to incarnate as animals that have a little more self-consciousness, even if it is little when compared to humans.
Some kinds of animals recognize human emotions, develop a sense of fellowship and are able to feel happy or sad, like dogs that get euphoric when their owners come home from work or monkeys that fall into depression when their babies die.
Theoretically, these kinds of animals are closer to humans in the evolutive hierarchy and Hindus believe that this is explained by the number of incarnation cycles that those animals hava gone through.
It is believed that animals eventually incarnate as humans, when they have reached the peak of their capacity as animals.
What Happens to Animals After They Die?
According to eastern tradition, since animals do not have free will, individuality and self-consciousness until they reach the final cycles of the animal incarnations, they are not responsible for their choices.
So, they are granted a place in an “animal heaven” until a new incarnation is needed. They count on special beings that care for them in the afterlife and help them reborn in a context that will help them evolve.
So, for eastern traditions, animals are also made in God’s own image as they have the divine potential inside of them awaiting for the opportunity to be developed.
One must take care of an animal as if he were taking care of a baby that one day will grow up and become independent.
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For 60 Years, Indigenous Alaskans Have Hosted Their Own Olympics
While the international Olympic Summer Games are getting started in Tokyo this weekend, Fairbanks, Alaska, is hosting the World Eskimo-Indian Olympics, as they have every year since 1961 …except for 2020. The return of the games this year is particularly exciting. People of all ages will compete in feats of strength and skill that harken back to a traditional way of life such as the ear pull, blanket toss, fish cutting, knuckle hop, greased pole walk, four-man carry, Alaskan high kick, and the Indian stick pull.
In 1961, two commercial airline pilots, Bill English and Tom Richards, Sr., who flew for the now-defunct Wien Air Alaska, were flying back and forth to some of the state’s outlying communities. During these visits, they watched Alaska Natives perform dances and other physical activities, such as the blanket toss, an event where 30 or more people hold a blanket made of hides and toss one person in the air. The goal is to remain balanced and land on one’s feet. (The event stems from the Iñupiaq, an indigenous group from northern Alaska, who would use a blanket to toss a hunter in the air as a way to see over the horizon during hunts.)
“They [English and Richards] had a true appreciation for what they were witnessing and knew that these activities were something that people in the rest of the state should see for themselves to get a better understanding of the value of traditions happening outside Alaska’s big cities,” says Gina Kalloch, chairwoman of the WEIO board who is Koyukon Athabascan.
Read about some of the WEIO events and how they descended from traditional indigenous culture at Smithsonian. The 2021 competitions are going on now through Saturday.
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Head Trauma
Head trauma can occur from numerous causes. The most common causes are being hit by a car or from an animal bite.
Traumatic brain injury can be divided into two main categories:
• Primary brain injury, which occurs immediately upon impact and consists of contusion, laceration, diffuse axonal injury and vascular injury from hemorrhage, vasogenic edema, and decreased perfusion. Primary brain injury cannot be prevented or ameliorated with treatment. The degree of brain injury is correlated with the amount of brain deformation rather than the amount of force per unit of area. The cerebral cortex is more vulnerable than the brainstem to the forces of acceleration/deceleration.
• Secondary brain injury consists of a cascade of metabolic changes that rapidly follow primary brain injury, including ATP depletion, increased intracellular sodium and calcium, cytotoxic (intracellular) edema, neuronal depolarization, increased release of excitatory neurotransmitters, oxygen free radical production, increased cytokine production, nitric oxide accumulation, activation of arachidonic acid, kinin, complement, coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades, and lactic acidosis. Secondary brain injury causes increased intracranial pressure, which is the major cause of death in head trauma patients. Hypotension, hypoxemia, and ischemia perpetuate secondary brain injury and increase lactic acid accumulation, which further damages the brain. Prompt preventive measures to avoid hypoxia, hypercarbia, hypotension, and hypovolemia can be effective in minimizing secondary brain injury by maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure.
Head trauma patients are usually presented with some degree of altered consciousness. Motor deficits and cranial nerve alterations may or may not be present. The Modified Glasgow Coma Scale is useful in assessing the degree of brain injury and determining prognosis based on a combination of clinical signs.
Medical treatment consists of medications to reduce swelling and general supportive measures. Some case may require surgery, especially if the skull is fracture and displaced significantly.
The prognosis depends on the severity of the clinical signs and how they respond to initial treatment. |
tap_water_in_america Clean water in the United States is taken for granted. We assume that when we turn on the kitchen tap, clean water suitable for drinking is what comes out. We’ve all grown up with instant access to drinkable water anytime we choose and we all assume the water is clean and healthy. Now, though, we’re starting to hear stories of our tap water not being what we expect. Cities and municipalities have, for decades, treated water that comes out of our taps. They source the water from lakes, rivers, or underground aquifers and begin a process of de-sludging it, filtering it, and adding chemicals to kill bacteria, make it taste better, and even improve our teeth. Flouride, as we all know by now, is a neurotoxin that is often added to city water supplies. Tap water can also include: An article on Dr. Joseph Mercola’s site says even pharmaceutical drugs can be found in drinking water. The article goes on to say,
We also know from recent events that city water supplies across America have actually been poisoned and made people extraordinarily sick. That list seems to expand every day. Today we start a new series that looks into those recent events, the chemicals that are causing people to get sick, and how you, as a water-consuming human who wants the best for his or her well-being, can put a stop to it and guarantee your health. Tap water, while conveniently piped directly to your home, can come from mysterious sources and the fluid that comes out when the tap turns on could contain chemicals that will hurt you and your family. Stay tuned as we explore the safety of tap water in America.
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